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 THE CLiriATE OF HAINE. 
 
 BY 
 
 GUY HINSDALE, H.D.. 
 
 OF PHILADBLPHIA. 
 
 Y 
 
 rxoM 
 THE MBDICAL NBWS. 
 
 New York, 
 novbmbbk 15, z903. 
 
[Reprinted from The Medical News, Nov. 15, 1902.] 
 
 THE CLIMATE OF MAINE.* 
 
 BY GUY HINSDALE, M.D., 
 
 OF PHILADELPHIA; 
 SECRETARY OF THE AMERICAN CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION; COR- 
 RESPONDING FELLOW OF THE BRITISH BALNEOLOGICAL 
 AND CLIMATOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 The State of Maine is the largest and, from a 
 climatic standpoint, the most interesting State in 
 New England. The single county of Aroostook 
 is larger than the State of Connecticut and but 
 slightly smaller than Massachusetts. Vast areas 
 of Maine are wild and* uninhabited. In the in- 
 terior there are 1,700 beautiful lakes, many of 
 them at an elevation of more than 1,000 feet. 
 
 Feet above 
 sea-level. 
 
 •Rangeley 1,513 
 
 Mooselucmagnntic 1,486 
 
 Richardson 1,456 
 
 Umbagog 1,256 
 
 Long Pond 1,094 
 
 Attean 1,094 
 
 Wood 1,094 
 
 Moosehead 1,023 
 
 The Penohscot, Kennebec, Piscataqua, Allagash 
 and St. John Rivers, rising in the mountains of 
 Maine, penetrate the State in all directions. Ka- 
 tahdin is the highest mountain, attaining a height 
 of 5,385 feet. 
 
 Maine abounds in spruce, hemlock and white 
 pine; and the lumber interests have been a great 
 source of wealth. The soil is sandy. The coast 
 is noteworthy for its innumerable indentations, 
 with harbors protected by headlands and out- 
 
 * Read before the Section on General Medicine, New York Acad- 
 emy of Medicine, being a part of a symposium on Summer Cli- 
 mates and Climatotherapy. 
 
lying islands, so that it is admirably adapted for 
 maritime pursuits. The shore-line, if extended 
 in one direction, would stretch for 3,000 miles. 
 The coast is rocky and picturesque. The bays 
 are deep and afford safe anchorage. The islands 
 off the coast are especially noteworthy. Among 
 them, beginning with Campobello and Grand 
 Manan, which are British possessions, although 
 almost within our territory, may be named 
 Mount Desert, Deer Isle, Isleboro, Isle au Haut, 
 Vinal Haven and North Vinal Haven, Monhegan, 
 Squirrel Island, and the islands of Casco Bay. 
 
 The harbors of note are Passamaquoddy Bay, 
 Machias Bay, Frenchman's Bay, Penobscot Bay, 
 Booth Bay, Portland Harbor and Casco Bay, in- 
 cluding the waters between Portland and Harps- 
 well; Biddeford, Cape Porpoise, York Harbor 
 and Kittery. 
 
 Climate. — The climate of Maine is cold 
 and stimulating, and is noted for its severity. 
 On the coast the diurnal range of temperature is 
 small, and the annual range is from 98° F. at 
 Belfast to 109° F. at Portland. The maxima are 
 94° F. at Bar Harbor ; 90° F. at Belfast ; Eastport, 
 88° F. ; Gardiner, 97° F. ; Portland, 97° F. The 
 minima are: Bar Harbor, 10° F. ; Eastport, 12° 
 F.; Portland, 12° F.; Gardiner, 13° F. The 
 mean daily range is from 15 to 17° F. 
 
 The cold in winter is penetrating. In the 
 summer there is a corresponding advantage, in 
 that the prevailing breezes are always cool; and, 
 as the shore-line is so nearly easterly, the south- 
 erly and southwesterly breezes come from the 
 water. The sea-breeze is an interesting feature 
 of the coast, and on it depends much of the pleas- 
 ure of summer life. It usually begins at about 
 9 or 10 A.M., and lasts until 4 or 5 o'clock P.M. 
 It lowers the temperature as it penetrates the in- 
 terior. It is more distinct on warm, clear, quiet 
 
days, and is absent on cool, cloudy and rainy days, 
 and on days with strong winds in any direction. 
 The rate of the sea-breeze is from lo to 15 miles 
 an hour, and it produces a very agreeable depres- 
 sion of temperature on the coast ; but this depres- 
 sion is not carried inland as far as its wind 
 extends. 
 
 The mean minimum and the mean maximum 
 temperature for July and August are given in 
 the following table for nine stations in Maine. 
 Gardiner and Lewiston are about thirty miles in- 
 land ; Orono and Fairfield are 40 miles inland, 
 and the other stations are on the coast. 
 
 Temperature F. 
 
 Mean Minimum. Mean Maximum. Annual 
 
 July Aug. July Aug. 
 
 Eastport 54 54.4 67.4 66.3 41 -3 
 
 Calais 56.5 55- 75-2 74-3 
 
 Bar Harbor ...56.3 55-3 74- 73- 
 
 Sorrento 54.5 53-5 72.8 72.2 
 
 Lewiston 60.7 56.3 75.7 74.7 
 
 Gardiner 59.5 75.6 43.8 
 
 Portland 59.6 57. 73.1 72.2 
 
 Fairfield 54-4 51-4 78.1 75-2 
 
 Orono 58.2 55.8 74. 74.6 42.1 
 
 The mean summer temperature for the north- 
 ern third of the State is precisely the same as 
 for the southern two-thirds; namely, 62.19° F. 
 
 The yearly movement of wind is the same as 
 that of New Haven, Conn., and a trifle less than 
 at New York — or about 72,000 miles a year. It 
 is about 25 per cent, less than at Boston and Nan- 
 tucket, and about half that of Block Island. The 
 annual precipitation averages 49.69 inches at 
 Eastport, 45 inches at Gardiner, 41 inches at 
 Portland. The mean summer rainfall of the 
 State is 11. 13 inches. 
 
 There is considerable difference in the precipi- 
 tation of moisture between the northern wd 
 
4 
 
 southern slopes — the mean annual fall on the for- 
 mer being 36.71 niches and on the latter 43.56 
 inches. 
 
 Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Maine. — There has 
 been a noteworthy and uninterrupted diminution 
 of the number of deaths from pulmonary tuber- 
 culosis in Maine during the last 10 years. The 
 annual number of deaths from this disease has 
 fallen in that time from 1,352 to 1,015. This is 
 a decrease of from 20.24 to 14.69 per 10,000 of 
 population.^ 
 
 In 1899 consumption had fallen from second 
 place in 1897 to fourth place on the list of fatal 
 diseases, being exceeded by Brain disease, Pneu- 
 monia, and Heart disease. Consumption death- 
 rate per 10,000 : 
 
 Maritime Counties. Interior Counties. 
 
 Washington 18.82 Aroostook 13.75 
 
 Hancock 15-84 Penobscot 14.62 
 
 Waldo 20.37 Kennebec 14-94 
 
 Knox 12.13 Piscataquis ........ .11.86 
 
 Lincoln 15-07 Somerset 13-64 
 
 Sagadahoc 8.89 Franklin 15.30 
 
 Cumberland 16.55 Oxford .11.82 
 
 York 13.45 Androscoggin 13.22 
 
 Average I5-I4 Average 1364 
 
 An analysis of the deaths from pneumonia 
 shows that the mortality from this disease aver- 
 ages precisely the same in the interior counties 
 is in the maritime counties. Aroostook and Wash- 
 ington counties have the least, while Somerset 
 and Cumberland counties have the most. Infan- 
 tile diarrhea is more common in the interior coun- 
 ties than on the seaboard. 
 
 * This is attributed to the fact thit the people " are understand 
 ing more and more clearly the significance of the fact that con 
 sumption is a preventable disease and should be prevented." A 
 circular on the prevention of consumption has been widely circula- 
 ted in Maine for the past ten years and is a part of a campaign of 
 education for the prevention of disease. 
 
The interior counties of Maine are interesting 
 to us chiefly for the wonderful opportunities for 
 camping and hunting expeditions. Aroostook 
 County affords these to perfection, and may be 
 visited from the time the ice goes out of the lakes 
 until December 15, when the hunting season is 
 over. Toward the end of May notice is sent to 
 the Associated Press that the ice has left Moose- 
 head Lake. One day the lake is covered with 
 porous ice ; the next, a strong wind may start the 
 break-up, and in a few hours the lake is clear and 
 the season for trout-fishing opens. Up to about 
 the middle of June the fish take live bait or 
 worms; cilter that, the fly. In Ji-fly the brook- 
 fishing affords better sport. There are also some 
 landlocked salmon in Moosehead Lake, and in the 
 Moose and Kennebec rivers. Sea-salmon run up 
 the Penobscot and from its east branch up the 
 Wissataquoik, around the north spur of Katah- 
 din. In Northern Maine salmon come up the 
 Aroostock River from the St. John. They are 
 more difficult to take than landlocked salmon. 
 
 Some idea of the magnitude of Maine as a 
 Iiunting-ground may be gathered from the fact 
 that during 1900 it was estimated that not less 
 than 10,000 sportsmen visited the State, and com- 
 petent judges estimated that within its borders 
 not less than 15,000 deer were killed. The Ban- 
 gor and Aroostook Railroad in that year carried 
 3,379 deer and 210 moose, besides bears and 
 other game. In three years 10,000 deer were 
 shipped by this road alone. These figures are 
 from records kept by station-agents, and do not 
 include deer killed by native hunters or the large 
 quantity consumed in camps. Washington 
 County is also a great hunting-ground, and is be- 
 lieved to contain more bears than all others parts 
 of the State. Aloose, deer and fish also abound 
 liere, and the various stations on the Washington 
 
County Railroad may be reached in about i6 or 
 1 8 hours from Boston. 
 
 The game-laws' of Alame are strict. Non- 
 resident sportsmen must be accompanied by a reg- 
 istered guide. i he penalty for killing more 
 than one moose is a fine of not less than $500 nor 
 more than $1,000, or imprisonment for not more 
 than four months. The penalty for killing a 
 deer illegally is $40. No one may kill more than 
 two in a season. Trout may be taken from the 
 time the ice leaves until September 15. 
 
 The best bass-fishing in the United States is 
 found in Great and Long ponds, near Belgrade 
 Mills, five hours from Boston, about half-way 
 between Augusta and Farmington. The best 
 trout-fishing in the United States is in the 
 Rangeley Lakes in southwestern Maine. These 
 are reached in about eight hours from Boston, 
 via Portland and Rumford Falls, and they afford 
 ideal sites for camps. As a proof of the remark- 
 able trout caught in these waters I may mention 
 the fact that a brook-trout weighing 11 pounds, 
 28^ inches long and having a girth of 16%. 
 inches was caught in Lake Mooselucmaguntic by 
 my uncle, the late Dr. Charles Haddock, of Bev- 
 erly, Mass. There is no other place in the 
 United States or Canada, so far as I know, 
 where square-tailed trout of this size may be 
 taken. 
 
 Birds are not common in the Maine woods. 
 Evergreen forests do not afford attractive nour- 
 ishment for them, but in the southwestern por- 
 tion grouse are found. 
 
 When it is considered that almost the entire 
 State has become a pleasure park; that during 
 the "heated season" nearly every section has its 
 quota of visitors from beyond the limits of the 
 State; that the woods and lakes, as well as hills 
 and shores, are visited by thousands whose tem- 
 
7 
 
 porary habitations are camps and tents, and whose 
 names are not found upon the registers of large 
 and fashionable hotels; that the pursuit of game 
 and fish by this class of visitors has furnished, 
 during the past season, remunerative employment 
 to 1,316 registered guides, the enormous extent 
 of the summer-tourist business of Maine can be 
 understood and appreciated, and justifies the 
 claims of well-informed authorities that more 
 than 200,000 visitors and $10,000,000 have been 
 brought into the State during the past season 
 through the attractions of its summer resorts.'''' 
 
 Tlie Islands. — Campobello (latitude 44° 57' 
 north), just beyond the border of the United 
 States, is a picturesque island in Passamaquoddy 
 Bay, 70 miles northeast of Mount Desert, and 
 three miles from Eastport. It is a favorite sum- 
 mer resort and has a cool and bracing climate. 
 
 Washington County, the easternmost part of 
 Maine, abounds in hunting and fishing camps. 
 There are hundreds of streams abounding in 
 trout and salmon, and deer are frequently seen. 
 Always cool in summer, it is a region of intense 
 cold during the winter. The air is sharp and in- 
 vigorating. The principal camps are at Cherry- 
 field, Columbia Falls, Machias, East Machias, 
 and Franklin. These camps have a capacity of 
 from 10 to 15 guests, and the rates charged are, 
 as a rule, one dollar a day. Further information 
 as to camps and guides can be obtained from the 
 Game Warden of Washington County, or from 
 H. F. Dowst, Calais, Maine. 
 
 Mount Desert Island lies close to the north- 
 eastern end of the Maine coast. Its coast is 
 rocky and indented by numerous bays. The cli- 
 mate is invigorating, cool, with abundant rain and 
 occasional fog. The air is too chilly and damp 
 
 * Report of the Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics for 1897. 
 p. 67. 
 
even in summer for very delicate persons or those 
 suffering from pulmonary or catarrhal affections. 
 It is suitable in neurasthenia, insomnia, convales- 
 ence from chronic illness, and for recuperation 
 from general nervous and mental fatigue. Al- 
 though Mount Desert is not over i6 miles in 
 diameter, it possesses 13 mountains and 13 lakes. 
 Green Mountain, the highest summit, has an alti- 
 tude of 1,500 feet. The principal harbors are 
 Bar Harbor, Northeast Harbor, Southwest Har- 
 bor and Seal Harbor. These are all popular re- 
 sorts for three or four months in the year. Bar 
 Harbor attracts most visiters and is the most 
 fashionable resort, but the others have superior 
 natural advantages and are far less expensive for 
 visitors. Bar Harbor his six hotels and a large 
 iiumber of cottages. The latter rent for from 
 $600 to $5,000 for the season. 
 
 Frenchman's Bay, lying north of Mount Des- 
 ert Island, is about eight miles broad, and is an 
 occasional anchorage for warships. 
 
 Winter Harbor is reached 7'ia Bar Harbor, and 
 has an attractive, well-kept hotel on Grindstone 
 Neck, a portion of the mainland. There is a 
 superior club-house, and the harbor affords good 
 anchorage. 
 
 Castine is a quiet, picturesque summer resort 
 at the head of Penobscot Bay. It has a cool, 
 stimulating climate and affords excellent oppor- 
 tunities for sailing. The accommodations are 
 rather primitive, and access is by steamer from 
 Portland, Belfast or Bangor. Islesboro is in 
 many respects one of the most desirable resorts 
 on the coast. The southern end of the island is 
 controlled by a company which has built a large 
 inn and has secured the support of gentlemen in 
 Philadelphia, New York and Boston in erecting 
 some of the most beautiful summer residences on 
 
the coast. Isle au Haut, Camden, Rockland and 
 the islands near Bath are also well-known resorts. 
 
 Near Portland there are numerous islands 
 which support a large summer population. As a 
 rule the accommodations are very moderate and 
 unpretentious. Orr's Island and Bailey's Island 
 are among the most desirable. 
 
 Old Orchard Beach has lapsed from its former 
 prestige and, although largely visited in July and 
 August, does not appeal to those who seek quiet, 
 and at the same time choice surroundings. 
 
 Kennebunkport is one of the best places on the 
 Maine coast for summer residence. It is pre- 
 eminently cool, free from fog and full of natural 
 attractions. There are nearly lOO cottages and a 
 few moderate-sized hotels where visitors may be 
 made very comfortable. The average temper- 
 ature during July, 1900, was 67.2° F. at 8 A.M.; 
 71.7° F. at 2 P.M., and 67.2° F. at 8 P.M.; in 
 August, at 5 A.M., 60.2° F. ; 8 A.M., 66° F.; 2 
 P.M., 69.5° F. ; 8 P.M., 64.4° F. Situated about 
 25 miles south of Portland, it is much more acces- 
 sible than the resorts further east, and the water 
 is warmer and excellent for sea-bathing. The 
 temperature of the water ranges from 57° to 
 67° F. during the summer, averaging 62° in 
 July, 61° in August and about 60° in September. 
 
 York Harbor is an attractive old town with a 
 summer colony of moderate proportions. 
 
 The mineral springs of Maine deserve mention. 
 The most famous locality of these is Poland 
 Springs. There is probably no mineral water in 
 the United States that has a wider sale. It is a 
 pure, palatable, diuretic water containing 3.67 
 grains of solids per gallon, the principal ingredi- 
 ent being silica. The resort is open winter and 
 summer and the water is shipped all over the 
 United States. 
 
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