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SALLUST'S HISTORY 
 
 CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE, 
 
 AND 
 
 JUGURTHINE WAR; 
 
 "WITH 
 
 ENGLISH NOTES: 
 
 FOE THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 REY. PETER BULLIONS, D. D., 
 
 late professor of languages in the albany academy ; author of the 
 
 series of grammars, greek, latin, and english, on the 
 
 same plan; classical series, etc., etc. 
 
 NEW- YORK: 
 PRATT, WOODFORD, AND COMPANY, 
 
 4 COURTLANDT-STREET. 
 
 1852. 
 
 coVu % 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852, by 
 
 PETEE BULLIONS, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Northern District of 
 
 New-York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The text of this edition of Sallust is that of C. G. Zumpt, Berlin, 1848, 
 as given in "Chambers' Educational Course" — with this difference 
 only, that the orthography in a few words of antiquated form has been 
 changed in conformity with the usage of other Latin writers. The few 
 forms of ancient orthography still remaining, differ so little from the 
 ordinary forms, that no change has been thought necessary ; and they 
 serve in some degree to preserve that air of antiquity which the author 
 aimed at in his writings. 
 
 Though many editions of Sallust have been published, the text can 
 hardly be regarded even yet as fully settled. The number of manu- 
 scripts is great, and their discrepancies in many places considerable. 
 Moreover, great liberties have been taken by some editors in making 
 alterations, often on slight grounds, and sometimes on mere conjecture, 
 rendering it difficult to know in some places what Sallust really did 
 write. The latest critical editors of Sallust are Gerlach (Bassel, re- 
 vised edition, 1832), and Kritz (Leipzig, 1828). Both these declare 
 against the arbitrary proceedings of Corte, and yet they differ very 
 often in their texts from each other. "Between these two," says Zumpt, 
 "stands the edition of the learned J. C. Orelli (Zurich, 1840), whose text 
 forms the basis of this [Zumpt's] edition. But besides abandoning his 
 antiquated orthography, and restoring that which is adopted in most 
 editions of the Latin Classics, we have felt obliged in many instances 
 to give up Orelli's reading, and to follow the authority of the best 
 manuscripts, especially the Codex Leidensis (marked L. in Havercamp's 
 edition)." The licentiousness and crime that prevailed in Rome in the 
 days of Catiline, and stained his character, were so gross, that the allu- 
 sions to them in this history, though few, could not fail to be offensive 
 — perhaps injurious — and for this reason are silently omitted. 
 
 Though in point of time, the Jugurthine war took place nearly GO 
 years before the conspiracy of Catiline, the history of the latter is liei*e, 
 as in most editions, placed first in order — not merely because it was 
 
4 PREFACE . 
 
 first -written, but because it is more generally read than the former. 
 Besides, in a course of classical reading, it should always be read be- 
 fore the Orations of Cicero against Catiline ; and where only one of these 
 histories is read, this one should be, and generally will be preferred. 
 
 Passages in the form of oblique narration (§ 141, E. vi. Expl.), as 
 in Prof. Andrews' edition, are indicated by single quotation marks; 
 direct quotations, by double quotation marks. The method of distin- 
 guishing adverbs, and the ablative singular of the first declension by 
 accents, has not been used, as, at this stage of his studies, the student is 
 supposed to have such a knowledge of syntax as to be able to make 
 these distinctions for himself, without such artificial aid. 
 
 In preparing the notes and illustrations appended, the editor has 
 availed himself of all the assistance furnished by the various editions 
 in use in this country, and of some foreign editions also, especially that 
 of Zumpt above referred to ; and, as this author is usually read in an 
 early stage of the Academical course, greater fulness in the notes has 
 been deemed proper. Care has been taken, however, not to supersede 
 diligence and effort on the part of the learner, but to encourage both, 
 by giving the assistance necessary to render the study of this author 
 interesting and profitable, and to relieve the teacher, in some degree, 
 by supplying just such information as the intelligent student would 
 likely seek to obtain from him. The translations given are, in general, 
 sufficiently literal to indicate the construction ; sometimes a strictly 
 literal translation is annexed. The references to the Editor's Latin 
 Grammar, for the explanation of peculiar or more difficult construc- 
 tions and forms of speech, are numerous. They have the usual section 
 mark (§) prefixed, and will be easily understood. References from one 
 part of the book to another for explanation, are common, and made by 
 indicating the chapter in Roman numerals, and if to a note, by annex- 
 ing in figures the number of the note, to the number of the chapter ; 
 thus, Chap. L, 2 (p. 141), is a reference to note 2, under Chap. I., found 
 p. 139. 
 
 Fronting the title-page is a map of JNumidia, from the Edinburgh 
 edition, which will be useful to point out the localities mentioned in 
 the Jugurthine war. No pains or expense has been spared to render 
 the work accurate and attractive ; and the style in which it is pro- 
 duced by the printer and publishers, will compare favorably with that 
 of any similar publications of the present day. 
 
 April, 21, 1852. 
 
INTKODUCTIOK* 
 
 Sallust has generally been considered as the first among the Romans 
 who merited the title of historian. This celebrated writer was born at 
 Amiternum, in the territory of the Sabines (to the northwest of Rome), 
 B. C. 86. He was educated at Rome, and in his early youth appears 
 to have been desirous to devote himself to literary pursuits. But it 
 was not easy for one residing in the capital to escape the contagious 
 desire of military or political distinction. At the age of twenty-seven, 
 he obtained the situation of Quaestor, which entitled him to a seat in 
 the senate ; and about six years afterwards he was elected tribune of 
 the people. While in this office, he attached himself to Caesar, whose 
 fortunes he continued to follow; and in particular, bore a share in 
 the expedition to Africa, where the scattered remains of Pompey's 
 party had united. That region being finally subdued, Sallust was 
 left by Caesar as Praetor of Numidia. Pie remained only a year 
 in his government, but, during that period, he enriched himself by 
 despoiling the province. On his return to Rome, he was accused 
 by the Numidians whom he plundered, but escaped with impunity by 
 means of the protection of Caesar, and was quietly permitted to betake 
 himself to a luxurious retirement with his ill-gotten wealth. He chose 
 for his favorite retreat a villa at Tibur, which had belonged to Caesar; 
 and he also built a magnificent palace in the suburbs of Rome, sur- 
 rounded by delightful pleasure grounds, which were afterwards well 
 known and celebrated as the gardens of Sallust. In this retirement, 
 
 * This introductory sketch of the life and writings of Sallust, is taken chiefly from 
 Dunlop's History of Koman Literature. Vol. ii., pp. 81-94. 
 
VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Sallust passed the close of his life, dividing his time between literary- 
 avocations and the society of his friends, among whom he numbered 
 Lucullus, Messala, and Cornelius ISTepos. He died at the age of fifty- 
 one, 35 years B. C. 
 
 Of the character of Sallust, very different opinions have been form- 
 ed, and the sources of information on the subject, which can now be 
 reached, are not the most reliable. That he was a man of loose morals, 
 is evident ; and also that he rapaciously plundered his province, like 
 other Roman governors of the day. But, considering who were his 
 friends, and the studies he pursued, it seems highly improbable that he 
 indulged in that excessive libertinism which has been attributed to 
 him, on the erroneous supposition that he was the Sallust mentioned 
 by Horace, in the first book of his Satires. 
 
 The works of Sallust which have come down to us entire, are the 
 History of the Conspiracy of Catiline, and the History of the Jugurthine 
 War. Besides these, he was the author of a Civil and Military History 
 of the Republic, in five books, embracing a period of thirteen years, 
 from the resignation of the Dictatorship by Sulla, till the promulgation 
 of the Manilian law, by which Pompey was invested with authority 
 equal to that which Sulla had relinquished. It is much to be regretted 
 that of this work — probably designed to connect the termination of the 
 Jugurthine war with the breaking out of the Conspiracy of Catiline — 
 only fragments now remain. 
 
 The first work of Sallust was the History of the Conspiracy of Cati- 
 line, which broke out B. C. 62. At that time Sallust had attained the 
 age of twenty-two, and was an eye-witness of the whole proceeding. 
 He had therefore sufficient opportunity of ascertaining and recording, 
 with accuracy and truth, the origin, progress, and termination, of the 
 Conspiracy. The facts detailed in the Orations of Cicero, though dif- 
 fering in some minute particulars, coincide in every thing of impor- 
 tance, and highly contribute to illustrate and verify the work of the 
 historian. But still, living, as he did, in the midst of these scenes of 
 political strife, it could hardly be expected that he should not feel per- 
 haps too much interested in the fortunes of individuals and parties to 
 fulfil the duties of an impartial writer ; and that this was so, to some 
 extent, the feeble and apparently reluctant commendation which he 
 bestows on Cicero, then, as well as now, acknowledged to be the prin- 
 cipal actor in detecting and frustrating the Conspiracy, is abundant 
 evidence. Although not an eye-witness to the war with Jugurtha, 
 which took place nearly fifty years before the Conspiracy of Catiline, 
 
INTRODUCTION. Vll 
 
 yet his situation as Praetor of Numidia, which had been the scene of 
 this war, afforded him an opportunity of collecting materials, and pro- 
 curing information, while his distance in point of time from the men 
 and parties of that period, was favorable for obtaining just and com- 
 prehensive views of the exciting events of the war, and for embodying 
 them in a faithful and impartial narrative. 
 
 Sallust, like some other historians of antiquity, evidently regarded 
 an elegant style as one of the chief merits of an historical work. His 
 own style, on w r hich he took so much pains, was carefully formed on 
 that of Thucydides, whose manner of writing was in a great measure 
 original, and, till the time of Sallust, peculiar to himself. The Roman 
 has wonderfully succeeded in imitating the vigor and conciseness of 
 the Greek historian, and infusing into his composition something of 
 that dignity and austerity which distinguishes the works of his great 
 model. This imitation, however, consists more in the rapid and com- 
 pressed manner in which his narrative is conducted, than in the struc- 
 ture of his sentences — in brevity of idea, rather than of language. For 
 while Thucydides frequently employs long and involved periods, Sal- 
 lust is abrupt and sententious, and is generally considered as having 
 carried this sort of brevity to excess. The use of copulatives, for the 
 purpose of uniting clauses or sentences, is in a great measure rejected ; 
 antiquated forms of expression, and words considered neaxdy obsolete, 
 are sometimes employed, so that on the whole there is too much appear- 
 ance of study, and the want of that ease and natural gracefulness so 
 pleasing in the productions of some other writers. 
 
 In the delineation of character, Sallust particularly excels. Some 
 of the characters drawn by him have been regarded in all ages as 
 master-pieces of their kind. The portraits of Catiline, Jugurtha, and 
 Marius, convey to us vivid ideas of their minds and persons, and pre- 
 pare us to anticipate, in some degree, how each will act in the situa- 
 tion in which he is placed. In Catiline, we behold a man of a bold, 
 profligate, untamable spirit; of infinite resources, unwearied applica- 
 tion, and prevailing address. We see, as it were, before us the deadly 
 paleness of his countenance, his ghastly eye, his unequal, troubled step, 
 and the distraction of his whole* appearance, strongly indicating the 
 reckless horror of a guilty conscience. The introductory sketch of the 
 genius and manners of Jugurtha, is no less able and spirited than that 
 of Catiline. We behold him serving under Scipio, at Kumantia, as 
 brave, accomplished, and enterprising ; but imbued with an ambition 
 which, being under no control of principle, hurried him into its Avorst 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 excesses, and rendered him ultimately perfidious and cruel. The most 
 singular part of his character was, the mixture of boldness and irresolu- 
 tion which it combined ; but the lesson we receive from it, lies in the 
 miseries of that suspicion and remorse which he had created in his own 
 mind by his atrocities, and which rendered him as wretched on the 
 throne, or at the head of his army, as in the dungeon where he termi- 
 nated his unhappy life. The portraits of the other principal characters 
 who figured in the Jugurthine war, are all well brought out. That of 
 Marius in particular is happily touched. The parallel drawn between 
 Cato and Caesar is one of the most celebrated passages in the history of 
 the Conspiracy. 
 
 The subjects chosen by Sallust form two of the most important and 
 prominent topics in the history of Rome. The periods, indeed, which 
 he describes, were painful, but they were interesting. Full of con- 
 spiracies, usurpations, and civil wars, they chiefly exhibit the mutual 
 rage and iniquity of embittered factions, furious struggles between the 
 patricians and plebeians, open corruption in the senate, venality in the 
 courts of justice, and rapine in the provinces. This state of things, so 
 forcibly painted by Sallust, produced the Conspiracy, and even, in 
 some degree, formed the character of Catiline. But it was the oppres- 
 sive debts of individuals, the temper of Sulla's soldiers, and the absence 
 of Pompey with his army, which gave a possibility, and even a pros- 
 pect of success to a plot which affected the vital existence of the com- 
 monwealth, and which, although arrested in its commencement, was 
 one of those violent shocks which hasten the fall of a state. The his- 
 tory of the Jugurthine war exhibits a more extensive field of action, 
 and a greater theatre of war, though the war itself was not so impor- 
 tant or menacing to the vital interests and immediate safety of Rome. 
 rTo prince, except Mithridates, gave so much employment to the 
 Roman arms. In the course of no war — not even the second Cartha- 
 ginian — were the people more desponding, and in none were they more 
 elated with success. As a piece of composition this narrative deserves 
 to rank very high. Nothing can be more interesting than the account 
 of the vicissitudes of this contest. The talents, the endless resources, 
 the total want of principle, the sufferings of conscience — all found com- 
 bined in the character and condition of Jugurtha — stand forth in vivid 
 and picturesque colors, and convey a moral lesson not easily to be 
 effaced. 
 
BELLUM CATILINARIUM. 
 
C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 BELLUM 
 
 CATILINARIUM 
 
 I. 1 Omnes homines, qui sese student praestare ceteris 
 animalibus, summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio 
 transeant, veluti pecora, quae natura prona atque ventri 
 obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in animo et 
 corpore sita est : 2 animi imperio, corporis servitio magis 
 utirnur : alterum nobis cum dis, alterum cum belluis 
 commune est. 3 Quo mihi rectius videtur ingenii quam 
 virium opibus gloriam quserere, et, quoniam vita ipsa, 
 qua fruimur, brevis est, memoriam nostri quam max- 
 ime longam efficere. Nam divitiarum et forniae gloria 
 4 fluxa atque fragilis est ; virtus clara aeternaque liabetur. 
 Sed diu magnum inter mortaies certamen fuit, vine cor- 
 poris an virtute animi res militaris magis procederet ; 
 nam et prius quam incipias, & consulto, et ubi consulue- 
 ris, mature facto opus est. Ita utrumque per se indigens, 
 alterum alterius auxilio eget. 
 
 II. Igitur initio reges (nam ' in terris nomen imperii 
 id primum fait) diversi, pars ingenium, alii corpus cxeree- 
 
12 C. CEISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 "bant : etiamtum vita hominuni sine cupiditate agitaba- 
 tur, sua cuique satis placebant. 2 Postea vero quam in 
 Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedasmonii et Atlienienses 
 ccepere urbes atque nationes subigere, libidinem donii- 
 nandi causam belli habere, maximam gloriam in maximo 
 imperio putare ; turn demum periculo atque negotiis com- 
 pertum est in bello- plurimum ingenium posse. 3 Quod si 
 regum atque imperatoruni animi virtus in pace ita uti in 
 bello valeret, sequabilius atque constantius sese res hu- 
 manse haberent ; 4 neque aliud alio ferri, neque mutari ac 
 misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium facile his arti- 
 bus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. Yerum ubi pro 
 labore desidia, pro continentia et asquitate libido atque 
 superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immuta- 
 tur. Ita imperium semper 5 ad optimum quemque a mi- 
 nus bono transfertur. 6 Quae homines arant, navigant, 
 aedificant, virtuti omnia parent. Sed multi mortales, 
 dediti ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam, 
 7 sicuti peregrinantes, transiere ; quibus profecto contra 
 naturam corpus voluptati, anima oneri fuit. Eorum ego 
 vitam mortemque juxta asstimo, quoniam de utraque sile- 
 tur. 8 Verum enimvero is demum mihi vivere atque frui 
 anima videtur, qui, aliquo negotio intentus, praaclari facin- 
 oris aut artis bonae famam quasrit. Sed in magna copia 
 9 rerum aliud alii natura iter ostendit. 
 
 III. Pulchrum est 1 bene facere rei publicas ; etiam 
 bene dicere baud absurdum est ; vel pace vel bello clarum 
 fieri licet ; et qui fecere, et qui facta aliorum scripsere, 
 multi laudantur. Ac 2 mihi quidem, tametsi haudqua- 
 quam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, 
 tamen in primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere : pri- 
 mum, quod facta dictis sunt exasquanda; dehinc, s quia 
 plerique, quae delicta reprehenderis, malevolentia et in- 
 vidia dicta putant ; ubi de magna virtute atque gloria bono- 
 
CATILINA. 13 
 
 rum meniores, quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo 
 animo accipit ; 4 supra ea, veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. 
 
 Sed ego adolescentulus initio, sicuti plerique, 5 studio ad 
 rem publicam latus sum, ibique mihi multa adversa fuere. 
 Nam pro pudore, pro abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, 
 largitio, avaritia vigebant. Qua3 tametsi animus asper- 
 nabatur, 6 insolens malarum artium, tamen inter tanta 
 vitia imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur ; 7 ac 
 me, quum ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo 
 minus honoris cupido, eadem, qua ceteros, fama atque 
 invidia vexabat. 
 
 IV. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque pericu- 
 lis requievit, et 1 mihi reliquam aetatem a re publica procul 
 habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium socordia atque 
 desidia bonum otium conterere • neque vero agrum co- 
 lendo aut venando. 2 servilibus omciis, intentum setatem 
 agere ; 3 sed a quo incepto studioque me ambitio mala de- 
 tinuerat, eodem regressus, statui res gestas populi Romani 
 carptim, ut quaeque memoria digna videbantur, perscrib- 
 ere ; eo niagis. quod mihi a spe, metu, partibus rei pub- 
 licae animus liber erat. Igitur 4 de Catilinae conjuratione, 
 quam verissime potero, paucis absolvam. Nam id faci- 
 nus in primis ego memorabile existimo sceleris atque 
 periculi novitate. De 6 cujus hominis moribus pauca prius 
 explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. 
 
 V. 1 Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna 2 vi 
 et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic 
 ab adolescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia 
 civilis grata fuere, ibique juventutem suam exercuit. 
 Corpus 3 patiens inedias, vigiliae, algoris, supra quam cui- 
 quam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, 
 4 cujus rei libet simulator ac dissimulator, alieni appetcns, 
 sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquentioe, 
 sapientiae parum. 6 Vastus animus immoderata, incredi- 
 
14 C. CE.ISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 "bilia, nimis alta semper eupiebat. Hunc 6 post domina- 
 tionem Lucii Sullse libido maxima invaserat rei publicas 
 capiundse ; neque id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi 
 regnum pararet, quidquam pensi babebat. Agitabatur 
 magis magisque 7 in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris 
 et conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque bis artibus auxerat, 
 quas supra memoravi. Incitabant prseterea corrupti ci- 
 vitatis mores, 8 quos pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxu- 
 ria atque avaritia, vexabant. 9 Kes ipsa bortari videtur, 
 quoniam de moribus civitatis tempus admonuit, supra 
 repetere, ac paucis instituta majorum domi miiitigeque, 
 quomodo rem publicam babuerint, quantamque relique- 
 rint, ut paulatim immutata, ex puleberrima pessima ac 
 flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere. 
 
 YI. Urbem Romam, sicuti ego a accepi, condidere atque 
 babuere initio Trojani, qui, Aenea duce, profugi sedi- 
 bus incertis vagabantur ; cumque bis 2 Aborigines, genus 
 bominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, liberum at- 
 que solutum. 3 Hi postquam in una moenia convenere, 
 dispari genere, dissimili licgua, alius alio more viventes, 
 incredibile memoratu est, quam facile coaluerint. Sed 
 postquam 4 res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, satis 
 prospera satisque pollens videbatur, sicuti pleraque mor- 
 talium babentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur 
 reges populique finitimi bello 5 tentare, pauci ex amicis 
 auxilio esse ; nam ceteri metu perculsi a periculis abe- 
 rant. At Eomani domi militiseque intenti festinare, 
 parare, alius alium bortari, bostibus obviam ire, liber- 
 tatem, patriam, parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi 
 pericula virtute propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia 
 6 portabant ; magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis 
 amicitias parabant. 7 Imperium legitimum, nomen im- 
 perii regium babebant : delecti, quibus corpus annis in- 
 firmum, ingenium sapientia validum erat, rei publicse con- 
 
CATILINA. 15 
 
 sultabant. Hi vel astate vel curse similitudine Patres 
 appellabantur. Post, ubi regium imperium, quod initio 
 8 conservandse libertatis atque augenda3 rei publicae fuerat, 
 ♦ in superbiam dominationemque convertit, inimutato mo- 
 re, annua imperia binosque imperatores sibi fecere. Eo 
 modo minime posse putabant per licentiam insolescere 
 animum humanum. 
 
 VII. 1 Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque niagis extol- 
 lere, magisque ingeniuni in promptu habere. Nam regi- 
 bus boni quam 2 mali suspectiores sunt, semperque bis alie- 
 na virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredibile me- 
 moratu est, 3 adepta libertate, quantum brevi creverit : tanta 
 cupido glorias incesserat. Jam primum 4 juventus, simul ac 
 belli patiens erat, in castris per laborem usu militiam 
 discebat ; magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis, 
 quam in scortis atque conviviis, libidinem habebant. 
 Igitur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus ullus 
 asper aut arduus erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus : 
 virtus omnia domuerat. Sed 5 glorias maximum certamen 
 inter ipsos erat : sic se quisque bostem ferire, murum as- 
 cendere, conspici, dum tale facinus faceret, properabat ; 
 eas divitias, earn bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem 
 putabant ; laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant ; gloriam 
 ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare pos- 
 sem, quibus in locis maximas hostium copias populus 
 Komanus parva manu 6 fuderit, quas urbes natura munitas 
 pugnanclo ceperit, ni ea res longius nos ab incepto tra- 
 heret. 
 
 VIII. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur ; J ea 
 res cunctas ex libidine magis quam ex vero celebrat ob- 
 seuratque. Atheniensium res gestas, sicuti ego aestimo, 
 satis amplae magnificaaque fuere ; verum aliquanto mino- 
 res tamen, quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere 
 ibi 2 scriptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Athe- 
 
16 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 niensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui 
 
 3 ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea verbis potu- 
 ere extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano nun- 
 quam 4 ea copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque maxime 
 negotiosus erat ; ingcnium nemo sine corpore exercebat ; 
 6 optimus quisque 6 facere quam dicere, sua ab aliis bene 
 facta laudari, quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 
 
 IX. 1 Igitur domi militiasque boni mores colebantur : 
 concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; jus bonumque 
 apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat. 2 Jur- 
 gia, discordias, simultates cum bostibus exercebant ; cives 
 cum civibus de virtute certabant : 3 in suppliciis deorum 
 magnifici, domi parci, in amicis fideles erant. Duabus 
 bis artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, sequitate 
 
 4 seque remque publicam curabant. 6 Quarum rerum ego 
 maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius 
 vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem 
 pugnaverant, quique tardius, revocati, proelio excesserant, 
 6 quam qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi, loco cedere ausi 
 erant ; in pace vero, quod 7 beneficiis magis quam metu 
 imperium agitabant, et, accepta injuria, ignoscere quam 
 persequi malebant. 
 
 X. Sed ubi labore atque justitia res publica crevit, * reges 
 magni bello domiti, nationes feras et populi ingentes vi 
 subacti, 2 Carthago, asmula imperii Romani, ab stirpe in- 
 teriit, cuncta maria terrseque patebant, saavire fortuna 
 ac miscere omnia coepit. 3 Qui labores, pericula, dubias 
 atque asperas res facile toleraverant, bis otium, divitias, 
 optandas aliis, oneri miseriasque fuere. Igitur primo pe- 
 cuniae, deinde imperii cupido crevit : 4 ea quasi materies 
 omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, prob- 
 itatem, ceterasque artes bonas subvertit ; pro bis super- 
 biam, crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia ha- 
 bere edocuit. Ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri sub- 
 
CATILINA, 17 
 
 egit ; 6 aliucl clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum 
 habere ; amieitias ininiicitiasque non ex re, sed ex eom- 
 modo asstiinare, niagisque vultum quam ingenium bonuni 
 habere. Hsec primo paulatim 6 crescere, interdum vindi- 
 cari : post, ubi contagio, quasi pestilentia, invasit, civitas 
 immutata ; imperium ex justissinio atque optimo crudele 
 intolerandumque factum. 
 
 XI. Sed primo magis ambitio quani avaritia animos 
 hominum exercebat, ^quod tamen vitium propius virtu- 
 tem erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium 2 bonus et 
 ignavus seque sibi exoptant ; sed ille vera via nititur, 
 huic quia bonge artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis con- 
 tendit. Avaritia pecuniae 3 stuclium habet, quam nemo 
 sapiens concupivit : ea, quasi venenis malis imbuta, cor- 
 pus animumque virilem effeminat ; semper infinita, insatia- 
 bilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur. Sed postquam 
 L. Sulla, 4 armis recepta re publica, bonis initiis malos 
 eventus habuit, 5 rapere omnes, trahere ; domum alius, 
 alius agros cupere, neque modum neque modestiam victores 
 habere, fceda crudeliaque in civibus facinora facere. Hue 
 accedebat, quod L. Sulla 6 exercitum, quern in Asia ducta- 
 verat, quo sibi fidum faceret, contra morem majorum luxu- 
 riose nimisque liberaliter habuerat : loca amoena, voluptaria, 
 facile in otio feroces militum animos molliverant. Ibi 
 primum '' insuevit exercitus populi Romani amare, potare, 
 signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata mirari, ea privatim et 
 publice rapere, delubra spoliare, sacra profanaque omnia 
 polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti 
 sunt, 8 nihil reliqui victis fecere. 9 Quippe secundaD res 
 sapientium animos fatigant ; ne illi, corruptis moribus, 
 victorias temperarent. 
 
 XII. Postquam divitise 1 honori esse coepere, et cas 
 gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, 
 paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevolentia duci 
 
18 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 coepit. Igitur 2 ex divitiis juventutem. luxuria atque ava- 
 ritia cum superbia invasere : 3 rapere, consumere ; sua 
 parvi pendere, aliena cupere ; 4 pudorem, pudicitiam, divina 
 atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque nioderati habere. 
 5 Operae pretium est, quuin donios atque villas cognoveris 
 in urbium modum exaedificatas, visere templa deorum, quae 
 nostri inajores, religiosissimi mortales, fecere. Verum 6 illi 
 delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gl<3ria decorabant ; 
 neque victis quidquam praeter injuriae licentiam eripiebant. 
 At hi contra ignavissimi homines, 7 per summum scelus 
 omnia ea sociis adimere, quae fortissimi viri victores reli- 
 querant ; proinde quasi injuriam facere id demum esset 
 imperio uti. 
 
 XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, quae, nisi his, qui videre, 
 nemini credibilia sunt, a privatis compluribus a subversos 
 montes, maria constructa esse 1 2 Quibus mihi videntur 
 ludibrio fuisse divitiae ; quippe, quas honeste habere lice- 
 bat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed libido ganeae 
 3 ceterique cultus non minor incesserat ; vescendi causa 
 terra marique omnia 4 exquirere ; dormire prius quam somni 
 cupido esset ; non famem aut sitim, neque frigus neque 
 lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. Haec 
 juventutem ubi 5 familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora 
 incendebant. Animus imbutus malis artibus 6 haud facile 
 libidinibus carebat: eo profusius omnibus modis quaestui 
 atque sumptui deditus erat. 
 
 XIV. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate, Catilina, id 
 quod factu facillimum erat, 1 omnium flagitiorum atque 
 facinorum circum se, tamquam stipatorum, catervas ha- 
 bebat. Nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, bona patria 
 laceraverat, quique 2 alienum aes grande conflaverat, quo 
 flagitium aut facinus redimeret ; praeterea omnes undique 
 parricidae, sacrilegi, 3 convicti judiciis, aut pro factis judi- 
 cium timentes ; ad hoc, quos inanus atque lingua perjurio 
 
CATILINA. 19 
 
 aut sanguine civili alebat ; postremo onmes, quos flagitium, 
 egestas, conscius animus exagitabat ; hi Catiline proximi 
 familiaresque erant. Quod si quis etiam a culpa vacuus 
 in aniicitiam ejus inciderat, quotidiano usu atque ille- 
 cebris facile 4 par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed 
 maxime adolescentium familiaritates appetebat ; eorum 
 animi molles et aetate fluxi dolis haud difficulter capie- 
 bantur. Nam uti cuj usque studium 5 ex aetate flagrabat, 
 aliis scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercari ; 
 postremo neque sumptui neque modestiae suae pareere, dum 
 illos obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse nonnullos, 
 qui ita existimarent, juventutem, quae domum Catilinae 
 frequentabat. parum lioneste pudicitiam babuisse ; sed ex 
 aliis rebus magis, quam quod cuiquam id compertum foret, 
 haec fama valebat. 
 
 XV. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda 
 stupra fecerat, * cum virgine nobili, cum sacerdote Vestas, 
 alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. Postremo 2 captus 
 amore Aureliae Orestillae, cujus praeter formam nihil 
 unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, 
 timens privignum adulta aatate, pro certo creditur, necato 
 filio, vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse. 3 Quae qui- 
 dem res mini in primis videtur causa fuisse facinoris 
 maturandi. Namque animus impurus, dis hominibusque 
 4 infestus, neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat : ita 
 conscientia mentem excitam vastabat. Igitur colos exsan- 
 guis, ibedi oculi^ citus modo, modo tardus 5 incessus ; pror- 
 sus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. 
 
 XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, J ut supra diximus, illexc- 
 rat multis modis, mala facinora edocebat. Ex illis testes 
 signatoresque falsos commodare ; 2 fidem, fortunas, pericula 
 vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem attrive- 
 rat, majora alia imperabat. Si causa peccandi in praesens 
 3 minus suppetebat, nihilo minus insoutes sicuti scutes 
 
20 C.'OEISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 circumvenire, jugulare ; scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent 
 inanus aut animus, gratuito potius malus atque crudelis 
 erat. 
 
 His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod 4 aes 
 alienum per omnes terras ingens erat, et quod plerique 
 Sullani milites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et victorias 
 veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, opprimendae 
 rei publicae consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus ; 
 Cn. Pompeius 5 in extremis terris bellum gerebat ; ipsi 
 consulatum petenti magna spes ; senatus nihil sane inten- 
 tus ; tutae tranquillaeque res omnes ; sed ea prorsus oppor- 
 tuna Catilinas. 
 
 XVII. Igitur, circiter 1 Kalendas Junias, L. Caesare et 
 C. Figulo consulibus, primo singulos appellare ; hortari 
 alios, alios tentare ; opes suas, imparatam rem publicam, 
 magna prasmia conjurationis docere. Ubi satis explorata 
 sunt quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus maxima 
 2 necessitudo et plurimum audaciae inerat. Eo convenere 
 senatorii ordinis P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cas- 
 sius Longinus, C. Cetbegus, P. et Servius Sullae, Servii filii, 
 L. Vargunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, 
 Q. Curius ; prasterea ex equestri ordine M. Fulvius No- 
 bilior, L. Statilius, P. G-abinius Capito, C. Cornelius : ad 
 hoc multi ex 3 coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant 
 prasterea complures paulo occultius consilii hujusce partici- 
 pes nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes hortabatur quam 
 inopia aut aliqua necessitudo. Ceterum 4 juventus pleraque, 
 sed maxime nobilium, Catilinas inceptis favebat. Quibus 
 in otio vel magnifice vel molliter vivere copia erat, incerta 
 pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. 5 Fuere item ea 
 tempestate, qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum non igna- 
 rum ejus consilii fuisse ; quia Cn. Pompeius, invisus ipsi, 
 magnum exercitum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra 
 
CATILINA. 21 
 
 illius potentiani crescere, simul confisum, si conjuratio 
 valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore. 
 
 XVIII. Sed 1 antea item conjuravere pauci contra rem 
 publicam, in quibus Catilina fuit : 2 de qua, quam veris- 
 sime potero, clicam. L. Tullo et M. Lepido consulibus, P. 
 Autronius et P. Sulla, 3 designati consules, legibus ambitus 
 interrogati poenas dederant. Post paulo Catilina, 4 pecu- 
 niarum repetundarum reus, probibitus erat consulatum 
 petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri nequiverat. Erat 
 eoclem tempore Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summse auda- 
 cias, egens. factiosus, quern ad perturbandam rem publicam 
 inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. 5 Cum hoc Catilina 
 et Autronius circiter nonas Decembres, consilio communi- 
 cato, parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam 
 et L. Torquatum consules interficere ; ipsi, fascibus correp- 
 tis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias 
 mittere. 6 Ea re cognita, rursus in nonas Februarias con- 
 silium csedis transtulerant. Jam turn non consulibus modo, 
 sed plerisque senatoribus perniciem machinabantur. 7 Quod- 
 ni Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die 
 post conditam urbem Romam pessimum facinus patratum 
 foret. Quia nondum frequentes armati convenerant, ea res 
 consilium diremit. 
 
 XIX. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor 
 1 pro prastore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infes- 
 tum inimicum Cn. Pompeio cognoverat. Neque tamen 
 senatus provinciam invitus dederat; quippe foedum homi- 
 nem a re publica proeul esse volebat ; simul quia boni com- 
 plures 2 praesidium in eo putabant, et jam turn potentia 
 Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso 3 in provincia ab 
 equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens 
 occisus est. 4 Sunt qui ita dicunt, imperia ejus injusta, 
 superba, crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati ; alii autcm, 
 equites illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidosque clientes, volun- 
 
22 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tate ejus Pisonem aggressos ; nunquam Hispanos prasterea 
 tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia saeva multa ante perpessos. 
 Nos earn rem 5 in medio relinqueinus. De superiore con- 
 juratione satis dictum. 
 
 XX. Catilina, ubi eos, quos a paulo ante memoravi, 
 convenisse videt, tametsi cum singulis multa saepe egerat, 
 tamen in rem fore credens universos appellare et cohortari, 
 in abditam partem aedium secedit ; atque ibi omnibus ar- 
 bitris procul amotis, orationem liujuscemodi liabuit. 
 
 " Ni virtus fidesque vestra 2 spectata mihi forent, ne- 
 quidquam opportuna res cecidisset ; spes magna, dominatio 
 in manibus frustra fuissent : neque ego, per ignaviam aut 
 vana ingenia, incerta pro certis captarem. Sed quia multis 
 et magnis 3 tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosque mihi, 
 eo animus ausus est maximum atque pulcberrimum facinus 
 incipere ; simul quia vobis eadem, quae mihi, bona malaque 
 esse intellexi : nam 4 idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum 
 firma amicitia est. Sed, ego quae mente agitavi, omnes jam 
 antea diversi audistis. Ceterum mihi in dies magis ani- 
 mus accenditur, quum considero, quae conditio vitas futura 
 sit, 5 nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem. Nam 
 postquam res publica 6 in paucorum potentium jus atque 
 ditionem concessit, semper illis reges, tetrarchae vectigales 
 esse ; populi, nationes stipendia pendere ; ceteri omnes, 
 strenui, boni, nobiles atque ignobiles, vulgus fuimus, sine 
 gratia, sine auctoritate, iis obnoxii, quibus, si res publica 
 valeret, formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, 
 honos, divitias apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volunt ; nobis 
 reliquere, pericula, repulsas, judicia, egestatem. ' Quae 
 quousque tandem patiemini, fortissimi viri 1 Nonne emori 
 per virtutem prsestat, quam vitam miseram atque inhones- 
 tam, ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus 
 amittere % Yerum enim vero, 8 pro deum atque hominum 
 fidem ! victoria in manu nobis est ; viget aetas, animus 
 
CATILINA. 23 
 
 valet : contra illis annis atque divitiis omnia consenuerunt. 
 Tantummodo incepto opus est, 9 cetera res expediet. Et- 
 enim quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium est, tolerare 
 potest, illis divitias superare, quas profundant in exstruendo 
 mari et niontibus coaequandis, nobis rem familiarem etiam 
 ad necessaria deesse % illos binas aut amplius domos con- 
 tinuare, nobis larem familiarem nusquam ullum esse ? 
 Quum tabulas, signa, 10 toreumata emunt, nova cliruunt, 
 alia aedificant, postremo "omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, 
 vexant, tamen - summa libidine divitias vincere nequeunt. 
 At nobis est domi inopia, foris aes alienum ; u mala res, spes 
 multo asperior. Denique quid reliqui habemus praeter 
 miseram animam ? 12 Quin igitur expergiscimini 1 En 
 ilia, ilia, quam saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, 
 decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt. Fortuna 13 omnia ea vic- 
 torious praemia posuit. Res, tempus, pericula, egestas, 
 belli spolia magnifica magis quam oratio mea, vos 14 hor- 
 tentur. Vel imperatore vel milite me utimini : neque 
 animus neque corpus a vobis aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, 
 vobiscum una consul agam ; nisi forte me animus fallit, et 
 vos servire magis quam imperare parati estis." 
 
 XXI. Postquam accepere ea bpmines, quibus mala 
 abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona ulla, 
 tametsi illis ! quieta movere magna merces videbatur, 
 tamen postulavere plerique, uti propbneret, quae conditio 
 belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, 2 quid ubique opis 
 aut spei haberent. Turn Cartilina polliceri s tabulas novas, 
 proscriptionem locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapi- 
 nas, alia omnia, quae bellum atque libido victorum fert. 
 Prasterea ' esse in Hispania citeriore Pisonem, in Mauri- 
 tania cum exercitu P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui 
 participes : 4 petere consulatum C. Antonium, quern sibi 
 collegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem et omnibus 
 necessitudinibus circumventum : cum eo se consulem ini- 
 
24 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tium agendi facturum.' Ad hoc maledictis increpat onmes 
 bonos, suorum unumquemque nominans laudare ; admone- 
 bat 5 alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suae, complures 
 periculi aut ignominias, multos victorias Sullanae, quibus ea 
 prsedas fuerat. Postquam omnium animos alacres videt, 
 cohortatus ut 6 petitionem suam curae kaberent, conventum 
 dimisit. 
 
 XXII. * Fuere, ea tempestate, qui dicerent l Catilinam, 
 oratione habita, quum ad jusjurandum populares sceleris 
 sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem vino permixtum 
 in pateris circumtulisse ; hide, quum 2 post exsecrationem 
 omnes degustavissent, sicuti in solemnibus sacris fieri con- 
 suevit, aperuisse consilium suum ; atque eo, dictitare, 
 fecisse, quo inter se magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti 
 facinoris conscii.' Nonnulli ficta et baac et multa praaterea 
 existimabant ab iis, qui 3 Giceronis invidiam, quae postea 
 orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, qui 
 poenas dederant. Nobis ea res 4 pro magnitudine parum 
 comperta est. 
 
 XXIII. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, natus 
 baud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus coopertus ; 
 1 quern censores senatu probri gratia moverant. Huic 
 bomini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacia : neque 
 reticere, quse audierat, neque 2 suamet ipse scelera occul- 
 tare ; prorsus neque dicere neque facere quidquam pensi 
 babebat. Erat ei cum Fulvia, muliere nobili, stupri vetus 
 consuetudo : 3 cui quum minus gratus esset, quia inopia 
 minus largiri poterat, repente glorians maria montesque 
 polliceri coepit ; et minari interdum ferro, ni sibi obnoxia 
 foret ; postremo ferocius agitare quam solitus erat. At 
 Fulvia, 4 insolentiaa Curii causa cognita, tale periculum rei 
 publicaa haud occultum babuit ; sed, sublato auctore, de 
 Catilinee conjuratione, qua3 quoque modo audierat, eoinplu- 
 ribus narravit. Ea res in primis studia bominum accendit 
 
CATILINA. 25 
 
 ad consulatum inandanduni M. Tullio Ciceroni. 6 Namque 
 antea pleraque nobilitas invidia aestuabat, et quasi pollui 
 consulatum credebant, si eum quanivis egregius homo novus 
 adeptus foret. Sed ubi periculum advenit, invidia atque 
 superbia 6 post fuere. 
 
 XXIY. Igitur, coniitiis habitis, consules declarantur 
 M. Tullius et C. Antonius; 1 quod factum primo populares 
 conjurationis concusserat. Neque .tamen Catilinae furor 
 minuebatur, sed in dies 2 plura agitare, arma per Italiam 
 locis opportunis parare, pecuniam sua ant amicorum fide 
 sumptam mutuam Fassulas ad Manlium quemdam portare, 
 qui postea princeps fuit belli faciundi. Ea tempestate 
 plurimos cuj usque generis liornines adscivisse sibi dicitur, 
 mulieres etiam aliquot, qua3, 3 ubi astas tantummodo quaes- 
 tui neque luxuriae modum fecerat, 8es alienum grande con- 
 naverant. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse 4 servitia 
 urbana sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum* vel adjun- 
 gere sibi, vel interficere. 
 
 XXY. Sed in bis erat 1 Sempronia, qiue multa saspe 
 virilis audacias facinora commiserat. H^ec mulier genere 
 atque forma, prasterea viro, liberis satis fortunata fuit : 
 litteris Gr£ecis et Latinis docta, psallere, saltare elegantius, 
 quam necesse est probss, 2 multa alia, quae instrumenta 
 luxurise sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia quam decus 
 atque pudicitia fuit: 3 pecuniae an famae minus parceret, 
 baud facile cliscerneres ; libidine sic accensa, ut saspius 
 peteret viros, quam peteretur. Sed ea saepe antebac fidem 
 prodiderat, 4 creclitum abjuraverat, caedis conscia fuerat, 
 luxuria atque inopia praeceps abierat. Yerum & ingenium 
 ejus haud absurdum ; posse versus facere, jocum movere, 
 sermone uti vel modesto vel molli vel procaci; prorsus 
 multae facetiae multusque lepos inerat. 
 
 XXYI. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo minus 
 1 in proximum annum consulatum petebat ; sperans 3 si de- 
 
26 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 signatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usuruin. Ne- 
 que interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias para- 
 Ibat Ciceroni. Neque 2 illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut 
 astutiae deerant. Namque a principio consulatus sui, multa 
 pollicendo per Fulviam, 3 effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo 
 paulo ante menioravi, consilia Catilinaa sibi proderet. 4 Ad 
 hoc collegani suum Antonium pactione provinciae perpule- 
 rat, ne contra rem publicam sentiret : circum se prassidia 
 amicorum atque 5 clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies 
 comitiorum venit, et Catilinas neque 6 petitio neque insicliae, 
 quas consuli in carnpo fecerat, prospere cessere, constituit 
 bellum facere, et extrema omnia experiri, quoniam quae 
 occulte tentaverat, aspera foedaque evenerant. 
 
 XXYII. Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atque in earn 
 partem Etruriaa, J Septimium quemdam Camertem in agrum 
 Picenum, C. J.ulium in Apuliam dimisit ; praaterea alium 
 alio, quern ubique opportunum sibi fore credebat. Interea 
 Romas multa simul moliri ; consuli insidias tendere, parare 
 incendia, opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsidere, 2 ipse 
 cum telo esse, item alios jubere, hortari, uti semper intenti 
 paratique essent, dies noctesque festinare, vigilare, neque 
 insomniis neque labore fatigari. Postremo ubi multa agi- 
 tanti 3 nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conjurationis 
 principes convocat 4 per M. Porcium Laecam, ibique multa 
 de ignavia eorum questus, docet ' se Manlium praemisisse 
 ad earn multitudinem, quam ad capinnda arma paraverat, 
 item B alios in alia loca opportuna, qui initium belli facerent, 
 seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem 
 oppressisset ; eum suis consiliis multum officere.' 
 
 XXYIII. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, 0. 
 Cornelius, eques Eomanus, operam suam pollicitus, et cum 
 eo L. Vargunteius senator, constituere ea nocte paulo post 
 cum armatis hominibus, x sicuti salutatum introire ad Cice- 
 ronem, ac de improviso domi supj imparatum confodere. 
 
CATILINA. 27 
 
 Curius ubi 2 intellegit, quantum periculi consuli impencleat, 
 propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat. 
 Ita 3 illi, janua prohibiti, tantum facinus frustra susceperant. 
 Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, egestate 
 simul ac clolore injurise 4 novarum rerum cupidam, quod 
 Sullas dominatione agros bonaque omnia amiserat ; prae- 
 terea latrones cujusque generis, quorum in ea regione 
 magna copia erat ; nonnullos ex Sullanis colonis, quibus 
 libido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fe- 
 cerant. 
 
 XXIX. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, 1 ancipiti malo 
 permotus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis privato consilio 
 longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus Manlii quantus aut 
 quo consilio foret, satis compertum habebat, rem ad senatum 
 refert, jam antea vulgi rumoribus exagitatam. Itaque, 2 quod 
 plerumque in atroci negotio solet, senatus decrevit, ' darent 
 operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet.' 
 
 3 Ea potestas per senatum, more Romano, magistratui maxi- 
 ma permittitur, exercitum parare, bellum gerere, coercere 
 omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi militiseque 4 impe- 
 rium atque judicium summum habere ; aliter sine populi 
 jussu nulli earum rerum consuli jus est. 
 
 XXX. Post paucos dies L. Samius senator in senatu 
 litteras 1 recitavit, quas Fassulis allatas sibi dicebat, in 
 quibus scriptum erat ' C. Manlium arma cepisse cum magna 
 multitudine, ante diem sextum Kalendas Novembres.' 
 Simul, id quod in tali re solet, alii portenta atque prodigia 
 nuntiabant, alii ' conventus fieri, arma portari, Capua3 atque 
 in Apulia servile bellum moveri.' Igitur 2 senati decreto 
 Q. Marcius E,ex Faesulas, Q. Mctellus Creticus in Apuliain 
 circumque ea loca missi : hi utrique 3 ad urbem imperatores 
 erant, impediti, ne triumpharent, calumnia paucorum, qui- 
 bus omnia honesta atque inhonesta venclere mos erat. Sod 
 
 4 prsetores Q. Pompeius Eufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer 
 
28 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 in agrum Picenum ; hisque permissum, ' uti pro tempore 
 atque periculo exercitum compararent.' Ad hoc, ' si quis 
 indicavisset de conjuratione, quae contra rem publicani facta 
 erat, 5 prgemium servo libertatem et sestertia centum, 
 libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta ;' itemque 
 decrevere, ' uti giadiatorise familise Capuam et in cetera 
 municipia distribuerentur, 6 pro cuj usque opibus ; Roinse 
 per totam urbem vigilise haberentur, iisque minores magis- 
 tratus prseessent.' 
 
 XXXI. 1 Quibus rebus permota civitas, atque immutata 
 urbis facies erat ; ex summa lsetitia atque lascivia, quse 
 diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnes tristitia invasit ; fes- 
 tinare, trepidare ; neque loco nee honiini cuiquam satis 
 credere ; neque bellum gerere, neque „pacem habere ; suo 
 quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc mulieres. 2 quibus 
 rei publico magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, 
 afflictare sese, manus supplices ad ccelum tendere, miserari 
 parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia pavere, superbia atque deli- 
 ciis omissis, sibi patriseque diffidere. At Catilinse cruclelis 
 animus 3 eadem ilia movebat, tametsi prassidia parabantur, 
 et ipse lege Plautia interrogates erat ab L. Paulo. Pos- 
 tremo 4 dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgancli, sicuti jurgio 
 lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Turn M. Tullius consul, 
 sive prsesentiani ejus timens, sive ira commotus, orationem 
 habuit luculentam atque utilem rei publicas, quam postea 
 scriptam ediclit. Sed, ubi ille assedit, Catilina, ut erat 
 paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso vultu, voce supplici 
 postulare, 5 ' patres conscripti ne quid de se temere crede- 
 rent : ea familia ortum, ita ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, 
 ut omnia bona in spe haberet : ne existimarent, sibi, patri- 
 cio homini, cujus ipsius atque majorum plurima benencia in 
 plebem Komanam essent, perdita re publica opus esse, quiim 
 earn servaret M. Tullius, G inquilinus civis urbis B-oniie.' 
 Ad hasc maledicta alia 7 quum adderet, obstrepere omnes, 
 
C A T I L I N A . 29 
 
 hostem atque parricidam vocare. Turn ille furibundus : 
 " Quoniani quidem circumveritus," inquit, " ab inimicis 
 8 praeceps agor, incendium meum ruina restinguam." 
 
 XXXII. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit. Ibimulta 
 secuni ipse volvens, quod neque 1 insidiae consuli procede- 
 bant, et ab incendio intelligebat urbem vigiliis munitam, 
 2 optimum factum credens exercitum augere. ac, prius quam 
 legiones scriberentur, antecapere quas bello usui forent, 
 nocte intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus 
 est. Sed 3 Cethego atque Lentulo ceterisque, quorum cog- 
 Hoverat promptam audaciam, mandat, ' quibus rebus possent 
 opes factionis confirment, insidias consuli maturent, caedem, 
 incendia, aliaque belli facinora parent : sese propediem 
 cum magno exercitu ad urbem accessurum.' Dum base 
 Romaa geruntur, C. Manlius ex suo numero legatos ad 
 Marcium Regem mittit, 4 cum mandatis hujuscemodi: 
 
 XXXIII. " Beos hominesque testamur, imperator, nos 
 arma neque contra patriam cepisse, neque quo periculum 
 aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab injuria tuta 
 forent, 1 qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate 
 feneratorum plerique patrias, sed omnes fama atque for- 
 tunis expertes sumus : neque cuiquam nostrum licuit more 
 majorum 2 lege uti, neque, amisso patrimonio, liberum 
 corpus habere : tanta sasvitia feneratorum atque prastoris 
 fait. Saepe majores s vestrum miseriti plebis Romanae, 
 decretis suis inopiae ejus opitulati sunt : ac novissime memo- 
 ria nostra, propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, volentibus 
 omnibus bonis, 4 argentum sere solutum est. 5 Saspe ipsa 
 plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, aut superbia magis- 
 tratuum, armata a patribus secessit. At nos non imperium 
 neque divitias petimus, ° quarum rerum causa bella atque 
 certamina omnia inter mortales .sunt, sed libertatem, quam 
 nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amittit. To attjue 
 senatum obtestamur, 7 consulatis miseris civibus ; legis 
 
30 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 praesidium, qnod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis : 
 neve nobis earn necessitudinem imponatis, ut quaeramus, 
 quonam modo, maxime ulti sanguinem nostrum, pereamus." 
 
 XXXIY. Ad haac Q. Marcius respondit : ' l Si quid ab 
 senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Honiara, supplices 
 profieiscantur : ea mansuetudine atque misericordia senatum 
 populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam ab 
 eo frustra auxilium petiverit.' At Catilina 2 ex itinere 
 plerisque consularibus, praeterea optimo cuique, litteras 
 mittit : ' Se 3 falsis criminibus circumventum, quoniam fac- 
 tioni inimicorum resistere nequiverit, fortunae cedere, Mas- 
 siliam in exsilium proficisei : non quo sibi tanti sceleris 
 conscius esset, sed uti res publica quieta foret, neve ex sua 
 contentione seditio oriretur. 3 4 Ab bis longe diversas litteras 
 Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinas 
 redditas dicebat : earum exemplum infra scriptum est. 
 
 XXXV. " * L. Catilina Q. Catulo, S. Egregia tua fides, 
 re cognita, gratam in magnis meis periculis fiduciam com- 
 mendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem 2 defensionem in 
 novo consilio non statui parare : satisfactionem ex nulla 
 conscientia de culpa proponere decrevi : 3 quam medius- 
 fidius veram licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque con- 
 citatus, quod, fructu laboris industriasque meae privatus, 
 4 statum dignitatis non obtinebam, publicam miserorum 
 causam pro mea consuetudine suscepi : non quin ses alienum 
 meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et 
 alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillaa suis filiaaque copiis 
 persolveret ; seel quod 5 non dignos homines honore honesta- 
 tos videbam, meque falsa suspicione alienatum esse sentie- 
 bam. G Hoc nomine satis lionestas pro meo casu spes 
 reliquae dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura quum 
 scribere vellem, nuntiatum est 7 vim mihi parari. Nunc 
 Orestillam commendo, tuaeque fidei trado : 8 earn ab injuria 
 defendas, per liberos tuos rogatus. Haveto." 
 
CATILINA. 31 
 
 XXXVI. Sed ipse paucos dies coniinoratus apud C. 
 Flaminium 1 in agro Arretino, dum vicinitatem, antea sol- 
 licitatam, armis exornat ; cmn fascibus atque aliis imperii 
 insignibus in castra ad Manlium contenclit. Hsec ubi 
 Romse comperta sunt, senatus Catilinam et Manlium 
 2 hostes judicat ; eeterse multitudini diem statuit, ante quani 
 sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere, prater rerum capi- 
 talium condemnatis. Prseterea decernit, ' uti consules de- 
 lectum liabeant ; Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam perse- 
 qui' maturet ; Cicero urbi prsesidio sit.' Ea tempestate 
 milii imperium populi Romani 3 multo maxime miserable 
 visum est ; cui quuni ad occasum ab ortu solis omnia 
 domita armis parerent, domi otium atque divitias, quae 
 prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere tamen cives, qui 
 seque remque publicam obstinatis animis perditum irent. 
 Namque duobus 4 senati decretis, ex tanta multitudine, ne- 
 que prasniio inductus conjurationem patefecerat, neque ex 
 castris Catilinse quisquam omnium discesserat : tanta vis 
 morbi, uti tabes, plerosque civium animos invaserat. 
 
 XXXVII. Neque solum illis x aliena mens erat, qui 
 conscii conjurationis fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes 
 novarum rerum studio Catilinse incepta probabat. 2 Id 
 adeo more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate, 
 quibus opes nullse sunt, 3 boni& invident, malos extollunt ; 
 Vetera oclere, nova exoptant: oclio suarum rerum mutari 
 omnia student ; turba atque seditionibus sine cura aluntur, 
 quoniam egestas facile babetur sine damno. Sed urbana 
 plebes, 4 ea vero prseceps ierat multis de causis. Primum 
 omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime 
 5 prsestabant, item alii, per declecora patrimoniis amissis, 
 postremo omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, 
 ii Romam, sicuti in sentinam, connuxerant. G Deinde multi 
 memores Sullanse victorias, quod ex gregariis militibus alios 
 senatores videbant, alios ita divites, uti regio victu atque 
 
32 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 cultu sstatem agerent, sibi quisque, si in arniis foret, ex 
 victoria talia sperabat. Prseterea juventus, quae in agris 
 7 manuuni mereede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque pub- 
 licis largitionibus excita, urbanum otium ingrato labori 
 prsetulerat : eos atque alios omnes malum publicum alebat. 
 Quo minus mirandum est homines egentes, malis moribus, 
 maxima spe, 8 rei publico juxta ac sibi consuluisse. Prae- 
 terea 9 quorum victoria Sullse parentes proscripti, bona 
 erepta, jus libertatis imminutum erat, haud sane alio animo 
 belli eventum exspectabant. Ad hoc quicumque 10 aliarum 
 atque senatus partium erant, conturbari rem publicam, 
 quam minus valere ipsi malebant. " Id adeo malum multos 
 post annos in civitatem reverterat. 
 
 XXXVXIL Nam postquam, 1 Cn. Pompeio et M. Cras- 
 so consulibus, tribunicia potestas restituta est, homines 
 adolescentes, 2 summam potestatem nacti, quibus cetas ani- 
 musque ferox erat, coepere senatum criminando plebem 
 exagitare ; dein largiendo atque pollicitando magis incen- 
 dere ; ita ipsi clari potentesque fieri. Contra eos summa 
 ope nitebatur pleraque nobilitas, 3 senatus specie, pro sua 
 magnitudine. Namque, uti 4 paucis verum absolvam, post 
 ilia tempora quicumque rem publicam agitavere, honestis 
 nominibus, alii, sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars, quo 
 senatus auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simulan- 
 tes, pro sua quisque potentia certabant : neque illis modes- 
 tia, neque modus contentionis erat; utrique victoriam 
 crudeliter exercebant. 
 
 XXXIX. Sed postquam Cn. Pompeius ad bellum ] ma- 
 ritimum atque Mithridaticum missus est. plebis opes im- 
 minutae, paucorum potentia crevit. 2 Hi magistratus, pro- 
 vincias aliaque omnia tenere ; ipsi innoxii, florentes, sine 
 metu a3tatem agcre, ceteros judiciis terrere, quo plebem in 
 magistratu placidius tractarent. Sed ubi primum 3 dubiis 
 re^bus novandi spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos 
 
C A TIL IN A. 33 
 
 eorum arrexit. 4 Quod si primo proelio Catilina superior 
 aut aequa manu discessisset, profecto magna clacles atque 
 calamitas rem publicam oppressisset ; neque illis, qui victo- 
 riam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin defessis et 
 exsanguibus, qui plus posset, imperium atque libertatem 
 extorqueret. Fuere tanien 6 extra conjurationem complures, 
 qui ad Catilinam initio profecti sunt : in his erat A. Ful- 
 vius, senatoris filius, quern retractum ex itinere 6 parens 
 necari jussit. lisdem temporibus Romae Lentulus, sicuti 
 Catilina praaceperat, 7 quoscumque moribus aut fortuna 
 novis rebus idoneos credebat, aut per se aut per alios sol- 
 licitabat ; neque solum cives, sed cujusque modi genus 
 hominum, quod modo bello usui foret. 
 
 XL. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, * uti le- 
 gatos Allobrogum requirat. eosque, si p.ossit, impellat ad 
 societatem belli ; existimans publice privatimque sere alieno 
 oppressos, preeterea, quod natura gens Gallica bellicosa 
 esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduci posse. Umbrenus, 
 quod in Gallia 2 negotiatus erat, plerisque principibus civi- 
 tatium notus erat, atque eos noverat : itaque sine mora, ubi 
 primum legatos in foro conspexit, 3 pereontatus pauca de 
 statu civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, requirere ccepit, 
 'quern exitum tantis malis sperarent?' Postquam 4 illos 
 videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare senatum, 
 quod in eo auxilii nihil esset ; miseriis suis remedium mor- 
 tem exspectare : " At ego," inquit, ; ' vobis, si modo viri 
 esse vultis, rationem, ostendam, qua tanta ista mala effugi- 
 atis." Hasc ubi dixit, Allobroges in maximam spem ad- 
 ducti Umbrenum orare, uti sui misereretur : ' nihil tarn 
 asperum neque tarn difficile esse, quod non cupidissime 
 facturi essent, clum ea res civitatem asre alieno liberaret.' 1 
 Ille eos in domum 5 D. Bruti perducit, quod foro propinqua 
 erat, neque aliena consilii, propter Semproniam ; nam turn 
 Brutus ab Roma aberat. Prseterea G Gabinium arcessit, 
 2* 
 
34 
 
 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 quo major auctoritas sermoni inesset. Eo praasente, conju- 
 rationem aperit ; nominat socios, praeterea multos cujusque 
 generis 7 innoxios, quo legatis animus amplior esset : deinde 
 eos pollicitos operam suam domum dimittit. 
 
 XLI. Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quidnam 
 consilii caperent. 1 In altera parte erat aes alienum, stu- 
 dium belli, magna merces in spe victorias ; at in altera 
 majores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe certa praeniia. 
 Usee illis volventibus, tandem vicit fortuna rei publicas. 
 Itaque Q. Fabio Sangse, 2 cujus patrocinio civitas plurimum 
 utebatur, rem omnem, uti cognoverant, aperiunt. Cicero, 
 per Sangam consilio cognito, legatis praecepit, 3 ut studium 
 conjurationis vehementer simulent, ceteros adeant, bene 
 polliceantur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime mani- 
 festos habeant. 
 
 XLII. Iisdem fere temporibus in x Gallia citeriore atque 
 ulteriore, item in agro Piceno, Bruttio, Apulia motus erat. 
 Namque illi, 2 quos antea Catilina dimiserat, inconsulte ac 
 veluti per dementiam cuncta simul agebant : nocturnis 
 consiliis, armorum atque telorum portationibus, festinando, 
 agitando omnia, plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. Ex 
 eo numero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati 
 consulto, 3 causa cognita, in vincula conjecerat ; item in ulte- 
 riore Gallia C. Murena, qui ei provinciae legatus praserat. 
 
 XLIII. At Romae * Lentulus cum ceteris, qui principes 
 conjurationis erant, paratis, ut videbatur, magnis copiis, 
 constituerant, uti, quum Catilina in agrum Eassulanum cum 
 exercitu venisset, L. Bestia tribunus plebis, concione ba- 
 bita, quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique gravissimi 
 invidiam optimo consuli imponeret ; 2 eo signo, proxima 
 nocte cetera multitudo conjurationis suum quisque nego- 
 tium exsequeretur. 3 Sed ea divisa hoc modo dicebantur, 
 Statilius et Gabinius uti cum magna manu duodecim simul 
 opportuna loca urbis incend'erent, quo tumultu facilior adi- 
 
CATILINA. 35 
 
 tns ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidise parabantur, 
 fieret ; Cetliegus Ciceronis januam obsideret, eumque vi 
 aggrederetur, alius auteui almm ; 4 sed filii familiarum, 
 quorum ex nobilitate niaxiuia pars erat, parentes interfice- 
 rent ; simul, caede et iucenclio perculsis omnibus, ad Catili- 
 nam erumperent. 5 Inter hasc parata atque decreta Cethe- 
 gus semper querebatur de ignavia sociorum : ' illos dubi- 
 tando et dies prolatando magnas opportunitates corrumpere ; 
 facto, non consulto in tali periculo opus esse ; seque, si pauci 
 adjuvarent, languentibus aliis, impetum in curiam facturum.' 
 6 Natura ferox, veliemens, manu promptus erat ; maximum 
 bonum in celeritate putabat. 
 
 XLIY. Sed Allobroges ex prrecepto Ciceronis x per 
 Gabinium ceteros conveniunt ; ab Lentulo, Cethego, Sta- 
 tilio, item Cassio postulant jusjurandum, quod signatum 
 ad cives perferant : l aliter baud facile eos ad tantum ne- 
 gotium impelli posse.' Ceteri nihil suspicantes 2 dant; 
 Cassias semet eo brevi venturum pollicetur, a'c paulo ante 
 legatos ex urbe proficiscitur. Lentulus cum his T. Vol- 
 turcium quendam 3 Crotoniensem mittit, uti Allobroges, 
 prius quam domum pergerent, cum Catilina, data et ac- 
 cepta fide, societatem confirmarent. Ipse Yolturcio 4 lit- 
 teras ad Catilinam clat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum 
 est. 
 
 " 5 Qui sim, ex eo quern ad te misi, cognosces. 6 Fac 
 cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te virum 
 esse ; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent : auxilium 
 petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis." 
 
 Ad hoc 7 mandata verbis clat : ' quum ab senatu hostis 
 judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? in urbe parata 
 esse, quas jusserit ; ne cunctetur ipse propius accederc' 
 
 XLY. His rebus ita actis, constituta noctc, qua profi- 
 cisccrentur, Cicero, per legatos : cuncta edoctus, L. Valerio 
 Flacco et C. Pomptino pra3toribus imperat, uti in ponte 
 
36 c. CB.IS PI SALLUSTII 
 
 Mulvio per insidias Allobroguin coniitatus deprehendant ; 
 rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia mittebantur ; cetera, uti 
 facto opus sit, ita agant, perrnittit. 2 Illi, homines mili- 
 tares, sine tumultu praesidiis collocatis, sicuti praeceptuin 
 erat, occulte pontem obsidunt. Postquam 3 ad id loci 
 legati cum Volturcio venerunt, et simul utrimque clamor 
 exortus est, G-alli, cito cognito consilio, sine mora paetori- 
 bus se tradunt. Yolturcius primo, cohortatus ceteros, gla- 
 dio se a multitudine defenclit ; deinde, ubi a legatis desertus 
 est, 4 multa prius de salute sua Pomptinum obtestatus, quod 
 ei notus erat, postremo timidus ac vitas diffidens, velut hos- 
 tibus sese praetoribus dedit. 
 
 XLVI. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nun- 
 tios consuli declarantur. At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia 
 simul occupavere : nam laatabatur, 1 intellegens, conjura- 
 tione patefacta, civitatem periculis ereptam esse ; porro 
 autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maximo scelere tantis civi- 
 bus deprehensis, quid facto opus esset ; pcenam illorum sibi 
 oneri, impunitatem 2 perdundas rei publieas fore credebat. 
 Igitur, 3 confirmato animo, vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, 
 Cetliegum, Statilium, G-abinium, itemque quemdam Coepa- 
 rium Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia 
 proncisci parabat. Ceteri sine mora veniunt : Coeparius, 
 paulo ante domo egressus, 4 cognito indicio, ex urbe pro- 
 fugerat. Consul Lentulum, quod praetor erat, ipse manu 
 tenens in senatum perducit ; reliquos cum custodibus in 
 asdem Concordiaa venire jubet. 5 Eo senatum advocat, 
 magnaque frequentia ejus ordinis, Yolturcium cum legatis 
 introducit ; Flaccum prastorem 6 scrinium cum litteris, quas 
 a legatis acceperat, eodem afferre jubet. 
 
 XLYII. Yolturcius interrogatus de itinere, de litteris, 
 postremo a quid, aut qua clc causa, consilii habuisset, pri- 
 mo fingere alia, dissimulare de conjuratione ; post, ubi 
 2 fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia, uti gesta erant, ape 
 
CATILINA. 37 
 
 rit j docetque l se paucis ante diebus a Gabinio et Coepario 
 socium adscitum nihil amplius scire quam legatos ; tantuni- 
 modo audire solitum ex Gabinio P. Autronium, Servium 
 Sullam, L. Vargunteium, multos praeterea in ea conjura- 
 tione esse.' Eadem Galli fatentur, ac Lentulum dissimu- 
 lantem 3 eoarguunt propter litteras sermonibus, quos ille 
 habere solitus erat : ' ex libris Sibyllinis regnum Remise 
 tribus Corneliis portendi ; Cinnam atque Sullam antea, se 
 tertium esse, cui fatuni foret urbis potiri ; praeterea 4 ab 
 incenso Capitolio ilium esse vigesimum annum, quern saepe 
 ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent bello civili cruentum 
 fore.' Igitur perlectis litteris, quum prius omnes 5 signa 
 sua cognovissent, senatus deeernit, i uti abdicato magistratu 
 Lentulus, itemque ceteri 6 inliberis custodiis habeantur.' 
 Itaque Lentulus P. Lentulo Spintheri, qui turn aedilis erat, 
 Cethegus Q. Cornificio, Statilius C. Caesari, Gabinius M. 
 Crasso, Cceparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga retractus erat) 
 Cn. Terentio senatori traduntur. 
 
 XLVITI. Interea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, quae 
 primo cupida rerum novarum nimis bello favebat, mutata 
 mente, Catilinae consilia * exsecrari, Ciceronem ad ccelum 
 tollere ; veluti ex servitute erepta, gaudium atque lsetitiam 
 agitabat. Namque 2 alia belli facinora praedae magis quam 
 detrimento fore, incenclium vero crudele, immoderatum, ae 
 sibi maxime calamitosum putabat ; quippe cui omnes copiae 
 in usu quotidiano et cultu corporis erant. Post eum diem 
 quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum adductus erat, 3 quern ad 
 Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retractum aiebant. Is 
 quum se diceret indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides publi- 
 ca data esset, jussus a consule, quae sciret edicere, eaclem 
 fere quae Yolturcius, de paratis incendiis, de caede bonorum, 
 de itinere hostium senatum docet : praeterea ' se missum a 
 M. Crasso, qui Catilinae nuntiaret, 4 ne eum Lentulus et 
 Cethegus aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi terrerent ; 
 
38 C. CP, 1SPI SALLUSTII 
 
 eoque magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et cetero- 
 runi aminos reficeret. et illi facilius e periculo eriperentur.' 
 Sed ubi Tarquinius Crassum noininavit, bominern nobilem, 
 maximis divitiis, summa potentia, alii rem incredibilem 
 rati, pars, tametsi verum existiniabant, tamen quia in tali 
 tempore 5 tanta vis bominis magis leniunda quarn exagi- 
 tanda yiclebatur, plerique Crasso ex negotiis privatis ob- 
 noxii conclamant ' indicem falsum esse,' 6 deque ea re postu- 
 lant uti referatur. Itaque, 7 consulente Cicerone, frequens 
 senatus deeernit, ' Tarquinii indicium falsum videri, eumque 
 in vinculis retinendum, neque amplius po.testatem faciundam, 
 nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam rem esset menti- 
 tus.' Erant eo tempore, qui gestimarent indicium illud a 
 P. Autronio macbinatum, quo facilius, appellato Crasso, 
 per societatem periculi reliquos illius potentia tegeret. 
 Alii Tarquinium a Cicerone 8 immissum aiebant, ne Cras- 
 sus, more suo suscepto malorum patrocinio, rem publicam 
 conturbaret, Ipsum Crassum ego postea pra3dicantem 
 auclivi, * tantam iilam contumeliam sibi a Cicerone impo- 
 sitam.' 
 
 XLIX. Sed iisdem temporibus 1 Q. Catulus et C. Piso 
 neque precibus. neque gratia, neque pretio Ciceronem im- 
 pellere potuere, uti per Allobroges aut alium indicem C. 
 Cassar falso nominaretur. Nam uterque cum illo graves 
 inimicitias exercebat ; Piso 2 oppugnatus in judicio pecu- 
 niarum repetundarum, propter cujusdam Transpadani sup- 
 plicium injustum : Catulus ex petitione pontificatus odio 
 incensus, quod extrema aetate, maximis bonoribus usus, 3 ab 
 adolescentulo Caasare yictus cliscesserat. 4 Pes autem 
 opportuna videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, 
 5 publice maximis muneribus grandem pecuniam debebat. 
 Sed ubi consulem ad tantum facinus impellere nequeunt, 
 6 ipsi singulatim circumeundo, atque ementiundo, quas se 
 ex Volturcio aut Allobrogibus audisse dicerent, magnam 
 
C A T I L I N A . 39 
 
 illi invidiam conflaverant ; usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites 
 Romani, qui praesidii causa cum telis erant circum aedem 
 Concordias, seu periculi magnitudine, seu animi nobilitate 
 impulsi, quo studium suum iu rem publicam clarius esset, 
 egredienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur. 
 
 L. Dum hasc in senatu aguntur, et dum legatis Allobro- 
 gum et Tito Volturcio, comprobato eorum inclicio, praemia 
 decernuntur ; * liberti et pauci ex clientibus Lentuli di- 
 versis itineribus opifices atque servitia in yicis ad eum 
 eripiundum sollicitabant ; partim exquirebant duces multi- 
 tudinum, qui pretio rem publicam vexare soliti erant. 
 Cethegus autein per nuntios 2 familiam atque libertos suos, 
 lectos et exercitatos in audaciam, orabat, ut, grege facto, 
 cum telis ad sese irrumperent. Consul, ubi ea parari cog- 
 novit, dispositis prassidiis, ut res atque tempus monebat, 
 convocato senatu, 3 refert, 'quid cle his fieri placeat, qui in 
 custodiam traditi erant.' Seel eos paulo ante frequens 
 senatus 4 judicaverat ' contra rem publicam fecisse.' Turn 
 D. Junius Silanus, primus 5 sententiam rogatus, quod eo 
 tempore consul designatus erat, cle his, qui in custodiis 
 tenebantur, prteterea cle L. Cassio, P. Furio, P. Umbreno, 
 Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, supplicium sumendum de- 
 creverat : iscjue postea, permotus oratione C. Ccesaris, 
 6 pedibus in sententiam Tib. Neronis iturum se dixerat ; 
 quod de ea re, pm?sidiis additis, referendum censuerat. 
 . Sed Csesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a 
 consule, 7 hujuscemodi verba locutus est. 
 
 LI. " Omnes homines, x patres conscripti, qui de rebus 
 dubiis consultant, ab oclio, amicitia, ira atque misericordia 
 vacuos esse decet. Haud facile animus verum providet, 
 ubi ilia officiunt, 2 ner|ue quisquam omnium libidini simul 
 et usui paruit. 3 Ubi intendcris mgenium, valet ; si libido 
 possidet, ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi 
 copia est memorandi, patres conscripti, qui rcges atque 
 
40 C. GRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 populi, ira ant misericordia inipulsi, 4 male consuluerint ; 
 sed ea malo dicere, quag niajores nostri contra libidineni 
 animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. Bello Macedonico, 
 quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Rhodioruni civitas, magna 
 atque magnifica, quae populi Romani opibus creverat, infida 
 atque adversa nobis fuit : sed postquam, bello confecto, de 
 Rhodiis consultum est, majores nostri, 5 ne quis divitiarum 
 magis, quam injuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impu- 
 nitos eos dimisere. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum 
 saepe Cartbaginienses et in pace et 6 per inducias multa 
 nefaria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi per occasionem 
 talia fecere : magis, quid se dignnm foret, quam quid in 
 illos jure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis provi- 
 dendum est, patres conscripti, ne plus apud vos valeat P. 
 Lentuli et ceterorum scelus, quam vestra dignitas ; 7 neu 
 magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si 8 digna 
 poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium approbo ; 
 sin magnitudo sceleris omnium ingenia exsuperat, his uten- 
 dum censeo, quas legibus comparata sunt./ Plerique eorum, 
 qui ante me sententiam dixerunt, composite atque magni- 
 fice casum rei publicae miserati sunt:/ quae belli saevitia 
 esset, quae victis acciderent, enumeravere) divelli liberos a 
 parentum complexu ; matres familiarum 9 pati, quae victori- 
 bus collibuissent ; fana atque domos spoliari ; caedem, in- 
 cendia fieri ; postremo armis, cadaveribus, eruore atque 
 luctu omnia compleri. Sed, per deos immortales ! quo ilia 
 oratio pertinuit 1 10 an, uti vos infestos conjurationi faceret ? 
 Scilicet, quern res tanta atque tarn atrox non permovit, eum 
 oratio accendet ! Non ita est ; neque cuiquam mortalium 
 injurise suae parvae videntur : multi eas gravius aequo ha- 
 buere. Sed :1 alia aliis licentia est, patres conscripti. Qui 
 demissi in obscuro vitam habent, si quid iracundia deliquere, 
 pauci sciunt ; fama atque fortuna eorum pares sunt : qui 
 magno imperio praediti in excelso aetatem agunt, eorum 
 
CATILINA. 41 
 
 facta cuncti mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna mini- 
 ma licentia est : neque studere, neque odisse, sed minime 
 irasci decet : quae apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in im- 
 perio superbia atque crudelitas appellatur. Equidem ego 
 sic existimo, patres conscripti, omnes cruciatus minores, 
 qnam facinora illoruni esse ; sed plerique mortales postre- 
 ma meminere. et in hominibus impiis sceleris eorum obliti 
 de poena dis sennit, si ea panlo severior fuit. *\ D. Silanuin, 
 virum fortem atque stremium, certo scio, quae dixerit, 
 
 12 studio rei publicas dixisse, neque ilium in tanta re gra- 
 tiam aut inimicitias exercere : eos mores, eamque mocles- 
 tiam viri cognovi. Verum sententia ejus mihi non crude- 
 lis, (quid enim in tales homines crudele fieri potest ?) sed 
 
 13 aliena a re publica nostra videtur. Nam profecto aut 
 metus aut injuria te subegit, Silane, consulem designatum, 
 genus poenae novum decernere. De timore superyacaneum 
 est disserere, quum praesertiru diligentia clarissimi viri, 
 consulis, tanta praesidia sint in armis. De poena possumus 
 equidem dicere " id quod res liabet ; in luctu atque miseriis 
 mortem aerumnarum requiem, non cruciatum esse, earn 
 cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere ; ultra neque curae neque 
 gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortales ! quamobrem 
 in sententiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos 
 animadverteretur ? 15 An quia lex Porcia vetat? At aliae 
 leges item condemnatis civibus non animam eripi, sed 
 exsilium permitti jubent. An quia gravius est verberari 
 quam necari 1 Quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave est 
 in homines tanti facinoris convictos ? Sin, quia levius est ; 
 16 qui convenit in minore negotio legem timere. quum earn 
 in majore neglexeris % 17 At enim quis reprehcndet, quod in 
 parricidas rei publicae decr.etum erit? Tempus, dies, for- 
 tuna, cujus libido gentibus moderatur. Illis merito accidet, 
 quidquid evenerit ; eeterum vos, patres conscripti, 18 quid 
 in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ox 
 
42 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 bonis orta sunt ; sed ubi imperium ad ignaros aut minus 
 bonos pervenit, novum illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis 
 ad indignos et non idoneos transfertur. Lacedsenionii 
 devictis Atheniensibus 19 triginta viros imposuere, qui rem 
 publicam eorum tractarent. Hi primo coepere pessimum 
 quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare : ea 
 populus laetari et merito dicere fieri. Post, ubi paulatim 
 licentia crevit, juxta bonos et malos libidinose interficere, 
 ceteros metu terrere. Ita civitas servitute oppressa stultaa 
 laatitias graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria, victor Sulla 
 quum 20 Damasippum et alios hujusrnodi, qui malo rei pub- 
 lico creverant, jugulari jussit, quis non factum ejus lau- 
 dabat % ' Homines scelestos et factiosos,' qui seditionibus 
 rem publicam exagitaverant, merito necatos 5 aiebant. Sed 
 ea res magnas initium cladis fuit. Nam uti quisque do- 
 mum aut villain, postremo vas aut vestimentum alicujus 
 concupiverat, dabat operam, uti is in proscriptorum numero 
 esset. Ita illi, quibus Damasippi mors laetitia3 fuerat, paulo 
 post ipsi 21 trabebantur ; neque prius finis jugulandi fuit, 
 quam Sulla omnes suos divitiis explevit. 22 Atque ego 
 base non in M. Tullio neque bis temporibus vereor ; sed 
 in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. 23 Potest 
 alio tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in manu sit, 
 falsum aliquid pro vero credit. Ubi boc exemplo per senati 
 decretum consul glaclium eduxerit, quis illi finem statuet, aut 
 quis moderabitur? Majores nostri, patres conscripti, neque 
 consilii neque audaciae unquam eguere ; neque illis supcrbia 
 obstabat, 24 quo minus aliena instituta, si modo proba erant, 
 imitarentur. Anna atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, 
 insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis pleraque 25 sumpserunt : 
 postremo quod ubique apud socios aut liostes idoneum 
 videbatur, cum summo studio domi exsequebantur : imitari 
 quam invidere bonis malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore, 
 GraDcia3 morem " imitati, verberibus animadvert ebant in 
 
C A TIL IN A. 43 
 
 cives, de condemnatis sumniuni suppliciuni suniebant. Post- 
 quani res publica adolevit, et multitudine civium factiones 
 valuere, circumveniri innocentes, alia liujuscemodi fieri coe- 
 pere, tuni lex Poreia aliaxjue leges paratee sunt, 27 quibus 
 legibus exsilium damnatis permissum est. 28 Hanc ego 
 causam, patres conscript!, quo minus novum consilium 
 capiamus, in primis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque 
 sapientia major in illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum 
 imperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta vix 
 retinemus. Placet igitur eos dimitti et augere exercitum 
 Catilinae ? Minime ; 29 sed ita censeo : ' publicandas eo- 
 rum pecunias, ipsos in vinculis babendos per municipia, 
 quae maxime opibus valent ; neu quis de bis postea ad 
 senatum referat, neve cum populo agat : qui aliter fece- 
 rit, senatum existimare eum contra rem publicam et salu- 
 tem omnium facturum.' " 
 
 LII. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, a ceteri verbo 
 alius alii varie assentiebantur: at 2 M. Porcius Cato, roga- 
 tus sententiam, liujuscemodi orationem babuit. 
 
 " 3 Longe mibi alia mens est, patres conscripti, quum res 
 atque pericula nostra considero, et quum sententias nonnul- 
 lorum mecum ipse reputo. Illi mihi disseruisse videntur 
 de poena eorum, qui patriae, parentibus, aris atque focis suis 
 bellum paravere : res autem monet cavere ab illis magis 
 quam, quid in illis statuamus, consultare. Nam 4 cetera 
 maleficia turn persequare, ubi facta sunt : boc, nisi provi- 
 deris, ne accidat, ubi evenit, frustra judicia implores : capta 
 urbe, nibil fit reliqui victis. Sed, per deos immortales ! vos 
 ego appello, qui semper domos, villas, signa, tabulas vcstras 
 & pluris quam rem publicam fecistis, si ista, cujuscunque 
 modi sunt, quae amplexamini, retinere, si voluptatibus ves- 
 tris otium praebere vultis, expergiscimini aliquando, et ca- 
 pessite rem publicam. c Non agitur cle vectigalibus, ne.jue 
 de sociorum injuriis ; libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. 
 
44 C. CRIS PI SALLUSTII 
 
 Saepenumero, patres conscripti, niulta verba in hoc ordine 
 feci, saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium ques- 
 tus sum, nmltosque mortales ea causa adversos habeo. Qui 
 mibi atque aniino meo nullius unquam delicti gratiam fecis- 
 sem, baud facile alterius libidini male facta condonabam. 
 Sed ea tametsi vos parvi pendebatis, tamen res publica 
 firma erat ; 7 opulentia negligentiani tolerabat. 8 Nunc vero 
 non id agitur, bonisne an malis moribus vivamus, neque 
 quantum aut quam magnificum imperium populi Romani 
 sit ; sed haec cujuscunque modi videntur, nostra, an nobis- 
 cum una bostium futura sint. 
 
 " 9 Hic mibi quisquam mansuetudinem et misericordiam 
 nominat. Jampridem equiclem nos vera vocabula rerum 
 amisimus, quia bona .aliena largiri liberalitas, malarum 
 rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur ; eo res publica in extremo 
 sita est. 10 Sint sane, quoniam ita se mores babent, libe- 
 rales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus 
 asrarii : ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur ; et dum pau- 
 cis sceleratis parcunt, bonos omne^ perditum eant. Bene 
 et composite C. Cassar paulo ante in hoc ordine de vita et 
 morte disseruit ; 1X credo, falsa existimans ea, quae de inferis 
 memorantur ; ' diverso itinere malos a bonis loca tetra, 
 inculta, foeda atque formidolosa habere.' Itaque censuit 
 'pecunias eorum publicandas, ipsos per municipia in custo- 
 diis habendos ;' videlicet timens, ne, si Romae sint, aut a 
 12 popularibus conjurationis, aut a multitudine conducta per 
 vim eripiantur. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tantuni- 
 modo in urbe, et non per totam Italiam sint, aut non ibi 
 plus possit audacia, ubi ad defeudendum opes minores sunt. 
 Quare vanum equidem hoc consilium est, si periculum ex 
 illis metuit ; sin in tanto omnium mctu 13 solus non timet, 
 eo magis refert me mibi atque vobis timere. 
 
 "Quare quum de P. Lentulo ceterisque statuetis, pro 
 certo habetote, vos simul de exercitu Catilinoe et de omni- 
 
CATILINA, 45 
 
 Ibus conjuratis decernere. " Quanto vos attentius ea agetis, 
 tanto illis animus infirmior erit : si paululum modo vos 
 languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt. Nolite ex- 
 istimare majores nostros armis rem publicam ex parva 
 magnam fecisse. Si ita res esset, mult.o pulcherrimam earn 
 nos liaberenms : quippe sociorum atque civiiim, prseterea 
 armoruin atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis est. 
 Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, 15 quae nobis nulla 
 sunt ; domi industria, "foris justum imperium, animus in 
 consulendo liber, neque delicto neque libidini obnoxius. 
 Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque avaritiam, publice 
 egestatem, privatim opulentiam ; laudamus divitias, sequi- 
 mur inertiam ; inter bonos et malos discrimen nullum est ; 
 
 16 omnia virtutis praemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum, 
 
 17 ubi vos separatim sibi quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi 
 voluptatibus, hie pecuniae aut gratise servitis; eo fit, ut 
 impetus fiat in vacuam rem publicam. Sed ego haec 
 omitto. 
 
 " Conjuravere nobilissimi cives 18 patriam incendere, 
 Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad belluin 
 arcessunt ; dux nostrum cum exercitu supra caput est : vos 
 cunctamini etiamnunc, quid intra mcenia deprehensis hosti- 
 bus faciatis ? 19 Misereamini, censeo, (deliquere homines 
 adolescentuli per ambitionem,) atque etiam armatos dimit- 
 tatis. 20 Nae ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia, si illi 
 arma ceperint, in miseriam convertet. 21 Scilicet res ipsa 
 aspera est, sed vos non timetis earn. Iinmo vero maxime : 
 sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium exspectantes cunc- 
 tamini, videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qui banc rem 
 publicam in maximis saepe periculis servavere. 22 Non votis 
 neque suppliciis muliebribus auxilia deorum parantur ; 
 vigilanclo, agendo, bene consulendo prospera omnia cedunt : 
 ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae tradicleris, nequidquam dcos 
 implores ; irati infestique sunt. Apud majores nostros T. 
 
46 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 Manlius Torquatus 23 bello Glallico filium suum, quod is 
 contra iniperium in hostem pugnaverat, necari jussit, atque 
 ille egregius adolescens, imnioderatae fortitudinis, niorte 
 poenas dedit : vos de crudelissimis parricidis quid statua- 
 tis, cunctamini 1 24 Videlicet cetera vita eorum huic sceleri 
 obstat. |( Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, 
 si famse suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis pepercit: 
 ignoscite Cethegi adolescentiae, nisi iterum jam patriae bel- 
 lum fecit. Nam quid ego de Grabinio. Statilio, Coepario 
 loquar % 25 quibus si quidquam unquam pensi fuisset, non ea 
 consilia de re publica babuissent. 
 
 " Postremo, patres conscripti, si mebercule peccato locus 
 esset, facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, quoniam verba con- 
 temnitis ; sed undique circumventi sumus. Catilina cum 
 exercitu faucibus urguet ; alii intra moenia atque in sinu 
 urbis sunt hostes ; neque parari, neque consuli quidquam 
 occulte potest : quo magis properandum est. Quare ita ego 
 censeo : ' quum nefario consilio sceleratorum civium res 
 publica in maxima pericula venerit, iique indicio T. Vol- 
 turcii et legatorum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint 
 casdem, incendia, aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora 
 in cives patriamque paravisse, 26 de confessis, sicuti de 
 manifestis rerum capitalium, more majorum supplicium 
 sumendum.' " 
 
 LIII. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes item- 
 que senatus magna pars sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem 
 animi ad coelum ferunfc, alii alios increpantes timidos vo- 
 cant ; Cato clarus atque magnus habetur ; senati decretum 
 fit, l sicuti ille censuerat. ~ Sed mibi multa legenti, multa 
 audienti, quae populus Romanus domi militiaeque, mari 
 atque terra prrcclara facinora fecit, forte libuit attendere, 
 quae res maxime tanta negotia sustinuisset. Sciebam 
 sajpenumero parva manu cum niagnis legiouibus bostium 
 3 contendisse ; cognoveram parvis copiis bclla gesta cum 
 
CATILINA. 47 
 
 opulentis regibus ; ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiani tolera- 
 visse ; facundia Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos 
 fuisse. Ac niihi inulta agitanti constabat, paucorum civium 
 egregiam virtutein cuncta patravisse ; eoque factum, uti 
 divitias paupertas, multitudinem pancitas superaret. Sed 
 postquam luxu atque desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus 
 res publica magnitucline sua imperatorum atque magistra- 
 tuum vitia sustentabat, ac, 4 sicuti effeta parentum, multis 
 tempestatibus baud sane quisquam Romae virtute magnus 
 fuit. Sed niemoria mea, ingenti virtute, diversis moribus 
 fuere viri duo, M. Cato et C. Caesar : quosquoniam res obtu- 
 lerat, silentio prseterire non fuit consilium, 6 quin utriusque 
 naturam et mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem. 
 
 LIY. Igitur his 1 genus, astas, eloquentia prope aequalia 
 fuere ; magnitudo animi par, item gloria,, sed alia alii. 
 Caesar beneficiis atque munificentia magnus habebatur ; 
 integritate vitas Cato. Ille mansuetudine et misericordia 
 clarus factus ; huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. Caesar 
 dando, sublevando, ignoscendo ; Cato nihil largiunclo glo- 
 riam acleptus est. 2 In altero miseris perfugium erat ; in 
 altero malis pernicies : illius facilitas, hujus constantia 
 laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum induxerat labo- 
 rare, vigilare ; negotiis amicorum intentus, sua 3 negligere ; 
 nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset ; sibi magnum im- 
 perium, exercitum, bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus 
 enitescere posset. At Catoni studium modestiae, decoris, 
 sed maxime 4 sevcritatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, 
 rieque 5 factione cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum 
 modesto pudore, cum innocente abstinentia certabat ; esse 
 quam videri bonus malebat : ita, quo minus gloriam pete- 
 bat, eo magis ilium sequebatur. 
 
 LV. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus x in Catonis sententiam 
 discessit, consul optimum factu ratus noctem quae instabat 
 antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novaretur, triumviros, quas 
 
48 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 supplicium postulabat, parare jubet : ipse, praesidiis dis- 
 positis, Lentulum in carcerein deducit ; idem fit ceteris 
 per prretores. Est in carcere locus, 2 quod Tullianuni ap- 
 pellator, ubi paululum descenderis ad lasvam, circiter duo- 
 decim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt undique 
 parietes, atque insuper 3 camera lapideis fornicibus vincta, 
 seel incultu, tenebris, odore fceda atque terribilis ejus facies 
 est. In eum locum postquam. demissus est Lentulus, 
 4 vindices rerum capitalium, quibus prasceptum erat, laqueo 
 gulam fregere. Ita ille patricius, ex clarissima gente Cor- 
 neliorum, qui consulare imperium Roniaa habuerat, dignum 
 moribus factisque suis exitium vitae invenit. 5 De Cetliego, 
 Statilio, G-abinio, Ccepario,eodem modo supplicium sumptum 
 est. 
 
 LVI. Dum ea Romaa geruntur, Catilina J ex omni co- 
 pia, quam et ipse adduxerat, et Manlius habuerat, duas 
 legiones instituit ; cohortes pro numero militum complet : 
 deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex sociis in castra vene- 
 rat, sequaliter distribuerat, ac brevi spatio legiones numero 
 hominum expleverat, quum initio non amplius duobus milli- 
 bus habuisset. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat 
 militaribus armis 2 instructa ; ceteri, ut quemque casus 
 armaverat, sparos aut lanceas, alii prseacutas sudes porta- 
 bant. Sed postquam 3 Antonius cum exercitu adventabat, 
 Catilina per niontes iter facere, modo ad urbem, modo in 
 Galliam versus castra movere, liostibus occasionem pug- 
 nandi non dare : sperabat propediem magnas copias sese 
 habiturum, si Romas socii incepta patravissent. Interea 
 4 servitia repudiabat, cujus initio ad eum magnaa copia? con- 
 currebant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul B alienum suis 
 rationibus existimans, videri causam civium cum servis fu- 
 gitivis communicavisse. 
 
 LVII. Sed postquam in castra ' nimtius pervenit Romas 
 conjurationem patefactam, de Lentulo. et Cetliego, ceteris- 
 
CATILINA. 49 
 
 que, quos supra memoravij siipplicium sumptum ; plerique, 
 quos ad belluni spes rapinarum aut novarum rerum studium 
 illexerat, dilabuntur : reliquos Catilina per niontes asperos 
 magnis itineribus in agrum Pistoriensein abducit, eo con- 
 silio, uti per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam Trans- 
 alpinam. At Q. Metellus Celer cum tribus legionibus in 
 agro Piceno 2 prassidebat, ex dimcultate rerum -eadem ilia 
 existimans, -quae supra dixinius, Catilinam agitare. Igitur, 
 ubi iter ejus ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movit, ac 
 sub ipsis radicibus montium conseclit, qua illi descensus 
 erat in Galliam properanti. Neque tamen Antonius procul 
 aberat, 3 utpote qui magno exercitu locis aequioribus expe- 
 ditus in fuga sequeretur. Sed Catilina, postquam videt 
 4 montibus atque copiis hostium sese clausum, in urbe res 
 adversas, neque fugae neque praasidii ullam spem, optimum 
 factu ratus, in tali re fortunam belli tentare, statuit cum 
 Antonio quam primum confligere. Itaque, concione advo- 
 cata, hujuscemodi orationem habuit. 
 
 LVIII. " x Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba virtu- 
 tem non addere ; neque ex ignavo strenuum, neque fortem 
 ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris fieri. Quanta 
 cuj usque animo audacia natura ant 2 moribus inest, tanta in 
 bello patere solet : quern neque gloria neque pericula exci- 
 tant, nequidquam 3 hortere ; timor animi auribus ofiicit. 
 Sed ego vos, quo pauca monerem, advocavi ; simul uti 
 causam 4 mei consilii aperirem. Scitis equidem, milites, 
 socordia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi nobisque cladem 
 attulerit ; 6 quoque modo, dum ex urbe prsesidia opperior, 
 in Galliam proficisci nequiverim. Nunc vero quo in loco 
 res nostras sint, juxta mecum omnes intellegitis. Excrcitus 
 hostium duo, G unus ab urbe, alter a Gallia obstant : diutius 
 in bis locis esse, si maxime animus ferat, frumenti atque 
 aliarum rerum egestas probibet. Quocunque ire placet, 
 ferro iter aperiundum est. Quapropter vos moneo, uti 
 
50 C. CRISP I SALLUSTII 
 
 7 forti atque parato animo sitis, et, quurn. proeliuni inibitis, 
 memineritis vos divitias, decus, gloriam,praeterea libertatem 
 atque patriam in dextris vestris portare. Si vincimus, om- 
 nia nobis tuta erunt, 8 comnteatus abunde, colonise atque 
 municipia patebunt : sin metu cesserimus, eadem ilia ad- 
 versa fient : neque locus neque amicus quisquam teget, 
 quern arma non texerint. Prasterea, milites, non eadem 
 nobis et illis necessitudo impendet : nos pro patria, pro 
 libertate, pro vita certamus : illis supervacaneum est pro 
 potentia paucorum pugnare. Quo audacius aggredimini, 
 memores pristinae virtutis. Licuit vobis cum summa turpi- 
 tudine in exsilio aetateni agere ; 9 potuistis nonnulli Romse, 
 amissis bonis, alienas opes exspectare : quia ilia foeda atque 
 intoleranda viris videbantur, base sequi decrevistis. Si base 
 relinquere vultis, audacia opus est : nemo nisi victor pace 
 bellum mutavit. Nam in fuga salutem sperare, quum 
 arma, 10 quts corpus tegitur, ab bostibus averteris, ea vero 
 dementia est. Semper in proelio iis maximum est pericu- 
 lum, qui maxime timent ; audacia pro muro babetur. Quum 
 vos considero, milites, et quum facta vestra aastiino, magna 
 me spes victoriae tenet. Animus, astas, virtus vestra u me 
 bortantur, praaterea necessitudo, quae etiam timidos fortes 
 facit. Nam multitudo bostium ne circumvenire queat, pro- 
 hibent angustias loci. Quod si virtuti vestrae fortuna invi- 
 derit, 12 cavete, inulti animam amittatis ; neu capti potius 
 sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam virorum more pugnantes, 
 cruentam atque luctuosam victoriam bostibus relinquatis." 
 LIX. Haec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, 1 signa 
 canere jubet, atque instructos ordines in locum asquuni de- 
 ducit. Dein, remotis omnium equis, quo militibus, exae- 
 quato periculo, animus amplior esset, ipse pedes exercitum 
 pro loco atque copiis instruit. Nam.uti planities erat inter 
 sinistros montcs. et a ab dextra rupe aspera, octo cobortes 
 in fronte constituit, reliquarum sigua in subsidio arctius 
 
CATILINA. 51 
 
 collocat. 3 Ab his centuriones omnes, lectos et evocatos, 
 prseterea ex gregariis militibus optimum quemque armatum 
 in primam aciem subducit. C. Manlium in dextera, 4 Ftesu- 
 lanum quemdam in sinistra parte curare jubet : ipse cum 
 libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit, quam bello 
 Cimbrico C. Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. At 
 
 5 ex altera parte C. Antonius, pedibus aeger, quod proelio 
 adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato exercitum permittit. 
 
 6 Ille cohortes veteranas, quas tumulti causa conscripserat, 
 in fronte ; post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat. 
 
 7 Ipse equo circumiens, unum quemque nominans appellat, 
 bortatur, rogat, uti meminerint se contra latrones inermes, 
 pro patria, pro liberis, pro aris atque focis suis certare. 
 
 8 Homo militaris, quod amplius annos triginta tribunus, aut 
 prEefectus, aut legatus, aut prtetor cum magna gloria in 
 exercitu fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia nove- 
 rat ; ea commemorando militum animos accendebat. 
 
 LX. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius 1 tuba 
 signum dat, cobortes paulatim incedere jubet ; idem facit 
 hostium exercitus. Postquam 2 eo ventum est, unde a 
 ferentariis proeliuni committi posset, maximo clamore cum 
 infestis signis concurrunt ; pila omittunt ; gladiis res geri- 
 tur. Veterani, pristinse virtutis memores, cominus acriter 
 instare ; 3 illi baud timidi resistunt ; maxima vi certatur. 
 Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima acie versari, labo- 
 rantibus succurrere ; integros pro sauciis arcessere, omnia 
 providere, multum ipse pugnare, ssepe hostem ferire : strenui 
 miiitis et boni imperatoris officia simul exsequebatur. Pe- 
 treius ubi videt Catilinam, 4 contra ac ratus erat, magna vi 
 tendere, cohortem pnetoriam in mcdios bostes inducit, 
 eosque perturbatos atque alios alibi resistentes interficit ; 
 deinde utrimque ex lateribus ceteros aggreditur. Manlius 
 et Fscsulanus 5 in primis pugnantes cadunt. Postquam 
 fusas copias, seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, 
 
52 C. CK.ISPI SALLUSTII. 
 
 menior generis atque pristinae suae dignitatis, in confertis- 
 simos hostes incurrit, ibique pugnans confoditur. 
 
 LXI. Sed confecto proelio, turn vero * cerneres, quanta 
 audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. 
 Nam fere, quern quisque vivus pugnando locum ceperat, 
 eum, amissa anima, corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos 
 2 medios cohors praetoria disjecerat. paulo diversius, sed 
 omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina 
 vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, 
 paululum etiam spirans, ferociamque animi, quam habu- 
 erat vivus, in vultu retinens. Postremo ex omni copia 
 neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam 3 civis ingenuus 
 captus est : ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae juxta peper- 
 cerant. Neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut 
 incruentam victoriam adeptus erat ; nam 4 strenuissimus 
 quisque aut occiderat in proelio, aut graviter vulneratus 
 discesserat. Multi autem, qui de castris visundi aut spoli- 
 andi gratia processerant, volventes liostilia cadavera, ami- 
 cum 5 alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant ; fuere 
 item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie per omnem 
 exercitum 6 laetitia, mceror, luctus, atque gaudia agitabantur. 
 
BELLUM JUGURTHINUM. 
 
C. CRISPI SALLTJSTII 
 
 BELLUI 
 
 JUGURTHINUM. 
 
 I. * Falso queritur de natura sua genns huraanum, 
 quod, imbecilla atque aevi brevis, forte potius quam virtute 
 regatur. Nam contra 2 reputanclo neque majus aliud neque 
 praestabilius invenias, magisque naturae industriam homi- 
 num quam vim aut tempus deesse. Sed dux atque impe- 
 rator vitas mortalium animus est ; qui, ubi ad gloriam vir- 
 tutis via 3 grassatur, abunde pollens potensque et clarus 
 est, neque fortuna eget : quippe probitatem, industriam 
 aliasque artes bonas neque dare neque eripere cuiquam 
 potest. 4 Sin, captus pravis cupidinibus, ad inertiam et 
 voluptates corporis pessumdatus est, perniciosa libidine 
 paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, ingenium 
 defluxere, naturae infirmitas accusatur : 6 suam quisque cul- 
 pam auctores ad negotia transferunt. Quod si hominibus 
 bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, 6 quanto studio aliena ac 
 nihil profutura mul turn que etiam periculosa petunt, 7 neque 
 regerentur magis, quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis . 
 procederent, uti pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent. 
 
56 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 II. Nam uti x genus honiinum compositum ex corpore 
 et anima est. ita res cunctae studiaque omnia nostra, corpo- 
 ris alia, alia animi naturam sequuntur. Igitur 2 prasclara 
 facies, niagnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis et alia hujusce- 
 modi omnia brevi dilabuntur ; at ingenii egregia facinora, 
 sicuti anima, immortalia sunt. Postremo 3 corporis et for- 
 tunse bonoruin ut initium, sic finis est, oniniaque orta occi- 
 dunt, et aucta senescunt : animus incorruptus, asternus, 
 rector humani generis, agit atque liabet cuncta, neque ipse 
 habetur. Quo magis pravitas eorum 4 admiranda est, qui, 
 dediti corporis gaucliis, per luxum atque ignaviam getatem 
 agunt, ceterum ingenium, quo neque melius neque amplius 
 aliud in natura mortalium est, incultu atque socordia tor- 
 pescere sinunt ; quum prsesertim tarn niultae variseque sint 
 artes animi, quibus summa claritudo paratur. 
 
 III. Verum * ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo 
 omnis cura rerum publicarum minime mihi hac tempestate 
 cupiunda videntur ; quoniam neque virtuti honos datur, 
 neque illi, quibus. per fraudem is fuit, tuti, aut eo magis 
 honesti sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam 2 aut paren- 
 tes, quamquam et possis, et delicta corrigas, tamen impor- 
 tunum est 5 quum prsesertim omnes rerum mutationes 
 cseclem, fugam, aliaque hostilia portendant : 3 frustra autem 
 niti, neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium quserere, extremae 
 dementias est : 4 nisi forte quern inhonesta et perniciosa 
 libido tenet, potentias paucorum decus atque libertatem 
 suam gratificari. 
 
 IV. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exercentur, 
 in primis magno usui est : memoria rerum gestarum : cujus 
 de virtute quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto, simul, 
 2 ne per insolentiam quis existimet memet studium meum 
 laudando extollere. Atque ego credo 3 fore, qui. quia de- 
 crevi procul a re publica acta tern agere, tanto tamque utili 
 labori meo nomen inertias imponant j certe, quibus maxima 
 
JUGTJB.THA. 57 
 
 industria videtur salutare plebem et conviviis gratiam 
 quaarere. 4 Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego temporibus 
 magistratum adeptus sim, et quales viri idem assequi nequi- 
 verint, et postea quae genera kominum in senatum pervene- 
 rint, profeeto existimabunt me magis merito quam ignavia 
 judicium animi mei mutavisse, majusque commodum ex 
 otio meo, quam ex aliorum negotiis, rei publicae venturum. 
 Nam saepe ego audivi, 6 Q. Maximum, P. Scipionem, prao- 
 terea civitatis nostras praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, 
 ' quum majorum imagines intuerentur, veheruentissime sibi 
 animum ad virtutem accendi.' G Scilicet non ceram illam 
 neque figuram tantam vim in sese habere, sed memoria 
 rerum gestarum earn flam mam egregiis viris in pectore 
 crescere, neque prius sedan, quam virtus eorum famam 
 atque gloriam adaequaverit. At contra, quis est omnium 
 
 7 bis moribus, quin divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate 
 neque industria cum majoribus suis contendat ? Etiam 
 
 8 homines novi, qui antea per virtutem soliti erant nobilita- 
 tem antevenire, furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis 
 artibus ad imperia et honores nituntur ; 9 proinde quasi 
 prastura et consulatus, atque alia omnia hujuscemodi, per 
 se ipsa clara et magnifica sint, ac non perinde habeantur, 
 ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est. Verum ego liberius 
 altiusque processi, 10 dum me civitatis morum piget taedet- 
 que : nunc acl inceptum redeo. 
 
 Y. * Bellum scripturus sum, quod populus Eomanus 
 cum Jugurtha rege Numidarum, gessit : primum, quia mag- 
 num et atrox variaque victoria fuit ; dein, quia tunc pri- 
 mum superbiae nobilitatis obviam itum est. Quae contentio 
 divina et humana cuncta permiscuit, eoque vecordiae pro- 
 cessit, uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae 
 finem faceret. Sed priusquam hujuscemodi rei initium ex- 
 pedio, 2 pauca supra repetam, quo ad cognoscendum omnia 
 illustria magis magisque in aperto sint. 3 Bello Punico 
 3* 
 
58 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal, 4 post mag- 
 nitudinem nominis Romani, Italiae opes maxirae attriverat, 
 Masinissa 5 rex Numidarum, in amicitiam receptus a P. 
 Scipione, 6 cui postea Africano cognomen ex virtute fuit, 
 multa et praeclara rei militaris facinora fecerat ; ob quae, 
 victis Carthaginiensibus, et capto Syphace, cujus in Africa 
 magnum atque late imperium valuit, populus Romanus, 
 quascumque urbes et agros manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. 
 Igitur amicitia Masinissae bona atque honesta nobis per- 
 mansit : 7 imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem fuit. Dein 
 Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Manastabale et Gulus- 
 sa fratribus morbo absumptis. Is Adherbalem et Hiemp- 
 salem ex sese genuit ; Jugurthanique, Manastabalis fratris 
 filium, quern Masinissa, quod ortus ex concubina erat, 8 pri- 
 vatum reliquerat, eodem cultu, quo liberos suos, domi habuit. 
 - VI. * Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, decora 
 facie, sed multo maxime ingenio validus, non se luxu neque 
 inertias corrumpendum dedit ; sed, uti mos gentis illius est, 
 equitare, jaculari, cursu cum sequalibus certare ; et, quum 
 « omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus esse ; ad hoc 
 pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias 
 feras primus aut in primis ferire ; plurimum facere, mini- 
 mum ipse de se loqui. 2 Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi 
 initio laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem Jugurthae regno suo 
 gloriae fore, tamen, postquam bominem adolescentem, exacta 
 sua aetate, et parvis liberis, magis magisque crescere intel- 
 legit, vehementer eo negotio permotus, multa cum animo 
 suo volvebat. Terrebat eum natura mortalium, avida 
 imperii, et prseceps ad explendam animi cupidinem, prae- 
 terea 3 opportunitas suae liberorumque aetatis, quae etiam 
 mediocres viros spe praedae traDsversos agit ; ad hoc 4 studia 
 Numidarum in Jugurthani accensa, ex quibus, si talem 
 virum dolis interfecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, 
 anxius erat. 
 
JUGURTHA. 59 
 
 VII. His difficultatibus circuniventus, ubi videt neque 
 per vim neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem tarn accep- 
 tum 1 popularibus, quod erat Jugurtlia manu proniptus et 
 appetens glorise militaris, statuit eum objectare periculis, 
 et eo modo fortunam tentare. Igitur 2 bello Numantino 
 Micipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque peclituni 
 auxilia mitteret, sperans vel ostentando virtutem vel hos- 
 tium ssevitia facile eum occasurum, prsefecit Numidis, quos 
 in Hispaniam mittebat. v Sed ea res 3 longe aliter, ac ratus 
 erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtlia, ut erat impigro atque acri 
 ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tunc i liomanis impe- 
 rator erat, et morem hostium cognovit, multo labore, mul- 
 taque cur a, prseterea moclestissime parendo, et ssepe obviam 
 eundo periculis, in tantam claritudinem brevi pervenerat, 
 ut nostris vebementer cams, Numantinis maximo terrori 
 esset. Ac sane, 5 quod difficillimum in primis est, et prcelio 
 strenuus erat, et bonus consilio ; 6 quorum alteram ex pro- 
 videntia timorem, alteram ex auclacia temeritatem afferre 
 plerumque solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas 
 per Jugurtliam 7 agere, in amicis habere, magis magisque 
 eum in dies amplecti ; quippe cujus neque consilium neque 
 inceptum ullum frustra erat. Hue accedebat niunificentia 
 animi et ingenii solertia, quis rebus sibi multos ex Romanis 
 familiari amicitia conjunxerat. 
 
 VIII. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures 
 1 novi atque nobiles, quibus divitiaj bono bonestoque potio- 
 res erant, factiosi domi, potentes apud socios, clari magis 
 quam bonesti, qui Jugurthas non mediocrem animum polli- 
 citando accenclebant, ' si Micipsa rex occidisset, fore, uti 
 solus imperii Numidias potiretur : in ipso maximam virtu- 
 tem ; Eomse omnia venalia esse.' Sed postquam, Numantia 
 deleta, P. Scipio dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum 
 decrevit, 2 donatum atque laudatum magnifice pro com i 
 Jugurtliam in pra3torium abduxit, ibique secreto m< 
 
60 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 i uti potins 3 publice quam privatim amicitiam populi Ro- 
 mani coleret, 4 neu quibus largiri insuesceret ; 5 periculose 
 a paucis emi, quod multorum esset : si pernianere vellet in 
 suis artibus, ultro illi et gloriani et regnuni venturum ; sin 
 properantius pergeret, suamefc ipsum pecunia prascipiteni 
 casuruin.' 
 
 IX. Sic locutus, 1 cum litteris euni, quas Micipsse redcle- 
 ret, diniisit. Earuni sententia baec erat : " Jugurtbae tui 
 bello Nuinantino longe maxima virtus fuit , quam rem tibi 
 certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis ob merita sua cams est : uti 
 idem senatui et populo Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. 
 Tibi quidem pro nostra amicitia gratulor. En habes viruni 
 dignum te atque avo suo Masinissa." Igitur rex, ubi ea, 
 quae 2 fama acceperat, ex litteris imperatoris ita esse cogno- 
 vit, quum virtute turn gratia viri permotus, flexit animum 
 suum, et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est ; sta- 
 timque eum adoptavit, et testamento pariter cum filiis liere- 
 dem instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos, 3 morbo atque 
 getate confectus, qnum sibi finem vitse adesse intellegeret, 
 coram amicis et cognatis, itemque Adherbale et Hiempsale 
 filiis, dicitur bujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtlia babuisse. 
 
 X. " * Parvum ego te, Jugurtlia, amisso patre, sine spe, 
 sine opibus, in meum regnum accepi, existimans non minus 
 me tibi, quam si genuissem, ob beneficia carum fore : neque 
 ea res falsum me babuit. Nam, ut alia magna et egregia 
 tua omittam, novissime, rediens Numantia, meque reg- 
 numque meum gloria bonoravisti, tuaque virtute nobis Ro- 
 manos ex amicis 2 amicissimos fecisti ; in Hispania nomen 
 familice renovatum est ; postremo, quod dimcillimum inter 
 mortales est. gloria invidiam vicisti. Nunc, quoniam mihi 
 natura finem vitae facit, per banc dcxtram. 3 per regni fidem 
 monco obtestorque te uti bos, qui tibi gencre propinqui, 
 beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros babeas ; neu malis alienos 
 adjungere, quam sanguine conjunctos retinere. Non exerci- 
 
JUGURTHA. 61 
 
 tus neque thesauri praesidia regni sunt, verum amici, quos 
 neque armis cogere, neque auro parare queas ; 4 officio et 
 fide pariuntur. 5 Quis autem amicior, quam frater fratri % 
 aut quem alienuni fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fiieris? 
 Equidem ego vobis regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis ; sin 
 mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia parvae res crescunt, clis- 
 cordia maxiinaa dilabuntur. ° Ceteruni ante bos te, Ju- 
 gurtba, qui aetate et sapientia prior es, ne aliter quid eveniat, 
 providere decet ; nam v in omni certamine, qui opulentior 
 est, etiam si accipit injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere 
 videtur. Yos autem, Adberbal et Hiempsal, 7 colite, ob- 
 servate talem bunc virum ; imitamini virtutem, et eniti- 
 mini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar, quam ge- 
 nuisse." 
 
 XI. Ad ea Jugurtba, tametsi regem 1 ficta locut'um in- 
 tellegebat, et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro 
 tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa paucis post diebus 
 moritur. Postquam illi more regio 2 justa magnifice fece- 
 rant, reguli in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis 
 negotiis disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis 
 erat, 3 natura ferox, et jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurtba?, 
 quia materno genere impar erat, despiciens, dextera Adlier- 
 balem assedit, ne meclius ex tribus, quod apud Numidas 
 honori ducitur, Jugurtba foret. Dein tamen ut setati con- 
 cederet 4 fatigatus a fratre, vix in partem alteram trans- 
 ductus est. Ibi quum multa de administrando imperio 
 dissererent, Jugurtba inter alias res 5 jacit, ' oportcre quin- 
 quennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi ; nam per ca 
 tempora eonfectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuissc.' 
 Turn ' 6 idem ? Hiempsal c placere sibi ' respondit; 'nam 
 ipsum ilium tribus proximis annis adoptatione in regnum 
 pervenisse.' 7 Quod verbum in pectus Jugurtlue alt ins. 
 quam quisquam ratus erat, clescendit. Itaque ex co tem- 
 pore 8 ira et metu anxius moliri, parare. atque ca modo 
 
62 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 amnio habere, quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. 
 9 Quas ubi tardius procedunt, neque lenitur animus ferox, 
 statuit quovis modo inceptum perficere. 
 
 XII. Prinio conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra 
 memoravi, * propter dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros, 
 fiuesque imperii singulis constitui. Itaque tempus ad 
 utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad pecuniam distri- 
 buendam. Reguli interea in loca 2 propinqua thesauris, 
 alius alio, concessere. Sed Hiempsal 3 in oppido Thirmida 
 forte ejus domo utebatur, qui proximus lictor Jugurthae 
 carus acceptusque ei semper fuerat : 4 quem ille casu minis- 
 trum oblatum promissis onerat, impellitque, uti tamquam 
 suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas paret, 
 nam veras ad Hiempsalem referebantur ; eeterum, ' ubi res 
 postulafet, se ipsum cum magna manu venturum.' Xuniida 
 mandata brevi conficit, atque, ut doctus erat,noctu Jugurthaa 
 milites introducit. 5 Qui postquam in aedes irrupere, di- 
 versi regem quasrere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes 
 interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu 
 et tumultu omnia miscere ; quum interim Hiempsal reperi- 
 tur, occultans sese tugurio mulieris ancillas, quo initio pa- 
 vidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidas caput ejus, uti 
 jussi erant, ad Jugurtliam referunt. 
 
 XIII. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam 
 brevi divulgatur : Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio 
 Micipsas fuerant, metus invadit : 1 in duas partes discedunt 
 Numidaa : plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed ilium alteram 
 bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest 
 copias armat, urbes 2 partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo 
 adjungit, omni Numidias imperare parat. Adherbal. tametsi 
 Roraam legatos miserat, 3 qui senatum docerent de caede 
 fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine militum, 
 parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, 
 victus ex pro3lio profugit 4 in provinciam, ac deinde Romam 
 
JUGURTHA. 63 
 
 contendit. Turn Jugurtha, 5 patratis consiliis, postquam 
 omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio facinus suum cum ammo 
 reputans, timere populum Romanum, neque adversus iram 
 ejus" usquam, nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua, spem 
 habere. Itaque paucis diebus cum auro et argento multo 
 legatos Romam mittit, 6 quis praecepit, primum : uti veteres 
 amicos muneribus expleant. deinde novos acquirant, pos- 
 tremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare, ne cunctentur.' 
 Sed ubi Romam legati venere, et ex praecepto regis 7 bospi- 
 tibus aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas 
 pollebat, magna munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, 
 uti ex maxima invidia in gratiam et favorem nobilitatis 
 Jugurtha veniret, quorum pars spe, alii praemio inducti, 
 singulos ex senatu ambiundo nitebantur, ne gravius in eum 
 consuleretur. Igitur ubi legati 8 satis confidunt, die con- 
 stituto senatus utrisque clatur. Turn Adherbalem hoc 
 moclo locutum accepimus : 
 
 XIV. " Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens 
 mihi prascepit ' l uti regni Numidiae tantummodo procura- 
 tionem existimarem meam, ceterum jus et imperium ejus 
 penes vos esse : simul eniterer domi militiasque quam maxi- 
 mo usui esse populo Romano ; vos mihi cognatorum, yos 
 affinium loco ducerem : si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia 
 exercitum, clivitias, munimenta regni me habiturum.' 2 Qua3 
 quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem, Jugurtha, homo om- 
 nium, quos terra sustinet, sceleratissimus, contempto impc- 
 rio vestro, Masinissse me nepotem, et jam ab stirpe socium 
 atque amicum populi Romani, regno fortunisque omnibus 
 expulit. Atque ego, patres conscripti, 3 quoniam eo niise- 
 riarum venturus eram, vellem potius ob mea quam ob ma- 
 jorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere. 
 ac maxime deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus 
 non egerem ; secundum, ea si desideranda erant. uti debitis 
 uterer. Sed quoniam parum tuta "per se ipsa probitas est, 
 
64 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 neque niihi in manu fuit, Jugurtha qualis foret, ad vos con- 
 fugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi miserrimum est, 
 cogor prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello 
 victi in amicitiam a vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis 
 rebus societatem vestram appetiverunt : familia nostra cum 
 populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi amicitiam instituit, 
 & quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda erat. 
 6 Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me? 
 nepotem Masinissse frustra a vobis auxilium petere. 
 
 Si 7 ad impetrandum nihil causae haberem praster mise- 
 randam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere, fama atque 
 copiis potens, nunc deformatus serumnis, inops, alienas opes 
 exspecto, tamen erat majestatis populi Romani prohibere 
 injuriam, neque pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. 
 Yerum ego his finibus ejectus sum, quos majoribus meis 
 populus Romanus cledit ; unde pater et avus meus una vo- 
 biscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Yestra 
 beneficia mihi erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea 
 injuria despecti estis. Eheu me miserum ! 8 Huccine, 
 Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere, ut, queni tu parem 
 cum liberis tuis, regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum 
 stirpis tuae extinctor sit ? Nunquam ergo familia nostra 
 quieta erit 1 semperne in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur ? 
 Bum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, jure omnia sseva 
 patiebamur : hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes omnis 
 in armis erat. Postquam 9 ilia pestis ex Africa ejecta est, 
 laeti pacem agitabamus ; quippe quis hostis nullus erat, 
 nisi forte quern vos jussissetis. Ecce autem ex imj)roviso 
 Jugurtha intoleranda audacia, scelere atque superbia 10 sese 
 efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo interfecto, 
 primum regnum ejus sceleris sui prsedam fecit : post, ubi 
 me iisdem dolis nequit capere, nihil minus quam vim aut 
 bellum exspectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, ex- 
 
JUGURTHA. 65 
 
 torrem patria, clonio, inopem et cooper turn miseriis effecit, 
 tit ubivis tutius quani in meo regno essem. 
 
 " Ego sic existimabain, patres conscripti, ut praedican- 
 tem audiveram patrem memn, ll i qui vestram amicitiam 
 diligenter colerent. eos multum laboreni suscipere, ceterum 
 ex omnibus maxime tutos esse.' 12 Quod in faniilia nostra 
 fuit, praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset vobis : nos uti 
 per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres conscripti. 
 Pater nos duos fratres reliquit ; 13 tcrtium, Jugurtbam, 
 beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter 
 eorum necatus est, alterius ipse ego manus impias vix 
 effugi. Quid agam 1 aut quo potissimum infelix accedam % 
 G-eneris prsesidia omnia exstincta sunt : pater, uti necesse 
 erat, naturae concessit ; fratri, 14 quern minime decuit, pro- 
 pinquus per scelus vitam eripuit ; affines, amicos, propin- 
 quos ceteros, alium alia clades oppressit : capti ab Jugur- 
 tha pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti sunt ; pauci, 
 quibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebris cum mcerore et 
 luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt. Si omnia, quae aut 
 amisi, aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt, incolumia ma- 
 nerent. tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos im- 
 plorarem, patres conscripti, 15 quibus pro magnitudiue im- 
 perii jus et injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero 
 exsul patria, domo, solus atque omnium honestarum rerum 
 egens, quo accidam, aut quos appellem? nationesne an 
 reges, qui omnes familiae nostras ob vestram amicitiam in- 
 festi sunt ? an quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum 
 meorum hostilia monumenta plurima sint % aut quisquam 
 16 nostri misereri potest, qui aliquando vobis hostis fuit 1 
 
 Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres conscripti, 
 ' ne quem coleremus nisi populum Homanum, ne socie- 
 tates, ne foedera nova acciperemus ; abunde magna pras 
 sidia nobis in vestra amicitia fore ; si 1V liuic imperio for- 
 tuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse.' Virtutc ao 
 
66 C. CRISPI SALLTJSTII 
 
 dis volentibus, magni estis et opulenti, omnia 18 secunda et 
 obedientia sunt ; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. 
 Tantum illud vereor, ne quos privata aniicitia Jugurthas 
 parum cognita transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima 
 ope niti, ambire, fatigare vos singulos, ' ne quid de absente, 
 incognita causa, statuatis : fingere me verba, et fugam si- 
 mulare, cui licuerit in regno manere.' 19 Quod utinam 
 ilium, cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, 
 eadem base simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos, 
 aut apud deos immortales rerum humanarum cura oriatur : 
 nee ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox atque prasclarus est, 
 omnibus malis excruciatus, impietatis in parentem nostrum, 
 fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas 
 reddat. Jam jam frater animo meo carissime, quamquam 
 tibi immaturo, et 20 unde minime decuit, vita erepta est, 
 tamen lsetandum magis quam dolendum puto casum tuum : 
 non enim regnum, sed fugam, exsilium, egestatem et omnes 
 has, quae me premunt, aerunmas cum anima simul amisisti. 
 At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno, 
 21 rerum bumanarum spectaculum prasbeo, incertus quid 
 agam, 22 tuasne injurias persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an 
 regno consulam, cujus vitas necisque potestas ex opibus 
 alienis pendet. Utinam 23 emori fortunis meis bonestus 
 exitus esset, neu vivere contemptus viclerer, si defessus 
 malis injuriae concessissem. Nunc neque vivere libet, 
 neque mori licet sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, 24 per 
 vos liber os atque parentes vestros, per majestatem populi 
 Eomani, subvenite misero mibi, ite obviam injuriae, nolite 
 pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et 
 sanguinem familiae nostras tabescere." 
 
 •XY. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugur- 
 tba3, largitione magis quam causa freti, paucis respondent : 
 ' Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab Numidis interfectum : 
 Adherbalem 1 ultro bellum inferentem, postquam superatus 
 
JUGURTHA. 67 
 
 sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset : Jugurtham ab 
 senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Nuniantiae cognitus 
 esset, neu verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.' Deinde 
 2 utrique curia egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur : 
 fautores legatorum. praeterea 3 magna pars gratia depravata, 
 Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae virtutem extollere 
 lauclibus ; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro alieno 
 scelere et flagitio, sua quasi pro gloria, nitebantur. At 
 contra pauci, quibus bonlim et aequum divitiis carius erat, 
 ' subveniundum Adherbali, et Hiempsalis mortem severe 
 vindicandam' censebant : sed ex omnibus maxime 4 iEniilius 
 Scaurus, liomo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus potentiae, 
 honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. 
 Is postquam videt 5 regis largitionem famosam impuden- 
 temque, veritus, quod in tali re solet, ne polluta licentia 
 invidiam accenderet, animum a consueta libidine continuit. 
 
 XVI. 1 Yicit tamen in senatu pars ilia, quae vero pre- 
 tium aut gratiam anteferebat. Decretum fit, 'uti decern 
 legati regnum, quod Micipsa obtinuerat, inter Jugurtham 
 et Adherbalem dividerent.' 2 Cujus legationis princeps fuit 
 L. Opimius, homo clarus et turn in senatu potens, quia 
 consul, C. Graccho et M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acer- 
 rime victoriam nobilitatis in plebem exercuerat. Eum 
 Jugurtha tametsi Ilomae in inimicis habuerat, tamen 3 ac- 
 curatissime recepit : dando et pollicitando mult a perfecit, 
 uti famoe, fide, postremo omnibus suis rebus commodum 
 regis anteferret. Reliquos legatos eadem via aggressus, 
 plerosque capit ; paucis carior fides quam pecunia fuit. In 
 divisione, 4 quae purs Numidise Mauretaniam attingit, agro 
 virisque opulentior, Jugurthaa traditur; illam alteram spe- 
 cie quam usu potiorem, quae portuosior et aedificiis magis 
 exornata erat, Adherbal possedit. 
 
 XVII. lies postulare videtur Africae situm paucis ex- 
 ponere, et eas gentes, quibuscum nobis bcllum aut amici- 
 
68 C. C II IS PI SALLUSTII 
 
 tia fuit, * attingere. Sed 2 quaa loca et nationes ob calorem 
 aut asperitatem, item solitudines minus frequentata sunt, 
 de iis baud facile compertum narraverim ; cetera quam 
 paucissimis absolvam. 
 
 In divisione orbis terras plerique 3 in parte tertia Africam 
 posuere ; pauci tantummodo Asiam et Europam esse, sed 
 Africam in Europa. 4 Ea fines babet ab occidente fretum 
 nostri maris et Oceani ; ab ortu solis declivem latitudi- 
 nem, quern locum Catabatbmon incolae appellant. 5 Mare 
 saevum, importuosum ; ager frugum fertilis, bonus pecori, 
 arbore infecundus ; coelo terraque penuria aquarum. G-enus 
 borainum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum : plerosque 
 senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis interiere ; nam 
 morbus baud saepe quemquam superat. Ad boc malefici 
 generis plurima animalia. Sed 6 qui mortales initio Afri- 
 cam babuerint, quique postea accesserint, aut quomodo inter 
 se permixti sint, quamquam ab ea fama, quas plerosque 
 obtinet, diversum est, tamen, uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis 
 Hiempsalis dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem 
 sese babere cultores ejus terras putant, quam paucissimis 
 dicam : ceterum 7 fides ejus rei penes auctores erit. 
 
 XVIII. Africam initio babuere Gaetuli et Libyes, as- 
 peri incultique, x quis cibus erat caro ferina atque bumi 
 pabulum, uti pecoribus. Hi neque moribus neque lege, 
 aut imperio cujusquam regebantur : vagi, palantes, qua nox 
 coegerat, secies babebant. Sed postquam in Hispania 2 Her- 
 cules, sicuti Afri putant, interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus 
 ex variis gentibus, amisso duce, ac passim multis, sibi quis- 
 que, imperium petentibus, brevi dilabitur. 3 Ex eo numero 
 Medi, Persaa et Armenii, navibus in Africam transvecti, 
 proximos nostro mari locos occupavere ; sed Persas 4 intra 
 Oceanum magis : bique alveos navium inversos pro tuguriis 
 babuere, quia neque materia in agris, neque ab Hispanis 
 emundi aut mutancli copia erat : mare magnum et ignara 
 
JUGURTHA. 69 
 
 lingua commercia prohibebant. Hi paulatim 5 per connu- 
 bia G-aetulos secum miscuere ; et quia saepe tentantes agros, 
 alia deincle alia loca petiverant, seniet ipsi Nomadas appel- 
 lavere. Ceterum 6 adhuc axlificia Nuniidarum agrestiuni, 
 quae mapalia illi voeant, oblonga, incurvis lateribus tecta, 
 quasi naviuni carinas sunt. Mecli auteni et Armenii, 7 ac- 
 cessere Libjes (nam hi propius mare Africum agitabant ; 
 Gaetuli sub sole magis, baud procul ab ardoribus) ; hique 
 mature oppida habuere ; nam freto divisi ab Hispania 
 mutare res inter se instituerant. Nomen 8 eorum paulatim 
 Libjes corrupere, barbara lingua Mauros pro Medis appel- 
 lantes. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit ; ac postea, 9 no- 
 mine Numidse, propter multitudinem a parentibus digressi, 
 possedere ea loca, quaas proxime Carthaginem Numidia ap- 
 pellatur. Deinde 10 utrique alteris freti, finitimos armis aut 
 metu sub imperium suum coegere, nomen gloriamque sibi 
 addiclere ; magis ii, qui ad nostrum mare processerant, quia 
 Libyes quam Gaetuli minus bellicosi. Denique Africa3 pars 
 inferior pleraque ab Numiclis possessa est ; victi omnes in 
 gentem nomenque imperantium concessere. 
 
 XIX. Postea Pkoenices, * alii multitudinis domi minu- 
 endae gratia, pars imperii cupidine, sollicitata plebe et aliis 
 novarum rerum avidis, Hipponem, Hadrumetum, Leptim 
 aliasque urbes in ora maritima condiclere ; eseque brevi 
 multum auctae, pars originibus suis praesidio, aliae decori 
 fuere. 2 Nam de Carthagine silere melius puto, quam pa- 
 rum dicere, quoniam alio properare tempus monet. Igitur 
 3 ad Catabathmon, qui locus iEgyptum ab Africa dividit, 
 secundo mari prima Cyrene est, colonia Tlieraeon, ac dein- 
 ceps duas Syrtes, interque eas Leptis, deinde Pkilamon 
 araa, quern locum iEgyptuni versus finem imperii habuere 
 Cartliaginienses ; post aliae Punicae urbes. Cetera loca 
 usque ad Mauretaniam Numidae tenent: proximo Hispaniam 
 Mauri sunt. 4 Super Numidiam Gaetulos accepimu^. partim 
 
70 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 in tuguriis, alios incultius vagos agitare, post eos iEthiopas 
 esse, dein loca exusta solis ardoribus. Igitur "bello Jugur- 
 thino 5 pleraque ex Puriicis oppida et fines Cartkaginiensium, 
 quos novissime habuerant, populus Ronianus per niagistra- 
 tus administrabat : Gastuloruni magna pars, et Nuniidae 
 usque ad flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant : Mauris om- 
 nibus rex Bocchus imperitabat, prseter nomen cetera ignarus 
 populi Romani, itemque nobis neque bello neque pace antea 
 cognitus. De Africa et ejus incolis ad necessitudinem rei 
 satis dictum. 
 
 XX. Postquam, x diviso regno, legati Africa decessere, 
 et Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adep- 
 tum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex amicis apud Numan- 
 tiam acceperat, omnia Romas venalia esse, simul et illorum 
 pollicitationibus accensus, quos paulo ante muneribus ex- 
 pleverat, in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit. Ipse 
 acer, bellicosus ; at is, 2 quern petebat, quietus, imbellis, 
 placido ingenio, opportunus injurise, metuens magis quam 
 metuendus. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna 
 manu invadit ; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia 
 prseda 3 capit, sedificia incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter 
 cum equitatu accedit : deinde cum omni multitudine in 
 regnum suum convertit ; existimans dolore permotum Ad- 
 Herbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, eamque rem 
 belli causam fore. 4 At ille, quod neque se parem armis 
 existimabat, et amicitia populi Roniani magis quam Numi- 
 dis fretus erat, legatos ad Jugurtham de injuriis questum 
 misit : qui tametsi contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius 
 tamen omnia pati decrevit, quam bellum sumere, quia ten- 
 tatum antea secus cesserat. 5 Neque eo magis cupido 
 Jugurtliae minuebatur ; quippe qui totum ejus regnum 
 ammo jam invaserat. Itaque non, ut antea, cum praoda- 
 toria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum gerere 
 coepit, et aperte totius Numidiaj imperium petere. Cete- 
 
JUGURTHA . 71 
 
 rum, qua pergebat, urbes, agros 6 vastare, praedas agere ; 
 suis animuni, bostibus terrorem augere. 
 
 XXI. Adherbal ubi intellegit x eo processum, uti reg- 
 num aut relinquendum esset, aut arniis retinendum, neces- 
 sario copias parat, et Jugurtbas obvius procedit. Interim 
 baud longe a niari, 2 prope Cirtam oppidum, utriusque con- 
 sedit exercitus, et quia diei extremum erat, preeliuin non 
 inceptum. Sed ubi plerumque noctis 3 j)rocessit, obscuro 
 etiamtum lumine, ruilites Jugurtbini, signo dato, castra 
 bostium invadunt ; semisomnos partim, alios arma sumentes 
 fugant funduntque. Adberbal cum paucis equitibus Cirtam 
 profugit ; et, ui multitude- 4 togatorum fuisset, quae Numi- 
 das insequentes moenibus probibuit, uno die inter duos reges 
 coeptum atque patratum bellum foret. Igitur Jugurtba 
 oppidum circumsedit, & vineis turribusque et macbinis om- 
 nium generum expugnare aggreditur ; maxime festinans 
 6 tempus legatorum antecapere, quos, ante prceliuni factum, 
 ab Adberbale Romam missos audiverat. Sed postquam 
 senatus cle bello eorum 7 accepit, tres adolescentes in Afri- 
 can! legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, senatus populique 
 Romani verbis nuntient, 8 ' velle et censere eos ab arniis 
 discedere ; de controversiis suis jure potius quam bello dis- 
 ceptare : ita seque illisque dignum esse.' 
 
 XXII. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo ma- 
 gis, quod Romas, dum proficisci parant, de proelio facto et 
 oppugnatione 'Cirtaa audiebatur : sed is rumor * demons 
 erat. 2 Quorum, Jugurtba, accepta oratione, respondit : 
 ' sibi neque majus quicquam neque carius auctoritate sena- 
 tus esse ; ab adolescentia ita se enisuni, ut ab optimo quo- 
 que probaretur : virtute, non malitia P. Scipioni, summo 
 viro, placuisse ; ob easdem artcs ab Micipsa, non penuria 
 liberorum, in regnum adoptatum esse. Ceterum 3 quo plura 
 bene atque strenue fecisset, eo animum suum injuriain mi- 
 nus tolerare. Adberbalem dolis vitce sua3 insidiatum : quod 
 
72 C. CRISPI SALLTJSTII 
 
 ubi comperisset, sceleri ejus obviam isse : populum Roma- 
 num 4 neque recte neque pro bono facturum, si ab jure 
 gentium sese prohibuerit : postremo de omnibus rebus lega- 
 tos Romam. brevi missurum.' Ita 5 utrique digrediuntur. 
 Adherbalis appellandi copia non fuit. 
 
 XXIII. Jugurtha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus est, 
 1 neque propter loci naturam Girtam armis expugnare po- 
 test, vallo atque fossa mcenia circumdat, turres exstruit, 
 easque prsesidiis firmat : praeterea dies noctesque aut per 
 vim, aut dolis tentare ; defensoribus moenium prsemia modo, 
 modo formidinem ostentare ; suos hortando ad virtutem 
 arrigere ; prorsus intentus cuncta parare. Adherbal ubi 
 intellegit omnes suas fortunas in extremo sitas, 2 hostem 
 infestum, auxilii spem nullani, penuria rerum necessariarum 
 bellum trahi non posse, ex iis, qui una Cirtam profugerant, 
 duos, maxime impigros delegit ; eos multa pollicendo ac 
 miserando casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium muni- 
 tiones noctu ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent. 
 Nuniidge paucis diebus jussa efficiunt ; 3 litterae Adherbalis 
 in senatu recitatee, quarum sententia bsec fuit. 
 
 XXIV. " Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, 
 patres conscripti, sed vis Jugurthaa subigit, quern tanta 
 libido exstinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos neque deos 
 immortales a in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam om- 
 nia malit. Itaque quintum jam mensem socius et amicus 
 populi Romani armis obsessus teneor, neque 2 mihi Micipsae 
 patris mei beneficia, neque vestra decreta auxiliantur ; 
 ferro an fame acrius urgear, incertus sum. 3 Plura de 
 Jugurtha scribere dehortatur me fortuna mea, et jam 
 antea expertus sum parum fidei miseris esse : 4 nisi tamen 
 intellego ilium supra, quam ego sum, petere, neque simul 
 amicitiam vestram et regnum meum sperare : 5 utrum gra- 
 vius existimet, nemini occultum est. Nam initio occidit 
 Hiempsalem, fratrem meum, dein patrio regno me ex- 
 
J U G U R T H A . 73 
 
 pulit. 6 Quaa sane fuerint nostra injuriae, nihil ad vos. 
 Verum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quern vos 
 imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet ; legato- 
 rum verba 7 quanti fecerit, pericula mea declarant. 8 Quid 
 reliquum, nisi vis vestra, quo moveri possit? Nam ego 
 quidem vellem, et base, qua3 scribo, et ilia, quae antea in 
 senatu questus sum, vana forent potius, quam miseria mea 
 fideni verbis faceret. Sed quoniam 9 eo natus sum, ut Ju- 
 gurthae scelerum ostentui essem, non jam mortem neque 
 serumnaSj tantummodo inimici imperium et cruciatus cor- 
 poris deprecor. Regno Numidias, quod vestrum est, uti 
 libet, consulite : me ex manibus impiis eripite, per majesta- 
 tem imperii, per amicitias ficlem, si ulla apud vos memoria 
 remanet avi mei Masinissae." 
 
 XXY. His litteris recitatis, 1 fuere, qui ' exercitum in 
 Africam mittendum' censerent, ' et quam primum Adher- 
 bali subveniundum : de Jugurtha interim uti consuleretur, 
 quoniam legatis non paruisset.' ' Sed ab iisclem illis regis 
 fautoribus 2 summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret. 
 Ita bonum publicum, ut in plerisque negotiis solet, privata 
 gratia devictum. Legantur tamen in Africam 3 majores 
 natu, nobiles, amplis lionoribus usi ; in quis fuit M. Scaurus, 
 de quo supra memoravimus, consularis, et tunc in senatu 
 princeps. Hi, quod 4 res in invidia erat, simul et ab Numidis 
 obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere : deinde brevi Uticam 
 appulsi litteras ad Jugurtliam mittunt, ' quam ocissime ad 
 provinciam accedat, seque ad eiim ab senatu missos.' Hie 
 ubi accepit homines claros, quorum auctoritatem Roma; 
 pollere audiverat, contra inceptum suum venisse, primo 
 commotus, 5 metu atque libidine diversus agitabatur. Tiine- 
 bat iram senati, ni paruisset legatis : porro animus cupidine 
 cascus ad inceptum scelus rapiebat. ° Vicit tamen in ayido 
 ingenio pravum consilium. Igitur, exercitu circumdato, 
 summa vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur ; maxime sperai I, di- 
 4 
 
74 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 ducta manu nostrum, aut vi aut dolis sese casum victoria3 
 inventurum. 7 Quod ubi secus procedit, neque, quod inten- 
 derat, efficere potest, uti prius, quani legatos conveniret, 
 Adherbalis potiretur, ue amplius niorando Scaurum, quein 
 plurimuni metuebat, incencleret, cum paucis equitibus in 
 provinciam venit. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves ininae 
 nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non desisteret, 8 uiulta 
 tanien oratione consumpta, legati frustra discessere. 
 
 XXYI. Ea postquam Cirtse audita sunt, 1 Italici, quo- 
 rum virtute nioenia defensabantur, confisi, deditione facta, 
 propter magnitudinem populi Romani inviolatos sese fore, 
 Adherbali suadent, 'uti seque et oppidum Jugurtkae tra- 
 dat : tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae 
 fore.' At ille, tametsi omnia 2 potiora fide Jugurthse reba- 
 tur, tamen, quia penes eosclem, si adversaretur, cogendi potes- 
 tas erat, ita, uti censuerant Italici, deditionem facit. Ju- 
 gurtha 3 in primis Adherbalem excruciatum necat ; deinde 
 omnes puberes Numidas et negotiatores promiscue, uti 
 quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interficit. 
 
 XXVTI. 1 Quod postquam Borage cognitum est, et res 
 in senatu agitari eoepta, iidem illi ministri regis interpel- 
 lando, ac saepe gratia interdum jurgiis trahendo tempus, 
 atrocitatem facti leniebant. Ac ni C. Memmius, tribunus 
 plebis designatus, 2 vir acer et infestus potentiae nobilitatis, 
 populum Romanuui edocuisset ' id agi, uti per paucos factio- 
 sos Jugurthse scelus condonaretur,' profecto omnis invidia 
 prolatandis consultationibus dilapsa foret : tanta vis gratiae 
 atque pecuniae regis erat. Sed ubi senatus 3 delicti corisci- 
 entia populum timet, 4 lege Sempronia provincial futuris 
 cofisulibus Numidia atque Italia decretal consules declarati 
 P. Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Calpurnius ; Calpurnio Numi- 
 dia, Scipioni Italia 5 obvenit : deinde exercitus, qui in Afri- 
 cam portaretur, scribitur : stipendium aliaque, quae bello 
 usui forent, deccrriuntnr. 
 
JUGURTHA. 75 
 
 XXVIII. At Jugurtha, contra spem. nuntio accepto, 
 qui'ppe cui Roma3 * omnia vennin ire in animo haeserat, 
 filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatuni legatos mittit ; 
 hisque, ut illis. quos Hiempsale interfecto miserat, praecepit, 
 ' omnes mortales pecunia aggrediantur.' 2 Qui postquam 
 Eomam adventabant, senatus a Bestia consultus est, ' pla- 
 ceretne legatos Jugurthae recipi mcenibus:' iique decrevere } 
 'nisi regnum ipsumque deditum venissent, uti in diebus 
 proximis decern Italia clecederent. 5 Consul Numidis ex 
 senati decreto nuntiari jubet ; ita infectis rebus illi domum 
 discedunt. Interim Calpurnius, parato exercitu, 3 legat sibi 
 homines nobiles, factiosos, quorum auctoritate, quaa deli- 
 quisset, munita fore sperabat : in quis fuit Scaurus. cujus 
 de natura et habitu supra memoravimus. Nam 4 in consule 
 nostro multas boneeque artes animi et corporis erant, quas 
 omnes avaritia praspediebat : patiens laborum, acri ingenio, 
 satis providens, belli haud ignarus, firmissimus contra peri- 
 cula et insidias. Sed legiones per Italiam Khegium atque 
 inde Sicilian!, porro ex Sicilia in Africam transvectse. Igi- 
 tur Calpurnius initio, paratis commeatibus, acriter Numi- 
 diam ingressus est, multosque mortales et urbes aliquot 
 pugnando cepit. 
 
 XXIX. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legatos 1 pecunia tentare, 
 bellique, quod administrabat, asperitatem ostendere coepit, 
 animus a3ger avaritia facile conversus est. Ceterum socius 
 et administer omnium consiliorum assumitur Scaurus ; qui 
 tametsi 2 a principio, plerisque ex factione ejus corruptis, 
 acerrime regem impugnaverat, tamen magnitudine pecunia3 
 a bono honestoque in pravum abstractus est. Sed Jugurtha 
 primo tantummodo belli moram 3 redimebat, existimans 
 sese aliquid interim liomgs pretio aut gratia effecturum ; 
 postea vero quam participem negotii Scaurum acccpit. in 
 maximam spem adductus recuperandas pacis, statuit cum 
 eis de omnibus pactionibus praDsens agere. Ceterum interea 
 
76 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 4 fidei causa mittitur a consule Sextius quaestor in oppiduni 
 Jugurthae Vagain ; cujus rei species erat acceptio fruinenti, 
 quod Calpurnius palam legatis imperaverat, quoniam dedi- 
 tionis mora induciae agitabantur. Igitur rex, uti constitue- 
 rat, in castra venit ; ac pauca, 5 prsesenti consilio, locutus 
 de invidia facti sui, atque in deditioneni uti acciperetur, 
 reliqua cum Bestia et Scauro secreta transigit: dein postero 
 die, quasi per saturam sententiis exquisitis, in deditionem 
 accipitur. Sed, uti 6 pro consilio imperatum erat, elephant! 
 triginta, pecus atque equi multi cum parvo argenti pondere 
 quaastori traduntur. Calpurnius Romam ad magistratus 
 rogandos proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro pax 
 agitabatur. 
 
 XXX. Postquam res in Africa gestas, 1 quoque modo 
 actae forent, fama divulgavit, Roniae per omnes locos et 
 conventus de facto consulis agitari. Apud plebem 2 gravis 
 invidia ; patres solliciti erant ; probarentne tantum flagi- 
 tium, an decretum consulis subverterent, parum constabat : 
 ac maxime eos potentia Scauri, 3 quod is auctor et socius 
 Bestiae ferebatur, a vero bonoque impediebat. At C. Mem- 
 mius, cujus de libertate ingenii et odio potentiae nobilitatis 
 supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras senati concioni- 
 bus populum ad vindicandum hortari, monere, ne rem pub- 
 licam, ne libertatem suam desererent ; multa superba et 
 crudelia facinora nobilitatis ostendere : prorsus intentus 
 omni modo plebis animum accendebat. Sed, quoniam ea 
 tempestate Bomae Memmii facundia clara pollensque fuit, 
 decere existimavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus per- 
 scribere, 4 ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in concione post 
 reditum Bestia3 hujuscemodi verbis disseruit. 
 
 XXXI. " Multa me 1 deliortantur a vobis, Quirites, ni 
 studium rei publicae omnia superet, opes factionis, vestra 
 patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, quod innocentiao plus 
 periculi quam honoris est. Nam ilia quidem piget dicere, 
 
JUGURTHA. 77 
 
 2 his annis quindecim quam ludibrio fueritis superbiac pau- 
 corum ; quam foede quamque inulti perierint vestri de- 
 fensores ; ut vobis animus ab ignavia atque socordia cor- 
 ruptus sit, qui ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis mimicis, exsurgit is. 
 atque etiam nunc timetis eos, quibus dccet terrori esse. 
 Sed quamquam ba3C talia sunt, tamen obviam ire factionis 
 potentige 3 animus subigit. Certe ego libertatem, qua3 mihi 
 a parente meo tradita est, experiar : verum id frustra an 
 ob rem faciam, in vestra manu situm est, Quirites. 4 Ncque 
 ego vos hortor, quod saape majores vestri fecere, uti contra 
 injurias armati eatis. Nihil vi, nihil secessione opus est : 
 necesse est, suomet ipsi more praecipites eant. & Occiso 
 T. Graccho, quern regnum parare aiebant, in plebem Ro- 
 manam quasstiones habitse sunt. Post C. Gracchi et M. 
 Fulvii casdem, item vestri ordinis multi mortales in carcere 
 necati sunt : utriusque cladis non lex, verum libido eorum 
 nnem fecit. 6 Sed sane fuerit regni paratio plebi sua resti- 
 tuere : quidquid sine sanguine civium ulcisci nequitur, jure 
 factum sit. 7 Superioribus annis taciti indignabamini sera- 
 rium expilari, reges et populos liberos paucis nobilibus 
 vectigal pendere, penes eosdem et summam gloriam, et 
 maximas divitias esse : tamen hsec talia facinora impune 
 suscepisse parum habuere ; itaque postremo leges, majestas 
 vestra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. 
 Neque eos, qui ea fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed incedunt 
 8 per ora vestra magnifici, sacerdotia et consulatus, pars 
 triumphos suos ostentantes, perincle quasi ea honori, non 
 pr£eda3 habeant. Servi asre parati injusta imperia domino- 
 rum non perferunt : vos, Quirites, ° imperio nati, aequo ani- 
 mo servitutem toleratis 1 At qui sunt hi, qui rem publieam 
 occupavere ? Homines scelcratissimi, cruentis manibus, 
 immani avaritia, nocentissimi iidemque superbissimi ; quis 
 fides, decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque inhonesta, omnia 
 quacstui sunt. 10 Pars eorum occidisse tribunos plebis 3 alii 
 
78 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII. 
 
 quaestiones injustas, plerique caedem in vos fecisse, pro mu- 
 niniento habent. " Ita quam quisque pessime fecit, tarn 
 maxime tutus est ; metum a scelere suo ad ignaviaui yes- 
 tram transtulere : quos ornnes eadem cupere, eadem odisse, 
 eadem metuere in ununi coegit : sed base inter bonos ami- 
 citia, 12 inter malos factio est. 13 Quod si tarn vos libertatis 
 curarn haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi sunt, 
 profeeto neque res publica, sicuti nunc, vastaretur, et bene- 
 ficia vestra penes optimos, non audacissimos, forent. Ma- 
 jores vestri parandi juris et majestatis constituendse gratia 
 bis per secessionem armati Aventinuni occupavere : vos pro 
 libertate, quam ab illis accepistis, non summa ope nitemini ? 
 atqne eo vebementius, quo majus cledecus est 14 parta amit- 
 tere, quam omnino non paravisse. Dieet aliquis : " Quid 
 igitur censes ?" 15 Yinclicandum in eos, qui bosti prodidere 
 rem publicam ; non manu neque vi, quod magis vos fecisse 
 quam illis aceidisse indignum est, verum quaestionibus et 
 indicio ipsius Jugurtbae, qui si dedititius est, profeeto jussis 
 vestris obediens erit ; sin ea contemnit, scilicet existinia- 
 bitis qualis ilia pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham 
 scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximse divitife, 
 in rem publicam damna atque dedecora pervenerint. 16 Nisi 
 forte nondum etiam vos dominationis eorum satietas tenet, 
 et ilia quam base tempora magis placent, quum regna, pro- 
 vincise, leges, jura, judicia, bella atque paces, postremo di- 
 vina et humana omnia penes paucos erant ; vos autem. boc 
 est, populus Romanus, invicti ab bostibus, imperatores om- 
 nium gentium, satis babebatis animam retinere ; nam servi- 
 tutem quiclem quis vestrum recusare audebat ? Atque ego, 
 tametsi viro flagitiosissimum existimo impune injuriam ae- 
 cepisse, tamen vos bominibus sceleratissimis ignoscere, 
 quoniam cives sunt, aequo ammo paterer, ni misericordia 
 17 in perniciem casura esset. Nam et illis, "quantum im- 
 portunitatis babent, parum est impune male fecisse, nisi 
 
JUGTJE.THA. J" 
 
 deinde faciundi licentia eripitur, efvobis astern* sollicitudo 
 remanebit, quum intellegetis aut serviundum esse, ant per 
 mantis libertatem retinendam. Nam fidei quideni aut eon- 
 cordiae quae spes est ? Dominant illi volunt, yos bben esse ; 
 faeere illi injurias, yos prohibere ; postremo socus vestas 
 Veluti bostibus, bostibus pro sociis utuntur. Potestne in tarn 
 diversis mentibns pax ant amieitia esse 1 Quare moneo bor- 
 torque vos, ne tantum sceius impnnitum omittatis. Non pe- 
 eulatus aexarii factns est, neque per vim sociis erepte pecu- 
 niae ; quae quamquam grayia sunt, tamen consuetndine jam pro 
 nihilo babentur : bosti acerrimo prodita senatus auctontas, 
 proditum imperium vestrnm ; domi militiasque res pubbca 
 venalis fuit '» Quae nisi qusesita erunt, nisi vindicatum in 
 noxios, quid erit reliquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obe- 
 dientes vivamus? nam impune quaslibet faeere, -'id est re- 
 „ em esse. Neque ego yos, Quirites, bortor, ut niahtis ewes 
 vestros "perperam quam reete feeisse, sed ne ignoscendo 
 malis bonos perditum eatis. Ad boe in re pubbca multo 
 praestat beneficii quam malefieii immemorem esse ; bonus 
 tantummodo segnior fit, - ubi neglegas, at mains improb.or. 
 Ad bee si injuria; non sint, baud saepe auxiln egeas 
 
 XXXII Hsec atque alia hujuscemodi saepe dicendo, 
 Memmius populo persuadet, uti L. Cassius, qui turn prastor 
 erat ad Jugurtbam mitteretur, eumque, ' interposita fide 
 publiea, Eomam duceret, quo facilius indicio regis Scauri 
 et reliquornm, quos pecuniae captee arcessebant, delicta pate 
 fierent. Duni baec Eomae geruntur, ' qui in Nnmidia rebcti 
 a Bestia exercitui praeerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui, 
 plurima et nagitiosissima fecinora fecere. ' Fuere, qui anro 
 eorrupti elepbantos Jugurtbee traderent : alii perfugas ven- 
 dere.pars ex pacatis praedas agebant : tanta vis avantias 
 in animos eorum Yeluti tabes invaserat. At Cassius per- 
 lata rogatione a C. Memmio, ae perculsa omm nobilitate, 
 ad Jugurtbam proficiscitnr ; eiqne timido et ex consortia 
 
80 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 diffidenti rebus suis persuadet, 'quoniain se populo Romano 
 dedisset, ne vim quam misericordiam ejus experiri mallet.' 
 Privatim prseterea fidem suam interponit, quam 5 ille non 
 minoris quam publicam ducebat : talis ea tempestate fama 
 de Cassio erat. 
 
 XXXIII. Igitur Jugurtha, a contra decus regium, cultu 
 quam maxime niiserabili cum Cassio Romam venit. Ac 
 tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, confirmatus ab omni- 
 bus, quorum potentia aut scelere cuncta ea gesserat, quae 
 supra diximus, C. Bgebium tribunum plebis magna mercede ■ 
 2 parat, cujus impudentia contra jus et injurias omnes rnu- 
 nitus foret. At C. Memmius, advocata concione. quam- 
 quam regi infesta plebes erat, et 3 pars ' in vincula duci ' 
 jubebat, pars, ' ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more majorum 
 de hoste supplicium" sumi ;' dignitati quani ira3 magis 
 consulens, sedare motus. et animos eorum mollire ; postremo 
 confirmare ' fidem publicam per sese inviolatam fore.' Post, 
 ubi silentium coepit, producto Jugurtha, 4 verba facit ; Ro- 
 mas Numidiasque facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem 
 fratresque ostendit. 5 ' Quibus juvantibus quibivsque mi- 
 nistris ea egerit, quamquam intellegat populus Romanus. 
 tamen velle manifesta magis ex illo habere. Si verum 
 aperiat, in fide et dementia populi Romani magnam spem 
 illi sitam : sin reticeat, 6 non . sociis saluti fore, sed se 
 suasque spes corrupturum.' 
 
 XXXIV. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicendi finem fecit, et 
 Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C. Baebius, tribunus plebis, 
 1 quern pecunia corruptum supra diximus, regem tacere 
 jubet : ac tametsi multitudo, quae in concione aderat, vehe- 
 menter accensa, terrebat eum clamore, vultu, sa?pe impetu 
 atque aliis omnibus, qua3 ira fieri amat, vicit tamen impu- 
 dentia. Ita populus ludibrio habitus ex concione discedit : 
 Jugurthae Besticcque et ceteris, quos ilia quaestio exagita- 
 bat, 2 animi augescunt. 
 
JUGURTHA. 81 
 
 XXXV. Erat ea tempestate Romae Numida quidam, 
 nomine Massiva, Griilussse filius, Masinissae nepos ; qui, quia, 
 in dissensione regum Jugurthas adversus fuerat, 1 dedita 
 Cirta, et Adherbale interfecto, profugus ex Africa abierat. 
 Huic Sp. Albinus, qui 2 proximo anno post Bestiam cum 
 Q. Minucio Rufo consulatum gerebat, persuadet, ' quoniam 
 ex stirpe Masinissae sit, Jugurtbamque ob scelera invidia 
 cum metu urgeat, regnum Numicliae ab senatu petat.' Avi- 
 dus consul 3 belli gerundi moveri, quam senescere omnia 
 malebat ; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio Macedonia eve- 
 nerat. Quae postquam Massiva agitare ccepit, neque Jugur- 
 thas in amicis satis praesidii est, quod eorum alium con- 
 scientia, alium mala fama et timor impediebat, Bomilcari, 
 'proximo ac maxime fido sibi, imperat, 'pretio,' sicuti 
 multa confecerat, 'insidiatores Massivae paret, ac maxime 
 occulte. sin id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam in- 
 terficiat.' Bomilcar mature regis mandata exsequitur ; et 
 per liomines 5 talis negotii artifices itinera egressusque ejus, 
 postremo loca atque tempora cuncta explorat ; deinde, ubi 
 res postulabat, insidias tenclit. Igitur unus 6 ex eo numero, 
 qui ad caedem parati erant, paulo inconsultius Massivam 
 aggreditur, ilium obtruncat ; sed ipse depreliensus, multis 
 liortantibus et in primis Albino consule, indicium profite- 
 tur. 7 Fit reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gen- 
 tium Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Romani fide publica venerat. 
 At Jugurtlia 8 manifestus tanti sceleris non prius omisit 
 contra verum niti, quam animum advertit supra gratiam 
 atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quam- 
 quam 9 in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades 
 dederat, regno magis quam vaclibus consulens, clam in 
 Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veritus ne reliquos pop- 
 ulares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium 
 sumptum foret. Et ipse paucis diebus eodem profectus est, 
 jussus ab senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egres- 
 4* 
 
82 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 sus est, fertur saspe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse : 
 ' urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem inveuerit.' 
 
 XXXVI. Interim Albinus, renovato bello, commea- 
 tum, stipendium aliaque, quae militibus usui forent, maturat 
 in Africam portare ; ac statim ipse profectus, uti x ante 
 comitia, quod tempus baud longe aberat, armis aut dedi- 
 tione aut quovis modo bellum eonficeret. At contra Ju- 
 gurtba 2 trahere omnia, et alias, deinde alias morse causas 
 facer e ; polliceri deditionem, ac deinde metum simulare ; 
 cedere instanti, et paulo post, ne sui diffiderent, instare : 
 ita belli modo, modo pacis mora consulem ludificare. 
 Ac fuere, qui turn Albinum baud ignarum consilii regis 
 existimarent ; neque ex tanta properantia 3 tarn facile trac- 
 tum bellum socordia magis quam dolo crederent. Sed 
 postquam, dilapso tempore, comitiorum dies adventabat, 
 Albinus, Aulo fratre in castris 4 pro praetore relicto, Ro- 
 mam decessit. 
 
 XXXVII. Ea tempestate Ilomae * seditionibus tribu- 
 niciis atrociter res publica agitabatur. P. Lucullus et L. 
 Annius, tribuni plebis, resistentibus collegis, 2 continuare 
 magistratum nitebantur : quae dissensio totius anni comitia 
 impediebat. Ea mora in spem adductus Aulus, quem pro 
 prsetore in castris relictum supra diximus, aut conficiundi 
 belli aut terrore exercitus ab rege pecunias capiunclaa, mili- 
 tes mense Januario ex bibernis in expeditionem evocat, 
 magnisque itineribus, bieme aspera, pervcnit ad oppidum 
 Suthul, ubi regis thesauri erant. 3 Quod quamquam et 
 saavitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi neque 
 obsideri poterat (nam circum murum, situm in praorupti 
 montis extremo, planities limosa biemalibus aquis paludem 
 fecerat) ; tamen, aut 4 simulandi gratia, quo regi formidinem 
 adderet, aut cupidine caecus ob thesauros oppidi potiundi, 
 vineas agere, aggerem jaccre, aliaque, quae incepto usui 
 forent, properare. 
 
JUGUP, THA. 83 
 
 XXXVXJI. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque im- 
 peritia legati, x subdolus ejus augere amentiam, missitare 
 supplicantes legatos, ipse quasi vitabundus per saltuosa 
 loca et tramites exercitum ductare. Denique Aulum 2 spe 
 pactionis perpulit, uti, relicto Suthule, in abclitas regiones 
 sese veluti cedenteni insequeretur : ' ita delicta occultiora 
 fore.' Interea per liomines callidos die noctuque exercitum 
 3 tentabat ; centuriones ducesque turmarum, partim uti 
 transfugerent, corrumpere ; alii, signo dato, locum uti dese- 
 rerent. 4 Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, intempesta 
 nocte de improviso multitudine Numidarum Auli castra 
 circumvenit. Milites Romani, perculsi tumultu insolito, 
 arma capere alii, alii se abclere, pars territos confirmare ; 
 5 trepidare omnibus locis : vis magna liostium, ccelum nocte 
 atque nubibus obscuratum, periculum anceps : postrcmo 
 fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto erat. Sed G ex eo 
 numero, quos paulo ante corruptos diximus, coliors una 
 Ligurum cum duabus turmis Thracum et paucis gregariis 
 militibus transiere ad regem, et 7 centurio primi pili tertise 
 legionis 8 per munitionem, quam, uti clefenderet, acceperat, 
 locum hostibus introeuncli dedit, eaque Numidse cuncti 
 irrupere. Nostri foeda fuga, plerique abjectis armis, proxi- 
 mum collem occupavere. Nox atque prreda castrorum 
 9 hostes, quo minus victoria uterentur, remorata sunt. De- 
 inde Jugurtha postero die cum Aulo in colloquio verba 
 facit : 10 i tametsi ipsum cum exercitu fame et ferro clau- 
 sum tenet, tamen se bumanarum rerum memorem, si se- 
 cum foedus faceret, incolumes omnes sub jugum mis- 
 surum : prseterea, uti diebus decern Numidia decede- 
 ret.' n Quje quamquam gravia et flagitii plena erant, 
 tamen, quia mortis metu mutabantur, sicuti regi libuerat, 
 pax convenit. 
 
 XXXIX. Sed ubi ea Rom^ comperta sunt, metus at- 
 que moeror civitatem invasere. Pars dolere pro gloria 
 
84 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 imperii, pars insolita reruni bellicarum 1 timere libertati : 
 Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello ssepe prseclari 
 fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius quam manu salutem 
 queesiverat. Ob ea consul Albinus ex delicto fratris invi- 
 diam ac cleincle periculum timens, senatum 2 de foedere con- 
 sulebat ; et tamen interim exercitui supplementum scribere, 
 ab sociis et nomine Latino auxilia arcessere, denique modis 
 omnibus festinare. Senatus ita, uti par fuerat, 3 decernit, 
 ' suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse foedus fieri.' 
 Consul impeclitus a tribunis plebis, 4 ne, quas paraverat 
 copias, secum portaret, paucis diebus in Africam proficis- 
 citur : nam omnis exercitus, uti convenerat, Numidia 
 deductus, in provincia liiemabat. Postquam eo venit, 
 quamquam persequi Jugurtliam et 5 mecleri fraternse invi- 
 diam animo ardebat, cognitis militibus, quos praeter fugam, 
 soluto imperio, licentia atque lascivia corruperat, ex copia 
 rerum statuit sibi nihil agitandum. 
 
 XL. Interim Roma3 C. Mamilius Limetanus tribunus 
 plebis * rogationem ad populum promulgat, i Uti qurerere- 
 tur in eos, quorum cocsilio Jugurtha senati decreta neg- 
 lexisset ; quique ab eo in legationibus aut imperils pecu- 
 nias accepissent; qui elephantos, quique perfugas tradidis- 
 sent ; item, qui de pace aut bello cum hostibus pactiones 
 fecissent.' 2 Huic rogationi partim conscii sibi, alii ex par- 
 tium invidia pericula metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere 
 non poterant, quin ilia et alia talia placere sibi faterentur, 
 occulte per amicos, ac maxime per homines nominis Latini 
 et socios Italicos impedimenta parabant. 3 Sed plebes in- 
 credibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit, quantaque 
 vi rogationem jusserit, dccreverit, voluerit, magis odio no- 
 bilitatis, cui mala ilia parabantur. quam cura rei publicaa : 
 tanta libido in partibus erat. Igitur ceteris metu pcrcul- 
 sis, M. Scaurus, 4 quern legatum Bestial fuisse supra docui- 
 
JUGURTHA. 85 
 
 hius, inter lastitiam plebis et suorum fugam, trepida etiam- 
 tum civitate, quum ex Mamilii rogatione tres quassitores 
 rogarentur, effecerat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur. Sed 
 & quasstio exercita aspere violenterque, ex rumore et libi- 
 dine plebis: ut saepe nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate plebem 
 ex secundis rebus insolentia ceperat. 
 
 XLI. Ceterum mos partium popularium et senatus fac- 
 tionuni, ac deinde omnium malarum artium, paucis ante 
 annis Romas ortus est, otio et abundantia earum reruni, 
 quas 1 prima mortales ducunt. Nam, 2 ante Cartbaginem 
 deletam, populus et senatus Eomanus placide modesteque 
 inter se rem publicam tractabant ; neque glorias neque 
 dominationis certamen inter cives erat : metus bostilis in 
 bonis artibus civitatem retinebat. Sed ubi ilia formido 
 mentibus decessit, 3 scilicet ea, quas res secundas amant, 
 lasciyia atque superbia incessere. 4 Ita, quod in aclversis 
 rebus optaverant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius 
 acerbiusque fuit. Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem, 
 populus libertatem, in libidinem vertere : 5 sibi quisque 
 ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia in duas partes abstracta 
 sunt ; res publica, quae media fuerat, dilacerata. Ceterum 
 6 nobilitas factione magis pollebat ; plebis vis, soluta atque 
 dispersa in multitudine, minus poterat. Paucorum arbitrio 
 belli domique 7 agitabatur ; penes eosclem asrarium, provin- 
 cias, magistratus, glorias triumpbique erant ; populus militia 
 atque inopia urguebatur : praedas bellicas imperatores cum 
 paucis diripiebant : interea parentes ant parvi liberi mili- 
 tum, ut quisque potentiori confinis erat, sedibus pelleban- 
 tur. Ita cum potentia avaritia 8 sine modo modestiaque 
 invadere, polluere et vastare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti 
 habere, quoad semet ipsa prascipitavit. Nam ubi primum 
 ex nobilitate 9 reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam injustas poten- 
 tiae anteponerent, moveri civitas, et dissensio civilis, quasi 
 permixtio terrae, oriri coepit. 
 
86 C. CRISPI SALLUST1I 
 
 XLII. Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, x quo- 
 rum majores Punico atque aliis bellis multum rei publicae 
 addiderant, vindicare plebein in libertatem, et paucorum 
 scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia, atque eo perculsa, 
 modo per socios ac nomen Latinum, interdum per equites 
 Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Graccho- 
 rum actionibus obviam ierat ; et primo Tiberium, dein 
 paucos post annos eadem ingredientem Caium. tribunum 
 alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis deducendis, cum M. 
 Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat. Et sane Gracchis cupidine 
 victorias haud satis moderatus animus fuit : 2 sed bono vinci 
 satius est, quam malo more irijuriam vincere. Igitur 3 ea 
 victoria nobilitas ex libidine sua usa, multos mortales ferro 
 aut fuga exstinxit ; plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam 
 potentige addidit. Quas res plerumque magnas civitates 
 pessumdedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis modo, et 
 victos acerbius ulcisci volunt. Sed 4 de studiis partium et 
 omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro magnitudine 
 parem diserere, tempus quam res maturius me deseret : 
 quamobrem ad inceptum redeo. 
 
 XLIII. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foe dam 
 fugam, Metellus et Silanus, x consules designati, provincias 
 inter se partiverant, Metelloque Numidia evenerat, acri 
 viro, et, quamquam adverso populi partium. fama tamen 
 sequabili et inviolata. Is ubi primum magistratum iugres- 
 sus est, 2 alia omnia sibi cum collega ratus, ad bellum, quod 
 gesturus erat, animum intendit. Igitur diffidens veteri ex- 
 ercitui, milites scribere, 3 prresidia undique arcessere, arma. 
 tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militias parare, ad hoc 
 commeatum affatim, denique omnia, qua? in bello vario et 
 multarum rerum egenti usui esse solent. Ceterum *ad ea 
 patranda, scnntus auctoritate socii nomcnque Latinum. et 
 reges ultro auxilia mittendo, postremo omnis civitas summo 
 studio adnitebatnr. Itaque, ex sententia omnibus rebus 
 
JUGUETHA. 87 
 
 paratis compositisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur, magna 
 spe civium, 5 quum propter artes bonas, turn maxime, quod 
 adversum divitias invictum animum gerebat ; et avaritia 
 magistratuum ante id tempus in Nuinidia nostras opes con- 
 tusas, hostiuinque auetas erant. 
 
 XL IV. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei traditur 
 a Sp. Albino pro consule, 1 iners, imbellis, neque periculi 
 neque laboris patiens, lingua quam manu promptior, praa- 
 dator ex sociis et ipse praeda bostium, sine imperio et mo- 
 destia babitus. Ita imperatori novo plus ex malis moribus 
 sollicitudinis, quam ex copia militum auxilii aut house spei 
 accedebat. Statuit tamen Metellus, quamquam et 2 aesti- 
 vorum tempus comitiorum mora imminuerat, et exspecta- 
 tione eventus civium animos intentos putabat, non prius 
 bellum attingere, quam majorum disciplina niilites laborare 
 coegisset. Nam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque clade 
 perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi provincia, 
 
 3 quantum temporis asstivorum in imperio fuit, plerumque 
 milites stativis castris habebat ; nisi quum odos aut pabuli 
 egestas locum mutare subegerat; Sed neque muniebantur 
 
 4 ea, neque more militari vigilias deducebantur : uti cuique 
 libebat, ab signis aberat. 5 Lixas perinixti cum militibus 
 die noctuque vagabantur, palantes agros vastare, villas ex- 
 ^Dugnare, pecoris et mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, 
 eaque mutare cum mercatoribus vino advectitio et aliis 
 talibus ; praaterea frumentum publice datum vendere. panem 
 in dies mercari : postremo, quascumque clici aut fingi queunt 
 ignavire luxuriaeque .probra, in illo exercitu cuncta fuere, 
 et alia amplius. 
 
 XLY. Sed in ea difficultate Metellum non minus quam 
 in rebus hostilibus magnum et sapientem virum fuisse com- 
 perior ; 1 tanta temperantia inter ambitionem saavitiamque 
 moderatum. Namque edicto primum 2 adjumenta ignavias 
 sustulisse ; ' ne quisquam in castris panem aut quern alium 
 
88 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 coctum cibuin venderet ; ne lixse exercitum sequerentur ; 
 ne miles gregarius in castris neve in agmine servum aut 
 jumentuin haberet :' ceteris arte modum statuisse. Prae- 
 terea 3 transversis itineribus quotidie castra niovere, juxta 
 ac si hostes adessent, vallo atque fossa ninnire, vigilias cre- 
 bras ponere, et eas ipse cum legatis circumire : item in 
 agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis, saepe in medio 
 adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, 4 uti cum signis 
 frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma portaret. Ita 
 prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando 5 exercitum 
 brevi confirmavit. 
 
 XLYI. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, quae Metellus agebat, ex 
 nuntiis accepit, simul 1 de innocentia ejus certior Roma 
 factus, diffidere suis rebus, ac turn demum veram deditionem 
 facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem 2 cum sup- 
 pliers mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, 
 alia omnia dederent populo Romano. 3 Sed Metello jam 
 antea experiments cognitum erat genus Numidarum infi- 
 dum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum avidum esse. Itaque 
 4 legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur ; ac paulatim 
 tentando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, multa polli- 
 cenclo persuadet, ' uti Jugurtham maxime vivum, sin id 
 parum procedat, necatum sibi trader ent :' ceterum palam, 
 quae ex voluntate forent, regi nuntiari jubet. Deinde ipse 
 paucis diebus, intento atque infesto exercitu, in Numidiam 
 procedit ; 5 ubi, contra belli faciem, tuguria plena hominum, 
 pecora cultoresque iu agris erant ; ex oppidis et mapalibus 
 praofecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frumentum dare, 
 commeatum portare, postremo omnia, qua3 imperarentur, 
 focere. Neque Metellus idcirco minus, sed pariter ac si 
 liostes adessent, G munito agmiue incedere, late explorare 
 omnia, ilia deditionis signa ostentui credere, et insidiis lo- 
 cum tentari. Itaque ipse cum expeditis coliortibus, item 
 funditorum et sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos 
 
JUGURTHA. 89 
 
 erat ; in postremo 7 C. Marius legatus cum equitibus cura- 
 bat : in utrumque latus auxiliaries equites tribunis legio- 
 num et praefectis cohortium dispertiverat, ut cum his per- 
 mixti 8 velites, quocunque accederent equitatus hostium, 
 propulsarent. Nam in Jugurtha tantus dolus tantaque 
 peritia loco-rum et militias erat, 9 ut, absens an praesens, 
 pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior esset, in incerto habe- 
 re tur. 
 
 XLYII. Erat baud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metellus 
 pergebat, oppidum Numidarum, nomine Vaga, 1 forum 
 rerum venalium totius regni niaxime celebratum ; ubi et 
 incolere et mercari consueverant Italici generis multi mor- 
 tales. 2 Hue consul, simul tentandi gratia, et, si paterentur, 
 opportunitate loci prassidium imposuit ; praeterea imperavit 
 frumentum et alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare ; ratus, 
 id quod res monebat, 3 frequentiam negotiatorum et coin- 
 nieatum juvaturum exercitum, et jam paratis rebus muni- 
 mento fore. Inter haec negotia Jugurtha 4 impensius modo 
 legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter suam libero- 
 rumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. 5 Quos item, uti 
 priores, consul illectos ad proditionem domum dimittebat : 
 regi pacem, quam postulabat, neque abnuere neque polli- 
 ceri, et inter eas moras promissa legatorum exspectare. 
 
 XL VIII. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis com- 
 posuit, ac x se suis artibus tentari animadvertit ; quippe 
 cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceterum re bellum asperrimum 
 erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus cognitus, animi 
 popularium tentati ; coactus rerum necessitudine, statuit 
 armis certare. Igitur explorato hostium itinere, in spem 
 victorias adductus ex opportunitate loci, quam maximas po- 
 test copias omnium generum parat, ac per tramites occultos 
 exercitum Metelli antevenit. Erat in ea parte Numidiae, 
 quam Adherbal in divisione possederat, fiumen oriens a 
 meridie, nomine Muthul ; a quo aberat mons ferine millia 
 
90 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 passuum viginti, 2 tractu pari, vastus ab natura et humano 
 cultu : sed 3 ex eo medio quasi eollis oriebatur, in immensum 
 pertingens, vestitus olcastro ac myrtetis aliisque generibus 
 arborum, quae hunii arido atque arenoso gignuntur. 4 Media 
 autem planities deserta penuria aquae, praeter flumini pro- 
 pinqua loca ; ea consita arbustis pecore atque cultoribus 
 frequentabantur. 
 
 XL IX. Igitur in eo colle, quern transverso itinere por- 
 rectum docuimus, Jugurtba, 1 extenuata suorum acie, con- 
 sedit ; elephantis et parti eopiarum pedestrium Bomilcarem 
 prsefecit, eumque edocet, quae ageret ; ipse propior montem 
 cum omni equitatu et peditibus delectis suos collocat : dein 
 singulas turmas et manipulos circumiens monet atque ob- 
 testatur, ' uti, meniores pristinae virtutis et victoriae, sese 
 regnumque suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant : cum 
 iis certamen fore, quos antea victos sub jugum miserint : 
 ducem illis, non animum mutatum. 2 Quae ab imperatore 
 decuerint, omnia suis provisa ; locum superiorem, ut pru- 
 dentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores cum pluribus, aut rudes 
 cum bello melioribus manum consererent : proinde parati 
 intentique essent, signo dato, Romanos invadere : ilium 
 diem aut omnes labores et victorias confirmaturum. aut 
 maximarum aerumnarum initium fore.' Ad hoc viritim, 
 3 uti quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut bonore extu- 
 lerat, commonefacere beneficii sui, et eum ipsum aliis os- 
 tentare : postremo, pro cujusque ingenio, pollicendo, mini- 
 tando, obtestando, alium alio modo excita.re ; quum interim 
 Metellus, 4 ignarus hostium, monte degrediens cum exercitu 
 conspicitur, primo dubius, quidnam insolita facies ostende- 
 ret (nam inter virgulta equi Numidaeque consederant. neque 
 plane occultati bumilitate arborum, et tamen incerti. quid- 
 nam esset, quum natura loci, turn dolo ipsi atque signa 
 militaria obseurati) ; dein, brevi B cognitis insidiis. paulisper 
 agmen constituit. Ibi B commutatis ordinibus, in dextero 
 
JUGURTHA. 91 
 
 latere, quod proximum hostes erat, triplicibus subsidiis 
 aciem instruxit ; 7 inter manipulos funditores et sagittarios 
 dispertit, equitatum omnem in cornibus locat, ac panca pro 
 tempore milites hortatus, aciem, sicuti instruxerat, trans- 
 versis principiis, in planum deducit. 
 
 L. Sed ubi Numidas quietos, neque colle degredi ani- 
 niadvertit, veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, J ne siti 
 conficeretur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum expeditis 
 cohortibus et parte equitum prsemisit ad flumen, uti locum 
 castris antecaperet ; existimans hostes crebro impetu et 
 transversis prceliis iter suum remoraturos, et, quoniam armis 
 diffiderent, lassitudinem et sitim militum tentaturos. Deinde 
 2 ipse pro re atque loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim 
 procedere : Marium post principia habere : ipse cum sinis- 
 tra alae equitibus esse, qui in agmine principes facti erant. 
 At Jugurtba, ubi 3 extremum agmen Metelli primos suos 
 prsetergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum millium peditum 
 montem oecupat, qua Metellus descenderat, ne forte ceden- 
 tibus adversariis receptui ac post munimento foret ; dein 
 repente, signo clato, hostes invadit. Numidas, alii 4 postre- 
 mos caedere, pars a sinistra ac dextera tentare, infensi 
 adesse atque instare, omnibus locis Komanorum ordines 
 conturbare ; quorum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii 
 hostibus fuerant, ludificati incerto proalio, ipsi modo eminus 
 sauciabantur, neque contra feriundi aut conserendi manum 
 copia erat. Ante jam docti ab Jugurtha equites, ubicumque 
 Komauorum turma insequi coeperat, non confertim, neque 
 in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius alio quam maxime 
 diversi. Ita 5 numero priores, si ab persequendo hostes 
 deterrere nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo aut lateribus cir- 
 cumveniebant : sin opportunior fugae collis quam campi 
 fuerat, ea vero con-sueti Numiclarum equi facile inter vir-* 
 gulta evadere ; nostros asperitas et insolentia loci reti- 
 nebat. 
 
92 C. ORIS PI SALLUSTII 
 
 LI. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, foeda 
 atque niiserabilis : dispersi a suis, pars cedere, alii insequi ; 
 neque signa neque ordines observare ; ubi queinque pericu- 
 lum ceperat, ibi resistere ac propalsare : 1 arnia tela, equi 
 virij hostes atque cives permixti ; nihil consilio neque im- 
 perio agi ; fors omnia regere. Itaque multum diei proces- 
 serat, quum etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. Denique 
 omnibus labore et asstn languidis, Metellus, nbi videt 
 2 Numidas minus instare, paulatim milites in unum con- 
 ducit, ordines restituit, et cohortes legionarias quatuor acl- 
 versum pedites hostium collocat. s Eorum magna pars 
 superioribus locis fessa conseclerat. Simul orare. hortari 
 milites, i ne deficerent, neu paterentur liostes fugientes vin- 
 cere : 4 neque illis castra esse, neque munimentum ullum, 
 quo cedentes tenderent : in armis omnia sita.' Sed ne 
 Jugurtha quidem interea quietus erat ; circumire, hortari, 
 renovare pro3lium, et ipse cum delectis tentare omnia, sub- 
 venire suis, 5 hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos cognoverat, 
 eminus pugnando retinere. 
 
 - LII. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi viri. 
 certabant, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus. Nam 
 1 Metello virtus militum erat, locus adversus ; Jugurthre 
 alia omnia prseter milites opportuna, Denique " Romani, 
 ubi intellegunt neque sibi perfugium esse, neque ab hoste 
 copiam pugnandi fieri (et jam die vesper erat), 3 adverso 
 colle, sicuti prasceptum fuerat, evadunt. Amisso loco, 
 Numidas fusi fugatique : pauci interiere, plerosque veloci- 
 tas et regio 4 hostibus ignara tutata sunt. Interea Bomil- 
 car, 5 quern elephantis et parti copiarum pedestrium prae- 
 fectum ab Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi eum Rutilius 
 praetergressus est, paulatim suos in gequum locum deducit : 
 •ac- dum legatus ad flumen, quo praemissus erat, festi- 
 nans pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat. aciem exornat ; ne- 
 que remittit, quid ubique hostis agcret, explorare. Post- 
 
JUGURTHA. 93 
 
 quam Rutilium consedisse jam, et amino vacuum accepit, 
 simulque ex Jugurthse proelio clamorem augeri, veritus, ne 
 legatus, cognita re, laborantibus suis auxilio foret, aciem, 
 quam, diffidens virtuti militum, arte statuerat, quo hostium 
 itineri officeret, latius porrigit, eoque moclo ad Rutilii cas- 
 tra procedit. 
 
 LIII. 1 Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam ani- 
 madvertuut, nam prospectum ager arbustis consitus prohi- 
 bebat ; et primo rati humum aridam vento agitari ; post, 
 ubi 2 sequabilem manere, et, sicuti acies movebatur, magis 
 magisque appropinquare vident, cognita re, properantes 
 anna capiunt, ac pro castris, sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. 
 Deinde, ubi propius ventum est, utrimque magno clamore 
 3 concurritur. Numidse tantum modo 4 remorati, clum in 
 elephantis auxilium putant, postquam eos impeditos ramis 
 arborum, atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, fugam 
 faciunt, ac plerique, abjectis armis, collis aut noctis quae 
 jam aderat, auxilio integri abeunt. Elephanti quatuor 
 capti, reliqui omnes, numero quadraginta, interfecti. At 
 Romani, quamquam itinere atque 5 opere castrorum et 
 proelio fessi lassique erant, tamen, quod Metellus amplius 
 opinione morabatur, instructi intentique obviam procedunt. 
 Nam dolus Numidarum nihil languicli neque remissi patie- 
 batur. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam 6 baud procul 
 inter se erant, strepitu, velut hostes adventarent, alteri 
 apud alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere : et 
 pene imprudentia admissum facinus miserabile, ni utrimque 
 pragmissi equites rem exploravissent. Igitur 7 pro metu 
 repente gaudium exortum ; milites alius alium lseti appel- 
 lant, acta edocent atque audiunt ; sua quisque fortia facta 
 ad ccelum fert. Quippe res bumanaa ita sese habent : in 
 victoria vel ignavis gloriari licet ; adversse res 8 etiam bonos 
 detrectant. 
 
 LIV. Metellus, in iisdem castris J quatriduo moratus, 
 
94 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII. 
 
 saucios cum cura reficit, meritos in proeliis more niilitiae 
 donat, universos in concione "laudat, atque agit gratias : 
 hortatur, ' ad cetera, quae levia sunt, parem animum gerant : 
 pro victoria satis jam pugnatum, reliquos labores pro praeda 
 fore.' Tamen interim transfugas et alios opportunos, Ju- 
 gurtha ubi gentium, aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, 
 an exercitum haberet, ut sese victus gereret, 2 exploratum 
 misit. At ille sese in loca saltuosa et natura munita rece- 
 perat, ibique 3 cogebat exercitum numero liominum amplio- 
 rem, sed hebetem infirmumque, agri ac pecoris magis quam 
 belli cultorem. Id 4 ea gratia eveniebat, quod praeter re- 
 gios equites nemo omnium Numidarum ex fuga regem 
 sequitur ; quo cujusque animus fert, eo cliscedunt, neque id 
 flagitium niilitiae ducitur ; ita se mores habent. Igitur 
 Metellus ubi 5 videt etiamtum regis animum ferocem esse, 
 bellum renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset, 
 praeterea iniquum certamen sibi cum liostibus, minore de- 
 trimento illos vinci, quam suos vincere, statuit non proeliis 
 neque in acie, sed alio more bellum gerundum. Itaque in 
 Nuinidiae loca opulentissima pergit, agros vastat, multa 
 castella et op^uda, 6 temere munita aut sine praasidio, capit 
 incenditque ; puberes interfici jubet, alia omnia militum 
 praedam esse. 7 Ea formidine multi mortales Romanis 
 dediti obsides ; frumentum et alia, quae usui forent, affatim 
 praebita : ubicumque res postulabat, praesidium impositum. 
 8 Quae negotia multo magis, quam proelium male pugnatum 
 ab suis, regem terrebant : quippe cui spes omnis in fuga 
 sita erat, sequi cogebatur ; et, qui sua loca defeudere ne- 
 quiverat, in alienis bellum gerere. Tamen 9 ex copia, quod 
 optimum videbatur, cousilium capit: exercitum plerumque 
 in iisdem locis oppcriri jubet ; ipse cum deloctis equitibus 
 Metellum sequitur, nocturnis et aviis itineribus ignoratus 
 Romanos palantes repente aggreditur. Eorum plerique 
 inermes cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus 
 
JUGURTHA. 95 
 
 profugit ; et Numidae, 10 priusquam ex castris subveniretur, 
 sicuti jussi erant, in proximos colles disceduut. 
 
 LY. Interim Romas gaudium ingens ortum, cognitis 
 Metelli rebus ; * ut seque et exercitum more majorum gere- 
 ret, in adverso loco, victor tamen virtute fuisset ; hostium 
 agro potiretur, Jugurthain, magnificum ex Auli socordia, 
 spem salutis in solitudine aut fuga coegisset habere. Ita- 
 ■ que senatus ob'.ea feliciter acta dis immortalibus 2 snpplicia 
 decernere'; civitas, trepida antea et sollicita de belli eventu, 
 laeta agere ; fama de Metello praeclara esse. Igitur 3 eo 
 intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus moclis festinare ; cavere 
 tamen, necubi hosti opportunus fieret ; meminisse, post 
 gloriam invidiam sequi. Ita 4 quo clarior, eo magis anxius 
 erat, neque post insidias Jugurtlias effuso exercitu prsedari : 
 ubi frumento aut pabulo opus erat, cohortes cum o'mni 
 equitatu pra^sidium agitabant : exercitus partem ipse, reli- 
 quos Marius ducebat. Sed igni magis quam praada ager 
 vastabatur. 5 Duobus locis baud longe inter se castra facie- 
 bant : ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant ; ceterum, quo fuga 
 atque formido latius cresceret, diversi agebant. Eo tem- 
 pore 6 Jugurtba per colles sequi, tempus aut locum pugnas 
 quasrere, qua venturum hostem audierat, pabulum et aqua- 
 rum fontes, quorum penuria erat, corrumpere ; modo se 
 Metello, interdum Mario ostenclere, postremo in agmine 
 tentare, ac statim in colles regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis 
 minitari, neque proelmm facere, neque otium pati, tantum- 
 modo bostem ab incepto retinere. 
 
 LYI. E-omanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari viclet, 
 neque ab boste copiam pugnandi fieri, * urbem magnam 
 et in ea parte, qua sita erat, arcem regni, nomine Zamam, 
 statuit oppugnare ; ratus, id quod negotium poscebat, Ju- 
 gurtham laborantibus suis auxilio venturum, ibique proe- 
 lium fore. At ille, 2 quae parabantur, a perfugis edoctus, 
 magnis itineribus Metellum antevenit ; oppiclanos hortatur, 
 
96 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 ' inoenia defendant ;' additis auxilio perfugis, quod genus ex 
 copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, firniissimum erat. Pra3- 
 terea pollicetur, 3 'in tempore semet cum exercitu affore.' 
 Ita compositis rebus, in loca quam maxime occulta discedit, 
 ac post paulo cognoscit Marium ex itinere 4 frumentatum 
 cum paucis cobortibus Siccam missum ; quod oppidum 
 primum omnium post malam pugnam ab rege defecerat. 
 Eo cum delectis equitibus noctu pergit, et jam egredienti- 
 bus Romanis, in porta pugnam facit : simul magna voce 
 Siccenses bortatur, 5 'uti cobortes ab tergo circumfeciiant : 
 fortunam illis prseclari facinoris casum dare : si id fecerint, 
 postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu ^etatem 
 acturos.' Ac ni Marius 6 signa inferre atque evadere oppido 
 properavisset, profecto cuncti aut magna pars Siccensium 
 fidem mutavissent : tanta mobilitate sese Nuniidse agunt. 
 Sed milites Jugurtbini, paulisper ab rege 7 sustentati, 
 postquam majore vi bostes urguent, paucis amissis, profugi 
 discedunt. 
 
 LVII. Marius ad Zamam pervenit : id oppidum, in 
 campo situm, magis opere quam natura munitum erat, nul- 
 lius idonese rei egens, armis virisque opulentum. Igitur 
 Metellus, pro tempore atque loco paratis rebus, cuncta 
 mcenia exercitu circumvenit ; legatis imperat, ubi quisque 
 curaret ; deinde, signo dato, undique simul clamor ingens 
 oritur. Neque ea res Numidas terret ; 1 infensi intentiqne 
 sine tumultu manent : proelium incipitur. Romani. pro 
 ingenio quisque, pars eminus 2 glande aut lapidibus pugnare, 
 alii succedere, ac murum modo suffodere, modo scalis ao-- 
 gredi, cupere proelium in manibus facere. 3 Contra ea op- 
 pidani in proximos saxa volvere ; sudes, pila, praeterea pice 
 et sulpbure tsedam mixtam ardenti mittere. 4 Sed ne illos 
 quidem, qui procul manserant, timor animi satis muniverat : 
 nam plerosque jacula tormentis aut manu emissa vulnera- 
 
JUGURTHA. 97 
 
 bant ; parique periculo, sed fama impari, boni atque ignavi 
 erant. 
 
 LVIII. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex 
 improvise castra hostium cum magna manu invadit : * re- 
 missis, qui in prsesidio erant, et omnia magis quarn proelium 
 exspectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, repentino 
 metu perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt: alii 
 fugere, alii arma capere ; magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. 
 Cetermn ex omni niultitudine ncm amplius quadraginta, 
 memores nominis Romani, 2 grege facto, locum cepere paulo 
 quam alii editiorem, neque inde maxima vi depelli quive- 
 runt, sed tela eminus missa remittere, panci in pluribus 
 minus frustrari : sin Numidse propius accessissent, ibi vero 
 virtutem ostendere, et eos maxima vi cseclere, fundere atque 
 fugare. Interim Metellus, quum acerrime rem gereret, 
 clamorem bostilem a tergo accepit : dein, converso equo, 
 animadvertit fugam 3 ad se versum fieri ; quae res indicabat 
 populares esse. Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere 
 mittit, ac statim C. Marium cum cohortibus sociorum ; 
 eumque lacrymans per amicitiam perque rem publicam 
 obsecrat, c ne quam eontumeliam remanere in exercitu vic- 
 tore, neve liostes 4 inultos abire sinat.' Ille brevi mandata 
 eflicit. At Jugurtha munimento castrorum impeclitus, 
 quum alii super vallum praecipitarentur, alii in angustiis 
 ipsi sibi properantes officerent, multis amissis, in loca mu- 
 nita sese recepit. Metellus, 5 infecto negotio, postquam 
 nox aderat, in castra cum exercitu revertitur. 
 
 LIX. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum 
 egrederetur, equitatum omnem in ea parte, x qua regis ad- 
 ventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet ; portas et proxima 
 loca tribunis dispertit ; deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum, 
 atque, ut superiore die, murum aggreditur. Interim Ju- 
 gurtha ex occulto repente nostros invadit : qui 2 in proximo 
 locati fuerant, paulisper territi perturbantur ; reliqui cito 
 
98 C. CE.ISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 subveniunt. Neque diutius Nuraidse resistere quivissent, 
 3 ni peclites cum equitibus permixti magnani claclem in con- 
 gres'su facerent. 4 Quibus illi freti, non, ut equestri proelio 
 solet, sequi, dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, im- 
 plicare ac perturbare aciem : 5 ita expeditis peditibus suis 
 hostes pene victos dare. 
 
 LX. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. 
 Ubi quisque legatus aut tribunus curabat, 1 eo acerrime niti ; 
 neque alius in alio magi| quam in sese spem habere : pari- 
 terque oppidani agere : 2 oppugnare, aut parare omnibus 
 locis : avidius alteri alteros sauciare, quam semet tegere : 
 clamor permixtus bortatione, betitia, geinitu, item strepitus 
 armorum ad coelum ferri, tela utrimque volare. Sed illi, 
 qui nioenia defensabant, ubi 3 bostes paulum modo pugnam 
 remiserant, intenti proeliuni equestre prospectabant : eos, 
 uti quseque Jugurthas res erant, lastos modo. modo pavidos 
 animadverteres ; ac sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent, 
 monere alii, alii bortari, aut manu significare, aut niti cor- 
 poribus, et ea buc et illuc, quasi vitabundi aut jacientes 
 tela, agitare. 4 Quod ubi Mario cognitum est (nam is in 
 ea parte curabat), consulto lenius agere, ac diffidentiam rei 
 simulare ; pati Numidas sine tumultu regis proelium visere. 
 Ita, 5 illis studio suorum adstrictis, repente magna vi murum 
 aggreditur ; et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa cepe- 
 rant, quum oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia prae- 
 terea tela ingerunt. Nostri primo resistere ; deinde, ubi 
 e una3 atque alterse scalae comminutie, qui supersteterant. 
 afflicti sunt; ceteri quoquo modo potuere, pauci integri, 
 magna pars vulneribus confecti abeunt. Denique utrimque 
 proelium nox diremit. 
 
 LXI. Metcllus postquam videt frustra inceptum, neque 
 oppidum capi, J neque Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut suo 
 loco pugnam facere, et jam sestatem exactam esse, ab Zama 
 discedit, et in his urbibus, quae ad so defecerant, satisque 
 
JUGURTHA. 99 
 
 munitaa loco ant moenibus erant, pra3sidia imponit : ceterum 
 exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hie- 
 mandi gratia collocat. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more 
 quieti aut luxurise concedit ; sed, quoniam armis belluin 
 parum proceclebat, insidias regi per amicos tendere, et 
 eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. Igitur Bomilcarem, 
 qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat, 2 et hide, vadibus datis, 
 clam de Massivse nece judicium fugerat, quod ei per maxi- 
 mam amicitiam maxima copia fallendi erat, multis pollici- 
 tationibus aggreditur. Ac primo efficit, uti 3 ad se collo- 
 quendi gratia occultus veniat : clein fide data, ' si Jugurtham 
 vivum aut necatum sibi tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus 
 impunitatem et sua omnia concederet,' facile Numidte per- 
 suadet, quum ingenio inficlo, turn metuenti, ne, si pax cum 
 Romanis fieret, ipse per conclitioncs ad supplicium trade- 
 retur. 
 
 LXII. 1 Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham 
 anxium ac miserantem fortunas suas accedit ; monet atque 
 lacrymans obtestatur, ' uti aliquando sibi liberisque et genti 
 Numidarum optime merenti provideat : omnibus proeliis 
 sese victos, agrum vastatum, inultos mortales captos, occisos, 
 regni opes comminutas esse : satis saepe jam et virtutem 
 militum et fortunam tentatam : caveat, ne, illo cunctante, 
 Numida3 sibi consulant.' His atque talibus aliis ad dedi- 
 tionem regis animum impellit. Mittuntur 2 ad imperatorem 
 legati, qui ' Jugurtham imperata facturum' dicerent, c ac 
 sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tra- 
 dere.' Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex lii- 
 bernis arcessi jubet : eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos 
 ducebat, consilium habet. Ita 3 more majorum ex consilii 
 decreto per legatos 4 Jugurthae imperat argenti pondo clu- 
 centa millia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum ali- 
 quantum. Qua3 postquam siue mora facta sunt, jubet 
 5 ' omnes perfugas vinctos adduci.' Eorum magna pars, ut 
 
100 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 jussum erat, adducti ; pauci, quum primum deditio coepit, 
 ad regein Bocchum in Mauretaniani abierant. Igitur Ju- 
 gurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, 6 quum 
 ipse ad imperanduui Tisidium vocaretur, rursus coepit flec- 
 tere aniumm suum, et ex mala conscientia 7 digna timere. 
 Deniquc multis diebus per dubitationem cousumptis, quum 
 8 modo tasdio rerum adversarum omnia bello potiora duce- 
 ret, interdum secum ipse reputaret, 9 quam gravis casus in 
 servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque prsesidiis ne- 
 quidquam perditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Roinae 
 senatus de provinciis consultus 10 Numidiam Metello de- 
 creverat. 
 
 LXIII. Per idem tempus Uticse forte x C. Mario per 
 hostias dis supplicanti ' magna atque mirabilia portendi ' 
 liaruspex dixerat : l proinde, quae animo agitabat, fretus dis 
 ageret ; fortunam quam saepissime experiretur, cuncta pros- 
 pere eventura.' At ilium jam antea consulatus ingens 
 cuj)ido exagitabat, acl quern capiundum 2 praeter yetustatem 
 familiae alia omnia abunde erant, industria, probitas. militias 
 magna scientia, animus belli ingens, domi modicus, libidinis 
 et divitiarum victor, tantummodo gloriaa avidus. Sed is 
 natus et 3 omnem pueritiam Arpini altus, ubi primum £etas 
 militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis, non Gra^ca facun- 
 dia neque urbanis munditiis sese exercuit : ita inter artes 
 bonas integrum ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum 
 tribunatum militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus 
 ignorantibus, "facile notus per omnes tribus declaratur. 
 Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi peperit, 
 semperque & in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, uti ampliore 
 quam gerebat, dignus baberetur. Tamen is 6 ad id locorum 
 talis vir (nam postea ambitione piwceps datus est) consu- 
 latum appetere n<m audebat : etiam turn 7 alios magistratus 
 plcbes, consulatum nobilitas inter se per maims tradebat. 
 
JUGURTHA. 101 
 
 8 Novus nemo tarn clarus, neque tarn egregius factis erat, 
 quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur. 
 
 LXIV. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem in- 
 tendere videt, quo cupido animi hortabatur, ab Metello 
 
 1 petundi gratia missionem rogat. Cui quamquam virtus, 
 gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant, tamen inerat 
 
 2 eontemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis ma- 
 lum. Itaque primum, 3 commotus insolita re, mirari ejus 
 consilium, et quasi per amicitiam monere, ' ne tarn prava 
 inciperet, neu super fortunam animum gereret : non omnia 
 omnibus cupiunda esse ; debere illi res suas satis placere : 
 postremo caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure 
 negaretur.' Postquam haec atque alia talia dixit, neque 
 animus Marii flectitur, respondit, l ubi primum potuisset 
 4 per negotia publica, facturum sese, quae peteret.' Ac pos- 
 tea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ' ne festinaret 
 abire ; satis mature ilium 5 cum filio suo consulatum peti- 
 turum.' Is eo tempore 6 contubernio patris ibidem milita- 
 bat, annos natus circiter viginti : quae res Marium quum 
 pro honore, quern affectabat, turn contra Metellum vehe- 
 menter accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis con- 
 sultoribus, 7 grassari, neque facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, 
 quod modo ambitiosum foret : milites, quibus in hibernis 
 praeerat, laxiore imperio quam antea habere .: apud negoti- 
 ators, quorum magna multitudo Uticae erat, criminose, 
 simul et magnifice de bello loqui : ' climidia pars exercitus 
 si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis 
 habiturum : ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis 
 et regias superbias imperio nimis gaucleret.' Quae omnia 
 illis eo 8 firmiora videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli res 
 familiares corruperant, et animo cupienti nihil satis festi- 
 natur. 
 
 LXV. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida qui- 
 clam, nomine G-auda, Manastabalis filius, Masinissaa nepos, 
 
102 C. CRTSri SALLUSTII 
 
 quern Micipsa testamento 1 secundum heredem scripserat, 
 morbis confectus, et ob earn causam niente paulum imnii- 
 nuta. 2 Cui Metellus petenti, ' more regum uti sellam 
 juxta poneret,' item postea 'custodies causa turmam equi- 
 tum Roinanoruni,' utrumque negaverat ; honorem, quod 
 eorum modo foret, quos populus Rornanus reges appella- 
 visset ; presidium, quod contumeliosum in eos foret, si 
 equites Roniani satellites Numidge traderentur. Hunc 
 Marius 3 anxium aggreditur atque hortatur, uti contumeli- 
 arum imperatoris cum suo auxilio poenas petat : hominem 
 ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit : 
 1 ilium regem, ingentem viruni, Masinissae nepotem esse ; 
 si Jugurtha captus aut occisus foret, imperium Numidias 
 sine mora babiturum ; id adeo mature posse evenire, si ipse 
 consul ad id bellum missus foret.' 4 Itaque et ilium, et 
 equites Komanos, milites et negotiatores, alios ipse, pleros- 
 que spes pacis impellit, uti Honiara acl suos necessarios 
 aspere in Metellum de bello scribant, Marium imperatorem 
 poscant. Sic 5 ill! a multis mortalibus lionestissima suffra- 
 gatione consulatus petebatur : simul ea tempestate plebes, 
 nobilitate fusa per legem Mamiliam, novos extollebat, Ita 
 Mario cuncta procedere. 
 
 LXVT. Interim 1 Jugurtba, postquam, omissa deditione, 
 bellum incipit, cum magna cura parare omnia, festinare, 
 cogere exercitum ; civitates, qua3 ab se defecerant, forini- 
 dine aut ostentando praemia affectare ; communire suos 
 locos ^ arma, tela, alia, quas spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut 
 commercari ; servitia Romanorum allicere, et eos ipsos. qui 
 in praesidiis erant, pecunia tentare ; prorsus nihil intactum 
 neque quietum pati, cuncta agitare. Igitur Yagenses, a quo 
 Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacifieante > praesidium imposuerafc, 
 fatigati regis suppliciis, neque antea voluntatc alienati, 
 principes civitatis inter seconjurant: nam vulgus, uti ple- 
 rumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, 8 ingenio mobili, 
 
JUGURTHA. 103 
 
 seditiosnm atque discordiosuni erat, cupidum novarunr 
 rerum, quieti et otio adversum. Dein, compositis inter se 
 rebus, 4 in diem tertium constituunt, quod is festus celebra- 
 tusque per omnem Africam ludum et lasciviam niagis quam 
 formidinem ostentabat. Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones 
 tribunosque militares, et ipsuni praefectum oppidi T. Turpi- 
 lium Silanum, 5 alius alium donios suas invitant : eos omnes 
 praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant : postea milites 
 palantes, inermes, quippe in tali die ac sine imperio, aggre- 
 diuntur. Idem 6 plebes facit, 7 pars edocti ab nobilitate, 
 alii studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque 
 ignorantibus tumultus ipse et res novas satis placebant. 
 
 LXVII. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti igna- 
 rique, 1 quid potissimum facerent, trepiclare : ad arcem 
 oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, presidium bostium : portaa 
 ante clausas fugam proliibebant : ad hoc mulieres puerique 
 pro tectis cedificiorum saxa et alia, quae locus prasbebat, 
 certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri 2 anceps malum, neque 
 a fortissimis mnrmissimo generi resisti posse : juxta boni 
 malique, strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta 
 asperitate, 3 sasyissimis Numidis et oppiclo undique clauso, 
 Turpilius pra3fectus unus ex omnibus Italicis intactus 
 profugit. Id misericortliane liospitis, an pactione aut casu 
 ita evenerit, parum eomperimus ; nisi, quia ill! in tanto 
 malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intesta- 
 bilisque vicletur. 
 
 LX VIII. Metellus, postquam cle rebus Vagae actis com- 
 perit, paulisper mcestus e conspectu abit ; cleinde, ubi ira 
 et asgritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima cura ultum ire 
 injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam 
 plurimos potest 1 Numiclas equites pariter cum occasu solis 
 expeditos educit ; et postera die circiter lioram tertiam 
 pervenit in quandam planitiem, locis paulo superioribus 
 circumventam. Ibi milites, fessos itineris magnitudine, et 
 
104 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 jam 2 abnuentes omnia, clocet ' oppidum Vagam non am- 
 plius mille passuum abesse : decere illos reliquum laborem 
 aequo animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissi- 
 mis atque miserrimis, poenas caperent :' prseterea praaclam 
 benigne ostentat. Sic animis eoruni arrectis, equites 3 in 
 primo late, pedites quain artissime ire, et signa occultare 
 jubet. 
 
 LXIX. Vagenses ubi 1 animum advertere ad se versum 
 exercitum pergere, primo, uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, 
 portas clansere : deinde, ubi neque agros vastari, et eos, qui 
 primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum Jugurtham 
 arbitrati, cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites 
 peditesque, repente signo dato, 2 alii vulgum effusum oppido 
 csedere, alii ad portas festinare, pars turres capere : ira 
 atque prasdae spes amplius quam lassitudo posse. Ita Vagen- 
 ses biduum modo ex perfidia 3 lastati : civitas magna et 
 opulens cuncta poenaa aut prsedaa fuit. Turpilius, 4 quern 
 prsefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra osten- 
 dimus, jussus a Metello causam dicere, postquam sese parum 
 expurgat, condemnatus verberatusque capite poenas solvit : 
 nam is civis ex Latio erat. 
 
 LXX. Per idem tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu Ju- 
 gurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, suspectus 
 regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cupere, J ad perniciem 
 ejus dolum quaerere, die noctuque fatigare animum. De- 
 nique omnia tentanclo, socium sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, 
 liominem nobilem, magnis opibus, carum accei^tumque 
 popularibus suis, qui plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum 
 ductare et omnes res exsequi solitus erat, quas JugurtUae 
 fesso aut majoribus adstricto superaverant ; ex quo illi gloria 
 opesque inventas. Igitur utriusque consilio dies insidiis sta- 
 tuitur : ' cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore parari' 2)lacuit. 
 Nabdalsa ad exercitum profectus, quern inter liibcrna Ro- 
 manorum jussus habebat, ne ager, inultis liostibus, vasta- 
 
JUGURTHA. 105 
 
 retur. 2 Is postquam magnitudine facinoris perculsus ad 
 tempus non venit, metusque rein impediebat, Bomilcar 5 
 simul cupidus incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, ne, 
 omisso vetere consilio, novum qusereret, litteras ad eum per 
 homines fideles mittit, 3 in quis mollitiem socorcliamque 
 viri accusare, testari deos, per quos juravisset, monere, ' ne 
 praemia Metelli in pestem converteret ; JugurthaB exitium 
 adesse ; 4 ceterum suane an virtute Metelli periret, id modo 
 agitari : proinde reputaret cum animo suo, prsemia an cru- 
 ciatum mallet.' 
 
 LXXI. Sed quum hae litterae allataa, forte Nabclalsa 
 1 exercito corpore fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi, cognitis 
 Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde, uti asgrum animum 
 solet, somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidain, 2 negotiorum 
 curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum, nisi novis- 
 simi, particeps. 3 Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex 
 consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in ta- 
 bernaculum introiit : dormiente illo epistolam, super caput 
 in pulvino temere positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, 
 cognitis insidiis, ad regem pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo 
 experrectus, ubi neque epistolam reperit, et rem omnem, uti 
 acta erat, cognovit, primo 4 indicem persequi conatus, post- 
 quam id frustra fuit, Jugurtliam placandi gratia accedit ; 
 dicit ' quas ipse paravisset facere, perfidia clientis sui prae- 
 venta :' lacrymans obtestatur ' per amicitiam perque sua 
 antea fideliter acta, ne super tali scelere suspectum sese 
 haberet.' 
 
 LXXII. Ad ea rex, a aliter atque animo gerebat, pla- 
 code respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios 
 insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis, iram oppresserat, ne qua 
 ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque 2 post id locorum 
 Jugurthas dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit : neque loco neque 
 mortali cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives, liostes 
 juxta metuere, circumspectare omnia, et omni strepitu pa- 
 5 # 
 
106 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 vescere, 3 alio atque alio loco, saepe contra decus regium, 
 noctu requiescere, interdum somno excitus, arreptis armis, 
 tuDiultum facere ; ita formidine quasi vecordia exagitari. 
 
 LXXIII. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris * et 
 indicio patefacto ex perfugis cognovit, rursus, taniquam ad 
 integrum bellmn, cuncta parat festinatque. Marium, fati- 
 gantem de profectione, Q simul et invitum et offensum, 
 sibi parum idoneuni ratus, domum diniittit. Et Romas 
 plebes, 3 litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, 
 cognitis, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant. 4 Inipe- 
 ratori nobilitas, quae antea decori, invidiae esse : at illi 
 alteri generis numilitas favorem addiderat : ceterum in 
 utroque magis studia partium, quam bona aut mala sua 
 moderata. Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagi- 
 tare, 5 Metellum omnibus concionibus capitis arcessere, 
 Marii virtutem in majus celebrare. Denie^ue plebes sic 
 accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum 6 res fides- 
 que in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus, frequentarent 
 Marium, et sua necessaria post illius bonorem ducerent. 
 Ita, perculsa nobilitate, 7 post multas tempestates novo 
 bomini consulatus mandatur ; et postea populus, a tribuno 
 plebis Manilio Mancino rogatus, i quern vellet cum Ju- 
 gurtha bellum gerere,' frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus 
 paulo ante Metello 8 decreverat : ea res frustra fait. 
 
 LSflKIY. Eodem tempore Jugurtba, amissis amicis, 
 quorum plerosque ipse necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad 
 Komanos, alii 1 ad regem Bocchum profugerant, quum neque 
 bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum fidem in 
 tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret. a va- 
 rius incertusque agitabat. 3 Neque illi res, neque consilium 
 aut quisquam hominum satis placebat : itinera praefecto* 
 in dies mutare ; modo adversum hostes. interdum in soli- 
 tudines pergere ; saepe in fuga, ac post paulo in armis spem 
 habere ; dubitare, virtuti an fide popularium minus crede- 
 
JBGURTHA. 
 
 107 
 
 ret : ita, quoeumque intenderat, res adverse erant. Sed 
 inter eas moras repente sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit, 
 Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore parati instructive ; 
 dein proelium incipitur. 4 Qua in parte rex pugnae adfuit, 
 ibi aliquamdiu certatum ; ceteri omnes ejusmilites primo 
 congressu pulsi fugatique. Eomani signorum et armorum 
 5 aliquanto nuniero, hostium paucorum potiti : nam ferme 
 Numidas in omnibus prceliis magis pedes quam arma tuta 
 
 sunt. 
 
 LXXV. Ea fuga Jugurtha, a impensius modo rebus suis 
 diffidens, cum perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, 
 dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum et opulentum, 
 ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus multus pueritiae 
 cultus erat. Qua> postquam 2 Metello comperta sunt, quam- 
 quam inter Thalam fLumenque proximum, in spatio millium 
 quinquaginta. loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen 
 spe patrandi belli, si ejus oppidi potitus foret, omnes aspe- 
 ritates supervadere, ac naturam etiam vincere aggreditur. 
 Igitur omnia jumenta 3 sarcinis levari jubet, nisi frumento 
 dierum decern ; ceterum utres modo et alia aquae idonea 
 portari. Prseterea conquirit ex agris, quam plurimum 
 potest 4 clomiti pecoris, eoque imponit vasa cujusque 
 modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta ex tuguriis Numi- 
 darum. Ad hoc fmitiinis imperat, qui se post regis fu- 
 gam Metello dederant,' 5 quam plurimum quisqiy| aquae 
 portaret : diem locumque, ubi praesto forent, praedicii Ipse 
 ex flumine, 6 quam proximam oppido aquam esse supra 
 • diximus, jumenta onerat : eo modo instructs ad Thalam 
 proficiscitur. Delude ubi 7 ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis 
 praeceperat', et castra posita munitaque sunt, tanta repente 
 ccelo missa yis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo exercitui satis 
 superque foret. Praeterea commeatus spe amphor, quia 
 Numidae, sicuti plerique 8 in nova deditione, officia mtende-. 
 rant Ceterum milites 9 religione pluvia magis usi, eaque 
 
108 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 res multum animis eorum adclidit ; nam rati sese dis im- 
 mortalibus curse esse. Deinde postero die, contra opinionem 
 Jugurthse,- ad Thalam perveniunt. Oppidani, qui se loco- 
 rum asperitate munitos crediderant, magna atque insolita 
 re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum parare : idem nostri 
 facere. 
 
 LXXVI. Sed rex, 1 nihil jam mfeetum Metello credens, 
 quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, locos, tempora, denique natu- 
 ram ipsam, ceteris imperitantem, industria vicerat, cum 
 liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu profugit : 
 neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte 
 moratus, simulabat sese negotii gratia properare ; ceterum 
 proditionem timebat, quam vitare posse celeritate putabat : 
 nam talia consilia per otium et ex opportunitate capi. At 
 Metellus, ubi oppiclanos prcelio intentos, simul oppidum 2 et 
 operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque mcenia cir- 
 cumvenit. Deinde locis 3 ex copia maxime idoneis Tineas 
 agere, agger em jacere, et super aggerem impositis turribus, 
 opus et administros tutari. Contra hgec oppidani festinare, 
 parare : * prorsus ab utrisque nihil reliquum fieri. Denique 
 Eomani, multo ante labore proeliisque fatigati, post dies 
 quadraginta, quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo potiti ; 
 prasda omnis a perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum 
 5 arietibus feriri resque suas 6 afiiictas vident, aurum atque 
 argentum et alia, qua? prima ducuntur, clomum regiain com- 
 portant : ibi vino et epulis onerati, illaque et domum et 
 semet igni corrumpunt ; et quas victi ab hostibus pcenas 
 metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere. 
 
 LXXVII. Sed pariter ' cum capta Thala legati ex op- 
 pido Lepti ad Metellum venerant, orantes, ' uti presidium 
 pratfectumque eo mitteret : Hamilcarem quondam, homi- 
 nem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum 
 quern neque imperia magistratuum neque leges yalerent : 
 ni id festinaret in summo periculo 2 suam salutem, illorum 
 
JUGT7RTHA. 1 09 
 
 socios fore.' Nam Leptitani jam inde a principio "belli 
 Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Komam mise- 
 rant, amicitiam societatemque rogatum : deinde, ubi ea 
 impetrata, semper boni fidelesque raansere, et cuncta a 
 Bestia, Albino Metelloque imperata nave fecerant. Itaque 
 ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, adepti ; emissae eo co~ 
 hortes Ligurum quatuor, et C. Annius praefectus. 
 
 LXXVIII. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, * quos 
 accepimus profugos ob discordias civiles, navibus in eos 
 locos venisse : ceterum situm inter duas Syrtes, " quibus 
 nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in extre- 
 ma Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura : 3 quorum 
 proxima terras prasalta sunt ; cetera, uti fors tulit, alta, 
 alia in tempestate, vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse, 
 et saevire ventis coepit, limum arenamque et saxa ingentia 
 fluctus trahunt : ita facies locorum cum ventis simul mu- 
 tatur. Syrtes ab tractu nominate. Ejus civi-tatis 4 lingua 
 modo conversa connubio Numidarum : legum cultusque 
 pleraque Sidonica, quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul 
 ab imperio regis aetatem agebant. Inter illos et frequen- 
 tem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant. 
 
 LXXIX. l Sed quoniam in lias regiones per Leptitano- 
 ruiu negotia venimus, non inclignum videtur egregium 
 atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium memo- 
 rare : earn rem nos locus admonuit. Qua tempestate Car- 
 thaginienses plerosque 2 Africaa imperitabant, Cyrenenses 
 quoque magni atque opulenti fuere. Ager in medio areno- 
 sus, 3 una specie : neque flumen, neque mons erat, qui fines 
 eorum discerneret ; quse res eos in magno diuturnoque bello 
 inter se babuit. Postquam utrimque legiones, item classes 
 saepe fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attrive- 
 rant, veriti, ne mox victos" victoresque defessos alius aggre- 
 deretur, 4 per inducias sponsionem faciunt, i uti certo die 
 legati domo proficiscerentur : quo in loco inter se obvii 
 
110 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis haberetur.' 
 Igitur Cartbagine duo fratres niissi, 5 quibus nomen Philae- 
 nis erat, maturavere iter pergere : Cyrenenses tardius iere. 
 Id socordiane an casu accident, parum cognovi : ceterum 
 6 solet in illis locis tempestas baud secus atque in mari- 
 retinere. Nam ubi per loca sequalia et 7 nuda gignentium 
 ventus coortus arenam bumo excitavit, ea magna vi agitata 
 ora oculosque implere solet : ita, prospectu impedito, morari 
 iter. Postquain Cyrenenses 8 aliquanto posteriores se vi- 
 dent, et ob rem corruptam domi poenas nietuunt, criminari 
 Cartbaginienses ante tempus domo digressos, conturbare 
 rem, denique omnia malle, quam victi abire. Sed quum 
 Poeni aliam conditionem, tantummodo sequam, peterent, 
 9 Grasci optionem Cartbaginiensium faciunt, ' ut vel illi, 
 quos fines populo suo peterent, ibi vivi obruerentur, vel 
 eadem conditione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros.' 
 Pbilgeni, 10 conditione probata, seque vitamque suam rei 
 publicee condonavere : ita vivi obruti. Cartbaginienses in 
 eo loco Pbilgenis fratribus X1 aras consecravere : aliique illis 
 domi bonores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo. 
 
 LXXX. Jugurtba postquam, amissa Tbala, nibil satis 
 firmum contra Metellum putat, per magnas solitudines cum 
 paucis profectus, pervenit 1 ad Gfetulos, genus bominum 
 ferum incultumque, et eo tempore ignarum nominis Eo- 
 mani. Eorum multitudinem 2 iii unum cogit, ac paulatim 
 consuefacit ordines babere, signa sequi, imperium observare, 
 item alia militaria facere. Pr«3terea regis Boccbi 3 proxi- 
 mos magnis muneribus et majoribus promissis ad studium 
 sui perducit ; quis adjutoribus regem aggrcssus impellit, 
 uti adversum Romanos bellum incipiat. Id ea gratia 
 4 facilius proniusque fuit, quod Bocclms initio bujusce belli 
 legatos Romam miserat, foedus et amicitiam petitum: quam 
 rem opportuuissiinam inccpto bello pauci impediverant, eseci 
 avaritia, quis omnia, boncsta atque inbonesta, vendere mos 
 
JUGURTHA. Ill 
 
 erat. Etiam antea 5 Jugurthae filia Bocchi nupserat. Ye- 
 rum G ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis duci- 
 tnr, quia singuli, pro opibus quisque, quam plurimas uxores, 
 denas alii, alii plures habent, sed reges eo amplius. Ita 
 7 animus multitudine distrahitur : nulla pro socia obtinet ; 
 pariter omnes viles sunt. 
 
 LXXXI. Igitur in locum l ambobus placitum exercitus 
 convenient. Ibi, fide data et accepta, Jugurtha Bocclii 
 animum oratione accendit : ' Romanos injustos. profunda 
 avaritia, communes omnium liostes esse : eandem 2 illos 
 causam belli cum Boccho habere, quam secum et cum aliis 
 gentibus, libiclinem imperitandi, quis omnia regna adversa 
 sint : 3 turn sese, paulo ante Carthaginienses, item Persen 
 regem, post, uti quisque opulentissimus vicleatur, ita Ro- 
 manis hostem fore.' His atque aliis talibus clictis, ad 
 Cirtam oppidum 4 iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus prse- 
 dam captivosque et impedimenta locaverat : ita Jugurtha 
 ratus, aut, 5 capta urbe, operas pretium fore; aut, si Ro- 
 manus auxilio suis venisset, pro3lio sese certaturos. Nam 
 6 callidus id modo festinabat, Bocclii pacem imminuere, ne 
 moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet. 
 
 LXXXII. Imperator postquam de regum societate 
 cognovit, non temere, neque, uti, ssepe jam 1 victo Jugur- 
 tha, consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam facit : 
 ceterum baud procul ab Cirta, castris munitis, reges opper- 
 itur ; melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus 
 hostis accesserat, ex commodo pugnam facere. Interim 
 Roma per litteras certior fit provinciam Numidiam Mario 
 datam ; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. Quis rebus 
 2 supra bonum atque honestum perculsus, ne<|ue lacrymas 
 tenere, neque moclerari linguam : vir egregius in aliis 
 artibus nimis molliter aagritudinem pati. Quam rem alii 
 in superbiam 3 vertebant, alii bonum ingenium contu- 
 melia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria ex 
 
112 C. CRISPI SALLUSTI1 
 
 manibus eriperetur. Nobis satis cognituni est, ilium niagis 
 honore Marii quam 4 injuria sua excruciatum, neque tarn 
 anxie laturum fuisse, si adeinpta provincia alii quam Mario 
 traderetur. 
 
 LXXXIII. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia a stulti- 
 tiee videbatur alienam rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad 
 Bocchum mittit, postulatum, ' ne sine causa hostis populo 
 Boraano fieret : habere turn magnam copiam societatis 
 amieitiaeque conjungendae, quas potior bello esset : quam- 
 quam opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta pro 
 certis mutare : omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerriine 
 desinere : non in ejusdem potestate initium ejus et finem 
 esse ; 2 incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, licere ; deponi, quum 
 victores velint. Proinde sibi regnoque suo consuleret, neu 
 florentes res suas cum Jugurthas perditis misceret.' Ad ea 
 rex satis placide verba facit : ' sese pacem cupere, sed 
 Jugurthas fortunarum misereri ; 3 si eadem illi copia fieret, 
 omnia conventura.' Bursus imperator 4 contra postulata 
 Bocchi nuntios mittit : ille probare partim, alia abnuere. 
 Eo modo saspe ab utroque missis remissisque nuntiis 
 5 tempus proceclere, et ex Metelli yoluntate bellum intac- 
 tum trahi. 
 
 LXXXIV. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima 
 plebe consul factus, postquam ei provinciam Xumicliam 
 populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobilitati, 1 turn vero 
 multus atque ferox instare : singulos modo, modo universos 
 laadere ; dictitare ' sese consulatum ex victis illis spolia 
 cepisse;' alia pi-a:terea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. 
 Interim, quaa bello 2 opus erant, prima habere : postulare 
 legionibus supplementum, auxilia 3 a populis et regibus 
 sociisque arccssere : praeterea ex Latio fortissimum quem"- 
 que, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos, accire, et 
 ambiunclo cogere homines cmeritis stipendiis secum profi- 
 cisci. Neque illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de 
 
JUGURTHA. 113 
 
 ullo negotio abnuere audebat : ceterum supplementuin 
 4 etiam laetus decreverat ; 5 quia neque plebi militia volenti 
 putabatur, et Marius aut belli usum aut studia vulgi amis- 
 sums. Sed ea res frustra sperata : tahta libido cum Mario 
 eundi plerosque invaserat. 6 Sese quisque prasda locuple- 
 tern fore, victorem domum rediturum, alia hujuscemodi 
 animis trahebant, et eos non paulum oratione sua Marius 
 arrexerat. Nam postquam, 7 omnibus quae postulaverat 
 decretis, milites scribe're vult, hortandi causa, simul et no- 
 bilitatem, uti consueverat, exagitancli, concionem populi 
 advocavit ; deinde hoc modo disseruit. 
 
 LXXXV. " Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisclem 
 artibus imperium a vobis petere, * et, postquam adepti 
 sunt, gerere : primo industrios, supplices, modicos esse ; 
 dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatein agere. Sed 2 miM 
 contra ea videtur : nam quo pluris est, universa res pub- 
 lica quam consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam 
 administrari, quam hsec peti, debere. * 3 Neque me fallit, 
 quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio negotii sustineam. 
 Bellum parare simul, et aerario parcere ; cogere ad mili- 
 tiam eos, quos 4 nolis offendere ; domi forisque omnia 
 curare ; et ea agere inter inviclos, occursantes, factiosos, 
 opinione, Quirites, asperius est. Ad hoc alii' si deliquere, 
 vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, cognatorum et affi- 
 nium opes, inultae clientelae, omnia hasc 5 praesidio aclsunt : 
 mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est et 
 virtute et innocentia tutari ; nam alia infirma sunt. Et 
 illucl intellego, Quirites, omnium ora in me conversa esse : 
 sequos bonosque fayere, quippe mea bene facta 6 rei publi- 
 cae procedunt ; nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere. Quo 
 mihi acrius adnitendum est, ut neque 7 vos capiamini, et illi 
 frustra sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes 
 labores, pericula consueta habeam. ; Quae 8 ante vestra 
 beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti, accepta mercede, deseranij 
 
114 C. ORIS PI SALLUSTII 
 
 non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est in potesta- 
 tibus 9 temperare, qui per ainbitioneni sese probos simula- 
 vere : mihi, qui omnem astatein in qptimis artibus egi. bene 
 facere jam ex consuetudine in naturam vertit. Belluni 
 me gerere cum Jugurtha jussistis ; quam rem nobilitas 
 aegerriine tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum animis vestris, 10 num 
 id mutari melius sit, si quern ex illo globo nobilitatis ad 
 hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, bominem veteris pro- 
 sapiae ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet 
 ut in tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat ali- 
 quem ex populo monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque eve- 
 nit, ut, quern vos imperatorem jussistis, is sibi imperatorem 
 alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, postquam 
 consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Greecorum militaria 
 praacepta legere cceperint ; 1X praeposteri homines ; nam 
 gerere quam fieri tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est. 
 Comparate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia me honii- 
 nem novum. 12 Qtige illi auclire et legere solent, eorum 
 partem vidi, alia egomet gessi : quae illi litteris, ea ego mili- 
 tando diclici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris 
 sint. Contemnunt novitatem meani ; ego illorum igna- 
 viam : mihi for tuna, illis probra objectantur. Quamquam 
 ego naturam imam et communem omnium existimo, sed 
 13 fortissimum quemque generosissimum. Ac 14 si jam ex 
 patribus Albini aut Bestiaa quasri posset, ' mene an illos 
 ex se gigni maluerint,' quid responsuros creclitis, nisi, ( sese 
 liberos quam optimos voluisse V Quod si jure me despici- 
 unt, faciant idem majoribus suis, quibus, uti mihi, ex vir- 
 tute nobilitas ccepit. Invident honori meo ; ergo invidcant 
 labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per lnvc 
 ilium cepi. Yerum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem 
 agunt, quasi vestros honores contemnant : ita hos petunt, 
 quasi honeste vixcrint. Nae illi 1B falsi sunt, qui diversissi- 
 mas res pariter exspectant, ignaviae voluptatem et praemia 
 
JUGUETHA. 115 
 
 virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu ver"ba 
 faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt ; eorum 
 fortia facta memorando clariores sese putant. 1C Quod 
 contra est : nam quanto vita illorum prseclarior, tanto ho- 
 rum socordia nagitiosior. Et profecto ita se res habet : 
 majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est ; neque bona 
 neque mala eorum in occulto patitur. 17 Hujusce rei ego 
 inopiam patior, Quirites ; verum, id quod multo prseclarius 
 est, meamet facta niilii dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam 
 iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi arrogant, id milii 
 ex mea non concedunt ; scilicet, quia imagines non habeo, 
 et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius 
 est, quam acceptam corrupisse. Equiclem ego non ignoro, 
 si jam milii respondere velint, abuncle illis facundam et 
 compositam orationem fore. 18 Sed in maximo vestro bene- 
 licio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, 
 non placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam 
 duceret. Nam me quiclem, 19 ex animi mei sententia, nulla 
 oratio heclere potest : quippe vera necesse est bene prseclicet, 
 falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed quoniam vestra 
 consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum 
 negotium hnposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num. 
 eorum poenitenduin sit. Non possum, 20 fidei causa imagines," 
 neque triumplios aut consulatus majorum meorum osten- 
 tare ; at, si res postulet, liastas, vexillum, plialeras, alia 
 militaria dona ; ' prasterea cicatrices adverso corpore. Has 
 sunt mea3 imagines, haec nobilitas, non hasreditate relicta, ut 
 ilia illis, sed qua3 egomet plurimis laborious et periculis 
 quajsivi. 21 Non sunt composita mea verba ; parum id 
 facio ; ipsa se virtus satis ostendit : illis artificio opus est, 
 ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras Graecas 
 didici : parum placebat eas discere, 22 quippe quas ad virtu- 
 tem cloctoribus nihil profuerunt. 23 At ilia multo optima 
 rei publican doctus sum, hosteni ferire, prassidia agitare, nihil 
 
116 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 metuerenisi turpem faniam,hiemeni et asstatem juxta pati,hu- 
 mi requiescere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem. tolerare. 
 His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, neque illos arte colam, 
 me opulenter ; neque gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam. 
 Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Nanique, quum tute 
 per mollitiem agas, 24 exercitum supplicio cogere, id est 
 dominum, non imperatorem esse. Ha3C atque talia in aj ores 
 vestri faciendo seque remque publicam celebravere. 25 Quis 
 nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, nos illorum aemulos 
 contemnit ; et omnes honores, non ex merito, sed quasi 
 debitos, a vobis repetit. Geterum homines superbissimi 
 procul errant. Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis 
 reliquere, divitias, imagines, memoriam sui praeclaram : 
 virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant : ea sola neque datur 
 dono, neque accipitur. 26 ' Sorclidum me et incultis mori- 
 bus' aiunt, quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque bis- 
 trionem ullum, neque pluris pretii coquum quam villicum 
 babeo. Qua3 mihi libet confiteri, Quirites, nam ex parente 
 meo, et ex aliis Sanctis viris ita accepi, munditias mulieri- 
 bus, viris laborem convenire ; omnibusque bonis oportere 
 plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse ; arma, non supellectilem 
 decori esse. 27 Quin ergo, quod juvat, quod carum assti- 
 mant, id semper faciant ; ament, j>otent ; ubi adolescentiam 
 babuere, ibi senectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et 
 turpissimae parti corporis : sudorem, pulverem, et alia talia 
 relinquant nobis, quibus ilia epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum 
 non est ita : nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi 
 viri, bonorum prasmia 28 ereptum eunt. Ita injustissime 
 luxuria et ignavia, pessimaa artes, illis, qui coluere eas, 
 nihil officiunt, rei publicas innoxia3 cladi sunt. Nunc, 
 quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia 
 poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Prim um 
 omnium de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites. 
 29 Nam qua3 ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata sunt, om- 
 
JUGURTHA. 117 
 
 nia removistis, avaritiam, imperitiam, atque superbiam. 
 so Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens ; sed mehercule 
 magis strenuus quani felix ; nam magna pars ejus avaritia 
 aut temeritate ducum attrita est. Quamobrem vos, quibus 
 31 militaris setas est, adnitimini mecum, et capessite rem 
 publicam : neque quemquam ex calamitate aliorum aut 
 imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, 
 in proelio, 32 consultor idem et socius periculi, vobiscum 
 adero ; nieque vosque in gnmibus rebus juxta geram. Et 
 profecto, diis juvantibus, omnia matura sunt, victoria, prse- 
 da, laus : quee si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes 
 bonos rei publicae subvenire 33 decebat. Etenim nemo 
 ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, 
 uti seterni forent, optavit ; magis, uti boni honestique vitam 
 exigerent. Plura dieerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem 
 verba adderent ; nam strenuis abunde dictum puto." 
 
 LXXXVI. 1 Hujuscemodi oratione habita, Marius, post- 
 quam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu, sti- 
 pendio, armis, aliisque utilibus naves onerat : cum bis A. 
 Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites 
 scribere, non more majorum, 2 neque ex classibus, sed uti 
 cuj usque libido erat, capite censos plerosque. Id factum 
 alii 3 inopia bonorum, alii per ambitionem consulis memora- 
 bant, quod ab eo genere celebratus auctusque erat, et homini 
 potentiam quoerenti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus, 
 cui neque sua curse, quippe quaa nulla sunt, et omnia cum 
 pretio bonesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum 4 aliquanto 
 majore numero. quain decretum erat, in Africam profectus, 
 paucis diebus 5 Uticam advebitur. Exercitus ei traditur a 
 P. Rutilio legato : nam Metellus conspectum Marii-fugerat, 
 ne videret ea, quas audita animus tolerare nequiverat. 
 
 LXXXYII. Sed consul, expletis legionibus cohorti- 
 busque auxiliariis, in agrum fertilem et l preeda omrstum 
 proficiscitur ; omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein castella 
 
118 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 et oppida natura et viris parum nmnita aggreditur ; proelia 
 multa, ceterum levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi 
 rnilites sine metu 2 pugnae adesse, videre fugientes capi aut 
 occidi, fortissinium quemque tutissirnum, arrnis libertatem, 
 patriam parentesque et alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias 
 quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi veteresque coaluere, et virtus 
 omnium sequalis facta. 3 At reges. ubi de adventu Marii cog- 
 noverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita Jugurthae pla- 
 cuerat, speranti mox effusos hoste^ invadi posse, 4 Romanos, 
 sicuti plerosque, remoto metu, laxius licentiusque futuros. 
 
 LXXXVIII. Metellus interea Romarn profectus, 1 con- 
 tra spem suam laetissirnis animis excipitur, plebi patri- 
 busque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. Sed 
 
 2 Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et nostrum res pari- 
 ter attenclere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra 
 esset, explorare itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum 
 antevenire, nihil apud se remissum neque apud illos tutum 
 pati. Itaque et Grastulos et Jugurtham, ex sociis nostris 
 
 3 praedas agentes, saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, ip- 
 sumque regem baud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat. 
 
 4 Quae postquam gloriosa modo, neque belli patrandi cogno- 
 vit, statuit urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adver- 
 sum se opportunissimao erant, singulas circumvenire : ita 
 Jugurtham aut prsesidiis nudatum, si ea pateretur, aut 
 proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus nuntios ad eum saepe 
 miserat, ' velle populi Roniani amicitiam ; 5 ne quid ab se 
 hostile timeret.' Id simulaveritne, 6 quo improvisus gravior 
 accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare 
 solitus, parum exploratum est. 
 
 LXXXIX. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque 
 munita adire ; 2 partim vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando, 
 avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo a mediocria gerebat, existi- 
 mans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in maims venturum. 
 Sed ubi ilium procul al lis intentum ac- 
 
JUGURTHA. 119 
 
 cepit, majora et magis aspera 3 aggredi tempus visum est. 
 Erat inter ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque 
 valens, nomine 4 Capsa, cujus conditor Hercules Libys me- 
 morabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham 5 immunes, levi 
 imperio, et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur ; muniti adversum 
 hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam 
 multo magis locorum asperitate. 6 Nam, praster oppido 
 propinqua, alia omnia vasta, inculta, egentia aquae, infesta 
 serpeniibus, quorum vis, sicuti omnium ferarum, inopia cibi 
 acrior ; ad hoc natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti ma- 
 gis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium maxi- 
 ma cupido invascrat, 7 quum propter usum belli, turn quia 
 res aspera videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna 
 gloria ceperat, liaud dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi 
 quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus aliquot fontes 
 erant, Capsenses una modo, atque ea intra oppidum, jugi 
 aqua, cetera pluvia utebantur. 8 Id ibique et in omni Af- 
 rica, quae procul a mari incultius agebat, eo facilius tolera- 
 batur, quia Numidse plerumque lacte et ferina came vesce- 
 bantur, et neque salem neque alia irritamenta guise quaere- 
 bant : cibus illis adversum famem atque sitim, non libidini 
 neque luxuriae erat. 
 
 XC. Igitur * consul, omnibus exploratis, credo, dis fre- 
 tus (nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis proviclere 
 non poterat ; quippe etiam frumenti inopia tentabatur, 
 quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo student, et 
 2 quodeunque natum fuerat, jussu regis in loca munita con- 
 tulerant ; ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempes- 
 tate, nam asstatis extremum erat) ; tamen 3 pro rei copia 
 satis providenter exornat : pecus omne, quod superioribus 
 diebus praedae fuerat, equitibus auxiliariis 4 agendum attri- 
 buit : A. Manlium legatum cum cohortibus expeclitis ad 
 oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum locaverat, 
 ire jubet, dicitqne ' se praedabundum post paucos dies eodem 
 
120 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 venturuni.' Sic incepto suo occultato, pergit ad flunien 
 Tanam. 
 
 XCI. Ceterum in itinere quotidie pecus exercitui per 
 centurias. item 1 turnias sequaliter distribuerat, et, 2 ex coriis 
 utres uti fierent, curabat : simul et inapiam frumenti 
 lenire, et, ignaris omnibus, parare, quae mox usui forent. 
 Denique sexto die, quuni ad flunien ventum est, maxima 
 vis utrium effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, mili- 
 tes 3 cibum cap ere, atque, uti simul cum occasu solis egre- 
 derentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus sarcinis abjectis, aqua 
 modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam tempus 
 visum, castris egreditur, 4 noctemque totam itinere facto, 
 eonsedit : idem proxima facit : dein tertia multo ante lucis 
 adventum pervenit in locum tumulosum, ab Capsa non 
 amplius duum millium intervallo, ibique, quam oecultissime 
 potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies coepit, 
 et Nuniidas, nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, 
 repente omnem equitatum, et cum his velocissimos pedites 
 cursu tendere ad Capsam, et portas obsidere jubet : deinde 
 
 5 ipse intentus propere sequi, neque milites praedari sinere. 
 
 6 Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res trepidaa, metus 
 ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra nioenia 
 in hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. 
 Ceterum oppidum incensum, Nuniidao puberes inter fecti, 
 alii omnes venum dati, prjeda militibus divisa. 7 Id facinus 
 contra jus belli non avaritia neque scelere consulis admis- 
 sum : sed quia locus Jugurthse opportunus, nobis aditu 
 difficilis ; genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque bene- 
 ficio neque metu coercitum. 
 
 XCII. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum 
 incommodo patravit, magnus et clarus antea, major et 
 clarior haberi coepit. 1 Omnia, non bene consulta in virtu- 
 tem trahebantur ; milites, modesto imperio habit i. simul et 
 locupletcs, acl coelum ferre ; Numidse magis quam mortalem 
 
JUGURTHA. 121 
 
 timere ; postremo onmes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut 
 mentem divinam esse, ant dec-rum nutu cuncta portendi. 
 Sed consul, ubi 2 ea res bene evenit, ad alia oppida pergit : 
 pauca, repugnantibus Numidis, capit ; plura, deserta prop- 
 ter Capsensium miserias, igni corrumpit : luctu atque csede 
 omnia complex) tur. Denique multis locis potitus, ac pie- 
 risque 3 exercitu incruento, aliam rem aggreditur, non 
 eadem asperitate, qua Capsensium, ceterum haud secus 
 difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod 
 Jugurtha3 Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat * inter cete- 
 ram planitiem mons saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, 
 in immensum editus, uno perangusto aditu relicto ; nam 
 omnia natura, velut opere atque consulto, praeceps. Quern 
 locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant, summa vi ca- 
 pere intendit. Sed ea res 5 forte, quam consilio, melius gesta. 
 6 Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis 
 frumenti et fons aquae ; aggeribus turribusque et aliis ma- 
 chinationibus locus importunus ; iter castellanorum angus- 
 tum admodum, utrimque prsecisum. Vineae cum ingenti 
 periculo frustra agebantur ; nam quum ese paulo processe- 
 rant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur : 7 milites neque 
 pro opere consistere, propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter 
 vineas sine periculo administrare : optimus quisque cadere 
 aut sauciari, ceteris metus augeri. 
 
 XCIII. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus con- 
 sumptis, 1 anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne in- 
 ceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam opperiretur, qua 
 ssepe prospere usus fuerat. Quse quum multos dies noctes- 
 que " aestuans agitaret, forte quidam Ligus, ex cohortibus 
 auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris 3 aquatum egressus, haud 
 procul ab latere castelli, quod aversum prceliantibus erat, 
 animum advertit inter saxa repentes cochleas : quarum 
 quum unam. atque alteram, dein plures peteret, studio 
 legencli paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus est, 
 6 
 
122 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 Ubi postquam 4 solitudinern intellexit, more huniani ingenii 
 cupido difficilia faciundi amnmni vertit. Et forte in eo 
 loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa, paululum 5 modo 
 prona, dein flexa atque ancta in altitudineni, quo cuncta 
 gignentiuni natura fert : cujus ramis modo, modo eminen- 
 tibus saxis nisus Ligus, castelli planitiem perscribit, quod 
 cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant. Exploratis 
 omnibus, quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, 
 6 non temere, uti escenderat, sed tentans omnia et circum- 
 spiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta edocet ; 7 horta- 
 tur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, cas'tellum tentet ; pol- 
 licetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum 
 Ligure, 8 proniissa ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit ; 
 quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat, ita rem difficilem aut 
 facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tanien 9 paulum ar- 
 rectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero 
 quinque quam velocissimos delegit, et cum his, 10 praesidio 
 qui forent, quatuor centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere 
 jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem constituit. 
 
 XGIY. Sed ubi ex praecepto fcempus visum, paratis 
 compositisque omnibus ad locum ^pergit. Ceterum illi, 
 qui ascensuri erant, praeclocti ab duce, arma ornatumque 
 mutaverant, capite atque peclibus nudis, 2 uti prospectus 
 nisusque per saxa facilius foret : super terga gladii et scuta, 
 verum ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul, et 
 offensa quo levius streperent. Igitur praagrediens Ligus 
 3 saxa, et si quae vetustate radices eminebant, laqueis yincie- 
 bat, quibus allevati milites facilius escenderent : interdum 
 timidos insolentia itineris levare manu : ubi paulo asperior 
 ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, deinde ipse 
 cum illorum armis sequi : quae dubia nisu videbantur, potis- 
 simus tentare, ac srepius eadem ascciuU'iis descendensque, 
 dein statim digrediens, ceteris aiidaciam addere. Igitur, 
 diu multumquc fatigati, tandem in castellum perveniunt, 
 
JUGURTHA. 123 
 
 4 desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes, sicuti aliis diebus, 
 adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae 
 Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die 5 intentos proelio 
 Numidas habuerat, turn vero cohortatus milites, et ipse 
 extra vineas egressus, 6 testudine acta succedere, et simul 
 hostem tormentis sagittariisque et funditoribus eminus ter- 
 rere. At Numidse. ssepe antea vineis Romanorum sub- 
 versis, item iucensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur ; 
 sed pro muro dies noctesque 7 agitare, rnaledicere Romanis, 
 ac Mario vecordiam objectare, militibus nostris Jugurthae 
 servitium niinari, secunclis rebus feroces esse. Interim 
 omnibus, Romanis liostibusque, proelio intentis, magna 
 utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute 
 certantibus, repente a tergo 8 signa canere : ac primo mu- 
 lieres et pueri, qui visum processerant, fugere ; deinde, uti 
 quisque muro proximus erat, postremo cuncti, armati iner- 
 mesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Roniani instare, fun- 
 dere, ac plerosque tantummodo sauciare ; dein super occi- 
 sorum corpora vadere, avidi glorias certantes murum petere, 
 neque quemquam omnium prasda morari. 9 Sic forte cor- 
 recta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa invenit. 
 
 XCV. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quasstor 
 cum magno equitatu in castra venit : 1 quos uti ex Latio 
 et a sociis cogeret, Romas relictus erat. Sed quoniam nos 
 tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum est, de natura cultu- 
 que ejus paucis dicere t neque enim alio loco de Sullaa rebus 
 dicturi sumus, et 2 L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime om- 
 nium, qui eas res dixere, persecutus, parum milii libero ore 
 locutus videtur. Igitur Sulla gentis patricise nobilis fuit, 
 familia prope jam exstincta 3 majorum ignavia : litteris 
 Grascis ac Latinis juxta, atque doctissime, eruditus ; animo 
 ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed glorias cupidior, otio luxu- 
 rioso esse ; tamen ab negotiis nunquam voluntas remorata, 
 4 nisi quod de uxore potuit honestius consuli : facundus. 
 
124 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 callidus, et amicitia facilis : ad simulanda negotia altitudo 
 ingenii incredibilis : nmltarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae 
 largitor. Atque illi felicissimo omnium ante civilem victo- 
 riam, nunquam 6 super industriam fortuna fuit ; multique 
 dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset ; nam, postea quae fece- 
 rit, incertum habeo, pudeat niagis, an pigeat disscrere. 
 
 XCVI. Igitur Sulla, ut supra dictum est, postquam in 
 Africam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis 
 antea et ignarus belli, solertissimus omnium 1 in paucis 
 tempestatibus factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne appel- 
 lare ; multis rogantibus, aliis 2 per se ipse dare beneficia, 
 invitus accipere, sed ea properantius, quam aes mutuum, 
 reddere, ipse ab nullo repetere, 3 magis id laborare, ut illi 
 quam plurimi deberent ; joca atque seria cum humillimis 
 agere ; in operibus, in agmine atque ad vigilias multus 
 adesse, neque interim, 4 quod prava ambitio solet, consulis 
 aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque con- 
 silio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. 
 Quis rebus et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus 
 factus. 
 
 XCYII. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam ali- 
 osque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam pecu- 
 niam amiserat, ad Boccbum nuntios mittit, 1 ' quam primum 
 in Numidiam copias adduceret ; proelii faciundi tempus 
 adesse.' 2 Quem ubi cunctari accepit, et dubium belli atque 
 pacis rationes trahere, rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis 
 corrumpit, ipsique Mauro pollicetur Numidias partem ter- 
 tiam, si aut Eomani Africa expulsi, aut, mtegris suis finibus, 
 bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus Bocchus cum 
 magna multitudine Jugurtbam accedit. Ita amborum ex- 
 ercitu conjuncto, Marium jam in biberna proficiscentem, 
 vix decima parte 3 die reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae 
 jam aderat, et victis sibi munimento fore, et, si vicissent, 
 nullo imped imento, quia locorum scientes erant ; contra 
 
JTJGURTHA. 125 
 
 Romanis utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem fore. 
 Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostiuni adventu cognovit, 
 et ipsi hostes aderant ; et, priusquam 4 exercitus aut instrui, 
 aut sarcinas colligere, denique antequam signum aut impe- 
 riuni ullum accipere quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, 
 non acie neque ullo more prcelii, sed catervatim,uti quosque 
 fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt. Qui omnes tre- 
 pidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutes memores, aut arma 
 capiebant, aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant :'pars 
 equos 6 ascendere, obviam ire hostibus ; pugna latrocinio 
 magis quam proslio similis fieri ; sine signis, sine ordinibus, 
 equites peditesque permixti cosdere alios, alios obtruncare ; 
 multos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes, ab tergo cir- 
 cumvenire : neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, quod 
 hostes numero plures et unclique circumfusi erant. Denique 
 6 Romani veteres, novique, et ob ea scientes belli, si quos 
 locus aut casus conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab om- 
 nibus partibus simul tecti et instructi hostium vim susten- 
 tabant. 
 
 XCVIII. Neque in eo 1 tarn aspero negotio Marius 
 territus, aut magis quam antea demisso animo fuit ; sed cum 
 turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam familiarissimis 
 paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis succur- 
 rere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere ; 
 nianu consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis 
 omnibus, non poterat. Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum 
 tamen barbari 2 nihil remittere, atque, uti reges praeceperant, 
 noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Turn Marius 3 ex copia 
 rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus esset^ 
 colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, 
 castris parum amplo, fons aquge magnus erat, alter usui op- 
 portunus, quia magna parte editus et prseceps pauca muni- 
 menta quaerebat. Ceterum apud aquam Sullam cum equit- 
 ibus noctem agitare jubet : ipse paulatim dispersos milites. 
 
126 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 neque minus hostibus conturbatis, in unum contrahit, dein 
 cunctos pleno gradu in collem subducit. Ita reges, loci 
 difficultate coacti, proelio deterrentur ; neque tamen suos 
 longius abire sinunt, sed, utroque colle nraltitudine circum- 
 dato, 4 effusi consedere. Dein crebris ignibus factis, ple- 
 rumque noctis barbari more suo lsetari, exsultare, 5 strepere 
 vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, pro victori- 
 bus agere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis, ex tenebris et editiori- 
 bus locis facilia visu, magnoque bortamento erant. 
 
 XCIX. Plurimum vero Marius * imperitia hostium 
 confirmatus, quam maximum silentium baberi jubet ; 2 ne 
 signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere : deinde, ubi 
 lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo ante somno 
 captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortiuni, turinarum, le- 
 gionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamo- 
 rem tollere atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Grsetuli, 
 ignoto et borribili sonitu repente exciti, neque fugere, neque 
 arma capere, neque omnino facere aut providere quidquam 
 poterant : ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, 3 nullo subveniente, 
 nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi vecor- 
 dia ceperat. Denique omnes fusi f ugatique : arma et signa 
 militaria pleraque capta ; pluresque eo proelio quam omni- 
 bus superioribus interempti : nam somno et metu insolito 
 impedita fuga. 
 
 C. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in biberna proficiscitur, 
 qure propter commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decre- 
 verat. Neque tamen victoria socors aut insolens factus, 
 sed, pariter ac in conspectu hostium, ' quadrato agmine in- 
 cedere. Sulla cum equitatu 2 apud dextimos, in sinistra 
 parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea 
 cohortes Ligurum curabat ; primes et extremos cum expe- 
 ditis manipulis tribunos locaverat. 3 Perfugne, minime cari 
 et regionum scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Si- 
 mul consul, 4 quasi nullo imposito, omnia providere, apud 
 
JUGURTHA. 127 
 
 omnes adesse, laudare et increpare nierentes. Ipse arma- 
 tus intentusque, 5 item milites cogebat ; neque secus, atque 
 iter facere, castra niunire, 6 excubitum in porta cohortes 
 ex legionibus, pro castris equites auxiliarios mittere, prse- 
 terea alios super vallum in munimentis locare : vigilias ipse 
 circumire, non tarn diffidentia futurum, quge imperavisset, 
 quam uti militibus exsequatus cum imperatore labos volen- 
 tibus esset. Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus 
 Jugurthini 7 belli pudore magis quam malo exercitum 
 coercebat : quod multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars, 
 quod a pueritia consuetam duritiam et alia, quae ceteri 
 miserias voeant, voluptati habuisset : nisi tamen res publica 
 pariter ac ssevissiino imperio, bene atque deeore gesta. 
 
 CI. Igitur quarto denique die, baud longe ab oppido 
 Cirta undique simul speculatores * citi sese ostendunt, qua 
 re hostes adesse intellegitur. Sed quia diversi redeuntes, 
 alius ab alia parte, atque omnes idem significabant, consul 
 incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo ordine com- 
 mutato, adversum omnia paratus ibidem opperitur. Ita 
 2 Jugurtbam spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor partes 
 distribuerat, ratus ex omnibus seque aliquos ab tergo hosti- 
 bus yenturos. Interim Sulla, quern primum hostes atti- 
 gerant, cobortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime con- 
 fertis equis, ipse aliique Mauros invadunt ; ceteri in loco 
 manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere, et, si 
 qui in manus venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites 
 proeliantur, 3 Bocchus cum peditibus, quos Yolux filius ejus 
 adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in itinere morati, adfue- 
 rant, postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Turn Ma- 
 rius apud primos 4 agebat, quod ibi Jugurtba cum plurimis 
 erat. Dein Numida, cognito Boccbi adventu, clam cum 
 paucis ad pedites convertit : ibi Latine (nam apud Numan- 
 tiam loqui didicerat) exclamat, ' nostros frustra pugnare ; 
 paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum :' simul gladium 
 
128 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 sanguine oblitum ostendere, quern in pugna, satis impigre 
 occiso pedite nostro, cruentaverat. 5 Quod ubi milites ac- 
 cepere, magis atrocitate rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, si- 
 nmlque barbari animos tollere, et in perculsos Bomahos 
 acrius incedere. Jamque 6 paulum ab fuga aberant, quum 
 Sulla, profligatis iis, quos adversum ierat, rediens ab latere 
 Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statini avertitur. At Jugurtha, 
 dum sustentare suos et prope jam adeptani victoriam re- 
 tinere cupit, circuniventus 7 ab equitibus, dextra, sinistra 
 omnibus oecisis, solus inter tela hostium vitabundus erum- 
 pit. Atque interim Marius, fugatis equitibus, accurrit 
 8 auxilio suis, quos pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes 
 jam undique fusi. Turn spectaculum horribile in campis 
 patentibus : sequi, fugere, occidi, capi ; equi atque viri 9 af- 
 flicti, ac multi, vulneribus acceptis, neque fugere posse, neque 
 quietem pati ; niti modo, ac statim concidere : postremo 
 omnia, qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus. et 
 inter ea humus infecta sanguine. 
 
 CII. 1 Postea loci consul, haud dubie jam victor, perve- 
 nit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat. Eo 
 2 post diem quintum, quam iterum barbari male pugnave- 
 rant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis verbis ab Mario pe- 
 tivere, ' duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret : velle de suo 
 et de populi Romani commodo cum iis disserere.' Ille statim 
 L. Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. 3 Qui quamquam 
 acciti ibant, tamen placuit verba apud regem facere, uti 
 ingenium aut aversum flecterent, aut cupidum pacis vehe- 
 mentius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, cujus facundia^, non 
 gctati, a Manlio concessum, pauca verba hujuscemodi locutus : 
 
 " Bex Bocclie, magna nobis laetitia est, quum 4 te talem 
 virum di monuere, uti aliquando pacem quam bellum 
 malles ; neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium Jugurtha 
 miscendo commaculares ; simul nobis demeres accrbam ne- 
 cessitudinem, pariter te & errantem et ilium sceleratissimum 
 
JUGTJRTHA. 129 
 
 persequi. Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio melius 
 visum, amicos quam servos quaerere : tutiusque 6 rati, volen- 
 tibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi vero nulla opportunior 
 nostra amieitia : prim um quod 7 procul absumus, in quo offen- 
 sae minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus : dein, quod 
 parentes abunde habenrus, amicorum neque nobis neque cui- 
 quam omnium satis fuit. Atque hoc utinam a principio tibi 
 placuisset : profecto ex populo Romano 8 ad hoc tempus 
 multo plura bona accepisses, quam mala perpessus es. Sed 
 quoniam humanarum rerum Fortuna pleraque regit, cui sci- 
 licet placuisse et vim et gratiam nostram te experiri, nunc, 
 quando per illam licet, festina, atque, uti coepisti, perge. 
 Multa atque opportuna habes, 9 quo facilius errata officiis 
 superes. Postremo hoc in pectus tuum demitte, nunquam 
 populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse ; nam, bello quid 
 valeat, tute scis." 
 
 Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne ; simul pauca pro 
 delicto suo verba facit : ' Se non hostili animo, sed ob reg- 
 num tutandum arma cepisse : nam Numidias partem, 10 unde 
 vi Jugurtham expulerit, jure belli suam factam ; earn vas- 
 tari a Mario pati nequivisse : praeterea, missis antea Romam 
 legatis, ai repulsum ab amieitia. Ceterum Vetera omittere, 
 ac turn, si per Marium liceret, legatos ad senatum missu- 
 rum.' Dein, 12 copia facta, animus barbari ab amicis flexus, 
 quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione Sullaa et Manlii, metuens 
 id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat. 
 
 CUI. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernaculis compo- 
 sito, cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficisci- 
 tur ■ in loca sola, obsessum turrim regiam, quo Jugurtha 
 perfugas omnes prassidiuin imposuerat. Turn rursus Boc- 
 chus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis 2 venerant, seu 
 admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha reli- 
 querat, ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quo- 
 rum et fides cognita, et ingenia validissima erant. Eos ad 
 6* 
 
130 C. CE.ISPI SALLUSTI1 
 
 Marium, ac dein, 3 si placeat, Romam legatos ire jubet ; 
 agendarum rerum, et quocumque modo belli componendi 
 liceutiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiberna Romano- 
 rum proficiscuntur : deinde in itinere a G-aetulis latronibus 
 circumventi spoliatique, pavidi, sine decore ad Sullam pro- 
 fugiunt, quern consul in expeditionem proficiscens pro prae- 
 tore reliquerat. Eos ille non 4 pro vanis hostibus, ut meriti 
 erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter habuit ; qua re barbari et 
 famam Romanorum avaritias falsam, et Sullam, ob munifi- 
 centiam in sese, amicum rati. Nam etiamtum 5 largitio 
 multis ignota erat ; munificus nemo putabatur, nisi pariter 
 volens ; dona omnia in benignitate habebantur. Igitur 
 quaestori mandata Bocchi patefaciunt ; simul ab eo petunt, 
 uti fautor consultorque sibi adsit : copias, fidem, magnitudi- 
 nem 6 regis sui, et alia, quas aut utilia, aut benevolentiae esse 
 credebant, oratione extollunt : dein, Sulla omnia pollicito, 
 docti, quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum, yerba 
 facerent, circiter dies quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur. 
 
 CIV. x Marius postquam, confecto negotio, quo inten- 
 derat, Cirtam redit, de adventu legatorum certior factus, 
 illosque et Sullam venire jubet, item L. Bellienum prasto- 
 rem Utica, praeterea omnes undique senatorii ordinis ; qui- 
 buscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit. Legatis potestas eundi 
 Romam fit ab consule, interea induciaa postulabantur. 2 Ea 
 Sullas et plerisque placuere : pauci ferocius decernunt, sci- 
 licet ignari humanarum rerum, quas fiuxae et mobiles sem- 
 per in adversa mutantur. Ceterum Mauri, impctratis 
 omnibus, tres Romam profecti, cum Cn. Octavio Rufo, qui 
 quaestor 3 stipendium in Africam portaverat : duo ad regem 
 redeunt. Ex his Bocchus quum cetera, turn maxime be- 
 nignitatem et studium Sullas libens accepit. Romae legatis 
 ejus, 4 postquam ' errasse regem, et Jugurthas scelere lap- 
 sum,' deprecati sunt, amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc 
 modo respondetur : " Senatus et populus Romanus beneficii 
 
JUGURTHA. 131 
 
 et injuriae memor esse solet : ceterum Bocclio, quoniam 
 poenitet, 5 delicti gratiam facit : foedus et aniicitia dabuntur, 
 quum meruerit." 
 
 CV. Quis relbus eognitis, Bocchus per litteras a Mario 
 petivit, ' uti Sullaru ad se mitteret, : cujus arbitratu de 
 communibus negotiis consuleretur.' Is missus cum prse- 
 sidio equitum atque peditum, 2 funditorum Belearium : pras- 
 terea iere sagittarii et • 3 cohors Peligna cum velitaribus 
 armis, itineris properandi causa ; neque his secus atque 
 aliis armis adversum tela hostium, quod ea levia sunt, 
 muniti. Sed in itinere, quinto denique die, Yolux, filius 
 Bocchi, repente in campis patentibus 4 cum mille non am- 
 plius equitibus sese ostendit ; qui temere et effuse euntes 
 SulUe aliisque omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero, et 
 hostilem me turn efficiebant. Igitur 5 se quisque expedire, 
 arma atque tela tentare, intendere : timor aliquantus, sed 
 spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, quos ssepe 
 vicerant. Interim equites exploratum praamissi, rem, uti 
 erat, quietam nuntiant. 
 
 C VI. Volux adveniens quaastorem appellat dicitque ' se 
 a patre Boccbo obviam illis simul, x et prassidio missum.' 
 Deinde eum et proximum diem sine metu conjuncti eunt. 
 Post, ubi castra locata, et cliei vesper erat, repente Maurus 
 2 incerto vultu, pavens ad Sullam accurrit, dicitque ' sibi ex 
 speculatoribus cognitum, Jugurtham baud procul abesse :' 
 simul, ' uti noctu clam secum profugeret,' rogat atque bor- 
 tatur. Ille 3 animo feroci negat ' se totiens fusum Numi- 
 dam pertimescere : virtuti suorum satis credere : etiam si 
 certa pestis adesset, mansurum potius, quam proditis, quos 
 ducebat, turpi fuga incertas ac forsitan post paulo morbo 
 interiturce vita3 parceret.' Ceterum ab eodem monitus, ' uti 
 noctu proficiscerentur,' consilium approbat : ac statim ' mi- 
 rites 4 cosnatos esse, in castris ignes quam creberrimos fieri, 
 dein prima vigilia silentio egredi' jubet. Jamque nocturno 
 
132 C. CRISPI SALLUSTU 
 
 itinere fessis omnibus, Sulla pariter cum ortu solis castra 
 metabatur, quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter 
 duum millium intervallo ante eos consedisse. Quod post- 
 quam auditum est, turn vero ingens metus nostros invadit : 
 credere se proditos a Voluce et insidiis circumventos : ac 
 5 fuere, qui dicerent manu yindicandum, neque apud ilium 
 tantum scelus inultum relinquendum. 
 
 CVII. At Sulla, quamquani eadem existimabat, tamen 
 ab injuria Maurum prohibet. Suos hortatur, l uti fortem 
 animum gererent : ssepe ante paucis strenuis adversum 
 multitudinem bene pugnatum : * quanto sibi in proelio minus 
 pepercissent, tanto tutiores fore : nee quemquam decere, 
 qui manus armaverit, ab inermis pedibus auxilium petere, 
 in maximo metu nudum et cascum corpus ad hostes vertere.' 
 Deinde Yolucem, quoniam hostilia faceret, Jovem maximum 
 obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidise Boccbi testis adesset, 
 ex castris abire jubet. 2 Ille lacrymans orare, ' ne ea cre- 
 deret : nihil dolo factum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthaa, 
 s cui, videlicet speculanti, iter suum cognitum esset. Ce- 
 terum, quoniam 4 neque ingentem multitudinem haberet, et 
 spes opesque ejus ex patre suo penderent, credere ilium 
 nihil palam ausurum, quum ipse films testis aclesset : 6 quare 
 optimum factu videri, per media ejus castra palam transire : 
 sese, vel prsemissis, vel ibidem relictis Mauris, solum cum 
 Sulla iturum.' Ea res, 6 ut in tali negotio, probata: ac 
 statim profecti, quia cle improviso 7 aeciderant, dubio atque 
 hassitante Jugurtha, incolumes transeunt. Deinde paucis 
 diebus. quo ire intenderant, perventum est. 
 
 C VIII. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar nomine, 
 1 multum et familiariter agebat ; praemissus ab Jugurtha, 
 postquam Sullam accitum audierat, orator, et subdole 
 speculatum Bocchi consilia : pra^terea Dabar, Massugrada3 
 nlius, ex gente Masinissas, ceterum materno genere impar 
 (nam pater ejus ex concubina ortus erat), Mauro ob iugenii 
 
JUGURTHA. 133 
 
 multa bona carus acceptusque. 2 Quein Bocchus fidum esse 
 Romanis multis ante tempestatibus expertus, illicoad Sul- 
 lam nuntiatum mittit, * paratum sese facere, quae populus 
 Romanus vellet : colloquio diem, locum, tempus ipse dele- 
 geret ; 3 consulta sese omnia cum illo integra habere : 4 neu 
 Jugurthae legatum pertimesceret ; quo res communis licentius 
 gereretur ; nam ab insidiis ejus aliter caveri nequivisse.' 
 Sed ego comperior Bocchuin 6 magis Punica fide, quam ob 
 ea, quae praedicabat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis 
 attinuisse, multumque cum animo suo volvere solitum, Ju- 
 gurtham Ronianis, an illi Sullam traderet : libidinem ad- 
 versum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse. 
 
 CIX. Igitur Sulla respondit, * ' pauca coram Aspare lo- 
 cuturum ; cetera occulte, aut nullo aut quam paucissimis 
 praesentibus ;' simul edocet, quae sibi responderentur. Post- 
 quam, sicuti voluerat, congressi, dicit ' se missum a consule 
 venisse 2 qu£esitum ab eo, pacem an bellum agitaturus foret.' 
 Turn rex.uti prasceptum fuerat, c post diem decimum redire' 
 jubet ; 3 ' ac nihil etiam nunc decrevisse, sed illo die re- 
 sponsurum :' dein ambo in sua castra digressi. Sed ubi 
 plerumque noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho occulte arcessi- 
 tur : ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhibentur ; 
 prasterea Dabar internuntius, 4 sanctus vir et ex sententia 
 ambobus. Ac statim sic rex incipit : 
 
 CX. 1 " Nunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maximus 
 in hac terra et omnium, quos novi, privato homini gratiam 
 deberem. Et, mehercule, Sulla, ante te cognitum, multis 
 orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem tuli, nullius indigui. 
 2 Id imminutum, quod ceteri dolere solent, ego laetor : fue- 
 rit mihi eguisse aliquando amicitiaa tuae, qua apud animum 
 meum nihil carius habeo. Id adeo experiri licet: arma, 
 viros, pecuniam, postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, 
 utere : et, quoad -vives, 3 nunquam tibi reditam gratiam 
 putayeris ; semper apud me integra erit : denique nihil, me 
 
134 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 sciente, frustra voles. Nam, ut ego existimo, regem arniis 
 quam niunificentia vinci minus 4 flagitiosum est. Ceterum 
 de re publica vestra, cujus curator hue missus es, paucis 
 accipe. Bellum ego populo Romano neque feci, neque 
 factum unquam volui : fines meos adversum armatos arniis 
 tutatus sum. 5 Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet : geritc 
 quod vultis cum Jugurtha bellum. Ego flumen Mulu- 
 cham, quod inter me et Micipsam fuit, non egrediar, neque 
 id intrare Jugurthani sinam. Praeterea, si quid meque 
 vobisque dignum petiveris, baud repulsus abibis." 
 
 CXI. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice, de pace et 
 1 de communibus rebus multis disseruit. Denique regi 
 patefecit, 2 ' quod polliceatur, senatum et populum Ronia- 
 num, quoniam amplius armis valuissent, non in gratiam 
 habituros ; faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam 
 sua retulisse videretur. 3 Id adeo in promptu esse, quo- 
 niam Jugurthaa copiam baberet : quern si Romanis tradi- 
 disset, fore, uti illi plurimum deberetur ; amicitiam, foedus, 
 Numidise partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultrd adventu- 
 ram.' Rex primo 4 negitare : ' afimitateni, cognationem, 
 prasterea foedus intervenisse : ad hoc metuere, ne, fluxa fide 
 usus, popularium animos averteret, quis et Jugurtha carus, 
 et Romani invisi erant.' Denique saspius fatigatus, lenitur, 
 et ex voluntate Suilae ' omnia se facturum ' promittit. Ce- 
 terum 5 ad simulandam pacem, cujus Nuniida, defessus bello, 
 avidissimus, quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita, composito 
 dolo, digrediuntur. 
 
 CXII. At rex postero die Asparem, Jugurtliao legatum, 
 appellat, dicitque ^sibi per Dabarem ex Sulla cognitum, 
 posse conditionibus bellum poni : quamobrem regis sui sen- 
 tentiam exquireret.' Ille ketus in castra Jugurtha} venit. 
 Deinde, ab illo ~ cuncta edoctus, properato itinere, post 
 diem octavum redit ad Bocchum, et ei denuntiat -Jugurtham 
 cupere omnia, quae imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parum 
 
JUGURTHA. 135 
 
 confidere : saepe antea cum imperatoribus Romanis pacem 
 conventam frustra fuisse. Ceterum Bocchus, 3 si ambobus 
 consultum, et ratam pacem vellet, claret operam, ut una ab 
 omnibus, quasi de pace, in colloquium veniretur, ibique sibi 
 Sullam traderet. Quum talem virum in potestatem habu- 
 isset, turn fore, uti jussu senatus populique Romani fcedus 
 fieret : 4 neque hominem nobilem, non sua ignavia sed ob 
 rem publicam in hostiuni potestate, relictum iri.' 
 
 CXIII. Hose Maurus 1 secum ipse diu volvens tandem 
 promisit : ceterum dolo an vere cunctatus, parum comperi- 
 mus : sed plerumque regiae voluntates, ut vebementes, sic 
 mobiles, saepe ipsae sibi adversae. Postea, tempore et loco 
 constituto, in colloquium uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus 
 Sullam modo, modo Jugurthae legatum appellare, 2 benigne 
 habere, idem ambobus polliceri : illi pariter laeti, ac spei 
 bonce pleni esse. Sed nocte ea, quae proxima fuit ante diem 
 colloquio decretum, Maurus, adhibitis amicis, ac statim, im- 
 mutata voluntate, remotis, dicitur secum ipse multa agita- 
 visse, vultu corporis pariter atque animo varius : s quae sci- 
 licet, tacente ipso, occulta pectoris patefecisse. Tamen 
 postremo Sullam arcessi jubet, et 4 ex ejus sententia Nu- 
 midae insidias tendit. Deinde, ubi dies advenit, et ei nun- 
 tiatum est Jugurtham baud procul abesse ; cum paucis 
 amicis et quaestore nostro, quasi obvius honoris causa, pro- 
 cedit in tumulum facillimum visu 5 insidiantibus. Eodem 
 Numida cum plerisque necessariis suis inermis, uti dictum 
 erat, acceclit ; ac statim, signo dato, undique simul ex insi- 
 diis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati : Jugurtha Sullae vinctus 
 traditur, et ab eo ad Marium deductus est. 
 
 CXIV. l Per idem tempus adversum Gallos, ab ducibus 
 nostris Q. Caepione et Cn. Manlio male pugnatum : quo 
 metu Italia omnis contremuerat. 2 Illique et inde usque 
 ad nostram memoriam Romani sic habuere : ' alia omnia 
 virtuti suae prona esse; cum Grallis pro salute, non pro 
 
136 
 
 CRISPI SALLUSTII JUGURTHA. 
 
 gloria, certare.' Sed postquam "bellum in Numidia confec- 
 tum, et Jugurtham Roniani yinctum adduci nuntiatum est, 
 Marius 3 consul absens factus, et ei decreta provincia Gal- 
 lia : 4 isque calendis Januariis magna gloria consul trium- 
 phavit. 5 Ea tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in illo 
 sitse. 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES 
 
 THE CONSPIRACY OP CATILINE. 
 
NOTES 
 
 CONSPIRACY OP CATILINE. 
 
 It — 1 1 Omnes. Many editions have omnis, an old form of the Ace. pi. 
 of certain words. § 12, Obs. 1. Arrange, Decet omnes homines, qui, 
 
 <fcc. : niti summa ope, "to strive with all their might:" ve- 
 
 luti pecora, sell., vitam transeunt, "just as cattle do." See An. Gr. 355 : 
 
 prona, "bending down," in opposition to the erect gait of man — 
 
 os sublime — erectos ad sidera vulhis ; Ovid Met. I., 85, 86. 2. Ani- 
 
 mi imperio .... magis utimur, lit., "We use more the empire (govern- 
 ing power) of the mind, the servitude of the body." Imperio and 
 servitio are both governed by utimur ; and animi and corporis governed 
 by them respectively, are in the genitive subjective. § 106, Obs. 1. 
 The meaning is, "In ruling, directing, managing," <fcc., we use the mind 
 more than the body ; in labor or carrying into effect, we use the body 
 
 "more than the mind:" alterum — alterum, "the one," scil., the 
 
 empire of the mind, "the other," scil., the servitude of the body: 
 
 dis, contracted for diis. § 10, Exc. 5. 2d. 3. Quo mihi rectius vide- 
 
 tur, "Wherefore (i. e., on this account) it appears to me better:" 
 
 memoriam nostri, "the memory (or remembrance) of ourselves." Me- 
 ntor iam nostrum, would mean "our faculty of memory," but this dis- 
 tinction is not always observed: quam maxime longam, an un- 
 usual periphrasis for quam longissimam, "as lasting as possible." 
 
 4t Fluxa, "Fleeting," "transitory," is applied to gloria divitiarum ; 
 fragilis, "frail," "perishable," "easily destroyed," more properly 
 
 to gloria formce: certamen, "a controversy:" vine corporis 
 
 an = utrum vi corporis an, an indirect question. § 145, 5. Note : 
 
 res militaris magis procederet, " a military enterprise prospered more." 
 
 5t Consulto, "Of consultation:" mature facto, "of acting 
 
 speedily." — Verbal nouns governed by opus. § 118, E. xxii. : 
 
140 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Utrumque, &c, "Each of the two (viz., animus and corpus), defective 
 by itself, needs aid, the one from the other." 
 
 H, — 1, In terris, "In all countries," — "in the world :" pars — 
 
 alii (same as alii — alii), "some — others," § 98, Obs. 12, distributing reges 
 
 diversi, § 97, Obs. 5: exercebant, "cultivated." 2. Postea 
 
 vero quam — postquam vero, "But after that:" Cyrus, scil., Cyrus 
 
 the elder, king of Persia: ■ habere, "to esteem," "to regard;" 
 
 after libidinem dominandi,' supply esse ; and after gloriam, supply esse or 
 
 sitam esse: periculo atque negotiis, "in danger and in difficulties." 
 
 3. Quod si, "If however:" animi virtus, "vigor of mind;" 
 
 "mental power:" sese haberent, lit, "would have themselves," 
 
 i. e., "would be;" — similar to the Greek eu exe*, scil., kavr6v, "he is 
 
 well," lit., "he has himself well." 4. Neque cerneres aliud alio 
 
 ferri, "'Nov would you see one thing carried in one direction, and 
 another in another." § 98, Obs. 12. For this use of the verb in the 
 
 second person singular, so common in Sallust, see § 48, Note 1 : 
 
 misceri, "thrown into confusion." 5. Ad optimum quemque a 
 
 minus bono, "From the less worthy to the most deserving," lit., "to 
 every one in proportion as he is better than others." Such is the force 
 
 of quisque with the superlative. 6. Quce homines arant, &c, lit., 
 
 "Whatever men plough," i. e., "do in ploughing or agriculture," — a 
 
 mode of expression very unusual: viriuti omnia parent, "all 
 
 tilings depend on good conduct." 7. Sicuti peregrinantes, "Like 
 
 foreign travellers," scil., taking but little interest in any thing : 
 
 juxta, "alike," "equally inglorious:" quoniam de utraque sile- 
 
 tur, "since no mention is made of either." 8# Verum cnhnvero, 
 
 "But truly:" prozclari facinoris aut artis bona?, "of some 
 
 illustrious deed, or honorable profession." 9. Rerum, "Of occu- 
 pations:" aliud alii iter, "one course to one, and another course 
 
 to another." See above Note 4, with reference. 
 
 III. — 1. Bene facere, &c, subject of est. § 144, R. lvi. : pvl- 
 
 chrum. § 98, Obs! 6: rei publico;. § 112, R. xvii. : hand 
 
 absurdum est, "is by no means inglorious," i. c, "is highly commenda- 
 ble," — "is well worthy of a man." Hand is a negative strongly in- 
 tensive: clarum fieri licet, i. e., homini licet sc cl arum fieri. § 103, 
 
 Obs. 7. 2. Mi lit quidem, ''To me at least:" res gestas scri- 
 
 bere (subject of videtur), "to write a history:" dehinc (here corre- 
 sponding to primum above), "in the next place." Seldom used in this 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 141 
 
 sense — delude is the common term. 3. Quia plerique quae delicto, 
 
 reprehenderis, &c, "Because many persons think that those things 
 winch you may have censured as faults, have been censured (dicta, lit, 
 "uttered," "spoken") from malevolence and envy." See above Ch. II., 
 
 4, second ref. i. S~iipra ea, supply thus, quce putat esse supra 
 
 ea, "What he considers to be beyond these." 5. Studio .... latus 
 
 sum, "By inclination was led to (engage in) public affairs," — "to apply 
 
 for office :" ibique, "and in that course." &, Insolens malarum 
 
 artium, "Unaccustomed to, — unacquainted with — wicked schemes," 
 
 § 107, R. ix: ambitione corrupta tenebatur, "was corrupted and 
 
 held fast by ambition," lit., "being corrupted by ambition was held 
 fast." This he gives as the reason why he did not at once abandon 
 
 such a course. T. Ac me .... vexabat, "Yet the pursuit of honor 
 
 (i. e., of office) harassed me with the same abuse (ill-fame) and odium, 
 with which it harassed others," i. e., " subjected me to the same abuse 
 and odium to Avhich it subjected others." The reading which makes 
 eadem, qua, fama, and invidia, in the nominative, instead of the 
 ablative as here, is spiritless and inferior to the text here adopted. 
 
 IV. — 1. Mihi reliquam cetatem, "That the rest of my life." For the 
 
 dative mihi here, and mihi animus below, see § 110, Obs. 1 and 2: 
 
 bonwn otium conterere, "to waste my valuable leisure." 2. Ser- 
 
 vilibus officiis, Abl. in apposition with agrum colendo, and venando, 
 "Servile employments." This must be understood relatively; for the 
 occupations of agriculture and the chase were by many among the 
 Romans regarded as highly honorable. But Sallust here calls them 
 " servile " in comparison with the task he had laid out for himself, to 
 write the history of the Roman people, and requiring more the servi- 
 
 tium corporis, than the imperhcm animi, Ch. I., 2. 3. Sed a 
 
 quo incepto, &c, "But having returned to the same undertaking and 
 studies from which, &e." Modern, adv., is here equivalent to eidem in- 
 cepto, studioque, and hence these words, in translating, are to be 
 
 omitted after the relative. § 99, Obs. 1. 2d: carptim, "in detached 
 
 parts." 4. De .... paucis absolvam," I will relate in a few words 
 
 [briefly] (the particulars) concerning:" id /acinus, "that daring 
 
 transaction." 5. Cujus hominis, " Of this man." § 99, Obs. 8. 
 
 Y. — 1. Lucius Catilina. To the history of this conspiracy, Sallust 
 here prefixes a general description of the principal actor. Lucius 
 Sergius Catiline was a patrician of the gens Sergia, a family of great 
 
142 NOTES ON THE 
 
 antiquity, to which belonged some names distinguished in Roman 
 history. He was born b. c. 109, and was of course three years the 
 
 senior of Cicero, who was born b. c. 106. 2. Vi — ingenio. § 106, 
 
 R. vii. : ibique, "and in these." 3. Patiens inedice, "Capable 
 
 of enduring hunger." § 107, R. ix. Patiens inediam means, " actually 
 
 enduring hunger." 4. Cujus rei libet, by tmesis for cujuslibet 
 
 rei, "Of any thing he pleased:" simulator means one who 
 
 pretends to be what he is not ; — dissimulator means one who conceals 
 
 what he really is: satis eloquentice, scil., fait illi, "he possessed 
 
 eloquence enough." § 112, R. ii., and § 135, R. xlvi. 5. Vastus 
 
 animus, "His insatiable spirit." 6. Post dominationem Lucii 
 
 Sulla?, "Ever since the despotic rule of Lucius Sulla." Lucius Sulla 
 was a Roman of patrician rank, a braye soldier, an able general, but a 
 monster of cruelty. He served first in the Jugurthine war under 
 Marius, who became jealous of his merits. This originated a quarrel 
 between them which afterwards produced the most disastrous results, 
 and involved Italy in a destructive civil war. Having put an end to 
 the first Mithridatic war, and burning with desire to be revenged on 
 Marius and his adherents, who had cruelly butchered vast numbers of 
 his friends in Rome, Sulla entered Italy, defeated the Marian party in 
 several battles, and led his army to Rome, of which he soon made 
 himself master. But dreadful as had been the massacres of Marius 
 and Cinna, the manner in which Sulla, though moderate at first, made 
 use of his victory in the end, filled Italy with horrors even more 
 appalling than any they had yet witnessed. At Rome especially, 
 where he seemed to act as a perfect tyrant, there was no limit to his 
 cruelty. About 8,000 Samnite captives were murdered in the Circus; 
 46 consulars, praetorians, and aediles — and 200 senators were slain ; 
 1,600 equites were proscribed and destroyed, and 150,000 citizens 
 perished. In these scenes of cruelty and bloodshed, Catiline acted 
 a conspicuous part, and was thus trained for the crimes he after- 
 wanls committed. After glutting his vengeance with the blood of 
 thousands, Sulla was appointed dictator; and though in this situation 
 he reformed some abuses, restored the ancient laws, and enacted some 
 new ones that were salutary and beneficial, yet tyranny marked his* 
 whole course, and rendered his administration a scene of tenor by his 
 personal enmities and insufferable despotism. To the surprise of all, 
 after three years he resigned the dictatorship, retired to Puteoli, and 
 ended a miserable privacy by a miserable death, b. c. 78, in the 
 sixtieth year of his age. See Jug. Ch. XCV. 7. In das, "Day by 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 143 
 
 day:" inopia rei familiaris, "by poverty," lit, "by -want of 
 
 property:" quce utraque his artibus auxerat, "both of which he 
 
 had increased by these practices;" viz., his poverty by extravagance, 
 
 and his consciousness of guilt, by the crimes he committed : quce 
 
 utraque, neuter and plural, though referring to feminine antecedents 
 
 on the principle stated § 98, Obs. 3, See also § 99, Obs. 6. 
 
 8. Qu'os (scil., mores) — vexabant, "Which evils the very worst and 
 opposite to each other (§ 28, Obs. 5.) luxury and avarice kept in agita- 
 tion (excited)." 9. Res ipsa hortari videtur, "The subject itself 
 
 seems to urge:" repetere supra, "to begin farther back." After 
 
 such verbs as hortor, the subjunctive {tit repetam, "that I should 
 begin ") is the ordinary construction. § 145, Obs. 5, 3d. Ac connects 
 repetere and disserere, and the latter has for its objects instituta, and 
 the clauses beginning with quomodo, quantam, and ut. 
 
 VI. — In this and the following Chapters (6 — 13), Sallust describes 
 the transition from the stern manners, warlike energy, and domestic 
 peace of the Ancient Romans, to the corruption prevalent in the time 
 of Catiline, consisting chiefly in extravagance, avarice, oppression, and 
 
 the love of dominion. 1. Accepi, "Have heard." The early 
 
 history of Rome is involved in much obscurity. Much of it is tradi- 
 tionary, and, to a great extent, fabulous. Of this character is all that 
 is here said respecting the Trojani. See Niebuhr's Roman History, 
 
 Vol. I., 1*76, etc. 2. Aborigines. The nation which, previous to 
 
 historical record, descended from the Appenines, and, advancing from 
 Carseoli and Reate, drove out the Siculi. From this ancient race, 
 blended with a remnant of the Siculi, descended the later Latin 
 
 nation. 3. Hi, "These," scil., the Trojans and Aborigines: • 
 
 una, plural with mcenia. § 24, Obs. 3 : alius alio more viventes. 
 
 § 98, Obs. 11. Alius, in the singular, is distributive of hi. § 98, Exc 
 
 4 : JEst has properly for its subject the clause quam facile coalite- 
 
 rint. 4. Res eormn, i. e., Romanorum = Romana res, "Their 
 
 Btate:" aucta, connected by Zeugma with civibus, moribus, agris; 
 
 and rendered with them respectively "increased," "improved," "en- 
 larged." § 150, 1, 2d. 5. Tentare. This, as well as the following, 
 
 is the historical infinitive = tentabant, § 144, Obs. 6 : pauci ex 
 
 amicis, § 10*7, Obs. 8: amicis auxilio esse, § 114, R. xix. 
 
 6. Portabant. Ferre is more common with auxilium than portare. 
 
 7. Imperium .... habebant, "They had a government regulated 
 
 by laws — the name (or form) of the government monarchical," i. e., 
 
144 NOTES ON THE 
 
 " Their government was a monarchy in name, but regulated by laws :" 
 
 rei publicce. § 112, Obs. 5, 1st. 8. Conservandce libertatis — 
 
 fuerat, " Had tended to the preservation of liberty." The construction 
 of a noun with the gerundive in the genitive after esse, is often used 
 thus, without a governing word, to express the design or tendency of 
 
 a thing. § 14*7, Obs. 9: dominationem, "tyranny:" convertit 
 
 (used intransitively, or supply sese), "had turned." §44, iii., 3: 
 
 linos imperatores, "two magistrates (scil., consuls) each year." § 24, 11: 
 
 insolescere, "grow haughty." 
 
 VII. — 1. Sed ea tempestate. Sed here denotes transition merely, 
 
 not opposition, and may be rendered "Now:" ccepere .... quis- 
 
 qice, "they began each," &c. ; quisque, singular, is distributive of the 
 
 plural subject of ccepere. § 98, Exc. 4: in promptu habere, "to 
 
 have in readiness," "to bring into action," "to make use of." 
 
 2. Mali. § 120, Obs. 1. Boni here means "men of talent and char- 
 acter," opposed to mali, "men of inferior talents and character." 
 
 3. Adepta libertate. Aclepta in the ablative is here used passively, but 
 may be rendered the same as the active form adepta liber latent. §72, 
 
 Obs. 2. 4. Juventus .... patiens erat — discebat — habebant. § 102, 
 
 Obs. 4: libidinem habebant, "took pleasure." 5. Glorias 
 
 ccrtamen, "the contest for glory:" sic, "accordingly:" eas 
 
 divitias, earn bonam famam, &q. Eas and earn, "this," both relating to 
 the proposition sic .... properabat, instead of the neuter gender (§ 98, 
 Obs. 1), take, by attraction, the gender and number of the explanatory 
 
 nouns following, esse being understood. § 99, Obs. 4. 6. Fuderit 
 
 — ceperit. § 140, 5. So also quantum creverit above : ni ea res, 
 
 &q., " were it not that such a course would draw me off too far from 
 my subject." 
 
 VIII. — 1. Ea, scil., fortuna : ex libidine, "from caprice:" 
 
 celebrat obscuratque, "renders famous, and sinks into obscurity :" 
 
 aliquanto, "somewhat," "considerably." § 132, R. xliii. 2. Scrip- 
 
 torum magna ingcnia, "Writers of great genius;" by Hypallag6 for 
 
 Scriptores magni ingenii : pro maximis, " as though they were — 
 
 as equal to — the greatest." 3* Eafccere, "Performed them," scil., 
 
 facta: quantum ea verbis, &c, "as men of distinguished talents 
 
 could extol these in their writings," lit,, "by words." Instead of 
 
 ea, scil., facta, Cortius lias earn, soil., virtutem. 4. Ea copia, "That 
 
 advantage:" prudmtissimics quisque, etc., "the mure intelligent 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 145 
 
 a person was, the more was he engaged in business." § 98, Obs. 13. 
 
 5. Optimus quisque = omnis bonus, "Every good man," or, "the 
 
 best men." § 98, Obs. 13. 6. Facere quam dicere ; magis before 
 
 quam is contained in malebat = magis volebat : quam ipse, &c. 
 
 Arrange and supply thus, quam (se) ipse (= se ipsum, § 98, Exc. 5.) 
 narrare {bene facta) aliorum. 
 
 IX. — 1. Igitur. This conjunction connects what follows with Ch. VII., 
 
 as Ch. VIII. is a sort of digression : jus bonumque, "justice and 
 
 probity:" non legibus', &c, "not more bylaw than by nature," i. e., 
 
 natural disposition. 2, Jurgia, discordias, &c. These terms denote 
 
 domestic and civil contentions which were common among the Romans 
 in the times of Catiline, but which had no place among them at an 
 
 early day, except against their enemies. 3. In supplieiis deorum, 
 
 "In the worship of the gods." Supplicium denotes properly "a 
 bending or kneeling down," either as a suppliant, or to receive punish- 
 ment ; hence its apparently imconnected meanings, " supplication," and 
 
 "punishment." 4. iSeque remque publicam (more commonly, et se 
 
 et rem publicam) citrabant, " They regulated both themselves and the 
 
 state," i. e., both their private and public affairs. 5. Quafum 
 
 rerum, "Of these things." § 99, Obs. 8: vindicatum est, "punish- 
 ment was inflicted:" contra imperhim, "contrary to orders:" 
 
 tardius, "too slowly." § 120, Obs. 5. 6. Quam qui, i. e., 
 
 quam in eos qui : loco cedere, "to desert their post." 7, Be- 
 
 neficiis quam metu : before quam supply magis : et accepta inju- 
 ria, "and when they had received an injury." § 146, Obs. 9: 
 
 ignoscere quam persequi malebant, " they were more inclined to pardon 
 than to revenge it." See Ch. VIII., 6. After persequi supply earn, 
 soil., injuriam. 
 
 X. — 1* lieges magni, such as Philip, Perses, Antiochus, Jugurtha, 
 
 Mithridates, &c. : ferae nationes, referring probably to the Gauls 
 
 and Britons: populi ingentes, "powerful states." 2. Carthago, 
 
 "Carthage," — a large commercial city in Africa, situate about twelve 
 miles from the place where Tunis now stands — was for a long time the 
 rival of Rome. Its early history, like that of Rome, is involved 
 in uncertainty. It is said that Dido, to avoid her brother Pygmalion, 
 who had treacherously killed her husband Sichasus to obtain possession 
 of his wealth, fled by sea from Tyre and came into Africa, where she 
 planted a colony and founded this city, b. c. 878, more than 100 
 7 
 
146 NOTESONTHE 
 
 years before the "building of Eome. It soon became wealthy and 
 powerful. The people were called by the Eomans Pceni (Phoenicians), 
 and the wars they waged with the Romans for dominion are known in 
 history as the Punic wars. They were three in number and lasted 
 with intervals 118 years from b. c. 264 to 146. The city was 
 at last taken and destroyed by Scipio, b. c. 146. It was twenty- 
 three miles in circumference, and when set fire to by the Romans, it 
 
 burned incessantly for seventeen days. 3. Qui labores, &c. 
 
 Arrange, otmm (et) divitice, optandce (§ 98, Obs. 4.) aliis (§ 126, Obs. 3.) 
 fuere oneri misericeque his (§ 114, R. xix.) qui facile toleraverant, &c 
 
 i. Ea (plural referring to cupido pecuniae and cupido imperii, 
 
 avarice and ambition, § 98, Obs. 3.) fuere quasi materies. 
 
 5. Aliud — aliud, "One thing, — another:" non ex re, sed ex com- 
 
 modo, "not according to their worth, but from convenience:" 
 
 magis que (bonum) vidtum, &c., "and to preserve a fair exterior rather 
 
 than an honest heart." 6. Crescere, "Increased:" vindicari, 
 
 "were punished:" historical infinitives. §101, Obs. 6: invasit, 
 
 "had spread abroad." § 44, iii., 3. With immutata and factum supply 
 
 XI. — 1. Quod vitium, scil., ambitio: 2 yro P^ us ( ac virtuicm. 
 
 § 136, Obs. 5. 2. Bonus et ignavus, "The brave man and the 
 
 base:" Me, "the former:" huic, "to the latter." § 31, Obs. 
 
 1: vera via, "by the true path," i. e., "by honorable means," 
 
 opposed to dolis atque fallaciis. 3. Studium habet, "Implies a 
 
 desire:" concupivit, "ever desires." § 44, iii., 2 : ea (scil., ava- 
 
 ritia) quasi venenis malis imbuta, "it, as if tainted with pernicious 
 
 drugs." i. Armis recepta re publica, "Having recovered the 
 
 State by force of arms," viz., from the Marian party, Ch. VII., ]S T ote 3 : 
 
 bonis initiis malos eventus habitit, " from good beginnings brought 
 
 things to a pernicious end," lit., "had bad endings." Bonis initiis, the 
 ablative absolute (§ 146, Obs. 10.), and may be rendered, "though his 
 
 beginnings were good." 5. Rapcre omnes, <fcc, "Every one seized 
 
 and plundered." These are historical infinitives. § 1-14, Obs. 6: 
 
 in civibus, "upon the citizens," lit., "among," or, "in the case of 
 
 the citizens." 6. Exercitum .... luxuriose nimisque liberaliser 
 
 habuerat, "Had indulged his army — in excessive luxury and dissipa- 
 tion:" in ot'xo, "in leisure," i. e., "in a time of peace." 
 
 7» Insuevit — amare, potare, "Became accustomed to lewdness, to drink 
 to excess:" signa, tabulas pictas, Ac, "statues, paintings, vessels 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 147 
 
 adorned with engraving:" privatim et publice, "whether private 
 
 or public property:" delubra, "shrines." Delubrum is a small 
 
 temple, or part of a temple, a shrine. 8. Nihil reliqui (§ 106, 
 
 Obs. 8.) victis fecere, "Left nothing remaining to the vanquished." 
 9. Quippe .... fatigant, "Seeing that (or, inasmuch as) pros- 
 perity weakens the minds even of the wise ;" so that they do not act a 
 
 proper part: ne (for nedum) illi, &c., "much less could these 
 
 (soldiers of Sulla), their manners being already corrupted, make a 
 temperate use of victory." 
 
 XII. — 1. Honori — probro, datives of the end. § 114, Obs. 4: 
 
 innoccntia pro malevohntia, "integrity to be regarded as malevolence," 
 i. e., persons who acted uprightly, not only got no credit for their 
 conduct, but were regarded as acting from malevolent motives, in 
 
 order practically to censure others for their rapacity. 2. Ex 
 
 divitiis, "In consequence of riches:" avaritia cum superbia (= et 
 
 supcrbia). § 102, Obs. 2. 3. Rapere, consumcre, "They seized, they 
 
 wasted:" sua parvi pendere, "they regarded their own things as 
 
 of little value." § 122, R. xxviii. 4. Pudorem .... habere, "They 
 
 had no regard for modesty, chastity, things divine and human without 
 distinction, and no restraint on themselves," soil., in the violation of 
 
 them: nihil pensi, neque {nihil) moderati habere, "to have no 
 
 regard, and no self-control." For rendering neque by "and," see 
 
 § 134, Obs. 4. 5t Operm pretium est, "It is worth while," lit., 
 
 "the labor has its reward." § 112, R. ii. : quum cognoveris, "when 
 
 you have viewed :" fecere, "erected," "built:" visere, "to 
 
 visit them," viz., so as to contrast the small and humble edifices erected 
 by our ancestors for the worship of the gods, with the splendid 
 
 mansions and villas erected by these men for themselves : religio- 
 
 sissimi, "most devout." 6. Illi, "They," our ancestors: 
 
 victis, "from the vanquished." Dative, § 123, R. xxix., with explana- 
 tion. So also sociis, in the next sentence : prceter injuries licen- 
 
 tiam, "except the power of injuring." t t Per summum scelus 
 
 (an adverbial phrase), "most wickedly:" id demum, "that truly;" 
 
 id relates to, and is in apposition with injuriam facere, and gives force 
 to the expression : csset imperio uti, " were to exercise authority." 
 
 XIII. — 1. Subversos monies, maria constructa esse, "Mountains were 
 levelled, artificial seas were constructed;" referring to the expensive 
 improvements in the pleasure grounds around their villas, and the 
 
148 NOTES ON THE 
 
 immense piscince, or fish ponds, resembling seas, constructed by wealthy 
 
 Romans. 2. Quibus, "To these." § 99, Obs. 8. 3. Ceterique 
 
 cultus, "And other luxurious habits." Cultus is a verbum medium, 
 
 sometimes used in a good sense, and sometimes in a bad, as here : 
 
 vescendi causa, "for the sake of gratifying the appetite." 4. Ex- 
 
 quirere, dormire, &c, historical infinitives. § 144, Obs. 6: luxu, 
 
 "by a voluptuous indulgence." 5. Eamiliares opes, "Their pri- 
 vate fortunes:" facinora, "to daring crimes." 6. Haud facile 
 
 libidinibus carebat, " Did not easily refrain from sensual indulgences:" 
 questui atque sumptui, "to getting and spending." 
 
 XIV. — 1. Omnium flagitiorwm atque facinorum (the abstract for the 
 concrete, flagitiosorum atque facinorosorum), " Of all sorts of infamous 
 and violent men." Having given an account of the state of morality 
 in the times of Sulla, the historian, in this and the next chapter, 
 describes the character of Catiline himself, and that of his associates, 
 
 by whose help he expected to overturn the government. 2. Alie- 
 
 num ces, "Debt," lit, " money belonging to another:" quo flagi- 
 
 tium aut f acinus redimeret, "in order to pay for — to purchase a pardon 
 for — a scandalous or criminal action;" fiagitium means "a base deed;" 
 scelus, "a wicked deed;" f acinus, in a bad sense, "a bold or daring 
 
 crime." 3. Convicti judiciis, "Persons convicted on trial:" ad 
 
 hoc, "in addition to this," "moreover:" quos, i. e., it quos, <fec. ; here 
 
 manus refers to sanguine civile ("bloodshed," "murder"), and lingua 
 to perjurio. The arrangement is artificial — connecting the second and 
 third, and the first and fourth words of a series, i. e., the two nearest 
 
 together, and the two most distant: conscius animus, "a guilty 
 
 conscience." 4. Par similisque, "Equal to and like the rest," 
 
 i. e., in every respect like the rest, having the same wicked principles 
 
 and carrying them to the same extent: estate fluxi, "pliant on 
 
 account of their (youthful) age." 5. Ex cetate, "According to his 
 
 age:" prcebere, mercari, &c, historical infinitives: neque 
 
 modestice suce, "nor his own honor:" dum, "if only," "provided:" 
 
 obnoxios, "dependent upon;" — because if they would not be 
 
 subservient to him, it was in his power to expose them, having a 
 perfect knowledge of the crimes they had committed. 
 
 XV. — 1. Cum virgine nobili. The person here mentioned is not 
 named, probably on account of her family, and is not certainly known: 
 
 cum sacerdote Vcstce. The Vestal virgins were introduced at 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 149 
 
 Rome by Numa. The original number was four, which was afterwards 
 increased to six. They were the priestesses of Vesta — had charge of 
 the sacred fire — and were bound by a vow of perpetual chastity, the 
 violation of which subjected them to be buried alive in the Campus 
 Sceleratus, and their paramours to be scourged to death in the forum. 
 The sacredness of their character, and the fatal consequences of violat- 
 ing their vow, aggravated the guilt of Catiline in this case. The Vestal 
 referred to was Fabia Terentia, the sister of Terentia, the wife of 
 Cicero, and afterwards of Sallust. She was brought to trial by 
 Clodius, but through the interference of some respectable citizens, for 
 some cause not known, was acquitted : contra jus fasque, "con- 
 trary to law human and divine." 2. Captus amore, "Smitten 
 
 with a passion for:" nubere illi, "to marry him." "To marry," 
 
 spoken of a woman, is expressed by nubere, scil., se, lit., "to veil 
 herself," because the bride wore a veil during the marriage ceremony; 
 — spoken of a man, it is expressed by ducere, scil., uxorem domum, 
 lit., "to take his wife home;" because, after the ceremony, the husband 
 
 led the wife from her father's house to his own: privignum, "a 
 
 step-son." The son of Catiline by a former marriage, would be the 
 
 step-son of Orestilla when he married her : pro ccrto creditur, — 
 
 creditur is properly not impersonal, but has for its subject the infinitive 
 clause following. Besides the unnatural crime of putting to death his 
 son, to clear the way for this marriage, Cicero only, alluding to this, 
 mentions expressly that for the same purpose he murdered his wife 
 
 also; I. Or. in Cat., Ch. VI. 3. Quce quidem res, "This thing 
 
 indeed: facinoris, "the plot," "the conspiracy." 4. Infes- 
 
 tus, "At enmity with," or, passively, "odious to," "hated by:" 
 
 neque vigiliis, neque quietibus, " neither in watchings nor in slumbers," 
 
 i. e., "neither waking nor sleeping:" ita, "to such a degree." 
 
 5. Incessus, "his gait:" prorsus in facie, &c, "in a word, madness 
 
 was visible in his' appearance and countenance" — "distraction appear- 
 ed in every look and feature." 
 
 XVI. — 1. Ui supra diximus, scil. in Ch. XIV., with which this is 
 
 properly connected ; Ch. XV. being a sort of digression : testes 
 
 signatoresque falsos, " false witnesses and forgers " (signers of false 
 
 deeds) ; falsos qualifies both substantives : commodare, " he lent 
 
 out," scil., to such as required them. 2. Fidem .... imperabat. 
 
 Arrange, Imperabat habere fidem, "He taught them to hold (i. e., 
 esteem) their honor:" fortunas, "their lot," or "condition in 
 
150 NOTES ON THE 
 
 life:" villa, "of little account:" attriverat, "had wasted 
 
 away," "gradually destroyed." 3. Minus suppetebat, "Did not 
 
 offer:" insontes, "those who had done him no injury:" 
 
 circumvenire, jugulare, governed by imperabat : gratuito, " with- 
 out any advantage," " gratuitously." 4. ^Es alienum .... ingens 
 
 erat, "The debt was great;" i. e., "many were greatly in debt:" 
 the reference is chiefly to the soldiers of Sulla, to whom he had given 
 settlements in different parts, particularly in Etruria, but who, spend- 
 ing recklessly, soon contracted heavy debts, and were again desirous 
 
 of war and plunder. See Cicero's Or. II. in Cat. Ch. IX. 5. In 
 
 extremis terris, viz., Pontus and Armenia : consulatum petenti, 
 
 " now a candidate for the consulship :" most editions have petundi, 
 which would imply he was not now a candidate, but that he had the 
 expectation of being one. It is certain, however, he was a candidate 
 that year ; and the hope entertained, probably had a reference to his 
 
 success, rather than to his being only a candidate : nihil sane 
 
 intentus, " being truly attentive to nothing," — having no apprehension 
 of danger. 
 
 XVII. — 1. Kalendas Juntas, "The first of June," viz., b. c. 63, or 
 a. u. c. 690. For the method of computing dates, and for the dates in 
 
 this and the next chapter, see Lat. Gr. p. 305 : primo singulos 
 
 appellate, " at first he addressed them separately," — " one by one :" 
 
 in iinum, scil., locum. 2. Necessitudo — a more ancient form 
 
 than necessitas — is used here and below in its primary sense, "neces- 
 sity," " need." 3. Coloniis et municipiis ; a colonia consisted of 
 
 Roman citizens sent out to occupy a particular place, which in some 
 way had come into the possession of the Romans — a municipium, or 
 free town, was a foreign town or city whose inhabitants had obtained 
 
 the right of Roman citizens : domi, " at home," i. e., in their own 
 
 states. 4. Juventus pleraque (fee, "Most young men, and espe- 
 cially those of the nobles." Plertisque in the singular is used only by 
 
 Sallust; other writers use the plural: vivere copia = vivendi copia, 
 
 "the means of living," lit, "abundance to live." § 144, 3. 5. 
 
 Fucre . . . . qui crederent. § 141, Obs. 1 : M. Lidnium Crassum. 
 
 M. L. Crassus had been consul several years before (b. c. 10), together 
 
 •with Cn. Pompey, and enjoyed considerable popularity: invisus 
 
 ipsi, "odious to (hated by) him," scil., Crassus: contra illiaspo- 
 
 tentiam, " in opposition to his (Pompey's) power." 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 151 
 
 XVIII. — 1. Antea. Sallust here goes back and gives, in this and 
 the next chapter, an account of an unsuccessful attempt to overturn 
 the government three years before this, and in which Catiline took an 
 
 active part. 2. De qua, scil., conjuratione, implied in conjuravere. 
 
 § 99, Obs. 2, and Exc. 1. 3. Designati consules, " Consuls elect." 
 
 Consuls were called designati from the time they were chosen in July, 
 till they entered on the duties of their office on the first of January 
 
 ensuing : legibus ambitus interrogate " being tried by the laws 
 
 of bribery," viz., bribery in procuring office. These laws were very 
 severe. By the Calpurnian law, the person convicted was removed 
 from the senate — excluded from the consulship — subjected to a fine — 
 and to this was added afterwards by the Tullian law banishment for 
 
 ten years : poenas dederant, " had given satisfaction ;" in other 
 
 words, " had suffered punishment." 4. Pecuniarum rcpetunda- 
 
 r -urn reus, " Being accused of extortion." Res repetundce (lit, "things 
 to be demanded back ") mean the things or money taken illegally by 
 public officers from those under their authority by extortion or fraud, 
 and which might be reclaimed in a court of law after the expiration 
 of their term of office. A person so accused could not stand candidate 
 for the consulship, till he was tried and acquitted. Catiline had been 
 appointed praetor and obtained Africa as his province, b. c. 68. For 
 his cruel and rapacious conduct there, he was put on his trial at Eome, 
 and this not being concluded in time to permit him (profiteri scil. se 
 candidal um) to announce himself a candidate {intra legitimos dies) 
 within the time appointed by law, he was prevented from being a 
 candidate that year : — the legal time was trinundinum, i. e., public 
 profession must be made publicly on each of the three nundince or 
 market-days next preceding the election [comitia centuriata). This 
 
 was at least 17 days. 5. Cum hoc .... consilio communicato, 
 
 Having communicated their plan to him, namely Piso : ipsi 
 
 fascibus correptis . . . . mittere, "they of their own accord having 
 
 seized the fasces (i. e., the consular power), sent:" Duas Hispanias, 
 
 " the two Spains." Spain, like Gaul, for the convenience of administra- 
 tion, was divided into two parts — Hispania Tarraconensis, named 
 from its capital Tarraco (now Tarragona), and Hispania Bcetica, named 
 from the river Ba?tis (now Guadalquiver). These from their position 
 in relation to Rome were called respectively, citerior, and ulterior. 
 
 6. Ea re cognita, " This having been discovered." The student 
 
 will notice that Sallust almost uniformly uses ea res, and qttoi res, for 
 id and quod, referring to an idea expressed by a sentence or clause of 
 
152 NOTES ON THE 
 
 a sentence preceding. 7* Quodni Catilina maturasset, "And if 
 
 Catiline had not been too hasty :" eo die, <fec. Arrange, pessimum 
 
 facinus post conditam xirbem Romam patratum foret eo die. 
 
 8. Consilium diremit, "Broke up their scheme." 
 
 XIX. — 1. Pro prortore, "With praetorian power," i. e., though only 
 
 quaestor, he was commissioned to act as praetor : adnitente Crasso, 
 
 " Crassus making interest for him." 2. JPrcesidiwn {esse) in eo, 
 
 "That there was security in him," viz., against the formidable power of 
 
 Pompey. Comp. Chap. XVII. near the end, cujusvis opes, &c. 3. In 
 
 provincia, ""Within the province." 4. Sunt qui ita dicunt. Saflust 
 
 here uses the indicative dicunt, though the ordinary construction 
 requires dicant. § 141, Obs. 1. The indicative is properly regarded as 
 
 a Graecism : alii autem, scil., dicunt : voluntate ejus, " by his 
 
 (Pompey's) desire :" prceterea, " except on this occasion," "in no 
 
 other instance." 5. In medio, " Undetermined." 
 
 XX. — 1. Paido ante, scil., in the beginning of Chap. XVII. Hav- 
 ing, in Chaps. XVIII. and XIX., given some account of the previous 
 insurrection, he returns, in this Chapter, to the history of the conspi- 
 racy of Catiline : in rem fore, " that it would be of advantage :" 
 
 universos (opposed to singidos), " altogether," " in a body :" 
 
 cedium, " of the house ;" cedes, in the singular, means a building of one 
 apartment, a small temple ; in the plural, it means a dwelling-house, 
 
 containing several apartments. 2. Spectata mihi forent, " Had 
 
 been observed by me." § 126, E. xxxiii. : per ignaviam aut vana 
 
 ingenia (by metonymy for per ignavos et vanos homines), " with the 
 assistance of cowardly and fickle men." 3. Tempcstatihis, " Oc- 
 casions ;" tempestas is often used by Sallust for tcmpus : simid 
 
 quia, &c. Arrange and supply thus, Simid quia intellexi eadem esse 
 
 bona malaque 3)obis, quce (sunt bona malaque) mihi. 4. Idem velle 
 
 atque idem nolle, " To have the same wishes and aversions :" ea 
 
 demum, " this indeed." Ea, though referring to idem velle, <fec., agrees 
 
 with amicitia following. § 99, Obs. 4. See Ch. VII., 5 : dm rsi, 
 
 " separately," i. e., at different times, and in different plaees. 5 
 
 Nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem, " Unless we restore our- 
 selves to liberty," "set ourselves free." The emphatic ipse, in reflexive 
 sentences, commonly agrees in case with the subject, but is translated 
 
 with the pronoun in the accusative as here = nosmet ipsos. 6. 
 
 In.... jus atque ditionem co7iccssit, " Fell under the power and man- 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 153 
 
 agement :" tetrarchce, " tetrarclis ;" originally the rulers of the 
 
 fourth part of a province, but came to mean an inferior or petty ruler 
 
 of any portion of a country : esse — pendere, historical infinitives : 
 
 popidi, nationes, " communities, nations :" populus means the 
 
 people of a whole country ; natio, the people of a district or section 
 of that country. Thus the Germans -with relation to the Saxons are 
 
 populus, and the Saxons, with relation to the Germans, are natio : 
 
 omnes ceteri . . . . vulgus fuimus, "all the rest of us.... have been 
 
 regarded as the rabble :" sine gratia, " without influence." 
 
 7. Quce, "These things,',' "such things." § 99, Obs. 8. 8. Pro 
 
 deum (contr. for deorum, § 10, Exc. 7) atque hominum fidem, "By the 
 faith of gods and men." The interjection pro (proh) is followed by 
 
 the nominative, accusative, or vocative. §117: contra, "on the 
 
 other hand." 9. Cetera res expediet, "The rest will follow of 
 
 course :" lit., " the rest of the affair (§ 98, Obs. 9.) will disentangle, or 
 
 release itself:" cui virile ingenium est, " who has the spirit of a 
 
 man :" super are, " should abound :" exstruendo mari. See 
 
 Ch. XIIL, 1 : rem familiar em, "that private property :" illos 
 
 binas, <fec, "that they should each join together two houses or more." 
 Note the force of the distributive binas. §24, 11 : larem fami- 
 liar em, " a home," lit., " a family divinity." 10. Toreumata, 
 
 "Embossed plate:" trahunt, vexant, "they waste, they consume." 
 
 summa libidine, &c, "by the utmost extravagance they are not 
 
 able to exhaust their wealth." 11. Mala res, "Our condition is 
 
 wretched." 12. Quin = qui non, " Why — not." 13. Omnia 
 
 ea prcemia, "All these things as rewards." § 97, Expl. So below, 
 
 me .... imperatore, &c. 14. Hortentur, used imperatively. § 42, 
 
 Obs. 4. 
 
 XXI. — It Quieta movere, " To disturb the public tranquillity," 
 
 lit., " things at rest." This clause is the subject of videbatur : 
 
 conditio belli, " the terms of the war," i. e., the conditions on which 
 
 they were to engage in it. 2. Quid ubique, <fcc. Arrange, Quid 
 
 opis aut spei haberent ; ubique, = et ubi, " And where." Ubique is 
 
 often used by Sallust in the sense of et ubi. 3. Tabulas novas, 
 
 "An abolition of debts," lit., "new tablets," or "registers of debts." 
 The tabula was a piece of board covered with wax, on which the 
 writing was traced with a stylus. Not unfrequently in the ancient 
 republics, when the people were generally unable to pay their debts, 
 they were remitted in whole or in part by authority. When the 
 
154 ' NOTES ON THE 
 
 record of debt on these tablets was changed in accordance with the 
 proposed reduction, or was effaced altogether, they were called novcs 
 tabidce. The promise of this was frequently made by the leaders of 
 seditious movements to stimulate those in debt to espouse their cause : 
 
 proscriptionem locupletium. Proscription, first practised by 
 
 Sulla, was a posting up of persons' names in public places, with the 
 promise of a certain reward (commonly two talents) for the head of 
 each person so proscribed ; also their estates and goods were confis- 
 cated and seized. Catiline promised a renewal of these enormities to 
 
 his followers. 4t Petere, " "Was a candidate for :" quern, 
 
 " who." § 145, Obs. 2 : necessitudinibus, " necessities." This 
 
 word is much used by Sallust in the sense of necessitas, which is its 
 
 primary meaning. See Ch. XVII., 2T atm eo se, &c. Arrange, 
 
 se consulem cum eo facturum (esse) initium agendi, " that he (scil., 
 Catiline), if elected consul, would with him (C. Antony as his colleague) 
 make," &c. C. Antonius was the son of the celebrated orator M. Anto- 
 nius, and brother of M. Antonius Creticus, the father of the triumvir. 
 
 5. Alium egestatis. § 122, R. xxvii : quibus — prcedce. § 114, 
 
 R. xix. 6. Petitionem suam, "His application for the consulship :" 
 
 cicrce (sibi) liaberent. § 114 as above. 
 
 XXII. — 1. Fuere . . . . qui dicerent, "Some said." §141, Obs. 1: 
 
 oratione habita, " having made this speech :" populares 
 
 sceleris sui, " his partners in crime." Popularis, means " a fellow- 
 countryman," — " one of the same people," but is used here and below 
 
 (Ch. xxiv.) in the sense of socius or particeps. 2. Post exsccratio- 
 
 nem omnes degustassent, "After invoking a curse on themselves (lit., 
 " after the curse," i. e., if they should prove unfaithful), they had all 
 
 tasted the cup:" atque eo, dictitare (= dictitabant, § 144, Obs. 6.) 
 
 fecisse, " and they said that he had done it with this view," — quo, " in or- 
 der that:" alius alii, &c. Arrange, eonscii alius alii tanti facinorls, 
 
 "being conscious, one to another, of so great a crime : alius alii in the sin- 
 gular, is distributive of illi understood, the subject of forent. 3. 
 
 Ciceroni s invidiam. . . . leniri, "That the odium against Cicero would 
 
 be allayed ;" the genitive of the object, § 106, Obs. 1. 1. Pro 
 
 magnitudine, " Considering (lit., in proportion to) its importance." 
 
 XXIII. — 1. Quern censores <tc, " Whom the censors had expelled 
 from the senate for his disgraceful conduct," The censors had the 
 oversight of public morals, and it was their duty to degrade from their 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 155 
 
 office or rank any one, however high, who had made himself infamous. 
 A senator was expelled from the senate, probri gratia, by striking 
 his name from the roll. This punishment was called infamia. 
 
 2. Suamec.ipse scelera, "His own crimes." § 30, Obs. 4: 
 
 prorsus neque dicere, &c, " in short he did not regard either what he 
 said or did," lit, "neither to say, nor to do, did he have any regard." 
 3. Cut quum minus gratus esset, " And when he was less accept- 
 able to her," sell., than formerly : — — largiri, " to bestow large pre- 
 sents upon her :" maria montesqice polliceri, " to make extrava- 
 gant promises," lit, " to promise seas and mountains :" sibi ob- 
 
 noxia, "submissive to him:" ferocius agitare, "to behave (to act) 
 
 more ferociously." <l, Insolentice, " Of the unusual conduct:" 
 
 hand occidtum habuit, "did not keep concealed," — "made no secret 
 
 of:" pericidum rei publico?. § 110, R. xv. : sublato auctore, 
 
 " concealing her author," lit, " her informer being kept out" (soil., 
 
 of her statement). 5. Namque antea, <fcc, "For before this the 
 
 most of the nobility were filled with envy," lit, "boiled with envy;" 
 nobilitas a collective noun is here connected with both a singular and 
 
 a plural verb. § 102, Obs. 4: novus homo, "a new man," "an 
 
 upstart." Among the Romans a man who was the first of his family 
 to raise himself to any curule office (i. e., the office of consul, praetor, 
 quaestor, or curule sedile), was called novus homo, and was looked 
 upon by the nobles with jealousy and contempt. As none of Cicero's 
 
 ancestors had borne a curule office, he was novus homo. 6. Post 
 
 fucre, " "Were set aside," lit, " were behind." 
 
 XXIV. — 1. Quod factum, etc., "And this deed had at first intimi- 
 dated the accomplices of the conspiracy " (though it did not quash it). 
 
 § 99, Obs. 8. 2. Plura agitare, "He contrived more things," — 
 
 historical infinitive: sumptam mutuam, "borrowed:" sua 
 
 aid amicorum fide, "on his own credit, or that of his friends." § 80, 
 
 Obs. 1: Fcesidas, "to Faesulae." § 130, 2. Faesulae, now Fiseole, 
 
 was a town in the northern part of Etruria, near where Florence now 
 
 stands: portare, "he carried," meaning, "he caused to be carried." 
 
 In common phraseology, a man is said to do that which he orders and 
 
 causes to be done, — qui facit per alteriim facit per se. 3. Ubi 
 
 &«., "When age had set bounds only to their gains, but not to 
 
 their luxury;" neque here = et non. § 93, 1. I. Servitia urban a 
 
 sollicUare, "Stir up the city g 
 
156 NOTES ON THE 
 
 XXV. — 1. Sempronia. This -woman was of the illustrious family 
 of the Sempronii, from which descended the Gracchi. She was married 
 
 to Decimus Junius Brutus, who was consul b. c. 76. 2. Multa 
 
 alia, "Many other accomplishments." This accusative, as well as the 
 
 preceding infinitives, depends on docta. § 126, R. iv. 3. JPecunice 
 
 an famce, i. e., utrum pectmice an famce minus parceret: hand 
 
 facile discemeres, "you (i. e., a person) could not easily determine." 
 The 1st pers. plur. and 2d. pers. sing, are sometimes used for the 3d 
 pers. singular without a definite subject. See Ch. I., near the end, 
 
 incipias — considueris. § 48, Note 1. 4. Creditum abjuraverat, 
 
 "Had forsworn a trust committed to her:" caddis conseia, 
 
 "privy to murder:" praiceps abierat, "had rushed headlong to 
 
 ruin." § 98, Obs. 10. 5. Ingeniwn ejus haud absurdum, "Her 
 
 talents were by no means contemptible ;" haud is a strong negative : 
 
 inerat has for its subject facetice and lepos, but agrees with the 
 
 last. § 102, Obs. 1. 
 
 XXVI. — 1. In proximum annum, "For the next year," i. e., b. c. 
 
 62. He had failed the year before, Ch. xxiv. : si designatus foret, 
 
 "if he should be elected." See Ch. xviii., 8. 2. Hli, "To him," 
 
 scil., Cicero : dolus aut astutice, " dexterity (here taken in a good 
 
 sense) or address." 3. Effecerat, "Had brought it to pass." The 
 
 object of this verb is the following sentence, ut . . . . sentiret : 
 
 paulo ante, scil., Ch. xxiii. : sibi, "to him," scil., Cicero. 
 
 4. Ad hoc, often in Sallust = preterea, "besides," "moreover:" 
 
 pactione provincice, "by the grant of his province." Antonius was at 
 first supposed to be favorable to Catiline, but was gained over by 
 Cicero to the interest of the State, by the transaction here mentioned ; 
 and he proved true to his engagement. Cicero had obtained by lot 
 the rich province of Macedonia, and exchanged it for Gallia Cisalpina, 
 which had fallen to the lot of Antonius. Cicero further showed his 
 disinterestedness and patriotism, by declining the latter province also, 
 that he might remain at Rome to watch, and if possible thwart the 
 
 conspiracy: ne contra rem publicam sentiret, "not to cherish 
 
 sentiments hostile to the republic." 5. Clientium, "Clients." 
 
 That the Patricians and Plebeians might be connected together by the 
 strictest bonds, Romulus ordained that every plebeian should choose 
 from the patricians, any one he pleased as his patron or protector, and 
 whose client he was called. It was the duty of the patron to advise, 
 protect, and assist Ids client ; and of the client to respect and serve his 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 157 
 
 patron with his life and fortune, if necessary. This relation was held 
 very sacred, and any one who violated its obligations was held in- 
 famous. Hence patrons and clients vied with each other in fidelity, 
 and for more than 600 years, there was no dissension between them. 
 It was esteemed honorable for a patrician to have many clients, and no 
 man could have more devoted or faithful defenders. See Adam's 
 
 Rom. Antiq. 6. Petitio, "His application for the consulship:" 
 
 ■ quas consult in campo fecerat, "which he had laid for the consul 
 
 (Cicero) in the Campiis Martins." This was the place where the 
 
 election (comitia cenhcriafa) was held: ■ prospere cessere, "were 
 
 successful:" aspera fcedqque evenerant, "had turned oxit un- 
 favorably and disgracefully." § 98, Obs. 10. 
 
 XXVII. — 1. Beptimium quendam Camertem, "One Septiraius a 
 
 Carnertian," i. e., a native of Camerinum, a town of Umbria : in 
 
 agrum Picenum, "into the Picene country." This was a Roman 
 territory on the Adriatic. Agcr as here used means a district or small 
 
 territory, denominated generally from its chief town : . alium alio, ' 
 
 "one to one place and another to another." § 98, Obs. 11. Alio, an 
 
 adverb: quern ubique = quern et ubi, "whom and where he 
 
 thought it would be proper ;" quern refers to alium, and ubi to alio, 
 
 Ch. xxi. 2. 2. Ipse cum telo esse, "He himself carried a weapon," 
 
 lit., "was with a weapon:" item cdios (sup. cum telis esse) jubere.- 
 
 All these are historical infinitives, of which Catiline is the subject. 
 
 3. Nihil procedlt, supply Mi, "Nothing succeeds to him," — present 
 
 tense. § 44, I., 3. 4. Per M. Porciwn Laicam. Cicero tells us 
 
 that the meeting here mentioned was held in the house of Laeca. 
 
 1. Or. in Cat., Ch. iv. 5. Alios in alia loca. § 98, Obs. 11 : 
 
 qui initium . . . . facerent, "in order to make a beginning." § 141, Obs. 
 
 2, 4th: multum officere, "greatly obstructed," "was a great 
 
 hinderance to." 
 
 XXVIII. — 1* Sicuti sahitatwn, "As if to offer him their morning 
 salutations." Among the Romans who held their levees early in the 
 morning — before sun-rise, — it was accounted a mark of great respect 
 to call very early. As the conspirators met at midnight, and spent 
 probably some hours in their deliberations, the paxdo post here, would 
 
 come up to about the time of such early morning salutations. 
 
 2. Curius ubi intellegit (an old form for intelligit), " As soon as Curius 
 perceives," — see preceding Chap., Note 8, with ref. See also Ch. xxvi. : 
 
158 NOTES ON THE 
 
 impendeat. § 140, 5. 3. Mi, "They," scil., C. Cornelius and 
 
 L. Vargunteius. 4. Novarum rerum cupidam, "Eager for a re- 
 volution of the state:" Sullce dominatione, "under the tyranny 
 
 of Sulla:" Sidlanis colonis, "the colonists of Sulla," i. e., the 
 
 soldiers of Sulla, settled as colonists in the lands of the Etrurians : 
 
 nihil reliqui fecerant, "had left nothing," i. e., had wasted every 
 thing. 
 
 XXIX. — 1. Ancipiti malo, "By this double danger," scil., from the 
 
 conspirators within the city, and the army of Manlius without : 
 
 privato consilio, " by his own private management :" satis com- 
 
 pertum habebat, "had he sufficiently ascertained." § 146, Obs. 1: 
 
 vulgi rumoribus exagitatam, "noised abroad by the rumors of the 
 
 people." 2. Quod plerumque. Here quod (sometimes id quod) 
 
 refers to the following clause senatus decrevit, &c., § 99, Expl. ; for the 
 
 omission of ut before darent see § 140, Obs. 5. 3. Ea potestas .... 
 
 maxima, "This highest authority." In former times, in dangerous 
 emergencies of the state, a Dictator was created with absolute power 
 for the use of which, however, he was responsible afterwards. But 
 for nearly two hundred years before this the practice had fallen into 
 disuse, and, in place of it, the consuls were clothed with dictatorial 
 powers by a decree of the senate in the form here given, darent 
 operam, &c. The infinitive clauses following, scil., exercitum parare, 
 &c, are in apposition with potestas, and explain it, and may be con- 
 nected in English by "namely." 1. Imperium atque judicium 
 
 summum habere, "To exercise the highest military and civil authori- 
 ty:" aliter, "otherwise," i. e., without such authority. 
 
 XXX. — 1. JRecitavit, "Eead aloud:" ante diem VI. (scxtwn), 
 
 (fee, "On the sixth day before the first of ISTov.," i. e., 27. Oct. Eat. 
 
 Gr., p. 306 : id quod, Ch. xxix. 2 : portenta atque prodigia, 
 
 " direful omens and prodigies ;" portenta, means strange and unnatural 
 events, which, in the superstition of the times, were thought to portend 
 dire calamities; prodigia, singular appearances, thought to be prophetic 
 of future events. These are mentioned by Cicero, III. Or. against 
 
 Cat., Ch. VIII. 2. Senati, genitive in the form of the second 
 
 declension instead of senatus. § 10, Exc. 2: circumque ea loco, 
 
 "and to those places around :" — V. urn is here used adverbially. 
 
 3. Ad urban, "Kearifche city:" vmpediti ne triumpharent, "being 
 
 hindered from obtaining a triumph." Commanders who claimed a 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 159 
 
 triumph could not enter the city until the senate decided on their 
 application. If they violated this regulation, and entered the city, 
 their military command instantly ceased, and with it, their right to 
 demand a triumph. Marcius Rex had been sent by the senate as 
 proconsul to Cilicia, and Metellus, for the purpose of subduing Crete. 
 Both on their return demanded a triumph, and were waiting the 
 decision of the senate without the city, when this new call for their 
 
 services occurred : calumnia paucorum, " by the intrigues of a 
 
 few," probably influential senators bribed by the enemies of these 
 commanders to oppose the grant, or, it may be, expecting to be paid 
 
 by these commanders themselves to withdraw their opposition. 
 
 -1. Prcetores, scil., missi sunt: pro tempore atque periculo, "in 
 
 proportion to the exigency and the danger." 5. Prcemium, i. e., 
 
 decrevere prosmium, "They voted as a reward:" sestertia centum; 
 
 the sestertium was a sum of money (not a coin) = 1,000 sestertii, and 
 worth in our currency about $38^-; a hundred sestertia of course 
 was equal to $3,868, a large sum in these times, offered as a reward to 
 
 a slave besides his liberty. 0. Pro cujusque opibus, "according 
 
 to the means of each (town)." The reason for distributing the gladia- 
 torial families in this way doubtless was to prevent them from combin- 
 ing together and forming plans hostile to the state. Familia properly 
 
 signifies all the slaves belonging to one household: ■ minores 
 
 magistrates, " the inferior magistrates," i. e., those officers who did not 
 by virtue of their office become members of the senate. 
 
 XXXI. — 1. Quibus rebus, "By these things." § 99, Obs. 8: 
 
 Icetitia atque lascivia, quce (neuter instead of quas). See Ch. V., Xote 7, 
 
 with references : diuturna quies. Before this there had been no 
 
 serious disturbances since the time of Sulla, a period of nearly 20 
 
 years : festinare, &c, historical infinitives. 2. Quibus rei 
 
 publicce magnitudine (the ablative used by Sallust for propter magnitu- 
 de nan), &c, "To whom, on account of the greatness of the common- 
 wealth, the dread of war had been unusual." Here observe the force 
 of the frequentatives afflictare and rogitare. 3. Eadem ilia mom- 
 bat, "He continued to push on these same measures:" ■ et ipse lege 
 
 Plautia, <fec, " and he himself was accused on the Plautian (or Plotian) 
 law," — a law de vi, proposed by M. Plautius Sylvanus, enacted b. c. 88, 
 and aimed at those who might attempt by violence to subvert the 
 existing constitution of the state. On the ground of this law, Catiline 
 had already been summoned before a court of law, though no formal 
 
160 NOTES ON THE 
 
 charge had yet been brought against him. 4. Dissimulandi causa 
 
 (gerund), " In order to conceal his villany:" ant sui expurgandi 
 
 (gerundive, § 147, R. lxii.), "or of clearing himself," scil., from suspi- 
 cion: sicutijurgio lacessitus foret, "as if he had been provoked 
 
 by an accusation originating in a private difficulty :" oration em 
 
 habuit lucidentam, <fcc, "made a speech brilliant," &c. : scriptam 
 
 edidit, "wrote out and published," lit, "being -written out, he publish- 
 ed." This is the first of Cicero's Orations against Catiline. It was 
 delivered in the senate, extemporaneously, on the 8th ISTov., and is one 
 of the most splendid orations that have come down to us, and "its 
 
 effect," says Mr. Dunlop, "must have been perfectly electric." 
 
 5. Patres Conscripti (a title used in addressing the Roman senate), 
 "That the Conscript Fathers." This speech is given in the form of 
 
 oblique narration. See § 141, Rule vi., Explanation : ea familia, 
 
 "of such a family." § 31, Obs. 2, last part: ut omnia bona, tfcc, 
 
 "that he might hope for all preferments:" sibi . . . . perdita re 
 
 publica opus esse, " that there was to him .... any need of ruining the 
 republic:" cujus ipsius atque majorum, tfcc, "whose own numer- 
 ous services, and those of his ancestors were bestowed on the Roman 
 
 people." 6. Inquilinus civis urbis Romat, "An adventitious 
 
 citizen of the city of Rome." Inquilinus means here, one not born 
 in Rome, and having no house there, but who came to it from the 
 country, and occupied a hired lodging. This is spoken scarcastically, 
 and with contempt of Cicero who was born at Arpinum, a small town 
 of Italy, and is maliciously put in contrast with his own patrician 
 
 origin. 7. Quwn adderet, "When he was going on to add:" 
 
 obstrepere, "raised a loud clamor." 8. JPrceceps agor, "I am 
 
 driven headlong." § 98, Obs. 10. Here the historian changes from the 
 
 oratio obliqua to the oratio directa. § 141, Obs. 5, 2d : incendium 
 
 meum, &c, "I will quench the conflagration which threatens me by 
 the ruin (of my adversaries)." The allusion is to the method of 
 extinguishing a fire sometimes resorted to, namely, to pull down the 
 building. — This part of Catiline's speech is in the form of direct dis- 
 course. — It is supposed that Sallust is in error in stating that this 
 speech was made by Catiline in reply to the first Oration of Cicero 
 referred to above, inasmuch as Cicero himself says, in his second Oration 
 against Catiline delivered the next day (11. Or. in Cat., Ch. VI.), that 
 notwithstanding Catiline's boldness he did not utter a word in reply ; 
 on the contrary, paruit, ivit Cicero, however, does mention in his 
 oral ion for Murena that some days before, Catiline used nearly these 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 161 
 
 very words in reply to Cato, who, in the presence of the senate, 
 threatened him with a public trial. Or. pro Murena, Chap. XXV., 
 ad. fin. 
 
 XXXII. — 1. Insidice consuli, "The plot for the consul," scil., Cicero. 
 § 110, E. xv : intellegebat, an old form for intelligebat, "he per- 
 ceived clearly." 2. Optimum factu credens, "Believing it to be 
 
 his best course," lit., "the best thing to be done." § 148, 2: 
 
 legiones scriberentur, "the legions were enrolled," scil., which the 
 praetors Pompeius Eufus and Metellus Celer were authorized to levy. 
 
 Ch. XXX., ad fin: antecapere, "to secure beforehand:" cum 
 
 paucis, "with a few;" Plutarch says 800. 3. Cethego, "To 
 
 Cethegus." C. Cornelius Cethegus, a Eoman of corrupt morals and 
 turbulent character, one of the most active in this conspiracy : Cicero 
 informs us that in rashness and daring he surpassed Catiline himself, 
 and almost equalled him in strength of body, love of arms, and dignity 
 of birth : C. Cornelius Lentulus, associated with him, was a man of 
 talents, but extremely corrupt in his private character, — of immoderate 
 
 vanity, and great ambition : mandat, " he gives in charge." After 
 
 mandat, ut is elegantly omitted before the subjunctives following, scil., 
 
 conferment, maturent, parent. § 140, Obs. 5 : propediem, " at an 
 
 early day," " very soon." 4. Cum mandatis, " With a message." 
 
 Mandatum commonly means " a verbal message;" litter ce, "a written 
 message." 
 
 XXXIII. — 1. Qui has its antecedent in nostra, § 99, Obs. 2, and 
 
 is the subject of sumus : plerique, " most of us :" omnes, • " all 
 
 of us:" patriot, fama, and fortunis, in different cases, depend on 
 
 expertes. § 10*7, E. xi. 2. Lege uti, "To avail himself of the 
 
 benefit of the law," scil., the Papirian law, which prohibited imprison- 
 ment for debt, and made property the only security for debts. This 
 law was intended to mitigate the severity of the laws of the XII tables, 
 which gave creditors an extensive power over the persons of their 
 debtors, imprisoning, and otherwise maltreating them. The complaint 
 here is, that through the rapacity of money-lenders, and the cruel un- 
 faithfulness of the praetors in administering the laws, they did not 
 
 obtain the benefit of these mitigations. 3. Vestrum, the genitive 
 
 of the personal pronoun. The possessive vestri might have been used, 
 
 § 31, Obs. 1, " your ancestors." 4. Argentum cere solutum est, 
 
 "Silver was paid with brass," i. e., a sestertius was paid with an as. 
 
162 NOTES ON IHE 
 
 which, at that time, was only one-fourth of its Yalue, making a reduc- 
 tion of three-fourths, or 15 per cent, of the debt. This reduction took 
 place b. c. 86, during the ascendency of the Marian party. See Ch, 
 
 XXI, 3. 5. Scepe ipsa plebes (an ancient form for plebs). Livy 
 
 mentions three secessions of this kind, to Mons Sacer, b. c. 493 — 
 
 to Mount Aventine, b. c. 448 — and to Janiculum, b. c. 287. 
 
 6. Quarum rerum causa, " On account of which things," scil., power 
 
 and riches ; see Ch, XVIII., 6 : nemo bonus .... amittit, " no 
 
 man of spirit gives up." 7. Consulatis, restituatis. § 140, Obs. 5. 
 
 XXXIV. — 1. Si vellent . . . . discedant, &c, "If they wished, &c, 
 they should lay down (lit, depart from) their arms." The present 
 after the imperfect is an unusual construction, § 137, and leads to sup- 
 pose that, though the historian gives this reply in the oblique form, he 
 gives this clause in the direct form, i. e., quoting, not narrating, the 
 words of Marcius. " Let them lay down their arms, let them go as 
 
 suppliants to Rome." § 141, Obs. 5, 2d: 2. Ex itinere, "On his 
 
 journey:" prozterea optimo cuique, "and besides these, to each 
 
 person of distinction" (scil., though not of consular rank). 3. 
 
 Falsis criminibits, " By false accusations," referring to the charges 
 
 made by Cicero in the speech mentioned, Ch. XXXI. : Massiliam 
 
 in exilium, " to Marseilles into exile." As this city, though leagued 
 with the Romans by treaty, was not subject to the civil law of Rome, 
 those who withdrew from these laws by going into exile, might choose 
 that city as a safe place of residence, without the fear of being delivered 
 up to their own country. This pretence of going to Marseilles was of 
 
 course intended only to deceive, as the sequel shows : non quo 
 
 (= non quod), "not because :" neve ex sua contcntione, &c, "and 
 
 that an insurrection might not arise out of his private quarrel." 
 
 4. Ab his longe diver sas litteras, "A letter very different from this." 
 Litter m in the plural means " a letter," or " letters." As only one is 
 here given, if may properly be rendered in the singular, " a letter :" 
 
 earum cxemplum, "a copy of this." Littera in the singular means 
 
 "a mark or character," "a letter of the alphabet." 
 
 XXXV.— 1. L. Catilina Q. Catulus, S. (i. e., L. Catilina Q. Catulo 
 
 salntcm dicit. § 123, R. xxix.), "Lucius Catiline to Q. Catulus greet- 
 ing." This is the usual Roman form of beginning a letter. No name 
 was subscribed at the end, but merely 1li'' usual o.vc, salve, or the like 
 was added : re cognita (Abl. absolute), " being proved by experi- 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 163 
 
 ence," lit., "the fact being fully ascertained:" commendationi 
 
 mece, "to my recommendation," soil., of Orestilla to your care. Ch. 
 
 XV. See end of this letter. 2. Defensionem, &c. Arrange, 
 
 Statui 11011 parare defensionem: in novo consilio, "in my new 
 
 enterprise." Defensio is a regular defense against an adversary — 
 satisf actio, an apology or explanation for the satisfaction of a friend ; 
 
 before satisf actionem supply sed : ex nulla conscientia de culpa 
 
 (= culpa), "from no consciousness of misconduct on my part." 
 
 3. Quam meclius fidius, tire, "Which (scil., satisf actionem), so may Jupi- 
 ter help me, you will find to be true." Mediusfidius = me dius fidius 
 (juvet), is a strong asseveration like mehercule. Dius = deus— fidius 
 (from fides) is a surname of Jupiter, meaning "the god of honor." 
 
 4. Statum dignitatis, scil., the consulship, which he considered due to 
 
 him : non quin,- " not but that :" meis nominibus (scil., 
 
 factum), "of my own contracting:" alienis nominibus (scil., ces 
 
 alienum factum), "contracted by others," but for which he was respon- 
 sible : suis filiceque copiis, " from her own resources and those of 
 
 her daughter." § 31, Obs. 1. 5, Non dignos homines, "Unworthy 
 
 men," referring chiefly to Cicero, who, though a stranger {inquilinus), 
 was made consul, and whom he regarded with the strongest aversion : 
 
 me allenatum, " that I was discarded," "set aside." 6. Hoc 
 
 nomine, "For this reason." Arrange what follows thus : Secutus sum 
 spes satis honestas pro meo casu, conservandce reliquce dignitatis, "I 
 have followed (I have endeavored to realize) the hopes, honorable 
 enough considering my calamity, of securing what of dignity remains - 
 
 to me." 7. Vim mild parari, "That an attack is to be made on 
 
 me." With this pretence, he breaks off the letter, and avoids further 
 
 "explanation," which it was difficult to make. 8. Earn ab injuria, 
 
 etc., " By the love you bear to your children I entreat you (lit., being 
 entreated) defend her from injury :" Haveto, " farewell." 
 
 XXXYIt — 1. In agro Arretino, "In the territory of Arretium." 
 (See ager, Ch. XXYIL, 1.) This was in the centre of Etruria, near 
 
 lake Thrasimenus : antea sollicitatam, " formerly gained over " (to 
 
 his cause): cum fascibus, &c, as if he were consul. 2. 
 
 Hostes, "Enemies," "rebels:" {sed) ceterce multiiudini, &c, "but 
 
 to the rest of the party, it appoints a day :" sine fraude, " with- 
 out injury," " with impunity," — with liceret supply Mis, referring to 
 
 multiiudini, "it would be permitted to them:" prceter (illis) 
 
 condemnatis, "except to those convicted." 3# Multo maxime 
 
164 NOTES ON THE 
 
 miserabile, "Truly most deplorable:" cui quum, &c, "to which, 
 
 although from the rising to the setting of the sun (i. e., from the east to 
 the west), all, beiug subdued by its arms, were in subjection" .... afflue- 
 rent, "abounded" ..... fuere tamen cives, "yet there were citizens:" 
 
 qui .... perditum irent, lit., " who were going to destroy," i. e., 
 
 "were bent on destroying." § 148. 1. • 4. Senati, genitive for 
 
 senatus, Ch. XXX., 2: neque prcemio, &c. As the verbs 
 
 patefecerat and discesserat, have a common subject, quisquam, and are 
 connected by neque, the strict arrangement would be, quisquam om- 
 nium .... neque patefecerat, &c. But as this does not give a proper 
 English sentence, it is better to place the negative with quisquam, 
 giving a negative subject, which will leave the force of aut to connect 
 the verbs; thus, neque quisquam omnium patefecerat conjurationem, 
 neque (i. e., aut), &c, " not any one of all either had disclosed the 
 conspiracy, or," &c. 
 
 XXXVII* — 1. Aliena, " Disaffected." 2. Id adeo more suo, &c. } 
 
 "Xay, they even seemed to do this according to their custom." They 
 were desirous of change, in the hope that their condition, seldom good, 
 
 might be improved by it : adeo is emphatic. 3. Bonis invident, 
 
 " They hate the good," i. e., the quiet, respectable, and wealthy : 
 
 malos, "the evil," i.e., the restless, turbulent, and factious: 
 
 turba, " in confusion :" egestas facile habetur, " poverty is easily 
 
 kept." i. e., poor people, having nothing to lose, do not suffer by revo- 
 lutions as others do. 4. Ea vero, " This in particular." For the 
 
 reasons following, the elements of revolution will ever be found most 
 abundant among the reckless and unprincipled city poor, and to draw 
 attention to this fact, ea with vero, though a sort of pleonasm, is added 
 
 to urbana plebes (plebs): prceceps ierat (§ 98, Obs. 10), scil., into 
 
 the designs of Catiline. 5. Prcestabant, "Were notorious," lit., 
 
 "stood foremost:" per dedecora, "by disgraceful excesses:" 
 
 in sentinam, " into a common sink," a place where every thing filthy 
 
 settles. G. Dcinde. In this chapter, five classes are described: 
 
 the description of the first is introduced by primum omnium — of the 
 second by deinde — of the third and fourth each by prceterea — and of 
 
 the fifth by ad hoc: alios (scil. fieri) — alios, "some — others." 
 
 §98, Obs. 12. 7. Manuum mercede inopiam toleravenxt, "Had 
 
 supported themselves in poverty by the wages of manna] labor;" 
 
 privatis atqite publicis largitionibus, scil., the largesses in money and 
 provisions with which the state supported the needy population of the 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 165 
 
 capital, and with which wealthy and ambitious citizens sought to 
 increase the number of their clients.— These were constantly attracting 
 
 the poor from the country to Rome, and increasing the city plebs. 
 
 8. Rei publico; juxta ac sibi consuluisse, " Cared for the state just as 
 they cared for themselves :" i. e. as little for the one as for the other. 
 
 § 149, Obs. 6. 9. Quorum. Connect quorum with parentes, and 
 
 bona and jus : victoria Sullte, " upon the victory of Sulla :" 
 
 jus libertatis imminutum erat. Sulla had ordered that the sons of those 
 whom he had proscribed should be ineligible to office, and in this respect, 
 
 they were still deprived bf the rights of citizens. 10. Aliarum 
 
 atque senatus partium erant, " Belonged to parties other than those 
 
 of the senate." § 149, Obs. 6 : quam (se) minus valere ipsi, "than 
 
 that they themselves should have less power." § 98, Exc. 5. 11. 
 
 Id adeo malum, " To such a degree had that evil ;" scil., a spirit 
 of insurrection, fomented by the bitterness of faction and party 
 spirit. 
 
 XXXVIII.— 1. On. Pompeio, &c. § 146, Obs. 10 : tribunicia 
 
 potestas restituta est. The office of tribunes of the people was insti- 
 tuted on the occasion of the first secession to Mons Sacer, B. c. 493 
 (Ch. XXXIII., 5), to protect the rights of the commons. This 
 power, great at first, was afterwards carried to an extravagant 
 height, till it was greatly abridged by Sulla, and continued so, till, 
 as here mentioned, it was in a great measure restored in the con- 
 sulship of Pompey and Crassus. This restoration, though hailed 
 with favor by the people, was disapproved by Cicero and others, 
 and it is certain that from this time the tribunes became mere 
 
 tools in the hands of the ambitious and powerful. 2. Summam 
 
 potestatem, "Vast power," — not the chief power of the state, for that 
 was lodged in the consuls, but the highest degree of the tribunician 
 power : fieri, " became," Hist. inf. 3. Senatus specie, " Un- 
 der pretence (of supporting the power) of the senate." 4. Paucis 
 
 rerum absolvam, " I may state the truth in a few words :" qui- 
 
 cunque, like oaris in Greek, and whosoever in English, contains a 
 double subject = omnes qui. Of these, omnes is the subject of certa- 
 bant, and qui, of agitavere. § 99, Obs. 7 ; — again omnes is divided into 
 two classes by alii — pars, " some — others," and again into individuals 
 by quixque, " each." § 99, Exc. 4. Xote that alii — pars, and pars — 
 
 alii are sometimes used'for alii — alii : modestia, " moderation," 
 
 modus, "limit." 
 
166 NOTESONTHE 
 
 XXXIX. — 1. Maritimum, i. e., the war against the Cilician pirates. 
 This was finished in 40 days : Mithridatictim, the war against Mithri- 
 dates, king of Pontus. This war from first to last, lasted nine years, 
 and was successfully terminated by Pompey, b. c. 65, when Pontus 
 was formed into a Roman province: imminutce {sunt), "declined." 
 
 2. Hi, " These," scil., " the few :" tenere, agere, terrere, hist. inf. : 
 
 innoxii (used passively), "unharmed," "in safety:" ceteros judi- 
 
 ciis terrere, " the rest (i. e., the other patricians who courted popular 
 
 favor), they overawed by judicial processes:" quo plebem, ' &c, 
 
 " that, when in office (scil., of the tribuneship), they might manage the 
 people more gently," — not stirring them up against the rulers, lest, 
 when out of office, they too might be harassed by prosecutions. 
 
 3. Dubiis rebus, "Affairs being in an unsettled state." § 146, Obs. 10: 
 
 novandi spes, " the hope of effecting a change of government :" 
 
 vetus certamen, "the old contest," scil., between the patricians 
 
 and the plebeians. 4. Quodsi, "And if:" discessisset, "had 
 
 come off:" neque illis = neque tamen Mis : : qui plus posset, 
 
 " a third party more powerful," lit., " one who could do more :" 
 
 extorqueret, " would have wrested." § 45, II., 2. 5. Extra ccrnju- 
 
 rationem, " not connected with the consj^iracy." 6. Parens necari 
 
 jussit. Among the Romans, a father had the power of life and death 
 
 over his own children : T. Quoscunque = omnes quos, the first of 
 
 which is governed by sollicitabat, and the second is the subject of esse 
 
 understood before idoneos. See Ch. XXXVIII., 4 : — sollicitabat, 
 
 "attempted to gain over." §44, II., 2: cujusque modi genus 
 
 hominum, " any sort of men," lit, " a class of men of any sort." 
 
 XL. — 1. TJti legatos Allobrogum requirat, " To sound the deputies 
 of the Allobroges." The Allobroges inhabited the country from Lake 
 Lemannus and the Rhone, as far south as the Isara. They were 
 subject to Rome, but, with a certain degree of independence, they 
 governed themselves within their own country. Their chief towns 
 were Vienna and Geneva: ad societatem belli, "to a confede- 
 racy in the war." 2. JS T egotiatus crat, " Had traded," and of 
 
 course had lived some time there: plerisque principibus civitar 
 
 Hum, scil., Gallicarum, " to most of the leading men of the Gallic 
 
 states." 3. Percontatus pauca, "After asking a few things:" 
 
 quern exitum spcrarent. § 140, 5. I, Tllos uidet queri, "lie saw 
 
 that they complained." § 41, I., ;; : senatum, scil., of Rome: 
 
 rationem, " a way," " a method :" qua tanta ista mala efj'ugiatis, 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 167 
 
 " by which you may escape these your so great misfortunes," Iste is 
 the demonstrative of the second person, and shows that the word to 
 which it belongs expresses something belonging to, or connected with, 
 
 the person addressed. §31, Obs. 2: ut sui misereretur, "that he 
 
 would take pity on them." § 108, E. xiii. ■ 5t D. Bruii, " Of 
 
 Decimua Brutus," — the father of the well-known D. Junius Brutus, and 
 the husband of Sempronia, an accomplice of Catiline. Ch. XXV. 
 Brutus probably had no knowledge of the conspiracy : — neqxie aliena 
 consilii, " and not unfriendly to the design," i. e., friendly to it. § 107, 
 
 E. ix. 6. Gabinium. This was a Eoman of equestrian rank, and 
 
 one of the most worthless of Catiline's accomplices. 7. Innoxios, 
 
 " Innocent :" quo legalis, &c, " to inspire the deputies with 
 
 greater courage." § 112, E. ii : domum, the accusative of the 
 
 place whither. § 130, 4. 
 
 XLI. — 1. In altera parte, " On the one side," scil., that of Cati- 
 line : in altera parte, "on the other," scil., that of the senate. 
 
 2t Cujus patrocinio, " Whose patronage." In the latter part of 
 
 the republic, cities and whole nations, provinces of, or in alliance with 
 the Eomans, made choice of some illustrious individual or family at 
 Eome as their patron, who acted as their protector, took an interest in 
 their affairs, and supported their cause when it came before the senate. 
 The Allobroges were under the patronage of the Fabian family, and 
 
 their patron at this time was Q. Fabius Sanga. 3t Ut studium, &c, 
 
 " To make great pretensions of zeal for the conspiracy :" ceteros 
 
 .adeant, "to go to the rest," scil., of the conspirators. § 136, E. lii. : 
 
 uti eos quam maxime manifestos habeant, " to have them as 
 
 clearly detected as possible." When the subjunctive with ut is used 
 for the infinitive (§ 145, Obs. 5.), it will often be better to translate it 
 by the infinitive in English. 
 
 XLII. — 1. Gallia citeriore. Hither or Cisalpine Gaul lay south of 
 the Alps, and formed the northern part of Italy. Thither or Trans- 
 alpine Gaul lay north and west of the Alps, now the kingdoms of 
 
 France and Belgium : Bruttium, the southern peninsula of Italy 
 
 extending towards Sicily : Apidia, a country of Southern Italy 
 
 (Magna Greecia) on the Hadriatic sea : — — motus est, " there was a 
 
 commotion." 2. Quos Catilina dimiserat. Ch. XXVII. : cuneta 
 
 simul agebani, " commenced doing all things at once." See Ch. XXX. : 
 armorum at que telorum, " of all kinds of weapons." When these 
 
168 NOTES ON THE 
 
 words are distinguished, the former means defensive, and the latter, 
 offensive armor. In a general sense, arma means all sorts of imple- 
 ments for any purpose. 3* Causa cognita, &c, " After trial, had 
 
 cast into prison many of that number :" item in ulteriore Gallia, 
 
 etc., " and likewise C. Murena, who as deputy (scil., of his brother 
 L. Murena, now consul elect) was governor of that province, did the 
 same thing ;" item often carries in it a repetition of a preceding 
 clause : here = complures in vincula co?ijecerat. 
 
 XLIII. — 1, Lentulus cum ceteris .... constituer ant. § 102, Obs. 2: 
 
 in agrum Fcesulanwn venisset, "should come (§ 45. iv.) into the 
 
 country of Faesulae." Ch. XXIV., 2: invidiam, "the blame," "the 
 
 odium." 2. JEo signo (i. e., eo signo dato), "Upon that signal:" 
 
 proxima node, "next night;" abl. of time when. The time 
 
 agreed upon for these horrid deeds was one of the nights of the 
 Saturnalia, which commenced on the l^th of December. The con- 
 spiracy, however, was discovered on the 8th Xov., the leading 
 conspirators were arrested on the night of the 2d Dec. and put to 
 
 death on the 5th Dec. : suum quisque negotium, " each his own 
 
 pai't." § 98, Exc. 4. 3. Sed ea (scil., negotia) divisa (esse) hoc modo 
 
 dicebantur, "Moreover these parts are said to have been apportioned 
 in this way," namely, "that Statilius," &c. Sed is often used by 
 Sallust instead of autem, to express transition only, and not opposition. 
 See another example below: incenderent, "should set fire to:" 
 
 obsideret, from obsido : alius autem alium, scil., aggrederetur. 
 
 § 98, Obs. 11. 4. Sed filii familiarum, "Also that the sons of 
 
 families." This expression means sons yet forming part of their 
 
 father's household, and who had not yet households of their own. 
 
 5. Inter hcec parata atque decreta, "During these preparations and 
 
 resolvings." § 146, Obs. 2: dies prolatando, "by putting off days," 
 
 not a short time only, but days. 6. Natura, "By nature ;" abl. of 
 
 cause: ■ manu promjitics, "prompt in action." See Ch. XXXIL, 3. 
 
 XLIV. — 1. Per Gabinium, &c, "Through means of Gabinius, obtain 
 
 an interview with the rest," scil., of the conspirators: convenio, 
 
 witli an accusative, means "to speak to," "to have an interview 
 
 with:" jusjurandum, "a written oath ;" signatum, "sealed," scil., 
 
 with their respective aeala The purport of this oath, doubtless, was 
 that they would perform their promise to them on receiving their 
 assistance, should the enterprise succeed: eos, "that they," scil., 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 169 
 
 cives, "their countrymen." 2. Bant, "They give it," scil., jtisju- 
 
 randum signatum. 3. Crotoniensem. A native of Crotona, in the 
 
 territory of the Bruttii, on the Tarentine bay : dormvm pergerent, 
 
 "they should go home," soil., to their own country: fide, "a 
 
 pledge." 4. Litteras, "A letter." Ch. XXXIV., 4. 5. Qui 
 
 (for quis, § 34, Obs. 1.) sim, "Who I am." § 140, 5. 6. Fac cogi- 
 
 tes, "See that you consider." § 140, Obs. 5. In like manner memineris 
 
 (§ 84, Obs. 2.), cqnsideres, and petas depend on fac : turn rationes, 
 
 "your present circumstances:" ab infimis, "from the lowest." 
 
 He means the slaves, as the clause in the next sentence, quo consilio 
 servitia repudiet, shows. Catiline, however, did not take this part of 
 the advice, as it is well known there were no slaves in his army. 
 Cicero in his third Oration against Catiline, Ch. V., gives this letter 
 somewhat differently, probably as he quoted from memory, giving its 
 
 meaning in different words. 7, Mandata verbis, "A verbal 
 
 message:" propius, scil., icrbem, "nearer to the city." § 186, Obs. 5. 
 
 XLV. — 1. Cuncta edoctus, "Having been informed of every thing." 
 
 § 126, R. iv. : In ponte Midvio. This was a bridge across the 
 
 Tiber, about one mile from the city at the commencement of the via 
 
 Flaminia which led from Rome to Ariminum: comitatus, "the 
 
 retinue :" cetera, uti &c, " as to the rest, he permits them to act 
 
 in such a way as there might be need of acting :" uti, adverb 
 
 "as." 2. Illi, "They," namely the praetors: obsidunt, 
 
 "beset." The men were planted in ambuscade {per insidias) at each 
 end of the bridge, so that when the Gauls were on the bridge, and the 
 ambuscade arose, there was no escape, either by advancing or retreat- 
 ing. 3. Ad id loci (§ 106, R. viii.) = ad eum locum, Viz., the 
 
 centre of the bridge: cito, "instantly." The Gauls, having 
 
 understood beforehand that they would all be arrested not far "from 
 the city, as soon as they heard the shout of those lying in ambush, 
 
 understood it at once, and of course made no resistance. 4. 
 
 Mxdta .... Fomptinum obtestatus, § 124, R. xxx. ; midta, lit, "many 
 things," i. e., "earnestly." The conduct of Yolturcius here was itself 
 proof of his guilt. 
 
 XLVI. — It Intellegens (old form for intelligens), "Because he 
 
 knew:" dubitans, "because he was in doubt." For this use of 
 
 the participle, see § 146, Obs. 6, last part, 2. Perdundm rei 
 
 publicce fore, "Would tend to the destruction of the state." Comp. 
 
170 NOTES ON THE 
 
 CL VI., 8, with ref. 3. Confirmato animo, "Assuming courage:" 
 
 Terracinensem, "A native of Terracina," a city of Latium. 
 
 4t Cognito indicio, "Having got notice of the discovery:" reli- 
 
 quos, soil., Cethegus, Statilius, &c, as above. 5. Eo, "Thither," 
 
 i. e., to the temple of Concord. The senate could not meet but in a 
 temple, or place consecrated by the augurs, that their deliberations 
 might thereby be rendered more solemn. The usual place of meeting 
 was the Curia Hostilia ; but on the present occasion, they were 
 summoned to this temple, which was close by the Forum where the 
 people assembled in great numbers, and to whom, at the close of the 
 meeting, Cicero came forth and stated what had been done. This 
 forms Cicero's third Oration against Catiline. This temple was erected 
 by Camillus in accordance with a vow on account of the re-establish- 
 ment of harmony between the senate and the people. Hence its 
 name. 6* Scrinium, "The box." 
 
 XLYIIt — 1. Quid, aid qua, &c. Arrange and sxipply, Quid consilii 
 habuisset, aut de qua causa (id consilii habuisset), "What design he had 
 
 entertained, or for what reason he had entertained it:" fingere 
 
 alia, " he pretended things other than the truth." 2# Fide publico, 
 
 scil., ei data, "The public faith being pledged for his safety:" 
 
 socium adscitum, " having been admitted as an associate:" quam 
 
 legatos (scire), "than the deputies knew." 3. Coarguunt, "Con- 
 vict:" ex libris Sibyllinis, "according to the Sibylline books." 
 
 These books were supposed to contain the fate of the empire. After 
 the three books, purchased by Tarquin from the Erythraean Sibyl, had 
 perished in the conflagration of the Capitol, — b. c. 83, — ambassadors 
 were sent every where to collect the oracles of the Sibyls. From the 
 verses thus collected the Quindecemviri made out new books, which 
 were deposited in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine hill. One of 
 these Oracles stated that "three K's (Lat. C's) should reign at Rome. 
 This the Greeks interpreted of the Cappadocians, Cilieians, and 
 Cretans ; but the Romans applied them to three persons of the 
 
 Cornelian gens: Cinnam atque Sallam (both belonging to the 
 
 Cornelian gens) antea, scil., urbis potitos esse. § 121, Exc. 2. 4. -46 
 
 incenso Capitolio, "From the burning of the Capitol." § 146, Obs. 2. 
 The Capitol was burnt three times — once before this, b. c. S3, to which 
 
 the reference is here made, and twice afterwards: vigesimwn 
 
 annum, scil., since the Capitol was burnt: JLtrusjuces. Priests 
 
 who examined the victims and their entrails, alter they were sacrificed, 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 171 
 
 and from these derived omens of futurity ; as also from the flame, 
 
 smoke, and other circumstances attending the sacrifices. 5. Signa 
 
 sua cog?wvissent, "Had acknowledged their own seals:" abdkato 
 
 magistratu, "having resigned his office," scil., in order to trial. A 
 magistrate could not be put on trial while in office. Some editions 
 have abdicatus, &c, "being deposed from office;" but as this was in 
 order to trial, though not entirely voluntary, it was his own act, 
 which is better expressed by abdicato magistratu. — *— 6. In liberis 
 custodiis, "In free custody," or as we would .say, "were held to bail." 
 This was done either when'the accused were persons of rank, or were 
 many in number. Those in whose custody they were placed, were 
 held responsible for their appearance to be tried. 
 
 XLYIIL — 1. Exsecrari, tollere, agitabat. Such transitions from the 
 historical infinitive to the imperfect, and vice versa are common in 
 Sallust. The change in the feelings of the common people here described, 
 was effected by the discoveries made to them by Cicero, in his speech 
 
 delivered after the meeting of the senate. Ch. XLVL, 5. 2. Alia 
 
 belli facinora prcedce (sibi), &c, "That other deeds of Avar would bring 
 
 to them booty, rather than loss:" immoderatum, "exceeding all 
 
 bounds:" quippe cui, <fec., "since all their means consisted in 
 
 articles for daily use, and in clothing for the body." 3. Quern .... 
 
 retractum (esse) aiebant, "Who they said was brought back." § 145, 
 
 Ob S- 2 : de paratis incendiis. § 146, Obs. 2 : missum a M. 
 
 Crasso. See Ch. XVII., 5: qui Catilinai nuntiaret, "to tell 
 
 Catiline." § 141, Obs. 2, 4th. 4. N~e (in oblique narration = ut 
 
 non). Arrange thus, Ut Lentulus et Cethegus, aliique ex conjuratione 
 
 (== conjuratorum) deprehensi non terrerent eum. - 5. Tanta vis homi- 
 
 nis, &c, " It seemed that a man of so great power (lit., so great power 
 of a man) ought to be propitiated rather than provoked." Though 
 videbatur is not impersonal, it may be translated impersonally, and it3 
 subject after it, as if it were the subject of an infinitive following it. 
 
 See Idioms prefixed to Latin Reader and Csesar, No. 70: plerique 
 
 Crasso, &c, "many being under obligations to Crassus in their private 
 business." Being a man of great wealth, many were indebted to him 
 
 for accommodations extended to them: conclamant, "(all) cry out," 
 
 6. Deque ea re postidant uti referatur (scil., ad se), "And demand 
 
 that it should be referred to them (the senate) to decide concerning 
 that matter," namely, whether his statement respecting Crassus was 
 true or false. Before the senate could decide any thing by a vote, it 
 
172 NOTES ON THE 
 
 must first be brought regularly before them by the proper magistrate, 
 
 commonly the consul presiding. 7. Consulente (senatum) Cicerone, 
 
 lit, "Cicero consulting the senate," i.e., "On Cicero's putting the 
 
 question," — "ashing their opinion:" negue amplius (indicandi) 
 
 potestatem faciundam (esse), "and that power of giving further infor- 
 mation should not be given to him." Facere potestatem means "to 
 
 give power." 8. Immissum (esse), "Was instigated:" suscepto 
 
 malorum patrocinio, " by undertaking the defence of the worthless." 
 § 146, Obs. 2: prcedicantem, "declaring openly." 
 
 XLIX. — 1. Q. Catulus et 0. Piso. Both of these had enjoyed the 
 consulship, and were persons of distinction at Rome, but cherished 
 inveterate hatred to C. Caesar — the latter, because when on trial for 
 extortion (Ch. XVIIL, 4), he had been attacked by Caesar on account 
 of the unjust punishment of one who lived beyond (i. e., on the north 
 of)thePo; — the former, because when a candidate for the office of 
 Pontifex Maximus, he had been beaten by Caesar though quite a young 
 
 man, and in this way they sought their revenge: neque gratia 
 
 negue pretio, "neither by their influence nor by bribery:" 
 
 nominaretur, " should be named," scil., by Cicero. 2. Oppng- 
 
 natus, "Because he had been attacked. §146, Ob3. 6; so incensus 
 
 next clause: Ex petitione pontificatus, " ever since the canvass 
 
 for the pontificate." 3. Ab adolescentulo Cazsare, " By Caesar a 
 
 very young man," i. e., young in comparison with Catulus, for he was 
 
 then in his SYth year. i. Res autem opportnna videbatur, " The 
 
 opportunity, however, seemed favorable," scil., for them to injure the 
 reputation of Caesar, because his being deeply involved in debt would 
 give plausibility to the representations they intended to set afloat 
 
 respecting his being concerned in the conspiracy. 5. Publiee 
 
 maximis muneribus, " In public by the most splendid exhibitions." 
 Munera were public games or gladiatorial exhibitions given by private 
 individuals or magistrates, by means of which they sought to win the 
 favor of the people. Those here referred to were the exhibitions given 
 by Caesar in his aedileship, during which it is said 320 pair of gladia- 
 tors were brought forth, and other expensive diversions furnished for 
 the amusement of the people. The consequence was an immense debt, 
 at one time, by his own account, one hundred million sesterces (over 
 
 four millions of dollars). 6. Tpsi singnlatim circumeundo, &c, 
 
 "They themselves by going about separately and forging stories which, 
 as they said, they had heard," &C. : gua: se . . . . audisse diccrent, 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 173 
 
 a peculiar construction frequently used by Cicero = quce audivhsent 
 
 .... ut dicebant. § 141, Obs. 7, JSTote : animi nobilitate, " by a 
 
 noble impulse." 
 
 L. — 1. Liberti, "The freedmen," — so called in relation to the 
 manumitter, but libertini in relation to all others. Liberti Lentuli, 
 then, means persons made free by Lentufus, and of course devoted to him 
 
 ingratitude for their liberty: Pauci ex clientibus. § 107, Obs. 8. 
 
 See Ch. XXVI., 5 : With sollicitabant supply partim, corresponding 
 
 to partim in the next clause : duces multitudinum, " leaders of 
 
 mobs." 2. Familiam, "His family," i. e., "his slaves." 3. Re- 
 
 fert, "Refers it to them," "brings forward the question for their deci- 
 sion," scil., quid de his, &c. 4. Judicaverat, "Had found," "had 
 
 decided:" eos .... contra rem pvblicam fecisse, "that they had 
 
 acted as enemies to the state." ■ 5. Scntentiamrogatus. § 126, R. iv: 
 
 consul dewgnatus, " consul elect." Ch. XVIII., 3 : de his .... 
 
 supplicium sumendum ' decreverat, "had given his opinion that capital 
 
 punishment should be inflicted on those," <fec. 6. Pedibus in 
 
 sententiam, &c, " That he would go into the opinion (vote for the 
 proposal) of Tib. Nero." The allusion in the expression is to the man- 
 ner of voting per discessionem — by separation, or division of the house; 
 those in favor of the opinion of one person went with him to a parti- 
 cular part of the house, and those in favor of the opinion of another, 
 went with him to another part, as the presiding officer directed. The 
 order of things here stated seems to have been this : Silanus, consul 
 elect, at first was for capital punishment : — Tiberius Nero (the grand- 
 father of Tiberius who was made emperor a. d. 14) opposed capital 
 punishment, at least for the present, recommended that they should be 
 held in custody, the guards strengthened, and when the conspiracy 
 should be put down, they would then resume and decide the question. 
 Caesar was opposed to capital punishment altogether, and advised 
 imprisonment for life. His speech (see next chapter) was ingenious, 
 able, and plausible ; and gained over many of the senators, among the 
 rest Silanus, who changed his views, and gave notice he would support 
 the opinion of Tib. Nero. Cicero then rose and delivered what is now 
 his fourth Catilinarian oration, in which he urged prompt and vigorous 
 action, without stating definitely what that action should be, but 
 evidently favoring the severest measures. He failed to withdraw the 
 majority, however, from the opinion of Caesar, till Lutatius Catulus, 
 the inveterate enemy of Caesar, and especially Cato, then tribune elect 
 
174 NOTES ON THE 
 
 of the commons, by powerful efforts turned the scale. For the speech 
 
 of Cato see Ch. LIL, and its results, Ch. LIII. 7, Hujuscemodi 
 
 verba locutus est, "Spoke to this effect." The word hujuscemodi inti- 
 mates that the speech of Caesar which follows is not be considered as 
 given in his very words, but only as to the general sense of it as near 
 as could be remembered. 
 
 LI. — 1. Patres Conscripti — a title by which the senators assembled 
 were addressed, supposed to have been originally Patres et Conscripti. 
 By Patres is meant members of the senate as originally constituted by 
 
 Eomulus, and by Conscripti, those afterwards added by Brutus. 
 
 2. Neque quisquam omnium, &c, "And of all men, no one has ever 
 been subservient to his passions, and his interest at the same time." 
 The term libido, in its general sense, means desire, feeling, inclination ; 
 and to act ex libidine is to act under the influence of feeling or passion, 
 such as anger, fear, pity, or the like, as opposed to acting from sound 
 
 judgment and discretion, or a sense of duty or propriety. 3. Ubi 
 
 intenderis animum, scil., in verum. — I. Male consuluerint, " Have 
 
 formed bad resolutions." 5. Ne quis divitiarum, &c, " That no 
 
 one might say the war was undertaken more on account of their riches, 
 
 than of any injury (done to us)." 6. Per inducias, "During the 
 
 time of a truce :" per occasionem, " when opportunity offered :" 
 
 talia fecere, " retaliated," lit., " did such things," scil., to them, 
 
 as they did to us. 7. Neu consulatis, "And that you do not con- 
 sult," 8. Digna pro factis. § 119, Explanation: novum 
 
 consilium, "the new measiires." Caesar here represents it as something 
 new to punish with death for political offences, as Silanus proposed. 
 But this was not precisely so; for Cicero represents Silanus as remind- 
 ing the senate hoc genus por.naz scepe in improbos cives esse usurpatum 
 (IV. Or. in Cat., Ch. IV) : utendum his, scil., imprisonment and exile. 
 
 9. Pati, quce (i. e., ea quce), "Suffered such indignities as." § 31, 
 
 Obs. 2, last part. 10. An (eo pertinuit) uti vos, <fcc, " Was this 
 
 its object, to make you hostile to the conspiracy ?" Scilicet, " Yes, 
 
 forsooth." This word is here strongly ironical : eas gravius cequo 
 
 habuere, "have felt them too severely," lit., "have regarded thorn more 
 
 seriously than was right" 11. Alia all is licentia est, "All have not 
 
 the same freedom ;" lit,, " one degree of freedom is to some persons, 
 and another to others." § 98, Obs. 11 : demissi, "in humble sta- 
 tion:" iracundia, ablative of cause: studcrc, "to favor:" 
 
 paxdo severior. § 134, Obs. G, 2d. 12. Studio rei publiccc, 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 175 
 
 "From zeal for the republic:" inimicitias, "enmity;" seldom 
 
 used in the singular : eos (esse) mores, " that such are the man- 
 ners." 13. Aliena a re publico, nostra, "Foreign (not adapted) 
 
 to our government." 14. Id quod res habet, lit., "That which the 
 
 thing has," i.e., "that which is certain;" viz., &c. : cerutnnarum 
 
 requiem, " a rest from sorrows :" ultra (scil., mortem), "beyond 
 
 this." Caesar here expresses the opinion of not a few among the 
 
 ancients, "that death is the end of our existence." 15. An quia 
 
 lex Porcia vetat? The Porcian law passed b. c. 299, ordained that no 
 one should bind, scourge; or kill a Eoman citizen ; but that, in capital 
 
 cases, the alternative of exile should be granted : tanti facinoris 
 
 convictos. § 126, R. i. 16. Qui convenit, &c. ? "How is it consist- 
 ent that you should regard the law in a less matter ?" scil., punishing 
 
 with stripes. 17. At enim. This expression shows an ellipsis of 
 
 an objection introduced by at, the reason of which is introduced by 
 enim ; thus, "But," some one will say, What need of this discussion, 
 "for who," &c. ? — Or more briefly, "But after all, who, &c. ? (I 
 answer) a time, a day, fortune will reprove us," i. e., some future 
 time, some critical occasion will arrive, when advantage will be taken 
 of this as a precedent to piirsue a course which may then prove danger- 
 ous, and so reprove the course you now adopt. 1 8. Quid in alios 
 
 statuatis, "What you determine against others;" i. e., the decision you 
 now make against these conspirators — -just in their ease — may be a 
 decision against others, and as a precedent be made use of to sanction 
 
 great abuses, and great injustice : ex bonis, scil., exemplis : 
 
 ab dignis (scil., poena) et idoneis, "from proper and fit subjects of 
 punishment, to others not deserving punishment, and not fit" to be 
 
 treated in this way. 19. Triginta viros, "Thirty men," who 
 
 turned out very soon to be thirty tyrants, b. c. 404 : ea populus 
 
 Icetari, "at these things the people rejoiced." § 116, Obs. 3, and § 101, 
 
 Obs. 6. 20. Damasippum. This was a praetor of the Marian party 
 
 in the consulship of Papirius Carbo, b. c. 82, who indulged in many cruel 
 
 excesses against the followers of Sulla : proscriptorum, " of those 
 
 proscribed," viz., by Sulla. See Ch. V., 5. 21. Trahebantur, scil., 
 
 ad mortem : 22. Atque ego non vereor, "I certainly do not fear." 
 
 Atque is frequently used as here in an intensive sense. 23. Potest 
 
 alio tempore, &c. Arrange, Alio tempore, &c. — aliquid falsum potest credi 
 
 provero: hoc exemplo, "under this precedent." 24. Quo 
 
 minus imitarentur, "From imitating." § 45, II., 3. 25. Sumpserunt, 
 
 "They borrowed:" imitari quam invidere bonis, "to imitate rather 
 
176 NOTESONTHE 
 
 than to envy the good." Bonis (scil., hominibus, — others prefer institu- 
 tis), in the dative, depends for its case on the verb nearest it : bnitari 
 •would require the accusative. It is common, in such constructions, to 
 repeat the word after each verb, in the case which the verb requires. 
 
 26. Imitati, "Imitating." § 49, 5, Note 1 : de condemnatis, &c. 
 
 In the expression sumere stcpplicium de, the punishment inflicted is re- 
 garded as a satisfaction or atonement taken or received from the 
 
 offender. 27. Quibus legibus. § 99, Obs. 1, 3d. 28. Hanc 
 
 ego causam, <fec, " I think this a very special reason why we should 
 
 not adopt new measures." 29. Sed ita censeo, " But my opinion 
 
 is this :" neu quis, " and that no one." 
 
 LIL-— 1. Ceteri, &c, "The rest" (scil., of the senators) assented 
 verbally, one senator to one speaker, and another to another, " vari- 
 ously." This was done by saying ' assentior,' scil., Silano, Neroni, 
 Ccesari, &c, as the case might be. Sallust takes no notice here of the 
 
 speeches of Catulus and Cicero : 2. M. Porcius Cato, was the 
 
 great-grandson of Cato the Censor. He was a man of stern integ- 
 rity, a brave soldier, and an able general. Through his firm support, 
 chiefly, Cicero was enabled, in opposition to Caesar and others, to bring 
 the accomplices of Catiline to capital punishment. After the defeat of 
 Juba and Scipio by Caesar in the battle of Thapsus, he put an end to 
 
 his life at Utica. Hence he was called Cato Uticensis. 3. Longe 
 
 mihi alia mens est, "I have a very different opinion:" — : — aris atque 
 focis, lit,, " their altars and their hearths," i. e., " their religion and 
 
 their homes." 4. Cetera maleficia, " As to other crimes " — hoc, 
 
 " as to this :" maleficia is properly the object of persequare, and hoc, 
 
 the subject of accidat : judicia, " the (aid of the) tribunals :" 
 
 nihil reliqui fit, "nothing is left." § 106, Obs. 8. 5. Pluris .... 
 
 fecistis, "Have made of greater account," "have valued more." § 122, 
 
 R. xxviii. : ista, referring to domos, villas, &c. § 99, Obs. 3 : see 
 
 also Ch. XL., 4, with ref. It carries with it here an expression of con- 
 tempt. § 28, Obs. 3, 3d, ad fin. 6. Nbn agitur, "The question is 
 
 not :" multa verba in hoc ordine feci, " I have spoken much in 
 
 this senate;" facere verba means "to sj>eak," "to make a speech:" 
 
 adversos (mihi), " opposed to me :" qui, mihi, &c, (qui has 
 
 for its antecedent ego understood, the subject of condonabam,) "I who 
 had forgiven no fault at any time to myself, and to my own inclina- 
 tion, certainly did not readily pardon crimes to gratify the lust of 
 another." The imperfect sometimes expresses what was usual or ens- 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 177 
 
 tomary. § 44, II., 1. 7. Opulentia negligentiam tolerabat, " Its 
 
 wealth brooked your remissness," i. e., such were the resources of the 
 state, that the negligence of individuals did not materially affect it. 
 
 8. Nunc vero own id agitur, "That is not now the question:" 
 
 vivaonus, sit, futura sint. § 140, 5 : sed (mem) hcec, &c, " but 
 
 whether these things, of whatever sort they appear to be, are to belong 
 to its, or, together with ourselves, to be the prey of our enemies." 
 
 9. Hie mihi, &c, "And here some one speaks to me of clemency and 
 
 mercy !" alluding to the speech of Caesar : equidem, here as below 
 
 for quidem, a usage quite common in Sallust. Equidem ( = ego qui- 
 dem) is used properly only when the verb is in the first person singu- 
 lar; quidem is used in all other cases: liber alitas, fortitudo. § 103, 
 
 R. v. : eo . . . . in extremo (loco), " in such an extremity," lit., " to 
 
 such a degree is the state placed in extremity." 10. Sint sane, 
 
 " Let them be indeed." § 42, Obs. 4 and 5 : ita se . . . . habent. See 
 
 Ch. II., 3 : perditum eant, "hasten to destroy." § 148, 1. Ne, in 
 
 the beginning of the sentence, negatives eant, as well as largiantur, 
 and et connects them thus negatived. Instead of et, neu might have 
 
 been used. 11. Credo, "I suppose," is parenthetic, and does not 
 
 affect the construction of the other words in the sentence : de in- 
 
 feris, " concerning the dead," namely, diverso itinere malos, &e., " that 
 the wicked, their route being different from that of the good, inhabit 
 
 places dismal," &c. Ch. LI, 14. 12. Popidaribus conjurationis, 
 
 "By their associates in the conspiracy." 18. Solus non timet, &c, 
 
 " He (Caesar) alone has no fear, it is the more necessary that I should 
 be concerned for myself and for you." There seems here to be an in- 
 sinuation that if Caesar was without apprehension, it might arise from 
 
 his not being averse to the conspiracy. 14. Quanto tanto, &c, 
 
 " The more vigorously you act in the present case, the less will their 
 
 courage be." § 132, R. xliii., and Obs. 5 : armis (scil., tantum), 
 
 "by arms alone." 15. Quce nulla, "None of which:" ani- 
 mus in consulendo, &c, "a mind unfettered in deliberation, awed 
 
 neither by a sense of guilt, nor by passion." 16. Omnia virtutis 
 
 -prcBmia, "All the rewards of merit," scil., civil and military offices. 
 
 17. Ubi vos separation, &c, "When you separately take mea 
 
 sures, each one for himself, when at home you are slaves to pleasure, 
 
 here (in the senate), to money or favor:" vacuam, scil., defensori- 
 
 bus, "unprotected," "defenceless." 18. Patriam incendere, "To 
 
 fire the city:" supra caput est, "is close at hand:" cuncta- 
 
 mini etiamnunc, <fec. ? " do ye even now hesitate what you should do to 
 
178 NOTES ON THE 
 
 enemies?" <fcc. § 112, K. xvii., and Expl. : facialis. § 140, 5. 
 
 19. Miscreamini, censso, "I suppose you should pity them," spoken 
 ironically, as well as what follows. 20. Nee ista vobis, &c. Ar- 
 range, Nee ista mansuetuelo et misericordia, si illi ceperint arma, con- 
 verts (intr.) in miseriam vobis. § 110, E. xv. Expl. 21. Scilicet 
 
 res. ipsa aspera est, &c, " The crisis indeed is dangerous, but (you pro- 
 fess) you do not fear it :" immo vero maxime, scil., earn timetis, 
 
 " nay, indeed, you fear it very much :" alius almm exspectantes, 
 
 " waiting one for another." 22. Non votis, &c, (seel) vigilanclo, 
 
 &c. : implores, i. e., erit ut implores. § 142, Obs. 5. 23. Bello 
 
 Gallico. Sallust is evidently in error here. The fact here mentioned 
 
 took place not in the Gallic, but in the Latin war, b. c. 340 : morte 
 
 pcenas cledit, " made atonement (for his rashness) by his death." 
 
 24. Videlicet cetera vita, <fec, " JSTo doubt the rest of their lives stands 
 opposed to this wickedness." This, with what follows, is spoken ironi- 
 cally, and with reference probably to something said in extenuation 
 
 of their crime by other speakers : iterum, " a second time." 
 
 What the first time, implied in this expression, was, is uncertain: pro- 
 bably, though not mentioned, he was concerned in the intended insur- 
 rection mentioned Ch. XVIII. 25. Qidbus si quidquam, <fec, " If 
 
 they had ever had the least reflection :" si peccato locus esset, " if 
 
 there were room for the blunder :" faucibus urguet, lit., "presses 
 
 at our throats." 26. Be confessis .... supplicium sumendum. See 
 
 above, Ch. LI., 26 : manifestis, " clearly guilty." 
 
 LIII. — 1. Sicuti ille censuerat, " As he had advised," "in accord- 
 ance with his opinion." 2. Sed mild midta legenti, etc. This 
 
 dative (mild) depends on libuit. In translating, connect prccclara 
 facinora with mxdta, and omit after quee (§ 99, Obs. 1, 2d) ; thus, Sed 
 mild legenti multa, audienti mxdta preeclara facinora, quee, &c, and 
 render, " But I, by reading (§ 146, Obs. 6 last part) many, and hear- 
 ing of many illustrious achievements, which, <fec, — was accidentally led 
 to consider what had chiefly sustained such great undertakings." The 
 conclusion to which he thus came was, that Rome had risen to its 
 greatness by the surpassing merit of some individual citizens. See 
 
 below, mild midta agitanti. 3. Contendisse, i. e., illos, ec. Jioma- 
 
 nos contendisse : agitanti, " reflecting on." 4. Si cud effeta 
 
 parentum = effeta parens. § 107, R. x. Expl., "As a mother past bear- 
 ing." This sentence as it stands in the text is an instance of anacolu- 
 thon — a sentence beginning with one construction, and ending with 
 
CONSPIRACY OP CATILINE. 179 
 
 another. § 150, 3, 5th. The sentence carried out as it begins would 
 stand thus : Ac sicuti effeta parentwn, muliis tempestatibiis, haud sane 
 quemquam Roma virtute magnum protulit. Arrange thus, Ac Roma, 
 sicuti effeta parentwn, &c. Some editions have effetce parentwn, and 
 
 some effeta parente : multis tempestatibiis, " for a long period." 
 
 5. Quin (= ut noil) .... aperirem, " "Without portraying ;" com- 
 pare § 140, 3 with § 45, II., 3. 
 
 LIV. — It Genus. Caesar was of a patrician, and Cato, of a plebeian 
 family ; but the illustrious achievements of the latter raised it to an 
 
 equality with the former : cetas. Cato was 33, and Caesar 37, at 
 
 the time of this conspiracy : item gloria (par), sed alia alii, 
 
 " their gloiy likewise was equal, but in each, of a different character ;" 
 lit, " but one kind of glory was to the one, and another to the other." 
 
 § 98, Obs. 11. 2. In altero — in altero, "In the one (Caesar) — in 
 
 the other (Cato)." Alius properly means "one of many," — alter, 
 "one of two." This distinction is not always observed, and some- 
 times, as here, both are used : illius facilitas, " the yielding 
 
 temper of the former :" hujus constantia, " the firmness of the 
 
 latter." 3. Neglegere, denegare ; historical infinitives mixed with 
 
 the imperfect indicative : exoptabat, " was always wishing." § 44, 
 
 II., 1. 4. Severitatis, " Of strictness," " of rigid virtue." 5» 
 
 Factione, "In party spirit:" abstinenlia, "in sobriety:" quo 
 
 minus, "the less," — eo magis, "the more." § 132, R. xliii. — The paral- 
 lel drawn between Cato and Caesar, in this chapter, is considered one 
 of the finest passages in this history. 
 
 LV. — 1. In Catonis sententiam discessit. See Ch. L., 6 : trium- 
 
 viros — sometimes written tresviros or treviros, and in manuscripts III- 
 viros — " the triumviri," soil., the. triumviri capitales, inferior magis- 
 trates, who had the charge of the public prison, executions, &c, and 
 
 judged concerning slaves and persons of the lowest rank. 2. Quod 
 
 Tullianum appellatur, " Which is called Tullianum." The relative 
 here takes the gender of the word following in the relative clause, 
 instead of locus in the antecedent clause. § 99, Obs. 4. The Tullia- 
 num — so called from Servius Tullius by whom it was built — was a 
 dungeon or subterraneous apartment cut into the rock, and covered 
 over with a roof. The prison was first built by Ancus Marcius, and after- 
 wards enlarged by the addition of this dungeon by Servius Tuliius. 
 It was near the Forum, and is now a church called San JPietro in car- 
 
180 NOTES ON THE 
 
 cere : descendens. See Ch. II., 4, with ref. 3. Camera lapideis 
 
 forniclbus vincta, " A vaulted roof secured by stone arches :" 
 
 incidtu, " from neglect," hence " filth." 4. Vindices reram capi- 
 talism, lit, "The punishers of capital offences," i. e., "the execution- 
 ers," scil., the triumviri capitales. 5* De Cethego .... supplicium 
 
 sumptum est, "Punishment was inflicted on Cethegus," &c.. See Ch. 
 LI, 26. This summary proceeding on the part of Cicero, putting these 
 men to death, on the sentence of the senate, without bringing the 
 matter before the people, was seized upon by his enemies, and used to 
 sustain the charge against him of putting Roman citizens to death con- 
 trary to law, and without a trial, the consequence of which was, he 
 was forced to go into exile b. c. 48. 
 
 LVI. — 1. Ex omni copia (scil., hominum), " Out of the entire force :" 
 
 cohortes pro numero, &c, " he fills up the cohorts according to 
 
 the number of men (he had with him)." The number of men in a 
 Roman legion was different at different times, ranging from 3000 to 
 6000 men. But whatever was the number, each legion was divided 
 into ten cohorts, each cohort into three maniples, and each maniple 
 into three centuries ; and when each century consisted of 100 men, 
 as the name imports, the legion consisted of 6000. This however was 
 seldom the case, and as Catiline's whole force now consisted of only 
 about two thousand men, the legions formed would contain each only 
 
 about one thousand, and the cohorts about one hundred : cequa- 
 
 liter, " equally," i. e., between the two legions : — — legiones numero 
 hominum expleverat, " he had filled up the legions with the (usual) 
 
 complement of men." 2. Instructa erat, " Had been supplied :" 
 
 sparos, i. e. alii sparos, &c, " some, darts or lances — others, sharp 
 
 pointed stakes ;" here alii — alii distribute ceteri. 3* Antonhis, the 
 
 colleague of Cicero in the consulship : modo ad urbem, modo in 
 
 Galliam versus, " turning sometimes towards the city," &c. 4. 
 
 Servitia — cujus, scil., generis hominum, "The slaves, of which class," 
 
 &e. § 99, Exc. 1. 5. Aliemim suis rationibus existhnans (se, § 145, 
 
 Obs. 3,) videri, &c, " Thinking it inconsistent with his plans, to seem to 
 have shared the cause of freemen with fugitive slaves." Alienum in 
 the predicate belongs to the clause videri causam, &ot, as a subject. 
 § 98, Obs. 6. 
 
 LYIIt — It Ntintius pervenit, "The news came," = nuntiatum est: 
 in agrum Pistoriensem, "into the territory of Pistoria," — in 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 181 
 
 the northern part of Etruria. 2. Prcesidebat, " Was posted " = 
 
 prcesidio erat : ilia eadem, "those same things," viz., an escape 
 
 into Gaul, probably into the country of the Allobroges. 3. Utpote 
 
 qui, &c, " Inasmuch as he, unimpeded in a more level country, fol- 
 lowed him in his flight." Some editions have expeditos in fug a, " un- 
 incumbered in flight," — applied to the followers of Catiline, who in 
 their haste had thrown away their baggage. But as this would be a 
 reason for Antonius being at a great distance, rather than near at hand, 
 
 the common reading, expeditus, is preferred. 4. Montibus atque 
 
 copiis hostium, <fec. Antonius with a large army was close in his rear, 
 Metellus, with his three legions, in front ; and his own force was now 
 
 greatly reduced : neque fug az neque prcesidii ullam spem, " and that 
 
 there was no hope either of escape or assistance." Neque = non aut 
 must sometimes be so resolved, as here, in rendering into English. See 
 Ch. XXXVI, 4. 
 
 L VIIL — It Compertwn habeo. § 146, Obs. 1. 2. Moribus, 
 
 "By habit:" patere, "to appear," "to show itself." 3. Hor- 
 
 tere, i. e., licet ut hortere, "You may exhort." See Ch. XXV., 3, with 
 
 ref. : auribus officii, " obstructs his ears." 4. Mei consilii, 
 
 " Of my resolution," scil., to risk a battle with Antonius. 5. Quo- 
 
 que modo, = et quomodo, " And how :" in quo loco, " in what 
 
 situation:" juxta mecum, " equally with myself," i.e., "as well 
 
 as I do." 6. Unus ab urbc, namely, that of Antonius, alter a 
 
 Gallia, scil., that of Metellus. See above, LVII., 4: si maxitne 
 
 animus f erat, scil., nos, "if we should be ever so much inclined." 
 
 7. Forti atque parato animo sitis. § 106, R. vii. 8. Commeatus 
 
 abunde (erunt), " Provisions in abundance :" neque (quisquam) 
 
 locus, (fee. 0. Potuistis nonnulli, <fec, "Some of you at Rome, 
 
 after losing your own property, might have looked for assistance from 
 others," lit., "foreign help:" intoleranda viris, "not to be en- 
 dured by men." § 126, Obs. 3. Viris is here emphatic: hcec 
 
 sequi, " to follow these measures," "this course," namely, to take up 
 
 arms* to redress their wrongs. 10. Qicis (contr. for quibus), 
 
 "With which:" averteris. See above, 3: ea vero, &c. ; ea 
 
 agreeing with dementia, instead of id, referring to the preceding clause, 
 
 infuga sahitem sperare, Ch. VII., 5, with ref. 11. Me hortantur, 
 
 "Encourage me:" necessitudo, scil., me hortatur. 12. 
 
 Cavete [ne) amittatis, " Take care that you lose not :" Sicuti pecora 
 
 (scil., trucidantur). 
 
182 NOTES ON THE 
 
 LIX. — 1. Signa canere, "The signals to sound," taking canere 
 intransitively — taking it transitively it would be, " to sound the 
 
 signals." In either way the meaning is the same : ipse pedes, 
 
 "he himself on foot:" pro loco atgue copiis, "in accordance with 
 
 the nature of the ground, and the number of his troops." 2. Ab 
 
 dextera rupe aspera, "A craggy rock being on the right." § 146, Obs. 
 
 10: reliquarum signet, &c, "he places the troops (lit, "the 
 
 standards," each maniple having its signum) of the remaining (twelve) 
 
 cohorts in closer order as a reserve." 3. Ab his, &c, "From 
 
 these (scil., the troops in reserve) he withdraws to the front line all 
 the centurions, the picked men, the veteran soldiers, and all the best 
 of the common soldiers furnished with arms." The evocati were vete- 
 ran soldiers, who, after having served out their time, were invited 
 (evocati) to serve again. They were exempt from the drudgery of 
 camp service, occupied the place of honor in the field, and were 
 
 usually distinguished for their skill and bravery. 4. Fcesulanum 
 
 quendam, "One belonging to Feesula:" curare, "to take com- 
 mand:" cum libertis et colonis, "with his freedmen (see Ch. LI., 
 
 1), and the colonists of Sulla." See Ch. XVI., 4. 5. Ex altera 
 
 parte, scil., on the side of the republic: pedibus ceger, "being 
 
 lame :" legato, " his lieutenant." Legatus properly means " one 
 
 sent abroad;" hence, "an ambassador;" also, a person chosen by a 
 consul, proconsul, propraetor, or commander, when abroad, to assist 
 him in his public duties, and, in case of his absence or inability, as here, 
 to take his place and perform his duties. Sometimes he was sent abroad 
 to perform the duties of his principal who remained at home ; hence 
 
 the name legatus. 6. llle, "That officer," scil., Petreius : 
 
 tumulti, genitive for tumultus, as elsewhere senati for senatus. §16, 
 Obs. 2. 7. (Tile) ipse, referring also to Petreius, but more em- 
 phatic, " He in person." 8. Homo militaris .... accendebat, 
 
 " Being a military man (an old soldier), &c, he fired the minds of the 
 soldiers," <fec. 
 
 LX. — 1. Tuba, " With the trumpet." The tuba was a straight wind 
 instrument used in giving signals to the infantry ; signals to the cavalry 
 were given by the lituus, an instrument bent at the lower end, re- 
 sembling the augur's staff. 2. Eo, " To that place." In this sense 
 
 eo is the old dative singular of is, and is equivalent to ei loco : 
 
 unde = a quo: ferentariis, "by the light-armed troops," so called 
 
 from/<?ro, because the weapons used by them were thrown against the 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 183 
 
 enemy. 3. Illi hated timidi, "They boldly," soil., the soldiers of 
 
 Catiline : versari, succurrere, &c. ; historical infinitives, connected 
 
 in construction with the imperfect indicative exsequebatur. The de- 
 scription here given of the activity of Catiline is graphic and exciting 
 
 in the highest degree. 4. Contra ac ratus erat, " Contrary to what 
 
 (otherwise than) he expected." § 149, Obs. 6 : cohortem prceto- 
 
 riam. The praetorian cohort was a body of the ablest and most tried 
 soldiers, intended to act as a body-guard to the commander-in-chief: 
 
 alios alibi, "some in one place and some in another," i. e., here 
 
 and there, in scattered parties : utrimque ex lateribus, " on both 
 
 sides (right and left) by the flanks." 5, In primis, "Among the 
 
 first," i. e., early in the battle, connect with cadunt, not with 
 
 LXI. — 1. Cerneres, "You might have seen." Ch. XXV., 3. 
 
 2, Medios, "In the centre of the army:" paxdo diversius, "a little 
 
 more scattered :" adversis vidneribus, " with wounds in front," 
 
 showing they were received when " turned towards " their enemy ; as 
 aversis vidneribus means, "wounds in the back," received when 
 
 " turned from " their enemy, i. e., in fleeing. 3. Civis ingenuus, 
 
 "Free citizen." Ingenuus means one whose parents had always been 
 
 free: juxta, "alike," i. e., "equally little." 4. Strenuissi- 
 
 mus quisque, lit., "Each one most brave," i. e., "all the brave." § 98, 
 
 Obs. 13. 5. Alii — pars, "Some — others," distributive of 
 
 multi. § 98, Obs. 12: fuere item, qui cognoscerent, "some 
 
 also recognized." § 141, Obs. 1. 6. Lcetitia, &c. These fom* sub- 
 stantives contrast in pairs, the first with the third, and the second with 
 the fourth. — Lcetitia means joy outwardly expressed ; gaudium, the 
 inward feeling of joy: so luctus, the expression of grief in wailing or 
 lamentation ; mceror, sadness, the inward feeling of grief. 
 
 This decisive battle put an end to the conspiracy of Catiline, which 
 indeed was crushed before this by the arrest and punishment of his 
 leading accomplices at Eome. It is impossible to say how extensive 
 this organization against the state really was, or what the effect of its 
 success would have been. Arrested promptly as it was, there can be 
 no doubt the shock then sustained, hastened the fall of the Roman 
 state. Among .. all who were engaged in ferreting out, and putting 
 down the conspiracy, the highest praise unquestionably was due to the 
 self-sacrificing patriotism, zeal, and talent of Cicero, then first consul. 
 This was acknowledged then, and has been acknowledged ever since, 
 
184 NOTES ON THE 
 
 and yet no one would discover this from this history. Sallust from 
 some cause has failed to do him justice ; he mentions his name as seldom 
 as possible ; his labors and perseverance and dangers are passed by with 
 the slightest notice ; the applause bestowed on him by people of all 
 ranks is never mentioned, and his fame is sought to be eclipsed by rais- 
 ing inferior and less efficient actors into a more conspicuous point of 
 view. "This omission," says Mr. Dunlop, "has in all times been 
 regarded as the chief defect, and even stain, in the history of the Cati- 
 linarian Conspiracy." 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTES 
 
 THE JTTGURTHINE WAB. 
 
NOTES 
 
 JUGURTHINB "WAR. 
 
 It — It Falso, "Unjustly," " without reason :" humanum genus 
 
 «= homines: cevi brevis, "of short duration." § 106, K. vii. 
 
 2. Reputando, "By reconsidering," "on reflection:" invenias, 
 
 "you will find," a softened affirmation = puto ut invenias. § 139, 2: 
 
 vim, "power." 3t Grassatur, "Advances vigorously," a 
 
 frequentative from gradior : pollens potensque, "powerful and 
 
 vigorous:" — pollens refers to the existence of power, — potens, to its 
 
 exercise: artes, "qualities." i» Sin, (animus) captus, &c, 
 
 "But, if the mind enslaved by vicious passions is plunged into sloth:" 
 
 paulisper, "for a short time:" naturae infirmitas accusatur, 
 
 "the weakness of nature is blamed;" by anacoluthon for naturw 
 
 infirmitatem accusal. 5» Suam guisque culpam, &c. Arrange, 
 
 Auctores (scil., culpa?) transferunt guisque (§ 98, Exc. 4.) steam cidpam 
 ad negotia, "The authors of this evil transfer each the blame due to 
 
 himself to his (particular) circumstances." 6t Quanto studio = 
 
 quantum est studium quo. § 99, Exc. 3 and 4. ¥• Neque regeren- 
 
 tur (scil., casibus), &c, "They would not more be ruled by, than they 
 
 would themselves govern the chances of fortune :" eo magnitudi- 
 
 nis (§ 135, 2.), "to a degree of greatness, in which, from being mortal, 
 they would become immortal in glory." 
 
 II. — It Genus hominum, = homo, "Man:" sequuntur, lit., 
 
 "follow," i. e., "correspond to," "partake of." 2. Prwclara 
 
 fades, "A fine appearance," "personal beauty:" dilabuntur, 
 
188 NOTES ON THE 
 
 "insensibly pass away." sicuti anima (est), "as is the soul." 
 
 3. Corporis et fortunce bonorum, "Of the advantages of person and of 
 
 fortune:" incorruptus, "not subject to decay." § 49, 4: 
 
 agit atque habet cuncta, neque ipse habetur (ab ullo negotio), "moves 
 and controls (lit, holds) all things, and is not itself controlled by 
 
 any thing." 4. Admiranda, "To be wondered at:" ceterum, 
 
 &c. Arrange, Ceterum sinunt ingenium, &c, "but they suffer the 
 
 mind," &c. : incultu, "through want of culture:" artes 
 
 animi, "the employments of the mind." 
 
 Ill, — 1. Ex his (scil., ariibus animi),- "But of these:" omnis 
 
 cura rerum publicarum, "all charge of public affairs:" hac tem- 
 
 pestate, = hoc tempore, " at this time ;" abl. of time when : 
 
 honos, "honor," i. e., "honorable office:" quibus per fraudem is 
 
 (scil., honos) fuit, "who obtained it by deceptive arts." 2. Aut 
 
 parentes, "Or subjects," meaning "subjected states," "conquered 
 provinces," from pareo "to obey." Some think parentes is here from 
 pario, and means "parents," "kindred;" but this does not accord so 
 well with the context. Sallust combines these terms patriam et 
 parentes in Cat. VI. and Jug. LXXXVIL, in both of which parentes is 
 commonly rendered "parents," but may with equal propriety be 
 
 rendered as here : quanquam et possis (scil., regere patriam, etc.), 
 
 et delicta corrigas, "even if you have the power, and if you should 
 
 rectify abuses :" importunum est, " is attended with danger." 
 
 3. Frustra autem niti, &c, "But to strive in vain (namely, to effect 
 improvements), and to obtain nothing but hatred by all one's exertions 
 (lit,, by vexing one's self), is the part of extreme folly." § 108, R. xii., 
 
 Expl. 4. JS r isi forte quern (for aliquem), &c, "Unless perhaps the 
 
 base and pernicious humor possess some one:" gratificari, "to 
 
 sacrifice," dependent on libido. § 144, Obs. 4. 
 
 IV. — 1. Memoria rerum gestarum, "The recording of past event?," 
 
 i. e., "The writing of history:" cujus de virtute, &c, "and 
 
 because many have spoken of the excellence of this (employment), I 
 think this (namely, a dissertation concerning it) ought to be omitted 
 
 by me:" pr otter eundum, supply thus, hoc mihi praitereundum esse, 
 
 scil., cujus de virtute dicere. 2. Ne per insolent 'lam, etc. Arrange, 
 
 Ne quis existimet {me), per insolentiam, extollere memct, laudando meum 
 
 studium: per insolentiam, "from a feeling of vanity:" 
 
 stadium, "employment." 3, Fore, qui . . . . nomen inertice im 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 189 
 
 ponant, "That some will 'give the name of sldthfulness." § 141, Obs. 1: 
 
 certe, quibus, "at least (those will do so) to whom." The 
 
 demonstrative is, ea, id, when, the antecedent to a relative, is often 
 
 omitted. § 99, Obs. 1, 4th: salutare plebem, "to court the favor 
 
 of the populace :" conviviis, " by feasts." 4. Qui si reputa- 
 
 verint, "But if these will reflect." § 99, Obs. 8: quibus tempori- 
 
 bus. Sallust obtained the quaestorship by which he was entitled to a 
 seat in the senate at the age of twenty-seven, soon after the con- 
 spiracy of Catiline, when the state was in great confusion by the 
 proceedings of Clodius ; and six years after this he was elected tribune 
 
 of the commons: quce genera hominum. The reference here is 
 
 to a large body of senators created by Caesar, among whom were many 
 undeserving persons, and many even from the lower classes of society, 
 
 some of whom were not even free-born: onagis mcrito quam 
 
 ignavia, "on good grounds rather than from indolence:" ex 
 
 aliontm negotiis, "from the active employments of others." 
 
 5. Q. Maximum. This is the celebrated Fabius Maximus, surnamed 
 
 Cuuctator, who . distinguished himself in the second Punic war : 
 
 P. Scipionem, scil., Scipio Africanus the elder, the conqueror of 
 
 Hannibal: majorum imagines, "the images of their ancestors." 
 
 Among the Romans those whose ancestors, or who themselves had borne 
 any curule office, i. e., had been consul, praetor, censor, or curule aedile, 
 were called nobiles, and had the right to make images of themselves, 
 which they placed in the atrium or hall. These were busts made of 
 wax; they were kept with great care by their posterity, and were 
 carried out only in processions at funerals, and on solemn occasions. To 
 have a great number of these was regarded as highly honorable, being 
 
 an evidence of the antiquity of the family. 6. Scilicet is here = 
 
 scire licet, and to be so rendered, because on it depends the following 
 infinitive with its subject, "One may know," i. e., "it is manifest:" 
 
 egregiis viris, dative, dependent on pectore, § 106, Obs. 5, = 
 
 egregiorum virorum ; so animum sibi above: neque sedari, "and 
 
 was not quenched." 7. His moribus, "In the present state of 
 
 morals." § 146, Obs. 10, or, "of these morals," according to § 106, R. 
 
 vii., i. e., "possessing the manners of the present day:" quin 
 
 (= qui non, § 140, 3.) . . . . contendat, &c, " who does not vie with his 
 
 ancestors." 8. Homines novi, lit., "New men," "upstart nobles." 
 
 Those were called novi homines, who were the first of their family to 
 raise themselves to any curule office. It is often used as an expression 
 of contempt, though in reality highly honorable : furtrm et 
 
190 NOTES ON THE 
 
 per latrocinia, "by intrigue and open fraud:" bonis artibus, "by 
 
 honorable means:" nituntur, "rise." 9. Proinde quasi, 
 
 "Just as if:" ac non perinde habeantur, ut, "and are not to be 
 
 regarded just as." 10. Bum me civitatis, &c, "Whilst I am vexed 
 
 and chagrined at the manners of my country" (§ 113, Exc. ii.): 
 
 redeo, &c, put here for eo, or venio, "I come now to my subject." 
 Here ends the introduction to this history, which like that of the 
 history of the conspiracy of Catiline is long, philosophical, and having 
 but little connection with the subject. 
 
 Vt — 1. Bellum scripturus sum, "I am about to write a history of 
 the war," lit, "the war." For the particular idea expressed by the 
 periphrastic conjugation, see § 7 9, 8. During the progress of tins war, 
 there was commencing at Rome that struggle between the populates 
 and the optimates which was in the end carried on with such senseless 
 vehemence, that only the devastation of Italy put a stop to the civil 
 discord {studiis civilibus), and that only a military despotism (first of 
 Caesar and afterwards of the triumvirate) was able to restore peace. 
 This part of the description of the Jugurthine war, accordingly, is of 
 the greatest importance in forming a correct idea of the history of 
 
 Rome at that time : obviam itum est, "successful opposition was 
 
 made," "a check was given:" quce contentio, "and this contest," 
 
 § 99, Obs. 8: eoque vecordice, "to such a height of madness." 
 
 Ch. I., 1 : studiis civilibus, "to civil dissensions." 2. Pauca 
 
 supra repetam, "I will take a short review," lit, "I will trace farther 
 
 back a few things:" quo, "in order that:" magisque in 
 
 aperto, scil., loco, lit, "and more in an open place," i. e., "in a more 
 
 conspicuous point of view." 3. JBello Punico secundo. The 
 
 Punic wars, i. e., the wars against the Carthaginians, were three in 
 number. The first was undertaken b. c. 264, lasted 23 years, and 
 ended in favor of the Romans. The second began b. c. 218, in 
 which the Romans sustained severe reverses from the Carthaginians 
 under Hannibal, in the battles of Trebia, the lake Thrasymenus, and 
 Cannae, but were at last victorious in the decisive battle of Zama, 
 which terminated the war in b. c. 201. For fifty years after this, there 
 was no open war between Rome and Carthage ; but neither was there 
 any cordial peace ; on the contrary there was constant jealousy and 
 suspicion. — Carthage again violated the former treaty by sending a 
 force against Massinissa, the ally of the Romans ; the consequence of 
 which was that the Romans sent an army into Africa. Unwilling to 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 191 
 
 come to an open rupture with the Romans, they manifested a wish to 
 appease them by any sacrifice. The Romans, taking advantage of this, 
 stript them of all their strength and means of defence, and then sent 
 an army to destroy their city. After the designs of the Romans 
 became manifest, disabled as they were, they made desperate, but vain 
 resistance for the space of three years, when the city was taken by 
 Scipio and burnt to the ground, b. c. 147, and Carthage rose no more. 
 
 4. Post magnitudinem nominis Romani, lit., "Since the greatness 
 
 of the Roman name," i. e., "After the Roman name had become great." 
 
 5. Rex Numidarum. , Nuniidia was a country of Africa east of 
 
 Mauritania, and corresponding nearly to modern Algiers. It was 
 originally divided into two petty kingdoms, that of the Massyli to the 
 east, of which Massinissa was king, and that of the Masssesyli to the 
 west, governed by Syphax, who, having taken part with the Cartha- 
 ginians, was conquered by Laelius and Massinissa, and his territory, 
 after the close of the second Punic war, bestowed by the Romans on 
 Massinissa during his life, who thus became king of all Numidia. As 
 a people, the Numidians are represented by Sallust as warlike, but 
 
 faithless, unsteady, and fond of revolutions in the state. 6. Qui 
 
 postea Africano cognomen fuit. § 97, Exc. 2 : ob qitce, scil., faci- 
 
 nora, "on account of these exploits:" • cujus in Africa, &c, "whose 
 
 dominion in Africa was powerful and of great extent." The connection 
 
 of the adjective and adverb here is rather singular : quascunque 
 
 woes et agros, "all the cities and lands which." § 99, Obs. 7: 
 
 regi (scil., Massinissce) dono. § 114, R. xix. 7, Imperii vitceque 
 
 ejus finis idem fuit. This does not mean that Massinissa continued to 
 be king of Numidia till his death, though that is true, and is here 
 expressed, but that the kingdom of Syphax was given to Massinissa 
 only during his own life, and did not descend to his son. Of course 
 after his father's death, Micipsa reigned over that part of Numidia only 
 which originally belonged to his father, while the other part, which 
 had been taken from Syphax, of which Cirta was the capital, was by 
 
 the Romans reduced into the form of a province. 8. Privatum 
 
 reliquerat, "Had left in a private station." Massinissa had many sons, 
 but as most of them were the sons of concubines, and did not become 
 distinguished, as Jugurtha did, nothing is said of them. 
 
 VI. — 1. Qui ubiprimum adolevit, "As soon as he (Jugurtha) grew 
 
 up:" luxu, dative for luxui. § 16, Exc. 2: equitare, jaculari, 
 
 <tc. ; historical infinitives, § 144, Obs. 6 ; also the following agere, 
 
192 NOTES ON THE 
 
 ferire, &c. : et quum, "and although:" ad hoc, "moreover;" 
 
 primus is here used adverbially. § 98, Obs. 10. 2. Quibus rebus, 
 
 " On account of these things ;" the ablative of cause : regno suo 
 
 glorice fore, " would bring glory to his kingdom." See Ch. V., 6, in 
 
 tin. : postquam hominem, &c, " after he perceived that the young 
 
 man increased more and more in reputation, his own life being now far 
 
 spent, and his children (Adherbal and Hiempsal) small." 3* Op- 
 
 portunitas suae, &c, "The favorable opportunity of his own and his 
 children's age, which leads astray even unambitious men with the hope 
 
 of advantage," scil., terrebat eum, " alarmed him." 4. Studia Nvr 
 
 midarum in Jugurtham accensa (sunt), " The affections of the jSuniidians 
 
 were ardent towards Jugurtha :" ex quibus, " from whom," scil., 
 
 the Numidians : ne qua seditio, " that some insurrection." § 140, 
 
 Obs. 6 : anxius erat, " he was apprehensive," — " afraid." 
 
 VII. — 1. Popularibus, "To his countrymen." 2. Bello Nu- 
 
 mantino, " In the Numantine war." Numantia, a town in Spain, near 
 the head of the Durius, was celebrated for its brave resistance against 
 the Romans for the space of fourteen years, in which, with less than 
 10,000 men, they not only held out against 40,000 Romans, but fre- 
 quently gained advantages over them, and obliged them to accede to 
 dishonorable treaties. This was greatly owing to the natural strength 
 of its position. It was, however, at last reduced by Scipio Africanus 
 
 the younger, the conqueror of Carthage. 3. Longe aliter ac, " Far 
 
 otherwise than." § 149, Obs. 6 : impigro atque acri ingenia, " of a 
 
 quick and penetrating genius." 4. Romanis imperator, " General 
 
 of the Romans." § 106, Obs. 5. 5. Quod difficillimwn in primis 
 
 est, " That which is of all things the most difficult." § 99, Obs. 1, 4th : 
 in primis, sometimes imprimis in one word, is used as an adverb, 
 
 "among the first," "chiefly." 6. Quorum alterum, "Of these 
 
 things, the one," namely, ' to be good in council,' solet, &c. : alterum, 
 
 " the other," namely, ' to be bold in battle,' solet, &c. 7. Agere, 
 
 habere, amplecti ; historical infinitives : quippe cujus, &c, "inas- 
 much as no advice nor undertaking of his ever failed :" quts, 
 
 contr. for quibus : midtos ex Romanis = midtos Romanorum. 
 
 § 107, Obs. 8. 
 
 VIII. — I. Novi atque nobilcs. See Ch. IY., 5 and 8 : — 
 divitice, etc., " to whom wealth was of more importance than that which 
 is good and honorable ;" with bono and honesto supply ncgotio, Abl. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 193 
 
 § 120, R. xxiv. : domi, scil., Romce : non meaiocrem (mi- 
 mum, " the ambitious mind :" pollicitando. Note the force of the 
 
 frequentative : occidisset (from occido, not occldo), " should die :" 
 
 fore, uti sokes, &o. This clause depends on pollicitando. § 145, 
 
 Obs. 6. 2. Donatum atque laudatum magnifice, " Being loaded 
 
 with presents and lauded in the highest style :" pro condone, 
 
 " publicly," lit., " in presence of the assembly :" in prcetorium, 
 
 " into his tent." 3. Publice quam privatim, " Publicly rather 
 
 than privately," i. e., by public services rather than by private interest. 
 
 4:! Ncu quibus (for aliquibus) largiri insuesceret, " And that he 
 
 should not make a practice of giving bribes to individuals." There 
 was doubtless need for this advice ; and Scipio probably had seen with 
 displeasure the intimacy between Jugurtha and certain young ambi- 
 tious Romans of doubtful character. 5. Periculose a paucis, &c. 
 
 Arrange and supply thus, (id ace. subject of emi) quod esset multorum 
 
 (§ 108, R. xii.) emi periculose a paucis: in sicis (bonis) artibus, 
 
 "in his virtuous practices:" suamet pecunia, "by the very means 
 
 of his money." 
 
 IX. — 1. Cum litteris, " With a letter :" earum, " of this." See Cat. 
 
 XXXIV., 4 : quam rem = quod, subject of esse, and referring to 
 
 the preceding clause : scio certo, " I know certainly," " I am 
 
 sure." 2. Fama, " By common report :" ita esse, " were 
 
 true," i. e., ita esse uti acceperat : cum virtute turn gratia viri, 
 
 " both by the merit and the popularity of the man." 3. Morbo 
 
 atque cetate confectus, "Exhausted with sickness and age:" hu- 
 
 juscemodi verba cum Jugurtha habuisse, "to have spoken with Jugurtha 
 to this effect." Habere seems to be a favorite word with Sallust, and 
 verba habere is sometimes used in the sense of orationem habere. The 
 use of cum with Jugurtha intimates that this was spoken in conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 X. — 1. Parvum, ""When a child:" in meum regnicm, "into 
 
 my kingdom," viz., as one of my heirs. This was not exactly true, for 
 the history, Ch. VII. , shows he had far other views, and this was well 
 
 understood by Jugurtha, as is mentioned in the next chapter : 
 
 quam si (te) genuissem, " than if I had been your father." Most editions 
 after quam insert liberis, making the meaning, " than to my children, 
 if I should have any." This seems to be forced, and gives ground to 
 
 suspect that liberis is an interpolation : neque ea res falsum me 
 
 9 
 
194 NOTES ON THE 
 
 habuit, "nor has that expectation disappointed me," — habuit fah 
 
 sum = fefellit. 2. Amicissimos : Amicus is really an adjective, 
 
 and hence is compared as here, though it is commonly used as a noun, 
 
 — so also inimicus, familiar is, <fcc. 3. Per regni fidem, " By the 
 
 fidelity you owe my kingdom :" neu malis alienos (tibi) ad- 
 
 jungere, " and that you do not choose rather to make friends of stran- 
 gers." 4. Officio et fide pariuntur, " They are acquired by acts of 
 
 kindness and fidelity." The beautiful sentiments here expressed are 
 borrowed from the dying advice of Cyrus to his sons. Xenophon's 
 
 Cyropsedeia. 5. Quis autem, supply debet esse. 8. Ceterum 
 
 ante hos te . . . . decet, " But it becomes you rather than them," i. e., " it 
 is your part rather than theirs," lit., " in preference to them," viz., his 
 
 sons : ne aliter quid eveniat providere, " to take care that nothing 
 
 happen otherwise (than I could wish)." 7, Oolite, observate, 
 
 " Cherish, respect." 
 
 XI. — 1. Ficta locutum (esse), "Spoke insincerely," lit, "fictions:" 
 
 longe aliter, supply ac dicebat : ■ pro tempore benigne re- 
 
 spondit, "gave an affectionate answer, suited to the occasion." 
 
 2. Justa, scil., funera, " The funeral obsequies :" reguli (dim. of 
 
 rex), "the princes," viz., Adherbal, Hiempsal, and Jugurtha: 
 
 ut disceptarent, "in order to confer." 3. Natura ferox, "jSTatu- 
 
 rally high spirited :." ignobilitatem, " the ignoble birth :" 
 
 materno genere, " on the mother's side :" ^- dextera Adherbalem asse- 
 
 dit, "sat down by Adherbal on the right;" i. e., at the right hand side 
 of Adherbal. The accusative is governed by ad in composition (ad- 
 sedit), — dextera = a dextera. There remained accordingly for Jugur- 
 tha only the place on the left of Adherbal, which was considered the 
 least honorable of the three. This was intended, contrary to the ad- 
 vice of his father, to show disrespect to Jugurtha. 4. Fatigatus (scil., 
 
 precibus) a fratre, " Being importuned by his brother :" in alte- 
 ram partem, " to the other side (i. e., to the left side) of his brother." 
 
 5. Jacit, "Proposes." 6. Idem placere sibi, "That the same 
 
 (proposal) pleased him:" ilium ipsum, "that he himself," viz., 
 
 Jugurtha : tribas proximis annis, " within the last three years." 
 
 7. Quod verbum, "This remark." 8. Ira et metu, tfcc, 
 
 " Distracted with rage and fear he plotted, he contrived, and had in 
 
 his mind only those things." § 144, Obs. 6. 9. Qua; vibi tardius 
 
 {ppinione or quam voluerat) proccdunt, "As these things proceed 
 more slowly (than he wished)." § 120, Obs. 5 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 195 
 
 XII. — !• Propter dissensionem, "On account of disagreement," i. e., 
 
 "to prevent disagreement:" dividi thesauros, (fee, "that the 
 
 treasures should be divided, and limits of dominion appointed to each :" 
 
 sed mahirius, " but first," lit., " sooner." 2. Propinqua 
 
 thesauris, " Near the treasury :" alius alio, scil., loco, " one to one 
 
 place, and another to another," i, e., each to a different abode. § 98, 
 
 Obs. 11. 3. In oppido Thermida, (fee, "In the town of Thermida, 
 
 happened to occupy a house belonging to him who had been chief 
 lictor (i. e., attendant) of Jugurtha." The lictors went in single file 
 before those whom they attended. The foremost was called primus 
 lictor ; the last, as being nearest to his superior, was called proximus 
 lictor. This place was assigned to the principal attendant, or chief of 
 the lictors. Either the custom of the Romans had been adopted by 
 the Xumidian kings, or Sallust, accommodating his language to the 
 
 custom of the Romans, calls the chief attendant proximus lictor. 
 
 4. Quern Me [Jugurtha) casu ministrum oblatum, (fee, " This tool (of 
 his designs), thrown in his way by chance, he loads with promises :" 
 
 portarum claves adulterinas, "false keys for the gates of his house." 
 
 The true keys had been given to Hiempsal when he took possession of 
 the house, and of course, without keys, persons from without could not get 
 
 into the house. 5. Qui post quam, "After they:" diversi regem 
 
 qucerere, " in different directions they sought the king." These infini- 
 tives are historical : quum interim, " whilst in the mean time." 
 
 Quum with interea or interim marks a simultaneous occurrence : 
 
 quo, " whither," " to which." 
 
 XIII. — 1. In duas partes discedunt. "They separate into two par- 
 ties :" ilium alter um hello meliores sequuntur, " those better skilled 
 
 in war follow the other," scil., Jugurtha. Ilium here is used for the 
 
 sake of emphasis like the Greek article. 2. Partim (= alias) vi, 
 
 (fee, "Some by force, others of their own consent." § 9.8, Obs. 12 : 
 
 omni Numidice (se) par at, " he prepares himself to rule over all Wu- 
 
 midia," i. e, he sets himself to be master of, (fee 3# Qui sena- 
 
 tnm docercnt, "To inform the senate." § 141, Obs. 2, 4th. 4. In 
 
 provinciam, " Into the (Roman) province," namely, that part of Africa 
 formerly bestowed on Massinissa during his life, but which, at his 
 death, together with the territory taken from the Carthaginians, was 
 formed into a province under a Roman governor. Ch. V., 7, and Ch. 
 XIX. 5. Patratis consiliis, "Having accomplished his designs:" 
 
 omnis Nnmidice, genitive after potiebatur. § 121, Exe. 2 : 
 
196 NOTES ON THE 
 
 tirnere, habere ; hist, inf.: iram ejus, "their resentment," referring 
 
 to populum Romanum. 6. Quis (for quibus) prcecepit, "To whom 
 
 he gave charge :" qncecunque possint largiundo, &c, " not to hesi- 
 tate to accomplish whatever they can by bribery." 7. Hospitibus 
 
 aliisque, " To his friends and to others :" ex maxima invidia, 
 
 "from the greatest odinm:" in gratiam et favor em, "into the good 
 
 gi'aces and favor :" singulos ex senatu anibiundo, &c, "by going 
 
 round to each individual of the senate, they exerted themselves that 
 
 nothing too severe should be determined against him." r 8. Satis 
 
 confidunt, "Are sufficiently confident," i. e., feel sure that all is safe for 
 
 them: senatus utrisqne datur, lit., "the senate (i. e., an audience 
 
 on the part of the senate) is given to both ;" namely, to Adherbal and 
 the legates of Jugurtha. 
 
 XIV. — 1. Uti regni, &c, "To regard as mine, only the administra- 
 tion of the kingdom of Numidia, but that the right and the sovereignty 
 of it was vested in you." This is not a true representation, but is to be 
 considered as the language of servility, by which a weak but amiable 
 prince sought to recommend himself to the protection of the Roman 
 
 senate : vos mihi cognatorum, &c, " to regard you as my relations 
 
 and kinsmen." After verbs of commanding, &c, ut with the subjunc- 
 tive may be rendered as the infinitive. § 145, Obs. 5, 3d. 2. Qua 
 
 quum prcecepta, &c, "When 1 was actively carrying out these precepts 
 
 of my father." Note the force of the frequentative agitarem : et 
 
 jam ab stirpe, " and even by my ancestry." 3. Quoniam eo miseria- 
 
 rum venturus sum, "Since I was (destined) to come to such misery," 
 
 i. e., since this was my fate : vellem (?nc) posse .... petere, " I 
 
 could have wished that I might have been able to ask :" quibus 
 
 nonegerem, "of which I did not stand in need." § 121, R. xxv. Instead 
 of the ablative quibus, the genitive might have been used. § 121, Exc. 
 
 1 : secundum ea, &c, " next to this, if they were to be needed, 
 
 that I might have used them as favors due to me." i. Per se 
 
 ipsa, to be translated as if per se ipsam. § 98, Exc. 5. See Idioms, 33 : 
 
 neque mihi in manu fuit, Jugurtha qualis foret, lit., " nor was 
 
 what sort of a person Jugurtha would be in my power," i. e., nor was 
 it in my power to form the character of Jugurtha. The subject of fuit 
 
 is the following clause, Jugurtha, cfcc. : oneri, usui, datives of the 
 
 end. § 114, R. xix. 5. Quo tempore magis fides ejus, &c, "A 
 
 time in which their fidelity rather than their fortune was to be desired ;" 
 ejus refers to populo Romano, and is therefore rendered "their." In 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 197 
 
 the time of the Carthaginian war, the Romans were so much involved 
 in difficulties that they could give but little assistance to their allies ; 
 on the other hand, serious disaster to the Romans would have involved 
 
 their allies also. 6. Quorum progeniem, tfcc. Arrange, Vos nolite 
 
 pati me progeniem quorum, nepotem Massinissce, &c, "Do not suffer 
 me — the offspring of these (ancestors) — the grandson of Massinissa," &c. 
 Here me has both progeniem and nepotem in apposition — quorum finds 
 
 "its antecedent in familia = majores. § 99, Exc. 1. ?. Ad impe- 
 
 trandiCm, soil., auxilium : quod paido ante, "that (I) lately:" 
 
 alienas opes exspecto, "am -looking for assistance from others:" 
 
 tamen erat majestati.% "yet it would" become the majesty." § 44, II., 3 : 
 
 neque, "and not." 8. Huccine beneficia tua evasere, "Have 
 
 your favors (viz., to Jugurtha) come to this:" — ut . . . . is quern, &c. 
 Here the antecedent clause follows the relative clause (§ 99, Expl.), 
 
 and in translating the order must be reversed : semperne 
 
 versabimur ? "shall we be always," <fcc. ? : incolumes, " powerful," 
 
 lit., " safe," scil., from the dominion of the Romans. 9. Ilia pestis, 
 
 namely, the Carthaginians: quippe quis (for quibus), "as (those) 
 
 to whom :" nisi forte quern (for aliquem) vos jussissetis, " unless 
 
 such as you had appointed," lit., "unless you had ordered any." 
 When the Romans declared war against any people, the allies of the 
 
 Romans were obliged to regard that people as their enemy also. 
 
 10. Sese efferens, " Exalting himself :" eodem suo propinquo, "and 
 
 the same also his kinsman " (bis cousin, Oh. Y. in fin.): regnum 
 
 ejus, "his (Hiempsal's) kingdom:" non quit, = nequit : nihil 
 
 minus, &c, " never expecting violence or war under your authority ; 
 nihil minus quam means, lit., "nothing less than;" in other words, 
 "any thing rather than," i. e., "not at all," "never" — a form of ex- 
 pression strongly negative : sicicti videtis .... e fecit, " he has made 
 
 me as you see," cfec. : tutius (adv.), " in greater safety " = tutior, 
 
 "safer." 11. Qui. Arrange, eos, qui, "That those who." See above, 
 
 Note 8 : ex omnibus maxime tutos = omnium tutissimos. § 26, 9, 
 
 and § 10*7, Obs. 8. 12. Quod in familia nostra fuit, prcestitit, 
 
 "Whatever was in the power of our family to do, it did :" uti 
 
 adesset vobis, "that it might assist you." 13. Tertium, <fcc. Ar- 
 range, Hatus est Juguriham, tertium conjunctum fore nobis suis benefi- 
 ciis; tertium, " having become a third (brother)," scil., by adoption: 
 
 suis, "by his," Micipsa's: Alter, scil., Hiempsal : alte- 
 
 rius, scil., Jugurthce. 14. Quern minime decuit. Arrange, Pro- 
 
198 NOTES ON THE 
 
 pinqicus quern minime decuit : per scelus, "wickedly:" alium 
 
 alia clacks oppressit = this clause doubled, which, when combined, 
 may be rendered, "various disasters have crushed." § 98, Obs. 11 : — — > 
 capti ah Jugurtha, pars in crueem acti (sunt), "being seized by Jugur- 
 tha, part were crucified;" pars — pars, like alii — alii, § 98, Obs. 12, 
 distribute illi understood, referring to affines, amicos, propinquos. For 
 
 pars acti, see § 98, Exc. 2. 15. Quibus pro magnitudine imperii, 
 
 &c, lit., "To whom it is proper, on account of the extent of your em- 
 pire, that justice and all injustice should be a care," i. e., " to whom it 
 
 belongs — to take cognizance of all right and wrong :" omnium 
 
 honestarum rerum, " of all things suitable (to my rank) :" natio- 
 
 nesne, &c, scil., appellem, " shall I apply to nations," &c. ? 16. JVos- 
 
 tri misereri. § 108, E. xiii. 17. Huic imperio fortuna, " The 
 
 fortune of this (the Roman) empire," the dative for the genitive of the 
 
 object. § 105, Obs. 5 : una occidendum nobis esse, "that we must 
 
 fall along with it." § 147, R. lxi. 18. Secunda. "Favorable:" 
 
 ne, "that." § 140, Obs. 6 : quos (= aliquos) .... transversos 
 
 agat, "may lead some astray:" quos ego audio maxima ope niti, 
 
 " who I hear are striving with all their might." § 145, Obs. 2 : 
 
 fatigare (precibus), &c, "are importuning you individually:" cui 
 
 licuerit in regno manere, " when I might have remained in my king- 
 dom." 19. Quod utinam .... videam, "But would that I might 
 
 see:" nceille, " truly then he:" — — graves poenas reddat, "would 
 
 suffer the heavy penalty." 20. Unde minime decuit, (scil., tuam vi- 
 
 tam eripi) — unde = a quo, "By whom," <fec. : 21. Rerum lmma- 
 
 narum. " Of human affairs, v i. e., of their uncertainty. 22. Tuasne 
 
 injurias persequar, &c, " Whether I shall try to avenge thy wrongs, 
 or consult only for the welfare of my kingdom:" — : — cujus vitce 
 necisque, &c, "of whose life or death" — i. e., since of my life or death, 
 the disposal depends on the assistance of others, scil., the Roman 
 senate. This construction of the relative having ego (here the subject 
 
 of considam) for its antecedent is unusual. 23. Emori, " To die 
 
 speedily." Here the infinitive as a noun is used as the subject of esset, 
 "Would that a speedy death might be the honorable termination of my 
 
 misfortunes." § 106, Obs. 5: neu vivere contetyiphis viderer, "and 
 
 that I might not seem to live an object of contempt." 24. Per 
 
 vos liberos. Arrange, (Oro) vos per liberos : per scelus (Jug urthai), 
 
 et sanguinem familue. Familicc here limits sanguinem, but not scelus, 
 as the sense obviously shows. 
 
JUGTJRTHINE WAR. 199 
 
 XV. — 1. Ultro, "Without provocation:" alium, ac, "other 
 
 than:" neu verba inimici, <fec, lit., "nor put the words of his 
 
 adversary before his own deeds," i. e., "give more weight to the words 
 
 of his adversary than to his own deeds ;" viz., at Xumantia. 2. 
 
 Utrique, " Both parties," soil., Adherbal and the legates of Jugurtha. 
 3. Magna pars gratia depravata, "A great party (of others) cor- 
 rupted by their (the senators') influence." Compare this construction 
 with pars acti, &c, Ch. XIV., 14: that was according to the exception 
 — this is according to the rule. Here contemnere, extollere, historical 
 infinitives, are joined with the imperfect indicative {nitebantur). § 144, 
 
 Obs. 6 : pro alieno scelere et flagitio .... nitebantur, " exerted 
 
 themselves in defence of another's wicked and base actions." 4. 
 
 JEmilius Scaurus, a Eoman nobleman of great ability, who was twice 
 consul and princeps senatus. Cicero highly extols his virtues, abilities, 
 and achievements; but Sallust here describes him as a prudent aristo- 
 crat, anxious to keep up a respectable appearance, and to avoid suspi- 
 cion as much as possible : although, in secret, he too had recourse to 
 
 unfair means to obtain influence and wealth. 5. Regis, soil., Ju- 
 
 gurthce: famqsam, "notorious:" ne polluta licentia, <fec, 
 
 " that the scandalous freedom (taken by corrupt men) might excite 
 odium against him." 
 
 XVI. — 1. Vic'd, "Prevailed:" decern legati, "ten commis- 
 sioners." 2. Cujics legationis, " Of this commission." Opimius 
 
 was consul b. c. 121, and in that year he crushed the party of C. 
 Sempronius Gracchus, the advocate of the Agrarian law. The follow- 
 ing history shows he was not a man of integrity and honor : quia 
 
 consul, "because when consul:" acerrime victoriam, <fec, "he 
 
 had made a very cruel use of the victory of the nobility over the 
 commons." It is said that three thousand of the commons were put to 
 
 death on that occasion. 3. Accuratissime, "With the greatest 
 
 ceremony," "with the most studied respect:" fide, dative for 
 
 fidei. § 17, Exc. : plerosque capit, "he (Jugurtha) gains over the 
 
 most of them (to his interest)." 4. Quce pars = ea pars quce pars 
 
 Numidice, (fee, § 99, Obs. 1, 2d, "That part of Xuniidia which joins 
 Mauritania." Mauritania lay to the west of Xumidia corresponding to 
 
 the present Fez and Morocco : Mam alteram, <fec, " the other (see Ch. 
 
 XIII., 1.) better in appearance than reality." portuosior, "better 
 
 supplied with harbors," — though they were few even then, as impot' 
 tuosum in the next chapter shows. 
 
200 NOTES ON THE 
 
 XYII. — 1. Attingere, "To touch upon," i. e., "to give a brief 
 
 account of." 2. Quae, loca, as above, Note 4: minus frequen- 
 
 tata (neut. §98, Obs. 3.) sunt, "are less frequented:" hand facile t 
 
 &c, " I cannot easily relate any thing with certainty," lit., "anything 
 
 ascertained." 3. In tertia parte. America, the fourth division, 
 
 was not then discovered : pauci tantummodo, supply dixerunt, or 
 
 ■voluerunt: sed A/ricam (esse) in Europa. The northern parta 
 
 only of Africa were then known. The early writers divided the earth, 
 as here mentioned, into two parts. Thus Yarro, L. L., 4, TJt omnis 
 natura in caelum et terrain divisa est, sic coslum in regiones, terra in 
 
 Asiam et Europam. 4. Ea, "It," soil., Africa : /return nostri 
 
 maris, <fec, "the strait connecting our sea (the Mediterranean, so called, 
 because Italy stretched out into it) and the (Atlantic) ocean," viz., the 
 
 /return Gaditanum or Herculeum, the Straits of Gibraltar : decli- 
 
 vem latitudinem, "a wide sloping tract:" Catabathmon (Greek 
 
 KarajSafr/w, "a descent"), " Catabathmus " (magnus). This slope or 
 region separated Cyrenaica from Egypt, and was regarded by Sallust 
 as the limit of Africa to the west ; and this shows that Egypt was not 
 
 then considered as a part of Africa, but belonged to Asia. 
 
 5t Mare scevum, importuosum, "The sea was stormy, ill-supplied with 
 
 harbors:" arbore in/ecundus, "not productive of wood" (or 
 
 "trees"): =- ccelo terraque, "from the heaven and the earth," i. e., 
 
 from rain or springs: generis malefici, "of a hurtful kind." 
 
 6. Qui mortales, "What men:" accesserint, "came to it:" 
 
 quanquam ab ea /ama, <fec, "although (the account) is different from 
 that story which holds possession of most persons," i. e., which gener- 
 ally prevails. Diversum agrees with, and interpretatum est has for its 
 subject, the preceding part of the sentence, qui mortales, (fee. ; hence 
 the neuter gender; for the subjunctives, habuerint, accesserint, permixti 
 
 sint, see § 140, 5: qui regis Eiemjosalis (esse) dicebantur, "which 
 
 were said to have belonged to king Hiempsal," — not the one already 
 mentioned, who was killed by Jugurtha ; but a later descendant of 
 Massinissa, who ruled after Jugurtha and was still alive in the time of 
 
 Cicero, about b. c. 60 : rem sese habere, " the thing is." Se habere, 
 
 in imitation of the Greek eavTb exe^, means " to be," lit., " to have 
 
 itself." 7. Fides ejus ret, <fec, "The truth of that statement will 
 
 rest with the authors themselves," — as much as to say, 'I do not vouch 
 for the truth of it.' Sallust was prudent to throw the responsibility 
 on his authorities ; for the account here given of Africa would not 
 have gained for him the reputation of accuracy. 
 
JUGUR THINE WAR. 201 
 
 XVIII. — 1. Quis (for quibus) cibus, &c, lit., "To whom the food 
 was the flesh of wild beasts, and, as to cattle, the productions of the 
 ground " (as herbs, roots, &c), i. e., who fed on the flesh of wild beasts, 
 and, like cattle, on the products of the ground. Uti pecoribus refers 
 
 only to humi pabulum: cujusquam limits only imperio. 
 
 2. Hercules, &c. This of course is wholly fabulous: etc passim 
 
 multis sibi quisque imperium petentibus, "and every where many aim- 
 ing at command, each for himself." Quisque here, in the nominative, 
 is a singular construction ; regularly it would be quoque in the same 
 
 case with multis which it distributes. § 98, Exc. 4, Note : dilabi- 
 
 tur, "melts away," "comes to nothing." 3. Ex eo numero, scil., 
 
 the army of Hercules. 4. Intra Oceanum, "Upon (lit., within) 
 
 the Atlantic ocean," in part surrounded or enclosed by it, — meaning 
 
 the part west of the Straits of Gibraltar: inversos, "turned 
 
 bottom up:" copia, "facility:" ■ ignara lingua,, "an un- 
 known language." Ignarus commonly active in signification (" not 
 
 knowing ") is here passive (" unknown "). 5. Per connubia, "By 
 
 intermarriages:" tcntantes agros, &c, "making trial of the lands 
 
 (i. e., the pasturage), they had gone to one place, then to another," — 
 
 shifted about from place to place : semet ipsi Nomadas appellavere, 
 
 "they called themselves Nomades," or "Nomads." This term from 
 vofios, "pasture," is applied by the Greeks to pastoral tribes who have 
 no settled habitation, but move about from place to place in search of 
 
 pasture for their flocks. 6. Adhuc, "To this day:" mapalia, 
 
 "huts," properly, "movable huts," as magalia means "fixed abodes." 
 
 Both words are of Punic origin : oblonga. Arrange, sunt oblong a, 
 
 &C. : incurvis lateribus tecta, &c, " gathered up into a roof, with sides 
 
 bending like the hulls of ships," lit., " as if the hulls of ships." 
 
 7. Accessere Libyes, "Joined themselves to the Libyans." Libyes (from 
 Libys), the ace. pi. governed by ad in composition (ad-cessere) : pro- 
 pi us mare. § 136, Obs. 5 : ■ sub sole magis, i. e., nearer the equator — 
 
 farther to the south : ab ardoribus, " from the scorching heats (of the 
 
 torrid zone) :" freto, scil., Gaditano : mutare res inter se, " to 
 
 exchange commodities with one another." § 28, Obs. 5. 8. JEorum, 
 
 scil., Medorum: Ifauros pro Medis appellantes, "by calling them 
 
 (§ 146, Obs. 6, last part) Mauri instead of Medi." This is a very im- 
 probable origin of the word Mauri. Bochart, with more probability, 
 derives it from Mauharim, " the furthest people," as they lived on the 
 western shores of Africa. From this is derived the modern name of 
 Moors. 9. Nomine Numidce, "Numidians bv name," i. e., under 
 
202 NOTES ON THE 
 
 the name of Numidians: propter multitudinem, "on account of 
 
 the multitude of people," — the superabounding, or excess of popula- 
 tion : quae Numidia apellatur. Though quae, has for its antecedent 
 
 loca, in the plural, it agrees with Numidia in the singular ; hence the 
 
 singular appellatur. § 99, Obs. 4. 10. Utrique, "Both," i. e., 
 
 parents and children: alter is freti, i. e., alteri alteris freti, "con- 
 fiding in each other," lit, "the one to the other:" magis ii, 
 
 "especially those." 11. Africce pars inferior pleraque, "Most of 
 
 the lower part of Africa," § 98, Obs, 9, i. e., the part nearest the sea : 
 
 concessere in gentem, <fcc, "became merged into the nation and 
 
 name of the conquerors," i. e., of the ISTumidians ; the omnes victi are 
 the Libyans, the fnitimos above. 
 
 SIX, — 1. Alii — pars = alii — alii, distributing Phcenices. § 98, 
 
 Obs. 12 : sollicitata agrees with plebe, but belongs equally to 
 
 aliis. § 98, Obs. 4: Hipponem, <fec. All these are cities in the 
 
 territory of Carthage, which afterwards became the province of Africa : 
 
 originibus mis, "to their parent states," i. e., the cities of 
 
 Phoenicia, from which the colonies that founded them had come. 
 
 Here again pars — alice = alice — alia;, distribute eaz, scil., urbes. 
 
 2. Nam refers to something in the mind to be supplied; as, I say 
 nothing of Carthage, "for," &c. : alio (adv.), "to another subject." 
 
 3. Ad Catabathmon, "On the side of (i. e., beginning at) Cata- 
 
 bathmus." See Ch. XVII. : secundo marl, " along the sea," i. e., 
 
 following the sea westward : colonia Theraidn, " a colony of 
 
 Therseans." These were from the island of Thera in the Greek 
 Archipelago, south of Peloponnesus. Therozon, the Greek genitive 
 
 plural in u>v, Latinized, § 10, barbiton ; so also Philcenon below : 
 
 duce Syrtes, scil., the Syrtes major, and the Syrtes minor — two large 
 sand banks near the coast of Africa between Cyrene and Carthage, 
 dangerous to navigation. Between them lay the route to Leptis 
 
 magna, a city of considerable importance: JPhilamon ara>, "the 
 
 altars of the Philaeni." These altars were erected in memory of the 
 Philseni who were buried alive there as described Ch. LXXIX. of this 
 
 history: JEgyptum versus, "towards Egypt." 4. Super 
 
 Nmnidiam, "Above Numidia," i. e., south of it, and more inland, 
 
 which is always conceived of as higher than the coast: partim 
 
 in titguriis, "some in huts." Here Vigwin partim — alios = alios — alios, 
 
 and distribute Gcetulos : agitare, " live :" post cos, " that 
 
 behind these," i. e., farther south, more inland. 5. Pleraque ex 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 203 
 
 m 
 
 Punicis oppida (more commonly ex Punicis oppidis), "Most of the 
 
 Carthaginian towns :" quos novissime habuerant, " which they 
 
 (the Carthaginians) had very lately possessed," viz., at the beginning of 
 
 the third Punic war: imperitabat, same as imperabat, "ruled," 
 
 "governed:" prceter nomen cetera, &c, "as to other things except 
 
 the name ignorant of (a stranger to) the Roman people." Here 
 ignarxis has its usual active sense, and is followed by its object in the 
 genitive. § 10*7, R. ix. For the accusative cetera, see § 128, Obs. 1, 
 Exc. 
 
 XX. — 1. JDiviso regno. Sallust here takes up the history from Ch. 
 
 XVI. : decessere, " had departed." § 44, III., 3 : prazmia see- 
 
 leris adeptum sese, "that he had obtained the rewards of his villany," — 
 
 namely impunity, and the half of jSfumidia, instead of the third : 
 
 quod — acceperat, "which he had heard." Ch. VIII. 2. Quern 
 
 petebat, "At whom he aimed," "whom he designed to attack:" 
 
 opportunus injuria;, "a fit subject for injustice," "who might be 
 
 injured with impunity," "easily trampled upon." 3. Capit, 
 
 "Seizes:" dolore permotum, "stung with resentment." 4. At 
 
 ille, scil., Adherbal: • ■ fretus er'at, "depended," lit, "was depend- 
 ing:" amicitia, Numidis. § 119, R. xxiii. : questum (supine), 
 
 "to complain:" contmneliosa dicta, "an insulting answer:" ■ 
 
 tentatum antea sectis cesserat, "when attempted before, it had turned 
 
 out otherwise (than he expected)." 5. Neque eo, "Nor by that," 
 
 viz., the complaint of Adherbal: quippe qui, &c, "since he in his 
 
 mind had already seized on the whole of his [Adherbal's] kingdom." 
 
 C. Vastare, &c, historical infinitives: prcedas agere, "drove 
 
 off the booty," scil., cattle or live stock, such as can be taken off by 
 driving, as the word agere denotes. 
 
 XXI. — 1. Eo processum, "It had come to that," "that matters 
 
 had come to such a pass :" Jugurthm obvius procedit, "advances 
 
 to meet Jugurtha." § 111, R. xvi. 2. Prope Cirtam oppidum. 
 
 § 186, Obs. 5. A city of ISTumidia, once the royal residence, and a 
 place of great wealth under Syphax, situate on the river Ampsagas, 
 
 about 48 miles from the sea. 3. Processit, " Had advanced." § 44, 
 
 III., 3 : obscuro etiam turn lumine, " the light being even yet 
 
 very faint," i. e., " at early dawn :" partim — alios = alios — 
 
 alios, distributing eos, scil., kostes understood, meaning the soldiers of 
 Adherbal. 4. Togatorum., "Of Roman citizens." The toga was 
 
204 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 the badge of Roman citizenship, as the pallium was of Greek : • 
 
 mcenibus prohibuit, "repelled from the walls:" cceptum atqxie 
 
 patratum foret, "would have been begun and ended." 5. Vineis. 
 
 The Vinece were sheds erected by the Romans, with a roof of wicker 
 work covered over with earth or raw hides, to prevent them from 
 being easily set on fire. They were moved up against the walls on 
 wheels or rollers, and under their shelter the soldiers worked the 
 
 battering ram (aries), or undermined the walls : turribics. The 
 
 towers used in the Roman military works were of two kinds, fixed, 
 and movable. They were structures of wood, sufficiently high to over- 
 look and command the enemy's walls; and from them, showers of 
 arrows, darts, and other missiles were thrown by means of engines. 
 "When once erected or brought up against a town, it was sel- 
 dom able to hold out long. See Caesar, Index, Ticrris and vinece. 
 
.TUGURTHINE WAR. 205 
 
 6. Tempus legatorum antecapere, " To anticipate the time (of the re- 
 turn) of the ambassadors." 7, AcceplU " Heard :" qui 
 
 adeant — verbis mint lent, "to go to," — "to announce to them 
 
 in the words," (fee § 140, Obs. 2, 4th. 8. Velle et censere, "That 
 
 they desired and commanded." Velle refers to the people, and censere 
 
 to the determination of the senate after due deliberation : eos, " that 
 
 they," scil., Jugurtha andAdherbal: jure, "by law:" ita 
 
 {facer e) segue illisque dignunx esse, "that to do thus was befitting both 
 the Romans and them." Se refers to the Roman people and senate, 
 illis, to Jugurtha and Adherbal. 
 
 XXII. — 1. Clemens erat, ""Was mild." 2. Quorum Jugurtha, 
 
 (fee, " Jugurtha, on hearing their commission, replied :" ab optimo 
 
 guoque, "by all good men." § 98, Obs. 13: placuisse — adoptatum 
 
 (esse). §47, 2: non malitia, "not by wicked conduct:" ■ 
 
 ob easdem artes, "that for this conduct," lit., "for these good quali- 
 ties." 3. Quo plura, " The more :" co animum muni, <fce, 
 
 "the less could his spirit brook injury." § 132, Obs. 6. 4. Neque 
 
 recte neque pro bono facturum (esse), "Would act neither justly nor for 
 
 their own interest:" si ab jure gentium sese prohibuerit, "if they 
 
 debarred him (Jugurtha) from the right of nations," namely, to avenge 
 his own wrongs. 5. Utriqtie digrediuntur, " Both parties (Jugur- 
 tha and the ambassadors) separate." 6. Adherbalis appellandi 
 
 (illis) copjia non fuit, "They had not an opportunity of speaking to 
 Adherbal." § 147, R. lxii. 
 
 XXIII. — 1. Neque — potest, "And he could not:" turres 
 
 exstruit, "he erects (fixed) towers:" tentare, ostentare, (fee. § 144, 
 
 Obs. 6 : modo formidlnem, " sometimes intimidation :" 
 
 arrigere, " excited :" prorsus intentus, " always on the alert." 
 
 2. Hostem infestum, " That his enemy was implacable," " was bent on 
 
 his ruin:" una, "with him:" mlserando casum suum, "by 
 
 deploring his own condition" — with a view to excite their com- 
 passion. 3. Litterai Adherbalis — recitataz sunt, "The letter 
 
 of Adherbal was read aloud:" sententia, "the purport." 
 
 XXIV. — 1. In animo habeat, "He regards in his mind," or 
 
 simply, "he regards:" malit, "he would rather have." 
 
 2. Mihi — auxiliantur, "Afford relief to me:" urguear, ancient 
 
 form of urgear. 3. Plura de Jugurtha, (fee, " My unhappy con- 
 
206 NOTES ON THE 
 
 dition discourages me from writing more concerning Jugurtha." 
 
 4. Nisi tamen intellego, "But still (this I may say) I understand," &c. 
 
 5. Utrum gravhis existimet, " Which of the two he thinks the' 
 
 more important " (scil., your friendship or my kingdom). This clause 
 is the subject of est. He means to say, it is clear to every one that 
 Jugurtha jDrefers his kingdom to the friendship of the Roman people. 
 
 6. Qucc(§ 99, Obs. 8.) sane fuerint, "Whatever indeed may have 
 
 been our injuries," i. e., "injuries done to us:" nihil ad vos, "it 
 
 did not concern you." 7. Quanti fecerit, "How much he valued." 
 
 § 133, Exc. This clause is the object of declarant. 8. Quid 
 
 religuum, &q., " What is there left by which he can be moved :" 
 
 vana forent, "were groundless:" Jidem verbis faceret, "should 
 
 gain credit to my words." 9. Eo, " To this end," " to this fate :" 
 
 ut Jugurthm scelerum ostentui (aliis) essem, " that I should be a 
 
 spectacle (to others) of the villanies," &c, i. e., " that I should serve to 
 
 display (to others) the villanies of Jugurtha." § 114, R. xix. : uti 
 
 libet, " as you please," lit, " as it pleases you." 
 
 XXV. — 1. Fuere, qui — conserent, § 140, Obs. 1, "Some gave it 
 as their opinion:" Adherbali subveniendum (esse), "that assist- 
 ance should be rendered to Adherbal." § 112, R. v. : de Jugurtha, 
 
 &c, "that in the meantime it should be deliberated," i. e., "that the 
 senate should deliberate concerning Jugurtha;" in other words, "that 
 
 the conduct of Jugurtha should be taken into consideration." 2. 
 
 Summa ope enisum (est), — impers. — "Every effort was made." It 
 
 appears the effort too was successful. 3. Majores natu, " Young 
 
 'men" (adolescentes) had been sent before, Ch. XXL; now "elderly 
 men" are sent; i. e., men of more influence and weight of character : 
 
 If. Scaurus. Ch. XV., 4 : in senatu princeps, " the leader 
 
 in the senate." The senator was called princeps whose name was first 
 marked in the censor's list of senators. This, though it bestowed no 
 privilege, was esteemed a high honor, carrying with it the judgment 
 
 of the censor, that he was the most worthy. 4. Res in invidia erat, 
 
 " The affair was involved in great odium :" navima scendere, 
 
 " embarked." § 144, Obs. 6 : quam ocisshne, " as speedily as 
 
 possible." § 134, Obs. 6, 3d: ad provinciam accedat, "to come to 
 
 the province," scil., of Africa, The expression litteras mittunt implies 
 a command, hence the subjunctive following it ; ut being understood. 
 § 145, Obs. 5, 3d. Before the clatise seque ad, &c, supply dicentes, 
 "saying." 5* Metu atque libidine diversus (§ 98, Obs. 10.) agita- 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 207 
 
 batter, "Was variously agitated by fear and ambition:" cupidine 
 
 ccecus, "blinded by his eagerness (for dominion) :" ad i?iceptum, 
 
 &c, " urged him on to the wicked enterprise already begun." 
 
 6. Vicit, "Prevailed:" exercitu circumdato, "his ai'my being 
 
 posted around (on every side) :" Cirtam, i. e., in Cirtam. This 
 
 ellipsis is nearly peculiar to Sallust: diducta manu hostium, 
 
 " the force of the enemy being divided," viz., to meet the troops of 
 
 Jugurtha making an attack on every side : casum victoria;, " a 
 
 chance of victory." 7» Quod ubi, " When this." 8. Multa 
 
 tamen ofatione consumpta, "Yet after a long debate," lit., "many 
 words being wasted :" — '— frustra, " without having accomplished 
 their object." 
 
 XXVI. — It Italici, the same as togati. Ch. XXI. : defensa- 
 
 bantur, " were wont to be vigoroiisly defended." Observe the force of 
 
 the frequentative, and the imperfect. § 44, II., 1 : deditione facta, 
 
 "if (or when) a surrender slwuld be made." §146, Obs. 9: 
 
 tantum ab eo vitam paciscatur, "that he should stipulate with him only 
 
 for his life :" fore, used impersonally, " that it would be." 
 
 2. Potior a fide, " More to be relied on than the promise :" penes 
 
 eosdem (erat), " he was in their power." 3. In primis, " Among 
 
 the first things:" excruciatum necat = excruciat et necat, " tor- 
 tures and puts to death," lit., " puts to death after being tortured:" 
 
 negotiatores, " the merchants," viz., the Italici above. This took 
 
 place b. c. 112. 
 
 XXVIL— 1. Quod postquam, "After this." § 99, Obs. 8: 
 
 ministri regis, "tools of the king" (scil., of Jugurtha); i. e., those sena- 
 tors who, by the bribes of Jugurtha, had been induced to defend him 
 
 at all hazards: interpellando, " by interrupting " the course of 
 
 business: jurgiis, "by altercations:" leniebant, "endea- 
 vored to soften." § 44, II, 2. 2. Vir acer, " A spirited man :" 
 
 id agi, " that it was in agitation," i. e., " that the plan was :" 
 
 profecto omnis invidia, &c, "undoubtedly all indignation 
 
 (against the conduct of Jugurtha) would have passed away by pro- 
 tracting the debates." 3. Delicti conscientia, "From a conscious- 
 ness of guilt," 4, Lege Sempronia. Previous to this law pro- 
 vinces were assigned by the senate to the consuls after their election, 
 or after they entered on their office. This gave rise often to corrupt 
 intriguings with the senators, on the part of the consuls, for particular 
 
208 NOTES ON THE 
 
 provinces. To prevent this in future, C. Sempronius Gracchus got a 
 law passed, b. c. 122, ordaining that the senate should determine the 
 two provinces for the future consuls before their election. The con- 
 suls afterwards themselves determined their respective provinces by 
 
 lot or agreement. 5. Obvenit, " Fell to the lot." Italy was not 
 
 a province in the ordinary sense .of the term. But the consul under 
 whose administration it was placed remained at Rome, and was to be 
 
 ready for any war that might break out : scribitur, "is levied," 
 
 " enrolled :" stipendhim, " money." Stipendhim from slips,," a small 
 
 coin," in military language, means "money for the pay of the army." 
 
 XXVIII. — 1. Omnia venum ire (subject of hceserat), "That all 
 things were venal," lit., " went to sale." Veneo (contracted from 
 venum eo) means, "to be sold" — vendo, i. e., venum do, not being used 
 
 in the passive : quos — miserat. See Ch. XIII. : aggrediantur, 
 
 "to accost," "to make trial of." § 145, Obs. 5, 3d, and § 140, Obs. 5. 
 
 2. Qui postquam, "After they:" placeretne, "whether it 
 
 was their pleasure:" recipi mcenibus, "should be received within 
 
 the walls." The Romans did not always admit ambassadors from 
 foreign states within the walls. To those who were not admitted, a 
 hearing was usually given in a villa publica, or in the temple of 
 Bellona without the city. But the question now was, whether the 
 
 ambassadors of Jugurtha should be heard at all : deditum (supine), 
 
 "to surrender:" in diebus proximis decern, "within the ten days 
 
 ensuing." 3. Legal sibi, "Chooses for his lieutenants:" quo- 
 rum aucloritate, &c, "by whose influence he hoped those things which 
 he might do amiss would be sheltered," i. e., screened from punish- 
 ment : supra. See Ch. XV., 4. 4. In consule nostro, scil., 
 
 Calpumio : inde Siciliam, usually in Siciliam. § 130, Obs. 10. 
 
 XXIX. — 1. Pecunia tentare, "To tempt him (Calpurnius) with 
 
 money:" animus ceger avaritia, "his mind corrupted (lit,, sick) 
 
 with avarice." 2. A principio, "At first:" ex factione ejus, "of 
 
 Ins party," i. e., of the nobles: impugnaverat, "had opposed:" 
 
 pecunice, "of the bribe." 3. Redimebat, "Attempted to 
 
 purchase:" parlicipem negoti'i, "a sharer of the business," viz., 
 
 with Calpurnius: cum eis de omnibus, &&, "to treat in person 
 
 with them about all the stipulations." 4. F'uki causa, "To inspire 
 
 Jugurtha with confidence," lit., "for the sake of confidence:" 
 
 mittitur, " is sent " (viz., as a hostage) : species, " the pretence :" 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 209 
 
 dcditionis mora, &c, " a truce was observed on account of the 
 
 delay connected with the surrender." 5. Prcesenti consilio, "In 
 
 the presence of the council." The council of war usually consisted 
 of the coinniander as president — his legates — the tribunes of the 
 
 soldiers, and the oldest centurion in the legion : de invidia 
 
 facti sui, "concerning the odium of his conduct:" secreta = 
 
 secreto, "secretly," "in private." § 98, Obs. 10, — opposed to prcesenti 
 
 consilio: qicasi per saturam, &c, the votes having been taken 
 
 "in gross," "confusedly," i. e., not seriatim, by calling the names and 
 marking each vote, but en piasse. The expression is taken from lanx 
 satura, " a full dish " offered as a sacrifice to the gods, and containing 
 different kinds of fruit which were thus presented, not separately and 
 distinctly, but confusedly, in the gross. The figurative application to 
 
 other mixtures is here indicated by quasi. 6. Pro consilio, 
 
 "Before," i. e., "in the council:" ad ?nagistratus rogandos, "to 
 
 hold an election of magistrates." This duty devolved on Calpurnius, 
 as Scipio the other consul was now dead. In the elective assembly, 
 the president (usually the consul) asks the people (rogat popidum) to 
 
 appoint new officers. Hence the term rogare in this sense : agita- 
 
 batur, " prevailed," i. e., all was quiet. 
 
 XXX. — 1. Quoque modo actce forent, "And in what manner they 
 
 had been managed:" de facto considis agitari (hist. inf. = agita- 
 
 mdur), lit., "there was conversation concerning the conduct of the 
 consul." i. e., " the conduct of the consul was the subject of conversa- 
 tion." 2. Gravis invidia (erat), " There was great indignation:" 
 
 panmx constabat (scil., Us or patribus), " it was not clear to them," 
 
 i. e., they were at a loss. 3. Quod is—ferebatur, "Because he was 
 
 said," &c. This clause is parenthetic: concionibus, "in his public 
 
 harangues:" Jwrtari, monere, ostendere — historical infinitives, of 
 
 which C. Memmius is the subject: accendebat, "he aroused." 
 
 4. Ac potissimnm ea dicam quce .... disseruit, "And above all others 
 will I relate those things which he delivered." 
 
 XXXI. — 1. Peliortantur a vobis (the indicative is more animated 
 than the subjunctive dehortentur), " Would dissuade me from you," 
 
 i. e., from undertaking your cause: Quirites, "Romans." The 
 
 Quirites originally were the inhabitants of Cures a city of the Sabines. 
 After the Sabines and Romans were united by Romulus under one 
 government, the name Quirites was taken in addition to Romani, 
 
210 NOTES ON THE 
 
 When distinguished, Quirites is aj:>plied to the Romans in a civil, and 
 
 Romani in a political or military capacity : opes factionis, scil., 
 
 nobilium: patientia, "tameness," " submissiveness under injuries:" 
 
 innocentice plus periculi — est. § 112, R. ii. These four clauses are 
 
 in apposition with inulta and explain it. 2. His annis quindecim, 
 
 § 131, R. xli., "How for fifteen years," i. e., since b. c. 125. At that 
 time, the aristocracy gained a decisive victory through the praetor 
 L. Opimius, who destroyed the town of Fregellae, and thereby crushed 
 the first attempt of the Italian allies (socii) to obtain the Roman 
 franchise. The power of the nobles was increased also by the fall of 
 the Gracchi, who espoused the cause of the people ; the elder of whom 
 was slain by Scipio some years before, and the younger a few years 
 later (scil., b. c. 121) by L. Opimius. See below, Note 5. — These three 
 clauses beginning with quam and ut, "how," are in apposition with, 
 
 and explain ilia : vestri defensores, alluding to the Gracchi : 
 
 ab ignavia, "in consequence of," or, "on account of your cowardice:" 
 
 qui we nunc, &c, " that you do not even now arise when your 
 
 enemies are in your power, and even now you are afraid of them." 
 The nobles were, many of them, liable to punishment on account of the 
 
 part they had taken in respect to the affairs of Jugui-tha : quibus 
 
 decet (vos) esse terrori. § 114, R. xix. 3. Animus subigit, "My 
 
 feelings compel me:" experiar, "I will use:" id frustra an 
 
 ob rem faciam, " whether I shall do that in vain or with advantage " 
 In double questions the interrogative particle (utrum or ne enclitic) is 
 
 often omitted with the first. § 140, Note, 4. Neque ego vos hortor 
 
 quod, i. e., facere id quod: prcecipites eant, "go to ruin:" 
 
 secessione. § 118, R. xxii. See Cat, XXXIIL, 5: ipsi in the nomina- 
 tive plural, with vos understood: suomet more, "in their, own 
 
 way," i. e., as the natural consequence of their vices and crimes. 
 
 5# Occiso Tib. Graccho. This took place about 22 years before this. 
 The nobles by different means had made themselves masters of all 
 the lands of Italy, and by degrees removed the common people from 
 their possessions. This abuse roused Tib. Gracchus to revive the 
 Licinian law, by which no one could hold more than 500 jugera, or 
 about 350 acres of land. His object was, to have the public lands 
 divided among the citizens. He was slain in a collision between his 
 adherents and the party of the nobility, headed by Scipio, b. c. 133. 
 Twelve years afterwards, his brother Caius, and likewise M. Fulvius, in 
 seeking to promote the same object, was slain by the consul Opimius 
 and his party: quern, "who." § 145, Obs. 2: qucestiones 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 211 
 
 habitat sunt, "prosecutions were instituted." 6. Scd sane fuerit, 
 
 &c, " But grant that it may have been an aiming at sovereign power 
 (on the part of the Gracchi) to attempt to restore to the people their 
 
 rights:" quicquid sine sanguine, &c, "that every thing which 
 
 cannot be punished without shedding the blood of citizens may have 
 been done justly " (Grant I say all this, for the sake of argument, still, 
 there are other wrongs to excite your indignation, for, <fcc). 7. Su- 
 per ioribus annis, "In years past:" summam gloriam, "that the 
 
 highest honors," i. e., civil and military offices : tamen .... parum 
 
 habuere, "yet they have esteemed it a small matter:" — "too little." 
 
 8. Per ora vestra, "Before your very faces:" ea (esse sibi) 
 
 honori, § 114, R. xix. : so next sentence, quibus qucestui sunt. 
 
 9. Imperio nati, "Born to dominion." § 112, R. xvii. 10. Pars 
 
 eorum, &c, " Some of them consider their having the tribunes of the 
 people (referring to the Gracchi), others their iniquitous prosecu- 
 tions, <fec, — for their security." The infinitives here are regarded as 
 
 verbal nouns, and are, like qucestiones, the object of habent. 
 
 11. Ita quam quisque, <fcc, "Thus the more wickedly a person has 
 acted, the safer he is." Here pessime and maxime are used with the 
 construction of the comparative, — a usage not common in Latin, and 
 
 which cannot be literally translated into English: metitm a 
 
 scelere suo, &c, "they have shifted fear from their own guilt to your 
 cowardice," = a se sceleratis ad vos ignavos, i. e., the fear, which they 
 ought themselves to feel on account of their wickedness, they have 
 
 shifted to you giving way to cowardice : quos omnes eadem, &c, 
 
 "all whom their coveting the same things, hating the same things, and 
 fearing the same things, has brought together into one ;" — here the 
 infinitive clauses are the subject of coegit. § 101, R. iv., Expl. Compare 
 
 Cat., Ch. XX., Idem velle, <fcc. 12. Inter malos f actio est, "Amongst 
 
 the wicked, it is faction." 13. Quod si tarn vos, &c. Here we 
 
 have an anacoluthon, § 150, 3, 5th: the writer begins as if he in- 
 tended the second clause to be, quam illi dominationis, and ends as if 
 the first clause had been — si tarn vos accensi essetis ad libertatis curam: 
 
 beneficia vestra, namely, the offices and honors in the gift of the 
 
 people. 14. Parta amittere, " To lose what has been acquired." 
 
 This clause is the subject of est. 15. Vindicandum in eos, i. e., 
 
 Num censes vindicandum esse in eos? &c, "Do you think that punish- 
 
 ment should be inflicted on those?" <fec. : Nonmanu, etc. The 
 
 first part of this answer is to be supplied from the question; thus, 
 Censeo equidem vindicandum, non manu, &c, "not by force nor by 
 
212 NOTES ON THE 
 
 violence:" qucestionibus et indicio, "by legal investigations and 
 
 the testimony:" si dedititius est, "if he has surrendered." 
 
 16. Nisi forte, "Unless perhaps." This is spoken with strong irony : 
 
 ilia quam hcec tempora magis placent, "the former times (viz., 
 
 those subsequent to the death of the Gracchi) please more than these 
 
 latter," i. e., the present times : satis habebatis, " considered it 
 
 enough." IT. In perniciem casura esset, " Were to end in your de- 
 struction." 18. Quantum importunitatis habent, "Such arrogance 
 
 have they ;" in full form, pro tanta importunitate, quantum importuni- 
 tatis habent. § 99, Obs. 10 (2): aut serviundum esse (vobis), &c, 
 
 " that either you must be slaves, or your liberty must be retained by 
 
 force." 19. Qum nisi qucesita erunt, "Unless these things (§ 99, 
 
 Obs. -8.) be inquired into." 20. Id est (eum) esse regem, "That is, 
 
 to be a tyrant." Such is the meaning of rex here. The regular con- 
 struction would be esse rex. § 109, Obs. 6. 21. Perperam quam 
 
 recte, "Wrong than right:" sed ne ignoscendo malis bonos perdi- 
 
 tum eatis (= perdatis, § 148, Obs. 1.), "but that you should not ruin 
 
 honest men by pardoning villains." 22. Ubi neglegas = si negli- 
 
 gas : auxilii (scil., bonorum) egeas. 
 
 XXXII. — 1. Interposita fide publica, "By pledging the public 
 
 faith for his safety." § 146, Obs. 2. So in the next clause : quos 
 
 pecuniae captai arcessebant, "whom they accused of taking bribes." 
 § 122, R. xxvii. Arcesso signifies "to call," scil., into a court of jus- 
 tice, hence, "to accuse :" Scauri et reh quorum .... delicta. See 
 
 Ch. XXIV. 2. Qui, i. e., ii qui, "Those who." § 99, Obs. 1, 4th. 
 
 3. Fuere, qui, " Some." § 140, Obs. 1 : elephantos, viz., 
 
 those surrendered to the Romans by Jugurtha. Chap. XXIX. ad fin. : 
 
 alii — pars, " Some — others :" ex pacatis, " from those who 
 
 were at peace with us." 4. Perlata rogatione a C. Memmio, 
 
 "The bill proposed by C. Memmius having been carried through," i. e., 
 " having become a law ;" namely, to send Cassius to Jugurtha ; — called 
 rogatio, because he who proposed it asked (rogavit) the people (ut ju- 
 beat) that they would order it by their vote to become a law, enact it : 
 . ex conscientia diffidcnti rebus suis, "from a sense of guilt despair- 
 ing of his case :" ne vim quam misericordiam ejus (scil., popidi Ro 
 
 mani) experiri mallet, "not to choose to make trial of their power 
 rather than of their clemency " — quam after magis implied in mallet. 
 
 5. Hie, " He," scil., Jugurtha : non minoris . . 
 
 "valued not less." § 133, Exc. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 213 
 
 XXXIII. — 1. Contra decus regium (In a manner) "Contrary to 
 
 regal dignity." 2. Parat, " He gains over :" cujus = ut ejus. 
 
 § 141, Obs. 2, 4th. 3. Pars, soil., jubebat : de (eo) hoste, " on 
 
 him as an enemy:" dignitati quam irce magis consulens, "having 
 
 regard to honor (scil., his own and that of the Roman people), rather 
 
 than to their rage :" confirmare, " assured them," hist. inf. : 
 
 per sese, "to the utmost of his power." 4. Verba facit, "He (Mem- 
 
 mius) addresses him :" Romce Numidimque, " at Rome and in 
 
 Numidia." Numidice seems to be put in the genitive by attraction 
 
 with Roma;, though the rule requires in Numidia. § 130, Obs. 10. 
 
 5. Quibus juvantibus, &a. This clause depends on intellegat following ; 
 chus, Quanquam populus Romanus intellegat, quibus juvantibus, &c, 
 "By whose assistance, and by what instruments he did these things:" 
 
 tamen.(eum, scil., populum Romanum) velle, "nevertheless they 
 
 wished." 6. Non sociis saluti fore, "That he (Jugurtha) would 
 
 not bring safety to his associates. § 114, R. xix. : corrupturum 
 
 (esse), "that he would ruin." 
 
 XXXIV. — It Quern pecunia corruptum (esse), &c, "Who we said 
 
 above (Ch. XXXIII.) had been corrupted by a bribe :" terrebat, 
 
 " endeavored to frighten him," scil., Bsebius. § 44, II., 2 : quai ira 
 
 ■fieri amat, " which anger is accustomed to employ," lit., " which anger 
 
 loves to be done." 2. Animi augescunt, "Courage revives" — 
 
 " increases." 
 
 XXXV.— 1. Dedita Cirta (§ 146, Obs. 9.), "When Cirta was sur- 
 rendered." Ch. XXVI. 2. Proximo anno, <fcc, "The next year 
 
 after Bestia was consul with Q. Minucius Rufus," i. e., b. c. 110: 
 
 huic .... persuadet, " advises him," viz., Massiva : petat, " to 
 
 ask." § 145, Obs. 5, 3d, and § 140, Obs. 5 : invidia cum metu, 
 
 " public odium and his own fears." 3. Belli gerundi, " Of carry- 
 ing on some w r ar." The attempt to transfer the kingdom from Jugurtha 
 
 to Massiva, he knew would of course lead to war. 4. Proximo, 
 
 "A partisan:" pretio .... insidiatores Massivce paret, "to hire 
 
 assassins against Massiva," — same construction as petat above: 
 
 ac maxime occxdte, &c. Arrange, ac interficiat Numidam maxime occulte, 
 
 <kc, " secretly, if possible." 5t Talis negotii artifices, " Expert in 
 
 such business." 6. Ex eo numero, = ex numero eorum, and hence 
 
 qui in the plural : indicium profitetur, " makes a disclosure." 
 
 %% Fit reus, " Is put on trial :" quam ex jure gentium, " than ac- 
 
214 NOTES ON THE 
 
 cording to the law of nations." According to the law of nations, the 
 
 public faith promised to Jugurtha protected also his retinue. 8. 
 
 Manifestus tanti sceleris, " Though clearly guilty of so great a wicked- 
 ness:" (minium advertit, same as animadvertit, " he perceived :" 
 
 supra gratiam, &c, " that the odium of the deed was beyond his 
 
 influence." 9. In priore actione, " In the first stage of the proceed- 
 ing:" vades, "as bail," "as sureties:" verities ne. § 140, 
 
 Obs. 6: populares, "his countrymen," "his subjects:" me- 
 
 tus .... parendi sibi, "fear to obey him :" de Mo, scil., Bomilcare. 
 
 XXXVI. — It Ante comitia, "Before the election," viz., for new 
 magistrates. The performance of some great exploit might then be 
 
 turned to his own account. 2. Trahere, " Protracted :" 
 
 facere, "invented:" cedere (scil., Albino) instanti, "retreated be- 
 fore Albinus pressing on :" ne sui diffiderent, " that his own sol- 
 diers might not lose confidence in him :" ludificare, " trifled with," 
 
 "baffled." 3< Tarn facile traetum (esse) bellwn, &c, "That the war 
 
 had been protracted so easily from carelessness, rather than from de- 
 sign." 4. Pro prcetore, "As commander-in-chief" (in his absence). 
 
 This is the primary meaning of prcetor. 
 
 XXXVIL — 1. Seditionibus tribuniciis, " By contentions among the 
 
 tribunes." 2. Continuare magistratum, "To continue their office 
 
 for another year:" lit, "to join another term of office" (to the one 
 
 past): quce dissensio, "a dispute which:" quern, "who," 
 
 subject of relictum (esse). § 145, Obs. 2 : aid terrore, &c. Arrange, 
 
 aut caphindce pecunice (" of extorting money") ab rege, terrore exercii as. 
 
 3. Quod quanquam, " Although this (town) :" et scevitia tem- 
 
 poris, "both on account of the inclemency of the season:" oppor- 
 
 tunitate, " the advantageous situation :" planities limosa, " the 
 
 plain full of mud." 4. Simulandi gratia, " For the purpose of a 
 
 feint:" aut cupidine, <fec. Arrange, aut caucus cupidine potiundi 
 
 oppidi ob thesauros : vineas agere (historical infinitives), ".he erects 
 
 the vineae." Ch. XXL, 5: aggerem jacere, "threw up a mound." 
 
 The agger was a mound of earth, stones, hurdles, &c, thrown up against 
 the walls of a besieged town, beginning at a distance, and rising gradu- 
 ally as it approached, till it equalled or exceeded the height of the 
 walls. It was defended by towers (Ch. XXL, 5.), from which missiles 
 were thrown against the enemy. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 215 
 
 XXXVIII. — 1. Subdolus ejus auger e amentiam, " Craftily increased 
 
 his (Aulus's) madness" — hist, infin. : vitabundus, " trying to shun 
 
 him :" ductare, "frequently led." Note the force of the frequenta- 
 
 tives. 2. Spe pactionis, " By the hope of a good bargain :" 
 
 sese veluti cedentem insequeretur, " to pursue him (Jugurtha) as if fleeing 
 
 before him :" ita, i. e., dixit ita delicto, occultiora fore, (he said) 
 
 " that in this way their treachery would be better concealed :" i. e., of 
 
 Aulus and his soldiers. 3. Tentabat, " fie tampered with :" 
 
 partim — alii = alii — alii, " some — others," distributing centuriones 
 
 ducesque. 4. Quce .... instruit, "He arranged these things :" 
 
 ex sententia, " to his mind." 5. Trepidare omnibus locis, " Con- 
 sternation every where prevailed," lit., "They ran about every where 
 
 in trepidation:" anceps pericidum, "danger on all sides:" 
 
 fugere an manere, i. e., xttrum fitgere, &c. See Ch. XXXI., 8, Id 
 
 j 'nostra, &c. : tutius foret. § 98, Obs. 6. 6. Ex eo numero, 
 
 quos. See Ch. XXXV., 6 : cohors, " a cohort " — the tenth part of 
 
 a legion of infantry, usually about 420 : turma, " a troop," about 
 
 30 — the complement of cavalry belonging to a cohort. The Ligurians 
 were a numerous and powerful people of Cisalpine Gaul. The 
 Thracians, a brave but uncivilized people, inhabited the mountainous 
 country on the western shore of the Euxine sea, between Mount Hae- 
 
 mus on the north and Propontis on the south. 7. Centurio primi 
 
 pili, " The centurion of the first rank," i. e., the chief centurion. The 
 Roman legion consisted of ten cohorts, and each cohort, of three mani- 
 ples, of Avhich, when drawn up in battle array, that which stood in 
 the foremost rank consisted of hastati, that in the second, of principes, 
 and that in the third, of triarii or pilani, each of which had its centurio, 
 sometimes two, named from the line to which he belonged. The lines 
 were separated by a considerable space between, and engaged the 
 enemy separately. If the first was overpowered and driven back, the 
 second came forward ; if that was driven back, the third line, consist- 
 ing of the triarii, old soldiers of approved valor, kept in reserve, fresh 
 and vigorous, fell upon the exhausted enemy, and usually turned the 
 tide of battle. The centurion or captain of this maniple was called 
 centurio primi pili, or chief centurion ; he had charge of the eagle or 
 chief standard, ranked among the equiies, and had a place in the coun- 
 cil of war with the consul and tribunes. The treachery of such an 
 officer may therefore be deemed the more surprising, and the more 
 
 disastrous. 8. Per munitionem, &c. Arrange, Dedit hostibus locum 
 
 introeundi per munitionem quam acceperat uti defender et : eaque, 
 
216 NOTES ON THE 
 
 scil, via, "and by this way." 9. Hostes, scil., the Xumidians : 
 
 quominus victoria uterentur, " from using their victory to advan- 
 tage." § 45, II., 3. 10. (Dicit) tametsi, &c, tenet, in accordance 
 
 with the rules for oblique narration, should properly be in the sub- 
 junctive, teneat. § 141, E. vi., Expl. in fin. : fame etferro clausum. 
 
 Here is a zeugma, clausum in sense being connected only with ferro, 
 
 though in construction with fame also : se — secum, referring to 
 
 Jugurtha: sub jugum, "under the yoke." The jugum consisted 
 
 of two spears set upright, across which, at the top, a third was placed 
 horizontally in the form of a gallows. The conquered army, divested 
 of their armor (nudi), passed under this as a token of ignominy and 
 
 subjection. 11. Qua; quanquam, "Although these tilings." § 99, 
 
 Obs. 8 : quia mortis metu mutabaniur, "because they were ex- 
 changed for the fear of death." 
 
 XXXIX. — 1. Timer e libertati, " Feared for their liberty," i. e., the 
 
 loss of it. § 112, Obs. 7. 2. Be feeder e, "Concerning the treaty," 
 
 viz., that made by Aulus with Jugurtha. Here the imperfect, consule- 
 bat, and the historical infinitives, scribere, arcessere, &c, are connected 
 in construction. § 101, Obs. 6. Scribere means "to enlist;" because 
 
 the names of soldiers selected were written down on tables : ab 
 
 sociis et nomine Latino, " from the allies (i. e., the Italians), and the 
 
 people of Latium," i. e., the Latin nation. 3. Decernit, " Voted." 
 
 § 44, I., 3. 4. Ne secum portaret, " From carrying with him." 
 
 § 45, II. , 3 : uti convenerat, " as had been agreed," scil., in the 
 
 treaty. 5. Mederi fraternal invidiam, "To wipe off the odium of his 
 
 brother's misconduct :" cognitis militibus, " on reviewing the sol- 
 diers." § 146, Obs. 2 : soluto imperio, " discipline being relaxed :" 
 
 comeperat. § 102, Obs. 1 : ex copia rerum, " with his present 
 
 means," " in present circumstances." 
 
 XL. — 1. Rogationem promulgat, "Proposes a bill." Ch. XXXII, 4. 
 2. Huic rogationi impedimenta parabant (§ 123, R. xxix.), " Rais- 
 ed obstructions to this bill :" ex partium invidia, " from the odium 
 
 attached to their parties:" quin faterentur, "without confessing." 
 
 3. Scd plebes, &c. Arrange, Scd incredibile est memoratu quam 
 
 inienta plebes fuerit : jusserit, decreverit, voluerit, " they ordered, 
 
 decreed, willed." Three words nearly synonymous, in this use of 
 
 them, show the ardor of the commons in this matter : cm (scil., 
 
 nobilitati) ilia mala par abantur, "against whom these evils (scil., pro- 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 217 
 
 secutions, exile, (fee.) were preparing." i. Quern, "Who," subject 
 
 of fuisse : supra docuimus, viz., Ch. XXVIII. and XXIX. : 
 
 trepida etiam turn civitate, " the city being still in a state of agitation :" 
 
 tres qucesitores rogarentur, "three commissioners "were appoint- 
 ed:" effecerat, " had procured :" i. e., M. Scaurus effecerat. By 
 
 this adroit movement, he escaped being tried himself. 5. Qucestio 
 
 exercita (est), &c, "The investigation was conducted with harshness 
 and violence, under the influence of mere rumor, and the humor of the 
 commons," i. e., mere rumor and popular feeling were substituted for 
 evidence: ex secundis< rebus, "in consequence of their success." 
 
 XLI. — 1. Prima, " Of the first importance." 2. Ante Cartha- 
 
 ginem deletam. § 146, Obs. 2. Carthage was destroyed 35 years before 
 
 the Jugurthine war : metus hostilis = melus hostium, " fear of 
 
 their enemies." 3. Scilicet, " Naturally, " render thus, "Those 
 
 things which prosperity naturally produces, wantonness and pride, 
 
 prevailed." 4. Ita (otiwri) quod, &c, "Thus the peace which they 
 
 had wished for in adversity," viz., in the disasters of the Punic wars : 
 
 asperius acerbiusque (rebus adversis, or, quam res ipsw adverse), 
 
 "was more dangerous and troublesome (than adversity itself )." 
 
 5. Sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere, "Every one pilfered, seized, 
 plundered for himself." These words seem to be chosen to indicate a 
 
 progress in corruption and violence. 6. Nobilitas factione, " The 
 
 nobility in their faction :" plebis vis, &c, " the power of the 
 
 commons, being loose and divided among a multitude." 7» Agita- 
 
 batur (impers.), "Affairs were managed:" urgitebatur, "were 
 
 harassed," " crushed down :" cum paucis, "with a few others." 
 
 8. Sine modo modestiaque, "Without measure or moderation:" 
 
 invadere, &c, historical infinitives: nihil pensi, neque sancti 
 
 habere, &c, "it (avarice) accounted nothing serious or sacred, till it 
 
 destroyed itself." 9* Reperti sunt, qui, referring to the Gracchi : 
 
 permixtio terrce, "a chaos," "a mixture of elements." 
 
 XLIL — !• Quorum majores. The Gracchi, on the side of their 
 
 mother Cornelia, were grandsons of the elder Africanus : vindi- 
 
 care plebem in libertatem, "to assert the freedom of the commons:" 
 
 noxia atque eo percidsa, "being guilty and therefore struck with 
 
 terror:" spes societatis, "the hope of an alliance" (scil., with the 
 
 nobility). The equites were a sort of middle class between the nobles 
 and the commons, and took part with the one or the other as their 
 
 10 
 
218 NOTES ON THE 
 
 inclination or interest dictated: actionibus obviam ierat, "had 
 
 opposed the proceedings :" eadem ingredientem, " entering on the 
 
 same course :" triumvirum coloniis deducendis, " a triumvir (i. e., 
 
 one of the three commissioners) for planting colonies." See above, Ch. 
 
 XXX., 5. 2. Bed bono vinci, &c, "But for a good man it is better 
 
 to be overcome, than by unlawful means to triumph over an injury." 
 
 3. Ea victoria . . . . usa, "Improving that victory " (scil., over the 
 
 Gracchi) : plusque in reliquum, &c, " and increased their fears 
 
 more than their power for the future." 4. Be studiis partium, 
 
 " Concerning the contentions of parties." 
 
 XLIII. — 1. Consules designati. Cat, Ch. XVIII, 3 : inter se 
 
 partiverant. Ch. XXVII., 4 : adverso populi partium, " opposed 
 
 to the popular party." § 111, Obs. 2. Q. Caecilius Metellus, whose rank 
 and character is here described, conducted the war against Jugurtha 
 with great skill and success for nearly two years, and had brought it 
 nearly to a close, when he was removed from the command by the 
 intrigues of Marius who succeeded him. He was subsequently honored 
 with a triumph, and received the surname Numidicus on account of 
 
 his success in this war. 2. Alia omnia (esse) sibi cum collega, 
 
 "That all other things belonged to him with his colleague," i. e., were 
 
 common to both. 3* Prcesidia, "Auxiliaries:" affatim, "in 
 
 abundance :" in bello vario, &c, " in a war varied (liable to 
 
 various exigencies), and requiring many things;" here egenti agrees 
 
 with bello to be supplied in the dative. § 114, K. xix. 4. Ad ea 
 
 patranda, "For the accomplishment of these things." This is an 
 adjunct of nitebatur, " exerted themselves." This verb here has for its 
 subject socii, nomen Latinum, reges, and civitas ; but agrees in number 
 
 with the last. § 102, Obs. 3 in fin. • 5. Qimm — turn, "Xot only — 
 
 but also," or, "both — and:" adversnm divitias invictum animum, 
 
 "a mind proof against money:" nostrce opes, &c, "our power 
 
 had been impaired, and that of the enemy increased." 
 
 XLIV. — 1. Iners, imbcllis, &c. These adjectives all qualify exerci- 
 
 tus : predator, applied also to exercitus, and equivalent to prcedas 
 
 agens: sine imperio et modestia habitus, "having been kept with- 
 out discipline or restraint." 2. wEstivorum (castrorum) tonpus, 
 
 "The time of the summer campaign," lit., "of the summer camp:" 
 
 mora, "the delay," "the lateness :" non prius Ixlltun, <tc, 
 
 " not to enter on the Avar, until, by the discipline of their ancestors, he 
 
JUGTJRTHINE WAR. 219 
 
 had obliged the soldiers to endure fatigue." 3. Quantum temporis 
 
 cestivorum, i. e., tantum temporis cestivorum quantum fuit in imperio 
 (§ 99, Obs. 10. (1)), "During as much time of the summer campaign as 
 he was in command." This clause modifies the following, plerumque 
 
 milites, &c: stativis castris, "in a standing camp:" odos 
 
 (same as odor), " the stench," viz., arising from so many men remaining 
 
 a long time in the same place. 4. Ea, scil., castra stativa : 
 
 neque . . . . vigilice deducebantur, "nor were the watches kept." 
 
 5. Lixce, "Suttlers:" certantes, "emulously," lit., "striving with 
 
 each other:" vino adve'ctitio, "for foreign wine:" publice, 
 
 " by the government :" qucecunque .... ignaviaz luxuriceque pro- 
 bra, " whatever scandalous effects of idleness and luxury." 
 
 XLV. — I, Tanta temper antia .... moderatum, "Regulated with so 
 great moderation between courting favor (by indulgence) on the one 
 
 hand, and by harshness on the other." 2. Adjumenta ignavice 
 
 sustulisse, "That he removed the encouragements to sloth," scil., by 
 
 ordering : ne quisque, " that no one ;" — sustulisse here, and sta- 
 
 tuisse below, depend on comperior : arte, for arete, "strictly." 
 
 3. Transversis itineribus, "By cross roads:" movere, munire, &c. ; 
 
 historical infinitives : vallo at que fossa munire. It was customary 
 
 to fortify the camp always with a rampart and a ditch, even if they 
 
 remained but for one night. 4. TJti .... frequentes incederent, 
 
 "That they marched in a body" — opposed to palantes, in a straggling 
 
 manner. 5. Exercitum brevi confirmavit, "He rendered the army 
 
 efficient in a short time." 
 
 XL VI. — 1. De innocentia ejus, "Of his incorruptible integrity." 
 
 2. Cum suppliciis, " With humble petitions :" qui .... 
 
 peterent, "to ask." § 141, Obs. 2, 4th. 3. Sed Metello, &c. Arrange, 
 
 Sed jam antea experimentis, genus Numidarum cognitum erat Metello, 
 
 esse infidum, <fec. 4t Legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur, 
 
 " He applies to the ambassadors apart one from another :" opjpor- 
 
 tunos sibi, "subservient to him:" maxime, "by all means," "if 
 
 possible :" quce ex voluntate forent, "what would be in accordance 
 
 with his wishes." 5. Ubi contra belli faciem, "Where, contrary to 
 
 the (usual) appearance of war:" mapalibus, "villages," consisting 
 
 of huts (mapalia, Ch. XVIII.). 6. Munito. agmine incedere, (hist. 
 
 inf.), "Advanced with his army guarded," viz., against any sudden 
 attack : ilia deditionis signa, " that those indications of surrender," 
 
220 NOTES ON THE 
 
 viz., the unexpected appearance of things, and the conduct of the 
 
 N uraidians just mentioned : ostentui (esse), " were intended for 
 
 show:" et insidiis locum tentari, "and that a place for an ambus- 
 cade was sought," viz., by Jugurtha where the army of Metellus might 
 
 be attacked with advantage, insidiis locum. § 110, R. xv. 7. C. 
 
 Marius. This celebrated Roman general, now legatus under Metellus, 
 was a native of Arpinum, a small town of Latium. He entered the army 
 as*a common soldier, and gradually rose to the command of the army 
 and the office of consul. He succeeded Metellus in the conduct of the 
 Jugurthine war, and successfully brought it to a close (Ch. XLIIL, 1.). 
 His ambition brought him into collision with Sulla, and a desolating 
 civil war was the consequence, in which his cruel and vindictive 
 character was manifested. After a long life of varied fortunes, at the 
 close of which he gave himself up to excessive intoxication, he died on 
 the first day of his being invested with the consulship for the seventh 
 
 time. (See a full account of him Ch. LXIII.) 8. .Velites, " The 
 
 light-armed troops." These did not form a part of the legion, but 
 
 fought in scattered parties where occasion required : equitatus 
 
 (plur.) hostium, "troops of the enemies' cavalry." 9. Ut, absens 
 
 . ... in incerto haberetur, " That it was considered uncertain whether 
 he was more dangerous when absent," <fec. 
 
 XLVII. — 1. Forum rerum venalium, <fec., "The most celebrated 
 mart of the whole kingdom for the sale of commodities," lit., "for 
 
 articles to be sold." 2# Hue consul, <fec. The text in this sentence 
 
 is very unsettled, and the meaning not very clear. The text here 
 given may be rendered thus, " Here the consul placed a garrison both 
 for the purpose of testing (the inhabitants), and, if they would permit, 
 
 of proving the advantages of the place." 3. Frequentiam negotia- 
 
 torum, &c, " That the great number of traders and the corn would be 
 an advantage to his army, and a protection to the supplies already 
 
 provided." 4. Impensius modo, "Now more earnestly (than before, 
 
 Ch. XL VI., 2.):" dedere, "surrendered," i. e., "offered to surrender." 
 
 5. Qitos item, (fee, "These also the consul sent home, as he had 
 
 sent the former, enticed to destroy (their master):" promissa, 
 
 "the (fulfilment of the) promises." 
 
 XLVIII. — 1. Se suis artibus tentari, "That he (Jugurtha) was at- 
 tacked with his own stratagems:" quippe cui verbis, etc., "since 
 
 peace was held out to him in words, but in fact a very grievous war 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 221 
 
 was g^ing on:" alienata (est), "was separated from him :" 
 
 ager, "the country." 2. Tractu pari, (fee, "At a uniform distance 
 
 of about twenty miles :" i. e., running parallel with the river from 
 
 south to north : vastus ab natura et humano cultu, " desolate by 
 
 nature, and (for the want of) human cultivation." 3. Ex eo medio 
 
 (spatio) quasi collis, " From the middle of this space (soil., between the 
 
 river and the mountain) a sort of hill :" in immensum pertiugeus, 
 
 " stretching a great distance," viz., across the plain, or, in a transverse 
 
 direction from west to east — as mentioned in the next chapter : 
 
 humi arido atque arenoso, "in a dry and sandy soil." This is a singu- 
 lar mode of expression. Humi, the genitive form commonly used as 
 an adverb, " on the ground," here is regarded as a phrase, and has the 
 adjective with it in the ablative and in the neuter gender. In ordinary 
 
 language it would be in humo arida. 4. Media planities, " The 
 
 intervening plain:" i. e., the sandy plain between the river and the 
 mountain : ea (loca) consita arbustis, " overgrown with brush- 
 wood." 
 
 XLIX. — 1. Extenuata suorum acie, "The line of his men being dimin- 
 ished in depth, by extending its length :" propior montem. § 136, 
 
 Obs. 5 : ducem illis, non animum mutatum, " that their general, 
 
 not their spirit, was changed." 2. Qua*, ab imperatore, (fee. Ar- 
 range and supply thus, Omnia provisa (esse) sitis, quce decuerint (pro- 
 
 videri) ab imperatore. § 99, R. hi., Expl. : ut prudentes, " that they, 
 
 previously acquainted with the country :• — — cum imperitis, " with 
 
 those not acquainted with it:" proinde (tit) parati .... essent, 
 
 " that they should be prepared and on the alert :" confirmatu- 
 
 rum (esse), " would- crown." 3. TJti quemque ob, (fee, " As he had 
 
 distinguished any one, for some military exploit, with money or pro- 
 motion :" commonefacere, (fee., " he reminded him of his kindness, 
 
 and pointed out that same person to others." i. Ignarus hostium, 
 
 " JSbt aware of the enemy :" conspicitur. § 140, Obs. 3 : 
 
 primo dubiiis, (fee, "at first uncertain what this unusual appearance 
 
 meant :" et tamen incerti, " and yet they were not manifest (so as 
 
 to show) what it was." Incerti is here used' passively, and the whole 
 = de quibus incertum erat quidnam esset. — — 5. Cognitis insidiis, 
 (fee, " Perceiving the stratagem, he (Metellus) halted his army a little." 
 
 6. Commutatis ordinibus, " Having changed the disposition of the 
 
 ranks ;" viz., from marching order to the order of battle. On the ridge 
 of a rising ground (quasi collis, " a sort of hill ") extending across the 
 
222 NOTES ON THE 
 
 plain from the mountain towards the river, was posted the army of 
 Jugurtha concealed imperfectly by the brushwood. Descending from 
 the mountain, on his march eastward to the river, Metellus discovered 
 its position in time to prevent his falling into the snare, and to make 
 preparations. He speedily drew up his men in order of battle, in three 
 lines, as usual, by causing those on the right side next the enemy 
 simply to face to the right, and so form a front line facing the enemy ; 
 and the other two lines behind them in the same manner. (See Ch. 
 XXXVIIL, 7.) Thus arranged, they were put into a marching column 
 three abreast by simply facing to the left, and thus converting the 
 front line into the I'ight flank (tra?isversis principiis) marched down 
 into the plain in front of Jugurtha's army, and ready in an instant, if 
 attacked, to halt, face to the right, and so convert the column again 
 
 into a triple line facing the enemy. t. Inter manipulos, " Between 
 
 the maniples :" pro tempore, "as the time admitted," lit., according 
 
 to the time. 
 
 L. — 1. Ne siti conficeretur exercitus, "That his army might be 
 
 distressed with thirst." § 140, Obs. 6 : uti locum, castris anteca- 
 
 peret (= qui antecaperet, § 141, Obs. 2, 4th), "to secure beforehand a 
 
 place for the camp :" transversis prceliis, " by attacks on their right 
 
 flank," scil., as they marched towards the river: lassitudinem et 
 
 sitim militum tentaturos, "would try the effect of the weariness and 
 thirst of the soldiers." The meaning is, that as they (the soldiers of 
 Jugurtha) had no confidence in their arms, they would try by harass- 
 ing and delaying them on their march, in a sandy plain, where no 
 water could be procured, to effect their destruction from this cause. 
 2. Ipse, "He" (Metellus), the subject of procedere, habere — his- 
 torical infinitives : post principia, "behind the van," or first divi- 
 sion, and of course towards the centre of the column on the march : 
 
 ipse cum sinistra, <fcc, " he himself was with the cavalry of the 
 
 left wing, which had been made the front division of the marching co- 
 lumn," i. e., the van. Principia and principes here do not mean 
 
 the front line of the army drawn up for battle (acies), as they often do, 
 but the front division or head of the column on the march (agmen), 
 just as extremum agmen means "the rear," and medium agmen, "the 
 centre:" consequently when the column halted, and faced towards the 
 enemy on the right, the dcxtrum laius became the front line, the prin- 
 cipia, or first division, became the left wing (ala sinistra), and the ex- 
 Iremum agmen, the right wing (dexiera ala). 3. Extrcnmm agmen, 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 223 
 
 &c, " When lie sees the rear of the army of Metellus past the first of 
 his own men," i. e., those in the right wing of his army and nearest 
 
 the mountain: quasi duum (= duorum) millium peditum, "of 
 
 about two thousand infantry." § 24, 5. 4. JPostremos ccedere, " At- 
 tacked those in the rear," lit., "struck at:". infensi adesse et in- 
 
 stare, " enraged they came on and pushed against them" (hist, inf.): 
 
 quorum etiam, &c, " of whom also (scil., the Romans) some who 
 
 had met their enemies with greater courage, being baffled by this un- 
 certain mode of warfare, were themselves only wounded from a dis- 
 tance, i. e.," they and not the Numidians were wounded because — neque 
 contra /eriundi, cfec, " there was not an opportunity of returning the 
 
 blow, or of engaging in close combat :" equites (scil., Nitmidarum) 
 
 non con/ertim, &c, "the cavalry — retreated not in a body, nor in 
 
 one direction :" with unum, supply locum. 5. Numero priores, 
 
 "Being superior in numbers:" Jiostes, scil., Romanos : sin 
 
 opportunior. Arrange, sin collis fuerat opportunior fugce quam campi 
 (/iterant): ea (/uga), "in that very flight;" vero renders ea em- 
 phatic : consueti, " accustomed to such places :" inter virgulta 
 
 evadere, " made their escape among the bushes." 
 
 LI. — It Arma tela, equi viri, i. e., Anna et tela, equi et viri. When 
 
 words stand in pairs, as here, the conjunction is often omitted. 2. 
 
 Numidas minus instare, " That the Numidians pushed on less eagerly :" 
 
 conducit, " draws together." 8t Eorum, " Of them," viz., the 
 
 enemy's cavalry : neit paterentur, &c, " nor suffer a flying enemy 
 
 to conquer." — — &, Neque Mis castra esse, " That they (the Romans) 
 
 had no camp." § 112, R. ii. : cedentes, "giving way," i. e., "if they 
 
 should give way." 5. Hostibus dubiis instare, " Pressed hard on 
 
 their enemies (scil., the Romans) when wavering:" quos firmos, 
 
 &c, " by fighting at a distance, kept back those (of the Romans) whom 
 they knew to be firm in their resistance." 
 
 L1I. — 1. Metello. § 112, R. ii. 2. Romani, scil., the army of 
 
 Metellus. 3. Adverso colle .... evadunt, " Push their way up the 
 
 hill in front," scil., down which the Numidians attacked the Romans ; 
 
 now the Romans drive them back again. 4. Hostibus ignara, 
 
 " Unknown to their enemies," scil., the Romans. Here again ignara 
 
 is used passively = ignota : tutata sunt (neuter). § 98. Obs. 3. 
 
 5t Quern, " Who " — subject of pro/ectitm (esse). § 145, Obs. 2 : 
 
 supra diximus. Ch. XLIX. : Rutilius, a legatus under Metellus. 
 
224 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Ch. L. : deducit, quietus exornat, and remittit, all belong to Bo- 
 
 milcar : quid ubique hostis ageret (§ 140, 5), " what the enemy 
 
 (seil., the Romans) were doing every where." It will be observed that 
 by hostis Sallust does not always mean those opposed to the Romans, 
 but those ojrposed to the party of whom he speaks at the time : hence 
 
 it sometimes means the Romans, and sometimes the Kumidians : 
 
 et animo vacuum, " and was free from apprehension." 6. Veritus 
 
 ne legatus, " Fearing that the lieutenant," soil., Rutilius. § 140, Obs. 6 : 
 suis, " to his friends," soil., the Romans under Metellus, now at- 
 tacked by Jugurtha : arte (for arete) statuerat, " he had placed in 
 
 close order:" quo hostium itineri officeret, "to obstruct the pas- 
 sage of the enemy," i. e., of Rutilius, should he return to the assist- 
 ance of Metellus. This clause depends on porrigit, not on statuerat 
 Arrange thus, quo officeret itineri hostium, porrigit latius aciem, quam, 
 diffidens virtuti militum, statuerat arte. 
 
 LIIL — 1. Romani, soil., those under Rutilius. 2. jEquabilem 
 
 manere, " To remain steady :" cognita re, " understanding the mat- 
 ter." § 146, Obs. 9 : properantes, " in haste," " speedily." 3. 
 
 Concurritur, "An onset is made." 4. Remorati (sunt), "Held 
 
 out," "made a stand:" fugam faciunt = fugiunt, "they take to 
 
 flight :" integri abeunt, " they get off safe." 5. Opere castro- 
 
 rum, " The labor of (fortifying) the camp." Ch. XLY., 3 : obviam, 
 
 " to meet him," scil., Metellus. 6. Haud procul inter se aberant, 
 
 " They were not far from each other," viz., the party of Rutilius, and 
 
 that of Metellus: alteri . . ..facere, "the one caused." § 144, Obs. 
 
 6 : et pmne imprudentia admissum (esset), &c., "and through misap- 
 prehension a lamentable accident had almost taken place." 7. 
 
 Pro mctit, "Instead of fear:" milites alius alium. §98, Exc. 4. 
 
 8. Etiam bonos detractant, " Casts a reproach even upon the brave." 
 
 LIV. — 1. Quatriduo. § 131, R. xli. : hortatur. Arrange, horta- 
 
 tur gerant (§ 140, Obs. 5.) parem animum ad cetera, &c. 2. Ex- 
 
 ploratum, " To spy out " — supine : ubi gentium, " where." Gen- 
 tium added to ubi strengthens the idea of uncertainty : ut sese 
 
 rictus gereret, " how he behaved himself after his defeat." 3. Coge- 
 
 bat, " "Wa3 collecting," "raising:" ampliorcm, "superior to" (the 
 
 former) : hebetem, " undisciplined :" agri ac pecoris, ttc, 
 
 " more fit for cultivating the ground and taking care of cattle than for 
 war " — cxdtor used for colens, asprcedator for pradas agens. Ch. XLIV., 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 225 
 
 1. 4. Ea gratia = ejus (ret) gratia, " On this account :" ex 
 
 fuga, "after flight," i. e., "after a defeat:" id flagitium militia; 
 
 ducltur. § 114, Obs. 2. 5. Videt, "Saw." § 44, L, 3: fero- 
 
 cem, " unsubdued :" renovari, " was to be renewed :" nisi 
 
 ex Hikes libidine," unless according to his (Jugurtha's) pleasure :" 
 
 minore detrhnento illos vinci, &c, " that they (the Numidians) were 
 
 defeated with less damage than his men gained a victory." 6. 
 
 Temere munita, "Slightly fortified," lit, " carelessly," &c. — ; — 7. Ea 
 
 formidiue, "Through fear of this:" affatim prcebita (smit), "were 
 
 furnished in abundance." 8. Quce negotia, " These things." § 99, 
 
 Obs. 8 : quippe cui, &c, " for he whose whole hope lay in dodg- 
 ing his enemy :" sua loca, lit, " his own places," i. e., " places of 
 
 his own choosing," of course, "favorable to himself" — opposed to 
 
 alienis {locis), " in places selected by another," " unfavorable." 
 
 9. Ex copia {rerum), " In the circumstances :" aviis, " out of the 
 
 public road," i. e., by cross-x-oads : ignoratus, " unobserved." 
 
 10. Priusqieam ex castris siebveniretur, " Before relief could come 
 
 from the camp." 
 
 LV. — 1. Ut segue .... gereret, " How he conducted both himself 
 and his army." This subjunctive clause, and those that follow, depend 
 
 on cognitis ; they are in apposition with rebus, and explain it : 
 
 potiretier, "he was getting possession of:" magnificum, "arro- 
 gant." 2. Supplicia, " Public thanksgivings :" decernere, 
 
 agere, esse, historical infinitives having for their subjects respectively, 
 
 senatus, civitas, fama : Iceta {negotia) agere, " were full of joy." 
 
 3. Eo intentior .... niti, "The more intently he (Metellus) exerted 
 
 himself." § 98, Obs. 10, and § 132, Obs. 6: necubi (= ne aliciebi) 
 
 hosti opportienus fieret, " that he might not somewhere be exposed to 
 
 the enemy." 4. Quo clarior eo ?nagis auxins (§ 26, 9.), "The more 
 
 renowned," &c. § 132, Obs. 6. 5. Duobiis locis, &c, "They 
 
 pitched camps in two places not far apart :" quo, "to the end that :" 
 
 diver si agebant, " they acted apart," i. e., in different parts of 
 
 the country. 6. Jiegurtha, subject of sequi, qucerere, corrumpere 
 
 — hist inf. : hostem, soil., the Romans — so also below. 
 
 LVI. — !• Urbem magnam. Arrange, Urbem magnam et arcem 
 regnl, "A city large and a bulwark of the kingdom." This 
 was a large and strongly fortified place some distance to the south- 
 west of Carthage. There was another place west of Carthage, 
 10* 
 
226 NOTES ON THE 
 
 where the furious battle was fought between the elder Afrieanus and 
 
 Hannibal. Ch. V., 3. 2. Quce parabantur, "What things were 
 
 intended:" a perfugis, "by deserters," from the Roman army. 
 
 Per fug a means " a deserter from our enemies to us " — transfuga, " a 
 
 deserter from us to our enemies :" Metellum antevenit, "gets (to 
 
 Zama) before Metellus:" quia fallere nequibat, "because they 
 
 could not prove false to him," for if they did, and went back to 
 the Romans, the severest punishment awaited them. The punishment 
 of deserters with the Romans was not regulated by law, but "usually 
 left with the commanders, and inflicted in a very severe manner. 
 
 3. In tempore, " In due time," " in proper time." 4. Fru- 
 
 mentatwn, "To get provisions." § 148, R. lxiii. : quod oppidum, 
 
 i.e., oppidum quod oppidum, "a town which." § 99, Obs. 1, 2d. 
 
 5. Uti cohortes ab tergo circumveniant, "To fall upon the cohorts from 
 
 the rear :" postea sese in regno, scil., cetatem acturum, "that he 
 
 (Jugurtha) for the future would spend his days in the enjoyment of his 
 kingdom:" illos, "that they," viz., the people of Sicca. 
 
 6. Signa inferre, " To advance the standards," i. e., to march against 
 
 Jugurtha: fidem mutavissent, "would have changed sides," lit., 
 
 " their faith." 7, Sustentati, " Encouraged," " upheld :" hostes, 
 
 scil., the Romans. 
 
 LVII. — 1. Infensi intentique, "Enraged and on the alert." 
 
 2. Glande aut lapidibus, "With bullet or with stones" — thrown by 
 
 slings or engines : prcdimn in manibus facere, " to fight hand to 
 
 hand," "to engage in close combat." 3. Contra ea, "On the 
 
 other hand:" pice et sulfure tcedam mixtam ardenti, "torches 
 
 (i. e., pine torches) covered with burning pitch and sulphur," — tcedam is 
 
 used in a collective sense = tcedas. i, Sed ne illos quidem, &e. 
 
 Arrange, Sed timor animi ne satis muniverat quidem illos qui procul 
 manserant, — " Had not sufficiently protected even those," viz., those 
 Roman soldiers mentioned above, who, through fear, chose to fight at 
 
 a distance : emissa, " thrown," scil., from the town : boni 
 
 atque ignavi, " the brave and the cowardly." 
 
 LYIII. — 1. Rcmissis, qui in prwsidio eravt, "Those who were on 
 guard (scil., in the camp) being remiss " — a figurative us.' of remissus, 
 
 taken from a bow when unbent. 2. Grege facto, "Having formed 
 
 themselves into a body:" quam alii, scil., cepere. § 120, Obs. 2, 
 
 2d: remittere (hist, inf.), "they hurled back:" pav.ci in 
 
JUGTJRTHINE WAR. 227 
 
 pluribus minus frustrari, "and being few among many (assailants) they 
 were less disappointed," viz., in their aim ; i. e., their weapons took 
 effect more certainly from being thrown against many, than if they 
 
 had been thrown against a few: ibi vero .... ostendere, ." then 
 
 indeed they showed." 3. Ad se versum, by tmesis for Adver- 
 
 siim se, "Towards himself:" quce res = quod. See Cat. Ch. 
 
 XVIII., 6: populates esse, "that they were his own men," lit,, 
 
 "his countrymen." i. Inidtos, " Unrevenged:" alii in 
 
 angustiis, &c, " others in their haste obstructed one another in the nar- 
 
 row passages (scil., of the gates)." 5. Infecto negotio, lit., "The 
 
 business not being finished," viz., the taking of Zama. 
 
 LIX. — 1. Qua regis adventus erat, "Where the approach of the 
 
 king was (looked for) :" pro castris agitare, " to patrol before the 
 
 camp:" loca proxima, "the places adjoining them." 2. In 
 
 proximo, " In front," scil., in loco proximo hostibus, " in the place 
 
 nearest to the enemy." 3. Ni pedites cum equitibus, &c, " Had not 
 
 their infantry, being mingled with the cavalry, caused a great 
 
 slaughter" (among the Romans). §45, II., 2. 4. Quibus illifreti 
 
 non .... sequi, etc., " Trusting to whom (namely, the infantry) they (the 
 cavalry) did not charge and then retire." The Numidian cavalry 
 usually adopted this mode of action. On this occasion, however, they did 
 
 not, but adversis equis concurrere, " rushed on with their horses in 
 
 front of (i. e., head to head with) those of the Romans :" 5. Ita 
 
 expeditis peditibus suis, &c, "In this manner they (the Numidian 
 cavalry) gave the enemy, almost conquered, into the hands of their 
 infantry being relieved" (scil., by their intermingling with them), i. e., 
 They nearly gained a victory for their infantry, over the Romans. Hos- 
 tes here again refers to the Romans. See Ch. LIL, 5, quid ubique, (fee. 
 
 LXo — 1. Eo acerrime niti, " There they (the Roman soldiers) ex- 
 erted themselves most actively." Eo = eo loco, corresponding to ubi 
 
 = quo loco : neque alius, &c, " nor did one depend on (lit., have 
 
 hope in) another, more than on himself:" pariter, "in like man- 
 ner," i. e., with as much energy as the soldiers. 2. Oppugnare 
 
 cut parare (defensione?n) omnibus locis, "They (scil., the townsmen) 
 attacked (the Romans), or prepared to defend themselves everywhere." 
 Some refer oppugnare to the Romans, and parare to the Numidians. 
 In that case the meaning is, "The Romans attacked, and the besieged 
 prepared to defend themselves every where:" avidius altcri 
 
228 NOTES ON THE 
 
 alteros sauciare quant semet tegere, " on both sides, they tried more 
 
 eagerly to wound each other, than to protect themselves. 3. 
 
 Hostes, sell., Romani : paulum modo, "only a little :" intenti 
 
 prospectabant, " eagerly viewed :" uti quoque Jugurtha; res 
 
 erant, " according as the affairs of Jugurtha were," scil., prosperous or 
 
 otherwise: animadverteres, "one might observe them." See 
 
 Cat. Ch. XXV., 3 ; haud facile discerneres, <fec. : niti corporibus, 
 
 "made gestures with their bodies:" et ea (scil., corpora) hue et 
 
 illuc .... agitare, " and moved them this way and that way." 4. 
 
 Quod ubi, "When this." § 99, Obs. 8 : constdto, "intentionally:" 
 
 lenius, " with less vigor :" sine tumultu .... visere, " to view 
 
 without disturbance." 5. Illis studio suorum adsirictis, " When 
 
 they were entirely taken up with. zeal for their friends:" scalis 
 
 egressi, <fec, " mounting up from the scaling-ladders, had almost reached 
 
 the top" (lit., the highest places) of the wall. 6. Unce (§ 24, 3.) 
 
 aut alterce scalce comminutes {sunt), " One or two ladders were broken 
 
 in pieces" — scalte, a plural noun very seldom used in the singular : 
 
 (ii) qui supersteterant, afflicti simt, " those who had stood upon them 
 were dashed to the ground." 
 
 LXI. — It Neque .... pugnam facer e, "Did not give battle :" 
 
 ceterum exercitum, "the other part of the army:" in provinciam, 
 
 &c, " into that part of the (Roman) province." 2. M inde vadibus 
 
 datis, &c, "And had secretly fled from thence from his trial for the 
 
 murder of Massiva, after bail had been given." Ch. XXXV. : per 
 
 maximam amicitiam, "by means of his very great intimacy" (with 
 
 Jugurtha). 3. Ad se .... occultus veniat, " That he (Bomilcar) 
 
 should come secretly to him:" fide data, "giving his woi'd of 
 
 honor," lit,, " his honor being pledged :" fore, ut illi senahis .... 
 
 concederet. § 145, Obs. 6. cum ingenio infido (§ 106, R. vii.) turn 
 
 metuenti, "being not only of a treacherous disposition, but also fear- 
 ing :" ne, " that." § 140, Obs. 6. 
 
 LXIl. — 1. Is, "He," scil., Bomilcar: Jngurtham .... accedit. 
 
 §136, R. lii. : ne illo cunctante, "lest if he still hesitated," 
 
 lit, " he delaying ;" i. e., while he delayed. 2. Ad impera- 
 
 torem, i. e., ad Metellum : qui dicerent, " to say." § 141, Obs. 
 
 2, 4th: sine ulla pactione, "without any stipulation:" 
 
 in illius fidem, "to his honor." 3. More majorum, "After the 
 
 manner of their ancestors." According to the custom of the Romans, 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 229 
 
 terms of peace or capitulation could not be made by a general 
 without the consent of a council of war, This council usually con- 
 sisted of the legates, quaestors, tribunes of the soldiers, prefects of 
 
 the allies, and sometimes the chief centurions. Ch. XXXVIIL, 7. • 
 
 4. Jugtcrthce imperat, "He demands of Jugurtha." § 123, R. xxix., 
 
 Expl. : argenti pondo ducenta millia, lit, "'two hundred thousand 
 
 pound weight of silver." The full expression is diicenta millia libra- 
 rum pondo. Pondo, " in weight," is used only in the ablative singular. 
 
 5. Omnes perfugas, "All his deserters," i. e., those who had 
 
 deserted to him from the Romans. See Ch. LVL, 2 : pars .... 
 
 adducti (sunt). § 98, Exc^ 2. 6. Quum ipse ad imperandum 
 
 Tisidhim (§ 180, 2.) vocaretur, "When he himself was summoned to 
 
 Tisidium to receive orders." § 147, Obs. 6. 7. JDigna timere, "To 
 
 dread deserved punishment," lit, "what was due to him." §. Modo 
 
 — interdum — modo — modo, "Sometimes — sometimes." 9. Quam 
 
 gravis casus in servitium ex regno foret, " How grievous the fall would 
 
 be from a kingdom into slavery." 10. Numidiam Metello decreverat f 
 
 " Had decreed Xumidia to Metellus," scil., as his province. This was 
 in the beginning of the year b. c. 108. The consulship of Metellus 
 had expired, and his successors Servius Sulpicius Galba, and Q. Horten- 
 sius had entered on their office. Metellus, however, was continued in 
 command as proconsul, and by a decree of the senate, Xumidia was 
 assigned to him as his province. 
 
 LXIIL— 1. Caio Mario. Dative, § 126, R. in. See Ch. XL VI., 7 : 
 
 dis supplicanti, " making supplication to the gods." §11 2, R. i v. : 
 
 proinde, quce animo agitabat, &c, "therefore whatever things he was 
 projecting in his mind, trusting in the gods (§ 119, R. xxiii.) he might 
 do." The indicative agitabat shows that this is not the language of 
 
 the haruspex, but of Sallust See § 141, Obs. 5, 1st 2. Prater 
 
 vettistatem familice, "Except the antiquity of his family." Marius was 
 
 a Roman eques of the municipium of Arpinum : animus belli 
 
 ingens, domi modicus, " a spirit mighty in war, moderate in peace." 
 
 § ISO, Obs. 7 : libidinis et divitiarum victor, "superior to pleasure 
 
 and riches." 3. Omnem pxteritiam ; ace. of time how long : 
 
 Arpini alius, "brought up at Arpinum^" alius is a contraction for 
 
 alitus, from alo : stipendiis faciundis, "in actual service," lit, 
 
 " in making campaigns :" inter bonas arfes, " among laudable 
 
 employments." 4, Facile notus, &c, "Being well known (by 
 
 name and reputation), he is declared elected by all the tribes." The 
 
230 NOTES ON THE 
 
 tribes were now 35 in number. 5. In potestatibus, "In his 
 
 offices:" eo inodo . . . . ut, "in such a manner that." §31, Obs. 2 
 
 in fin.: ampliore (magistratu), "of a higher office." § 119, R. 
 
 xxiii. 6. Ad id locorum. § 106, E. viii., "Up to that time" — 
 
 locorum being used here for temporum, as afterwards, Ch. LXXII. 
 
 7. Alios magistratus plebes, scil., gerebat : consulatum nobi- 
 
 litas, &c, "the consulship the nobility handed round among them- 
 selves." 8. Novus nemo, " No one not of noble birth." Ch. IV., 8 : 
 
 tarn egregiis factis. § 106, R. vii. : illo honore, "of that 
 
 honor," scil., the consulship : et quasi pollutus, " and as it were 
 
 a disgrace to the office," lit., "a polluted thing." 
 
 LXIV. — 1. Petundi (scil., considatuni) gratia, "For the purpose of 
 pi-esenting himself as a candidate (for the consulship)." A person 
 could not be a candidate regularly for the consulship without being 
 
 present; hence — inissionem rogat, "he asks leave of absence." 
 
 2. Contemptor animus, " A disdainful spirit :" commune malum, 
 
 " a common vice," in apposition with superbia. 3. Commotus (i. e., 
 
 Metellus), " Being surprised :" tarn prava (negotia), " so improper 
 
 a courses" jure, "justly," "with good reason;" referring probably 
 
 to his low birth. 4. Per negotia publica, " On account of the 
 
 public service :" quce peteret, namely, leave of absence. 
 
 5. Cum filio suo, " With his (Metellus' s) son." 6. Contubemio 
 
 patris . . . . militabat, "Was serving in the tent of his father." Contu- 
 bernium properly means a number of soldiers quartered in the same 
 tent, hence called, in relation to each other, contubernales. Young 
 noblemen often went out with a general, in this way to learn the art 
 of war, and, to be under his inspection, lodged in the same tent. This 
 was the position of the son of Metellus, who, as here mentioned, was 
 about twenty years old. This proposal of Metellus to Marius, then, 
 must have been made in derision of his pretensions; for, as one could 
 . not be a candidate for the consulship till he was forty-three years of 
 age, and Marius was of that age then, it was telling him to wait 
 twenty-three years longer, i. e., till he was sixty-six. Besides it was 
 contemptuously putting him on a par with a youth of twenty years. 
 The wisdom of Metellus in provoking the resentment of such a man as 
 
 Marius may well be questioned: cum pro honore, "not only in 
 
 regard.to the honor." 7. Grassari, "Did he push on :" quod 
 
 modo ambitiosum foret, "provided only it was popular," lit., "which 
 only," tfcc. : laxiore imperio, " under laxer discipline :" dimi- 
 
JUGURTHINEWAR. 231 
 
 dia pars, "the half:" consulto trahi, supply helium, "that the 
 
 war was protracted on purpose :" homo inanis et regice superbice, 
 
 "being a man vain and of regal pride," "as proud as a king." 
 
 8. Firmiora, "More plausible:" eo, quod, "because:" cor- 
 
 ruperant, " they had impaired," " wasted :" animo cupienti, " to 
 
 an impatient mind." 
 
 LXV. — 1. Secundum heredem, "His next heir." Among the Romans 
 secundus heres is the one appointed to succeed to the inheritance in 
 case the real heir either does not accept, or dies under age, or without 
 
 issue : nxorbis confechcs, " weakened with diseases." 2. Cut, 
 
 " To him," scil., Gauda. This dative depends on negaverat : ut 
 
 sellam juxta (sellam Metelli) poneret, "that he might place his seat next 
 to that of Metellus." When the general presided in a council of w T ar, 
 or in judgment, or on other special occasions, he occupied the curule 
 chair ; and if a king was present, he was usually invited to a seat next 
 
 to the general on his right hand. This distinction Gauda sought : 
 
 custodies causa, " for his protection," — fearing probably he might be 
 
 assassinated, as Massiva was at Rome : turmam governed by 
 
 petenti above, on which also depends the clause, ut sellam juxta 
 
 poneret: honorem quod eorum (§ 108, R. xii.) inodo foret, "(he 
 
 refused) the honor because it belonged only to those:" prcesidium, 
 
 " (he refused) the guard :" in eos, referring to the Roman cavalry. 
 
 3. Anxiitm, " Vexed " at the refusal : ut contumeliarum, &c, 
 
 " that with his assistance he should seek revenge for the insults offered 
 
 to him :" secunda oratione, " in a flattering speech." Before 
 
 ilium regem, &c, supply dixit, or dicens : id adeo mature posse 
 
 evenire, "that that might happen even very soon :" ipse consul, 
 
 " he (Marius) as consul." 4. Itaque et ilium, <fcc. Arrange, Itaque 
 
 ipse impellit et ilium, &c, — spes pads impellit plerosque : suos 
 
 necessarios, "their intimate friends:" — — aspere, "harshly." 
 
 5. Illi, "For him" (Marius): honestissima stiff ragatione, "by a 
 
 very respectable interest," "support:" nobilitate fusa, &c, "the 
 
 nobility being baffled by the Mamilian law " — a law passed by the 
 people, instituting a criminal investigation into the acts of those by 
 wdiose connivance Jugurtha evaded the law, and who received bribes 
 
 from him, which greatly terrified the nobility. See Ch. XL. : novos 
 
 extollebat, " were for raising to high honors men of low rank." § 44, II., 2. 
 
 LXVI. — 1. Jicgurtha, subject of parare, <fcc, hist. inf. : post- 
 
 quam incipit, "as soon as he begins:" omissa deditione, "the idea 
 
232 NOTES ON THE 
 
 of surrender having been given up :" affectare, " tried to gain 
 
 over :" suos locos, see sua loca. Ch. LIV., 8 : 2. Quo, 
 
 "Where," instead of quibus, "over whom:" pacijicante, "suing 
 
 for peace:" suppliciis, "with entreaties:" neque antea volun- 
 
 tate alienati, " and not being before alienated in their affection :" 
 
 principes, in apposition with Vagenses, and explaining it. — — 3. In- 
 
 genio nobili. § 106, K. vii. : qicieti. § 111, Obs. 1, 3d. — ■ — 4. In 
 
 diem tertium constituunt, " They fix upon the third day," viz., for 
 
 carrying their plans into effect : quod is festus, " because that 
 
 .being a holiday:" ludum et lasciviam .... ostentabat (§ 44, II., 1.), 
 
 "was accustomed to present an appearance of sport and merriment." 
 
 5. Alius alium, "Some one, and some another." § 98, Obs. 11, 
 
 and Exc. 4. Here alius distributes principes understood, and alium 
 
 distributes centuriones, tribicnos, &c. 6. JPlebes. This word has 
 
 different forms — plebes-ei is of the fifth declension, and is commonly 
 used by Sallust ; — plebs and plebis, of the third declension, are more 
 
 common with other writers : quippe in tali die, &c, "seeing it 
 
 was on such a day, and they were under no command." 7. Pars 
 
 — alii, as frequently before — pars eclocti. § 98, Exc. 2: quis (for 
 
 quibus), dative, depending on placebant. 
 
 LXVIL — 1. Quid potissimum facer ent, "What they had best do:" 
 
 trepidare, "ran up and down in great confusion:" ad arcem, 
 
 <fec, "a guard of the enemy (the Xumidians) was posted at the citadel 
 
 of the town :" pro teeth, "on the edge of the roofs," i. e., at the 
 
 eaves. 2. Anceps malum, "The double attack," viz., that from 
 
 the roofs, and that from the people below: neque a fortissimis, 
 
 &c, "nor could effectual resistance be made to the weakest class even 
 by the most valiant." 3. Sccvissimis Nicmidis. § 146, Obs. 10: 
 
 nisi. . . . improbus intestabilisque videtur, "save only (this I have 
 
 found) he is esteemed worthless and infamous ;" quia, <fcc, intestabilis 
 means one not admitted, on account of infamy, to give evidence in a 
 court of justice: integra fama. § 120, R. xxiv. 
 
 LXYIII. — 1. JSFumidas equites . . . . expeditos, "Light-armed Numi- 
 
 dian cavalry:" cum occasu, "at the settiug :" cirdter horam 
 
 tertiam, "about the third hour," i. e., our nine o'clock, a. m. See Gram. 
 
 A pp., p. 307. 2. Abnucntes omnia, "Averse to every thing," i. e., 
 
 to all further exertion at that time: mille passuum, lit, "a 
 
 thousand paces," i. e., a mile. § 24, 5, and App. vi., 6, p. 312. The 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR, 233 
 
 Koman passus was two steps — the distance the foot readies from the 
 point where it is raised in walking, to the point where it is set down. 
 The Roman mile was 1618 yards lacking three inches, or about 42 
 
 yards less than the English mile : dum. . . . pcenas caperent, 
 
 "until they should take satisfaction," "inflict punishment upon." 
 
 3. In primo late (ire), " To march in front with an extended line " (lit., 
 
 " widely "), scil., so as to conceal the infantry behind them : 
 
 artissime, i. e., arctissime. 
 
 LXIXt — 1. Animitm advertere, same as animadvertere : ad se 
 
 vermin, as before by tmesis for adversum se, " towards themselves :" 
 
 obvii procedunt, "go forth to meet him." 2. Alii — alii — 
 
 pars, as before, distributing equites, peditesque. 3. Lcetati (sunt) : 
 
 cuncta poena aut prcedce fuit, "was wholly given up to the sword 
 
 (lit., punishment), or to plunder." Pcenaz fuit is unusual, and admissi- 
 ble here only because connected with pr&dce, which is common. 
 
 4. Quern, " "Who," subject of profagisse : dicere causam, " to 
 
 plead his cause ;" to account for his conduct, or to defend himself from 
 
 the accusation brought against him : sese parum expurgat, " he 
 
 does not clear himself:" capite poenas solvit. Plutarch says, that 
 
 this result was chiefly the work of Marius, and much against the will 
 of Metellus, who had a great regard for Turpilius. Marius urged and 
 carried this, not from opposition to Turpilius, or zeal for the Roman 
 discipline, but to vex Metellus. It was unlawful to scourge or put to 
 death a Roman citizen without the order of the people. Sallust 
 accounts for the proceedings in the present case thus, Nam is civis ex 
 Latio erat, and it would appear from this, that these had not the full 
 right of Roman citizens. 
 
 LXX. — 1. Ad perniciem ejus, "For his (Jugurtha's) destruction:" 
 
 omnia tentando, lit, "while trying every thing," i. e., resorting to 
 
 every expedient: omnes res exsequi, &c, "took charge of all 
 
 things which were too much for Jugurtha (were more than he could 
 
 attend to), fatigued or taken up with greater matters:" jussus,"aa 
 
 he had been ordered" (scil., by Jugurtha) : inultis, "with im- 
 punity." 2. Is postquam, " When he " (Nabdalsa) : Jimore 
 
 socii anxius, "vexed with the timorousness of his accomplice:" ne 
 
 omisso, &c, "lest, giving up their former design, he should eontrive 
 
 eome new one :" 3. In quis = et in his. § 99, Obs. 8 ; in 
 
 pestem, " to his own destruction," i. e., instead of the rewards he might 
 
234 NOTES ON THE 
 
 expect from Metellus, if the plan agreed upon should succeed, he 
 would by delay be exposed to detection, and consequently to punish- 
 ment from Jugurtha. 4. Ceterum, &c. Arrange, Ceterum id modo 
 
 agitari, ne periret sua (virtute) an virtute Metelli, "But that this was 
 the only question, whether he (Jugurtha) should perish by his 
 (jNTabdalsa's) bravery," &c. Before prmnia supply num. 
 
 LXXL — 1. Exercito corpore fessus, " Being fatigued with bodily 
 
 exercise:" cognitis Bomilcaris litteris, "having read Bomilcar's 
 
 letter." Cat., Ch. XXXIV., 4: uti aigrum animum solet, "as 
 
 usually happens to a mind ill at ease," lit,, "as it is accustomed to 
 
 seize a mind," cfcc. ; with animum supply capere. 2. Negotiorum 
 
 curator, "The manager of his affairs:" nisi novissimi, "except 
 
 of the last," viz., the plot against Jugurtha. 3. Qui postquam, 
 
 "When he:" ■ allatas (esse) litteras, "that a letter had been 
 
 brought:" opera aut ingenio, "of his assistance or advice." § 118, 
 
 E. xxii. : temere, " carelessly." i, Indicem persequi, " To 
 
 overtake the informer :" quce ipse paravisset facere .... prwventa 
 
 (esse), "that what he himself intended to do had been anticipated. 
 He pretends to Jugurtha, that he intended himself to discover the 
 designs of Bomilcar, to which Bomilcar's letter, reproving his remiss- 
 ness, would give plausibility : super (= de) tali scelere, " of such 
 
 villany." 
 
 LXXII. — 1. Aliter atque, "Otherwise than." § 149, Obs. 6: 
 
 iram oppresserat, "he suppressed his resentment." 2. Post id 
 
 locorum, "After that time." Ch. LXIII., 6: ulla belongs to dies, 
 
 as well as to nox in the subject, and quieta in the predicate ; § 98, 
 Obs. 4 ; so also cuiquam qualifies loco and tempori, as well as mortali : 
 
 circumspectare omnia, "he was always looking anxiously at every 
 
 thing around him." Note the .effect of the frequentative. 3. Alio 
 
 atque alio loco, "Sometimes in one place and sometimes in another :" 
 
 contra decus regium, "in a manner inconsistent with the dignity 
 
 of a king:" ita . . . . exagitari, "thus was he distracted," &c, — a 
 
 most graphic description of a man who, conscious of his guilt, could 
 trust no one, and apprehended danger from every person, and in every 
 situation. 
 
 LXXIII. — 1. Et (de) indicio patefacto, "And concerning the dis- 
 covery being made " — a pleonasm for indicio facto. The same may be 
 
JUGTJB.THINE WAR. 235 
 
 expressed by dolo patefacto. 2. Simul et invitum et offensum sibi, 
 
 "At the same time being unwilling (to remain), and offended at him." 
 
 3. Lilteris .... cognitis, " Having read the letters." From what 
 
 is said Ch. LXV. ad fin., it is probable many letters were sent: 
 
 volenti animo (abl.) de ambobus, "with ready mind (i. e., willingly) 
 
 concerning both." i. Imperatori, &c. Arrange, Nobilitas quce 
 
 aritea (fuerat) decori, esse invidice imperatori (soil., Metello). § 114, 
 
 R. xix. : Mi alteri, "to the other," scil., Marius. Uli is here 
 
 emphatic like the Greek article : in utroque inagis shtdia partium, 
 
 &c, "party-zeal ruled in both, more than their own good or" evil 
 
 qualities." 5. Metellum .... capitis arcessere, "They charged 
 
 Metellus with capital crimes," Ch. XXXII., 1 — quos pecuniai: 
 
 in majus celebrare, "they greatly magnified," "they extolled ex- 
 travagantly." 6. Res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, "Property 
 
 and credit depended on their manual labor ■:" frequentarent 
 
 Marium, "crowded around Marius:" et sua necessaria, &c, "and 
 
 regarded their own necessary affairs as less important (lit., behind, 
 
 inferior to) his advancement (to the consulship)." ¥. Post multas 
 
 tempestates, "After a long series of years:" novo homini. Ch. 
 
 IV., 8: cum Jugurtha, "against Jugurtha:" frequens, "in 
 
 full assembly ;" — agreeing with populus. 8. Decreverat, scil., 
 
 helium cum Jugurtha : ea res (i. e., the decree of the senate). It 
 
 appears from this, that though it belonged to the senate to assign the 
 provinces to individuals, and they had assigned the province of 
 Xumidia to Metellus, the sovereign people reversed the decision. This, 
 though contrary to law and usage, was sometimes done. 
 
 LXXIY. — 1. Ad regem Bocchum. Bocchus was king of Mauritania, 
 which lay west of Xumidia and extended as far as the ocean opposite 
 
 Spain. It comprised the modern kingdom of Fez and Morocco. 
 
 2. Varius incertusque (sese) agitabat, " He conducted himself in a 
 wavering and uncertain manner," i. e., he formed a great variety of 
 
 schemes, and knew not which to adopt. 3. Neque Uli res, &c, 
 
 " Neither any measure, nor any advice, <fcc, fully pleased him :" 
 
 dubitare, &c, "he was in doubt whether he could trust less the bravery 
 
 or the fidelity of his subjects." 4. Qua in parte, " In whatever 
 
 part," i. e., in parte in qua parte. § 99, Obs. 1 : pugnce, adfuit 
 
 § 112, It. i. 5. Aliquanto numero. AUquantus, as an adjective, is 
 
 rarely used. Here potiti has a double construction, being followed by 
 an ablative in one clause, and a genitive in the next. § 121, R. xxvi., 
 and Exc. 2 : nam ferme Numidas, '(fee., " for almost in all battles. 
 
236 NOTES ON THE 
 
 their feet (i. e., their running away) rather than their arms protected 
 the Xuniidians :" tuta sunt, for tuita sunt, from tueor. 
 
 LXXV. — 1. Impensius modo . ... diffidens, "Still more strongly 
 (i. e., moi'e than ever) distrusting:" — : — filiorumque ejus multus, &c, 
 " and a great deal of furniture for the use of his children in their youth." 
 Cullus here means every thing provided for the education or amuse- 
 ment of his children. For erat after thesauri, cultus, see § 102, Obs. 1. 
 
 2. Metello. § 126, R. xxxiii. : flumenque proximum, "and the 
 
 river nearest to it :" patrandi belli, " of bringing the war to a 
 
 close." 3. Sarcinis levari, " To be relieved of their loads :-" 
 
 nisi frumento, "except of corn." § 126, R. v. : ceterum utres modo 
 
 et alia aqucB idonea portari, "but that leathern bottles and other ves- 
 sels tit for water should be carried " (by them). 4. Domiti pecoris, 
 
 " Of working cattle," cattle subjected to the yoke. § 106, R. viii. : 
 
 eoque, " and upon them." Eo refers to pecori used collectively. 
 
 5, Quam plurimum quisque aquae portaret, "That each should bring as 
 much water as he could " — quisque distributes finitimis. § 98, Exc. 4 : 
 
 ubi prwsto fuerint, "where they should be in readiness." 6. 
 
 Quam (§ 99, Obs. 4.) proximam oppido, &c, " Which we said above was 
 
 the water nearest to the town." 7. Ad id loci (§ 106, R. viii.) = ad 
 
 eum locum : quo Numidis "prmceperat, " to which (lit,, " whither ") 
 
 he had commanded the Xuniidians (to bring the water, Xote 5.) : 
 
 ea modo, "that only," i. e., "that alone." 8. In nova deditione offi- 
 
 cia intenderant, "In a recent surrender, had exceeded their duty," i. e., 
 had done more than was required. 9. Religione, "From a reli- 
 gious feeling:" pluvia, scil., aqua: animis eorum, "to their 
 
 courage." 
 
 LXXVI. — 1. Nihil jam infectum Metello, "That for Metellus 
 nothing was now impracticable." Infectus, like invictus, has some- 
 times the sense of the verbal adjective in bilis : ceteris imperitan- 
 
 tem, "that rules over other men:" industria, "by persevering 
 
 efforts:" proditionem, "treason," "being betrayed:" per 
 
 otium, etc., " in a time of leisure, and according to opportunity." 
 
 2. Et opeHbus et loco, "Both by art and situation." 3. Ex copia, 
 
 " According to circumstances," lit., " out of the abundance of places ;" 
 here referring to the different nature of the ground or fortifications: 
 
 vineas, aggerem turribus, see Ch. XXI, 5, and XXXV1L, 4 : 
 
 et supra. Arrange, et tutari opus et administros turribus it/ipositis super 
 aggerem. 4. Prorsus, "In short:" rcUquum fieri, "was 
 
JUGURTHINE W A-R . 
 
 237 
 
 omitted :" post dies quadraginta quam, &c. § 131, Obs. 2 : 
 
 oppido modo potiti, "got possession of the town only," i. e., and nothing 
 
 more: corrupta (erat), "had been destroyed." 5. Arietibus 
 
 feriri, " Were assailed with the battering rams." The battering ram 
 was a long beam like the mast of a ship, and armed at one end with 
 iron in the form of a ram's head, from which it takes its name. It was 
 suspended by the middle Avith ropes or chains fastened to a cross-beam 
 resting on two upright posts : hanging thus equally balanced, it was 
 worked by a number of men (from 50 to 100), who, pulling it back, 
 then thrust it forward' with great violence; and thus by repeated 
 blows soon shook down the strongest walls. It was usually covered 
 over with a vinece or mantlet, under which the men, while they worked 
 the aries, were protected from the missiles thrown from the walls. 
 The following wood-cut will enable the student to form some idea of 
 this engine of war. 6. Afflictas (esse), " Were ruined," lit., 
 
 ARIES. 
 
 rn 
 
238 NOTESONTHE 
 
 to the ground :" onerati, "having glutted themselves :" cor- 
 
 rumpunt, " destroy." Here is a sort of zeugma, corrumpunt being ap- 
 plicable to ilia and domum, but not to semet, before which interficiunt 
 
 would be the proper word. § 150, 1, 2d : eas ipsi volentes pependere 
 
 quas, " they voluntarily inflicted on themselves those punishments 
 which," <fec. They knew well, that if they fell into the hands of the 
 Romans, from whom they had deserted, they would be punished with 
 the greatest severity. See Ch. LVI, 2, quia f oiler e, &c. 
 
 LXXVIL— 1. Cum capta Thala, "With the taking of Thala." 
 
 § 146, Obs. 2 : eo, " thither," " to that town':" ni id festinaret, 
 
 " unless he hastened to do this," scil.-, to send them aid. 2. Suam 
 
 salutem, " That their safety," i. e., the safety of the people of Leptis : 
 
 socios illorum = socios Romanorum. The whole may be given thus, 
 
 " that the safety of the inhabitants, the allies of the Romans, would be 
 
 in the greatest danger:" nave, "actively," same as naviter ; also 
 
 gnave and gnaviter, from navus, *i. q., gnavus. 
 
 LXXVIII. — 1. Quos, "Who," subject of venisse : profugos, 
 
 "leaving their country :" situm (est) inter duas Syrtes. Ch. XIX. 
 
 The Syrtes were two bays or gulfs on the coast of Africa, one of which 
 was Syrtis Major and the other Syrtis Minor. This town of Leptis 
 was situate towards the greater Syrtis, at the south-east extremity of 
 the district of Tripolis. It was founded by the Phoenicians, and, as a 
 maritime city, ranked next to Carthage and Utica. It was called 
 Leptis Magna, to distinguish it from another city called Leptis Parva, 
 
 situate in Africa Propria. 2. Quibus nomen ex re inditum, " To 
 
 which (Syrtes) the name was given in consequence of their nature." Some 
 derive Syrtes from the Greek avpea, "to drag," in allusion to the moving 
 or dragging of the sands by the waves, when agitated by strong winds. 
 This is the opinion of Sallust, as appears from what follows : others 
 derive the name from Sert, an Arabic word which signifies " a desert/' 
 
 such being the nature of the country around them. 3. Quorum 
 
 (loca) proxima terra;, " Of which the places nearest the land :" alta, 
 
 i. e., in alia tempestate alta, " sometimes deep :" magnum (esse), 
 
 "to run (be) high." &, Lingua modo, "The language only:" 
 
 connubio Numidarum, " by intermarriage witli the Xumidians." 
 
 LXXIX. — 1. Sed quoniam. This chapter is a digression: earn 
 
 rem nos locus admonuit, " Of this thing the place has reminded me." 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 239 
 
 Admonere is usually followed by the genitive of the thing, § 122, E. 
 
 xxvii. ; here it is followed by the accusative. § 124. 2. Africa 
 
 imperitabant, "Buled over Africa." §*112, R. v., 3. 3. Una specie, 
 
 " Of a uniform appearance :" inter se, " with each other." § 2.8, 
 
 Obs. 5. 4. Per inducias sponsionem faciunt, "During a truce they 
 
 make an agreement :" domo proficiscerentur. Domo here proha- 
 
 "bly does not mean Carthage and Cyrene, but Leptis Magna on the 
 Carthaginian side, and Hesperis on the Cyrenian ; these cities being on 
 the borders of the disputed territory, and they might be called domus, 
 
 because they were within their respective countries : inter se ob- 
 
 vii essent, "they should meet each other." 5. Quibus nomen 
 
 Philcenis erat. § 97, Exc. 2 : iter pcrgere, " to perform their jour- 
 ney" 6. Solet in Mis locis, &c, "In these places a storm is ac- 
 customed to detain (travellers), just as it does at sea." 7. Nuda 
 
 gignentium, ~" Destitute of vegetation :" morari, " to delay " — 
 
 governed by solet repeated. 8. Aliquanto. § 132, Obs. 6: 
 
 ob rem corruptam, " for mismanaging tb£ affair." § 146, Obs. 2 : 
 
 criminari Carthaginienses, etc., " charged that the Carthaginians had 
 set out (or, " accused the Carthaginians of having set out ") from home 
 
 before the (appointed) time :" conturbare rem, " threw the affair 
 
 into confusion," by maintaining that the agreement was violated. 
 
 9. Grceci ; the Cyrenians were a Grecian colony : optione?n 
 
 Carthaginiensium faciunt, "give the Carthaginians the choice " — put it 
 
 to the choice of the Carthaginians : ut vel Mi, " that either they 
 
 (the Carthaginians) : quos fines ; quos finds its antecedent in ibi 
 
 = in Misfinibus. § 99, Obs. 2 : eadem conditione, " on the same 
 
 condition," viz., of being buried alive : sese, " that they " (the 
 
 Grecians) : quern in locum. § 99, Obs. 1, 2d. 10. Conditione 
 
 probata, "Accepting the condition." 11. Aras consacravere. 
 
 These altars were called Philaenon Aras. 
 
 LXXX. — 1. Ad Gwtidos, "To the Gaetuli." The inhabitants of 
 Gaetulia, a country in Africa south of JNumidia. The Gaetulians, like 
 the Numidians. excelled in horsemanship, and, like them, rode without 
 
 saddles. 2. In unum (soil., locum) cogit, " He collects together :" 
 
 ordines habere, "to keep their ranks:" imperium observare, 
 
 "to obey orders." 3. Proximos, "The intimate friends," "associ- 
 ates:" ad studium sui, "to his interest," lit., " to zeal for him:" 
 
 quis, for quibus. 4. Facilius proniusque, " More easy, and 
 
 more in accordance with his inclination :" quam rem = quod, 
 
240 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Cat., Ch. XVIII., 6 : opportunissimam, " highly favorable," scil., 
 
 to the Eomans : cceci avaritia, " blinded by avarice." Though 
 
 this offer of Bocchus was important to the Romans in the present state 
 o£ their affairs in Africa ; yet, because he did not buy the support of 
 these leading men with large sums of money, they opposed and de- 
 feated it. 5. Jugurthce (dat.) nupserat, " Had married Jugurtha." 
 
 Nubo, "to marry," strictly, "to veil," is used only of the woman, 
 because in the marriage ceremony the bride is covered with the bridal 
 
 veil. Cat, Ch. XV., 2. 6* Ea necessitudo, "This connection:" 
 
 levis ducitur, " is lightly esteemed :" quia singuli, &c, " because 
 
 individuals, according to their wealth, have each a great many wives:" 
 
 denas, "ten apiece." §24, 11: eo amplius, "so much the 
 
 more;" because supposed to be richer than others. § 132, R. xliii., Obs. 
 
 6. 7. Animus distrahitur, "The affections are divided," (of course 
 
 weakened) : nulla pro socia obtinet, "no one occupies (her place) 
 
 as a partner." 
 
 LXXXI. — 1. Ambobus placitum, "Agreed upon by both," lit., 
 
 " agreeable to both." Before Romanos, supply dicens or dixit : 
 
 profunda avaritia. § 106, R. vii. 2, Illos, "That they," scil., the 
 
 Romans, subject of habere : libidinem imperitandi, in apposition 
 
 with, and explaining causam : guts (for quibus) referring to illos, 
 
 i. e., Romanos. 3. Turn sese, supply hostem Romanis esse ; so 
 
 with Carthaginienses and Per sen supply hostes, and hostem Romanis 
 fuisse respectively. "To be an enemy," here means, "to be treated 
 
 as an enemy by the Romans:" post, "in future." 4. Iter con- 
 
 stituunt, "They resolve on marching." 5. Capta urbe (§ 146, 
 
 Obs. 9.), &c, "Should they take the city, that there would be a reward 
 
 for their labor," "it would be worth their labor." 6. Callidus. 
 
 § 98, Obs. 10: id modo, "this only," viz., Bocchi pacem immi- 
 
 nuere, " to lessen Bocchus's chance of peace" (with the Romans). 
 
 LXXXII. — 1 . Victo Jugurtha, " After Jugurtha had been defeated :" 
 
 haud procul ah Cirta, &c, " having fortified his camp not far 
 
 from Cirta:" cognitis Mauris, "after having made himself ac- 
 quainted with the Moors:" ex commodo, lit., "according to 
 
 advantage," i.e., "if a favorable opportunity should occur." 2^ 
 
 Supra bonum atquc honestum, "Beyond what was right and becom- 
 ing:" in aliis artibus, "in other qualities :" nimis molliter, 
 
 &c, "he bore trouble of mind with too little firmness," lit., "too 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 241 
 
 sensitively." 3* Vertebant, "Ascribed:" alii dicebant, 
 
 "others said:" multi {dicebant ingenium accensum esse) quod, 
 
 &c, " many (asserted that his mind was exasperated) because," &c. 
 
 4. Injuria sua, " By the injustice done to him :" alii quam 
 
 Mario, "to another than to Marius." 
 
 LXXXIH. — 1. Stultitice (esse) videbatur, "It seemed to him to be 
 the part of folly." § 108, R. xii., Expl. : alienam rem, "the inter- 
 ests of another" (meaning Marius) : habere turn magnam copiam, 
 
 " that he (Bocchus) now had a fine opportunity." 2. Incipere, &c. 
 
 Arrange, Licere cuiquam, etiam ignavo, incipere, (scil., bellum,) bellum 
 
 disponi, &c. : perditis (rebus\ "the ruined fortunes." 3. 
 
 Si eadem illi copia fieret, &c, "If the same advantage were offered to 
 
 him (Jugurtha), that all things would be agreed to." 4. Contra, 
 
 "In reply to:" partim = alia. 5. Tempus procedere, "Time 
 
 passed on:" bellum intactum trahi, "the war was protracted 
 
 without any thing being done." 
 
 LXXXIV. — 1. Ticmvero midtus atque ferox (§ 98, Obs. 10.) instare, 
 
 " Then indeed he frequently and violently assailed them :" 
 
 lozdere, "he lashed," "inveighed against:" ex victis illis spolia, 
 
 "as spoils from those vanquished:" magnifica pro se, &c, "osten- 
 tatious as regards himself, and galling to them." 2. Opus, adj. 
 
 § 118, Obs. 1. 3. A populis, <fec, "From states and kings and 
 
 allies :" plerosque, &c, " most of them known to him in actual 
 
 service " (militia;), a few by reputation :" ambiundo cogere homi- 
 nes emeritis stipendiis (§ 106, R. vii.), &c, " by flattering solicita- 
 tions, he prevailed on men who had completed their time of military 
 
 service." Such soldiers were called emeriti. 4. Etiam Icetus, 
 
 " Even cheerfully." § 98, Obs. 10. 5. Quia neque plebi militi 
 
 volenti (esse) putabatur, " Because (on the one hand) the service was 
 thought to be disagreeable to the commons." This is an imitation of a 
 Greek construction, by which adjectives and participles signifying 
 willingness or unwillingness are put with the substantive in the dative 
 as the object after est (§ 112, R. ii), instead of in the predicate agree- 
 ing with its subject. See another example, Ch. C, zcti militibus labos 
 volentibus esset. Also Tac. Agr. 18., quibus bellum volentibus erat, 
 "who wished for war," or, "to whom war was agreeable." G-r. Gr. 
 
 § 148, Obs. 3: et Marius (putabatur), &c, "and (on the other) 
 
 Marius, it was thought, would lose either the advantage of the war, 
 11 
 
242 NOTES ON THE 
 
 or the affections of the commons." 6. Sese quisque, <fec. Arrange, 
 
 Trahebant animis quisque sese fore locupletem prceda, "They fancied 
 in their minds, each that he," &c, quisque distributes the subject of 
 trahebant. § 98, Exc. 4. Trahere animo = fingere animo, " to ima- 
 gine," "to fancy in the mind." 7. Omnibus .... decretis, "All 
 
 things — being granted (decreed)," scil., by the senate. 
 
 LXXXV. — 1. Et .... gerere, scil., imperium, "And to exercise 
 
 power." 2* Mihi contra ea videtur. Resolve thus, id, quod est 
 
 contra ea, mihi videtur, " To me, just the reverse of these things seems 
 
 to be proper :'■ nam ; here supply again mihi videtur, to govern 
 
 the infinitive clause illam debere administrari : quo, "in propor- 
 tion as:" pluris est, "is of more value:" eo majore cura, 
 
 "with so much greater care :" illam, referring to universam rem 
 
 publicam; — hose, referring to consulatus, prcetura, is neuter plural. 
 
 § 98, Obs. 3. 3* Neque me fallit, "Nor does it escape my notice," 
 
 i. e., " nor am I insensible." 4. Nolis offendere, " You are un- 
 willing to disoblige :" opinione .... asperius est, " is more diffi- 
 cult than is commonly supposed." Here est has for its subject the 
 
 whole preceding part of the sentence as one whole. 5. Prcesidio 
 
 adsunt, scil., illis, " Afford them protection." 6. Rei publican pro- 
 
 cedunt, "Benefit the state :" locum invadendi, "an opportunity 
 
 of attacking me." 7, Vos capiamini, "You maybe ensnared:" 
 
 fui, "I have lived," lit., "been:" consueta, "familiar to 
 
 me." 8. Ante vestra beneficia, " Before your favors " (were be- 
 stowed on me) : gratuito, " with no view to reward." 9. 
 
 Temperare, " To behave with moderation :" benefacere .... vertit 
 
 (jse), "doing good (lit, "to do well") has now from habit become 
 
 changed (lit., "has changed itself") into nature." 10. Nwn id 
 
 mutari melius sit, "Whether that (viz. his appointment to conduct 
 
 the war against Jugurtha) might not better be changed :" veteris 
 
 prosapice, " of ancient lineage :" multarum imaginum. See Ch. 
 
 IV., 5, ad fin. nullius stipendii, " of no experience in warfare." 
 
 11. Prceposteri homines, "Preposterous men:" — a phrase here 
 
 used in its strictly literal sense — men who do first, what they should 
 do afterwards ; i. e., who get office first and then seek preparation for 
 
 it : nam gerere, (fee. Arrange and supply, nam gerere {consulatum), 
 
 tempore est posterius, re atque iisu prius quam fieri {consuleiYt), " for 
 to exercise the office of consulship is in point of time posterior, but in 
 respect of qualifications and experience prior, to being elected." The 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 243 
 
 meaning is, that as no one can exercise an office till he is appointed, so 
 no one ought to receive an appointment till he has the necessary 
 qualifications. Marius intimates that he had the qualifications first, 
 and office last. These prceposteri homines began at the wrong end — 
 
 with them it was office first, and qualifications afterwards. 12. 
 
 Quae illi, &c, — the relative clause before the antecedent. § 99, K. iii., 
 
 Expl. : facta, i. e., factane, or num facta. § 140, 5, Note : 
 
 pluris sint, "are of more value." § 133, Exc. 13. Fortissimum 
 
 quemque generosissimum, " That the bravest is the most noble." § 98, 
 
 Obs. 13. 14. Si ... . quceri posset. § 113, Obs. 1 : quam 
 
 optimos. § 134, Obs. 6, 3d: faciant idem, "let them do the 
 
 same," i. e., "let them despise:" used imperatively. § 42, Obs. 9. So 
 
 invideant : per hwc ilium (soil., honorem), " by the latter I obtained 
 
 the former." 15. Falsi sunt, " Are deceived," i. e., " deceive 
 
 themselves :" ignavice voluptatem, et praimia virtutis, in apposi- 
 tion with res : eorum, scil., majorum. 16. Quod contra est, 
 
 "But it is (just) the reverse." § 99, Obs. 8: eorum, scil., poste- 
 
 rorum. 17. Hujusce rei, " Of this thing," viz., to speak of the 
 
 deeds of his ancestors. 18. Sed in maximo vestro benefcio, "But 
 
 in the very great favor you have shown me," namely, by electing him 
 
 consul : non placuit reticere, <fec, " I thought it best (lit, it 
 
 pleased me) not to be silent, lest any should construe my moderation 
 (i. e., silence) into a consciousness of guilt," — an admission that what 
 
 the nobles said of him was true. 19. Ex animi mei sententia, "In 
 
 my judgment:" quippe vera, &c. Arrange and supply thus, 
 
 quippe necesse est (tit) vera (oratio) prcedicet bene (de me) : qui 
 
 mihi, &c. ; qui has for its antecedent vestrum implied in, or the equi- 
 valent of vestra. § 30, Obs. 1, and § 99, Obs. 2: num eorum 
 
 (consiliorum vos) pcenitendum sit, "whether you ought to repent of 
 
 these (measures)." § 113, Exc, II. 20. Fidei causa, "For the 
 
 sake of inspiring you with confidence in me :" tit ilia illis, " as 
 
 those things (scil., images, triumphs, consulships of ancestors) are to 
 
 them." 21. Non sunt composita, &c, "My language (they say) is 
 
 not polished; for that I care little." 22. Quippe quai, &c, "Since 
 
 it has not profited those who teach it, in regard to bravery ;" alluding 
 
 to the subjugation of Greece by the Romans. 23. At ilia (§ 126, 
 
 R iv., and § 97, Obs. 7.) multo optima, &c, " But I have been in- 
 structed in those things which are by much the best for the common- 
 wealth:" prcesidia agitare, "to keep guard:" neque illos arte 
 
 (arete), &c, " neither will I treat them with rigor — myself with indul- 
 
244 NOTES ON THE 
 
 genee." 24. Exercitum supplicio cogere, id, <fcc, " To compel the 
 
 army by corporal punishment, <fcc, that is to be a tyrant, not a com- 
 mander." 25. Quis nobilitas freta, " Our nobility, trusting to 
 
 these, though themselves unlike them in character." Nobilitas freta = 
 
 nobiles freti : et .... repetit, " and demand :" — — sui, " of 
 
 themselves," "their." 26. Sordidum me et incultis moribus. 
 
 Here again, as is common in Sallust, two different constructions are 
 
 connected : neque pluris pretii, &c, " nor a cook of more value 
 
 than a steward." Marius here censures the luxury of these nobles in 
 
 which they were so unlike their ancestors, of whom they boasted : 
 
 quce mihi libet confiteri, " (charges) which I am willing to admit." 
 
 27. Quin ergo—faciant, " Why then do they not do," <= "Let them 
 
 do :" ament, <fec. § 42, Obs. 9 : ibi = in Mis, referring to 
 
 ubi = in quibns, the antecedent clause ; ibi, &c, to be translated first ; 
 
 both refer to what follows, in conviviis, &c. 28. Ereptum eunt, 
 
 "They proceed to snatch away." § 148, R. lxiii: rei publico? 
 
 innoxice cladi sunt, "they are ruinous (they bring destruction) to the 
 
 innocent republic." § 114, K. xix. 29. Nam qua, <fec. See Note 
 
 12 above : omnia removistis, avaritiam, &c. By these three 
 
 terms he means Bestia, Albinus, Metellus, whom they had removed by 
 
 the appointment of Marius. 30. Deinde, " In the next place," in 
 
 relation to Primum omnium : felix, " fortunate :" attriia 
 
 est, " has been worn down" — " destroyed." 31. Militaris o3tas, 
 
 i. e., from 17 to 46 years of age: capessite rem publicam, 
 
 " espouse the cause of the commonwealth." 32. Consultor idem 
 
 et socius periculi, " At once as an adviser, and sharer in the danger :" 
 
 geram, " I will treat." 33. Decebat = deceret. § 44, II., 3 : 
 
 uti ceterni forent .... quam uti boni, &c, "that they should live for 
 ever, rather than that they should live brave and honorable men." 
 
 LXXXVI. — 1. Hujuscemodi, "To this effect." 2. Neque ex 
 
 classibus, " Nor from the classes ;" viz., from which the Roman soldiers 
 were usually taken. By the institution of Servius Tullius (Li v. I., 42, 
 43.) the Roman citizens were divided into six classes, ranked according 
 to their wealth. The first consisted of the richest citizens, and the 
 others in regular progression down to the lowest or tixth class, con- 
 sisting of those who had no property, and were therefore said to be 
 capite censi, "rated by the head." This class was by far the most 
 numerous, and was, in fact, though not in form, almost excluded from 
 the management of public affairs. Before the time of Marius, except 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 245 
 
 in dangeroiis emergencies, none were taken from this class to serve in 
 the legions, but only from the first five, or property classes. The 
 change here mentioned as introduced by Marius, of enlisting soldiers 
 from the lowest class, enabled him with ease to raise an army of able- 
 bodied soldiers, well fitted to endure the hardships and toils of war. 
 But as these men were not willing, when the war was over, to return 
 to their former mode of life, they soon became a powerful and ready 
 instrument in the hands of ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar 
 — a state of things which contributed greatly to the final overthrow of 
 
 the empire. 3. Inopia bonorum, "From the want of good men," 
 
 (i. e., of those belonging to the five property classes): celebratus 
 
 auctusque erat, " he had been extolled and promoted :" cui neque 
 
 sua curce, <fec, " who has no concern for his own property, for he has 
 none ; and all things (attended) with profit appear to be honorable," 
 
 lit., "to whom his own things are not a care," (fee. § 114, R. xix. > 
 
 4. Aliquanto majore numero, " With a considerably larger army. 
 
 5* Uticam advehitur, "Arrives at Utica." This was the most im- 
 portant city in the province of Africa. It was a more ancient Phoeni- 
 cian colony than even Carthage. In the second Punic war, after it 
 had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded by the Romans with 
 freedom and independence. It is now called Biserta, and is situate 
 north-west of Tunis. 6* Animus, " His proud spirit." 
 
 LXXXVII. — 1. Prceda onustum, "Full of plunder," i. e., of property 
 
 fit to be taken as booty : alia aliis locis, " some in one place_ and 
 
 some in another," i. e., "in different places." § 98, Obs. 11. 2. 
 
 Ptignce adesse, "Engaged in battle." Adesse, videre, historical infini- 
 tives : armis, the ablative of the instrument, related to tegi and 
 
 qicceri. • 3. At reges, scil., Jugurtha and Bocchus: diversi, 
 
 "separately." 4. Romanos .... laxius licentiusque futuros, "That 
 
 the Romans .... would be more careless and disorderly." § 103, Obs. 1, 
 ad fin. 
 
 LXXXVIII. — 1. Contra spem suam, " Contrary to his expectation." 
 
 2> Marms — subject of the historical infinitives, attendere, cog?ioscere, 
 
 &e. : quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, "what was advantageoxis 
 
 for each, or the contrary:" antevenire, "prevented," "thwarted." 
 
 3. Prcedas agentes, "Driving off booty," viz., cattle or such booty 
 
 as is removed by driving : armis eccuerat, " had stripped of his 
 
 arms," i. e., had put to flight, in which he threw away his arms. 
 
246 NOTES ON THE 
 
 4. Qicce postquam, &c, "After he found that these exploits were only 
 for display, and not calculated to bring the war to a close." For this 
 
 use of the gerundive in the genitive see § 147, Obs. 9 : viris atque 
 
 loco, " in respect of men and situation." § 128, R. xxxiv. : singulas 
 
 circumvenire, "to invest one by one," i. e., "one after another:" 
 
 ita Jugurtham, supply putavit, " he thought that in this way Jugur- 
 
 tha," &c. : si ea pateretur, "if he suffered these things," i. e., did 
 
 not try to prevent them. 5. Ne quid ab se hostile timeret, " (re- 
 questing him) not to fear any thing hostile from him " (Bocchus). 
 
 6. Quo improvisus gravior accideret, " That he might on a sudden fall 
 more heavily (on the Romans)." Both adjectives are used adverbially. 
 
 § 98, Obs. 10 : pacem atque helium mutare, " to exchange peace 
 
 for war." 
 
 LXXXIXi — 1. Partim — alia, = alia — alia, " Some — others :" 
 
 avertere ab hostibtis, "he drew over from the enemy." 2. Medi- 
 
 ocra, soil., negotia, " Operations of no great importance :" in 
 
 manus venhtrum, " would come within reach," " to close combat ;" 
 
 thus conserere manus means " to fight hand to hand." 3. Aggredi 
 
 tempus visum est, " It seemed to be a fit time to attempt." 4, 
 
 Capsa. This town was situate in the eastern part of Numidia, between 
 the river Bagradas and the lake Tritonis. It is believed still to exist 
 under the name of Cafza, and to have been founded by the Libyan 
 (i. e., the African) Hercules. Or rather, it was founded by the Phceni- 
 cian% whose conquests are ascribed to a Phoenician Hercules, and the 
 north coast of Africa was the principal scene of their operations. 
 Ancient mythology speaks of several heroes of the name of Hercules. 
 Cicero reckons up six, and Varro, forty ; but the heroic achievements 
 
 of all are ascribed to one — the son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 5. 
 
 Immunes, "Exempt from taxes." C. Nam, prceter (loca) oppido 
 
 propinqua, " For except the places near the town :" ipsa perni- 
 
 ciosa, "deadly in itself." 7. Quum — turn, "JSTot only — but also:" 
 
 una modo .... jugi aqua, "one running spring only," lit., "one 
 
 perpetual water:" cetera pluvia (aqua), "the rest rain "water." 
 
 8. Id, "That," namely, scarcity of water: qucc .... inculHus 
 
 agebat, lit., " which remained in greater want of cultivation," meaning, 
 " the people of which, being at a distance from the sea, live more 
 rudely." The word agere commonly refers to the inhabitants, and, 
 with vitam, signifies " to live ;" but here, by a very unusual transfer, 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 247 
 
 is applied to the country itself, meaning, however, the inhabitants — 
 Cortius has qui .... agebant, which seems harsh after Africa. 
 
 XC. — 1. Consul, subject of exornat below: credo, "I suppose," 
 
 used parenthetically, and not affectiDg the construction of the rest of 
 
 the sentence : frumenti inopia tentabatur, " he was brought into 
 
 difficulty by the want of corn :" pabulo pecoris, &c, " care more 
 
 for the pasturage of their cattle, than for tillage." 2. Quodcunque 
 
 natum foret, " Whatever had been produced from the fields," i. e., 
 
 "any crop there was :" cestatis extremum, "the end of summer." 
 
 3. Pro rei copia, " Considering all circumstances :" exornat 
 
 (exercitum), "supplies his army." 4. Agendum, "To be driven 
 
 away:" se praidabundum, "that he, after having made a preda- 
 tory excursion." 
 
 XCI. 1. — Turmas. The complement of cavalry belonging to each 
 legion was 300. These were divided into ten turmce, or troops, each 
 containing thirty men. See Lat. Gr. App. V. : cequaliter, " equal- 
 ly," i. e., in proportion to their numbers. 2. Ex coriis utres, " Bot- 
 tles made of skins." § 128, Obs. 2: ignaris, "ignorant (of his 
 
 designs) :" maxima vis, " a very great quantity." 3. Cibum 
 
 capere, atque .... paratos esse. 4. Noctem — ace. of time how 
 
 long ; with proxima and tertia, supply node, abl. of time when : 
 
 duum millium (scil., passuum), " of two miles." § 24, 5. 5. Ipse 
 
 intentus propere sequi, "He himself was careful to follow :" neque, 
 
 "and not." 6. Qua;, "These things." § 99, Obs. 8: res tre- 
 
 pido3, "their dangerous condition." 7. Id f acinus, "This deed." 
 
 Sallust here endeavors, but in vain, to palliate the cruel and unjusti- 
 fiable conduct of Marius towards the people of this town, which had 
 surrendered at discretion, by the peculiarity of his situation, and the 
 
 faithlessness of the Numidian character : - admission, " committed:" 
 
 genus hominum, referring to the Nunudians generally 
 
 XCIL — 1. Omnia, non bene considta, <fec, " All his operations, even 
 those not well considered, were ascribed to his great military talents :" 
 
 locupletes, scil., prceda : cuncta portendi, " that every thing was 
 
 revealed to him." 2. Ea res = id, namely, the destruction of 
 
 Capsa: igni corrumpit, "he destroys by fire." 3# Exercitu 
 
 incruento, " Without loss :" non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium, 
 
 "not of the same perilous nature as that of the Capsians." Cap- 
 
248 NOTES ON THE 
 
 sensium depends on res erat understood, lit., " as was the affair of," 
 
 &c. 4. Inter ceteram planitiem, " In the midst of the plain." The 
 
 meaning is, that except this single mountain, all the rest {ceteram) was 
 
 a plain : satis patens, " large enough " (scil., on the top) : 
 
 omnia, scil., loca, "in all parts," i. e., every where = omnibus locis. 
 
 § 128, Exc. : velut opere atque consulto, "as if (made so) by art 
 
 and design." 5, Forte, quam consilio melius gesta, " "Was effected 
 
 more by chance than good management." — 6. Nam castello, lit., 
 
 "For there was to the fort," i. e., "the fort had (or contained)." § 112, 
 
 R. ii. : aggeribus .... locus importunus, " the place was unfit for 
 
 mounds," i. e., the methods of attacking towns usually employed by 
 the Romans (Ch. XXXVII, 4, ad fin., and Ch. XXI., 5.) were of no 
 
 avail here : iter castellanorum, " the road of those inhabiting the 
 
 fortress," i. e., the way up to the fort. 7. Milites neque consistere, 
 
 scil., poterant, " The soldiers could neither stand :" pro opere, " in 
 
 front of the work," i. e., of the vinese : iniquitatem loci, lit., " the 
 
 unevenness of the place," i. e., "the steepness of the ascent:" 
 
 inter vineas = intra vineas, " within (under cover of) the vineae :" 
 
 ' labor." 
 
 XCIII. — It Anxius trahere, "Anxiously considered." § 98, Obs. 10. 
 
 2. JEstuans, "In great perplexity," lit, " boiling with vexation :" 
 
 Ligus, " Ligurian " — one belonging to the country of Liguria in 
 
 the north of Italy, of which Genoa was the capital. Of these there 
 were four cohorts among the Roman auxiliaries (Ch. LXXYIL), and 
 being accustomed at home to the life of mountaineers, the exploit here 
 
 mentioned is the more plausible. 3. Aquatum, " To get water " — 
 
 the supine. § 148, 1: quod aversum prozliantibus, "which was 
 
 turned away from (was not seen from) where they were fighting :" 
 
 animum advertit = animadvertit : cochleas, " snails." These were 
 
 held in high repute anioifg the ancients as an article of food : 
 
 egressus est, "he got up." 4. Solitudinem intellexit, " He perceived 
 
 the solitude," i. e., that there were none on that side of the mountain to 
 see him, the attention of all having been drawn to the scene of conflict on 
 
 the opposite side of the fortress: cupido difficilia, etc., "the desire 
 
 of performing difficult exploits changed his mind," viz., from the occu- 
 pation of gathering snails to examine the interior of the fort. 5. 
 
 Modo prona, "Only sloping down" (at first): dcin flexa, etc., 
 
 "then having bent and grown upwards:" quo cuncta, etc., "as 
 
 nature inclines all plants;" gigncntium, subs, governed by cuncta. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 249 
 
 § 106, Obs. 8 : modo — modo, " at one time — at another :" cas- 
 
 telli planitiem perscribit, " he reconnoitres the area of the fortress," 
 lit., " makes a plan of." 6. Non temere, uti escenderat, " Not care- 
 lessly, as he had gone np :" tentans, " exploring." t. Hor- 
 
 tatur .... tentet § 140, Obs. o. 8. Promissa ejus cognitum, "To 
 
 test his promises." Note 3, above. After misit supply quosdam. 9. 
 
 Paulum arrectus, "Was a little excited:" parum arrectus, would 
 mean " little excited ;" paulum is positive, " a little" — parum is negative, 
 " little." 10. Prcesidio quiforent, "To be a guard." § 141, Obs. 2, 4th. 
 
 XCIV. — 1. Pergit, i. e., Ligus pergit. 2. Uti prospectus, &c, 
 
 " That the view before them, and their climbing over the rocks :" 
 
 verum ea Numidica, &c, " but these were Numidian shields made of 
 
 hides:" offensa, "when struck" (against the rocks). 3. Saxa 
 
 .... laqueis vinciebat, "Fastened ropes round projecting stones :" 
 
 et [radices arborum) si qua? vetustate radices eminebant, "and the roots 
 
 of trees, if any roots projected owing to their age :" quibus alle- 
 
 vati, " assisted by which :" levare manu, " he assisted them with 
 
 his hand," hist. inf. — so mittere, sequi, tentare, adder e : quce dubia 
 
 nisu (for nisui, §16, Exc. 2.) videbantur, potissimus tentare, "places 
 
 which seemed dangerous to attempt, he first tried." 4. Desertum 
 
 ab ea parte, " Deserted (left defenceless) on that side." 5. Intentos 
 
 proelio Numidas habicerat, " He had kept the Numidians intent on the 
 battle," scil., in order to withdraw their attention from the proceedings 
 
 of the Ligurian and his company. 6. Testudine acta, " Forming a 
 
 testudo." The testudo was formed by the soldiers standing close to- 
 gether and holding their shields over their heads, so that one over- 
 lapped another, like the scales of a tortoise (whence the name testudo). 
 By this means the missiles thrown from above glanced off from the 
 
 shields without injuring those protected by them. 7. Agitare, 
 
 " Walked about :" ac Mario vecordiam objectare, " and upbraided 
 
 Marius with madness :" militibus nostris, &c, " threatened to make 
 
 our soldiers slaves to Jugurtha," lit., " the slavery of Jugurtha to our 
 
 soldiers." 8. Signa canere (tibicines), " The trumpeters sounded the 
 
 signals (of attack) :" visum processerat, "had gone out to see (the 
 
 battle):" cuncti, &c, scil., fugere : neque proeda morari, "nor 
 
 did the booty detain." 9. Sic forte, &c, "Thus the rashness of 
 
 Marius, being corrected by fortune, procured him glory from a blunder ;" 
 meaning, his inconsiderate rashness in attempting to reduce a fortress 
 hitherto deemed impregnable. 
 11* 
 
250 NOTES ON THE 
 
 XCV. — 1. Qicos uti .... cogeret, "To collect whom," scil., equites, 
 
 the antecedent of quos, implied in equitatu. §99, Obs. 2 : res, 
 
 " the subject," i. e., the present narrative : nos tanti viri admo- 
 
 nuit. § 122, E. xxvii. 2* L. Sisenna, an early cotemporary of 
 
 Cicero. He wrote a history of the civil 'war between Marius and 
 Sulla ; but, being himself a partizan of Sulla, he was thought to be not 
 
 quite unbiassed in his judgment : after per secutus, supply Sullce na- 
 
 turam cultumque : partem libero ore, " with too little freedom." 
 
 3. Majorum ignavia, " In consequence of the inactivity of his ances- 
 tors," scil., of the gens Cornelia — extincta refers to the loss of political 
 
 power and influence, rather than to physical decay : atque doc- 
 
 tissime, "and that very profoundly:" otio luxurioso ; with this 
 
 and animo ingenti, just before, supply homo in the predicate nomina- 
 tive. § 106, R. vii. 4. Nisi quod, &c, "Except that he might have 
 
 acted more honorably in respect to his wife." Sulla, it is said, was 
 five times married, and in every case was highly censurable for his 
 infidelity and debauchery : consuli is used itnpersonally, and im- 
 parts this character to potuit before it. § 113, Obs. 1 : amicitia 
 
 facilis, "pleasing in his friendship." § 128, R. xxxii. 5. Super in- 
 
 dustriam, " Greater than his activity :" fortior, i. e., num fortior, 
 
 or fortiorne, §140, 5; Note: so (num) pudeat. This has reference to 
 the excesses committed by Sulla after Ins victory over Marius in the 
 civil war. See Cat., Ch. IV., 6. 
 
 5CVI. — 1. In paucis tempestatibus, "In a short time." The use of 
 tempestates in the plural in this sense seems to be peculiar to Sallust. 
 
 2. Per se ipse (as if seipsum, § 98, Exc. 5.), " Of his own accord :" 
 
 invitus, "unwillingly," §98, Obs. 10 ; so midtus with adesse, 
 
 below; with accipere and repetere, suj>ply beneficia : ces mututan, 
 
 " borrowed monej^." 3. Magis id laborare, "This rather he en- 
 deavored ;" id refers to the following clause, § 97, Obs. 1 : Uli = 
 
 sibi, "to him," scil., Sulla. 4. Quod prava ambitio solet, "As de- 
 praved ambition is wont to do:" quod = id quod, "and this," 
 
 referring to the following clause, considis, &c. : pleroxij ue i 
 
 nire, "he excelled the most." 
 
 XCVII. — 1. Quam primum capias adduceret, i. e., qi'i diceret ut 
 
 quam primum, &c, "To tell him to bring his forces as soon as possible." 
 
 § 145, Obs. 5, 3d Note. 2. Quern uli accepit, ""When lie heard 
 
 that he." § 99, Obs. 8 : dubium belli, etc., " at a loss was weighing 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 251 
 
 deliberately the advantages of peace and war :" proximos, " his 
 
 particular friends :" ipsique Mauro, scil., Boccho : suis fini- 
 
 bus, " his (Jugurtha's) territories." 3. Die, genitive for diei. § 17, 
 
 Exc. : nrdlo (obsolete for nidli, § 20, Note 2.) impedimento, scil., 
 
 sibi fore. § 114, R. xix. : contra, "on the other hand:" • 
 
 tUrumque eastern, " that either event," scil., victory or defeat, 4. 
 
 Exercitus (namely of Marius), subject of quivit — a word of less power 
 than potuit : signum, " a signal " usually given by the trumpet : 
 
 Mauri, Gmtuli, both adjectives: catervatim, "in separate 
 
 bands." 5. Ascender e, ire, fieri, hist, inf.: latrocinio, "an 
 
 encounter with robbers:" signis, "standards:" ccedere, "they 
 
 cut down" — "slew:" obtruncare, "mutilated:" tegere, scil., 
 
 nostros. 6. Romani veteres novique (mixti), &c, " The Roman 
 
 veterans and the new soldiers (who had been mingled with them), and 
 for that reason skilled in warfare :" orbes facere, " formed them- 
 selves into circles," viz., so as to present a front to the enemy all 
 round. Some editions leave out novique, and so confine what is here 
 said to veteres ; in that case ob ea would refer to the fact of their being 
 veterans. 
 
 XCVIII. — 1. Tarn aspero negotio, "So fierce a conflict:" de- 
 
 misso animo. § 106, R. vii. : manu consulere militibus, " assisted 
 
 his soldiers by fighting." 2. Nihil remittere, "Did not leave off:" 
 
 pro se, "favorable to them :" rati agrees with barbari. 
 
 3. Ex copia rerum consilium trahit, "Adopts measures according to 
 
 his circumstances:" propinquos inter se, "near each other." 
 
 § 28, Obs. 5: parnm amplo, "too small:" quccrebat, "re- 
 quired," "needed:" neque = et own, or nequidem: pleno 
 
 gradu, "in full step," i. e., "at a quick pace." £, Efficsi conse- 
 
 dere, "Encamped in a scattered manner," "without any regular order." 
 
 5, Strepere vocibus, " Shouted," " yelled :" et ipsi duces 
 
 feroces, "and the leaders themselves (Jugurtha and Bocchus) highly 
 elated :" ut pro victoribus, " as if they were conquerors." 
 
 XCIX. — 1. Imperitia hostium, "By the unskilful conduct of the 
 
 enemy," viz., as described in the close of the preceding chapter. 
 
 2. Ne signa .... canere, "That not even the signals should be sounded." 
 Canere is sometimes transitive, and has signum or signa for its object, 
 as below ; sometimes intransitive, with signum or signa for its subject, 
 as here : uti per vigilias solebant. The night was divided by the 
 
252 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Romans into four watches, the beginning of each of which was an- 
 nounced by sounding the buccina or horn. This customary announce- 
 ment was on the present occasion ordered to be omitted : omnes si- 
 
 mul, " all at once." 3. JVullo subveniente, " Xo one coming to their 
 
 assistance :" ■ formido quasi vecordia, " terror like a frenzy." 
 
 Formido is a stronger term than thnor, and expresses the highest degree 
 of fear : terrore, " from the fright." 
 
 C. — 1. Quadrato agmine, ""With his army in column." This does 
 not mean that it was formed in a square having equal sides ; but in 
 the form of a parallelogram or quadrilateral rectangular figure, whose 
 opposite sides are equal, but the length of which is greater than the 
 
 breadth. 2. Apitd dextimos curabat, " Commanded on the extreme 
 
 right." Curabat, in this clause, is absolute or intransitive ; so also in the 
 next: but in the last it is transitive and governs cohort es. § 38, Obs. 5 : 
 
 primos et extremos . . . . tribunos locaverat, " he (Marius) had placed 
 
 the tribunes in the van and rear," lit., " first and last." 3. Per- 
 
 fugce, "Deserters," viz., from the Xuinidian army, Ch. ITVX, 2; these 
 
 are said to be minime cari, persons " very little valued." 4. Quasi 
 
 nullo imposito, "As if no one had been placed in command." 
 
 5. Item milites cogebat, "And obliged the soldiers to be so too," i. e., 
 
 to be armed and on their guard : neque secus, &c. Arrange, 
 
 neque munire castra secus atque facere iter, "nor did he fortify his 
 camp otherwise (i. e., with less care) than he performed his march :" 
 
 secus atque. § 149, Obs. 6. 6. Excubitum (supine), "To keep 
 
 watch," to be supplied again with equites auxiliarios : non tarn 
 
 diffidentia futurum, quai imperavisset, " not so much from want of con- 
 fidence that those things which he had ordered would be done." 
 Here the subject of futurum (esse) is ea understood which would 
 regularly require futura (esse). This is the only instance known in 
 the classics in which futurum is used in the future infinitive as 
 indeclinable ; but Gellius shows that this was not uncommon in the 
 
 early writers. The Bipont edition has futura : quam uti, &c, "as 
 
 that the labor, being equally shared by the commander, might be 
 more agreeable to (i. e., might be more cheerfully endured by) the 
 
 soldiers." For this construction see Ch. LXXXIV., 5. 1, Belli 
 
 governed by temporibus: pudore, "by shame," scil., lest they 
 
 should not equal the labors of their commander : quam malo, 
 
 "than by punishment:" quod .... fieri, "that this was done:" 
 
 per ambitioncm, "from a desire of popularity:" pars (quod 
 
JUGTJRTHINE WAR. 253 
 
 fieri aiebant) quod, "others (said that this was done) because:" 
 
 a pueritia consuetam, "become familiar to him from his boyhood:" 
 
 voluptati habuisset, " he had considered as a pleasure." § 114, 
 
 Obs. 4: nisi tamen, "still however," i. e., no matter from what 
 
 motive. 
 
 CI. — It Giti. §98, Obs. 10: diversi (speculators), "different 
 
 scouts:" alius ab alia parte. § 98, Obs. 11. 2t Jugurtham 
 
 spes frustrata (est), "Jugurtha's expectation disappointed him," lit., 
 
 "his expectation disappointed Jugurtha:" ceque, "equally," i. e., 
 
 in any event: attigerant, "had come up to:" turmatim, &c, 
 
 "in separate troops, and with their horses in as close order as possible." 
 
 3. Bocchus cum peditibus .... inv admit. § 102, Obs. 2: 
 
 neque .... affuerant, " and who had not been present." 4. Agebat, 
 
 "Was engaged:" Numida, i. e., Jugurtha: clam convertit 
 
 (se) ad pedites, "secretly turned away to some infantry" — most 
 probably Roman infantry, as he is here said to haVe addressed them 
 
 in Latin: sua manu, "by his (Jugurtha's) hand:" sanguine 
 
 oblltimi, "covered with blood," — from oblino. 5t Quod ubi milites 
 
 accepere, "When the soldiers heard this." § 99, Obs. 8. 6t Paulum 
 
 ab fuga aberant, " Were nearly giving way :" avertitur, "is put 
 
 to flight." 7. Ab eqicitibus, "By the (Roman) cavalry:" 
 
 omnibus occisis, scil., comitibus, " all his attendants being slain :" 
 
 vitabundus, " with a desperate effort to escape." 8. Auxilio suis. 
 
 § 114, Obs. 1 : quos (subject of pelli), "who." § 145, Obs. 2: 
 
 sequi, fugere, occicli, capi, "they pursued," &c, — a beautiful example 
 of Asyndeton. § 150, 1, 1st. — — 9t Afflicti, "Dashed to the ground:" 
 
 niti modo (surgere), " one moment they strove to rise :" ; qua 
 
 visus erat, " as far as the eye could reach," lit., " where there was a 
 view." Visus, a noun. 
 
 Cllt — It Post ea loci = postea, "Afterwards." § 135, Obs. 1: 
 
 profectus intenderat, "when he set out he had directed his march." 
 
 2t Post diem quintum quam = die quinto postquam, " On the 
 
 fifth day after :" duos quam fidissimos .... (ut) mitteret. § Obs. 5. 
 
 See § 145, Obs. 5, 3d, Note; and above, Ch. XCVIL, 1: de suo, 
 
 scil., commodo. 3. Qui quamquam acciti ibant, "Although they 
 
 went on invitation." It was therefore proper they should wait to 
 hear what Bocchus had to say; but instead of this, they began to 
 speak first, for the reasons here mentioned: aver sum, "if disin- 
 
254 NOTES ON THE 
 
 clined " (to peace) : cujus facundice, <fcc, " to whose eloquence, 
 
 not to his age, precedence was given by Manlius." 4. Te 
 
 uti aliquando . . . . mattes, "You at length to choose." § 122, Obs. 4: 
 
 talem virum, and optimum below, are intended as flattery : 
 
 neu commaculares, "and not to stain:" simid nobis demeres, "at the 
 
 same time to take from us," i. e., "to relieve us from." The subjunctive 
 
 thus used (§ 145, Obs. 5.) may often be rendered as the infinitive. 
 
 5. Errantem. The conduct of Bocchus he here softens down, by 
 
 representing him as "erring" merely, as being misled. 6* Rati, 
 
 scil., Romani, from populo Romano in the preceding clause. 
 
 7. Procul absumiis, "We are a great way off:" in quo, "a 
 
 circumstance in which:" gratia par ac, "our friendship is just 
 
 the same as :" dein, related to primum above : parentes 
 
 (from pared), "subjects," lit., "persons obeying." 8. Ad hoc 
 
 tempus, "By this time:" — — perpessus es, "you have suffered:" 
 
 humanarum rerum .... pleraque. § 106, R. viii : cui, scil., fortunce. 
 
 9. Quo facilius, &c, " That by good services you may the more 
 
 easily compensate for (past) errors." 10. Unde vi Jugurtham 
 
 expiderit, "From which he (Bocchus) had expelled Jugurtha by force." 
 Bocchus here states what was not true; for he had never driven 
 Jugurtha from any part of Numidia, nor even opposed him in war. 
 His object in this probably was to induce the Romans to think there 
 was no friendly feeling between Jugurtha and him, and for this reason 
 
 he would be a more desirable ally to the Romans. 11. Repulsum 
 
 (esse) ab amicitia, "That he had been repelled from their friendship." 
 
 See above, Ch. LXXX. : vetera omittere, "that he said nothing of 
 
 things past," 12. Copia facta, "After permission was granted," 
 
 scil., to send an embassy to Rome. 
 
 CHI. — 1. In loca sola, "Into the desert:" obsessum turrim 
 
 regiam, "to besiege a fortress of the king." § 148, 1: perfugas, 
 
 " the deserters," scil., from the Romans to him. See Ch. LYL, 2. These 
 deserters he knew would make a most vigorous defence, well knowing 
 what they would have to suffer if they fell into the hands of the 
 
 Romans. 2. Venerant for evenerant, "Had happened:" in- 
 
 corruptos reliquerat, "had left unbribed." 3. Si jylaceat, "If it 
 
 pleased him," scil., Marius: sine decore, "without equipage:" 
 
 pro prcetore, "as praetor," i. e., commander-in-chief in his absence. 
 
 4. Pro vanis hostibus, "As fickle enemies;" habitit in this clause 
 
 signifies "to consider," or, "regard," — in the next by a Zeugma, "to 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 255 
 
 treat:" accurate, "with, attention:" qua re, "in consequence 
 
 of this." 5. Largitio, "Giving money for bribery." in 
 
 benignitate habebantur, " were considered as acts of kindness." 
 
 6. Regis sui, " Of their king :" berievolentice, " fitted to gain good 
 
 will;" — the dative of the end, § 114, E. xix., supply ei, Obs. 4, scil., 
 regi Boccho. 
 
 CIV. — 1. Marius postquam, confecto negotio quo intenderat {iter), 
 Cirtam redit, "As soon as Marius returns to Cirta, after he had finished 
 the business (in the place) whither he had directed his course." The 
 readings in this clause are so various and unsettled, that it is difficult to 
 know with certainty what Sallust did write. Of the reading in the text, 
 it can be said only that it is as likely to be correct as any of the others : 
 
 cognoscit, "he takes into consideration." 2. Ea, "These 
 
 things," referring to potestas eundi and inductee. § 98, Obs. 3 : 
 
 ferocius, "more harshly:" in adversa, "for the worse." 
 
 3. Stipendium, " Money to pay the army : quum — turn maxime, 
 
 "not only — but especially:" libens accepit, "heard with great 
 
 pleasure. 4. Postquam errasse regem, &c, "After they apologized 
 
 (by acknowledging) that the king had committed an error, and had 
 
 been misled by the wicked artifices of Jugurtha." 5. Delicti 
 
 gratiam facit, "They pardon the offence." 
 
 CV. — 1. Cujus arbitratu, "By whose intervention:" consule- 
 
 retur, used impersonally. § 85, 3. 2. Funditorum Balearium, " Of 
 
 Balearian slingers." The inhabitants of the Balearian isles (Majorca, 
 Minorca, Ivica) were celebrated in antiquity as slingers. Their 
 weapon was a leathern sling, by which leaden bullets were thrown, 
 
 with great skill and accuracy, a distance of 500 paces. 3. 
 
 Cohors Peligna. The Pelignians were a people of central Italy 
 
 near the Adriatic: velitaribus armis, "with arms used by the 
 
 velites ;" scil., a round shield, a short sword, seven javelins with 
 
 slender points, and a light helmet. 4. Cum mille non amplius 
 
 equitibus, "With not more than a thousand cavalry." § 120, Obs. 3: 
 
 et numerum ampliorem. . . . efficiebant, "both caused the number 
 
 to appear greater, and excited," &a. Here there is a Zeugma in 
 efficiebant, i. e., it has a different meaning in each of the two clauses to 
 
 which it belongs. § 150, 1, 2d. 5. Se quisque expedire, &c, 
 
 "Each got himself ready (for the fight) — made trial of his arms and 
 javelins — presented them against (towards) the enemy:" timor 
 
256 NOTES ON THE 
 
 aliquantus, scil., illis fuit : quippe victoribus, "because victors." 
 
 Victoribus is in the dative agreeing with illis : uti erat, " as really 
 
 was the case." 
 
 CVI. — 1. Et prcesidio, "And to be their guard." § 114, Obs. 4. 
 
 2. Incerto vultu, "With a troubled look." 3. Animo feroci, 
 
 "With stern resolution:" credere ; with this infinitive, and mansu- 
 
 rum potius (esse), supply dicit or dicens : mansurum potius quam, 
 
 cfec, " that he would stand his ground rather than, betraying his men 
 whom he led, by base flight save a life uncertain (at the best), and 
 perhaps soon to perish by disease." Instead of parceret, the regular 
 construction would require parsurum, being connected by quam with 
 mansurum,. This may be accounted for by supposing an ellipsis ; thus, 
 mansurum potius, quam (commissurum ut) parceret. The indicative 
 shows that quos ducebat is not the language of Sulla, but is thrown in 
 by Sallust to explain (militibus) proditis. § 141, Obs. 5, 1st. 
 
 4. Ccenatos esse, "To dispatch supper," lit., "to have supped." ' The 
 perfect infinitive, instead of the present, to express eagerness and haste : 
 
 ante eos, "before them," scil., on the road by which they had to 
 
 pass. 5. Fuere, qui dicerent, "Some said." § 141, Obs. 1. 
 
 CVII. — 1. Quanto sibi .... minus pepercissent, "The less they 
 
 spared themselves:" nudum et coscum corpus ad hostes vertere, "to 
 
 turn towards the enemy that part of the body which was unprotected 
 
 and without eyes," scil., to see and avoid approaching danger. 
 
 2. Tile, scil., Volux : orare ne ea crederet (dicens) nihil dolo factum 
 
 (esse). § 145, Obs. 5, 3d, Note. 3. Cui, "By whom." § 126, R. 
 
 xxxiii. 4# Neque haberet, "He (Jugurtha), did not have:" 
 
 ex suo patre, "on his (Volux' s) father:" i. e., Bocchus: — — credere, 
 "he (Volux) thought:" ilium, "that he" (Jugurtha). 
 
 5. Quare optimum factu videri, "Wherefore he (Volux) thought it 
 
 best," lit,, "the thing best to be done seemed to him to be:" per 
 
 media ejus castra, "through the midst of his (Jugurtha's) camp," — perhaps 
 
 made in two divisions, or in a very scattered manner : sese, " that 
 
 he himself" (Volux). 6. Ut in tali negotio, "As the matter stood " 
 
 — intimating that, in other circumstances, so hazardous a course would 
 not have been adopted. 7, Acciderant, "They had come upon him." 
 
 CVIII. — 1. Multum et familiariter agebat, "Was holding much 
 and friendly intercourse :" orator et subdole, &c, "as an ambas- 
 
.TUGURTHINE WAR. 257 
 
 sador, and (at the same time) craftily to spy out the designs of Bocchus. 
 
 § 148, 1 : impar, " inferior." 2. Quern, " This man,'' 
 
 namely Dabar : nuntiatum, " to tell him. § 148, 1 : ipse, 
 
 i. e., Sulla. 3. Consulta sese omnia, <fec, " That he was keeping 
 
 every subject of discussion with him untouched," i. e., he was deter- 
 mining nothing by himself, but leaving every thing to be settled in 
 
 conference with him — consulta, subs, conmltum. i, Neu Jugurtha, 
 
 <fec, " In order that the common business might be transacted (between 
 them) more freely, that he should disregard the ambassador of Jugur- 
 tha (whom he allowed at his court), for otherwise precaution could not 
 be taken against his intrigues." Bocchus here represents that the pre- 
 sence of the envoy of Jugurtha at his court need be no obstacle to the 
 free discussion of their common affairs, that he permitted his presence 
 as a matter of policy, to prevent suspicion on the part of Jugurtha. 
 Whereas if he were dismissed,_or not suffered to be present, his suspi- 
 cions would be awakened, and there would be constant trouble and 
 danger from his intrigues. In this sentence also the readings are vari- 
 ous, and the true meaning not well settled. 5. Magis Punica 
 
 fide, <fec, " More with treacherous intent, than for the reasons he pre- 
 tended, kept both the Eomans and Jugurtha amused with the hope of 
 peace." Punica fides is the same thing as mala fides, and a sort of 
 proverbial expression to denote treachery and perfidiousness — the 
 Carthaginians being regarded by the Romans as eminently perfidious 
 and deceitful. 6. Libidinem adversum nos, (fee, " That his inclina- 
 tion urged him against us — his fear pleaded in our favor." 
 
 CIX. — 1. Pauca locuturum, "That he would say but little:" 
 
 qua, sibi responderentur, "what answer should be made to him," 
 
 i. e., to Sulla by Bocchus, viz., in the presence of the envoy of Jugur- 
 tha. 2. Quasitum. § 148, 1 : pacem, i. e., num pacem. 
 
 § 140, 5, Note. 3. Ac (dicit) nihil, <fcc, " And (says) that as yet 
 
 he had decided on nothing:" ambo, i. e., Bocchus and Sulla. 
 
 4. Sanctus vir, et ex sententia ambobus, " A man of integrity, 
 
 and acceptable to both parties." 
 
 CX. — 1. Nunquam ego ratus su?n, " I never could have antici- 
 pated :" fore uti .... deberem. § 145, Obs. 6 : omnium, scil., 
 
 regum : privato homine. In the vocabulary of Bocchus, kings only 
 
 are public characters; hence he calls Sulla " a private man :" 
 
 orantibus, "at their request:" ultro, "of my own accord." — — - 
 
258 NOTES ON THE 
 
 2. Id imminutum, "That that (ability) is diminished" — quod refers to 
 
 this clause : fuerit mihi, " let it be my fortune." The subject of 
 
 fuerit is the following clause, eguisse, (fee, — it is in the perf. subjunc- 
 tive used concessively. § 45, III., 4: aliquando, "at last," i. e., 
 
 after so long a period of prosperity : id adeo experiri licet, " and 
 
 this too you may put to the test." 3. Nunquam tibi redditam gra- 
 
 tiam putaveris, " Never think the favor repaid to you " — putaveris is 
 
 used imperatively. § 45, III, 4 : integra, " unimpaired :" me 
 
 sciente, " if I know it." 4. Flagitiosum. § 98, Obs. 6 : cujus 
 
 curator, "whose agent." 5« Id omitto, "This (scil., meos fines 
 
 tutari) I now cease to do." By meos fines, he again alludes to his 
 claim to a part of the territory of Jugurtha as his. Ch. CII., ad fin. 
 
 CXI. — 1. Be communions rebus mxdtis (verbis), "Respecting the 
 
 public affairs, at great length," lit., "with, many words." 2* 
 
 Quod polliceatur, (fee Arrange, Senatum et populum Romanum, 
 quoniam valuissent amplius armis, non habituros (§ 98, Obs. 2.) in 
 gratiam (id) quod polliceatur — non habitiiros in gratiam, (fee, "Would 
 not consider as a favor that which he (Bocchus) promised," scil., in 
 
 the preceding chapter : quod illorum, (fee, " which might appear 
 
 to respect their interest more than his own." § 113, Exc. I. 3. Id 
 
 adeo in promptu esse, (fee, "That this indeed was an easy thing, since 
 
 he had Jugurtha in his power :" illi, " to him " (Bocchus) : 
 
 adventuram, agreeing with partem, the nearest substantive. § 98, Obs. 4. 
 
 4. Negitare, " Refused positively," — an uncommon but very 
 
 expressive word, after which supply dicens implied in it : affini- 
 
 tatem ; Jugurtha was his son-in-law, the relationship to which cogna- 
 tioncm refers, is not known — intervenisse refers chiefly to faedus, and to 
 
 affinitatem and cognationem only by Zeugma. § 150, 1, '2d: ne 
 
 .... averteret § 140, Obs. 6 : fiuxa fide usus, "if he used bad 
 
 faith :" lenitur, " he is softened down." 5. Ad simtclandam 
 
 pacem, (fee Arrange and supply, Constituunt (ea) qua visa (sunt) utilia 
 ad simulandam pacem (scil., cum Jugurtha), (fee 
 
 CXII. — 1. Sibi per Dabarem, (fee, "That he understood from Sulla 
 
 by means of Dabar:" conditionibus bellum poni, "that the war 
 
 could be brought to an end on (certain) conditions," i. e, without 
 
 making an unconditional surrender. 2. Cuncta edoctus, " Having 
 
 received full instructions :" sed Mario parum confidere, " but he 
 
 could not trust Marina :" conventam, " which had been agreed 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 259 
 
 upon." The passive of this verb is rare : frustra, an adverb aa 
 
 the predicate after ficisse. § 103, Obs. 2, ad fin. 3. Si ambobus 
 
 consultum, &c, " If he wished the interests of both to be provided for, 
 
 and a firm peace :" in potestatem habuisset (for in potentate, <fcc.), 
 
 "when he should have such a man in his power." The acc\isative 
 thus used after in with habere, however, expresses the twofold idea of 
 getting and keeping ; thus, in custodiam habitus, "put into prison and 
 kept there :" so here, "get into his power and keep in it." See other 
 
 examples, Andrews' Lexicon, habeo, C. 4. Neque hominem, &o. 
 
 Neqite = et non. Arrange and supply thus, Et hominem nobilem 
 (qui esset) in potentate hostium, non sua ignavia, sed ob rem publicum, 
 non (from neque) relicturum iri (ibi) : scil., in potestate hostium. 
 
 CXIIL— 1. Secum ipse, "With himself." § 98, Exc. 5: dolo 
 
 (i. e., num dolo, § 140, 5, Note) an vere cunctatus (sit), " whether he 
 
 delayed treacherously or sincerely :" ipsce sibi (= ipsis sibi) 
 
 adversce, " contradictory," lit., " opposed to themselves," i. e., to each 
 
 other. 2. Bcnigne habere, " He treated them kindly :" 
 
 secum ipse, as above: vidtu corporis, "in the expression of the 
 
 bodily features." Vultus (from volo " I wish ") means properly " the 
 expression," scil., of inward emotion, and hence " the countenance," 
 
 by which emotions are usually expressed. 3. Quae scilicet, tacente, 
 
 &c, " Which things (scil., those described in the first part of the sen- 
 tence), as could be seen, though he himself was silent, revealed the 
 secrets of his breast :" patefecisse here depends on scilicet = scire licet. 
 4. Ex ejus sententia, "In concert with him," lit, " according to his 
 opinion." 5. Insidiantibus, "By those lying in wait:" ut dic- 
 tum erat, " as had been appointed :" ex insidiis, " (by those) from 
 
 the ambuscade." The capture of Jugurtha took place b. c. 106, when 
 Marius was no longer consul, but remained in Africa as proconsul 
 during that and the following year, for the purpose of arranging and 
 settling the affairs of that province, which had fallen greatly into dis- 
 order. Bocchus received a part of western Numidia as far as the river 
 Ampsaga, and Nurnidia was divided between Hiempsal and Hiarbas, 
 two princes of the family of Massinissa. Sulla considered the taking 
 of Jugurtha to be an event so important to the state, and so glorious 
 to himself, that he had it engraved as a device on his sealing ring, and 
 thereby occasioned great offence to Marius. 
 
 CXIV. — 1. Per idem tempus, "About the same time," i. e., the 
 year after : Adversum Gallos, more properly Germanos. The 
 
260 NOTES ON THE JUGURTHINE WAR. 
 
 reference is to the Cimbri and Teutones, here called Gauls, probably 
 because before this they had been wandering about in Gaul in quest 
 
 of settlements : quo metu, " by the fear of which." 2. Illi- 
 
 que, <fec, " Both those Eomans (i. e., the Romans of that day) and from 
 
 that, down to our own time :" sic habuere, &c, " held this opinion, 
 
 that all other things were easy (practicable) to their bravery." 
 
 3. Consul absens f actus (est), "Was made consul in his absence." 
 This was a violation of the law, as no person was allowed to be a can- 
 didate unless present at the time ; and if he had been consul before, a 
 period of ten years must intervene. In both respects the law was dis- 
 pensed with in favor of Marius, now elected consul a second time, 
 
 which showed the high estimation in which he was then held. 
 
 i, Isque Kcdendis Januariis, <fcc, " And he as consul triumphed with 
 great glory on the Kalends of January," i. e., on the first of January, 
 
 the day on which the consul elect entered on his office. 5. Ea 
 
 tempestate, " At that time." These words are emphatic and in con- 
 trast with the time that followed, when the ambitious course of Marius 
 caused so much misery to the state, and led to a great change of senti- 
 ment respecting him. 
 
 The death of Jugurtha corresponded to his wicked and wretched 
 life. Being brought to Rome, he was exposed to the view and to the 
 insults of the Roman people, ^and dragged in chains to adorn the 
 triumph of Marius. He was afterwards thrust into a loathsome 
 dungeon, where, after lingering in extreme wretchedness for six days, 
 he died of hunger. 
 
NEW AND IMPKOVED 
 
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 analysis of sentences and models both of analysis and parsing. 
 
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 This work is upon the foundation of Adam's Latin Grammar, so long 
 and favorably known as a text-book, and combines with all that is excel- 
 lent in that work many important corrections and improvements suggest- 
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 VI.— JACOBS' LATIN READER. 
 
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 study of Latin classic authors. It begins with a series of simple and 
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 both to teacher and pupil ; the analogy and peculiarities of the different 
 languages being kept in view, will show what is common to all, or pecu- 
 liar to each ; the confusion and difficulty unnecessarily occasioned by the 
 use of elementary works, differing widely from each other in language 
 and structure, will be avoided ; and the progress of the student rendered 
 much more rapid, easy, and satisfactory. 
 
 No series of Grammars having this object in view, has heretofore been 
 prepared, and the advantages which they offer cannot be obtained in an 
 equal degree by the study of any other Grammars now in use. They 
 form a complete course of elementary books, in which the substance of 
 the latest and best Grammars in each language has been compressed into 
 a volume of convenient size, beautifully printed on superior paper, neatly 
 and strongly bound, and are put at the lowest prices at which they can 
 be afforded. 
 
The elementary works, intended to follow the Grammars, namely, the 
 Latin Reader, and the Greek Reader, are also on the same plan — are pre- 
 pared with special references to these works, and contain a course of 
 elementary insti uction so unique and simple, as to furnish great facilities 
 to the student in these languages. 
 
 BULLIONS' SEMES OF LATIN CLASSICS. 
 
 This series contains the following works, to which others, in course of 
 preparation, will soon be added, viz : 
 
 I.— CAESAR'S COMMENTARIES ON THE GALLIC WAR. 
 
 In this work, the plan of the Latin Reader is carried on throughout. 
 The same introduction on the Latin idioms is prefixed for convenience of 
 reference, and the same mode of reference to the grammar and introduc- 
 tion is continued. The Notes are neither too meagre nor too voluminous ; 
 they are intended not to do the work of the student for him, but to 
 direct and assist him in doing it himself. It is embellished with a beauti- 
 ful map of Gaul, and several wood-cuts representing the engines of war 
 used by the Romans. 
 
 II.— CICERO'S SELECT ORATIONS, 
 
 "With notes, critical and explanatory; adapted to Bullions' Latin 
 Grammar, and also to the Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard. This 
 selection contains the four orations against Catiline. — The oration for the 
 Poet Archias, — for Marcellus, — for Q. Ligarius, — for king Deiotarus, — for 
 the Manilian law, — and for Milo. The notes are more extended than 
 those in Caesar's Commentaries, especially in historical and archaeological 
 notices, necessary to explain the allusions to persons and events in which 
 the orations abound, a knowledge of which is indispensable to a proper 
 understanding of the subject, and to enable the student to keep in view 
 the train of argument pursued. — In other respects, the proper medium 
 between too much, and too little assistance has been studied, and constant 
 reference made to the Grammar, for the explanation of uncommon 01 
 difficult constructions. 
 
 In preparation, and will soon be published, 
 
 III.— SALLUST'S CATILINE AND JUGURTHA, 
 
 On the same plan. 
 
 Published also by the same — 
 
 THE WORKS OF VIRGIL, with copious notes, <tc, and also a table 
 of reference ; by Rev. J. G. CoorEK, A. M. 
 
 
SERIES OF ARITHMETICS. 
 
 1. SCHELL'S INTRODUCTORY LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC.— 
 Tliis work is peculiarly adapted to the wants of beginners. The language 
 is simple, the definitions clear, the examples easy, and the transition from 
 subjects gradual and natural. Each succeeding page furnishes a new 
 lesson, and each lesson contains four distinct kinds of Exercise ; giving a 
 greater, more pleasing, and useful variety than will be found elsewhere 
 in any work of the kind. 
 
 2. INTELLECTUAL AND PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC; or, First 
 
 Lessons in Arithmetical Analysis, intended as an introduction to Dodd's 
 Arithmetic. By J. L. Enos, Graduate of the N. Y. State Normal School. 
 
 3. ELEMENTARY AND PRACTICAL ARITHMETIC, by James B. 
 Dodd, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Transyl- 
 vania University, Lexington, Kentucky. — This is a work of superior merit. 
 The arrangement is natural, the system complete, and the nomenclature 
 greatly improved. It is admirably adapted to the purposes of instruction 
 by its clear and concise statement of principles, the brevity and compre- 
 hensiveness of its rules, and the excellent and thorough quality of intel- 
 lectual discipline which it affords. 
 
 Professor Dodd is now preparing a more advanced Arithmetic for the 
 accommodation of those who desire a fuller course. Also an Algebra. 
 
 These three Arithmetics have been prepared by teachers of great prac- 
 tical experience — each of them eminent in that department of instruction, 
 for which his work is designed. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC SERIES. 
 
 This valuable series for the use of schools embraces the following au- 
 thors and subjects : 
 
 1. Comstock's Series of Books of the Sciences, viz.: 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, for children. 
 SYSTEM OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, revised and enlarged. 
 NEW ELEMENTS OF CHEMISTRY. 
 THE YOUNG BOTANIST, for beginners, with cuts. 
 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY with 
 cuts. 
 
OUTLINES OF PHYSIOLOGY, both comparative and human. 
 
 (NEW) ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF MINERALOGY. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY OF BEASTS AND BIRDS, showing their com- 
 parative size, and containing anecdotes illustrating their habits and 
 instincts. 
 
 The immense sale of Dr. Comstock's books, renders it probable that 
 they are familiar to most teachers. They are so admirably adapted to 
 the school-room, that the " Philosophy" has been republished in several 
 European countries. Revised editions of several of these works hav« 
 been recently issued, including late discoveries and improvements. 
 
 Comstock's Natural Philosophy having been carefully examined by 
 the Edinburgh and London Editors, previous to its republication in 
 these cities, all the corrections or additions which they found it advisable 
 to make have been incorporated in the original work — so far as they 
 were ascertained to be judicious and adapted to our system of instruc- 
 tion. This philosophy now appears as in reality the work of three accom- 
 plished authors, endorsed and sanctioned by the great majority of Amer- 
 ican teachers, as well as those of England, Scotland and Prussia. Tht 
 Chemistry has been entirely revised, and contains all the late discoveries, 
 together with the methods of analyzing minerals and metals. 
 
 2. BROCKLESBY'S ELEMENTS OF METEOROLOGY, with ques- 
 tions for Examination, designed for Schools and Academies. Of thia 
 work, Prof. Olmstead, of Yale College, says: — "No natural science is 
 more instructive, more attractive, and more practically useful, than Me- 
 teorology, treated as you have treated it; where the philosophical ex- 
 planations of the various phenomena of the atmosphere are founded 
 upon an extensive induction of facts. This science is more particularly 
 interesting to the young, because it explains so many tilings that are 
 daily occurring around them, and it thus inspires a taste for philosophical 
 observation, and what is more, for philosophical reasoning. I think it 
 cannot fail to be received as a valuable addition to our Text Books." 
 
 3. BROCKLESBY'S VIEWS OF THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD— 
 
 An elegantly illustrated work, exhibiting a variety of insects, animal- 
 cules, sections of wood, crystalizations, <fcc, as they appear when highly 
 magnified. This is one of the most interesting and useful books for 
 Family and School Libraries ever published. It is the only distinct trea- 
 tise on the subject, is admirably prepared for the use of classes, and 
 should be extensively taught in our schools. 
 
 4. WHITLOCK'S GEOMETRY AND SURVEYING.— This is a 
 highly original work : combining, in a connected and available form, 
 such analogous features of Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry, as are ap- 
 propriate to the subject, and will be found useful in the practical duties 
 of life: giving the pupil, in a comparatively brief course of study, not 
 only a full and close knowledge of his subject, but a comprehensive view 
 of Mathematical Science. 
 
This woi'k is well spoken of universally, and is already in use in 
 eome of the best institutions in this country. It is recommended by Prof. 
 Pierce of Cambridge, Prof. Smith of Middletown, Prof. Dodd of Lexing 
 ton, and many other eminent mathematicians. 
 
 OLNEY'S GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. 
 
 1. OLNEY'S OUTLINE MAPS, AND PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY.— 
 
 These works are intended for young pupils and form an appropriate in 
 troduction to the larger works. 
 
 2. OLNEY'S QUARTO GEOGRAPHY.— The Maps in this work con- 
 tain but little besides what the pupil is required to learn, consequently it 
 facilitates the progress of the pupil, and saves labor on the part of the 
 teacher. This Geography was prepared at the suggestion of many of the 
 teachers, and is already extensively introduced from 'preference. Few 
 books have proved so uniformly acceptable for common schools. Its sta- 
 tistical information is very valuable. 
 
 3. OLNEY'S SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS.— This world 
 renowned book is not behind any of its competitors, in point of execution 
 and accuracy. The Atlas is probably superior to any other, and contains 
 a Map of the World as known to the Ancients, besides numerous impor- 
 tant tables. The whole work is as complete and correct as a new book, 
 and will continue to maintain its character, though alterations will On) 
 avoided as far as possible. 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S SERIES. 
 
 BENTLEY'S PICTORIAL SPELLING BOOK.— A beautifully illustrates 
 and highly attractive book for children. 
 
 GALLAUDET'S ILLUSTRATIVE DEFINER.— The best book for teach 
 ing the right use of words, and the art of composition. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S PRIMER, by J. S. Denman; being on a plan some 
 what new, this Primer has obtained great popularity. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S SPEAKER, for young pupils. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S SPELLING BOOK, on the Analytical plan, by the 
 author of the "Student's Primer." This new and greatly improved 
 text-book is just published, and destined, when known, to supersede 
 all others, in public favor. Its classification of words and arrangement 
 
of tables are such, that, "by learning to spell and define five thousand 
 words, the pupil will obtain a knowledge of the spelling and significa- 
 tion of about fifteen thousand." This feature alone makes it two hun- 
 dred per cent cheaper, at the same price, than any other Spelling Book 
 now in use. 
 
 A set of Readers by the author of the Student's Series is now in 
 oourse of publication, which will much enhance the present great popu 
 larity of this series. 
 
 The publications of P., "W. & Co. are well printed, neatly and sub- 
 stantially bound, are furnished at low prices, and for sale by Booksellers 
 generally. 
 
 All visiting New- York, interested in the Book trade or Schools, are 
 requested to call on the publishers, who keep constantly on hand the 
 largest variety of School, Classical, and Miscellaneous Books, Pens, Ink, 
 Biank Books, Memorandums, Paper, Folders, Bibles, &c, <fcc, especially 
 adapted to the country trade. 
 
 PRATT, WOODFORD & CO. 
 
 No. 4- CoURTLANDT-ST., N. T. 
 
 
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