J," ^n <^^ * r/ ^^'-^--^ ^TO^. /'"\ -.^^Z .,*"*. '^fw.' , qV ^ " • ^ "^ ^oV^ <^^^^ % A DICTIONAEl r OF ^DOCATIOML BlOGRiPH! GlVrXU MOKE THAN FOUR HUNDRED PORTRAITS AND SKETCHES OF PERSONS PROMINENT IN EDUCATIONAL WORK PY C _ W . BARD KDITOK Ol' Till-: SCHOOL HLLLirriN N SYRACUSE, N, Y. (". W. BARDEEX, PUBLISHER 1901 Copyright. 190L by C. W. Haudken THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copies Received APR. 24 1901 COPVRWHT ENTRy COPY B. LJ\ ■•> PREFACE I began collecting these portraits some twenty years ago, and since then liave searched most of the print-shops in the prin- cipal cities of this country and of Europe, and examined most of the catalogues of dealers and of auction-sales. Such a col- lection can never be complete, and this lacks some important names ; for instance I have been unable to find authentic por- traits of Alcuin, of Ratich, and of Mulcaster. But most of the great names are here, and it is likel}^ to be some time be- fore a more comprehensive collection of the kind is published. For many of the portraits of mathematicians I am under obligation to Prof. Daniel Eugene Smith, of the Teachers col- lege, who put his fine collection at my disposal. Where duplicate portraits are given they are usually suc- cessive, as of Bancroft (page 158) and of Henry Barnard (page 190); or confirmatory as of Francke (page 69), of Humboldt (page 110), and of Froebel (pages 122 and 123). In the case of Pestalozzi I have given, besides the usual portrait (page 1)5, to the right) and a more conventional portrait (page 94), the squalid portrait from Biber's life (page 95) ; though Wil- liam Woodbridge says in the Annals of Education (i.597): " We regret that the portrait should present us with the mere remains of Pestalozzi. We are so fortunate to possess a better one, whose correctness we have knoAvn from personal inter- course with this amiable man." (iii) iv Pkeeace In tlie case of living persons it has of course been difficult to make selection. No one will look over the list without de- tecting what seem to him omissions. But it was necessary to fix some limit, and I have given those whose work seemed especially important and ty])ical, and whose names are frequent in the news of the day. The form of sketches was adopted for use in the Teachers Calendar, published for several years past as a supplement to the School Bulletin, and giving each month portraits and sketches of six educators whose birthdays come during the month. The sketches are brief, but will be found to contain a good manv facts, and an aljundance of dates, whic-li form the anatomy of biography. A first attempt at a compilation of this kind must neces- sarily show crudeness and incompleteness, and it is one of the expectations of the compiler that the work he has done here will some time help another man to make a better book. Sykacusk, March 21, IIM)] CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 1000? 640 620? 582 550 540? 470 460 436 429 384 342 300 287 1/106 98 3 A. D. 121 130 742 ? 1225 1320 1466 1467 PAGE Zoroaster, 17 Thales 18 ^Esop 18 Pythagoras 19 Confucius 20 Aristicles 21 Socrates 22 Hippocrates 21 Isocrates 22 Plato 23 Demosthenes 24 Aristotle 25 Epicurus 26 Zeno 26 Euclid 27 Archimedes 27 Cicero 28 Lucretius 29 Seneca 30 Marcus Aurelius 30 Galen 31 Charlemagne 3j2 Leonardo of Pisa. . ..33 St. Thos. Aquinas... 33 Wychf 34 Colet 34 Erasmus 35 7)at( of llirlh A. D. PAGE 1473 Copernicus 36 1483 Martin Luther 37 1490? Rabelais. -. 38 1491 Loyola 39 1492 Vives 40 Agricola 41 1497 Melanchthon 41 1499 Thomas Platter 42 1501 Cardauo 43 1505 John Knox 44 1506 St. Francis Xavier.. 46 1507 Sturm 45 1509 Calvin 46 1515 Ascham 47 1533 Montaigne 48 1540 Ludolf von Ceulcn.49 1543 Aquaviva 49 1546 Tycho Brahe 50 1550 John Naj)ier 51 1560 Arminius 51 1561 Bacon 52 1564 Galileo 53 1571 Kepler 53 1576 St. Vincent de Paul. 54 1578 William Harvey... .55 1585 Jansen 56 1 589 Bignon 56 1592 Comenius 57 a) Chronological Index Date of Birth PAGE 1596 Descartes 58 1601 Fermat 58 1608 Milton 59 1612 Arnauld 60 1623 Pascal 60 1626 Mme d e Se vigue .... 6 1 1627 Bossuet 61 1632 Locke 62 Spinoza 63 1642 Newton 64 1646 Leibnitz 65 1651 Fenelon QQ St. De La Salle 67 1661 Rollin 68 1663 Francke 69 1667 Bernouilli 70 1 6 6 9 Christian Wolff 71 1682 Nicho'sSaunderson.71 1685 Bishop Berkeley 72 1696 Sam'l Johnson 72 Lord Kames 73 1698 Colin Maclauren....73 1703 Jonathan Edwards.74 1706 Benj. Franklin 75 1707 Linnaeus 76 Euler 76 1710? Dilworth 77 1710 JohnLovell 77 1711 Hume 78 Eleazar Wheelock...78 1712 Rousseau 79 de I'Epee 80 1713 Clairaut 80 1714 d'Alembert 81 Date of Birth 1715 1722 1723 1727 1733 1736 1737 1738 1740 1741 1743 1744 1745 1746 1749 1750 1752 1753 1754 1758 PAOE Gellert 82 Witherspoon 82 Basedow 83 Adam Smith 84 Kant 84 Wm. Sam'l Johnson. 85 Ezra Stiles 85 Priestley 86 Lagrange 86 Myles Cooper 87 James Manning 87 Wm. Herschel 88 Oberlin 89 Mrs. Trimmer 88 Samuel Kirkland. . .89 Lavater 90 Jefferson 90 Lavoisier 91 Condorcet 91 Dalzell 92 R. Edgeworth 92 Hannah More 93 Lindley Murray 93 Pestalozzi 94 Monge 96 Mme. de Geulis 96 Campe 98 Laplace 97 Girard 99 Legendre 97 Timothy Dwight..-.99 Andrew Bell 100 Niemeyer 101 de Sacv 102 Chronological Index Date of PAGE Birth Porson 102 1786 Fichte 103 Jean Paul Richter. 103 1787 James Kent 104 S. Van Rensselaer. 105 Maria Edgeworth.. 106 1788 J. Quincy Adams. .107 James Wadsworth. 107 E. D. Clarke 108 Tobler 108 1789 Cuvier 109 A. von Humboldt. 110 De Witt Clinton... Ill 1790 Henry Davis Ill Jacotot 112 Fellenberg 113 1791 Ebenezer Porter... 114 Eliphalet Nott 114 John Griscom 115 Jeremiah Day 115 Edward Baines....ll6 1792 George Birkbeck...ll6 Herbart 117 Spurzheim 118 Davy 118 Lancaster 119 Schimmelpennick.120 1793 Brougham 1 20 Audubon 121 Froebel ...122 1794 von Raumer 124 Gideon Hawley...l25 Arago 126 Nathan Guilford.. .126 PAGE Verplanck 127 Greenleaf 127 Gallaudet 128 Jesse Torrey, jr... .129 Emma Willard....l29 Abig'l Hassel tine.. 130 Sir Wm. Hamilton. 131 George Combe 131 Schopenhauer 132 Mrs. A. H. Judson.130 Cauchy 132 John Farmer 133 Cyrus Peirce 133 A.C. Flagg 134 Diesterweg 135 Denison Olmsted.. 134 Faraday 135 S. F.B.Morse 136 Peter Cooper 136 Beck 137 Cousin 138 Frere Philippe 138 Wilbur Fisk 139 Lowell Mason 139 Thaddeus Stevens. 140 Mrs. Phelps 140 Warren Colburn ... 141 Gideon F.Thayer. 141 David Stow 142 Edward Everett... 143 W. R. Johnson 143 Elias Cornelius. ... 1 44 H. P. Peet 144 James G. Carter... 145 Chronological Index Date of Birth 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 PAGE Ebenezer Bailey... 146 Wm. B. Fowle 146 George Peabody . . .147 Whewell .^ 148 Sir Rowland Hill.. 148 Thomas Arnold....l49 James Harper 149 Horace Mann 150 Francis Wa viand.. 151 Lyell \ 151 Mary Lyon 152 Geo. B. Emerson. ..152 Samuel J. May 153 Charles Anthon .... 1 53 D. D. Barnard....: 154 Gen. Dix 154 Duhamel 155 Michelet 155 Wm. Russell 156 Charles Davies 156 Wm. A. Alcott 157 A. B. Alcott 157 Samuel Lewis 158 Geo. Bancroft 158 E. C. Benedict 159 S. B. Woolworth...l59 Wm. Ellis 160 Alonzo Potter 160 Marshall Conant...l61 T. I). Woolsey 161 John Kingsbury... 162 S. G. Howe ■^...162 Simeon North 163 Tayler Lewis 163 Date of Birth 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 PAGE Calvin E. Stowe...l64 Hugh Miller 165 Thomas Guthrie.... 165 Mark Hopkins 166 E. Ryerson 167 Jacob Abbott 168 E. Leaven worth ... 1 6 8 Frederic Hill 169 Richard Owen 169 E. P. Peabody 170 Tillinghast 170 Dilla way 171 Rob't Rantoul, jr..l71 H. P. Tappan 172 Th. Burro wes 172 F. D. Maurice 173 G. A. Deuison 173 DeMorgan. 174 J. S.Mill 175 E. C. Wines 176 J. P. Fairbanks... 176 Ezra Cornell 177 Joseph A Id en 177 S. H. Taylor 178 Mary Carpenter ... 1 7 9 Joseph Payne 179 Agassiz 180 Guyot 180 Schreber 181 B'rancis D wight. ..182 S. S.Randall 183 F. A. P. Barnard.. 184 Blackie 185 Darwin 186 Chronological Index PAGE D. P.Page 187 J. S. Hart 188 Samuel Clark 188 Asa Gray 189 Henry Barnard ... 1 90 Sarmiento 192 James McCosli 193 J. W. Draper 193 J. V. S. L. Pruyn.194 Elias Loomis 194 W. R. Grove 195 Seguin 196 C. H. Anthony.... 196 J. W. Armstrong.. 197 Jas. N. McElligott.197 James D. Dana.... 198 Marcius Willson...l98 Wm. B. Carpenter. 199 Isaac Pitman 199 MissShirrefF 200 J.J.Sylvester 200 M. B. Anderson... 201 Myrtilla Miner 201 A. D. Lord 202 Mary Mortimer .... 203 Noah T. Clarke... 203 Benjamin Jowett..204 Alexander Bain... 205 Henry Drisler 206 Maria Mitchell 206 Victor M. Rice 207 Ebenezer Dodge.. ..208 F. D. Huntington. 208 Wm. E. Forster....209 Bate of Birtli 1819 1820 1821 1822 182J 1824 1825 1827 PAGE John Ruskin 209 Chas. Kiugsley....210 JohnTyndall 210 Herbert Spencer... 211 Charles T. Pooler.. 212 Edward North 212 H. B. Wilbur 213 S. G. Love 213 Edward Thring...214 Theo. W. Dwight..215 N. A. Calkins 215 A.R.Wallace 216 Matthew Arnold... 216 Benn Pitman 217 Dana P. Colburn..217 E. A. Freeman 218 Max-Mtiller 218 Jonathan Allen 219 A. J. Upson 219 E. A. Sheldon 220 James Johonnot....221 John H. French.... 221 Geo. L. Farnham..222 A. J. Rickoff 222 G. W. Curtis 223 J. G. Fitch 224 Huxley 224 Wickersham 225 S. G. Williams 225 Joseph Baldwin... 226 A. G.Gaines 226 A. G. Boyden 227 Edward Atkinson. 227 Emily Howland... 228 6 Date of Birth 1828 1829 Cheonological I^dex 1830 1831 1832 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 C. W.Bennett 229 Wm. Hutchison.... 229 J. B. Angell 230 M. Mac Vicar 230 S.S.Laurie 231 D'A. W.Thompson 231 Laura Bridgman..232 E. E. Wliite 232 David Murray 233 F. W. Farrar 234 R. H. Quick 234 0. C. Marsh 235 Archbishop Rvau.235 J. A. Garfield ."^ 236 A. D. White 236 Mrs. Pollock 237 Thomas Egleston..238 Newell 239 C. W. Eliot 240 Wm. T.Harris 241 Simon Newcomb...242 Geo. F. Barker 242 Orlan'o Blackman.243 E. V. DeGraff 243 Wm. H. Payne.... 244 B. A. Hinsdale... .244 Mrs. Kraus-Boelte.245 A. P. Marble 245 J. D. Steele 246 George Ebers 247 Col. Parker 248 H.R. Sanford 249 A. B. Watkins 249 E. S.Morse 250 Date of Birth 1838 1839 John Morley 251 Kotelmann 252 Frances Willard...253 M. Cooper-Poucher 253 Aaron Gove 254 Thomas Davidson. 2 54 George W. Ross... 255 T. W. Preyer 256 Geo. H. Martin... .257 John Fiske 257 T. J. Backus 258 J. G.Wight 258 Irwin Shepard 259 Compayre 260 E.B.Andrews 261 C. R. Skinner 261 Isaac H. Stout 262 Sherm'n Williams. 262 H. H Straight 263 William Rein 264 Brother Azarias...265 A. S. Draper 266 Seth Low 267 Melvil Dewey 267 1851 M. W\Stryker 268 1852 Wm. H. Mace 268 Wm. H. Maxwell..269 Thos. M. Balliet...269 1854 .L G. Schurman...270 1855 C. B. Gilbert 271 1856 A. S. Downing 271 1857 Albert Leonard.... 272 1858 De Witt Hyde 272 1802 N.M.Butler 273 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1846 1847 1848 1850 CLASSIFIED INDEX Orgauizers and Reformers . Aquaviva 49 Armiuius 51 Ascham 47 Basedow 83 Bell 100 Calvin 46 Ca,mpe 98 Charlemagne 32 Clinton Ill Comenius 57 Cousin 136 M. Edgeworth 106 R. Edgeworth 92 Erasmus 35 Fellenberg 113 Froebel 122 Herbart 117 Jacotot 112 Jefferson 90 Knox 44 Lancaster 119 Locke 62 Loyola 39 Luther 37 Melanchthon 41 Milton 59 Montaigne 48 Niemeyer 101 Organizers and Reformers Pestalozzi 94 Porter.. 160 Rabelais 38 Richter 103 Rollin 68 Sturm 45 Tobler 108 Vincent de Paul 54 Vives 40 Wyclif 34 Univer'y of the State of N. Y. Chancellor Benedict 159 Curtis 223 Pruyn 194 Upson 219 Vice- Chan. Verplanck..l27 Secretary Beck 137 Clinton Ill Dewey 267 Hawley 125 Murray 233 Watkins 249 Woolworth 159 College Presidents Alfred, Allen 219 Bowdoin, Hyde 272 Brown, Andrews 261 Fisk 139 (7) Classified Index PAGE College Presidents . Brown, Mauiiing 87 Wayland 151 Colgate, Dodge 208 Columbia, Barnard 184 Cooper 87 S. Johnson 72 W. S. Johnson 85 Low 267 Cornell, Schurinan 270 White 2:36 Dartmouth, Wheelock.. 78 Hami Iton, Davis Ill North 163 Stryker 268 Harvard, EUot 240 Everett 143 Jefferson, x\ Id en 177 Michigan, Angell 230 Tappan 172 Middlebury, Davis Ill Princeton, Edwards 74 McCosh 193 AVi therspoon 82 Rochester, Anderson.... 201 St. Lawrence, Gaines... 226 Union, Nott 114 Williams, Hopkins 166 Yale, Day 115 Dwight 99 Stiles 85 Woolscy 161 Masters of rrivate 8clio(»ls Ilugbij, Arnold 149 PAGE Masters of Private Schools St. PauUs, Colet 34 Uppingham, Thring....214 Aiidover, Taylor 178 Boston Latin, Dillaway.171 Lovell 77 Canandaigua, Clarke. . . 203 Bound Hill, Bancroft.. 158 State Superintendents U. S., Barnard 190 Harris 241 Conn., Barnard 190 Md., Newell 239 3Iass., Mann 150 N. Y., Dix 154 Draper 266 Flagg 134 •Hawley 125 Leavenworth 168 Rice 207 Skinner 261 0., Lewis 158 Pa. , Burrowes 172 Wickershain 225 B. J., Barnard 190 Vt., French 221 Ontario, Ross 255 Rycrson 167 Inspectors, Eng. , Arnold. 21 6 Fitch......! 224 City Superintendents Bhufhandon, Farnhani.222 Boston, Martin 257 Fields of M'"ork 9 PAGE City Superintendents Cincinnati^ Guilford 126 White 232 Cleveland, Draper 266 Hiusdale 244 Rickoff 222 Denver, Gove 254 Jamestown, Love 213 New York, Calkins 215 Marble 245 Maxwell..... 269 Randall 183 Quincij, Pa rker 248 Rochester, Gilbert 271 Springfield, Balliet 269 Syracuse, Farnham 222 Sheldon 220 Normal Instructors Alden 177 Armstrong 197 Baldwin 226 Boyden 227 Carter 145 Clark 188 Conaut :.161 Cooper-Poncher 253 Denison 173 Farnham 222 Hinsdale 244 Johnson 143 Laurie 231 Leonard 272 MacVicar ....230 Martin 257 PAGE Normal Instructors May 153 Page 187 Parker 248 J.Payne 179 W. H. Payne 244 Peirce 133 Rein 264 Sheldon 220 Shepard 259 Straight 263 Tilhnghast 170 S. G. Williams 225 AVool worth 159 Institute Instructors DeGraff 243 Downing 271 French.'! 221 Johonnot 221 Pooler 212 Sanford 249 Stout 262 AVhite 232 Educational Historians Compayre 260 Davidson 254 Hinsdale 244 Niemeyer 101 Platter 42 Quick 234 Randall 183 Schimmelpeunick 120 von Raumer 125 AVickersham-. 225 10 Classified Index PAGE Educational Historians S. G. Williams 22-5 Editors W. A. Alcott 157 Barnard 190 Butler 273 Cornelius 144 Diesterweg 135 Dwight 182 Farmer 133 Fowle 146 Hart 188 Lord 202 McElligott 197 Mann 150 Newell 239 E. Peabody 170 Russell 156 Thayer 141 E. E. White 232 AVickersliam 225 Founders and Benefactors Anthony 196 Brougham 120 Cokt 34 P. Cooper 136 Cornell 177 Eglcston 238 Fairbanks 176 Francke 69 Franklin 75 Girard 99 Kirkland 89 Maurice 173 PAGE Founders and Benefactors G. Peabody 147 Van Rensselaer 105 Wadsworth 107 Wheelock 78 Educational Legislators D. Barnard 154 Brougham 120 Charlem ague 32 Clinton Ill Forster 209 Garfield 236 Jefferson 90 Morley 251 Rantoul 171 Sarmiento 192 Stevens 140 A.D.White 236 Charitable and Reformatory Baines 116 Birkbeck 116 Bransiet 137 Carpenter 180 De La Salle 67 Ellis 160 Francke 69 Griscoin 115 Guthrie 165 F. Hill 169 Kingslev 210 Obcrhn^ 89 Stow 142 Vincent de Paul 54 Wines 176 Fields of Work 11 PAGE Special Education— Negro Howland...., 228 May 153 Miner 201 Blind Bridgman 232 Howe — 162 Lord 202 Saunderson 71 Deaf Bridgman 232 del'Epee 80 Gallaudet 128 Peet 144 Feeble-minded 8eguiu 196 Wilbur 213 Missionaries Cornelius 144 Judson 130 Kirkland 89 Xavier 45 Adult Education Birkbeck 116 Brougham 120 Maurice 173 Torrey 128 Education of Women Abbott 168 Backus 258 Bailey 146 Emerson 152 Fenelon 66 Genlis 96 PAGE Education of Women Hasseltine 130 Kingsbury 162 Lyon 152 More 93 Mortimer 203 Phelps 140 Shirreff 200 Trimmer 88 Wight 258 E. Willard 128 F. Willard 253 Special Subjects Arabic, de Sacy 102 T. Lewis 163 Art, S. F. B.Morse 136 Ruskin 209 Astronomy, Bernouilli.. 70 Cauchy 132 Copernicus 36 Galileo 53 Herschel 88 Kepler 53 Laplace 97 Loomis 194 Mitchell 206 Newcomb 242 Newton 64 Thales 18 Tycho Brahe 50 Botany, Gray 189 Linnaeus 76 Chemistry, Clarke 108 Davy 118 12 Classified Index pa(;b Special Subjects Chemistry, Faraday 1 35 Griscom 115 Lavoisier 91 Discip line, A bbott 168 A. B. Alcott 157 Bancroft 168 Emerson 152 F. Hill 169 R. Hill 148 Spencer 211 Wines 176 Ethics, ^sop 19 A. B. Alcott 159 Aristides 19 Aristotle 25 Confucius 19 Epicurus 26 Franklin 75 Huntington 208 Karnes 73 Marcus Aurelius 30 Plato 23 Pythagoras 19 Seneca 30 Socrates 22 Spinoza 63 Zoroaster 17 Geography, ( luyot 180 Humboldt.." 110 Geology, ( 'larkc 108 Cuvier 109 Dana 198 Egleston 238 PAGE Special Subjects Geologif, Humboldt 110 Lyeil 151 Marsh 235 Miller 165 Owen 169 Whewell 148 Greek, Anthon 153 Blackie 185 Dalzell 92 Drisler 206 Hutchison 229 Jowett 204 Lewis 163 North 212 Porson 102 History, Azarias 265 Bennett 229 Ebers 247 Fiske 257 Freeman 218 Mace 268 Michelet 155 Kindergarten, Froebel. . 1 22 Kraus-Boelte 245 Oberlin 89 Peabodv 170 Pollock"! 237 Lang aage, Max-Miiller. 218 Law, I^ignon 56 Dwight 215 Kent 104 Mathematics, Archimedes 27 Special Subjects 13 PAGE Special Subjects Mathematics Bernouilli 70 Cardano 43 Cauchy 132 Ceulen 49 Clairaut 80 D. P. Colburn 217 W. Colburn 141 Coudorcet 91 d'Alembert 81 Davies 156 DeMorgau 174 Dilwortli 77 Duhamel 155 Euclid 27 Euler 76 Fermat 58 Greenleaf 127 Lagrange 86 Legendre 97 Leibnitz 05 Leonardo 33 Maclauren 73 Mouge 96 Napier 51 Newcomb 242 Pascal 60 Pythagoras 19 Saundersou 71 Sylvester 200 Thales 18 Wolff 71 MecJwMics, Archimedes 27 PAGE Special Subjects Mechanics, Newton 64 Medicine, Cardano 43 Galen 31 Harvey 55 Hippocrates 21 Music, Blackman 243 Mason 139 Pythagoras 19 Oratory and Rhetoric Adams 107 Cicero 28 Demosthenes 24 Everett 143 Hart 188 Socrates 22 Porter 114 Russell 156 Upson 219 Philosophij, Aquinas... 33 Aristotle 25 Bacon 52 Bain 205 Berkeley 72 Cicero 28 Cousin 138 Descartes 58 Epicurus 26 Fichte 103 Gellert 82 Hamilton 131 Herbart 117 Hume 78 Kant 84 14 Classified Index PAGE Special Subjects Philosopliy, Leibnitz 05 Locke 62 Lucretius 29 Mill 175 Plato 23 Pythagoras 19 Schopeuhauer 132 Socrates 22 Spencer 211 Spinoza 63 Thales 18 Wolff 71 Zeno 26 Zoroaster 17 Phonography B. Pitman 217 L Pitman 199 Phrenology, Combe 131 Spurzheim 118 Physics, Bacon 52 Barker 242 Draper 193 Franklin 75 Grove 195 Morse 136 Newton 64 Olmsted 134 Priestley 86 Tyndall 210 Physiology and Hygiene W. A. Alcott 157 Bain 205 Carpenter 199 PAGE Special Subjects Physiology and Hygiene kingsley 210 Kotelmanu 252 Preyer 256 Sclireber 181 Political Economy Atkinson 227 A. Smith 84 Theology, Agricola 41 Aquaviva 49 Aquinas -33 Arminius 51 Arnauld 60 Bossuet 61 Calvin 46 Confucius 20 Edwards 74 Erasmus 35 Francke 69 Harper 149 Jansen 56 Knox. 44 Loyola 39 Luther 37 Pascal 60 C. E. Stowe 164 Wyclif 34 Xavier 46 Zoroaster 17 Zoology, Agassiz 180 Audubon 121 W. B. Carpenter 199 Darwin 186 Special Subjects and Text-Book Authors 15 PAGE Special Subjects Zoology, Huxle}^ 223 Michelet 155 Morse 250 Wallace 216 Text-Book Authors Adams 107 Alden 177 Antlion 153 Backus 258 Bailey 146 Bain 205 Baldwin 226 Blackman 243 Calkins 215 W. B. Carpenter 199 D. P. Colburn 217 W. Colburn 141 Dana 198 Davies 156 Day 115 DeGraff 243 Dilworth 77 Euclid 27 Farnliani 222 French 221 Gray 189 Greenleaf 127 Guyot 180 Hart 188 Johonnot 221 Kotelmaun 252 PAGE Text-Book Authors Legendre 97 Loomis 194 McElligott 197 MacVicar 230 Mace 268 Mason 139 Maxwell 269 Morse 250 Murray 93 Olmsted 134 Page 187 Phelps 140 B. Pitman 217 I. Pitman 199 Pooler 212 Porter 1J4 Preyer 256 Rein 264 Rickoff 222 Russell 156 Sauford 249 Schreber 181 Sheldon 220 Steele 246 E. E. White 232 Wickersham 225 E. Willard 128 S. Williams 262 S. G. Williams 225 Woolsey 161 1000? B. C] Persia ZOKOASTElt (I'ei-siun. 1000 :.- 15. C), is so liiinllv outlined i 1 history that little is certain except thaY he was a real person, and that lie lived more than 800 years U. (J. JIo i'ound two slaves of culture strivin;: lor mastery,— the aliiirus. the breeders of cattle and the daevas, who maltreated the cow and lived bv plunder. He joined the loriner and led them to vic- tory. From tlie reli-ious dualism of his time he de- rived his dualisticseheiueof the universe. From the beginning there existed the spirit of good and the spirit of evil, Ormu/.d representing light and life and all that is good, and Satan all that is opposite. These spirits are in continual conllict for the soul of man. Wicked actions cannot be undone, but may l)e counter-balauced by good ones. When he dies if the balance of good deeds is in his favor he goes to para- dise; if the balance is against him he goes to eternal punishment. IS Greece [640 B. C. THALES (Greek, 640-54fi, B. C), the tounder ot Civ.-k- srennietrv, astronomy, and philosophy, anil chief ot " the sc-veu wise men of Greece ", owed much of his tame to lii^ [.vcdiction of the eclipse of the sun that occurr.Hi .M;n -'s, r.s5, B. C. He was enga-ed in trade and leannMl tlic empirical geometry ot sur- fMces'iu K"ypt. but added to this the geometry of lines and made it au abstract science. He thus laid the foundation of algebra, and he applied geometry to the measurement of heights and distances. He made valuable astronomical discoveries. In pliysics he believed that water was the origin of_ things, and th-it the earth floated upon a s^a ot this elemental lluid. He attril)iited the attraction of the magnet to its haviii"- a soul. He supposed all things to be full of .rods Yet all the Greek schools except that of l'vtlia"oras took their origin from his doctrine, and h6 was'hencethe founder of the philosophy of Greece. -ESOP (Greek, 620 ? -564, 15. C) was brought while young to Ath(ms as a slave, but was eventually freed, iind visited Croesus, king ot Lydia, who made him ambassador at Delphi and (charged him to pay four niiiiae to each of the citizens. Owing to some dis- pute he declined to furnish the money, and the Del- phians hurled him lieadlong from a precipice. The story tliat he was a monster of ugliness and deform- ity is now discredited, and it is believed that none of his fables are extant, those attributed to him being of oriental origin. They were popiilnr at Athens, but were not written, and were in i)rose. Several authors turned them into poetry, tliose of Pha'drus being most ccli'brated. The jxtpular stories concern- ing him come from a life prefixed to a book of fables purporting to l)e his, collected by Maximus I'lanudes, a monk of tlie 14th century, ".^sop appears as a guest in Plutarch's " ConTiviurn''. .")()() p>. ('.] TlIALKS, ,Ks()r. PvilIACoiJAS VVTHAGORAS (Greek, 583-500 B.C.), Was a native ov Samos, aucl about 529 emigrated to Crotoua, iu the south of Italy. Here lie became the centre of a wide- spread and luflueutlal organization, more like a re- ligious brotherhood than a philosophic school. nHo was a moral reformer rather than a speculative thinker, and the only doctrine of his school that was essentially his own was that of traasmigration of souls, or metempsychosis. He was the first to raise mathematics to a ^ience, uniting geometry with arithmetic. The central thought of his philosophy was the idea of number. His school was the first to discover the mathematical relations of musical inter- vals, and they considered tiie seven planets the golden chords of the heptachord— the harmony of the spheres. Dissensions arose about 510, and Pythago- ras withdi'ew to ^Metapoutum, where he died about 500.S (/HINA [550 B. C. COSFUCirS (Chinese, 550-478. 15. ('.) appeuretl at a (M'iiic-;il iHTiod of his country's hi.slory, wlien riglit lirini-iplcs liad disappeared. lie was of illustrious liiir.mc, was eager for iearninj;, and at 21 became a line- her. In 517 his disciples were so numerous to fur- nisli him means to examine the royal library. At 51 M' was made chief majristrate of C'hun<;too, and ruled SO well tViat ho was made minister of crime in Lu and lie became the idol of the people, but at 55 he hjst favor with the ruler. For 13 years he travelled 111 the dirtVrent states. In 483 he was recalled, but i-'fused to take oflice, fiivinp; his last years to writing :iiid teaching, lie died in disappointment, but his death sent a thrill through China, and his teachings Ix'gan to prevail. The dynasty of Ts"in souglit to destroy his memory by burning his books, but the ui'xt dynasty lionored his name. Foremost of his principles wits the golden rule. 375 ?B. C] Greece 21 ARISTIDES (Greek. ?- 468? B. C.>, surna.ned "the Just ' , first isppeiirs in history at the battlj of Jlara- thon, 4f»0 1!. (_'., where he w;is one of the ttn fieiicrals, and persuaded tlie others to yield supreuie coiiiuiand to Miltiades. He was made archoa at Atlieiis, but throuKh the machinations of Themistocles was bau- ished in 483. On the nijiht before the battle of Salamis he went to the tent of Themistocles, offered to assist him, and persuaded the other generals to follow his plan. In 479 he was general of the Athenians, and shared in the victory of Platffia, and in 477 lie recon- ciled the allies to Pausanias. When the allies formed a confederation under the Athenians, Aristides drew up the laws and determined the amount of tribute. ^\■hen the vote occurred on his banishment, a stranuer asked him to write his vote. " AVhv do vou want to banish him?"' asked Aristides. "" Because I am tired of hearing him called 'The Just' "'. HIPPOCRATES (Greek, 460-375 ?, B. 0.) was oorn oi •I family of ])riest-phj"sicians. and studied medicini- und( r his fatlier. He was the first tocast aside super- Nlitionand Ijase the practice of medicine uponinduc- ti\e pli;los()|)h.y. He studied carefully the records made at the hospitals of ever.v case, and in his obser- \ itions upon the natural history of disease showed himself a great clinical physician. He employed l)0\\erful medicines and practised blood-letting, but jilaced great reliance on diet and regimen. Of the 87 books attributed to him not all are genuine, but the\ have had wide influence, 70 editions being known of the "Prognostics" and 300 of the '"Aphorisms''. His age at death has been variously stated, at from SS to 109 j'ears. It is discredited that he refused to visit Persia during anepidemic because it would be aiding an enemy. He was venerated by the Athenians as a mm of integrity and morality. •)•) Gi;ki;ce [470 B. r. SOCRATES (Greek, 470-399 B.C.), who.se fondness for questioning lias made tnat form of Instruction com- monlj known as "tlie Soeratle method," left no writ- in{,s bi.'hind him, tint aiiiilleations of his method are tound in tue "MemnraUdia" of Xenophon, and in the dialogues of his pupil Plato. He beuau liie as a s( ulpt )r, but soon gave himself to education, concelv- ma. t lat hi had a divine couimission, witnessed by 111 a h s, dreams, and signs, not indeed to teach any positive doctrine, liut t^i convince men of ignorance iiusta'-'ing itself for knowledge, and by so doing to niomote their intcllecfual and moral improvement. Ills Av hole time was s]irut in public, where he talked to all comers, questiduiiig tlu'in about their affairs, about their notions of moraUty, etc., seeming to be ignoiant of the result to wiiich their enforced an- swers tended. lie was accused of atheism and im- morality and tm justly condemned to death. § ISOCRATES (l-irefk. 4;W-:?.38 H. ('.) the iix^sl cclc- bratt'cl teacher of his age, had the best education Alli'Mi^ rniild airord. Having lost his fortune during ill'' l''l"!'"iiiH'--i:in war he adopted the profession of iiM''li ■!• iiiid in :'.'.'■,' opened his school at Athens. His iusLrui-l ion wa.-i based on rhetorical composition, but iucludeil also pliilosophiiial gras|) au3, U. L\) was not slal- \\:irl 111 limly and liad sin iinpedimciit of speecli. yet bcranip the ur<'atcst of Greek orators. He entered luililic- life in 350, and till his death pU^aded consist- ently for Athensas the natural head of Greece and the ilelcniler of law against barbaric force. He urged I hat the Atheni.'in should set liis duty to the city MliDvehis private interests. His Pliilippic orations wire only parts of his main purpose, and he was one of the anibassa,(l()rs sent to Philip in 346. From this liuietill the battle of Chaeronea (338) his authority i;rew, and that (calamity left him still paramount. lii 330 .Kscliines atlacked the proposition to jjrant De- nici^ibcries a frolden crown, and the latter triumphed overw helniinjily in his most splendid oration '"On the (.'rown ". In 322 he favored the Lam inn war. When (ireece was defeated he was condemned as a traitor and lied to ^Kirina., where he committed suicide. .122 B. C] Demosthenes, Aristotle 25 ARISTOTLE (Greek, 384-ai2 B.C.), Often called tne " Staglrite," was educated as a physician, but at 18, became a pupil o£ Plato, who called hlin ''the intel- lect of the scliool." Aristotle established a school of oratory. From ;i43 to 3t0 he was tutor of the prince Alexander. In aw he opened the "Lyceum," where he matm-ed his philosophy and attained his unsur- passed reputation as a philosophical writer and teach- er. From his habit of walking- ai^out in the garden while teaching, his was called the "peripatetic" philosophy, from fffpz7rar£/V, to walkabout. In :i2-Z he had to fly from Athens on charge of atheism, and he died that year atChalcis. He created the science of deductive logic, and wrote on metaphys- ics, ethics, politics, rhetoric, etc. In the 7th and 8th cliapters of his ''Politics" he treats of education, holding that man should be trained by the State, t Greece [:M2 B. C. EPICURUS (Greek, 343-270 B.C.), was tlie soa of a schoolmaster, wliom lie assisted at Sainos aud at Colopliou, but became interested lu pliilosupliy, and iu 3U7 opened a garden at Atuens, wuere he taught for 36 years, tlie venerated hedd ot a remarkable so- ciety such as tne world had never seen, made up of both men aud women. The di'ink was water, the food was baney- bread. They were held together by the siren-like charm of his personality, and by the free sociality which he inculcated and exemplified, lie wrote 300 books,— tlie principal one a treatise on natm-e iu 37 volumes, of which iragments still exist. " Steer clear of all culture," was 'ais advice to a young disciple, in recoil from Plato and Aristotle, wlio seemed to him to teach aristocracy of Intellect rather than commonwealth of uappiness. Prudential wis- dom seemed to him the means of a happy life, aad thus the chief excellence. § ZESO (Gr(H;k, 342-270, 1!. ( .) founder of the Stoic school of philosophy, wns born in Citiuiii, canii' to Athens at 22, and alliirlicil liimself to the cynic Crates. Becoming- diss.-iiislii'd witli the cvnics' 'dis- regard for conveutioiKilily mid iiidilference to sjieou- lative iiniuiry, he joined tlie scliool of Stilpo. and afterw.-ird tliiit of Poleiuo, tlie iicMdciiiiciMn. He (hen opened a scliool of liis own in the " l';iinled Porcli " (drod TtoihiXif, hence the word stoic), where he lau'jlil. lionorcd liy all, till in old iiiie he coniniitted suicide. He adopted I he loLiieal criterion, the iul;ipta- tioii of Her:iclilenii ]diysics. Miid tlie introduction of the IcMdiiif;- ethiciil teirets. 'I'lii! Stoics held tliat the universi' is tioverned by one uood iuid wise God; (hat men li;ive bodies like ;inini;ils but rejison like goils; that thef^ood is not necessarily identified with haiipl- ness: :ind tlmt llii' fountiiin of virtue is life nci-ord- int; to nat iirc 212 B. C] Ei'Kiiu's, Zexi), Euclid, ARCHT:\iEnKs EUCLID (Greek, 300 ? — ?, B. C.) is said to liave founded tlie matheuiatic.al school of Alexandria. l!ul little is known of him save his books, of which his •■ l':i('inents of (icometi'v " is the most famous. It was for :j() iTntui'ics tlie main te.\t-l)ook, and is still widely used. He replied to Kint; Ptolemy, who asked if he could not learn >;eometry more easily than by studyint;; the Elements, " Tliere is no royal road to geometry." "He arranged tiie discoveries of Eu- doxus, perfected those of Theaetetus, and reduced to invincible demonstration many tliinus that had previously been more loosely proved." As A])polo- nius was the great geometer, so Euclid was" tin; great elementator ". His treatment of parallells, however, dejiendson an axiom that is not axiomatic, and he makes sparing use of superimposure as a method of proof. Theclassificatioti, too. is imperfect, and tlie nomenclature defective. ARCHIMEDES ((ire('k, 1!. ('.. 287-212) was the most, celebrated geometrician of antiquity, but is known best for his application of mathematics to mechanics, ile invented the water-screw, and discovered the prin- ciple of the lever. Of the power of the latter he boasted, "Give me a place to stand on tuul I will move .the world." Being asked to see if there was silver in a crown of King Hiero ordered to be made of gold, without destro\ing it. he observed the dis- lilaceuient of water as he stepped into the batli and discovered that this would alford a test. He was so gi-:ilili.-d that he rushed through the streets niiked as he w :is. eL-\ inu ■■ iMireka", " ] liave discovered it." Kv iiiiHi.u-v ene-iues that lie invented he postponed tiie rail of Svracuse. \\hen Syracuse was taken he sat in the public square, drawing figures in the sand, and called to the Roman soldier not to spoil his circle, \;-',t Vie was remorselessly cut down. 28 Rome [100 B. C. MAUCIS TVLLIl'S CICERO (Roman. 106-J3 B.C. Ii 11111(1 I lu ;iicil iirattiry, :ui(l Greek philosophy aud lili 1 ituK iimliT the best teachers at Rome, at a time w 111 n the oi itor was a sneaker both in le^al and po- liiii il causes, and nesdcd, as he points out in his book" m ( due ition, " de Oratore ", almost universal knowl- 1 (l_( His first important speech was deliv(Ted in 81 15 t ind It W he was recojini/.ed as a leader at the Rom 111 bir In 76 he was made qiia'stor, and in 70 nil] I I Ind the infamous Verres. In 66 he became I 1 I I 1 ind in one of his great orations (''pro lege \[(iiiililativc enthusiasm of the philosopher, the earnest purpose of a reformer and moral teacher, and the profound pathos and sense of beauty of a great poet. He stands alone among his countrymen as much in the ardor with which he observes and reasons on the processes of nature as in the elevation with which he recognizes the majesty of her laws." Little is known of his life except that he committed suicide in an in- terval of insanity. 30 IxnMK [8 B. C. - LUCIUS ANN.KUS SENECA (Koman, 3 B.C.-65 A.D.), tlie most brilliant figwe of Ills tiuie, aud *he most eminent of the writers of tiie silver age, had the wit to discover that conduct could furnlsn inexhaustible topics of abiding interest far superior to tlie imagin- ary themes set in scliools, aud treated plain matters of urgent personal concern with an earnestness tuat iiiiiied directly at the readers editieation, progress tuw^rd virfue, andgeneral improvement. His works ijf tiiis iciud, wliich might be called moral essays, are I'J "Dialogui's," 3 boulliilosophv of Diogne- tus. llie stoic, ;nid abandoned rhetoric aiul poetry for pliilosopliy and the law. In 140 he was made consul ; in 1()1 became joint empert)r will] X'erus. who married his dauuliter; and in 169 sole emperor. In 177 he in- stituted a. persecution of .llie Christians in which Polvcarp and .lustin perished, l)iit, it is evident thai he kiu'w nothinti' of Christian ethics, for the svstem of morality in the '• Meditations " of .Vnreliiis resem- bles that of tlie New 'I'estanienl. These meditations were written as occasion offered— in the midst of i)id)- lic business, sometimes ,iust before battle,— i)robablv for the guidance of his .son, and are the best non-in'- spired reflections on practical moralitv. ThcL'oal he aimed ai was tranquillitv. and his ii'recepts are tlie r<>cord of iiis practice. 200? A. M.] Sexeca. Marcus AntELirs, Galex CLADirs GALEX (l;50-200-r) besau the stutly of iiu'div^^iue iu 14'j. and studied iu Alexandria under Heraclianus. In 104 he went to Rome, where h(! healed ICudemus and others, and became known as a "wonder-worker " and a '• wonder-speaker ". He was physician to Marcus Aurelius and to his son Coniiuodus. He wrote nearly 500 treatises, includ- ing works on losic, ethics, and grammar. Of puli- lished works attributed to him 83 are considered genuine. He was an unusually prolific writer on logic, and the fourth syllogistic figure has been at- tributed to him. Of all tlie writers of antiquit\- Ut- was the best anatomist. His writings are the com- mon depository of the anatomical knowledge of the day, the osteology being particularly complete, iuid his description of muscles nearly perfect. He be- lieved that nerves of sensation orisinated in ihe brain, and those of motion in tlie spinal chord, 32 France [741 CHAKLEMAGNK (?4::-814) nilt'd the liiioruKnis Fi-aiikish territory lor 46 ywMrs, By 32 years of lighting he subdued the Siixoiis, the last Gerniiuiic. npijoiients of christiiuiity. In 800 he was cro\vne(l ciuperor of theRonuuis. But he showed the sainecn- ■ ■ruy in internal as in external affairs, and caller K]s\ |it, and the arithmetic of ludia. In 1202 he ]nil)lislii-d liis " Liber ^46a« ", setting forth methods of calculatinij- almost as completely as a modem arilhmi'tic. 'L'liis jirobablv ijaiued him access to the cmirl of l''riM.lcricl^ II. In' 1220 he published his " IJe Prtjcfira (;i:Oiiietriae'\ written fm- tliose familiar with Kuclid, able to follow riuorous demoustrations-and needinK them. It contains a trisouometrical chap- ter, with the expression " giiius versus a?T(W", and solves the problem to find a square number which remains a, square when 5 is added to it. In 1225 he wrote " Liher Quadratorum ". At a time when math- ematics in Europe had sunk to the lowest ebb he made it the task of his life to disseminate ancient mathematics in Arab dress. ST. THOMAS Acholasticisni, studied in the university of Naples, and at the famous Dominican school at, Colotcne under Alberlus Maunus, whom he followed to Paris, where he was graduated in 1248. He re- turned to Cologne as lecturer, lie was chosen to represent at Rotne the Begy;ing P^riars in their con- troversy with the University of Paris, and secured for them the liberty of teaching. In 1257 he began to lecture, upon theology in Paris, Rome, etc., and from this time on his life was one of incessant toil, and usually of travel. In 1272 he was called back to the professor's chair at Naples, and wrote his great work " SumnM Theoloc/iae ". He refused an arch- bishoi)ric, and an abbacy, and died from over-e.\- posuro in travelling during illness. He did more than any other writer save Augustine to fashion the theological language of the church. ;ii EN(iLANJ) [V^-Ii) JOHN WYCLIF (Rntrlish, 1820-1?W), "the greatest of the ret'Di'incrs licioiv tlic IJrfnniiation,'" was edu- cated at Oxford, and liiiide luasH'r ot Baliol college in 13(J1, but shortly ifsii,nifd to become a priest. In 1374 he was second in a ((iiiiuiission sent to Bruges to confer with the ]r.t\y.\\ Icyare as to abuses com- plained of Viy tlie Engiisli ])arliament. lie became outspolcen against tli ; pope, and in 1378 was called to aci'i)unt for lust: erances, Init London citizens burst into tiic cliap'"' i"ifl friglitened the s^'iiod into stopping the procci'diii'^s. lie was au-ain sntninond before tlie prelaics at l.aiiil)f'tli. bin cscapi'd \\-itli an Injunction, lie now translati'd tlie IMiilc into Eng- lisli, and cliallenged the doctrine of transiiiisiantia- tion. In 1382 he was hanislied fromOxtord. and died two years later of paralysis. His followi rs were called tlie Lollards. He did much to establish sounder principles of education. J JOHN COLET (English, 1466-1519) after graduating from Oxford went to Paris and Italy to perfect him- self in the classics, then poorly taught in England. Here he formed liis friendship with Erasmus. On his return he ivad lectures at Oxford, and inLTOS be- canii' prebeii(lar\' and soon afti'r dean revival of letters. The first master was t'.ie gramnuuiaii, William Lily. C'olet's religious opinions were so niiicli more liberal than those of his conteiniioraiies that he was deemed a heretic, and died iu retirement at Kichmond. 15:50] lIoLI.AXn ERASMlS (Dutch, 1467-1536),tlie most famous schol- ar of the laii (fiitm-y, Is said to have "htid the egg which LuthiT hatched," aiding' the Reformation, and, doing much to bring- about the revival of somid learn- ing-. Though deeply imbued with the classical spirit, lie anticipated modern educational reformers by his advocacy of the value of scientific studies, and of the traimng of womeu.t lie was the nrst " man of let- ters " who had appeared in Em-ope since the fall of the Roman Empire, able to bring his vast acquire- ments to bear >ipon the life of his day. He dlil not study antiquity tor its own sake, but as an instru- ment of culture. At the outbreak of the Reforma- tion he was sought after by many universities, and his word was the law of the Humanists. But he was little ntted for troubled times. Ills influence de- clined, and he sank into neglect, and died at Basel, "• a man without a country. "§ 36 Germany [1473 NICOLAIIS COPKRNICUS (Gerniaii, 1473-1543) after f(5ui' yi':irs nl tlic university of Cnicow, studied astrououiy at liolotriia and Padua, and in 1499 was made doctor of medicine, lu 1500 lie lield a chair o( mathematics at Rome, and in 1503 went to Frauen- burg. wh(^re he studied the stars. He evolved from the astronomical theories of his predecessors the present accepted theory that bears his name. The Jjreparation of his treatise De Orbimi Coelestium Eevolutionihiiii Libri VI occupied him from 1507 to 1.530. Just after the booJc was finally printed in ]84§ he was suddenly attaclced for the first time by a vio- lent illness, and when acopy of the book was put into his hands he looked at it, seemed conscious of what it was, and then relapsed into insensibility, which soon lapsed into death. The book had been printed under sujjerintendencc of Rheticus, who had already pub- lished Copernicus's theories in a letter written in 1549. 1546] Copernicus, Luther Ol MAIITIN LUTHER (Genuiui, 1483 1546), most noted ol the Protestiuit refonuers, was orilaimnl priest in 1507, and became teacher in the Uiiiversitv of Wit- tenbei-fi. He srew iiidijinant at the sale' of iudul- Lieiices, and nailed 95 theses ajjainst thein upon the door of the church, den.vinjr to the pojie the power to forgive sins. In lo-il he declared himself before the diet at Worms, in 15ri9 enuaired in aconference at Marburij, and was near at hand when in 1530 tlie Protestant creed was established ac Auiisburtr. lie viKcrously opi)osed the schonis of the time, and soiiiiht to substitute a curriculum tliat would include Latin. Greek, Hebrew, history, mathematics, and music, with stronsremphasis upon reli'rion. and (ilaci for logic and rhetoric. Libraries were important, and home life should be disciiilined bv a trentle firm- ness which would assure prompt obedience, yet win cordial love. .•]S UAXCK [1490-? FRANCOIS liABELAIS (French, 1490?-1553),'- the greatest of French humorists, was brouglit up a Franciscan mci.k, but became In 1524 a Ueiiedictlue. In 1580 lie became a secular priest, was graduated in iiicdicine at Mdutpcllicr the same year, and In 1532 became liuspital ijhysician at Lyons, wnere his " I'aulagTuel '" had appeared as early as 15 vJ, and his "(iarg-antua'' by 1535, ihnuuli ilic tlilrd bnek i.id not apiiear till 1546, the feurlli till i55-,>, and the tilth till alli'i- Ills death (15C2). In 1535 t he am iionlies at Lyons vntfd his ijosition vacant on amiunt ef his abseiices, and he thni-ifter led a wandering life, and nulhing certain is known as to his death. His " Life of Gar- gantua and the Heroic Deeds of Pautagruer" is a fantastic wiirk, much of it in revolting laiiguage, but exerted enormous influence. An excellent epitome of it is found in Williams's " History of Modern Edu- cation ■', pp. 68-73. 155(i] Spain. The Ji-:.;- his enforced idleness he read a book called " The Lives . it t lie Saint s ■■, wtiieii turned his ambition in a new direei ion. In lo^'O he hun"- up his arms, and devoted hiniseir to spu'ltual wai-fare He set out barefoot on a pil-rima'^e, and withdrew to a solitary cavern. He was afterward blessi-u l3y the pope, and went to the liolv Land, retui-nin"- to Barcelona in 15^4. He now Iieu'aii to educate liiinself for preaching, completing his studies at Paris, where in 1534 he lorininl tiie Soelef \ of Jesus, or the Jesuits who got from him n' C4LV1N (French. 1509-1.564) was educatcHl for the Catholic priesthood, butchanired to tlie studv of law. Still he studied the Hilile. and became a fol- lower of Luther, .\bout 1.5:W Ik; yave up the law for theolojiy. In 1.532 he published his tirst book, '■ />^ C7f/«?ni'ia ", and became recognized as the head of the Reformation movement in France. In 1.534 he celebrated the first Proleslanl coiuiuunion ncir I'oi- tiers. To escai)e [lersecut ion he retired to ISasle in Switzerland, where he ])repared his "Institutes of the Christian Keli;:ioii "' (1.536). He joined Fand at (ii'iieva. and liec.-ime teacher of theology. Here ho sdimht t(i estalilish schools tlirouuhout Switzerland, with religious instruction prominent. In l.iSThe was b.-mished from the city, and lived till 1.541 in Strass- burg, returning then to (ieneva. In 1.5.53 he secured the conviction of Servetus, who was burned at tlie stake. He secured theocratic government in .Switzerland. Encji.a.nd 47 R«m;ei{ ASCir.VM ^EnglisU, 1516-1568), was the l)f>sl> kimwii I'li^lisli i>'aeli(.'r of the sixteenth century, beiiiu- tutiii- aniiiiiu- dlUers to Colleen Elizabeth. He eniliiiilicd his practice and ais opiniuus In "Tlie ScliiHiliiiaster," which haslJecome an Englisli classic. Tliis licjuk gives the author's metliocl of teaching Latia (liy double translation), with charming- tUgres- sii HIS on' pedagogic topics. He believed that grani- ijiat leal li_)rias and rules ai'e "sooner and surer learned Ijy examples of good autliors than liy the naked riUcs oiu'i'ammarians." "Eretliesi-liulni'liavcciiiisunrted parsed, twice translated over liy gnod advertisenuml, marki'd (i\it his Six points by skilful lud.Lj-ment, he -luill ii:i\ r necessary occasion to i-ead ovci- every lec- tiii-e a iinicii, tiiiies at the leant; wliirh l)i'cause he shall always do in order, he sliall do it always with pleasure . . . aud pleasure allureth love ; Idvc hatli. lust to labor ; labor always obtaiucth his pmpose." 48 France [153^ MICHEL KY(^UE>i ae MONTAIGJfE (French, 'I53:j- 1592), lu liis biilliaut " Essays" founded the school of thinkers on education of which Locl^e and liousseau were afterward the great exponents. In teaching languages he would discard grammar and teach by conversation. He Insisted upon pliysical education "-We have not to train up a soul, nor yet a body, but a man; and we cannot divide him."t Put in the shuitest form, Montaigne's Idea of the end of educa- th ANOTHER PORTRAIT j(M.*,] Holland, Italy 49 LUDOLF von CEULEN [sometimes writeiiKEULEN ;iiul COLLES] (Dutch, 1540-1610) famous for upjiroxi- matiiii; tlie s(iuariiig of the circle, was born at Hil- ik'sheim, anil became teacher of mathenintics in Livlaud,' Antwerp, Breda, Amsterdam, IJeHt, and Arnheim, and professor of Krieusbaukunst in the University of Leyden. He wrote '" Van den ( 'erckel ' (1596) and "De Arithmetische en geometrische fon- damenten " (1616). The Jews had regarded the ratio as 3, the Egyptians as 3.16-|-, Archimedes as 3 1-7+, Ptolemy as 3. 141553. and the Hindus as 3.1416. Adrian of jMetz by a lucky but illosical process got 6 correct fractional figures,' Viete got 10, Adriaan von Roomen got 15. Von Ceulen calculated the ratio of the circum- ference to the diameter with great labor to 35 decimal places. The number so obtained, 3. 14159-1- was called after him the Ludolf number, and the35decimals were cut into his tombstone in St. IVtcr's church, Leyden. CLAUDIUS A(}UAVIVA (Italian, 1543-1615) entered the (jrder of Jesuits at 25, and at 38 became its head. The organization of this body was largely his work. In 1C84 he appointed a school commission, consist- ing of six distinguished Jesuits from the various countries of Europe, who spent nearly a year in con- sultation at Rome. They framed the ordinances regulating studies of the order which after revision and approval by Aquaviva finally appeared as the " lliitio atqiie Institutio StuiHiiiiun. societatis Jesu" (l.">i)9), one of the most famous <<[ piNhi'/ogical books. Ijy this the order wasgoverm^d until 1832, when the curriculum was enlarged to include ph^'sical science and the modern languages. One of the most impor- tant of the many superior features of this system was the careful training of teachers, two j'ears oi' prepara- tion being held indispensable. It also provided care- fully for the pliysical welfare of the students. 50 Denmark [1546 TV€HO BUAHE (Danish, 15-16-ltiOl) leariu-d Latin at seven, and in 15r>9 w as sent to Copeuhajien to study idiilosophy and rhetoric. The great eclipse of the sun, Aug. 2], 1560, occurring at the instant predicted, called his attention to astronomy, and though sent in 1562 to Leipzig to study law he gave all his atten- tion to the stars. Having continued his studies at Itostock and Augsburg, in 1571 he returned to Den- mark, where his uncle helped him in his researches. In l.">74 he read lectures at Copenhagen, and in 1575 iravi'lled through Germany to Venice. To prevent his removing to Basle, King Frederick II of Den- mark gave him funds for an observatory at Uranien- burg, but after the king's death Brahe \vas compelled to give up his work there. He went to Prague, where he was magnificently treated, but died before he had long enjoyed his fortune. He had however been joined by Kepler, who owes his fame to Brahe's lessons. i(-U7] En<;lam), Holland 51 JOHN NAPIER (Enslisli. 1550-1617). the iiiveiuor ..f lutiariilims, aud the first KuKlishman to take part in the .-iilvaiice of science, after education at St. An- il i-ews and Paris settled down in Scotland as a coun- try scpiire, engased in political aud theological con- ti-sis. and invented engines of war. But in ]fil4 he published his treatise on logarithms, explaining their use l)ut not theirconstruction. This ablirevi.-iticni of niulli|ilieati(insand divisions he \viirkeH> KEPLER (German, 1571-1630), the founder of l)li\si il islronomy. after education in theology at luimi _ n, reluctantly accepted iu 1594 the chair of s( 1 n It Gratz, afterward becoming assistant to 1.1 ihe at Prague. On the death of the latter he 1 d hira as imperial mathcni.-itiriari, and was I u^li d\\ith Brahe's papers and tabh's. He had long 111 undertaken to account for the solar system, in 1609 he published his observations on the orbit ol Mils establishing the laws of elliptical orbits 111 I pi il aieas. In 1619 he published a treatise on ( 111 K ( stablishing the third law, that of the sesquip- li It 1 itio between the planetary periods and dis- t 11)1 ( s He had in 1612 removed to Linz as mathe- m itK lau for Upper Austria, in 1627 going on account of the siege to Ulra, where he published his "Rudol- phine Tables ". The duke of VVallenstein assumed the salary due him, and iu 1628 he removed to Sagan, France [157(; / VINCENT DK PAUL (French. 15r6-1660>, an Illus- trious saint of t ho Catholic rlinrch, was mado a priest in 1600, and sciiiu after \\-as capturedby iiiratcs and sold into slavery :it 'I'nnis. lie reeonverled liis mas- ter to Christ i:inily. and escaped td Fi-aiice in l('i07. He hecame teaeiier of I lie cliildren of tlie eonuuand- ant of the .u-alleys at :\larsi'illes, and in IGIO was made almoner-g-eneral of tlie galleys. Wliile here he offered liimself, and was accepted, as a [irisoner in place of a convict i verwhelmed with grief at leaving his family destitute. :Meanwhile he had founded ah assoeiatinn of jiriesls called Lazarists, who devote tlieiiiselves to tlie work of assisting the clergy hy preaching in districts te wliich they are invited by local pastors. From this timehislifewasdevotedto works of charit.\- and lieiie\olence. He established the first foundling hospital at Paris, and provided lor the education of this hitherto neglected class. 1G60] England 55 WILLIAM HABVEY (EhkHsIi, 1578-1657), the dis- coverer of the circulation of the blood, after graduat- ing from Cambridge in 1597 went to Padua to studv medicine, returnino; in 1603 an M.D. In 1607 he be- came fellow of the Royal college of physicians, and in 1615 lecturer. In his first course of lectures he brought forward his theory of the circulation of the blood, showing that the blood in the arteries was of the same kind as that in the veins, and that the heart was the motive power of its movement. His theory lacked only the capillary channels by which the blood passes from the arteries to the veins, discovered in 1661 by Malpighi. H,is life was full of honors.' In 1609 he was made physician of St. liartholoraew's hospital : he was physician of James I and of Charles I: he was warden of Merton college, O.xford. and in 16.54 elected president, resigning the next day, but becoming concilarius. He left the college his estate. 56 France [1585 i CORNELIUS J ANSEN (Dutch. 1585-1638) after ^rad- iiation in Iti-lU lioiu Louvain taught for a time in Paris, and afterward beouuie head of the episcopal coUefje at Bayonne. In 1017 he returned to Louvain to take charge of tlie college of St. Pulcheria, but aave it up to become in 1619 professor of theology, and in 1630 of iJiblical exegesis. In 1636 he became bishop of Yi)res. He died wliile jjreparing to print his great worli upon St. Augustine, upon wliich he liad spent 22 years. It appeared in 18-10, with an epilogue attacking the distinctive theology of the .lesuits, and making claims as to predestination not unlike those of Calvin. In 1641 it was prohibited by the Inquisition, and in 1643, 1653, and 1705 by papal Ijiills. It was because Arnauld and the other Por- Royalists refused to yield to this condemnation that 1 heir schools encountered such fatal opi)osition from the Jesuits, and in 1710 the schools v.'ere closed. JERO.HE BICiNOX iKrench. 1.589-16.56), to whom was due the founding of the Port Royal schools, was a in-ecocious child. Before he was 10 he had acquired an enormous amount of information, and at 12 he published "Chorographie, ou Description de la Terre Saiute". Henry IV made him tutor to the Dauphin. In 1604 he wrote his " Discourse on the City of Rome" and in 1605 a "Summ.ary Treatise on the Election of the l'o|)e". Afterwards lie devoted himself to the study of (he la.w, wrote in 1610 a treatise on the treatise on the prticedency of the kings in France, and in 1613 edited Merculf(!'s' " Formulae '". In 1620 he became advocate- ucn(!ral to tlu' grand council, and in 1626 to th(i parlia- mi'ut of Paris. In 1642 Richelieu put him in charge of the pul)lic. library. He was interested in Saint- (lyran's i(h'as upon (education, and ]iut his two sons into Saint-Cyran"s hands: it was for them that the Port Roval schools were founded. 1671] Germany 57 JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (Moravian, 1592-1671), was a Blsliop of the Moravian Brethren, but gave a life of untiring' zeal to dev^elop a system of education that sliould educate. He took up the worlv begun by Ra- ticli, aiul began by simplifying the Latin grammar. He afterward wi'ote '■'■Dklactica Magna" but in the meantime published (1631) his '■'■Jaii.ua Liufjiurrum,^" which soon made him famous. A simpler edition, il- lustrated, was issued in 1657, under the name of " Orbift J'iciii.s," a series of rude engravings of sensi- ble objects, accompanied by a description of tliem in short and easy sentences. Tkis became the most popular text-book in Europe. + He was first to bring the mind of a philosopher to bear practically on the subject of education. Montaigne, Bacon, Milton had advanced orinciples, but Comenlus applied them. His principles are fully stated in his '• Llfea,Qd Works" by Laurie '$1.00).© 58 France [1596 KENK DESCAKTKS (Frencli, 159G-1650) alter an aft- venturovis early life had voliinteerecl lu the Bavarian seiv.ce uiKl lu I8l9was in quarters at NeuL)Ur<^on the Danube, when ho ji'ot tor- fleeting on the science of method, ai.d was tilled witli entliusiasm as he reru^-ulzed that he had slniel< the rnots oi a, marvel- ous science. Ju Kir.'l lie quit military Hcrvie»;aiid be- f;;.iu t(j devote himself tu study and reilcciiuu. From ICriO (o iiMii he lived in llelland, and lie liad been but a few i]ji,>uths at tlie Swedish court, when he died suddenly. "Had De>seartesc(iiitnliuted tu education niitliluy more than the fundamental maxim (jf his met hod, he would have deserved luny icmembi-ance in lis history: * * * -never to receive lor true anything' that Is not known to be such on reliable evidence : and to comprise no more in oxu' judgment than Avhat is so clearly presented to our minds that we have no occasion to call it in question '." * PIEKBE (le FEBMAT (French, 1601-1665) wus for some time councillor of the parliament of Toulouse, and an accomplished general scholar, but became famous as a mathematician. While still a boy be made some discoveries in regard to the properties of numbers on wliioh he afterward built his method of calculating proljabilities. He discovered a simpler method tlian that of Archimedes of quadrating par- abolas, and a method of finding the greatest and smallest ordinates of crool^ed linos. His method led to a controversy witli Descartes. His complete niath- einatical works were published in 1670 and 1679. The first volume contains llie "Arithmetic of Diopliaii- tus " with notes and additions. The second, besides tlie papers already referred to, contains treatises on maxima and minima, on taugenis, on centres, on the rectiflcationof curves, various other treatises, and his correspondence. in74] England 59 JOHX MILTON {English, 1608-1674), known to his own age as a vigorous political pamphleteer and a learned theological controversialist, and to all after ages as the author of "Paradise Lost," was also a schoolmaster, undertaking in 1639 the education of two nephews, and afterward taking in other pupils. He published the tractate, "•Of Education" In 1644 Mark Pattlson says his deflnition of education has never been improved upon: "I call a complete and generous education that which nts a man to perform justly, skilfully, and magnanimousl3' all the ottices. both private and public, of peace and war."1: The young were to be led on " by the Infinite desire of a happy nurture ; for tlie hill of knowledge, labori- ous Indeed at the first ascent, else is so smooth, so green, so full of goodly prospect and melodious sounds on every side, that the harp of Orpheus was not more cliarmlng."t 60 France [1612 ANTOINE ARXAULD (French, 1612-1694), the most celebrated of llii;' Port Royal authors, was the 20th child of the most famous advocate of his time, who ill 1594 had defended the University against the Jesu- its. He took his dejiree as doctor of theolofiy at the Sorboune in 1641, and gave himself and his property to Port Royal. He esjioused the cause of the jansen- ists. and in 1643 he published his treiitise Be la fri- quente Comininnon, especially directed against the Jesuits. In 16.")5 a. lesuit confessor refused absolution to the due de Liancourt unless he dismissed his jan- senist chaplain and withdrew his granddaughter from Port Royal. Arnauld wrote the duke two letters upon this affair, one of tliem containing what is now the celebrated distinction de jure and Oe facto. The Sor- boune expelled Arnauld, who was defended by Pascal in his Provincial Letters. In 1679 he was compelled to flee to the Netherlands, and he died at Brussels. BLAISE PASCAL (French. 1623-1663), great as a mathematician, as a philosopher, and as an author, was precocious, writing at 16 .a treatise on conic sections that made Descartes incredulous. In 1648 he made experiments on atmospheric pressure that completed the work of Galileo and Torecelli. He made a calculating machine, and contributed to the i iiliniii'smal calculus, the equilibrium of fluids, the umi li.MiKitioal theory of probability, and the iirciix'i-- lics mI' the cycloid. In 1652 his sister Jac(|ueliiie joined the Port Royalists, and in 1654 he threw him- self with devotion into that cause, defending them in his 18 "Provincial Letters '", which Voltaire de- clared to have the wit of Moliere and the sublimity of Uossuet,' while Gibbon says he learned from them to manage the weapon of grave and temperate irony even on subjects of ecclesiastical solemnity. His " Pensees" appeared in 1669. 1704] The Schools of Port Royal 61 >T> MARIE de RABUTIN CHANTAL, MAR({LISE de SEVIUNE (Fi-ench, 1636-1696), most charuiiu.LC :iiid ;iiluiir:ible womsui of her time, reoLnved an excelleni c'lluration, and after marriajje in 1644 became one of the most prominent members of the circle of the Hotel Rambouillet. After her daughter married the tjovernor of Provence, she wrote the letters which Thou'-ih not intended for publication appeared after liiT death and made her famous, being of great his- inrical interest and the highest literary merit. Her cliaraoter is unsullied, for her heart was given entirely to her children, and her sweet and hapjiy temper played lightly even with sorrow and sin. She was on intimate terras with the Port Royalists, and -was a convert to the moral philosophy of Nicole. She lived to see her sou and her grandson married, and (lied after nursing her daughter through a serious Uness. JAtOrES BEMGNE BOSSLEl ( Krmch. 162;-i7U4) while ;i,t the .Jesuits college in Dijon was so thrilled w ith Hebrew poetry that he was often called '■ a man of one book'" from his absorption in the Bible. In 1643 he was sent to Paris, and at 16 his attainments Ml the university were the talk of the town. At 24 III- was made archdeacon of Met/, but was frequent- ly csilled to Paris to preach, and in 1662 Louis XIV :iricr liearing him wrote to felicitnle his father upon liavrng such a son. In 1670 he became preceptor to I lie dauphin, and resumed his own education the Ketter to instruct his inipil. writing several books, I he most noted one upon universal history. In 1670 he published his Exposition of Catholic doctrine. In I6S1 lie became bishop of :Meaux. and drew up the decision of the assembly appointed to settle the dis- putes as to the pow er of the king and of the Pope. He is often quoted in regard to the Port Royal schools. 62 England [1632 ^ JOHN LOCKE (English, 1633-1704), long' celebrated as a philosopher, has exerted wide influence on edu- cational history thi'ou'^h his "Thoughts concerning Education," and in a much smaller degree uy his es- say on "Studies." He thinks education consists In 1st, virtue ; 2d, wisdom ; ad, good-breeding ; and 4tli and last, learning. " Nc but that I think learning a great help to well-disposed minds; but yet ItTOust be confessed that in others not so disposed it helps them only to be more foolish or worse men." Wis- dom is a blending of pinideuce, foresight, knowledge of the world, and ability in affairs, with an aversion to mere cunning. Locke strenuously objects to fre- quent resorts to the rod.* 'In all tne parts of edu- cation, most time and application is to be bestowed on that which Is like to be of greatest consequence and f requentest use. " It may be doubted whether wo have yet reached the full application of his principles, t r()4] Holland H8 BAltUCH SPINOZA (Uutcb, 1632-1677) ihe "-roat- pst moderu expounder of pantheism, was of Hebrew parentage, but became a student of Descartes and in Ifioh wnsf'xcommunicated. For a time he supported lunisrli ),v urinding lenses, refusing a professorship .11, iichi.ii.iTu-, and a pension ou condition that hl^ .sljoukl dcdicale a worl: to Louis XIV preferring to live on a pittance. His philosophy was a pure mouisin. in which the sole foundation is substance and IS mainly contained in his Ethica. His Be In- tellectas Emeiukttione, published posthumously has been translated and is the most available brief sum- mary of his philosophy. Its purpose is search for -i joy which shall be permanent, and consequentlv the discovery of the highest good. " The reformation of intellectual procedure" is the first step and he dis- tinguishes four classes of ideas, and eight properties of the mtellect. Eternal truths are necessary truths 64 England [1642 SIB ISAAC NEWTON (English, 1642-1727) after sradualior. from ('amiiridue in 1665 was made fellow in 1667 and professor in 1669. From 1687 to 1690 he sat in i>arlianient for Cambridge, beinji associated with .John Locl^e. His fireatest work was his dis- covery of the theory of tiravitation, to which his attention was called' by the fall of an ajjple in 1666. Ijiit the tlicory was not elaborated till 1685. From Keiiler's laws' he proved that the attraction of the SUM ii|)on till' planets varies as the s(|uares of their distances. His " rrincipin "' was published iu 1686-7. his method of fluxions in 1693, and his " Optics '" in 170-1. From 1703 till death he was president of the Royal Society. In 1696 he was made warden and in 1690 master of the mint, holding: the place till death: the reformation of English coinage was largely his work. The reflecting telescope was devised by him, through disbelief in acromatic lenses. AXOTHFR PORTK.M'l' 1727] German^ 65 "'•'II" '''''I'-ian aucl „,uf o^^ \^ philosopher, l^atin an.i Gix4- if h /f.ul, f S['^ ^'"^"^^"^ himself ml ''o^erin"-thc(litf^ront; , i • ^- ^- °f London, 1 ro,n 1676 to his de^th hP , ' ''° 'ntesral calculus •lake of Brunswik-Lflnenbur'^' 'por^f r'''^V°'^ °^ ^^^^ to unite the Catholi^"nn?i p/v For a time he strove 171? he was made a baron mul?/'''"* ^^urches. In t.. iHs PhiIosophicalTo"rks "a'^cltf-Tli'l^^^^feS;^^' 66 France [1651 FRASCOIS DeSALIGNAC de LAMOTnT: FENELON (French, 1651-1715), arcbblsbop of Caiubray, was from 1675 to 1685 superior of a community louiicled for women converted from Protestantism, and wrote at this time his Avoric "On the Education of Daus'iit'^rs". From 1689 to 1695 lie was made tutor of tlndauiiliUi's son, the Duke of Bm'ffimdy, a boy of vi( jIi nt tiniper, yet warm-hearti'd and keen, over wlmni Fenelon acquired so bem flfnit an influence tliat his life would have t)Ptn ablrssing to France had he lived to reign. Fenelon bciame involved in a theologi- cal discussion of tlie doctrines of Mollnos, and in 1699 was banished from court. The principles on which he based the young prince's education are eniVjodied in his "Adventures of Telemachus".hls "Fables", and his " Dialogues of the Dead ", all of Avhicli had large circulation. Moral lessons he alwa,\s incul- cated, by examples rather tliau by bald precepts. 1719] Fenelon, ]j\ Salle (17 JOHN BAPTIST DE L.4. SALLE (French, 1651-1719/ founder of tUe Brothers of the Chiistian Schools, was ordained to the priesthood In 1671, and in 1682 chose as his life-^vork the education of the working'- classes, and the teaching of poor boys. lie took charge of schools that had been staited in the dif- ferent parishes of Rheims, and as the teacliers in- creased secured a house for headquarters, estab- lished rules of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and chose a distinctive dress. In 1688 lie established his system of schools in Paris, and in 1705 was called to Kouen where he made the headquarters of the order at St. Yon. Schools were soon established in all the principal cities of France. By 1702 there were 26 communities, and they liave since e.\tended tlirough- out the world. At the Chicago Exposition their ex- hibit attracted much notice. Some of his text-books are still in use. 68 France [1661 CHARLES KOLLIN (French, 1661-1741) became at 22 ii master in the college du Plessis, and was pro- moted until in 1694 he became rector of the university of Paris, after which he was made principal of the colleRB de Heauvais. In 1719 he was re-elected rector, but was disqualified and deprived of his other appoint- ments because of his Jansenist principles. His " An- cient History " (1730-38) was long a famous text-book, and his ■•Treatise on Studies" (1726-31) is still a standard pedagogical authority. It contains a sum- mary of what was then a reformed and innovating system, based on a use in study of the vernacular. He put littleemphasis on Greek,"butconsidered Latin essential, and proposed reforms in methods in the direction of Humanism. He also made much of his- tory and natural science, proposing for the latter a series of practical object-lessons on much the basis afterward adopted by Pestalozzi. 1741] Germany 69 >AUGUST HERMAN FUAJfCKD (German, 1663-1757) was g-racluated Irom Lelnzig In 1685, aud In 1689 be- gan to lecture there on tlie Bible. He was accused ot pietism, and the lectm-es were forbidden. He went to Ei-fin-t to preach, but in 1691 was banished from that town. Soon after he was made professor of Greek at Halle, and tor 36 years Avas also pastor of the parish at Glaucha. In 1695 his plans for relief ot destitute children matm-ed into an Institution for them supported by public charity. He began with a room, on a capital of seven guelders which he found in the poor box of his house. Within a year had purchased a house, and in 1697 added another house. In 1698 he had lOO orphans under his chai-ge, and 500 day-scholars. At his death the institution included a training- college, a Latin scliool, town schools with 110 teachers and i7-?4 children, etc. These schools now give instruction to ssm children. ANOTHER PORTRAIT .S\\iT>!RRLAXr) [16fi^ JEAN BEBNOUILLI (Swiss, 1667-1748) after gradii- iitioii from Basle at IH studied chemistry as well as matlifiiiatics, and in 1690 published an essay on fer- lueiil.ition, and in 1694 he took the degree of M.l). He Ijeoame professor of mathematics at Groningen, where he also lectured on experimental physics. In 1705 he succeeded his brother James as professor of iiiailicinatics at Basle, where he remained till his (I'-aili. 43 years later. Among his independent dis- Odvi'fics were the exponential calculus and the line of swiftest descent. He won several of the prizes of- fered by the Paris Academy on the laws of motion, the elliptical orbs of the planets, and the inclinations of the planetary orbits, but his most permanent con- tributions are his works on pure mathematics, to which D'Alembert declared he owed all he knew of the subject. He was keen in friendships but ardent in resentments. 1754] Germany, England 71 CHRISTIAN WOLFF (German, 1679-1754) after edu- cation at Jena began in 1703 to lecture at Leipzig and in 1706 became professor of mathematics at Halle.' His ideal was to base theological truths on mathe- matical certitude, and he lectured in German instead of Latin. In 1723 he was removed from office and ordered to quit Prussian territory. He went to the university of Marburg, where he was received with distinction. More than 200 books and pamphlets appeared upon his expulsion, and his philosophy had almost undisputed sway in Germany until displaced by that of Kant. The king of Prussia made overtures to him to return, and in 1739 his philosophy was re- quired of candidates for ecclesiastical preferment. In 1740 Frederick the Great recalled him to Halle, and in 1743 he became chancellor of the university; but he had lost the power of lecturing attractively, and his class-rooms were empty. NICHOLAS 8AUX»EBS0\ [or SANDERSON J (ICng- lish, 1682-17.39), the blind prolcssor of nialliematics, lost in infancy iiotouly liis sight but his eyes, yet was a diligent student of the Pennington free school and at home, and in 1707 went to Cambridge. Through poverty he was unable to enter as a student, but he gave private instruction in physics and optics. In 1711 he received a degree and was made professor of mathematics. He invented a computing- board, de- scribed in his "Algebra" (1740), which also contains a portrait and a memoir. This work " is a model of careful exposition, and reminds one of the algebra which Euler dictated after having been overtaken by blindness ". His " Method of Fluxions " (17.51) is an elementary mathematical physics. He was remark- ably successful as a lecturer, clear in statement and attractive in presentation. He was made a fellow of the Royal society. Engl AND, ^America [1685 (JEOBGE BERKELEY (English, 1685-1753) after f>r:idu:itioii from Dublin in 1704 studied the new phil- osoplncai principles of Descartes and Locke and evolved the jirinciple that noexistence is conceivable wliieh is nut coMsridus. Perception and volition he roii^i.lriiMl ()|ii-r;ii inns of mind or spirit; no object- exisis :i|.arMi'Min llie mind. He expounded his theory in his ■■ New 'I'lieoryof ^'ision " (1709) and more fully in his " I'rinci pies' of Human Knowledjre " (1710'. '•Dialogues" (1713) and '-DeMotu' (1715). and its practical application in his " Discour.se on Passivi' Obedience " (1711). He was a college tutor. 1707-1712, and a privatf! tutor, 1715-1720. In 1721 he became divinity lecturer and university preacher at Dublin, and •■ifterward became Hebrew lecturer and senior proctor. In I72« he came to America to found a col- lege in the Bermudas, but after three years gave up the project and returned to England. SAMCEL JOHNSON (American, 1606-1772), IJrst president of Columbia University, after graduation in 1714 from Yale taught school, jind in 1716, when the college was removed to >i'ew Haven, was at first its sole tutor, with only 15 students. In 1719 he \\ itli- drew, but it was afterward throuiih his inlluence that Uislioj) Berkley made his gifts to the college. In 1720 he was ordaiiied a Congregationalist. He l)ecani(! converted to the Kpiscopal form of church go\crn- ment. and in 172:^ visitecl I'.naland, and on his return l>i-..cc(.(l(.d to oruani/e the cluu-ch of i;m;l;i nd in ( on- iMM-iirul. estalilishing a clinrch at Stratford. In 174.S • •xlnrd gavi' him the degree of D. 1). In 174St lienjamiu franklin visiteil him to offer him the i)resi(lci'icy of the new academy, now the University of I'a.. wl'iich hedeclined: but iu 1754 he became jire'sident of KiuLi's collegi'. no\\- Columbia, In 176M he rrtiredio .Strat- ford, on .-1 pension of £.50 a year. 1782] Scotland, England 73 HEXRY HOJIE, LOUD KAMES (Scotch, 1696-1782) bi'caiiie III! udviicale ill \7:13: published a volume of lejiul decisions in 1728: was made judge in 1752, and one of the lords of judiciary in 1763. In 1761 he suc- ceeded through his wife to "an estate in Perthshire, where he removed a stratum of peat on 1,500 acres of land bv rtoatiiis it into the river Forth. He was on(! of tlie founders of the Ro.val Societ.v of KdinburKh. IJesides his legal treatises h(! published in 1751 "Es- says on the Principles of Moralit.v and Natural Re- ligion": in 1761 "An Introduction to the Art of Thinking": in 1762" Elements of Criticism "; and in 1774 "Sketches of the History of JIan ". In his " Loose Hints on Education" (1781). published in his 8.5th .year, he combats the doctrim-s reciMitly jiromul- gated b,v Rousseau. He consider^ i-liiclly tiic culluri' of the "heart, and would hiiM- lln- i-liild made ac- quainted early with the priucii)l('s of revealed religion. COLIN MACLAUBEX (English. 1698-1746) on grad- uating from Glasgow at 16 had already shown remark- al)li' mat licmatical genius, and in 1717 was elected pro- fessor of mathematics at .Aberdeen.' In 1719 he became a fi'llow of the Royal society, made the accjuuintance of Newton, and published liis Organic Geometry, in- si)ir<>d b.v Newton'S discoveries as to conic sections. In 1722 he became a private tutor, but in 1775 was made professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 1740 lie divided with Euler and Daniel Bernouilli the French academy prize on the flu.x and reflux of the sea; and his "Treatise on Fluxions" was published in 1742, In whicli he follows Newton in regarding flux- ions as velcjcities, and announces the doctrine of the a 1 1 raction of ellipsoids. Lagrange declared that this discovery could be compared with the greatest of those of Archimedes. His algebra was published after his death. America [170.". JONATHAN KDWA1{1»S (Am Ticaii, ir03-iro8). Ilic iiiDst, i-'iiiiueiit (;(■ AiiicriiM!! im't;ipliy.sici;ms, \v:is the sou of a iiian fiO yi'iirs pMslor of \\w s;iiiie chiirrli. ;aul after sriKiniitioii from Vale at ITsluilicd llicolo^x for two years in New Haven, and was a liiior there 1724- 1727. He then beeamecolleaijue with his tirandfalher as jiastorof the church at jSortlianiiJloii, Mass., and two years later the paslor. Here he became tlie ac- knowledn(>d champion of the doctrine of endless Ijiinishuieiit. In 1750 in conseciuence of a contro- versy over the suitability of certain l)o<)la>inaly before Lis view the importance of I iil.ii- I'lliuMtiou, to re-inforoe and make efr<'ctive 1 1 liei-alious of the principles of local self-fj:overn- UKMit, on the other hand. Dr. Franklin, himself a not(!\vorthy example of the self-educated man, kept, in view the importance of education as the founda- tion of thrift and social development. These two men seem to liave furnished more than any other two men the guidins |>rincii)les which have prevailed in our civilization, i)olitical aiul social." AXOTHKR rOKTRAIT 76 Sweden, Switzerland [1707 CAUIi von LINNK (Swedish, 1707-1778), better known under liis earlier iiaiuo ol'Oarolus Linnaeus, betiiui to be intereste(l in plants -when four years old, and Ije- came tlie T-.iiy at Lund, and in 1738 to I'psal. where in 17:'A> he bci^a'n to lec^ture on botany. In 17H2 he explored Lapland, and in 1733 Dalecarlia. In 1735 he went to Holland for a decree, in 1736 he visited England, and in 1738beKi:n practice as a physician in Stoclvholiu. and in 1740 became professor of botany at Upsal. His system of botany is founded on the sexes of plants, taking into account only a few marked characteristics, and serving only as an index to the book of nature. It was first published in Ley- den in 1735. His "Genera Plantorum " (1737) is the startinj; jioint of modern systematic botany. His most inijiortant work is " Species Plantorum " (1753). " He found biolo;;',v a chaos, he left it a cosmos." LKONHART KlILEK (Swiss, 1707-1783) after gradu- al ion from Uasle in 1723 continued his favorite study of ^icomelry, to wliicli he added pliysiology. In 1737 he went to St. Petersburg, where in 1730 he became |)r()fess(U" of physics and in 1733 of mathi'matics, succeeding Daniel Uernouilli. Here he carried the int(>ural calculus to higher perfection, and invented the calculal ion of sines. In lr"'35 he solved in three days a problem for which other mathematicians liad demanded months. In 1741 lu^ became iirofessor of luatliernatics at l!<'rlin. but returned to Russia in 17t5li. Nearly losing his siglit, Ik; dicta.ted his " Klemenls of A lueljra ■' to his servant, wlio knew nothing of nial hi'ina.lics. He won both prizes of the French Academy for tlie theory of t\w moon's motion, al- tliou^li he had to i-arry the intricate calculations in his memory. In 7 years he contributed to the St, I'elersluirL;' Aeademv more th.an 70 memoirs. 1783] England, America 77 THOMAS DILWORTH (EiiKlish, 1710?-1780), the t. \t-book author, was for some time assistant to a schoolmaster named Dycke. at Stratford-on-Bowe md then started a school of his own at WaiJuiuo-' In 1,40 he published •' Dihvorth-s Spellins Kook or Neu Guide to the English Tongue ", which came into jeneral use, in many cases succeeding the " horn- liook . It was used to teach the alphabet, si)ellin"- II idins, and graiumar, and was in small type with^^i poitiut of the author. AVhen in 1784 Webster's spelling book began to displace Dilworth's in Amer- ua Dilworth's Ghost" was written to deter teach- < r;, fiom making the change. In 1743 he published nis Schoolmaster's Assistant, being a compendi- dium of arithmetic, both practical and theoretical" uhKli was for a time used almost universally iri \m(ric!in schools, and may still be occasionally found in shelves of old schoolbooks. JOHX LOVELL (American, 1710-1778) after gradu- ation from Harvard in 1728 became in 1730 assistant 111 the Public Latin school, Boston, in 1733 he be- came headmaster, and continued so42 years. Though in many respects an excelhnit teaclie'r he was stern and rough, and his pupils feared him as they would a. lion. In 1742 he delivered the first public address in Kaneuil hall, at the town hall meeting called on the decease of I'eler Faneuil. When the Revolution came he was a loyalist, and when neyvs arrived of the battle of Lexinglou lie dismissed the school, saying: " War's begun— school's done." He went to H:ilif;7.\ Willi the British troops and died there. In his day si-liool began at 7, closed at 11, and began again at ]", while at 9 the scholars went to another school to learn to write and cipher, which it was beneath the dignity of his school to teach. He had a garden in which he all(>wcre publishecl in 9 pamphlets (17(53-7.5). .\niong the Indians he instriu-tcd was Thyandegea (.biseph Brant), who afterward sent his sou to Dartmouth. 177'.)] France 79 JEAN JACqUES ROUSSEAU (Swiss, 1712-1778), was the most extravagant, the most eloquent, the most reckless of all innovators.* " Take the road directly opposite to that in use and you will almost always go right," was his fundamental maxim. His '■'■ Enulf." Is perhaps the most inlluential book ever written on the subject of education. The school to which he be- longed may be said to have been founded by Mon- taigne, and to have met with a champion in Locke. But It was reserved for Rousseau to give this theory complete development, and to expound it in the clear- est and most eloquent language. In the EiiiUe he made the ttrst noteworthy study of child-natm-e from a pedagogic standpomt ; emphasized the Importance of training the senses and bodily capabilities ; and was the nrst to treat adequately tlie education of gu-ls. He gives directions for teaching geography, etc., from the standpoint of the child's experience. ^ AXOTIIRR PORTRAIT 8U France [1711 CHARLES MICHEL ABBEdel'El'EE(li(ii(li, 1712- 1789), upon wliosc labors the present system ol' deiif- mute Inslruetion is based, studied for tlie jjrieslliood, but on aeeounl of his Jansenist tendencies \\ as de- prived of his church functions, lie uudeiMook the instruction of two deaJ-mutes, and invented the manual alphabet by which he tau^ilit tliem to con- verse, lie was entirely uninformed of Pereiras ef- forts in tli(! same direction, so that his invention was independent of sujij^estious from others. In 17.^^) In; founded a scliool for the instruction of de.-if-mutes, which he maintained at his own expense till liis deatli. and which was succeeded by a national institution founded in 1791 l)y the Niitio'nal assembly. He pub- lished various books upon his methods, the principal one in 1784. .\n estimate of them in:iy be found in Hartmann's " Deafmutism ", of which a transl.iiion appeared in 1881. ALEXIS CLAUDE CLAIRAUT (French. 1713-1765) was the son of a, teacher of mathematics in Paris, and at 13 read before the French Academy an ac- count of four curves he had discovered. At 16 he finished his treatise on curves of double curvature, and at 18 was admitted to the academy. In 1736 he joined Maupertuis in the expedition to Lapl;nid to estimate a decree of tlie meridian, and on his return publislied his treatise on the form of the earth, pro- inultratiiii;- a tlieory on the variation of (gravity after- ward corrected by'.Viry. He obtained an in0 Kaiued the St. Petersburtr ])ri/.e for liis treatise on tlie lunar theory. In 17r)9 he cal- culated the perihelion of Ilalley's coriu't. He ex - plainecl in 1747lhe motion of the li'iuar aposee, a- point left, unexplained by Newton, applying his solution of the iiroblem of the three bodies. 1789] De l'Epee, Claikaut, D'Alemhert 81 JEAXLK ROND D"ALKMBKRT (I reucli. 1717-1783) was I'diii-ati'd at iljc .Mazarin c-nllc^c, where the Jan- seiiists in si'rkiiit;' to direct liis attention to theology save him so litlh_> instruction in matheraalios that he afterwards wasted much time in discovering for himself what had already been established. After subiiiittinti several mathematical papers to the Acad- emy of Sciences he was in 1741 made a member, and in 1743 established his principle of dynamics that if fi'om the forces acting on a connected system of bodies there be subtracted the forces which, acting alone, would be callable of producing the actual ac- celerations and retardations of the bodies, the re- luainder must exiictly baltmce each other. In 1746 he received tlieHerlin gold medal for a newcalculus, and ]n'. refused llattering otfers to settle in Germany audRtissia. He assisted Diderot in preparing the Dictionmtire J';ucycliipedi(iue. 82 Germany, America [1715 CHRISTIAN FURCHTEGOTT GELLERT (German, 1715-1769) was educated at Leipziji. and li'diii Ibol to his deatli was processor of philosophy there. He lectured on poetry, eloquence, and morals to lartre and enthusiastic audiences. The German literature of the period was dominated by Gotlsehed. Gillert was one of a body of young men who resolved to free themselves from sueli trammels, and who started the revolution which was consummated by Schiller and Goethe. Of his writinirs, the best are his ■" Fables " and his " Soiiss ". the latterexpressinu; the maxims of a liberal i)iety .•ind still popular in Germany. His in- fluence w:is due slill more to the excellence of his personal character, his fjentle piety, and hissiminlar knack of jiainin^ the reverence and love of ynmiL; people. He was Ix'loved by his students, and llie.\' carried his leachiniis all over Germany. I'.dil ion-, of his works were published iTi 1769-74. and in IKtiT. JOHN WfTHKRSPOOX (Scotch-Americ.-iu. KiC- 1794). a lineal descendant of .John Knox, afler edu- caliou at the university of Rdinburjih. and i>reach- iufi at Heith and I'aisley. became in ]7t)8 sixth presi- dent of what IS now I'rinceton university. lie at onct' inspired it with new life. Iiroadened its course of sludy, and secured incre.-ised tin.-incial suppuri. lie was also prominent in the councils of the Ri' volu- tion, lie wasa siinierof the Declaration of Indepenii- euee. a member of the New Jersey constii ul ional e(iu\eMiii)n and jjrovincial coni;ress in 177(5, and .a nieniher of till- Continental congress from 177fi to \'ih'2. Ill' was always firm in the most gloomy nsiiects of l)ul)lic affairs, and discovered gre.'it presence of mind under the most embarrassing conditions. Jn 1779 he resigned his liouse on tl;e college grounds In I lie vice-presidi'nt. but in 1783 he visitiMl I'",urope, and to the last iierformed his functions as jiresident. 1794] France, Ajieeica 83 JOHANN BEBNHARD BASEDOW (German, 173S- 1790), became t'amoustlirougliliisPliilanthropmumat Dessau, founded on the Ideas of Rousseau, with the key-note "Everything- according to nature." There was mucli teaching- by guessing and other games, tlie pupils sometimes tlirowing dice to see who should recite next. They had 8 hours tor sleep, 8 for food and amusement, 8 for school-work and manual labor. The development of the body was especially cared lor, gymnastics being introduced into modern 'schools lor the first time. But it did not succeed, and was closed in 1793. Basedow proved an unfit man to be at its head, and did not continue long in charge, there- alter teaching privately. His '■'■^lexientarbucJi" gave inlormation in the lorm of dialogues, inter- spersed with tales and easy)poetry, and his '•'• MetJioO- entjucji. ' was a companion volume lor j)arents and teachers. .\NOTllER PORTRAIT 84 Scotland, Germany [1723 ADAM SMITH (Scot.-li. 1723-1790), lh iic.-'il metluid in mathematics, and at 19 made known to lOulcr his calculus of variations. Ill ir.")4 he w.-is made professor in the royal school of artillery, and in IK.V.i published his theory of sound. In 176:^ he published his " method of variations ", anil from 17fi4 to i;88 took tlie live prizes offered b\- the Paris Academy of Sciences. In 1766 Ik; succe'eded Euler as director of the mathematical tlepartnient of the Herlin academy. In 1788 he published his "An alytical Mechanics ''at Paris, whether he had removed in 1787, and aided in the establishment of the metric system. He became professor of mathematics in tin; Polytechnic school, and was i)laced at the head of the geometry section of the Institute. He w.-is buried at, the I'aiilheon. Laj>lace delixeriug the funcr.al oration. 1813] Two Mori-: American College Prp:si dents 87 MYLES COOPER (Euglish, 1737-1785), Sd pn'sidciil, of Columbiii university, after sradiuiliou in 1760 Irum Queens collef^e, Oxford, became iu I7(i2 pi'olV.s.soi- nt' moral philosophy aud assistant to the president of Kings college, now Columbia university, and within the year beeanie president at the early age of 2(3. At first his popularity Wiis great. He \viis a wit and a soholii.r, and won the students by occasional! v laving aside his dignity. He secured gifts from Oxf'ord uni- versity, and in 1771 visited Rnghmd in behalf of the college. As the revolution aiiproached. however, he became active as a high chun-li lory, and his pamph- lets soon made him the most thoroughly hated man in America. In 1775, warned that a mob was to at- tack the college, he jumped over the college fence :ind spent all night wandering along the Hudson river, and the next day escaped to Enghuid. He w;is aft also pu 1)1 i shed "The l''ainily Magazine", "The Guardian of I'.duca- tion ", .•ind an " Essay upon Christian Education ". s;:o] France, America 8!) JEAN FREDERIC OBEKLIX (French. ir40-182ti) in Um l)pc-iiui«' piistcir ul WaUlb.-ich, Alsacr, and si't hiinst'lf to betteriug Uw physical coiulitioii of his lliiclc. He begiui by constructing roads, erecting liiidges, and introducing improved metiiods of agri- i-iiltnre, till comfort took the place of poverty and indolence. At the close of his 60 years labor, the population had increased from 500to5000. He foimd- I'd an itinerant library, established village schools, and started the first infnntschools known. 'Phis last was his distinctive educational work. In tliesc in- f.int schools, then termed asylums and more like the French creches than our kindergartens, he gathered the children for instruction and recreation while tlieir parents were at labor. Primarily his intention was to leave the parents free to work, but tin' plan soon developed into training of the children, till that became an end, and great good was accomplished. S VmrEL KIRKLA.ND (American. 1741-1808), found- II III H million college, was a student at, lOlcay.ar \\ 111 elock s school for Indians at Lebanon, and n the suggestion for the school system adopted in Germany under von Humboldt, with whom he had intimate cor- respondence. He ]>roposed an amendment to the na- tional constitution by which the national government should cooperate with the States in educational work. Throughout his administration as president he fa- vored every bill that made grants for education, es- pecially that giving section 16 of ever.y township for th(! su|)port of common schools. In 1817 he proposed compulsory education for Virginia. The nnqhuis of the ])resen't congressional library is the gift of 6.700 books from his own library. After his retirement from pulilic life in 1809 he devoted himself largely to the est.'ililislunent of the University of A'irginia. " I8-!G] Fhaxcic 01 AMOIXE LAIREXT LAVOISIER (li,ii,li irj:i- l.iM), I 111- di><'ovcTrrof o\\,';cii.:irii-r-ra(lu:ui(>iili-(,iii I he ( 'olletif Ma/.;u-in, Paris, devoted liiiiist'lf to sciciu-e with .such zeal that when preparing; the essay which won liiin in 1766 his fli-st prize, on the best mode of I luhtins the streets of Paris, in order to render his 's more sensitive he sliut himself up for six weeks I .1 room hung with black ami lit onlv bv the lamps was experimentinK upon. He assisted in prepar- ml; a geological map of France, and in 1770 beu-an nvestigation of the air. In 1778 he gave to what I'nestley had called " dephlogisticat.ed air "the name of oxygen, and in 1778 published his " .Alethode de nomenclature chimique ", which supplanted the alchemistic jargon iirevailing. His " Traite elemen- l.nre de chimie ■■ (1789) dealt the finalblow to phlo- giston, and established the science of modern chem- istry. In 1794 as ex-farmer-general he was beheaded. JEAX AXTOIXE NICOLAS rl© CABITAT COM)OI{- CET (Fri'ucli. 1743-179-1). mathematician and philoso- pher, after study at the college of Navarre by an essay on the integral calculus aained a seat in tlie ac.-idcniy of sciences, and in 1777 became secretary In llic same .\car his theory of comets gained a prize iu I he Berlin academy. At the revolution he was elecicd |r) ih(! legislative assembly, of whicli iu )77-3 lie was president. In tin; national convent inn he sided with the Girondists and in 1793 was outlawed. While in hiding he wrote his most reuuirkable w- sor there by what was then the coiiimou practiee of paying the present incumbent $1300 for his phice. He at once infused new life into what had been a neglected study, so that in 1784 it brought him an in- come of $2000. In 1785 he published his first text- boolv, "Collectanea Graeca". followed in 1797 by a similar volume of poetical selections. His " Ana- lecta inajora" and "Analecta minora" also came into wide use. In the contest where Jacob Bry- ant denied the existence of Troy and Bentley and Wolf the existence of Homer, he stood by Homer and his story. He was librarian of the university, and wrote a history of it i n two volumes. Lord Cockburn says he was "mild, affectionate, simple, an absoluti; enthusiast about learning," — not a good instructor, but a great exciter of boys' minds. RICHARD LOVELL EDOKWOKTH (English, 1744- 1817) while still at Oxfoi'd luade a niu-away match, and went to live in r.eikwliire. He tried to bring' up his sou after the i»iiirii>l(s laid down lu Rousseau's Emile^hut afterward d animated, the Avriting frfesU and vivacious, with an < niglnality and force in her way of putting common- place sober sense that accounts for her extraordinary popularity. In her serene old age philanthropists from all parts of the world made pilgrimages to see the i)nght and amiable old lady. She retained all her faculties till past the age of 85, and died univers- ally lamented. § LIXDLKY MURRAY (Aiiicncaii, 1745-1826), (lu' jiiMiiniiariiin. w.'is the sou of a Quaker uierchaut, uud li(M-:iiiir a s\u-c('ssful lawyer in New York city. He rcliriM! iu 1784 and settled in England, where he dc- voteil himself to literary pursuits. He is best known by his " Hufzlish Grammar" (1795), for many years the standard authority, especially in England, and in 1816 he issued a new edition, of an abridgment of which (1818) more than a million copies were sold. It was enibossed for the blind, and translated at Bom- Ijay into an Indian dialect. He published an " Enfeiice, and in the estaljlishment of the Normal and Polytechnic schools, at each of which he was professor of descriptive geometry. In 1796 he was sent to Italy, and later to Egypt and Syria. He became president of the Egyptian Commission. He was in the senate with the title of Count, when the fall of Xapoleon took away nil his political honors. STEPHANIE FELICITE DUCREST de SAINT All- BIN, COMTESSE de (JENLIS (French, 1746-1830) was married at 16. and at 24 became governess at the Palais Royal to the daughters of the duchess of Chartres, and in 1781 to the sons of the duke of Or- leans, one of them afterward King Louis Philippe, \\ liich led to the resignation of all their tutors. The better to ctirry out her theory of education she wrote scvi-ral works, the best known of which is the "Thea- tre of Education" (1779-80). The fall of the Giron- dins in 1793 compelled her to tak(^ refuge in Switzer- land. In 1794 she went to Herlin, but was expelled, ind settled in Hamburg, where she supported her- self by writing and painting. In 1799 she returned to l''rance and was received with favor b.v Napoleon, who gave her a pension of $1,200 a year. She con- tinued her writings, which though hasty form good niat(>rial for historians. 1X33] ^roxGE. i»E Genlts, Laplace, Legendj^c PIEKBE SIMOJf MAR<^riS dp LAPLACE (Knnch. 1749-1827), the Ni'wtoii of Fritiicf, after educiitinn at the military school of Keauiiiout became a teacher there, and at 18 came to Paris, where a letter to D'Alembert made him professor in the Ecole Mili- taire. lu 1773 he announced the invariability of |)lan(>tary mean motions, the most important step in the establishment of the stability of the solar sys- tem. This was followed by profound investigations by him and by Lagrange, communiciited to the .Acad- emy of Sciences in 1787. His " M^canique Celeste '■ (17519) collected in a single work thedevelopment and application of the law of gravitation by three gener- ations of illustrious mathematicians. His " Exposi- tion du Systemedu .Monde '" (1796) gave the same con- clusions in style so lucid that in 1816 he was elected to the French Academy. It is in this volume that he announces his nebular hypothesis. ADRIEN MARIE LEGENDRE (French. 1752-1833), in tlie front rank of the several great French mathe- maticiiuis of his time, after graduation, from the College Ma/.arin became professor in the Ecole Mili~ taire and afterward in the Ecole Norma le. In 1792 he received the Berlin academy prize for a memoir relating to the paths of projectiles. He was a niein- iDer of the commission for connecting Paris and Greenwich geodetically. and of the council to intro- duci- the decimal system of weights and measures and determine the length of the metre. His researches on elliptic functions covered 40 years, yet when in 1827 the discoveries of two young and yet unknown mathematicians revolutionized the subject, he readil> and cheerfully accepted them. His name is most widelv known' through his '■ Elements of (ieometry ". the first successful attemjit to sujiersede Euclid, .-in!! long a favorite text-book iu England and .Vmerica. 98 Ger:\iaxy [1746 JOACHIM HEINRICH CAMPE (German, 1746-181b; studied tln'oloyy at Halle, and alter acting for a time as c!iai>l:iiii at i'otsdam, in 1777 replaced Basedow as director ol' studies at the Philantbropin at Dessau. Soon after he set up a similar establishment of his own at Tittow, near Hamburg, but was obliged to give it up on account of ill-health. In 1787 he be- came counsellor of education at Brunswick, and pur- chased'a school-publishing business, which became very prosperous. He published the Kleine Biblio- thek ", 12 vols., "Sammtliche Kinder- und Jugend- sohriften". 37 vols., etc. His "Robinson derJiingere ' , known in P^nglish as " The Swiss Family Robinson ", was translated into nearly every European lanuua^e. His theoretical works on education were .ilsu inllucn- tial, including his 'General Revision of the Schoo"i System" (178.5-91) in 16 volumes. His biography by Leyser was published in 1877. 1831] America 99 STEPHEN GIKARD (FnMioli. 1750-1881). founder of Gir;ii'd college, \v;is ii sailor at. 13 and a captain at, 23. Ill 1877 he {jave up the sea and settled in Phila- del pliia as a merchant. When yellow fever broke out , s\vpe])iug away ti sixth of the population, he became manaucr of the hospital, and devoted himself to the care of the sick and the dead, and assisted the suffer- ers with money and provisions. From this time liis financial success was reinarkalile. On tlie dissolu- tion of the United States bank he founded the Girard bank, and durinj; the war of 1812 assisted the gov ernmenl at a critical period by subscribinj; to a lars'i' loan, lie left his 7^4 millions to charity, most of it for foundini; the Girard collcfie fir orphans. He require(l that the.v should be instructed in tln^ purest principles of moralit.v, with a love for truth. sobriet.\ , and industry: l>ut to prevent sectarian instruction he forb.-ide that clerirvmen should enter the icrounds. TIMOTHY ©WIGHT (Amcricm. 1752-1817) was a uraudson of Jonathan Jvlwards. and M-as sraduali'd from Yale in 1769. After two years in a New Haven lir.-immar school ho became in 1771 a tutor, which ise ri'inained till in 1777 he was licensed as a preacher and became an army chaplain. In 1778 he retir(!d to his farm in Northampton, serving two terms in the Massachusetts legislature. In 1783 he was ordained at Grci-n field, where he opened an academy that drew students from all over the country. In 1795 he was inade prc'sident of Yale. At that' time the collefje was a feeble institution with 110 students and only four instructors, but under him it grew toward rea'l n liversity life, and recovered the prestige it had lost. Ilis principal works were "Theology Explained and Defended " (1818), " Travels in ?^ew England and New York " (1821). He also wrote the •■ Conquest of Ca- naan" (1771), an ambitious eiiic i)oem. Lof C. 100 En(;i. AND [175^ ANDREW BELL (Scotcli. 1753-1832) after gradua- tion from St. Andrews served as tutor six years in Virginia and six more in Scotland. In 1787 he sailed for India, and became superintendent of the orphan asylum at Madras. He could not set satisfactory teachers, and liit upon the plnn of making one i)upil teach the others, the "monitorial" system. In 1796 he returned to England with a reputation and ^1*130,- 000 in his pocket, and published '" An Experimerit in Education", a report of what he had done. In 1805 Joseph Lancaster came to see him, and they became enemies. The National Society was formed to sup- port Dr. Bell's methods, and the British and Foreign School Society to support Lancaster's. Dr. Bell be- came prebendary of Westminster Abbey, and is bur- ied there. lie left his estate of a million dollars to educational uses, and founded the chairs of education at Edinburgh and St. Andrews. 1832] Germany 101 AUCJUST HERMANN NIEMEYER (German, 1754- 1S28), a great grandson of Fnuioke, after being pro- fessor of theology at Halle, was in 1785 made a di- rector; and upon the establishment of a teachers' seminary in 1787 was placed at the head of it. The institution was closed by Napoleon, and when opened again through his efforts in 1807, he was made chan- cellor, which position he held for nine years. His "rnuciplesof Education and Instruction" (1799) was the first attempt at systematizing German peda- gogy, and one of the earliest attempts at a history ot education. He regarded the harmonious develop- ment of the faculties as the first principle of educa- tion. The book grew to three volumes, and he himself edited eight editions of it. It is still re- garded as amon" the best German authorities. In 1816 he was made a member of the consistory ai Magdeburg. 102 FkANCK, EXfiLAND [175S ANTOIXE ISAAC SILVESTKE, BAKO.N de SACl (I-'reiich. 1758-1838), sf^iiti^st ol Krciicli orientalists .•mil fciuudiT (it the modern school of Arabic scholar- ship, was educated in seclusion at his home in Paris. He became in 1781 counsellor and in 1791 eommissary- general in the coar deK ■monnaif^. In 179^ he retired from public service, and devoted himself to the orien- tal studies to which he had already {i'veu a great deal of time. In 1795 he was made professor of Arabic in tlie newly founded school of livinsf Eastern lan- •.^uaues. His Arabic text-books proved him to be a iireat teachf^r as well as a profound scholar. In 1806 he became professor also of Persian. In 1808 he en- tered the corps ler/islafif, and in 1832 was made a baron. In 181.5 he became rector of the University of I'iiris. and after the secrond restoration was active in the commission of public instruction. With all this varied work he was always fond of society. RICHAKD POKSON (Knglisb, 1759-1808), the great- est of nioden. Greek scholars, after graduation from Cambridge in 178i was elected fellow of Trinity, and in 1783 began publishing critical reviews, and in 1786 helped to edit au edition of the Anabasis. By 1790 Ik' liad b(!come known as a scholar of tlie lirsi'rank, and his h'tters on a spurious verse in 1st .lohn were |iriinounced by Gibbon the most acute and accur.-ite pii-rr (it criticism since the days of Mentley. In 1792 lie Im,i liis fc'llow shi|) because unwilling to become a ^•lcri;\ iii:in, ami his friends raised funds to jirovide ail .inuuily of .'f.'iUO a year. He lived in London, and dcliuhlcd to gather young men about him and pour foi-th from his marvellous memory torrents of every kind of literature. In 1792 he became Greek i)roros- sor at L'ambridge. but the income was only $2(iO: and in ISOfiwas made librarian of the London institution, which brought him $1,000 a year more. 1888] Germany 103 JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE (German, 1762-1814) after a youth of uUidy at the universities, supporting himself by teaehiuK and literary work, in 1790 became acquainted with Kant's philosophy, and wrote his "Critique of Revelation", which by the publisher's er- ror was ascribed to Kant himself, thus brinsinK fame to Fichte. In 1794 he became professor of philosophy at Jena, where his success was instantaneous. His essays here on moral subjects are well-known in EuKlish under the title "The Vocation of the Schol- ar". In 1799 he was accused of atheism and obliged to resign, residing till 1806 in Berlin, giving lectures in 130.5 at Erlangen. and publishing his " Nature of the .Scholar ". The disasters of war drove him away, but in 1807 he returned, and delivered his "Addresses to the German nation" enunciating a theory oi state-education, based on the principles of Pestalo/.zi. From 1810-1812 ho was rector of the new universit.y. JOIIANN PAUL FRIEDERICH RICHTER (German, irej^-isas), often referred to as "Jean Paul," came of a race of pedagogues, both lus father and grandf atlier having been schoolmasters. He was himself a teach- er, starting in 1789 a school of seven scholars. He was much loved by his pupils, seeking not to Instil knowl- edge but to evoke faculty ; to teach, not to preach He gathered here the ideas for his '■'■Lerdim," the German representative of '■'■Emile." Richter, like Rousseau, is a sentimentalist, and approaclu's the proiilem of education from the emotional rather than the intellectual side, hut Richter repudiates Rous- seau's careful system. "• Leva iia " is a miglity maze, without a plan, yet with fixed ideas and principles, and a safer guide than "• Eruile." To educate by illu- sions and carefully prepared accidents Is futile, he says, for sooner or later the boy will aiscover the deception, t s 104 A:\1ERICA [176.- JAMES KKNT (A iinTicMii. (i;ti:i-lK4r). pi-ofcssor of hiu ill Coluiiibiii (•oIlcKc. after lii'ad nation fl'oiii 'S'ali' ill 1781 [iractisL-d Jaw in Pou^hkefpsie, \. Y. In 179;< lit' removed to New York, and was made iiiasti^r in chancery. In 1797 he became recorder, in 1798 jiidsie cif the supreme court, in 1804 chief justice, and in 1814 cliaucellor. Up to this time chancery law had been unpopular, and no decisions had been published. His .iudgmeuts (Johnson's Chancery reports, 1816-24) cover a wide ranite of topics, and are so thoroughly considered and di'vi'liipecl as uni|iiestionably to form the l)usis of .ViiiiTii'.-iii i'(|uity jurisprudence. In 18"-i:! he resigned, and r<'t unn-d I o the chair of law in f'olnm- bia, to which chair lie had been elected in 1796. Out of his lectures ^rrew iiis " Commentaries on American Law " (1826-30), which won for iiini a liisrh and per- manent place aiuousi jurists. lie was a man of trreal imrity of character, simple and jiiMitle. 1847] KkNT. \\\X IiENSSKLAKi; 10.') STEPHEN YA> 1JE.NSSEL.4.EK (Auiericuu. 1764- 1839i. beL-ume an anny ollicer in 1786. and nia.jor- y;en(n'al of cavalry in 1801. He was ele<-tecl iu 1789 to the assembly and in 1790 to the senate, where he remained till in 1795 \u: was elected lieutenant- tiovernor. In 1810 he was appointed upon the canal commission, and in 1816 was once more appointed, serving till 183-1. In tiie war of 1812 he was ))laced in command of the militia of N(>w York, and on Oct. 13 ]danted tlie flan on the heights of Queens- town, in 1819 he was elected re-ient of the Univer- sity, and in 1821 to the constitutional convention. In 1820 he was president of the board of agricnltnre, and he paid for a geoloiiical survey of the route of the Erie canal. In 1824 he founded the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy. From 1823 to 1829 he was a member of congress, and his report secured the election of John Quincy Adams as president. 106 England [1767 MARIA EDOEWORTH(Kii<;lish, i;T3r-l«49) the crcii- tor of the uovel of iiatiomil uuiuuers and moral pur- pose, was the daughter of Richard Lovell Kdfie- worth, who devoted himself with enthusiasm to the education of his children, and joined with her in writing " Practical Education " (1798) and the " Kssay on Irish Bulls ". Her first novel appeared in 1800 and at once established her reputation. This was followed by "Belinda", "Popular Tales", " Fashi()nal)l<' Tales", etc., till the list reached to many volumes. The Encyclo]i;ie(lia, Brilannica says: " Siie plainly belongs to the realistic school, and her tales are ex- pressly foumlecl on a carefully thought out philosophy of education, tlius i:ivin^ no countenance to the theory tli.-it teai-liini; is a mere knack, rattier than a science resting on well-asccrt.-iiiiiMl mental phenomena. * * * In her pages the heroic virtues give place to prudence, industry, kindness, and sweetness of temper." 184')] A. Ai ERICA 107 JOHX QUISCY ADAMS (American. 1T6T-I848), tith lircsidi'ut ol' the Viiitcil Suites. \v;is also for a time :i in-ofessoi- ill Harvard ami author of a rhetoric. At 12 he visited lOurope with his father, and asain in 1814. attending the Uuiversit.v of Leyden. At 15 he was s(?cretary to the mission to St. Petersburg. After 'graduation from Harvard in 1788. he was in 1791 ad- mitted to tlie bar. and in 1794 made minister to The Hague, and in 1797 to Prussia. In 1801 he returned to Hostou, and in 1803 was elected to congress. He was professor of rhetoric in Harvard 1806-9; and his lec- tures, the first on the subject delivered in America, were 'published as a text-book, and for many years enjoyed wide popularity. Th.-y are still often called for. " In 1809 he was made minister to St. Petersburg, and in 18)5 to London. Ii; 18-^5 he was elected presi- dent. In 18:>1 he was elected to congress, and re- mained a member till his death. JAMES WADSM'OKTH (.\mericau, 1768-1844) after graduation from Yale in 1788 purchased with his brother large tracts of land on the Genesee river in New York, then unsettled. The enterprise was suc- cessful and made them wealthy ; the death of the Ijrother made James the sole proprietor. Much of his time and wealth he devoted to the common schools. He urged the setting apart of school lots, and the establishment of normal schools. In 1832 he secured the republication and distribution amongthe schools of HalTs " Lectures on School Keeping ", and in 1835 and 1838 the establishment of the district library sys- tem. In 1842 he paid for the publication and distri- bution of 15,000 copies of " The School and the School- master ", by Alonzo Potter and George B. Emerson. Altogether he expended more than $90,000 for im- proving the schools, and his personal influence in their behalf was far more valuable. 108 EnG la N D, S W ITZE U LA N 1) [1769 EDWARD DANIEL CLAHKE (Knulish, 1769-1822), the first professor of iiiiiieraloi;y at (.'anibridfje, iu his capacity ;is a i)rivaie tutor was a noted traveller. Af- ter the capitulation of Alexandria lie aided in secur- ing for Eufiland many stat ues. sareophajii, maps. man- uscripts, etc.. wlii<'li had been uatiiered by the French scientists. lie sold his manuscripts to the Bodleian library for $5,000. and he^ave to Cambridge a colossal statue of the l%leusiniau Ceres. In 1808 he was made professor of miueralofi:y,and he also ])ursued eagerly the study of cliemistry, malving several discoveries lay means of the blow-pipe, which he brought to per- fection. His health gave way under too ardent study. Besides his books on travel, on which his profits ex- ceeded $30,000, he published in i807"A Methodical Distribution of the Mineral Kingdom ", and work.s on the ancient marbles he had brought to Kngland. He was personally of most amiable character. JOHANN (;E0KG TOBLEK (Swiss, 1769-1843) was educated for a preacher, but had not sufficient mem- ory to acquire foreign languages, and in 1799 became the head of a school at liasle for girl children of emi- grants. In 1800 he joined Pestalozzi at Burgdorf, and remained with him seven years. He then founded a labor-school at Miihlhausen, which grew to 600 pu- pils, but came to an end in 1811. He returned to Basle to compile his pedagogical views and experiences and write a Pestalozzian geography, but for want of money was obliged to become a teacdier. A fter some varied experiences he established at St. Gall a school where for 10 years he was allowed unimpeded control, and applied Pestalozzian principles to language, geograjihy, and natural history. An account in his (iw II words of hisediMjational experiences and failures is given in Pestalozzi's Christoph und Else. He passed his latter years at Basle, finishing his writings. 1S43] Germany 109 GEORGES CUVIEB (UHrmaii, 1769-183::^). the great- est, palaeontologist of his time, after graduation from the Academy of Stuttgart was in 1795 made assistant to the professor of comparative anatomy at the Paris Museum of Natural History. In 1796 he began lec- turing at the Pantheon Central School, and in 1799 got the chair of natural history in the College de France. In 1802 he became titular professor in the Jardin des Plantes, and was' appointed commissary of the Institute to accompany the inspectors of pub- lic instruction. In 1803 he became perpetual secre- tary of the National Institute. He also did much as an "official connected with iiublic education in gen- eral, -being placed in 1808 on the council of the Im- perial University, and making three separate reports on the higher schools beyond the Alps. He was after- ward made chancellor of" the University, and minister of the interior. 10 Dki.'.many [17G9 HMEIHUCH HKIMUCH ALEXAXDKK, BAUONvoii IMMBOLl>T((.;rriii;ui,17tt)-18o<)) after study ;it, Fr;uik- I'ort ;iiiil (^Ottiiiiii'ii ciitcred in 17'J1 llu! iiiii'iiiiii scliool at I'l-eibcrti-. From 1792 to 1797 Iks was ii iiiiuiny: olIictT at liavrctitli. lie explored the Si)aiiish colonies of ("iMitraland South America 1799-1803, brin[ 115 JEltEMIAH DAY (American, 1773-1867), 9th jn-csi- deut of Villi-', after graduation from Yak' in 1795 took charsB of Ur. Dwi^lit's school at Grei'nticld, was tutor at Williams 1796-8. and then returned to Yale, beooiiiini; professor of mathematics in 1801, and presi- dent in 1817. He ht'ld this olhce till 1846, a period of continual growth and great prosperity. The divinity school was started in IS'Zi, the law soliool was revived in 18;i6, and the medical faculty was enlarged in 1829. Dr. Day was one of the colleg'e corporation till his death lit the age of 94; he was one of the few men who had lived through both the revolutionary and the civil war. Among his text-books were those on algebra (1814. 18.i2), mensuration (1814), plane trigo- nometry (181."i), and navigalicm and surveying (1817). His aluebra was used in Yale until his death. In l:iter life he defended Jonathan Edwards's and refuted ('ousin's doctrine of the will. JOHN GRISCOM (American, 1774-1852) began teach- ing at 17, and had such success at Burlington, N. J., that in 1807 he came to New York city on a guaran- teed income of $2,250, and in 1808 built a schoolhouse for himself, in which he taught for ten years. Goold Brown "vas one of his assistants. He became a lec- turer on natural science, with experiments, and be- came recognized as the chief expositor of chemistry. He was also interested in pauperism, and in 1823 re- conimendeil the house of refuge for juvenile delin- quents, established in 1825. He had already conceived the plan of a monitorial high school, and this he opened in 1825 with 250 boys, and soon found it filled to overflowing. It had 4(X) pupils when it closed in 1831. In 1827 he was appointed professor of chemistrv in Rutgers medical college, and in 1832 became prin- cipal of a Friends' school in Providence. After two years he retired, and spent his days in literary work. 116 England [1774 EDWAKD BAIXES (Enslish, 1774-1848) was the son of .•icdtl'Ui in:iiiiil'ucUirer, but was apprenticed to a priiiti-r, and in i;ai entered the ollice of the Leeds Mercury, of whicli he soon became owner and so continuiMl until his death. He made it one of the most inlUiential country newspapers in the kingdom, and was mainly influential in seonring the election of Macaulay to parliament in 1832, and succeeeed him in 1834. At the first he was an advocate of popu- lar education, and in 1823 he supported Dr. Hirkbecjc's plan for mechanics' institutions, and the infant schools started about that time, and in 1838 served on the committee on tin; state of education. Hut after his retirement from parliament his letters of 1846 in opposition to Lord Russell's plan of popular educa- tion had ii powerful influence in determining the action of government. He said that he thought it was better to leave education to the people themselves. GEORGE BIRKBECK (Englisll, 1776-1841) at 23 was appointed professor of physics in Andersoulan Insti- tution, Glasgow. To procure apparatus he had to go himself to the sliops of the mechanics. In whom he became so interested, that,he gave lectures to them, wliich led to a " mi'iiianics' class" at tlie institution and then to the rstaiilishraeut of a mechanics' in- stitution there. In 1804 he settled in London as a physician, and in ]S(1',) he wasoneot tlic]irojcct(irs of tlie Loudun Institution for the diffusion of literature, science, and the arts. In aS23, h(> founded t he Lon- don Mechanics' Inst it tit ion, wliiiii opened with 1,.'30() members. He was act.Nc in tlic cstablislunent of University ('olle'_;v in 18:!(;, i 1 tlie S(jciely for t,li(^ Dif- fusion of i'scful Knowledu'c in 18-'W, and of the Cen- tral Society (if Kducatioii in 1H:S. He Is often called the pioneer of popular education in England, and fi'om him tlie Blrkbeck scliools took tlielr title. 1848] Gekmaxy 11 JOHANX FUIEDRICH HERBART (German. 1776^ 1841) was interested in piiilosopliical investigation li-oni rhildhcKXl. In 1793 lie entered Jena, where Fielite liad just become professoi- of pliilosophy, but saidufiuia, "• Fid irfraii-Utiiifciiiciiv by his errors." From IT'.)" to Lsno lir was a pri\ate tutor at Berne; in isou hn visited IVstaluzzi at Bm-gdorf, afterward (lsi)4) writing '-Pesialozzl's Idea of tlie ABC of Ob- servation Scientmcally Treated"; from 1800 to 1803 he studied and tauglit at Bremen; in 1802 became lectm-er and in 1805 professor at GOttingen; and la 1809 succeeded Kant as professor of philosophy at Konlgsbm-g. In 1810 he also founded a pedagogical seminary, held after 1812 In his own house. In 18.33 he accepted a call back to Gottingen, where he died of apoplexy in 184.. His AUaeineine rdaofiogii: was publisheil In 1806. His principles are best known to English readers in Item's " Outlines of Pedagogy ".''^ lis ("lEiniANY, Engi.and [1776 KASPAR SPURZHKIM (G.u-ni:in, 1776-1832) studied :ti Mie university ot 'I'lcv.'s, and became in 1800 u pu- pil of Gall, the plircuolo-ist. servinK from 1804 to 1813 as his associate, proviui; a powerful advocate of the system. In 1808 they presented a joint memoir to the French Institute, and in 1809 besau publishintj their ■• An;itoiny and Physiology of the Nervous Svstcm ■" 111 |si 1 li.- went to Great Hritain. and enlisted the aid' of (..ni-^c Combe. He founded the Anthropolotiira I socieiy. In 1832 he came to America to study the country and to propoxate phrenologv. His first ad- dress was before the American InstiUite of Instruc- lion, and a series of lectures on phrenology soon fol- lowed, in which he so overtaxed himself that he fidl 111, and died Nov. 10. His body was the first interred 111 Mt. Auburn. The Boston Phrenological Society took up his doctrines, and contained such men as S G. Howe, John Pierpout, and \Vm. A. Alcott. SIR HIMPHRY DAVY (English, 1778-1839) was Mpijrenticed to an apothecary, but devoted liimself to self-educatiou, especially to scientific experiments. In ]7ii8 he became superintendent of a pneumatic medical institution, and his lirst paper was published in 1799. During the next year lie publislied his re- searches on nitrous oxide. Jn 1801 lie became lecturer at the Royal Institution, and in 1802 ])rofessor of chemistry. In 1807 became secretary of the Royal So- ciety. For his electro-chemical investigations tlu; l<'reiich Institute gave liim a, prize of 3.000 francs. His production of i)otassium and sodium was shown in IK07, and of magnesium jind strontium in 1808. He l>i-edicted the discovery of l)arium and calcium. In 1815 lie invented the safety-lamp. He was a memiier of almost all the scientific societies of the world, and Cuvier said that he occupied the first rank among the chemists of his or anv other age. 1S3S] En(;l.\xi) JOSKPH LANCASTER (English, 177R-183S), son of a Chelsea pensiouer, began at lO to yatlier tlie clill- flren of the neighboring po(ir Inr gratuitous Instruc- tion, at flrst in his father's himsi,', inid then in rented rooms. He soon had a thousaml cliildri'n asscnililed at Borough Road, London. Thiouuhthc l)ukr(]f r>ed- ford and others a building ^vas pnividrd, the King becoming Interested, and Lancaster travelled over England gning lecture.s and estaljlislilng schools. But his projects exceeded his resources, and In 1807 he was arrested for debt. The Britisli and For- eign School Society was formed t< assume his worlc, leaving him in charge. But by i8i- his debts amounted again to $40,000, and he became bankrupt. In 1818 lie sailed to America, wliere he lectured and taught, finally settling down in New Yoric city, which made him a grant of $.500. Here he was run over lu the street by a can-iage, and killed. 120 EXGI.ANI) [1778 MART ANNE SCHOIMELPEXMCK (EngUsll, 17rR~ 1850), daughter of Samuel (iairmi, is best known as the historian of the I'nrt Hdvalists, to whom her at- tention had been called by llai.uah More. She pub- lished In 1813 "■ Lancelot's Tour to Alet and La Grand Charti-euse " ; in 1816, "Demolition of Port Royal des Champs"; and in 1829, an edition containing both, under the title, "Select Meinoii'S of Port Royal." These "little schools" started in 1643 as a protest against the system of the Jesuits, and were sup- pressed through the Jesuits In 1660 ; but their influ- ence continued through the great literary ability of tlie lay lirothers, wlio wrote, besides some pedagogic treatises, several approved text-books, long current under tlie name of Port Royal books. In the line oi reform, one of their great merits was the stress they laid on the vernacular, making Frencii the basis of all instruction.* HEMIY I'ETEK. BAUOX BKOIUHAM AND VAIX (S.'.itrl], 1779-186^), Inuiidrr (iT LiukJi.ii uiiiversil.v, .•I It IT uradiialioii from ImIIiiIjui'kIi in 1795 was axliiiiUi'd to till' bar in 1800. In 1802 he joined in founding the lOdinVjufi;!! Review, had 80 articles in the first 20 uuin- l)efs. and contributed to it for many years, in I8O.1 he removed to London, and in 1810 entered parlia- ment. In 1821 he gained gi'eat popularity by his defence of Queen Caroline. Ho distinguislied him- self as a promoter of public education. In 1820 he brouij,ht in bills for maintaining parochial schools, he joined George Hirkbeck in starting meclianies in- stitutes, and in 1825 he published " Observations on the Kdueation of th"e l'eo])le '". wliich resulted in the Society for thedilTusion of useful knowledge. In 1812 he founded London university, and was prominent in the educational debates of 1833, 1835, and 1837. His works are published in 10 volumes (1857). 186S] America 121 .10HN JAMES Al'DUBOX(Ain.Ticau, 1780-1851) llie I'limient iiiitiu-alist, was taken at 15 to Paris where he had drawing lessous of David. At 17 he returned to America, and for 15 years searched the primeval lorests simply through eujovmeut of nature. His colored drawings of more than 1,000 birds, deposited with a friend in Philadelphia, were destroyed by rats which threw him into a fever that nearlv proved latal. Kut he plunged into the woods aga'iiiandin three years had filled his portfolio, and in 18a6 he took the sketches to Kngland wliere they were ^n-eat- ly admired. He published them, 1830-39, in elephanl loho, every one of the 1,055 birds the size of life and the most magnificent work of the sort ever issued His ••American Ornithological Biography" (183]-;wi also filled five volumes. Afterward he published his ■Uirds" in 7 octavo volumes (1839), •' Quadrupeds ' (1840), and " Hiogriiphy of Quadrupeds " ( 1840-50). 122 GliUMANY [17.S2 FRIEDERICH FRffiBEL (German, 1783-1852) the f oimcler of the Kinderg-artcu, became m 1808 tht! tutor of two boys, and took them for two years to Peslaloz- zl's school at Yverduu. llcu'e he uot oaly gamed the ceriM-al idea of Pestalozzi's system, the idea of genu- iue huiuau development and Its conditions, but im- proved I lu Pestalozzi's idea of self-activity. In 1836 he published his principal work, "The Education of Man." From 1817 to 1831, he carried on a school at Keilhau. In 1837 he opened the first kindergarten at Blankeuburg, behevlng that "the rousing of the need to learn must precede learning ;"* and in 1843 he pub- lished his "• Muiirr- uml Koxt^-Lieclfr" (Mothei"Songs and liauies), still a text-book in all kindergartens. His ''Autobiography" ($1.50) is fascinating for its sim- ple directness; and his principles are best stated In "Child and Child-Natm-e " ($1.50) by the Baroness Marenholz- von Buelow, his coadjutor. 1852] FRIIiDEKICH FR(J.;I!EL 123 \N<'Tiii:i; iv)|;trait 124 Germany [1783 KARL GEORG Ton RAUMER (German, 1783-1865). brother of the great historian Friedrich von Raumer, after university education was in 1811 made professor of mineralogy at Breslau. From 1819 to 1823 he was professor at Halle. From 1823 to 1827 he was an as- sistant at Dittmar's institution at Nuremberg for the rescue and education of orphan children. In 1827 he was made professor at Erlangen. While studying in Paris in 1808 he became so impressed by Pestaloz- zi's writings that he gave up his studies and was a voluntary assistant in Pestalozzi's school during the winter of 1808-9. His main work was his " History of Pedagogy", published 18-16-1855. This was trans- lated in great part for Barnard's Journal of Educa- tion , and a revised edition was published in 1877. The chapters on the education of girls, and German instruction, were also published separately. It is still a standard authority. 1870] New York Common Schools 12.", GIDEON HAWLEY (Americau, 1785-1870), first Stale superintendent of New York, after sraduatiou from Union in 1809 was for a year a tutor there, but studied law and in 1812 was admitted to the bar. He was in that year elected State superintendent of common schools at a salary of $400, and threw himself into the work with accustomed energy. He has been called the father of the common school s3'stein. In 1821 he was superseded by reason of political changes, which led to such dissatisfaction that the office was abolished, its duties being transferred to the secre- tary of state. He served as secretary of the regents of the University, 1814-1841, and in 1842 was elected a regent. On the organization of the Alliany normal in 1845 he was made one of the executive committee. He was one of the four regents-at-large of the Smith- sonian institute. He published privately '• Essnvs in Truth aud Knowledge " (1850). 126 FRANt'E, America [1786 DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS ARAGO (Fiencli, 1786- 1853) after education at the Paris Polytcchuic became in 1874 secretary to tlie observatory, and with Biot was commissioned to iiic'isurc the meridian of the earth as a basis for the nn'tric ^y^iiMu. In l.s09 he was made a member of tin- Ac-adrmy of Scirnees, and eleeti'd ])rofessor in the Polyleclinic. He was also named one of the astronomers of the observatory, and resided there till death. In 1816, in connecddn with Guy-Lussac, he edited the Annales de Cldmie et de Physique, and in 1821 published the results of his observations on longitude. From 1812 to 1845 he had unparallelled success as a popular lecturer on astronomy. In 1830 he was elected to the chamber of deput ies. where his services were of great value to science, and in the same year was made perpetual secretary of the .Vcademy of Science. In 1848 he be- came secretary of war. NATHAN GUILFORD (American. 1786-1854>, founder of the school system of Ohio, after graduation from \-a\i' in 1812 conducted a classical school in Worces- irv, Mass., but was admitted to the bar and in 181t) o|)ened an offlcc in Cincinnati. He became a zealous advcK-ate of a liberal system of common schools, and opened up a correspondence with prominent men I liroughout the Stale. For 7 years he issued "Solo- mon's Thrifty's Almanac" with something on every Ijage about free education. In 1824 he was elected to the State senate to secure a schol tax. He secured the passage without amendment of the bill he had pre- jiared for a tax of '■Smill. He iirepared an arithme- tic a,iul a revised edition of \Vel)st(>r's speller, from 1825 to 1843 he was n, publisher and bookseller, and in 1847 he started a newspaper. In 1849 he became the first city superint(>ndent of schools, and resigned in 1852 to beconu' loc-al magistrate. 1870] America 127 GULIAN CROMMELIN VERPLANCK (American, 1786-1870) after graduation from Columbia in 1801, entered the New YorVc legislature in 1820, and was in congress from 1825 to 1833, wliere he was noted as the most industrious man there. He sat afterward in the senate of Xew York, and was from 1829 to his death vice-chancellor of the regents of the university. His college addresses were widely published, including "The Right Moral Influence and Use of Liberal Studies " (1833), "The Influence of Moral Causes on Oiiiiiinn, Science and Literature" (1834) and "The AdvMiitages and Disadvantages of the American Schohir" (1836). They exerted an extended and up- lifting influence for higher education. He issued an annotated edition of Shakspere, and from 1846 was president of the commissioners of eniisiratiijfn, writing most of their reports. The memorial address upon him before the historical society was delivered by Hryant. llEN.IA.MIN(atEENLEAF (American. 1786-1864). the niMihcinatical author, after graduation from Dart- n;oulh in 1813 taught in Haverhill, >lass., and in 1814 became; preceptor of Bradford academy, the 14th in 11 years. He remained until 1836, beginning with 10 pupihs. He was of nervous temperament, quick in thouglit and action, disciplining by "an odd mixture of ridicule, sarcasm, and moral suasion, with a whole- some seasoning of corporal punishment ". He was a pioneer in public science lectures illustrated by ex- periments. He was in the legislature, 1837-39, and urged the foundation of an educational system; he also introduced an order for geological and natural liistory surveys. In 1839 he founded the Bradford teachers seminary, which he conducted till 1848. His mathematical books, first issued in 1835, became so popular that millions of copies were sold, and trans- lations were made into Burmese and modern Greek. 1-28 A^rERicA. Deaf Mute Instruction [1787 THOMAS HOPKINS GALLAUDET (American, 1787, 1851) alter trraduation from Yale and from Andover became in 1814 a, clerjivman, but the next year visited Europe to qLialify liiuiself as a teacher of the deaf and dumb, and became a pupil of the Abbe Sicard. A year hiter hereturned, brinsintr with him a hig:hly ed- ucated deaf mute, and spent 8 months in soliciting funds for the American asylum at Hartford, which was opened April 15, 1817, "witli 7 jnipils. In 1830 when the number of pupils had increased to 140, he l-etired on account of ill-health. The next year he published " The Child's book on the Soul ", followed by his " Mother's Primer" and some text-books, be- sides religious books. He was an early advocate of the higher education of women. In 1833'he wrote " Pub- Uc Schools Public Blessings ", and was a frequent contributor to the Annals of Education. In 1838. he became chaplain of an insane retreat. INTO] GaLLAIDKT. ToRREV, W'n.LARD I2i JESSE TORRET, JR. (American. 1787— y), au early champion of free public schjools and libraries, in 1804 was one of the founders of the New Lebanon, N. Y.. juvenile "society for the diffusion of knowledge", which had 148menibers, and formed a free circulating library. In a pamphlet entitled "IntellectualToroh" (1S17) he made a plea for public libraries, referring to Washington's words, ■' Promote as objects of primarv importance institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge." His essays form a volume published in 1819 as " Moral Instructor". He was also a pioneer in temperance reform, and proposed a liquor tax of 50cts. per gallon for the " universal establishment of free Lancastrian schools and free libraries". He believed in the gradual emancipation of slaves and their right to education. He published "A Portraiture of Domes- tic Slavery" (1822), reprinted in London with a pref- ace by AVilliam Cobbott. EJIMA. (HART) WILLARD (American, 1787-1870), the most noted woman-teacher ot her time, devised plans for the higher education of women tliat so early as 1819 demanded aid of the New York legislatm-e. In 18;2l she removed her school to Troy, where it opened with 3i)0 pupils and soon became famous. For 17 ye.M-s «he was the principal, assisted by her sister, Mrs. /Vluiira Lincoln, afterwards Mrs. Phelps. The school has contlJiued prosperous, and only recently has received gifts ot $150,000 lor new buildings. Mrs. Willard became stiU more successful as an author, her te.Kt-books having an immense circulation. In 1830-31, she visited Fi-ance, which furnisned material for an entfrtaining volume. After an unfortunate niani.ii^e and divorce, she travelled, took part in f(luc;iriiiiial conventions, etc.. even acting as super- iiiteudeut of town schools In Connecticut. Her "Life" by Dr. Lord appeared in 1874 180 Two Eminent American Sister^ AlUOVIL CARLBTON HASSELTINE (American, 1788- 1868), priiKripal of liradfni-d acadiMuy, did not talk- till sill' was I'ciiir xcai's old, and then talked at ouee almost like an adnlt. She learned to read slowlyand beiran arithmetic at 12. When Bradford academy was established in 1803 close by her father's house, she entered it, and in 1806 she began teaching at Byfield, continuing at Pembroke and Beverly, and in a mis- sionary school at Great Rock. In 1815 she becanle assistant preceptress and in a few weeks preceptress of Bradford academy. Here she became a great power. She was tall and stately, but as gentle in her sway as firm, and with an oiniii|>ri'sent sense of humor that won the pupils. In ls:!rt t he academy Iji'iMiiie a school for girls alone, and slie was made lirincipal. In 18-18 she resigned, but was called back, but in 18.52 withdrew again, after a service of 38 years, acting as honorary principal. MRS, ANN HASSELTINE JUnSON (American, 1789- 1826), sister of Mrs. .loseph Kmerson. who with her husband taught the school at Byfleld. Mass.. where Mary Lyon graduated; and of Abigail Hasseltine, long preceptress of Bradford academy, taught in Haverhill, Salem, and Newbury, and in'l812 married Adonirain .Tudson and sailed for India. They found the East India company hostile, and went to Bur- mah. They had no knowledge of the language, no interpreter, no grammar or dictionary. Mr. Judson commenced preaching in 1819, while Sirs. Judson taught llie women and children and assisted in the translation of the Bible into Burmese. In 1823 they scltird down under the protection of the British flag, when sill' died of fever. President Wayland said he h.id ni'xer met a more remarkable woman, uniting clearness of intellect, large powers of comprehension, inttiitive female sagucit\-, and disinterestedness. Scotland 131 SIR WILLIAM HAMTLTO" (Snoteli, 1788-1856), the most, eminent oc Scutch iiictiii)ii\>iiciuns, was profes- sor of logic aiKl metapliysics in tlie university of Edinbiu-gli from 18;* till deatli. His an lliorsliip be- gan with Lis "f'liiiosophj of tlic I'nconditioned" (iSJg), followed by "Discussions In PliilosopliyXitera- ture, and Education" (i85d), "Lectin-es on Logic" etc. For twenty years liis influence on tlie yoimger generation of minds in' Scotland was predominant. It was liis peculiar contrilnition to pliil(iS(ipijy that l>laci'd tlie data of perception along with the data 01 thoiiglit, and affirmed tliat both classes alilce are Inexplicable, yet as facts clear; that both rest on the same authority ; and that if the one be accepted as true, so should the other. He was a realist, because he believed realism to be the dictate of conscious- ness, as to the alleged primary facts of which he laid down four criteria § jfiKORGE COMBE (Scotch, 1788-1858) is best known as a phrenologist, but was the competitor of Sir Wm. Hamilton lor tiie cliair of logic and metaphysics iu the University of Edinburgh, and declined a chair In the University of Michigan. lie lectured in America, is:^-40, on fdncatiiin as enlightened by phrenology, lie w as (iiic lit f he ilrst to advocate scientific instead ot classical education, and to oppose tlieological tiMcliing in schools. lie founded and taught in the famous "Williams Secular Schnui " in lOcHnbiirgh, (in the plan of the Bn-kljcck schools, and from 1846 111 lii^ death he was active In support of national (•(luiatiiiii on non-sectariaii principles. His educa- tional works were gathered into a large voluaie by Wm. Jolly, under these principal heads : (i) What is education? (2) What subjects should be taught? (3) How shotild education be conducted? (4) Who should be educated ? 132 Oermany, France [17.SS ARTHUR SCHUI'KNHAUKK (German, 1788-1800) after a wanderinj; youth in 1809 entered GOttinKen, and began to study Plato and Kant. In 1811 he went to Berlin, and heard Fichte and Schleieriuacher. In 1813 he fled from war to Weimar, received his dejjree from Jena, and published his first book "On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason ". Ia»1814 he quarrelled with his widowed mother, and never saw her again. In 1818 he published "The World as Will and Idea", and in 1819 accepted an appointment to lecture in Berlin. Rut he did not finish the firstcourse, which he attributed to Hegelian intrigues, and he lived an unhappy life until 18.31 in Berlin, and afterward in Frankfort: and in 1836 he prefaced "The Will in Nature" by an attack upon Hegel. After IS.oO he began to find growing recogni- tion. He showed how feeble is spontaneity of intel- lect, and how overpowering the sway of original will. AUGIISTIX LOUIS CAUCHY (French, 1789-1857) was tor :i, time tutor to the Comte de Chambord. anil from 1848 to 1852 professor of astronomy at Paris, but refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon III, and lived the rest of his life in retirement. In 1882 the Aeademv began a reissue of his works in 26 volumes. In 18l"5 lie puljlislird liis memoir upon the theory of waves, whieh afterward became the basis of the undulatory theory of light, and in 1837 he published liis memoir upon the dispersion of light, llis demonstration in the same year that every nu- merical e(iu;ition has a numerical root surpasses all others in simplicity and completeness, proving not only that a numericiil etiuation of the ?(th order has a numcric;i 1 root, but that it has n numerical roots. Th(> demonstration does not assume tlie existence of any root: tlK^ ctuitour may be the infinity of the plane. His liioi:r:ipliv in two volumes was published in 1868. 1S60] America 133 . JOHN FARMER (American, 1789-1838) began tuach- lug m 1810 near Amherst, X. 11. . where he formed a literary association for mutual improvement and became a contributor to the Massachusetts Historical society. In 1821 he moved to Concord and Iiecame an apothecary, but gave most of his time to antiquarian research. In 1823 he started a journal on New Ilami)- shire history, and aided in editing a LEY BREESE MORSE Am. i iciin. i;!il-is7:.'). iiivnit.ir uf li'lr>;rapl]\ . \v;i.s the smi of Jud- I'diali Morsi'. Ihi- ^;co<;raplj(^r. AIut yradiiation fivnii Yale ill 1810, he went, to London in 1811 with Wash- ington Allston. inlendini;- to Ix'ooine a painter. In 1813 he I'eeeived the y:old medal of the Rov al Academy for his first sculpture. Returnint; to America in 1815 he became one of the founders of the .\merlcaM Academy of design, and was for many years Its [iresi- deiit. lie w^as also professor of line arts in New York- university. lUit he had been iiUi'ivsted also in sci- entific studies, and in 1835 he set up in his college room a rude telegraphic apparatus. In 1844 he brought his invention befare world, the first messaue being sent May 24. lie became famous, and a congress of the sjoveriuiients of Europe especiallv convened at Paris voted to present him |;8(),()00. "lie also wrote pamphlets, poems, books, and magazine articles. PETER COOPER (American. 1791-1883) founder of ('ooper institute, liad only the si;hooling he could get in half-day attendance for a single year. He was ap- prenticed "to a coach-maker, and began to manufact- ure a machine for shearing cloth. After the war of 1812 he went into the grocery business, bought a glue factory, and erected the Canton iron works, near Bal- timore. While there he built in 1830 a locomotive that would run up steeper grades and around sharper curves than had been thought possible, thus saving the K. & O. from bankruptcy. He manufactured iron near Trenton. X. J., and Easton. Pa., and became in- terested in telegraph-lines. The Atlantic cable was largely due to him. In 1876 he was the candidate for president of the national party. But his great work was the founding iu 1854 in Xew York of "Cooper Uniou for the Advancement of Science and Art ", to educate the industrial classes, 1883] Mouse, Cooper, Beck THEODOKIC BOMKYX BECK (Ainci-icMn. i;91-)85o) alii'i- L:railn:ii iiui frDiii I'niou in 1807 liud pr<-[)arr(l a. s,\ siiiii.ii !■• I'riMiii nil luiuerii.ls as early as 1813, and in IM.'i lic.'aiui' lU'nl'-ssor in Fairfield inedicul colk'Sii'. Kroiii 1817 to l)S-)8 he was inMncijial of the Albany iicadeniv, still continnin>i' to lecture from 1826 to 1840 at Fairfield, and from 1840 to ]8o4 in the All)any medi- cal oolle^e. From 18-11 to his death he was secretary of the resents of the university. When the State geotoKical survey was ori:ani/,ed, the instrnctions prepared for the scienliiie slalf were larirely his work. and he was himself intnisli'd with the department of mineralogy. Out of this survey sprang the State Museum. He e<]iled the .lonrual of Insanity from 1849 to 18,"i.'i, and imhlislied much on the education of the de:i,f and dumb and the blind. He ortraiii'/ed the Albany institute. He published in 1823 his cele- bral<>d treatise on '' .Medical Jurisprudence '". 18S Franc'K [1792 VICTOR COUSIN (P^rench, 1792-1867) In the normal school at Paris was especially attracted by meta- physics, and in 1815 became instructor in that branch in the normal school and in the university. In 1817 he met Hegel and Schelling. In 1822he was deprived of office and went to Germany, where through French influence he was imprisoned for six months. In 1828 he was with Guizot recalled to the university, and for three years crowded the Sorboune with hearers as no lecturer had done since Abelard. In 1832 he was made member of the council of public instruction, in 1840 minister of public instruction, and during the reign of Louis Philippe was virtual director of France in philosophy and literature. To him France owed the advance from 1830 to 1848 in primary education. In 1831 he was sent to Germany and his reports on Pub- lic Instruction in Prussia and iu Holland wrought great results everywhere. MATTHIEU BRANSIKT [FREKE PHILIPPE] (French. 1792-187-1). supcrior-gfurral of Christian bruihcrs. went at 17 to the Petit-Colle;;e at Lyons al- i'iimIn ili'ii'rmined to become a brother of the Chris- tian si-l](jols. He soon became teacher of mathematics at Auray. In 1816 he went to Rethel, and in 1818 be- came director of the school established by St. De La Salle at Reims. He opposed the Lanca.strian ideas then jjrcivalent. and retained the simultaneous in- struction established by his great predecessor. He was afterward director at Metz. atid in 1823 was made director of the commuiiitv St.-Nicholas-des-Champs. Paris. Here he published a geometry (1826). In 1830 he Ix'came one of th(^ four assistants of the order of Christian brothers, and was instrumental in found- ing the first evening schools, to the gratification of Guizot. In 1838 he became supervisor-general. His text-books found place iu all the schools of the order. 1874] America 180 WILBUR FISK (American 1793-1839) after gradu- ation from Brown university in 1815 was licensed in 1818 to preach, and in 1825 was made principal of the seminary at Wilbraham, Mass., just removed from Newmarket, N. H. He began with 7 students, but during the five years he was in charge there were 1150 different persons in attendance. In 1830 he was elected first president of Weslevan university, which hud purchased the buildings erected for Capt. Part- ridge's military academy at Middletown, Conn., and the college opened Sept. 21, 1831. He remained pres- ident till his death, refusing manv positions off'ered, among them that of bishop in the^Methodist church. All through his life he had been in feeble health, but he worked hard to the last. In 1831 he took an active part in the controversy on the use of the Bible as a text-book, j^e has been called the originator of co- educational academies. LOWELL MASON (American, 1792-1872) taught music in (Georgia for 15 years, but in 1827 came back to Massachusetts and was so successful in class work as to arouse new interest in musical instruction. Through W. C. Woodbridge he became a convert to Pestalozzian methods. He began teaching the pub- lic school children on Wednesday and Saturday after- noons, and to give concerts. Vocal music was in- troduced into some influential private schools, and afterward into the public schools of Boston In 1837 he visited Europe to examine the systems there taught. From 1834 to 1852 the Academy of Music gave annual institutes for instruction in Pestalozzian methods of teaching music. Horace Mann said it was worth any young teacher's while to walk ten miles to hear a lecture of Dr. Mason. His published works were many, and his hymns are sung every Sun- day throughout the land. 140 Amkimca [1792 THADDEUS STEVEXS (Amorican, 1792-1868) is couiilcd ainoiij,' ('(Incatioiinl leaders bocuuso in 1835 111- saved from reiieal the law under which in 1834 l)r. Burrowes had organized the Pennsylvania school sys- tem. He was born on a farm in Vermont, and worlved Iiis way throu;ili Dartmouth college by cobblinji and teai-hiiiL;. Upon gradiiatingin 1814 he" went to Penn- sylvania, to teach, soon becoming a lawyer, and a member of the lejjiislature. The school-bill of 1834 was so unpopular that he barely escaped defeat for re- election because ho had advocated it, and his con- si iiuents instructed him to oppose it. He defied their iMsti-iii-iionsaml m.ade in itsfavorthe greatest speech of hi-, iile. He was nifMuber of Congress 1849-1853, and is,v,i-isi;,s. and durinuthe war was the recognized re- publii.'au leader. When 72 years old he wrote that in reviewinu' all the work he had done, he felt the most pride in his dercncc of tin' free-school system. Mils. \LMIUA LINCOLN I'HELPS (American, 1793- 1884). a younLii'r sistero! Mrs. Knuiia W'illard, became at 16 a district school teacher, and after teaching in acadeuiii.'sat Pittsfield, Mass., and Herlin, Couii., took charge of the public school in New Britain. She had for some time a private school: at Berlin, and then became principal of an academy at Sandy Hill, N. Y. In 1817 she married, but after her husband's death in 1823 was for 8 years a teacher in her sister's school at Troy. Here her " Lectures on Botany " (1828) grew out of lier cl.ass work: 11 was followed by her with like books on geology (1834), chemistry (1835). and l)hvsics (183()). In 1833 she i)ublished "The Femnh; Student ". or " 'I'lie Fireside Kriend ". In 1831 she nuirried .lohn Phelps, in 1838 she became principal of a school at Westchester, Pa., and in 1841 of Patapsco institute at lOllicotfs Mills, Md. In 1856 she witli- drew, to devote herself to literarv work. Stevens, C'oLHrKN, Thayer 141 WAKUKN COLBUUN (Americau, 179;}-18;33), iiiaui- fested expertness in aritlimetic at an early age, and after g-raduation irom Harvard 1 n l8ao opened a se- lect scliool in Boston. In 1821 lie published liis " First Lessons in Intellectual Arithmetic," hased on the principles of Pestalozzl, whicli received higher en- comiums than any other text-boolc ever published in this country, and soon came Into almost universal use, 50,000 copies being sold annually in Greu, Brit- ain, and twice as many in America. In 1823 he with- drew Irom school to become superintendent of a manufacturing business, but lectured on scientific subjects, and published a "Sequel" to his "First Lessons," and an " Algebra." But his fame rests on the "First Lessons." Thomas Sherwin said : "I re- gard Mr. ("olburn as the great benefactor of his age, with respect to the proper development of the math- ematical powers." GIDEON F. THAYER (1793-1863) became a le:ielier in 1814 and iu spite of ill-health secured credit to purchase a site and erect on a scale of liberality hitherto unknown, his Chauncy hall school, still the most noted private school in America. His confidence and energy secured success from the fir.st. and when he retired from the principalship in 1855 he left a flourishing school to his successor. He was a pronii- nentfounderof the American institute of iustntetion and of the Massachusetts State feacliei->' :iss,„-i,i(ion was one of the editors of the 3Ia-';s>iiii'>s-iii:iii iiuicli iiil('i'('sU'd ill poor <;liildi'('ii. t\>r A\hoiii ill \XW 111' ostuljlislii'du Siuuhiv m'cuinu school. lie Icarufd of tlio worl< of IJell, Liiucnstfr, Pesla- lozzi, and Wildcrspin, and founded the Glasgow edu- cational society, which in 1824 established a week- day iL'ainiuf; school. In 1827 this had developed into the first normal school in Great Britain, and in 3836 it was transferred to larjicr quarters. In 1841 the Koveriuiient ^rant was increased to $25,000 on condi- tion tliat the school should be turned over to tin? church of Scotland, which was done. Wlien in 184.5 disruption occurred in the church, Stow and the en- tire school sided with Chalmers and withdrew to what was called the Free cliurch normal college, where lie remained till death. His •■Training Sys- tem" passed through nine editions. A memoir by ^V. Fraser was published in 1868. 1865] America 14^ EDWARD ETERETT (American, 1V94-1865) after graduatiou from Harvard at 20 became pastor of a laro-e Boston church, and in 18U was elected professor of Greelc at Harvard. After five vears iu Kurope for preparation, he entered upon this wovk and at the same time became editor of tlie JVorth American, Jieview. He gave in Boston the first purely liter- ary lectures delivered iu America. From 1824-34 he was a member of congress. From 1835-39 he was gov- ernor of Massachusetts, and aided iu establishing the board of education. From 1841-4.5 he was minister to l^ngland, and from 1846-49 was president of Harvard resigning through ill-hc^allh. In 1852, he succeeded Darnel U ebster as secretary of state, and in 1853 en- tered the U. S. senate, resigning in 1854 on account of lU-health. The rest of his life was given to lectures and orations. In 1840 he published "Importance of Practical ]{;ducation and Useful Knowledge". WALTER ROGERS JOHNSON (American, 1794-1852) after graduation from Grotoa academv and Harvard college taught in Framingham and Salem, and be- came principal of Germantown academy, near Phila- delphia. He undertook the cause of educational reform in Pennsylvania, publishingin the Harrisburg Conmionwealth a series of 13 essays on education followed in 1823 by 6 others in iha Journal of the Franklin Institute. In 1825 he published a pamphlet advocating normal schools. The school law of 1834 was largely due to his efforts. From 1826 to 1836 he was principal of the high school of the Franklin In- stitute, where he taught Greek as a living language. He was also active in the scientific work of the InsU- tute. From 1839 to ;843 he was professor in Pennsvl- vania college, and he conducted several scienti'ic investigations for the government, especially one in relation to the use of coal. 144 America [1704 ELIAS CORNELIUS (Ain«'i-i.-:ni, 1794-1832) after r. Ill 1821 he began to publish newspaper li'tti'i-s in behalf of popular education, which iu 1824 were issued in a pamphlet, "Letters to the Hon. William Prescott, LL.D."' In these he deprecated the supplanting of free high schools by academies and the employment of unti-ained teachers, and ad- vocated the introduction dnto the curriculum of in- ductive logic. A similar series of letters was pub- lished in 1826 under the title. '• Essays upon Popular lOliir.ition". In these he developed a plan forateach- iis' si'ininary or normal school, and in 1827 he pre- sented a memorial to the legislature for such an in- stitution. It failed by one vote, and he started a private normal school in Lancaster, but was obliged to relinquish it on account of opposition. From 1835 to 1839 he was a member of the legislature. 146 America [1795 EBENEZEU BAILEY (Amerioim, 1795-1839), ouu of 1 lie piiinijers ill giving woniiin an opportnnity for u liiuiii'i' (mIiiciiI ion. after firaduation from Yale in 1817 b(!cam(! a tutor in a Virginia family, and after a year o|)('iied a scliool for girls in Newburyport, Mass. In 1823 he became master of the Franklin grammar school. Boston, and in 1825 first principal of the girls liigh school. In 1827 he opened a private school for girls, whicli from the first enjoyed a high rei)utation. The eqiilpmont and course of instruction were far above thos(! usually employed, and his graduates were eagerly sought for teachers. In 1830 he was one of the committee to organize the American Institute of Instruction. He published "The Young Ladies Class-liook " (1831), " Hakewell's Philosophical Con- versations" (1832), and " Bailey's Algebra" (1833), for many years a popular text-book for beginners. The j^anic of 1837 forced him to give up his school. WILLIAM IJESTLEY FOM'LE (American, 1795-1865), publisher of th(^ Comuion School Journal, at 15 be- came a clerk in the Boston bookstore of Caleb Bing- ham. In 1821 he was elected a member of the primary school committee wliich established the first inter- mediate s(diool, and adopted the Lancasterian plan of instruction. >Ir. Tweed-Dale of Albany wlio h.-id been put in cliarge being unable to remain, Mr. l''owle took liis i>lace. In 1823 he opened the T'emale iiioiii- tori:il si-hool, which he conducted until in 18-10oblige(l by ill-lie;ilth to resign. In 1842he becamethe i)ublish- ei- ;ind after 1848 was the proprietor of The i'oiniiion. Scliool JoKnial, until its discontinuance in 1852, when lie once more openeil a private school. His " Ti'acli-. it's Institutt!" grew out of his experience as a con- iluctor, and he published two spellers. He was among tlir lirst to admit girls, to use blackboards, and to trai'li :ill subjects ill tlie silllie room. 1S60] Bailey, Fowle, Peabody 147 GEORGE PEABODY (AmeruMn, 1795-1869), the liliilaiitliropist. became at 11 a clerk in a country store iu Massachusetts. In 1811 he went to Georgetown, L). ('.. as clerk for an uncle, and in 1813 became a part- ner in a dry-Koods business, removed in 181.T to Halli- niore. In 18-27 he visited London, and becam.' a wealthy banker. In 1851 he contributed $15,000 to provide for a display of American exhibits at the Great Exhibition, and in 1852 fitted out a ship for Dr. Kane"s Arctic exploration, wlience comes the name •■ F'e.abody land" in the refjion visited. In the same year he gave $20,000, after\\ards increased to $250,000, to his native town, Danvers, Mass., for the Peabody Institute. Other gifts were a million to the Peabody Institute, Baltimore. S'^ million to the laboring ])oo'r of London, and 3i4 millions to education in tiie south, besides many gifts to colleges and various cliarities, so that his name is familiar all over the couutrw 148 England [179/ WILLIAM WHEWELL (English, 1795-1860 . was a prize man in mathematics at Cambridge, and became a fellow and tutor at Trinity. From 18^-33 he was professor of miiioralos'yatCambridg-e, andjfrom 1838- 55, professor lit moral tlu'oloj;-y. In 1811 he was ap- pointed master uf Trimly, and in 1855 vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He was such a vol- uminous writer and on subjects so diverse, that It was said of him tliat "knowledge was his forte, omniscience his foible". The anecdote is told that students who wanted to detect Ignorance on at least one subject, worked up from old reviews a knowledge of Chinese music, and introduced It as a casual topic of conversation. When they had exliaustcd tliem- selves he remarked, " I was imperfectl>- and to some extent Incorrectly informed when I wrote tlie arti- cles from which you liave dra^rn your Information." But his knowledge was profound as well as various. SIR KOAVLAND HILL (E'n-Iish, 179.5-18,9) tan-IU in his fiithci's i.i-ivntrs.'hool. and developed at lla/.clloii the r.-iiinius lbi/.rl\v(M,a system, the .-hK't points ol w hieh wei-i' (1) seir-^ioverninent and niutuul respoii- siliiHlv (•:) fixed stiiiuliirds of merit instead ol coni- ,„.|ition. :i,nd (3) natund penalties instead of arbi- trary nunisliments. In l«:i: he and liis bnitlier Mut'tliew hniuiilit out " Fnblic Ediu-ation lor tlie oovenuuenl. and liberal instruetiou of boys iii Iju-p' nuiiibers. as praetised in the llazel\yood .sehc.ol. a, boek in \yhic!i tlie system was made known. t was nolic<-d at lensith in tlie KiHnbnnjh Nenen: was trans- la,1,.d into seyeral for.M-n lansiia-es. am l.i-oui-h 1. yisilors from all oyer Fairope. Jeremy lientliam fad the Ixiok sent for him. and became his warm Irieiid. Me wa,s 'the aiillior of penny-postajic ado|ite,l in is40 and beeanie se.nvlary to the post-olliee. lie was kniiihtod in 18(iO. 1S70] \\"iiE\vELL. Hill, Arnold, Hakpei; 14* THOMAS ARNOLD (English, 1795-1842) became dur- — ing the last fouiteen years of his life tlie most famous of modern sclioolmasters. Aftei' graduation from Winchester and Oxford, and some private teaching, he was in 1838 elected master of Rugbj School One of his testimonials predicted : " If Mr. Arnolo is elect- ed, he will change the face of education all through the public sciiools of England"— and he did it. His success was due to his earnest endeavor to apply the principles of Christianity to life in the school as well as out of it. The amiability of his heart, the justice of his dealings, the transparent honesty of his character, made him at once loved and feared. The feeling grew up that it was disgraceful to tell a lie to a man who trusted boys as lie did. In expelling some boys, he said : " It is not necessary that this be a school of 300, of 100, or even of 50 boys : it is necessary that it should be a school of Christian gentlemen, "t JAMKS HAKPEU (Scotch. 1795-1875) bccMiiic ;il Ir.'M, studi'iil in Ihi' University of Ohisjiow, ;uul in isi:f in the University of Edinburgh. He slndied tlieohi^v at Selkirk iuul in 1818 was lii-eused to pi-eucli. In 1826 he became editor of the Edinburgh Theoloiiirdl Marjazine. and in 1831-2 was a warm advocate of tlie Reform bill. In 1845 he became professor of syste- matic theology of the United Presbyterian HaH, and became in ISrio editor of its Maguziiie.. He helped originate the movement against theolouical tests I'or lay professorships iu the universities, resulting in tli'eir abolishment in 1853. He wiis identified from the Hrst with The Xatioual Education Association of Sootlar.d, advocating pureiy secular Instruction and control, which finally prevailed iu the law of 1872. When thCwUnited Presbyterian college was recon structed he became in 1876 the first principal. His special strength was iu the depnrt meut of homiletics. 150 Amioimca [iTun HOHACK .■HA.>N (AiiHTican, l70ti-lS50). was tlio most emiiu'Ui iinU .successful pi'oiiKJtcr ui popular educa- tion or Ills iluif. As lawyer, statesman, and pliilan- tliropist he had achieved considei-ai)le reputation, when in 1837 he became secretary of the newly-es- tahllshed Board of Education of IMassacinisetts. He held tills position for 13 years, wurkim;- lo imurs a day. ne made use mainly of three uut'ncies: (i) a series of teachers' Institutes; (2) a niondily cinnnioii ScJiool JouDutl, and (3) a wide circulation of his An- nual School Reports to the Board ot Education, which still rank as amonar the best of ediicatinnal litera- ture. In 184.3, lie visited Europe, and liiscmnparisons in his rth Keport li-d tea heatedconiniversy with the masters of the r.ostdu schools. In ists lie resig-nedto become V. S. Senator, and in 1854 he became presi- dent of Autiocli College, where he remained till his 1875] America, England 151 I-KANCIS WATLANI* (American, 1796-1865) after gi-acluatlou iroiii I'liion beg-an i)raetice as a physi- cian. Becoming- converted, lie entered tlie univer- sity, but after five years of preacliiug in Boston became professor of matliematics at Union, where he had previously served four years as tutor. Al- most immediately he -.vas elected president of Brown University, where he remained from 1827 to his res- Ijjnat ion iu 1855. He proved to be one of the half- di>/.i'n urrat colleo-e presidents of the generation, ('st.ii)ilsliingnrm discipline, and proving himself an ii.srrnciiir of remarkable power. A justice of the JMassai-huscrts Supreme Court, himself a Brown gradual 1', sjid Of a witness In a certain trial: "I should liavi' suspected that that man was one of Dr. Wayland's students fi'om the way in which he dls- criminntcd between character and reputation, two words ofteu coufoundsfi." ^- »^. SIK CH.VKLES LYELL (Faislish, 1797-1875), the first ^icolosist of liis century, after graduation from Ox- ford in 1819 and 1831 began the study of hiw, but gave it up for geology. In 1823 he was elected secretary of the Geological society, and his flrstorigiiial paper was read t)efore it in 1824. In 1827 he contributed to the (htartfi-hj -Review an article describing the part that scienlilic societies are to plav iu provincial education. His '■ Principles of Geology ■' appeared 1830-38. and gave the death-blow to the catastrophic school of ge- ologists, showing a progressive state of existence on the globe. In 1831 he was made professor of geology in Kings college, London, and he gave lectures at the Royal institution in 1832. In 1835, 1836, 1849. and 18r;0 he was president of the Geological society, and in 1838 published his " Elements of Geology ". He visited the United States in 1841 and 1845 and delivered a series of lectures before the Lowell institute, 15: Amkrica [170 MARY LYON (American. 1797-1849) had been a teacher for 20 years, when she attended Joseph Em- erson's scliool at Byfleld, and was impressed by his views of the higher education of women. She taught in the academy at Derry, N. H., and from 1828 to 1834 was principal of the academy at Ipswich. Mass. She resigned to establish the Mount Holyoke Female Sem- inary, to fit women for teaching by giving them ad- vantages corresponding with thbse'offered in colleges for men. She opened it in 1837, and presided over it till her death. A distinguishing feature was to have all the domestic labor performed by the pupils and teachers, thus reducing the expense and giving the young women exercise and practice in household work. This plan with some modifications is still pur- sued there, and was adopted at Wellesley college when it opened. In 1888 Mount Holyoke became a college. «;KOKfiK K. KMERSON (Amoru .Ul, 1797-1881), oue of lUc most iiiliueutlalti'achers ol MassacmiseLls, began in a distrii-i scliuol when 17 years old, and withat'cw iu l8o5, after liavlii.u- been for 25 years princii)al of a private srhuol tor i^irls iu Boston. He served on the state I'.oai'd of Eduration, was anioni;- tlie founders of thtT Aiueriran Institute of Instruction, and aided U'arreu t'oli)urii in liriugln^ out his "Intellectual Aritiunetic." He wrote iu 1S4;^ the second part of " Tlie School and the Schoolmaster," placed by James \\;ids\vorth and Mr. Brimmer resp(^ctively in every put ilic school of New York and Massachusetts. l\Ir. lOnierson's main efforts at reform in education were toward t he abolishirient of corporal punishment, and the extension of tlie education of women. Some of Ills experiences were gathered by liitu into a volume called " Kemlniscences of an Old Teacher " (1878). In his later years he aid much botanical Investigation. ISSl] Lyon. P]Mf:Ksox, ^\\\. Antiiox 153 SAMUEL JOSEPH MA V (Aiiifric:ui. 1797-1871), ;i. iv- liii'Micr iucilui-aiiciM :iiid in luiii slavery, after firadiui- lioii Iroiii llarvMnl in 1«17 becmne in 1822 a Unitarian '•Ici'^yuian. In 1832 lie was a member of the first New i;ni;land anti-slavery society, and was the champion ol' I'rudence Crandall when she was perse<-uted for adinittinK colored i^irls to her school in Canterburv, ( 'onn. In is:tt he became general asent of the ^lassa- cliiisi-tts anli-slavcry society. In 1842 he beca,rao principal of the State uorma,l school at Lexington, .Mass. In 1845 he becjime pastor of the church at Syra- cuse. X. Y., where iu 1830 lie had been mobbed 'and burned in cttij,'y. Here he remained until in 1867 he became missionary in central Xew York for the .American missioiiarv association. He published ■• lOducation of the Faculties"' (1846). '-Revival of I'.ducalion" (185.5). and '• Recollections of the Auti- .shivery Coullict" (186y.) CHARLES ANTHOX (American. 1797-1867), after t;raduation in 1815 from t'olumljia was from 1820 to 1830 adjunct professor, from 1830 to 18.57 professor of Greek ;ind Latin, and from 18.57 to his deiith .l;iy professor of Greek, completing' a continuous service in the eoUese of nearly half a century. From 18:iO to 1864 he was also rector of the grammar school. To the educational world at large, however, he is best known as ail author of Latin text-books. In 1830 he |)ublished an edition of Horace, followed by some fifty classical books, mostly texts withaiinotafions si> superabundant that they were more pojjular with l:i7.y pupils than with careful teachers, but had large sale both here.-ind in Rngland. As the notes were up- on the same page with the te.xt and gave parajTfirases of much of the text, a quick-witted pupil could often enter a class without preparation, and recite with a]i- parent credit, 154 America [1797 DASIEL DEWEY BAKN'AllD (Aiiifrican, 1797-1861) was iiiiulc a clerk in the eounty clerk's office at Can- aii.hiP'ua, K. Y.,Ht 13 years of age, was graduated from Williams in 1818. sind began practice as a law- yer in Rochester in 1834. In 1826 he was made dis- trict i>ttornev. and in 1827 was elected to congress, Us \ (nin"est member. He opposed the auti-mason party, ;,uil was counsel for the defence in several of the ■■.M,u-an trials'". In 1832 he removed to Albany-, a lid from 1839 to 1845 was once more in congress. He was alwavs interested in education, and in the legis- lature of "1838 presented the report on colleges, acad- emies, and common schools upon religious exercises; and upon the subject and system of public instruc- tion the latter in connection with the new U. b. ae- Dosit fund. In this he pointed out the need of su- perior teachers, and recommended the extension of the regents svstera of training classes. JOHN ADAMS DIX (American 1798-1879) became ill I«i3 the youngest officer in the U. S. army, but relived in 1826, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. Ill 1833 he became secretary of state for New York, and was for six years ex-officio superintendent of public instruction. He secured the establishment of training classes for teachers and school district libraries, and in 1837 published "Decisions of the Superintendent ,)f Common Schools ", a volume of 487 pages that has been the foundation of all works on scliool law since published. In 1845 he became senator in C'ongress, in 1853 assistant treasurer of the U. S., and in 18.'i9 postmaster of New York city. Ill 1860 he was appointed secretary of the treasury, and gave the famous order. '" If any one attempts to liMul down thC' America n llai;. shoothim on the spot." In 1S(U he became majdr-geiieral; in 1866 minister to Paris, and in 1872 goveniur vt New \"ork. 1S79] Fkaxck 15.-) JEAN MARIK CONSTANT DlHAMEIi (1< nncli. 175)7- 1872). the matlii'iniilii-iaii. was educated in the Pa,ges are ])acked with first- iiand inronuation, and they ulow with the fires of his love for his country as the sufferer, the teacher, and the prophet of the whole human raci'." He wrote other popular books— on natural histor.v', etc. 1 5() Amekka [170S WILLIAM RUSSELL (Scotch, 1798-1873), after -rad- ualioii from the university, on account of Iuuk trouble came to America as a tutor in a Georgia family. He married a Connecticut woman, and moved to New Haven, teaching for a time in the Hoplok author, after trradiiation from West I'oint in 181o, in 1816 becMine .■! ss-ist;i nt profes- sor of mathematics tliere, and in IS'J:! iiV'^fessor. He ri'si^iied in 1837 on account of civer^N i.irk upon his text-books and visited Europe. On his return he was i)rol'essor in Trinity college 1839-41, but once more wa,s comijelled by ill-health to resign, and was made piiymasler in the army. He was treasurer iit West Point till ISIR, when he became protessoi- of iiiatliemntics in New York university. He retired in 1847 to give all his atteiil ion to his mathematical text- books. .\fter te:iehiiig ill the .Vlbanv normal 1855-57. he became in lK.i7 professor and in 1865emeritus i)ro- lessor of liinher muthemalics in Columbia. Ilistext- books (lS3r-(i;) ranued over the entire field of mathe- matics, iiH'luding a " M.-ithemalical Dictionary'" (185,5). His last work was ■ The .Metric System "' (18ni), Russell, Davirs, the Alcotts 157 ^.,vn!5;^^^'^'^ ^- -^I^^^OTT (Amei-icnn. 1798-1859) was a ..nmei- s s,)u, »,„1 when 18 tauglit, his dislricl, school tor the wun..r at fu dollars a month and board hin,- If taught for six winters, and in 18:22 got a school tor the entire year, at $100 and board around His experiences are given in his "Confessions of .-i Schoolmaster. ' He continued to teach, but in 18^4 began to st^udy medicine, and in 1826 got license to practise He continued to teach occasional! v how- ever introducing many novel ideas, and was 'active ou the school committee, established a librarv ana w o^,^°°5'v,'^-7' ^9^ t^« Pi'-^ss. In 1830 he joined r^lo.u ??'^^i"'^^''i ?'^ starting a Fellenbery scliool .itt n^^^w "'"^K^-'J'^ "•' ^^^?- ^'^ "■''""^ to Boston to as- sist Dr Uoodbridge m editing the Annals of Educa- tion,a\nTge monthly journal. Here he became a voluminous author, especially of medical and Sun- day school books. AMOS BRONSOX ALCOTT (American 1799-1888) -i P'-ripatetic philosopher, was sent south asabov'lo peddle m \ irginia. He went among the plantations welcome as a visitor but making no sales. In 1823 hi' started an infant school, and in 1838 another in Bos- ton, the peculiar methods in which are described in Lhy.abeth I'eabody's "Record of a School" (18S4 1873). It was not successful, and he removed to Con- cord, where he became cne of the most picturesuue tigiires in the Concord school of transcendentalis'ts' He was especially noted for his " conversations "' which he delivered on a wide range of speculative and practical .themes in the principal cities of the coun- try. Among his books are " Conversations with Chil- dren on the Gospels " (1836), " Tablets "(1868) " Con- cord Days " (1872), " Table Talk " (1877)! " New Con- necticut " (1881\ "Sonnets and Canzonets" ^S8''^ " Ralph Waldo ICmerson " (1882). '' 158 Amkuica [1799 SAMUEL LEWIS rVmerioan, 1799-1854) • after a youth (if iKivcrty iuid hiird work was admitti'd to the bar ill 1822, was licensed as a local preacher in 1824. and in 1837 was elected superinteudeut of coininou schools for the State of Ohio. He travelled 1200 miles on horseback, he found half the districts witliout schoolhouses, and he recommended to the legislature a state fund, supervision, a school journal, etc. The school law of 1838 was practically his, and in that year he issued The Conwnon School Director, visited 65 counties, delivered addresses, studied the schools, and particularly begged for central high schools. In 1839 he recommended a State normal school. That winter the legislature united the office of superin- tendent to that of secretary of state, and though he was urged to be a candidate for the latter office he declined. He was from its foundation president of the Cincinnati school board. " GEORWE BA>'(;R0FT (American. 1800-1891) lliough his faiiH' is MS :m historian had much lo do with edu- cation ill liis I'urliiT years. After graduation from Harvard in 1817 and from Gottingeu in 1820 he became in 1822 teacher of Greek at Har\ar. He was admitted to the bar in 1824, aud w:is deimi \ cleric of the U. S. district court, 1M7-9. He becauic the leading lawyer of New York in aduiiralt v cu.m's. and his •' American Admiralty, its Jurisdiction and Practice " (1850) was recognized as the standard an thority. In 1848 and in 1864 he was elected to the as- sembly, and in 1872 to the senate. He was a member of the New York board of education 1350-63, and its first president. In 1855 he bec^ame a regent of tln' University of the State of New York, in 1872 vice- chancellor, and in 1878 chancellor. He published ■■ A Run through Europe" (1860), and '"The llvniii nC Hidelliert" (1869). SAMUEL BUELL WOOLM'ORTH (American, 1800- 1880), 9th secretary of the board of regents, aft(!r grad- uation from namllton in 1822 taught for two years in Mouson, Mass., where Henry Barnard was his pupil. He was principal of the Onondaga academy, N. Y., 1824-30, of.the Cortland academy. Homer, 1830-51, and of the Albany normal 18.52-6. In 1856 he su(!ceeded Dr. Beck as secretary of the Regents of the University. Under his administration the apportionment of tin' Literature fund was made dependent upon the number of pupils who had passed examinations in tlie funda- mental branches, which showed them iiuali lied to take up advanced subjects. Thus began the system of Re- gents e.xaminations, which is the most extensive ever i nstituted. He was also a mover I u the establish ment ot the University Convocation. He was one of the founds ers of the State teachers association, and in 1847 pres- ident. He was 40 vears trusti-e of Hainillun college. 160 England, America [1800 WILLIAM KLLIS (Elig-lisll, 1800-18H1) W;is well- kQowu as ;i philantlu'opist and writiT on I'ducation, but was already middle-aged wlicu iu iSKihe offered his services as tcaelier of social science in tlie scliools of tile iSrilislinnd Forei'^'n ScIkhiI Societ\-. In 1848 lie founded t lie tirst IMrkliecIc scliool in Lin'idou, soon followed l)\dt hers. These seho(;ls excluded sec- tarian teaclilnLrintrodnccMl physiology, and abolished corporal ])unishn lent. Heading- was taught in connec- tiiMi -witli lessdiis on objeers ; Spelling- and grammar from! lie reading lessons ; and social economy was made pi-iimineni, including instruction in the means by which wealth is produced, the division of labor, and the importance of parental foresight and econ- omy. These schools did much to lay the foundation for the present system of national schools. His " Education as a means of pi-eventing Destitution " is still regarded as a standard work. ALONZO POTTER (American, 1800-1865) after grad- uation iu 1818 froin Union college, was professor there from 1821 to 1826 and from 1831 to 1845, when he was elected bishop of the Episcopal cliurch. He was always interested in the coiiniion .schools. He was the first president of the American a.>soeiation for the advancement of education.. and was adviser of the department of public instruction at .\lbany and of James VVadsworth in his benef.-u-tions to educa- tion. He wrote the first part of 'The School and the Schoolmaster", of which 15,000 copies were dis- tributed by Mr. Wadsworth among the schools of New ^'ork, and of which 60,000 copies were sold: and «Ms prominent in all school associations up toihc lime his health broke down from overwork. In tlic war of 1861 he was an active member of the sanitary and Christian commissions, and an advocate of emMiieiiiatioii. 1889] America 161 MARSHALL COXANT (Ainaart like Lord Kyron in tlie Greek revolution, of which in 1828 he pulilislied a history. Upon his return, be- ••omiu'j interested in tlie education of the blind in the Alilie Haiiy's schools in Paris, he went there in 1830, and afterwards to Herlin, where he was impris- oned for bearing gifts to the Polish revolutionists, at request of Gen. Lafayette. He was released in 1832, and came back to America to begin teaching the blind. His success led t'ol. Perkins to found for him the Institution for the lilindin Boston. In 1837 he be- yan (o train Laura. l!ridgm;in,adeaf. dumb, and blind i-liild. and his suci-ess is narrated from .\rar to year in hisreiiorts. In ]8f31i<' married Julia Ward, afti'rward llie author of the '•IJatlle Hymn of the Kei>ublic". llr was prominent in all philanthropic work. I\i.\(;snri;v. Howi:, Xortii, T.kwis U]?> SniKON NORTH (AuKTiean, 1802-1884), 5Mi presi- ilc'iii (if Hamilton, niter sraduation from Yale in 1825 was a tutor there. 1827-9, and was graduated from the iliviniiy school in 1828. He caiue to Hamilton as |irol"ess'or ill 1829, in the midst of President Davis's 1 rouble, when there were but nine students and one lirofossor. He remained lOyears as professor, and in 1K:^9 became president, resignins in 1857. He was trustee until his death, his entire connection with 1 lie college coverino: 55 years. He was also a trustee cif the Auburn theological seminary 1840-49. Amons his published works were ''The American System of Collegiate Education" (1839), " Faith in the" World's t'onversion" (1842), and " Anglo-Saxon Literature " (1847). A leading event of his administration was the election in 1841 of Prof. Jlandeville to the chair .if rhetoric, leading to the training in public speak- iii" for which the colleae has ever since been noted. TAYLER LKM'IS (American. 1802-1877), an eminent scliolar, alter graduation from Union in 1820 studied law, and practised at I''ort Miller, X. Y., where he becauK! absorbed in the study of Hebrew and Greek. In 183^ h( ibandoned law and took a classical school in \\ 11(1 lord. In 1837 he was made professor of Gifi k 111 New York university, and in 1849 professor ol nil II lit oriental languages at Union. In 1863, hav- iii_ sulKKd f(u- many years from deafness, he was ^b 1 ki d l)\ the wounds in battle of his son and the 1 itli u) on the field of his son-in-law, but hi.s activity Is 1 wiilii continued till the last. His published noiks iiK aided ■■ 'i'lie Nature and Ground of Pun- 1-.111UI nt (1844). '-The Six days of Creation" (1855), 1 hi Duine Human in the .Scriptures " (I860), and stite Rights, a Photograph from Ancient Greece ", \\liich h id wide circulation in the early days oi the ci\ il w 11 164 America [1802 CALVIN ELLIS STOWE (American. 1802-1886) after graduation from Howdoin and A ndover, in 1830 be- came professor of langiuiKes in Dartmouth college and in 1833 professor of biblical literature in Lane theological seminary. In 18i50 he became divinity professor at Bowdoin, and in 1852 professor of sacred literature at Andover, where he remained till 1864. In 1836 ne visited Europe, and on his return published his '■ Report on Elementary Education in I->urope"". The legislature of Ohio distributed this report to every district in the State, and INIassachusetts, Pennsylva- nia, Michigan, North Carolina, and Virginia "took similar action. It pointed out so strongly the thor- oughness, completeness, and comprehensiveness of primary instruction in Prussia and Wurtemburg that the attention aroused led to great advancement .nou-r own schools. In I836he married Harriet Beech- tf, afterward author of " Uncle Tom's Cabin ". 18X6] Scotland 165 HUGH MILLER (Scotch, 1803-1850). was among the most remarkable of self-taught men of genius. At 13 he was an Incoirieible truant, and the schoolmaster thought he would grow up a dunce. But he liad a great fancy for authorship, and became a stone-nia, son that he might have the unemployed winter time for literary composition. Under the discipline ol labor the refractory schoolboy became a sober minded man. A fter his marriage he got employment in a bank, but after a pamphlet-letter to Lord Brougham in 18-39 had made him famous, he became an editor of The Witness, of Edinburgh, which posi- tion he held until his death, which occurred from a pistol-shot from his owh hand while crazed from over-work. His autobiographical "My Schools and Schoolmasters " ranks among the masterpieces of its kind in p:nglish literature, but he is best known for his contributions to geology. THOMAS GUTHIIIE (Scotch. 180:^-1873) aflcr ten years iif, tlie university of Kdinbursh bi.'jian ijreaoli- uig in 182.5, but did not secure a pastorate till 1830. B.\r 1837 had become reooKni/.ed as a great pulpit orator. He supported the disruption of 1813 and was henceforth associated with the Free church, in 1847 lie published his first " Plea for Ragged Schools"— schools for poor children, where food, clolhing, and industrial training as well as schooling were given. One of tlie.se had been opened in London in 1841, and Dr. Guthrie became the aposlle of the movement. His first ■■ Plea" was (|nofed in newspapers every- where. The Eil/ii/)iir callcil to Williams as professor of moral philosophv. .and in ISIW hecanie president, 'i'his oflice he held I ill \X7-1, when he resumed his former ciiair. lie was cine of tlu! few •;rcat college presidents, leaving his im[iress upon every young man who came there. He was president of tlie American Hoard of Coinmis- siou'Ts "f Foreign .Missions from 18.i7till his death. Among his books are '-Evidences of Christiauitv " 'lS4ti, 18ti-l); •■Moral Science- (|8K): "Law of Love and Love ;is a. Law •■ (18R9. 1881). which led lo a con- ii-.iversy wiih President McCosh: •• An Outline Studs "f Man ■■ (I87;i. 188ti): •' Scriiitural Idea, of .Man ■ (1883); •• Teachiiiirs and Counsels •' (188-4). 1887] Canada 167 EGEIJTOX UYERSOX (< •iuiadiaii, 1 ,S03- 1 «H:i) , Hrst su- piTiiitcii(l(-ii! .if Oiilavio. l)ct;;ni tcacliiiij>- at Hi. hut in I;S:i5 wa.s (inl.-iiiic'd ami bcauii prt-acliinti'. In 18~'9 he hel|)e(l cstablisli The Christian (iuanlian, and Ije- came its first editor, In 1835-6 he was in l^njrlund gottins a charter and subscriptions for Cobourij acad- emy, and in 1840 became first president of " 'I'he Uni- versity of Victoria college at Cobours' ". Three years after the establishment of a new system of edacation for Ontario, he was in I844appointed suiierinli'ndciil, and in IS.'iO framed a school law winch is -.i:!] thr Imsis of the system in force. In 1854 he estalili^li(\,s- tem of free public school libraries, and in is:ir\-officio superintendent of com- mon school's. He warmly supported Gov. Seymour's recommendation that there be organized a separate department of pulilic instruction, and this became a law in 1«54. In 1M49 and 1856 he was elected to the asseml)ly and in 1874 to conjiress. From 18til to his death In"' was one of the regents of the University of the State of New York, liy his will he provide(l fiu' a public fountain and for the laying out of the park in S\ raciise which bears liis name. He was president uf !i. ISO:!-) \v;is tin' s.m of ;i schoolmaster, and at 18tauj;ht in liis ImUkt's scIkhiI, and with his brother Rowland :a, the famous Hazel- wood sohool. Ill 1831 he became interested in ]);irli- nientary reform, and in 1832 wrote "National ICdiu-a- tion in its Present State and Prospects ", published in 1836. In 1834 he became secretary to Lord Truro, and in 1835 was appointed inspector ot prisons. Thereafter, lie devoted himself to prison reform, es- tablishins the separate system, the abolition of flog- giuir. usidul labor, with pay for extra hours, and en- coura'.iin<,' industrial schools. In 18.53 he published " Crime, its Amount, Causes, and Remedies ", recom- mending the system now in use at the Elmira Re- formatory, which he highly approved. From 18.51 to 1876 he was employed in the post-office, and made many improvements in the service. At the age of 90 ho was still as interested as ever in prison reform. RICHARD OWEX (En-ilish, 1804 1892) studied medicine at Kdinburgh and Loudon, became a inem~ ber of the royal college of surgeons in 1826, and soon after assistant curator of the Ilunteriau museum where his researches led to new classifications of animals, the addition of new genera and species. an(; his " Physiological Series of Comparative Anatomy "' (1833-40). His ability was especially shown in the reconstruction of extinct families. In 1836 he bi- came Hunterian professor in the college of surgeons, and in 1856 chief of the natural history depiirtmcnt of the British museum, holding also a professorshi]) in the Royal institution, London. On his retirement in 1883 he was made K. C. B. Among his worl4) was the dauKlitiT of a physician and of Miss Palmer, a noted teacher. Her 'sisters married Na- liel ILiw Ihdnie and Horace Jlann. In 1830 she sl.-iteil 1 ).' ( ii'iando's "Self-Education". She as- (1 A. l!ri>ii>(i)i Alcott in his school, of which she ished in 1S35 " A Record of a School ". In 1841 she ished "A Theory of Teaching", followed by ral text-books. In 1860 she started in Boston a privati' kindergarten, but in 1S67 went to Germany to study with Krau Froebel. and returned to introduce ^;-eiiuiuc Fr(iel)eli:in methods. She was editor of The Kiiiih rf/iirl. ,1 .¥>■■<■■« 11 '/>^r (1873-.^, 1877, 1881-2). Her '■ Moral » 'uhure nf liilnncy" (1863) was reissued in 18r.il. In Isr8 slie put)lished "After Kindgarten— WliMt'.'", and in 1888 "Lectures in the Training Schools for Kindergarteners ". Her beuevolentspirit knew uo boundaries and no limite. MfltOrVS TII,T;TNf;H.VST (American, 1S0H856), gTaduaird fi-oin \\e>L I'ulut ii 18:i4,altfr three years' service leeame-iustrue'tor at West Polut until 1834, ami resigned fi-oin the army in 1836 to establisti a private school iu Boston. lu 1840 he became first principal of the Normal School at Brldgewater, the only one of the fli'st three nurnial schools of Massa- ehiisctts that snr\ived. His success lay Inhisper- Ki)ualrharacter,in1hatqnietbutiinilinchin,g-devotlon I n iirUiciple, that lieroic and real abnegation of self, •> liicU to those whu knew iiim intimately appeared as the ruling- trait Of Ills moral nature. The mere Ivuowledge on the part of a piipU that Mi: Til- liiigiiast disapproved his course, even where no disapprobation had been expressed, was a biu"cieu which few could endure. But t Hough at first reserved, and apparently cold and distant, he was klud-lieai't- ed and generous, sympathetic and iiiucL 1804] Pearody, Tilli.\(;hast, Dillaway, Raxtoul 17] CHARLKS KNAPP DILLAM'AY (American, 1804- KSS9) Jiftfi- ur.-uluatidu Ironi llarvavd in 1825 bw.aiuo in 1831 hcadiuaslcr of the Boston Public Latin school. In 1836 he resigned his position on account of ill health, and lor several years tau-rhtin private school for hoys in Kostou, and later a school for voung women in Ro.xbury. He was also frequently called upon to teach our language to foreigners, especially to Japanese. He was the author of numerous text- books, including eight volumes of Cicero, and one each of Plautus, Terence, Quinlilian. and Tacitus; and edited editions of the (^'olloquies of Erasmus. Roman antiquities and mythology, etc. He wrote a history of the Roxhury Latin school, of which he was trustee for more than -10 years, aided Pickering in preparing his Greek lexicon and Worcester in his English dictionary, and was a frequent contributor to periodical literature. ROBERT BANTOUL, JR. (American, 180.i-1852> after graduation from Harvard in 1826 began the practice of law in Gloucester, Mass., in 1829. He was elected to the legislature in 1834 and to the State board of education in 1837, where he was one of the warmest supporters of Horace Mann as secretary. In 1843 he became collector of the port of Boston, aiid ' in 1845 r. S. district attorney. In 1851 he succeeded Daniel Webster in the U. S. senate, and in the same year was elected to the house of representatives. He was always warmly interested in education, and in 1839 addressed the American Institute of Instruction on "The iMlucation of a Free People". His "Re- marks on ICducation"'. reviewing Horace Mann's 1st report, and first published in the Xorth American. Review, was widely circulated as a pamphlet, and did much to sustain Mr. Mann's efforts, and to carry on the r-sform of education in Massachusetts. 172 America [1805 HENRY PHILLIP TAPPAN (American, 1805-1881) after graduation from Uuioii in 1825 and some years as a clergyman, in 1833 was made professor of moral and intellectual philosoiahy in New York university. In 1838 the entire faculty resigned, and for a time he conducted a private school. For the first ten years the university of Michigan had no president, and Mr. Tappan, elected in 1852, was the first to hold that office. He did much to develop the institution on the broad lines laid down by its early founders, but on account of lack of harmony with the faculty and the regents was removed in 1863, E. O. Haven being elected his successor. Thereafter he lived in Europe, finally settling down in Vervay, Switzerland. He wrote three books on the "Freedom of the Will", afterward republished in Glasgow, " Elements of Logic", "Treatise on l^niversity Education", and " iV Step from the New World to the Old ". ^ '*5f^.: THOMAS HENBY BURROWES (American, 1805- ISTl) "llie fatlicfof Pennsylvania common schools ", :i lawyer, was in 1831 elected to the legislature, and in isii.T .1]) pointed secretary of the commonwealth. He 1 Mine interested in the common school interests of the .State, and found the law of 1834 inadequate. Almost alone he drafted the law of 1836. which con- t inued in force till 1849. In 1838 a change of admin- istration removed him from office, and after seven years upon the farm he resumed in 1845 the practice of law. He also published newspaper articles on idiicntion, and in 18.52 began the publication of the I'l iiiisiil nuiid ticliool ./oitriKil, which occupied most • il' hisli til! W70. In 1855 he published " Pennsyl- vania School Architecture". From 1860 to 1863 he was State superintendent, in 1865he was made super- intend(!nt of soldiers orphans, and in 1869 became president of the State agricultural college. 1900] England 173 FBEDERICK DEXISON MAURICE (Kii'ili.sh, I8O.1- 1872). louudrr of the Working jMen's college, and of QneiMis college, after graduation from Cambridge in \S'l7 bfc-.wne a writer on the social, political, ecolesi- Mstical, and scientific questions of the day, and in 1831 joi ned the established church and became a preacher, ills books, "The Kingdom lof Christ" (1838), '■ Lec- tures on Kducatlon "(1839), and others, laid the found- ation for the Broad church as it was called. In 1854 he founded and became principal of the Working Men's college, with the help of such men as John Ruskin and Thomas Hughes. He edited The Educa- tional Magazine, new series, 1839-41. He was profes- sor of literature in King's college 1840-53, and in 1866 became professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge. In 1848 he founded Queens eollcuc. ("iiicM-ially Intended for governesses. He favored S\ind:iy recreation for working people. His works are mostly religious. GEORGE ANTHONY DENISON (Lngllsh. 180.V ) ilh I _i iduatlou from Oxford was elected fellow ot 0111 1 illege. He was ordained deacon In 1832. and w IS I ui ite of Cuddeson till 1838, when his brother, then Hishop of Salisbury, gave him the living of Broadwmsor, whence he was transferred in 1845 to East Brent, subsequently becoming archdeacon of T lunton. In 1853 he was accused of unsound doc- tiine and m 1856 was deprived of all his preferments, but the sentence was set aside by the Court of Arches. He ^\as e\f miner in classics at the Charterhouse. 1832-1838, examiner for the Ireland srl.olarsliip to Oxford, 1837-8, and for the Newcastle srliolarsliip at Eton. At Taunton he established a training-school for schoolmasters, and a middle school for the sons of farmers and tradesmen. He was one of the most pronounced opponents of national education, and es- pecially of " The Manchester and Salford scheme ". 174 England [1806 ArOrST(^S DE MORCJAX (RnTlish. IsnR-lSTl) was burn in huii:i, but was bi-.Miuhl, to i:iisl:iii(] when an inlniil, and in 18:^7 Iook bmrth phicf,- in the mathc- iiuUical tripos at Cambridge, lie was professor of mathematics in University college, London, 1828-1831, and 1836-1866, and recosinized as an unrivalled teacher. For 30 years he ciliicd tlic piililir.-ii i.ms of tlie Royal' Astronomical si"-i'-l\, .111(1 his mat hcnialical works were numerous, bcL^iiiniuu' in 1S',;h witli .-i translation of part of Koiinliin's algebra, and in<'ludinK his Cal- culus (1843), and his " Foundations of .VlL.'i'ljra " in the 7th and8lh volumes of the Cambrid.Lre Philosophical Transactions. But he was also a famous reformer in the field of logic, the importance in mathematics of training in which he always insisted upon. His "Formal Logic" was jiililished in 1847, and his "Syllabus of a Pro]i<>srd System " in 1860. "He was the kindliest as well as the most learned of men." 1873] De Morgan, INIill 175 JOHN STUART JIILt, (Engllsli, 1806-1873>, the son Of James Mill, Uistorlan aucl political and mental philosoplier, had an extraordinary early education. He was taught the Greek alphabet at 3, and at 8 had read a great many Greeiv bcolvS in tlie original, as well as much history in English. He then began Latin, Euclid, and Algebra, and became tutor to the younger children. At 12, he began logic, and at 13 political economy; and here, when nearly 14 his education terminated, and he began to work under his father's eye. He had been his father's constant companion, and had acquired by example the habit of strenuous application to difficult labor. He was also taught to regard himself as consecrated to a life of labor for public good. In 1823 he became a clerk in tlie India House lie wrote for the maga- zines, publlslied his "Lo^-iC in 1S«, his " I'nlirical Economy " m 1846, and his " Pliilosopliy " in 1805. ANOTHER PORTRAIT 176 America [1806 ENOCH COBB WINES (American, 1806-1879) after Kradu;it,ion from Middleburj' iu 1827, and service in the U. 8. navy, in 1832 became principal of the Edge- hill school near Princeton, N. J. His address in 1837 before the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania was expanded into a volume, " Hints on a System of Popular Education". The legislatures of Pennsyl- vania and of New Jersey both ordered several hun- dred copies for distribution throuuh their States. The same year lie published "How shall I govern my School '» " In 1838 lie was made teacher in the high school of Philadelphia. In 1844 he opened a board- ing-school near Burlington, N. .J. In 18.59 he became president of the university of St. Louis. In 1862 he began his greatest work as'secretary of the >'ew York prison association. In 1871 was sent to Europe by the government to establish an international prison con- gress. .Sessions were held in 1872 and in 1877. JOSEPH PADDOCK FAIRBANKS (American. 1806- 1855), was engaged iu uiauulacture of scales with his brothers at St. Johnsbury, \'t. From the first he was interested and activi; in benevolent work, and especi- ally in education. As early as 1832 he began to assist young men to enter the ministry; in 1843 he united with his brothers in establishing the St. .lolmsbury academy: and in 1845, being elected to the legislature, he made it his especial effort to improve the common schools. He secured the passage of a new school law, promoted educational associations, established the Vermont SchooUnurnnl. and sought to secure in \'er- niont such an aw:iki'uing as was -occurring in Massa- chusetts under Hor.-ice Mann. In 1851, the political control changed, and no State superintendent was elected: and though besought to secure the contin- uance of the office by subscription, the pl.ni failed and the school law became inoper.ative. 1885] \Vi.\Es, Fairbanks, Cornell, Alden 177 EZRA CORNELL (American, 1807-1874), founder of Covni'll university, built at 18 .and without appren- ficesliip the two-story house in which his parents lived at DeRuyter, N. Y., and worlced as a carpenter at Cortland and Syracuse. In 1828 he removed to Ith- aca, where he became superintendent of a laroe mill- ing business. In 1840 he travelled in the interest of a new plough, and in 1844 saved the telegraiih from fail- ure by suggesting the erection of poles for the wires. He built lines in Pennsylvania, New York, and Can- ada, and then i n the west, and was one of the founders and for many years the largest stock-holder of the Western LTnion telegraph company. In 1861 and 1862 he was elected to the assembly, and was a State sena- tor 1864-8. In 1863 he founded the Cornell free library at Ith;ica, and in 1865 he gave half a million to endow (,'orncll TTniversity, on condition that it should have the auricultural land grant. JOSEPH ALDEN (American. 1807-188,5), 6th presi- dent of .lelTerson college, and 4th principal of the Al- bany normal, after graduation from Union in 1829 tiiught for two years in Princeton while taking a theological course. After a year as pastor he became in 1835 professor of rhetoric in Williams. In 18.52 he became professor of mental and moral science in La- faypfte college, in 18.57 president of .Jefferson colle'^-e and in 1867 principal of the Albany normal, retiring in 1872. His works number some 70 title's mostly Sunday school books, and his text-books have had Large sales, '■ Elements of Intellectual Philosophy" •• Science of Government", •' Christian Ethics", and especially his " Political Economy ", of which An- drew D. White said: " It is clear, well arranged, and the best treatise for the jiurpose I have ever seen." He was also for a time editor of The New York Oh - t'erver, a well-known religious weekly. 178 America [1807 SAMUEL HARVEY TAYLOR (American, 1807-1871), .'-.nown to all graduates of Pliilllps Academy, Andover, as "Uncle Sam," became an assistant teacher there in 18S4, and was principal there from 1837 to his death. He had an instinct for the government of boys, and his profound convictions, liiflcxiijie will, and strong- sensibilities gave him an iniliiriiii- equal- led by that of few American teachers. As a tcailier, he united accuracy in the details of classical litera- tm-e with an entl'iuslasm in its general spirit. His "Methods of Classical Study" (1861), set a high standard for oilier teachers, but represented well his own practice. He was in his element before his pupils, and summoned them to exertion witli almost talisnianic force. Ills aim was not to give knowl- edge, but td (luallfy them for getting it. He gave tlieni inspiration ft/r work, and was himself the hard- est student in school. 18S4] SwiTZRELAND 179 LOUIS JOHN RUDOLPH AGASSIZ (Swiss, 1807- 1873) pursued medical studies ;it Zurich, Heidelberg, and Mimicli, but with special reference to natural history, particularly botany. He was soon employed to describe specimens brought from Brazil of the fresh-water fishes of the Amazon. This led him to researches upon the fossil fish of the Alps, and he es- tablished a new system of classification. In 18-10 he blished a summer school of natural history there. To the last he rejected the doctrine of evolu- tion, I)elieving in independent creations. \ ARNOLD HENRY GUTOT (Swiss, 1807-1884) was graduated at Berlin in 1835, and from 1839 to 1848 was the colh.'ague of Agassiz at Neufchatel, where he car- ried on extensive studies of the Alpine glaciers. He accompanied Agassiz to America in 1848, and was for a time a lectureron physical geography in the schools .and institutes of Massachusetts. His lectures before the Lowell Institute were published as " Earth and :\Ian" (18.53). From 18.54 to his death he was professor of geography and geology at Princeton. He had the management of the meteorological department of the Smithsonian Institute.' and often lectured there. He published a series of geographies and maps, and was one of editors of Johnson's Cyclopfedia. He was the first to discover the laminated structure of the ice in glaciers, and to show that its motion is due to the displacement of its molecules, which render it plastic. ISO Switzerland [1807 MART CARPENTER (Kn^rlish, 1807-1877) in 1829 opened a school for irirls at Bristol. A visit from the Rev. Joseph Tuokerman of Boston determined her work in life, and in 183o she founded a workinj: and visiting society, to improve the condition of the pnnr. In 1846 she opened a ragged-school. She published books on '• Rugged Schools " (1849). and on " Reform- atory Schools " (]i^.')l). In 1852 she opened a private reformatory school near Bristol, and in her "Juvenile Delinquents " (18.o3) pointed out the evils of existing modes of punishment. In 1849 she published the " Claims of Ragged Schools'", and in 1861 was called to testify before parliament. In 1864 she published " Our Convicts ", which at Rome was put on the In- dex Expurgatorius. In 1866 she went to India, and in 1868-9 was for six months principal of a women's normal school in Bombay, In 1873 she visited America, and in 1875 once more visited India. JOSEPH PAYNE (English, 1808-1876) had liraitea for education and at twenty became ; )r at Cainberwcll, s\icceeding so well that ilhiT children undi'r his i-liarge and nil gr;iinninr scliiiiil grew up. Iul><45he scli.N.l :,l [..Mili.'i-h.'nd. \Nhich for 18 s Mill' ol' I lii. I]r,i ].|-i\ :iti' scliools •I irriii.-iil in IsiiH he (li'\ oted him- i.'_;i-iss. especially witli reference ii"ii 111' women and the profes- ■ lie- l.Mchrr. He was the first 1. 1 l;' laical chair founded by the I's. .-inil his "Lectures on the iluc-:iiion " in book form are still among the best treatises on th(^ subject. res on the History of Education, with a ■rnian Schools " was published after liis he was tlie author of sevenil text -books. ¥•" \ 1877] Germany 181 DAMEL GOTTLIEB MOB. SCHBEBEB (Geiinan, 1808-1861), noted for his services iu behalt' of physical education, after being educated at Leipzig was from 1843 to 1859 physician in the Carus orthopaedic hos- pital. He exerted great influence in the reform of .4: \ educational methods, especially iu the direction of physical education. He made theexpression " health i.'ymnastics " (Heilgymiiastilc) a familiar word. His most famous work is -'AeTztliche Zimmergymnastik " (34th ed. 1890), of which an American translation un- der the title " Gymnastics for Health and Cure " is in common use. Other books are " Das Buch der Gesund- heif (1839), " Kallipadie oder Erziehung zur Schon- heit" (18.=i8), "Das Buch der Erziehung" (1891), ' Kinesiairik oder die gymnastische Heilmethode " (18.12), " Die scliadlichen KOrperhaltungen und Ge- uohnheiten der Kinder" (1858), "Die plaumassige Scharfung der Sinnesorgane " (1859). 182 Nkvv Y()|{k [ISOS FRANCIS BRIGHT (American, 1808-1845), was born in Massacliusctts, Init in 1838 removed to New York, wliere lie est atilisluMi in ih40 Thf District SchoolJour- nal. Under liis editursliip tills jom'nal was until Ills death the focus which attracted and cemented all the elements in the State favorable to advance in educatlOQ. His modest deportment and captivating manners won friends on every hand. He was promi- nent in estaijlishiug the normal school, coxmty su- pervision, and n inventions of teachers. His journal was sent hy the Legislature to every district in the State, and it educated the people at large to the econ- omy of a larger expenditure for better schools. He threw himself heai't and soul into the cause, and his enthusiasm was Infectious. He was foremost among those who made New York recognized as foremost in education. His death was a great loss to the State. — se*^ DwiGHT, Randall 183 SAMUEL S. RANDALL (Amerioau, 1809-1881) after study at Hamilton college was admitted to the bar iti 1834. He became clerk in the New York department of public instruction under Gov. Dix, in 1841 was made deputy superintendent, and in October became act- \ ing superintendent, his chief being made secretary \ of war. He was again appointed deputy in 1849. In \ 18.51 he was made commissioner to codify the school ' law of the State, and in 1853 was again elected deputy. I In 1854, his recommendation that the office of the su- / perinteudent be separate from that of secretary of / state was adopted, and it was supposed that he would be the first superintendent but by a political trick Victor M. Rice was elected instead. Mr. Randall was made deputy, but in June, 18.54. was elected first su- perintendent of schools in Kew York city. He re- signed in 1870 on account of failing health. He was au- thor of a histor.v of the common schools of New Y'^ork, 184 Amkiuca [ISOO FREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER BARNARD (Americiui, 1809-1889) after graduation in 1818 from Vale, where he showed remarkable aptitude for math- eniatiios, became a master in the Hartford Latin school, and in 1830 was made tutor at Yale. After a year he taught in the deaf and dumb asylums in "Hartford and in New York, and in 1838 became pro- lissor of mathematics in the university of Alabama. ill-re he defended the established curriculum against I 111- elective system and against the dormitory system. 11 18.54 he became professor of mathematics in the iiiversity of Mississippi, and in 1856 was made presi- i'-iit, resigning when the war broke out in 1861. After work on the coast survey, he was in 1864 elected president of Columbia college, where he remained till Jeath. The women's department is named Barnard aollege in honor of his efforts for the higher educa- tion of women. 1895] Scotland 1S5 JOHN STUART Bh.VCKIK (S,.,,i,cl,, lS09-ISi».->) n Ii.t (■ Ihr bar in 18:«. hut publislicd ihal, vi'ar a, metntil\il inn. All houtrh during his i)residency the rei)ublio was eiiL;a,tJc'tl in war, and an insurrection broke out, he devoted him- self so successfully to building up a system of public education tliat tlie anniversary of his death is a m.arked day in the school calendar. The Evoliicinti Eiinrafiva "for Sept. In, 1899, is largely devoted to tlie storv of his life. 1894] America 193 JAMES McCOSH (Scotch, 1811-1894), 11th president of Princeton, after ediiciitiou at Glasijow and Etfin- liursh sotau honorary A.M. from tlie latter on motion of Sir Wni. Hamilton for an essay on the Stoic phil- osophy. He preached from 1835-1851, and wrote "Method of Divine Government" (1850), which so interested the lord-lieutenant of Ireland that the author was made professor of logic at Queen's collefje, Belfast. He came to America as president of Prince- ton in 1868, resigning in 1888 altera most successful administration. He had great influence upon philos- ophical thought, his philosophy being. Prof. Baldwin sa vs. a development of the Scottish realism, but going farther than Reid in asserting the direct cognition of realities of all kinds. He very early accepted the doc- trine of biological evolution. Among his many works are ''Logic'' (1869), "The Emotions" (1880). "Psy- chology " (1886), ■■ Philosophy of Reality '' (1894). JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER (English, 1811-1882). 2d pri-'sidentof the New York university medical college, was educated in of London, but came to America in 1833, and became M.U. of the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1836. He was professor of chemistry in Hampton-Sidney college 1836-39, in New York univer- sity 1839-41, and in the medical department 1841-50. He was president 18.50-73. In 1839 he took by Daguer- re's process the first photographic portrait ever taken from life. In 1840 he took the first photograph of the moon, and he was associated with S. F. B. Morse in developing the telegraph. He discovered many of the fundamental facts of spectrum analysis and published them 1841-50. The titles of his papers (183-J-HO) eNcecil 100. His ■• History of the Conflict between Ki'ligiou and Science" (1874) has been translated into 9 lan- guages. Other books are " Human Physiology" (18.56), •• Intellectual Development of Europe " (1863), etc. 194 America [1811 JOHN VAN SCHAICK LANSING PRUTN (American, 1811-ll^?X) aftcf yrudiuition from tho Albany academy was .-iiliiiitliMl to the bar in 1832. He was appointed by Gov. Maroy master in chancery, and afterward became injunction master of the third circuit. He became counsel for the New Yorlx Central railway, ill' was State senator 1882-3, and representative to cunsress, 1863-5 and 1867-9. He was a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1866 he suggested the IVii-mation of the State board of charities, and was prcsidiiit until his death. He was one of the original commissioners of the new capitol, and laid its foun- dation stone. He became a regent of the University of New York in 1844, and from 1862 to his death was its chancellor. After the annual Convocations were established in 1863, his receptions were among the most important features of the meetings, at which he made an ideal presiding ofTicer. ELIAS LOOMIS (American, 1811-1889) scientist, after graduation from Yale in 1830 was a, tutor there, 1833-36. He was the first American to see the return of Halley's comet in 1835 and published an account of it. In 1836-7 he studied in Paris. In 1837 became professor of natural philosophy in Western Reserve cnllcgi', 111 1844 of mathematics in New York univer- sity, and in 1860 of astronomy in Yale, where he re- maini'd till his death. He was distinguished for careful observations in astronomy, meteorology, and magnetism, with important results. As an instruc- tor he was noted for compi-lling his students to in- vestigate for themselves, s.miiim lines a student would come to him with a suppuM-d iiii>iake in the text- book. " Will you please read it again ? " he would say again and'again, till finally the student saw his own error, when a smile would stretch across Prof. Loomis's face like a rising sun. 1901] England 195 SIR WILLIAM ROBERT GROVE (Welch, 1811-) after Rraduatioii from Oxford in 1833 studied law. but becnnie interested in electricity and was from 1835 to 1840 professor of natural philosophy in the London Institution. In 1839 he communicated to the French Ac;i(l('niY his invention of the Grove battery, which snbsiitutes platinum for copper and nitric^for sul- phuric acid. In 1841 he published a paper on electro- typiuii, and in 1842 enunciated the doctrine of the correlation of physical forces. showiuK that arrested motion prodnces'heat. His book on the subject was published in 1847. and is his principal contribution to science. In 1866 he was president of the British Association. Having resumed the practice of law, he became in 1853 queen"s counsel, and in 1871 jus- tice of the common pleas. He was kniiihted in 1871. He is one of the few men who have been eminent both in science and iu a chosen profession. 196 America [1812 KDW.VRD SEGUIN (French, 1812-1880) ciuiie froii! aiiri.>tnr., who had been physiciuiis for generations. Aflc'i- fdui-aiion in Paris he studied medicine under Itard and Esquirol, and was led to the study of idiocy, which he discovered to be not uialforiuation of tlie brain, but arrested development. He established a scliool for them in Paris, and joined a brilliant coterie of youns men, including Ledru RoUin, Louis Hlanc, anil Victor Hugo, who believed in a republic founded on the teachings of St. Simon. He published in 1846 his treatise on idiocy which was crowned by the Academy, and is still its text-book. In 1850 he came to .Vmerieaand jirartised as a physician, but did much for the feeble-mindi'd, ami lri>m IS.'il to 1857 assisted Dr. Wilbur in the institution at Syracuse, N. Y. He pul)lished " Idiocy and its treatment by the Physiolo- gical Method" and several other books, and eslalj- ''vsIichI in New York a school for the feeble-minded. CHARLES HARTSHORN ANTHONY (1812-1874), a famous Albany teacher, after graduation from the Troy (X. Y.) academy at 15 began lecturing there on Ideology and botanv. In 1831 he established a private high school, which in 1831 he became the Troy academy. In 1837 this was merged with the Rensselaer polytechnic institute as the department of classical literature, but the union was not carried into effect, and Mr. Anthony continued to be princi- pal ■until 1839, when he was made principal ol th<' Troy public high school In 1840 this school was suspended, and he removed to Al bany a iid established a private school there. In 1846 he established the \lbany classical institute, and remained in charge of it for 20 years, continuing afterward to visit almost daily, and to lecture at least once a week, until .)an. 2. 18"72, when \w was seized by an attack tliat left tlie right half of his body paralyzed. Seguin, Anthony, Armstrong, McElligott li)7 JOHN W. AKMSTRONG (Rnjilish, 181:i-1878). 1st lirincipal of Kn'doni;!.. iiccoiiipanied his I'utlK'r to ('aii:id:i in 1824. .-iiid in 1837 came to Cu/.tMioviii seni- inarv. X. Y. In 1839 he taught at Nichols, and after liriv.'ite work rn Canada, in 18-11 at Red Creelc. He was licTused as a hical preaclier, bnt was principal of the (ioverneur Wesleyan 1844-50, when he c.anie back t.i ('a/.cnovia as a student teacher of science. In l,s.i4 he became principal of Falley seminary, and in 1855 of the Susquehanna seminary at Rinfilianilon. In 1856 he resumed pastoral work, and in 1857 was sent to Anienia seminary in an unsuccessful attempt to >ave it from sale. After pastoral work, 1857-65, he I ;inie headmaster and teacher of science in the oswv^o normal, and in 1869 was made principal of tlie Fredonia normal, where he remained till de.-itli. He was president of the association of normal prin- cipals from its organization in 1869. JAMES NAPOLEON McELLlGOTT (American, 1812- 1866). a prominent New York school man, after educa- tion at New York university became instructor in and in 1S45 principal of the Mechanics society institute. In 1849 he opened a private classical school, which he conducted with signal success till his death. In 1848 he was editor of The Teachers Advocate, and in 1860 was ])resident of the State teachers association. He cuiipcrati'd in the preparation of the Union readers, and Im- was the author of •' M.-inual, Analytical and Svnl helical, of Orthography and Dellnition " (1845), •■'Oldham's Humorous Speaker" (1853), and "The American Debater " (1855). At the time of his death he was engaged upon a Latin grammar, and was to have followed with a Greek grammar. He was for 16 years corresponding secretary of the American Sun- day School Union, and was active in church and be^ nevolent work. 108 .X^FKRICA [is: JAMES DWIGHT DANA (Aiiicnc-aii. 1813-189o) was l:oni ill Vtica, N. V.. and after uradualiou from Yale in 1833 travelled for two years in the Mediterranean as instructor of midshipmen in the U. S. navy. In 1836-38 he was assistant at Yale to Prof. Silliman, and in 1838-42 took part in the Wilkes exploring ex- pedition, of which his reports on geology, corals, and crustaceans were published 1846-54. In 1846 he was made professor of geology at Yale. He had al- ready published a "System of Mineralogy" (1837). and a " jSIanual of Mineralogy "' (1848), andiii 1864 he published his "Text-Book of Geology", so much tlie best book of its kind that a German geologist ad- vised his students to learn English in order to use this book. Personally he was one of the simplest and most lovable of men, as ready to take a walk with freshmen and point out geological A-lJ-C"s as to pre- side over the Academy of science. MAUCl'S WILLSON (Americ;in, 1813—) after grad- iialiiiii from Union in 1836 taught at Irhiii)l. ami was principal of CanaiulaiL;ua academy lS4it-1853, but he declined the )ircsidi'iicy of N'assar. lie was also admitted to the bar, but his principal work was as an author. His first work was a civil "jiivernment, followed by American histories, a uiii- Mi'sal history, and a setoj science readers on which hi' ^pi'ut four years, ana afterward another set of iradris. For copyright on text-books he was paid imire lliau ^OOO.OOii'hy the ll.-u-per Hrolhers alone, witli large amounts from other iiulilishers. He also wrote •■ The Wciuderful .story of OliI '•, an illustrated l{il)le work. He delivertid his first written temperance ad- dress at the age of 18, and was prevented from prac- tising law by the injury to his voice from speaking on a cold winter's night. 1901] England 199 WILLIAM BEXJA3IIN CARPEXTEU (i:n;;lisb, 1813 1885), fatuous for his work in comparative pliysiol osy, brother of Mary Carpenter the phihinthropist. studied medicine at University collese and «t Edin- burgh, and beyian practice in Bristol. He became a contributor to the magazines, and subsequently edi- tor of the British and Medical Foreign Review. In 1837 he gained the Edinburgh prize of $l!>0 for the best essay of the year, and bought a microscope, which enabled him to write his '• General and Com- parative Physiology " (1838). In 1844 he became pro- fessor of physiology in the Royal institution, London, and published his " Comparative Physiology " and ■ Human Physiology ". He was professor of medical jurisprudence at L'riiversity college 1849-.59, principal Of University hall, 1851-59, and in 1856 became reg- istrar of the University of London in the develoji- ment of which he was the chief worker. SIR ISAAC PITMAN (English, 1813- ), the in- ventor of phonography, became at 12 a clerk in a counting-house, and at 18 was sent to the normal col- lege of the British and Foreign School Society. After live months training he became master of a public school, and subsequently established a school at Uarton-on-Humber. Here he began to study short- hand, and published his " Stenographic Sound Hand" in 1837. In 1842 he began the Phonetic Journal, and in 1843 established a Phonographic Institute. Besides his text-books he issued a library of some eighty volumes printed entirely in short-hand. In 1894 the Queen conferred upon him the honor of knighthood. Dr. \Vm. T. Harris says: "All short-hand writers in the world concede the debt of gratitude due to Isaac Pitman as the original inventor of the best system of short-hand, and the one which forms the basis for a, hundred or more modifications,"' 200 En(;i.ani) [isi EMILY ANNE ELIZA SHIRREPF (En-lisli. 1814- 3897). with licr sister Mrs. Grey u foremost fliiiinijioii of llie hisilier educutiou of women, was tlie ilautrliler of an admiral, and while residing at tJibraitar re- fleeted on how little her education had done for her. and resolved that other women should have a better chance. In 1850 the two sisters published " Thoughts ■ ill Self-Culture ", and in 1858 " The Intellectual Edu- ■atiiiu of "Women ". In 1871 the.vformed the National I nion for the Education of Women, in 1872 theGirls' rublio Uav School Co.. and in 1877 the Teachers' Triiinino; and Registration Society. In 1876 Miss Shirretf became president of the l-'roebel Society, and published "Principles of the Kindergarten System "'. repulilished in 1880 as "The Kinti-ontj personality, who made himself felt by every student. A man miirht take a course under Him anil stiil be small-niinded. but not without discovering that he was small-minded. His discussion of current events was in itself worth the entire s<-nior yi-ir in college. M\BTILLA MINER (American. 181.5-1864) was born 111 IJrooktield.X. V. In spiteof spinal disease she be- ^;an teaching at 15, and after service in Rochester and IM-oyidence went to Mississippi to instruct a private si'hool for planters' daughters. She became inter- ested in the education of negroes, and as she could not teach them there she went to Washington to found .■I norm.-il school for colored girls. She began in 1851 withac.-ipilalof $100, Inahiredroom witli5i)ii])ils. In If^.iS she iM.ii^ht a whole citv square fur i*4,:i(i() (sold in isre for ••t^40.000), Harriet IJeeoher Stowe giving her *l. 000 from proceeds of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and ol her friends contributing. From 18.57 to 1859 she was ill, and transferred the care of the school to Emily liowland of Sherwood, N. Y.. while she travelled to i-'et money for a building. The school was incorpor- ated ill 18t53, and the Miner normal school was trans- lerred in 1877 to a building costing $37,000. 202 .\mK1^1('A [ISK; ASA DKAKIJOKY LORD (Amorieaii, 1816-1874). 1st i-inli'Uilciil al, ( 'i)liiiiibiis. Ollio, ilflcr ediical.ioii (' aradc'iiiy al rolsilaiii, N. Y., tautilit in dislricl, I ml ill lb(;i7 ill a private school at WillouKli- Il(! was principal of the Western Reserve seininai'y 1839-47, senilinK out some 800 In 1H17 lie Ix'caiiie the first sui)erinten(leiil s in C(iliiiiil)iis and iiia,ut?urated a system ol' hciols 1 hat sniin si)read over the Siate. In ■^an puljlishiiitr Tlie Ohio Schonl .[(Dirndl. !-,a,iiie ill isr,om 1847 to 1850 he was assistant secretary of the Metropolitan sanitarv commission from 1857 to 1862, and from 1864 to 1869he was exam- iner in logic and moral philosophv in the University of London, and in 1860 he became' professor of lo"ic in the University of Aberdeen. He had done nuu-h writing when in "The Senses and the Intellect" (185.5) and "The Emotions and the Will" (18.59) he made public his views of psvchologv, based upon the study of mental effects from their phvsical side. Later works are " The Study of Character" (1861) " Mental and Moral Science" (1868), " Logic. Deductive and Inductive" (1870), "Mind and Body" (1873) and " Education as a Science " (1878). 206 America [1818 HENRY DRISLER (American. 1818-1897) after '/viiduntion from Columbia in 1839 became classical in^t^acto^• in the grammar seliool. In 1813 he was inndi' tutor and in 1845 adjunct professor in classics. Ill 1S57 lie became professor of Latin, and in 1867 he astorof the Soiith church, Boston. In 1855 he w ,is chn^i-n preach- er and professor of Christian miir:ils .it Harvard. His theological views changed, and in 1860 he was admit- ted to the Episcopal ministry. In 1864 he resigned his office at Harvard to become rector of Emanuel church, Boston, and in .869 he was elected bishop of Central New Yorlc. He was one of the founders of the Church Monthly, and has written several religious books. His greatest service to education is his ad- dress on "Unconscious Tuition '", first delivered be- fore the American Institute of Instruction in 1855, and since then known all over the \vorld. For forty years it has been regarded the most stimulating and helpful book that cau be put into a young teacher's hands. 190]] England 209 WILLIAM EDWARD FORSTEB (English, 1819- 1886) married tlie i-ldcsl dau'^lilc-r of Thomas Arnold oT Ruuby, and in ISfil uuleriHl parliament. In 1868 lie became vice-president of the Couneil on Educa- tion, entered Gladstone's cabinet in 1870. and intro- duced the Elementary Education bill. He showed V investiKiition that the voluntary system was in- lequate, and his bill created scliool boards with iw(!r to levy rates for maiutaiuins schools, and to impel attendance. No catechism or formulary of ly religious denomination was permitted, and" the •lionls were put under government inspection. In ;; 1 he visited the United States, and in 187.5 was 'i-ii'd Lord Rector of Aberdeen university. In 1880 ■ lii'came chief-secretary for Ireland, but resigned ill l^s-2. " His undoubted patriotism, his great abil- iiii-. and his sturdy independence will give liiin an honorable place among Britisli statesmen." JOHN UUSKIN (English, 1819-1900) after gradua- tion from Oxford in 1843 hesitated between the Church and art, but chose the latter, and in ISiS published the first volume of " Modern Painters ", which im- mediately made him famous as an art critic. He de- ■l.ired his theory that nature must be followed im- hliciily, everv alteration coming from powerless in- lolnice or liHnd audacity; and he made Turner its ■liief exjionent. He spent some years in Italy, but 111 18.58 became professor in the Cambridge school of art, in 1867 lecturer at Cambridge. He was professor of flue art at Oxford 1869-79 and 1883-85. The Ruskin museum at Sheffield contains his art treasures. He- sid(!s his numerous works on art. he did much for the social condition of workmen, his best-known lec- tures being gathered in " Fors Clavigera" (1871-84). In ediieatioh he insisted on the dominance of moral ideas, and the essentialuess of first-hand study. 210 England [1819 CHARLES KIXGSLEY (English, 1819-1875) after gradualioii from Cambridge became rector at Evers- ley ia Hampshire, which was thereafter his home, and where he died. He was professor of English liter- ature 111 Queens college, and from]1860 to 1869 he was professor of modern history at Cambridge. ]n 1845 he was appointed canon at Middleham, in 1863 at Chester, and In 1873 at \Vestminster. From the first he was keenly sensible of the wants of the poor, and he threw himself into the movement for Christian socialism headed by Frederick Maurice. In this spirit he wrote "Yeast "and "Alton Locke". In 1854 he wrote " Alexandria and her Schools ", in 1869 "Madam How and Lady Why", in 1872 "Town Geology ", in 1874 "Health and" Education ". Both as a writer and in his personal intercourse with men he was a stimulating teacher. As a novelist his chief power lay in description. .JOHN TYXDALL (English. 18->0-1893). investigator of raidant heat, was educated in the national public schools, and in 1839 joined the Irish ordnance survey. In 1841 an official sutrgested to him better use of his leisure hours, and for twelve years he was always at ills liiioks by five o'clock in the morning. In 1844 he I aiiie a railway engineer, but gave it up in 1847 to tiarli ill Queenswood college. In 1848 he went to the I nivcrsity of Marburg to study under Hansen, being Liradualed in 1850. In 1853 he' became professor of natural ])hilosophy in the Royal institution, where he was the colleague'of Faraday. In 1867 he succeeded Faraday as superintendent.' In 1849 he visited the Alps, and thereafter became an enthusiastic nioun- lain climber, and iiiadebli'-miuiled, after graduation from Amherst in 1838 and the Berl;ineerins,and practised medicine at Lowell and at Harro, Mass. In 1847 he read of Dr. SeKuiii's school for training idiots, and s(!Ut for his book, which led Ur. Wilbur to establish first a school in his own house, and afterward an experimental school at Al- ii un which in 1854 became the State institution in s\ 1 ,. u^( . Dr. Willjur was made superintendent, and Di s. ,11111 afterward worked for a time with htm. in lh71 he published a paper arguing that moral causes were often productive of insanity, and that niortil treatment should be largely used for reinetly, which led to a long controversy. His report that Knglish methods of managing the insane were in uuuiy ways superior led to many reforms. SAMUEL G. LOVE (American, 1821-1893), for 2.'. years superintendent at Jamestown, X. V., after graduation from Hamilton in 1846, studied law, but became a teacher in Buffalo. He afterward taught at Gowanda, was princii)al of Chamberlain institute 1850-53and 1859-64, and in 1865 l:>ecame superintendent at Jamestown, resigning in 1890 to become librarian. He made the Jamestown schools remarkable for be- ing in advance of other schools of the times. He in- troduced physica,! culture, vocal music, and maiuial training long before they were usually thought practi- cable. He was a naturalist and gathered a large muse- um. He was a leader in associations, and through his training classes sent out young men and women in- spired with enthusiasm" for teaching. His reports were valuable documents, and his printed addresses were widely read. He published '"Industrial Rdu- cation, a Givide to Manual Training " (1887). 214 England [1820 EmVARD THRINf! (Enfrllsli, 18Jil-lR89), vmo ranks sccDiid only to Tliuiaas Arnold among tlie EngUsli S( huuliiiasters of this century, became lieacl-mastet of Uppuigliam School in 1853. It was then a school- house and schooh'oom with 25 pupils, which had grown in 1887 so as to employ a staff of 33 masters. He was a ri,<^''id disciplinarian, ar.l Insisted that II one Ijoy did -w mn'^- it was lii-cause the rest approved, and punislii'd tlieni all. ISut lie had intense feeling lor the worth ol a life,— of every life ; and he spared nothing to give to every boy that Individual training which would do most to develop the best in liim to Its Lig'hest. His pervading humor was also a power. His best known work is "Education and School" (1867). A volume ol his " Addresses " was published in 1890, and " Uppingham LjTics " in 1887. " A Mem- oiy of Edward Thring," by John Huutley Skrlne waa pi.ijlished in 1889. 1895] America 215 THEODOUE WILLIAM DWKJHT (Americun, 1822- 1892), 1st wai'ileu of the Columbia law school, after i;radaatloii from Hamilton in 1840 and the Yale law school in 1842 became in 1846 professor of law at Ham- ilton, and in 1858 at Columbia, where he was soon made warden of the law school, and became recoji- uized as one of the great teachers of the century. He was elected non-resident professor of consti- tutional law at Cornell (1868), and lecturer at Am- iierst (1869). He was a member of the New York constitutional convention of 1867, vice-president of of the New York State commissioners of public charities, president of the New York prison associa- tion, and a member of the "committee of seventy " of New York city. In 1874 he was made a judu(^' of the commission of appeals. Besides his leffal works he joined with Dr. Wines in publishing " Prisons and Reformatories in the United States " X0B3IAN ALLISON CALKINS (American, 1822- l.^ti.")) ijiM-ame a teacher at 18, first at Castile, N. Y., and lh''n at Gainesville, where he became principal. In 1845-6 he was town superintendent. In 1846 he re- moved to New York, and conducted teachers insti- tutes. From 1863 to his death he was assistant su- [•■rintendent of schools in New York. He was also Mofessorof methods and principles of teaching in I '."' Saturday sessions of the Normal college, 1870-80. lb' was president of the N. E. A. in 1886, and always one of its most trusted counsellors. He was treas- urer of the American Congregational union 18.57-83. He publish d The Student for ten years, and was the author of several text-books, including "Primary Object Lessons " (1861, 1870), " Phonic Charts " (1869), " Manual of Object Teaching" (1881). " From Black- board to Books" (1883). He selected and classified Prang's natural history series (1873). 216 England [1822 ALFRED KLSSEL WALLACE (Kiijilibh, 18:i2- ) devotfd hini.scir eiirlv id niituriil liistory, and ex- plored the forests of"i;r;r/.il 1848-52, and the Malay archi peUiso 1854-62. While making his investigations here he reached entirely independent of Mr. Uarwin the same general conclusions as to natural seleetii si ;i m cuiiinissioner, and li.' piihlished "A French lOhui. m- ,M iddle Chiss Kduca- I iiiu and theState ", " I'opular iMlucation in France ", a ad " Schools and I'niversilieson the Continent". As ■A writer he stands high both as critic and poet. It is liis theory that in culture the remedy for evils of mis- uovernment is to acquaint ourselves with the best I hat has been said and known in this world. He is often called the apostle of "sweetness and light". His verse is Greek in form and pantheistic in feeling, yet with a vein of Christian reverence in which faith and doubt are mingled. 1901] A:\rKRTrA 217 BEXX PITMAN (Ku-lisli. 1822-) with two other bi'ollii'i-s (il Sir Isaac I'iliiiaii. wliose " Steuojiraphio Siuiiid Hand '• was imblishcd in 1837. was from 1842 to 18o2 associated witli Sir Isaac in travelling throu"h KnKliind lecturing' and giviuji lessons in phonog- raphy. In 1853 he came to America and founded the Phonographic Institute, Cincinnati. His flr,st Manual was published in 1855, and bv 1860 his first scries of text-books was completed. Revised editions were issued in 1885 and in 1897. He lias not followed the changes in vocalization made bv Sir Isaac in 1857 but adheres to the original plan, as "simpler. Graham" also adheres to this plan while Rlunson adopts the changes of 1857. In 1893 the Benn Pitman svstem was used by more than one-third of all the teacliers of short-hand in America. He was recorder of militarv commissions for the V. S. govurameut, 1863 to 1867 and general reporter to 1873. DAXA POND COLBUKN (American. 1833-1859), the malliematiral author, a.ftia- graduation from tin; IJriiluewater normal in 18-13 taught district schools in IM.iss.icliusetts and in East Ureenwich, R. I. His tearhiug of arithmetic attracted the attention of IbiraceMann, and in 1848 he was made one of thi; board of institute instructors. He was assistant in tli(! Uridgewatcr normal 1848-50, and in 1852 opened a private normal school in Providence, R. I. In 1854 tliis became a State institution, and Mr. Colburn was made its first principal. He taught because he loved to teach, and liis classes, thouuh always hard work- ing, abounded in joy and laughter. His "First Steps in Numbers" (1847)" was followed by his "Decimal System ", " Interest and Discount ", "Arithmetic and its Applications" (1855), "Common School Arithme- tic " (1858i, "Child's IJook of Arithmetic ", and " In- tellectual Arithmetic " (1859). 218 England [1823 EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEJIAX (Eimlisli, 182;U 1892). till- historiiiu, after becoiiuiiii- scholar at Oxford in 1841. fellow in 1845, and examiner in 1857, 18ti:?, and 1873, in 1884 became Rejjius professor of modern his- tory. His historical works are nnmerous, including "History of the Saracens " (1856), '• History of Fed- eral Government" (1863), "History of the Norman Conquest" (1867-72), " Old English History" (1869), "Historical Essays" (1871-73, 1892), "General Sketch of European History " (1872), " Growth of the English Constitution" (1873). "The Ottoman Power in Eu- rope " (1877), " The Historical Geon;raph.y of Europe " (1881). "TheReisnof William Rufus " (1882), "Chief Periods of Eurojjean History " (1886), " Methods of Historical Study " (1885)," George VVa.shington " (1888), "William the Conqueror" (1888), " The History of Sicily" (1891-92); besides works on architecture," and '■ Lectures to American Audiences" (1883). FUIEDKICH MAX-MOLLER (German, 1823-1900), son of the distinguished lyric poet, after graduation from Leipzig in 1843 made" Sanskrit his special pur- suit. He went to London, and in 1847 was commis- sioned by the East India company to edit the Rig- Veda at "their expense. In 18.50 he became professor at Oxford of modern languages; in 1866 of compara- tive philology. His treatises on philological topics have done more than those of any other single scholar to awaken interest in the science of Inngu.-ige, the best known being "The Science of Language" (1861-3) a rid •' ( 'hips from a German Workshop " (1868-75), In- hiTiling his father's jioetic imagination, he illustrates what are ordinarily dry subjects with a felicity that m.ikesthem attractive. Tlie successful anonymous Cii'i-iiian novel "Deutsche Liel)e " is also atlribuled (o him. He was a commander of the Legion of Honor uud member of the Privv Council. lUOl] America 219 JONATHAN ALLEN (Ainpi-ioan, 1823-1892) after Kradu.'itiou iii 184t) rroni OIktIjh became principal of Allred Academy and secured for it a charter as Al- fred I'niversiiy. He was elected the first president, but declined in favor of his elder colleague, Wm. C. Keiiyon. becoming president upon Dr. Kenyon's re- tirement in 1867, holding that office till his'death, a (luarter of a century later. His especial pride was tlie Steiuheiin building, with its fine collection of minerals. He was also an infhirnlial cI'tux man, tlie organizer and for manv years iMi-r.',i>(,ndi n- sec- retary of the Seventh-Day-Kaptist IvIu.-.-n ion S.i.'iety, and several limes president of the general conference of that deiK.uiiuaiidn. In accordance with his wish his body was crrmaied, and the ashes were deposited in a Greek vase of wliite alaliaster, one of the treas- ures of th(? Steinheim building. He impressed a genuine manhood upon two generations of students. ANSON JUDD UPSON (Amerii'aii, 1823—). 12(lt chaucellor of tlie University of the ,Sta,te of >'ew York, after graduation from Hamilton in 1843 studied law. but in 1845 was elected tutor in Hamilton, and in 1849 adjunct professor, and in 1853 professor of logic, rhetoric, and elocution. Here he did much to nniintain the high standard of oratory established l)y Prof. ]\Iandeville. In 1868 he was ordained to the miiiisiry. and from 1870 to 1880 was pastor of the 2d I'ri'sliyicrian churcli, Albany; professor of rhetoric in till' Auburn theological seminary 1880-87, and sinc(! then professor emer.tus, taking up his residence in Glens Falls. In 1874 he was elected a regent of the University of the State ol' Xew York, and in 1892 be- came chancellor. M;iny of his sermons, addresses, and lectures have been i)ublislied. He has been a frecjuent contributor to the periodical jiress, and is always a welcome speaker upon the platform. 220 America [182.^ EDWARD AUSTIN SHELDON (American, 1823-1897) alter tliree \i'!ir.s :it lliuniltcm rollege had plamicd to study theology when lie was inado teacher of a school iu Oswesio for orplians and children of poor parents, lu 1851 he became superiulendeiit of schools iu Syra- cuse, but in 1853 came l)ack to Oswego as clerk of the hiiard of education. While visitinfj; Toronto he saw- in the museum the appliances of the London Home and Colonial training scliool, and in 1859 he intro- duced object-lessons into llie Owego schools. He persuaded some of the teacliers to give up half their salaries so as to bring over from London one of the Home and Colonial teachers, and in spite of opposi- tion he succeeded in making object-teaching a recog- nized method. In 1869 tlie city training school be- came a State normal school, and he remained princi- pal of it till his death. Here he accomplished a noble work»for New York and for education everywhere. M. A. NEWELL (Irish, 1824-1893). for nearly 25 years Slate superintendent of Maryland, after graduation from Trinity college, Dublin in 1845, taught two years iu the Mechanics institute, Liverpool. In 1848 he came to Baltimore to visit relatives, became a private tutor, and afterward professor of natural sciences iu the City college. Afterward he was for a time pro- fessor "in Madison college, butbame back to Balti- more and established a " Commercial and collegiate institute ". The war made this unprofitable and he became principal of No. 1, afl-erward going to Pitts- burg to teach with hiscousins inthe Newell institute. In 1865 he became first princii)al of the State normal at Baltimore, and in 1867 State superintendent. He held both offices til 1 1890. A fterward for many years he conducted the Manjland SchoolJournnl, he edited a series of readers, did institute work, and in 1876 was president of the N. E. A, 1897] 8riEi>Dox, Newell, Johowot, Fren*!! •221 JAMES JOHONNOT (Auiericnu, 1823-1888) was born in Vermont and tauuht there four years. In 1845 he became principal of the Jefferson school, Syracuse, but had leave of absence to attend tlie Albany nor- mal from which he w;is smdiialcil in 18-18. In l'854 he became the first State a}ient of tin; State teachers as- sociation, at a salary of $1,000. Tliis histed only a year, when in connection with IMr. Criittenden he did independent institute work. In 18.i7 he assisted Dr. French in preparing' the gazetter of the State, and in 1860 became principal of the high school at Joliet, 111. In 1872 he became principal of the State normal school at Warrensburg. Mo., and in 1875 of the school at Deposit. N. V. In 1876 he removed to Ithaca and began to do institnt(! work. He was one of the first four regularly apiiointed Slate institute conductors, continuing as long as his health pre- mitted. He was also the author of many te.\t-books. JOHX JI. FRENCH (American, 1824-1888), the author ;ind institute conductor, began teaching at 17, and at 21 undertook a revision of Adams's arithmetic, event- ually going to Keene, N. H., to complete it. He wrote three other books in that series. He was then prin- c'iljal at Clyde, N. Y., and at Newton, Conn., and in 1831 prepared a set of arithmetical charts that had l.-irge sale. He then began publishing local maps, and ill 1856 undertook a map and ga/.etteer of the State of \('\v York. Dr. French was also employed in the revision of Robinson's arithmetics, and he published .iiiothcr set of arithmetics in his own name. In 1866 he hiM-:une superintendent of schools in Syracuse, re- sinning to become princijial of the Albany model school. He was State superintendent of Vermont 1870-73, superintendent in Burlington 1873-5, and principal of the Indiana (Pa.) normal 1878-81. His last years were spent in institute instruction. '^99 Ami:i!Tca [1824 GEORGE LOOMIS FARXHAM (American, 1824- lOoit). Mtillior ol' the siMil.Mict' iiu'tliod of teiicliino n-iKliiiLi:, hi^jjau in 18-15 to tuncli in (he schools of WiiltM-town, M. Y., and after graduat.iiis from the Al- bany normal in 1847 taught at Adams, and in 1850 be- came principal of a Syracuse grammar school, lie resigned to take (-barge of a girls school in Indiiin- apolis. but returned to Syracuse, and in 1855 beiMuie superintendent of schools. From 1863 to 1869 he \va.s engaged in business, but wa.s superintendentof I5ing- hanitou schools 1869-1875. and principal of a ward school 1878-80, when he became superintendent at ( 'ouncil IJlulfs, la. Here he remained till elected prin- cii>al of tlie State normal school at Peru, Neb., aftiT retirement from whiclihe lived in (Jalif(n'nia. After giving the subject much studyhe introduced in 1871 the Sentence method of teaching n-ading. of which his mnnnal puIiIIsIhmI is I lie standard li'\t-l)ii(ik. ANDREW JACKSON RICKOFF (American. 1824- 1899), often called ihe father of the American graded school, after education at tln^ \Voodwarout more than three-fourths of all who had enr ai tindiil the school, and gave some indication of the enormous influence wrought by such an institution. The record then filled 182 close pages, and when the story of the last 25 years iS added will make another and a very much larger volume of inestimable value in the his- tory of education. EDWARD ATKINSON (American, 1827—), reformer, was educated in private schools, and has distinguished himself as a reformer in various fields, especially Imnking, free trade, and cooking. In 1885 as vice- president of the American association for the ad- vancement of science he gave an address on '•Appli- cation of Science i a the Production and Consumption of Food", and has invented an improved cooking- stove called the Aladdin caker. He is president of the Boston manufacturers mutual insurance com- pany, the members of which for mutual protection have adopted rules for the economic management of their plants, .\mong his publications are " Our Na- tional Domain ' (1879), '■ Cotton Manufactures of the United States" (1880), "Railroads of the United States" (1880). He has recently been prominent in the anti-expansion movement, one of his pamphlets being excluded from the mails. 228 America [1S27 EMILY HOWLAXD (American, 1827—) was the il.ui-lilci- or .-i Qaiil<(,'r abolitionist of SlxTwood, X.Y., aiitl lj(;caiiii! so iiiibuod witli liis scntiiiiciils that in 1857' she went to Washington to assist in tho colored school for siirls started by Myrtilla Minor. Here she ri'ni:iini'(l two years. From 1863 to 18(5(5 she taujrht in (In- ( '..nlr.ibnnd camp near Arlington. In 1867 her f.-itlh'i- h. Mi_;lit, a tract of land near ire.athsville at the mouth of the Potomac, and she toolc tliere a colony "f Virfiinia negroes and started a school in a log ■ ■abin, which has since developed into a day and in- dustrial school. This school she has since main- tained, paying all the expenses. She alsoeslablished ,ibout 1870 a private school of high character at Sher-, wood, N. Y. She has been prominent in the woman suffrage movement, aiding it not only by liberal con- tributions but by her gracious presence and her win- ning voice on important occasions. DAVID HENRY COCHRAN (.American, 1828-) after graduulidu from Hamilton in IS.iO taught sciences in the (Jlinton Liberal Institute, in 18.t1 becaiiK' princi- pal of Fredonia Academy, in 18.i4 became teacher of sciences in the Albany Is'ormal, and in 18r->(5 became principal. While here he was sent to l^'.urope to study the Tiiethods of the normal schools there. lie was in sui'h constant demand as a lecturer at teach- ers' institutes thatexcessive sjieaking occasioned for a time entire loss of voice, from which Ik; never ftilly recovered. In 1864 he was made president of th(! Polytechnic Institute of Hrooklyn, resigning in 1899 after 3.5 years service. During this time the propertv of theiiistitution was increased from $40,000 to $340,000. Since 1872 its graduates have received college degrees and liave Ix-cn acf n upon the lioat-cri'W, and he always eucour;igi-d athletic sports .imong his students. He also stimulated tlieiri^owers of composition and debate, making them all-round men, 230 America [1829 JAMES BURKILL AXGELL (American, 1829—) alter {ii-iKl u.-M ion fi-iiin lirown in 1849 and study in I'Airopc Ix'cainc in 1S53 prot'cssor of niodcni laii'^uanes ill Brown. In IJ^tiO lie became editor of tlu; I'rovidence Journal. In 1806 lie became president, of the I'niver- sity of Vermont, and in 1871 of the I'liiversily of Micliiiiiin. In 1880-2 he was for 18 months minister to rhina. under commission to procure a revision of thetri'Mties between that nation and tliis country. Subse(iuently he accepted a similar temporary mis- sion to Turkey, in both cases accepting leave of ab- sence from Michitiun. In 1888 he was appointed one of the three commissioners to elTect tlie treaty with Great Britain upon tlie fisheries dispute. In Win- sor's " Narrative and Critical History of America" he prepared the article on "The Diplomacy of the United States". During his administration tlie Uni- versity of Michigan has grown greatly. MALCOLM MacVICAR (Scot.-h, 1829-), 1st princi- l):il of the Brockport normal, came to Canada with his i);ireiils in 1885, and studied in Knox college, To- ronto is.'i()-r>3 He was ordained to the ministry in ISoti and in 18.=S8 was graduated from the university of Uor'hester. He went to the Brockport collegiate in- stitute of which in 1864 he became i)rincipal. When tliell the school bec-auie a State normal school lie was its tirst i)rincipal. His health failing, he wi'ut west, and in 1868 he became superintendent of s<-liools in Leavenworth Ks.. but returned in IStilMo become the lirst principal of the new school at rotsdaui. In 1880 he bec.-ime principal of the Ypsilanti normal school, and in 1881 professor of interpretation in th' to Baiitist college. In 1888 he became tir.- ' if MacMaster uuivi ■rsitv, and in 18Sl0edu<- Tore •hancellor lional su- perintendent of the American Baptist liome mission society. He has pulilished "Principles of Kducatiou . 1901] Scotland, England 231 SIMOX SOMERVILLE LAUBIK (Scotcli. 1829-), after education at Ediuburgh became in 1856 visitor and examiner to tlie Diolc bequest fund, from one of the reports on which his " Primary Instruction on rehition to Education " (1867) is reprinted. In 1873 he was secretary to the Endowed schools commission, and since 1876 has been professor of the institutes and history of education at Edinbursh. He has been president of the Teachers guild of Great Hritain and Ireland. His books include " Life and Educational Work of .John Amos Comenius" (1881). " Mediaevnl Education and Rise and Constitution of Universities " (1886). "LanxuKUsje and Linguistic ■Metliod in the School" (1890). "Institutes of Education" (18921. "Teachers Guild Addressi's" (1892i. ' Historical Sur- vey of pre-Christian Education" (189.i). and many text- books on ethics and other subjects He has exert(!d wide influence overall English-speaking teachers, D'AB<:V W. THOMPSON (English, 1829-) was edu- ralcd at Christ's Hospital, London, and graduated from Cambridge. P^or 12 years he was chissic;il mas- ter at the Edinburgh academy, when he lirc.-unc prci- fessor of Greek in the Queen's colh'gr, (iaiwav, which chair he still holds. He has been for some years fellow of the Royal university of Ireland. His " Day-Dreams of a Schoolmaster "is a charming and poetic treatment of what has proved in the hands of iiinst :iutliors an unromantic theme. It is largely auliiliiou;raphical, dealing humorously, often tender- ly, with phases of life as pupil and teacher in the big English public schools. It has made him friends wherever the English language is read, and secured for him an invitation to deliver a course of lectures before the Lowell Institute, Boston. These lectures were published in 1868 under the title of "Wayside Thoughts ", 282 America [1829 LAURA BRIDGMAX (American. 1829-1889) at two years of a^f lost li.\ IVvcr her senses of sight, heariu-i, and smell. Al fiiilii she was sent to the Perkins in- stitution forthe l)lind, where Dr. Howe undertook her oare ar.d education. She learned to rend by touch first embossed letters, and then embossed words at- i;iehed to objects. AVlien it flaslied upon her that by :liis means she could CDmniuuicate her own thoujilits li'^r being seemed changed. By metal types and a iioard to insert them she learned to spell the nanies il' objects, and began to take lessons in geography, iilgeb'ra, and history. She learned to write a legible hand, and received and answered letters from all parts of the world. She thought deeply on religious and other subjects, and reasoned well. Finally she became a skilful teacher of tlie blind and deaf and duuib. Her demonstration of the possibilities of iu- struction is now continue by Helen Keller. EMERSOX KLBRIDCJE WHITE (American, 1829— > was burn in Maiilna, ()., and in 18.M became principal of the Cleveland liigh school. From 1863 to 1866 he was State commissioner of education, and secured an institute fund and a State board of examiners. e "as for a long time editor of the Ohio Educa- thmal Montlily. From 1876 to 1883 he wasM^resident „f I'urdue universitv, and from 1886 to 1889 superin- tendent of schools in Cincinnati. Since then he has been a private institute conductor and lecturei on education, deriving a larger income than any ,,ll,er man has ever received from this service. He was president of the Ohio State ass.K'iatu.n in 86^. of the National superintendents association in 18bt). (,f the National educational association 18.2 and ol the National council of education, 1884-6. He has been' successful as an author of text-books, espee- iallv of arithmetics, and a "School Management . 1901] Education in Japan 233 DAVID MURRAY (AuK-rioan, 1830— ) who formed llic|iablic school system of Japan, after gr'-duation I'l'Din Uiiiou in l^o-i became a teacher in tY i Albany Mcademy, and in 1857 was made principal. In 1863 he became professor of mathematics in Rutgers. In 1873 he went to Japan as superintendent of educational alfairs, and spent six years iu establishing a system 'il' scii,j(,is. He caine back by way of China, India, and Kuyiit in isri as agent of'the Japanese govern- ment to collect information and material. In 1880he was appointed secrelarv of the Regents of the Uni- versity of the St:ite of New York. In 1889 he retired and has since lived in New Brunswick, N. J. He lec- lured on the history' of education in Japan at Johns Hopkins. 18'.17: and has written "The Story of Ja- pan"', •' History of Education in New Jersey", •'Tlie Anti-Rent Episode in New York", "Examinations, their Use and Abuse ", etc. 234 England [1881 FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR (EiiKlish, 1831-) was born in India, but yradualcil from London Uni- viTsity and Cambridge. He was from 1855 to 1871 a master at Harrow, and from 1871 to 1876 head-master of ]\Iarlboroual:ii'ontolo':isl. nru'i- m-adualiou from Yale in IHtiOaiul 1863 studied in (icnnanx- 1862-65, and in 1866 became professor of pala.Miiituln- \- at Yale. He do- voted himself to the in\c'>tiy.ii iini of extinct verte- In-ate animals in the Rocky mountains, and in 1868 l)"-an organizing animal expeditions for explora- tion-i. IMore than 1,000 new species of vertebrates \\ Schocil of ^^iu(■s, al'lor ii'i">durition from Ynli' in 1854 ;ind the Scliool ol' Mines in Paris in 1860, t.Kjk charge of tlie mineralogical collection in the Smith- sonian institute. He conceived the idea of a scliool of mines in Kew York, and in 18ti4 founded what is now the scientiTic department of Colunil)ia univer- sity, lie was professor of mineralo^.v and mi'talhuTy until 1898. when he became profi^ssor em<'ritus. He wrote many works on these subjects, some of them translated into several different lanKuajjes, and did mineralogical work for the United States, the Japa- nese, and the Russian governments. He was one of the founders of several scientific societies, and was vice-president of the New York Academy of sciences 1859-81. He left much of his estate to Trinity church for its parish schools, to teach children to earn a living. 1901] Scientific Education 239 240 America [1834 ("HARLKs >vn.LIA5r ELiOT (American, 1834- > after -ladiiation fi'om llarvarrt In ia5.3 tauglit there fur rni years, and v.as professdr of analytical chem- istry in tlie JIaKsachuseits Institutflof Technolog;- Irom 1805 to lS(i<.). He was t hen elected president of Harvard, In wliicli iiosU ion he has led that universi- ty, and Tiiroii^h Its example most of the other col- leges uf tlie (-(juntry, to substitute electlves for the nnilonu courses of si idy that had prevailed. lie has also been one of tne most agressive reformers of secondary, and to some extent of common school Instruction, his phrase "shortening' and enriching" the common school curriculum having become familiar as expressing an imperative necessity. He Is one of tlie most influential members of the "Com- mittee of Ten " of the National Association, which has directed the recent trend of educational dis- cussion. 1901] Eliot, Harris 241 WILLIAM TOKItKY H VKRis (isa^-), the most emi- nent of living- Aincric;iii educators, after tlu-ee years In Yale beg-an teaching in St. Louis in 1858, and was superintendent, 1808-1880. Upon lils retirement the citizens gave him a gold medal, and $1,000 lor a year of travel. His annual reports are highly valued as an Important part of a pedagogical library, and many extracts have been puolished as separate treatises. In 1889 he became Commissioner of Edu- cation, In which office he has performed an amount and variety of valuable work that are unparallelled. At the National and otlier teachers' associations he has been a frequent speaker : he was joint editor with Andrew J. Rickoff of Appleton's Readers, and Is editor of the International Series ; and since 1867 he has edited The JouduiI of Siwcalative rhiloso- phy. He Is regarded as the best exponent in tills coimtry of the philosophy of Hegel. 242 America [1835 SIMON NEWCOMB (Nova Scotian, 1835—) came to tlic Uiutf'd St:ites ill boyhood, and taught school in M.ii\ land IS-M-G. In 1857 he was employed as a com- ]iutcT upon the " Xautical Almanac", and in 1858 was uraduatcd from the Lawrence school. Harvard. In 1861 he bicanie professor of mathematics in the navy, and was assigned to duty at the observatory. He was superiiiteiiili'iit of the " Kautieal Almanac" 1877-9r, and has bei^n since 1894 professor of niathe- in.it i<'s and astronomy at Johns Hopkins. He was secrelary of the coinmissiou created by congress in 1871 for tlie observation of the transit of Venus. In 1874 he received the gold medal of the Royal Astrono- mical Societv for his tables of Uranus and Neptune, in 1878 th(i Huytrhcus medal of the Dutch Society of Sci- enc-;s. ancl in 1890 the ( 'opley medal of the I'oyal Soci- ety. He has written several mathematical and astron- omical text-books and works on economic subjects. GEORGE FREDERIC BARKER (American, 1835—). after graduation from Shelheld (Yale) in 18.58 was chemical assistant in the Harvard medical school (18.58-(il), and professor in Wheaton college (1861), and the Albany medical colli^ge (1863), where he be- came iM.D. In 1864 he became professor in the Wes- tern University of Pennsylvania, in 1865 instructor and in 1867 professor of physiological chemistry at Yale, and in 1873 professor of physics at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. In 1878 lie was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Among his books are "The Force of Na- ture " (1863). " The Correlation of Vital ami Physical Forces " (1869). and a "Text-Hook of Elementary Chemistry " (1870), which has been widely used. He was ii commissioner to the Electrical Exposition of 1881, and a member of tlie U, S. Electrical Commis- sion in 1884. 1901] Newcoaib, Baeker, Blackman, DeGraff 243 ORLAXDO BLACKMAN (American, 1835-1899) for 25 years dirpctoi" of music in (Jhicago, oame of :i musical family ot central New Yorli. and at 15 led the churcli choir. At 16 lie began teaching a district school; he attended Ca/.enovia seminary 1855-8, and tauglit the village school 1858-9. In 18.i9 he opened a private school at 'Sew Berlin, and in 1860 became principal at Morris, at 1300 a year. Alter two years he gave up the place, on account of throat trouble, and became a music teacher, going in 1862 to the music school at Geneseo, where he met Lowell ^lason, Geo. P. Root, and Carlo Bassini. In 1863 he went to .loliet. III., and through competitive test wjis ap- pointed music teacher in Chicago. He was one of the sufferers of the fire of 1871 and went east, but in 1872 was called back, and remained till liis death. In 1867 he published "Graded Songs for Day Schools", followed by several other series and books. ESMUND V. DeGRAPF (American, 133.5-1885) after education at t^anandaigua, academy Iwgan teaching at 18, becoming in 18.57 principal at Middleport and in 1861 at Newark. He enlisted in the 33d New York, and when mustered out in 1863 became principal at Fairport, and afterward of No. 5. Rochester, In 1867 he went to Flushing, and in 1868 established a boys school in Rochester. He was afterward princi])al at Green Island, and superintendent at Paterson, N. ,J., but gave most of the rest of his life to conducting teachers' institutes, in which work he was the most >>" ■^■^fiil man in his generation. He was called to II' Mrl\ e\cry (•oiinty in New Yoi-k. New Jersev, and Pennsylvania, and to Rhode Island, and several southern States. Without being s'-holarlv or a pro- found thinki'r he had the oratorical instinct, and al- ways sent his teachers back to their work filled with enthusiasm. •244 America. College Pedagogy [1836 WILLIAM H. PAYWE (American, 1836-) was born in Farniinston, N. Y., and had only the education of district school and academy. In 18.o6 he became principal of the scliool at Victor, in 1858 of the school at Three Rivers, Midi. ; in 1864 he was called to Niles, and in 1866 to Ypsilanti seminary. In 1869 he became superintendent of schools at Adrian, where he re- mained 10 years. All these years he had been a tire- less student, had mastered Latin, French and Italian, and li:id been csiiiM-ially interested in psychology as beariiiudii i.eil.iMduy. "Frum 1,S64 to 1869 he had edited the Micliii/aii 'J'kic/ii/'. Ins plan was adopted for the State exhibit at I'liiladelphia, and he published "Cha,pters on School Supervision", "Outlines of Educational Doctrine ", etc. In 1879 he became first professor of the science and art of teaching in the university of Michigan, and remained till in 1887 he was n^ade chancellor of the university of >'ashville- [In 1901 he returned to the University of Michigan. BURKE AARON HINSDALE (American, 1837-1900). one of the soundest educational thinlcers of his gen- eration, at 24 became a minister of the Campbellite church, and preached for 8 years at Solon and Cleve- land. In 1868 he became professor of history in Hiram college, and was president 1870-82. He was superin- tendent of schools in Cleveland 1882-86. and from 1888 to his death he was professor of the art and science of teaching in the University of Michigan. He was a leading member of the National I'.duci- tional association, and in 1897 president of the Na- tional Council of Education. " Schools and Studies ", "Studies in Education "," Teacliing the Language Arts", "The Art of Study " "How to Teach and Study History", "Jesus as a Teacher", " President Garlleld and Education", "The Works of James Abram Garfield", " 'I"he Old Northwest", "The Aiiiericau Goverument. " are among his books. 1901] Payne, Hinsdale, Kraus-Boelte, Marble 245 MRS. 5IARIA KRAIIS-BOELTK ((icrnian, 1h:5(5— ) was born in Mcoklenljiirs. tliL- (hiuslittT of ;i, prouii- n(Mlt liiwvtT and niajiistratx'. She studied li;i('iice had sucli lur^c SM-li:", tifter (iraduation rroui Syi'Mouse university in 1858 tau^lil in Jlexiuo (X. Y.) academy 1858-61 ; served in the army 1861-3; was princiiwil atNewarlc 181^-66, and of Klmira free academy 1866-72. He declined tin- principalshipof the Fredonia normal. In 18T1 lie was president of the State Ic'iu'Ihts .I'-sociation. His ad- dress before the Universil y ri.ii\ ■"•atiun (1869) on the self-government of pupils describt^d tlie methods he h;i(i employed in IClmira, and occasioned much com- ment and fr(H|ueiit imitation. His " Fourteen \Veel'. H. ; then of the trainins school at Dayton, O. Then he went to Uermany for three years and studied educational methods at Berlin. In 1877 he became superintendent at Quincy, Mass., where his •■ Quincy methods " became famous. In 1880 he was made oiieof the supervisors of schools of Boston. In 1HH3 lie became principal of the Cook county normal school, resifjninK in 1899 to become principal of the new training; school founded by Mrs. Kmmons Blaine. His ijrinciijal books are '• Talks on Teaching", and •• How to Study Geography "'. 11)01] Parker, Sanp'ord, Watkins 240 HEXRY R. SANFOED (Aineric.-ui, 183r— ). dean of tliu New York inslitutu faculty, after fjraduatioii from Syracuse in 1861, was principal iit Red Creek 18B1-2, Clyde 1862-5, Ovid 1865-7, and Dansville seminary 1867- 9. In 1869 he became teacher of science in the Fre- donia normal, and in 1874 superintendent of schools in Middletowu. In 1885 he became one of the New York board of institute instructors, of which he is now tlie dean. He has also conducted institutes in man v other .States, inoludins Pa., Va., Del., N. C, and N. J. He was for several years secretary of the State teachers association, ;ind was president in 1875. He founded the Council of Superintendents of the State of New York, and has always been one of its officers. He is th(! author of "Tlie Word Method in Number ", a series of cards for teachiu": rapid computation, and of "A Limited Speller". His institute work is dis- tinguished for its practical and helpful detail. ALBERT BARNES WATKINS (American, 1838-1891). lirst iiis|K-(;ior of teachers classes in the State of New York, after firaduatioii from Amherst in 1863 taught classics for four years at Fairfield seminary. In 1867 he organized a. girls school at Westboro, Mass., but caiue Ijaok to Fairfield in 1868 as vice-principal. Ill 1S70 he became principal of the Adams collegiate iii->tilule. While still here he was in 1878 elected upon the independent ticket school commissiouer .iiKl re-elected in 1881. In 1882 he resigned both places to become the first inspector of teachers classes under the regents of the University of the State of Xew York. Upon the death of Dr. Pratt in 1884 he became assistant secretary of the regents. He pre- p.'U'c'd the history of training classes in the regents' llistorii-al and Statistical Record. In 1882 he was liri'-idriit of the State teachers association. Person- jilly he was highly esteemed iu every relation of life. 250 Ameeica [1838 EDAVARD SYLVESTER MORSE (American. 1838-) iil'tcr education in tlio Lawrence scientific school lived in Salem 1866-71, where he aided in founding the Pea- body academy of sciences, of which in 1881 he herann- curator, and in establishing The American Xaiarulixt. of which he became an editor. He was professor of comparative anatomy and zoology in Howdoin 18T1- 74: i)rofessor of zoology in the Iniperial university at Tokio, Japan, 1877-79. He was president of the Ameri- cati association for the advancement of science 1885- 87. Besides text-books, he has pulilished many sci- entific works, and "Early Race of Man in Japan" (1879), "Japanese Homes and their Surroundings" (1886), "Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Re- lease" (1885), "On the Older Forms of Terra-colta Roofing Tiles " (1892). He has contributed many im- portant papers to scientific journals and the transac- tions of societies of natural historv. 1901] England!)^^ 251 JOHN MORLEY (EnsHsh, 1838-) after graduation from Oxlnrd in 1^59, though admitted to the bar chose literature iis his profession. From 1867 to ]882 lie edited the Fortnu/htly Revieiv, and from 1880 to 1883 the Pall Jfall Gazette. His articles in favor of home rule in Ireland did much to influence public ■opinion. In 1886 he was Irish secret;irv and he sup- ported Mr. Gladstone in 1890. He also took an active part in '• The Strusrsle for National Education " his book under that title, published in 1873, being mostly made up of articles from the J'ortnightly. He editecl the " English Men of Letters " series of biographfes and among: his books are "Edmund Burke" (1867)' "Critical Miscellanies" (1871) "Voltaire" (1872) "OnComproniise" (1874), "Rousseau" (1876) "Did- erole and the Encyclopicdists " (1878), and " Richard Cobden" 1881. His poliiical op])onents say he is better lifted to write history than to mak(! it. 252 Germany. School Hygiene [1839 LUDWIG KOTELMANN (Russian, 1839-) was the sou of llic coun-ctor. of the gymnasiuiu at Demmiu, studied in Russia and Germany, and toolv his doctor- ate from Jena. After attending a training-school he became in 1866 rector of the scliools of Riigen, and in 1868 was called to the PjidnLrouuun at Pusbus. Soon after he went to Li'ipziL; as duoent, and then became assistant in the pli,\ sinLi^ ir;il institute of Maiburg. In 1876 he began practice at Hamburg as an opthalmo- logist, and in 1877 founded the Zeitschriftfur Schitl- gesundheitspjiege (jonnvdl of school hygiene), which he edited for ten years, making himself thoroughly familiar with the'literature and discussion in this field. His "School Hygiene", published in 1895, was at once recognized as the most important contribu- 1ii)u ever made to this subject. An American trans- lation appeared in 1899, especially revised by him to date, with additional matter and more illustrations. 1901] Amekica 253 FRAXCES ELIZABETH >VILLARi>(Ameiion 11,1839- 1898) alter jii'iiiluat.ion from the Northwestern female coUefie ill 1859, was preceptress of the Genesee VVes-, leviin seminary, president of Evauston oollefje for ladies, and then teacher of rhetoric in Northwestern university. In 187-1 shewas elected correspondint; sec- retary of"the Woman's Christian temperance luiion and in 1879 was made president. In 1883 she founded the World's Christian temperance union, and was president from 1887 to her deatli. In 1888 she became president of the American branch of the International council of women. She was also one of the first to start in 1886 the White cross movement for social purity, and she secured enactments in. 12 States for the protection of women. She was in many ways the first woman of her time. Her earnestness and liumor yave herremarkable power, while lierlovable ijersoual character commanded sympathy and cooperation. MATILDA COOPER-POUCH ER (Auk rican. 1839- 190U) aflin- <;riuluatioii from th(! Albany noriii:il in 18.i6 became a teacher in Oswego, and upon the ortiati-. i/.ation of the normal school was made one of the critics, afterward becoming teacher of methods. She remained until 1886 at the right hand of Dr. Sheldon. She kept all the records of scholarship, attendance, and location, her work showing the celerity and ac- curacy that were characteristic. Her retentiveness of memory was astonishing. She could tell almost everything about any present or former student. In 1899 she married Isaac Pouch(!r, who upon Dr. .Shel- don's death succeeded to the princlijalsliip of the school. She was especially effective in lier work as preceptress of the boarding school h;ill, carrying its cares with masterly ease, and often turning the cur- rent of a student's life at the critical moment by sympathetic and wise advice. 254 America [1839 AAROX GOVE (American. 1839—). for more than a iiuarter of ;i ciMiUiry superintendent of schools in Denver, was educated in the Dwight school. Boston, and after graduation from the Illinois State normal university, was in the army 1861-4, serving as adju- tant of the 33d Illinois infantry, and was breveticd major. He afterward taught in Illinois, and was for a time editor of the Illinois Schoolmaster. Since 1874 he has been superintendent of schools in Denver. He was president of the N. E. A. in 1888, and has always 131'en (Mil! of its most trusted leaders. Among his pa- pers have been " Citv school systems '' (1884), " Sup- ply of teachers " (1894), " Tests of work " (1895), " Business side of city schools" (1896), "Education in the colonies " (I9(J0), and "The trail of the city superintendent" (1900). His remarks in discussion have always carried weight on account of their bal- ance-wheel tendency, for no fad ever swerves him. THOMAS DAVIDSON (Scotch. 1840-1900) after grad- uation from Aberdeen iu 1860canie in 1866 to Canada,, and in 1857 became a teacher in the St. Louis high school, and edited The We-^tern. Through Longfel- low's iiiMuence he became in 1875 attached to the ex- amination department of Harvard, and had oppor- tunity to study archaeology in Greece, where he learned the language so as to be able to address fluently an audience of modern Greeks. He also spoke "easily German, Italian, Spanish, and Norse, and did his own philosophic thinking in German. He was proficient in Hebrew and Arabic, and versed in Czech, Russian and Ma.ygar. But he was also scliooled in philosophy. Beginning, like his St. Louis companions, a Hegelian, he live to denounce him, and thought St. Thomas Aquinas had come nearest to solving the riddle of life. He published "Rosmini " (1884) and "Aristotle". 1901] Canada 255 GEORGE WILLIAM KOSS (Cauadiau. 1841—) vv;is educated at the normal school and became a teacher. In 1871 he was made county inspector of schools: sub- sequently inspector of model schools. He \v;is y:rad- uated in law from Albert university in 1883. and be- came minister of education, which place he held with great acceptance until made prime minister in 1900. He was a member of parliament 1872-83, an honorary commissioner at the Colonial and Indian exposition of 1885 and has been editor of the Strathroy Age. of the JItiroii Expositor, and of the Ontario Teacher. He has written "A Report of the Schools of Kngland and Germany", "The History of the School System of Ontario", and is well-known as a lecturer. He gave an address upon the school system of Ontario before the N. E. A. in 1891, at the International con- gresses of 1893. and at the N. Y. Commissioners asso- ciation of 1897. 256 Germany [1841 THIERRY WILLIAM PREYER (Eiifilish. 1841-). after education in England. Germany and France become in 1865 privat decent at lionn, in 1869 pro- fessor of physiology at Jena, and in 1888 privat dooent at Berlin. Besides " Die Seele des Kindes" (1881, 1890), and " Die Gren/.en des Erapfindungsver- inogens und des Wollens " (1868), widely known in America in translation as " The Soul of the Child ", he has published " Ueber Emi^findungen" (1867), '^ J^lc- mente derreinein Emplindungslehre " (1877). " Uebet die Grenzen der Tonwahrneniung " (1876), "Akusti- sche Untersuchungen " (1879), " Die Erklarung des Gedaukenlesens" (1885), "Die Bewegungen der See- sterne (1887), " Eleniente der allgemeinem Fhysiolo- gie" (1883), "Specielle Physiologic des Embryo'" (188S- 84), " Ueber den Farben undTemperatursinn " (1881), "Die Kataplexie und der thierische Hypnotisnius " (1878), and other books on hypnotism (1881, 1890). 1901] AlNIERICA 257 GEORGE H. MARTIX (A raerican, 1841—) after grad- niiliou I'roni the l!ri(lue«ati>r iiorraiil iu 1862 taught at South Daiivers ami (Juincy, and for 18 years in the liriciL'euater aornial, the last 13 as vice-principal. He u i>i then for 2 years an asent of the Massachiis- I ti-, board of education, and has been since 1892 su- |iir\isor of the public schools in Boston. He lias published a "Civil Government", " Hints on Teach- luy: Civics", "A Historical Sketch of the English L.inKuage", and "Evolution of the Massachusetts School System ", the hist giving rise to a controversy w ith A. S. Draper as to the relative parts played by "Massaohusetts and New York in the early educa- tional history of our country. Subsequently he pub- lished a series of papers on the early histor.v of schools in Boston. He delivered an address on Patri- otism before the N. E. A. in 1895, and has been a fre- quent speaker a,t its meetings. JOHN FISKE (American. 1842—) after graduation I'rom Harvard in 1863 was lecturer in philosophy there 1869-71. instructor in liistory 1870, and assistant librar- ian 1872-79; he was overseer 1879-91. He was professor of American history in Washington university, St. Louis, 1884. He has since devoted himself to lectur- ing both in this country and in Great Britain, and to writing, residing in Cambridge. His writings are mostly philosophical and histt)rical. Of tin; fo'nier. the principal are " Outlines of Cosmic Philosophv "' (1874), " The Unseen World " (1876), " Darwinism and other Essays " (1879, 1885), " Excursions of an Evolu- tionist " (188.3), "The Destiny of Man viewed in thi> Light of his Origin" (1884>,"and "The Idea of G'. Y., and while atteuding- the Ypsilanti normal iu 1862 enlisted in the 17th Jlichigau, and was discharged for wounds in 1865: a congressional medal of honor for jiallaatry was awarded hira in 1898. Af- ter graduation from Olivet iu 1871. he was superin- tendent in Charles City. la., till 187.t: principal of the high school, Winona, Minn., 1875-8: superintendent 1878-9: and president of the State nornial school 1879- 98, when he resigned to become the first permanent secretary of the National educatioiuil association. Of this body he became a member in 1874, and has been a member continuously since 1883. He was pres- ident of the normal departrnent iul889. and served as general secretary from 1893 till the office of permanent secretary was created. His courtesy and his efficiency are equally marked, and he has introduced business melhods i'nto all departments. 260 France [1848 GABRIEL COMPATRE (French, 1843—) after grad- mitiou from the Ecole Normale Superieure of Paris, became in 18(55 jn'ofessor at the Lycee of I'au, in 1868 at the Lycee of Poitiers, and in 1871 at the Lycee of Toulouse. In 1889 he became director of the Academy of Poitiers, and in 1896 rector of the University of Lyons. He has translated into French Bain's Lo^ic, Huxley's Hume, and Locke's Thoughts on Education. His thesis on the philosophy of Hume was crowned in 1873 by the French Academy, which in 1878 gave him a prize for his " History of "the Doctrines of Edu- cation in France since the ifeth century." Anabridg- ment of this, translated into English by Chancellor Payne, is widely used in the United States, and has been followed by a translation of his "' Lectures on Teaching", and "" Psychology applied to Education ". He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1881 to 188.5. and secretary in 1883. 19011 America 261 ELISHA BENJAMIN ANDREWS uVimTiraii. 184-1—) served in tlie union army and was ijraduiai'd from Brown in ISTO. He was fortwo years jirinciiial of the Conneelicut Literary Institute; and after graduation from Newton was ordained in 187-1 as a Baptist elersj;- man. In 1875 he became president of Denison Uni- versity, in 1879 professor of homiletics in TCewton Tlieolo!.'ical Seminary, in 1882 professor of liistory and political economy at Brown, in 1888 professor of political economy at Cornell, and in 1889 president of Brown University. In 1896 his advocacy of free silver led to dissatisfaction, and he resigned in 1898, to be- come superintendent of schools in Chicago. After a breezy service there, marked by continual conflict with the board of education for what he deemed the rights of a superintendent he resigned in 1900 to be-, come chancellor of the University of Nebraska. He has written several published works. CHARLES RUFUS SKINNER (American, 1844—) af- ter education at Mexico academy and Clinton liberal institute taught in tlie former 2 years, was assistant postmaster at Wutertown 4 years, New York agent for a mow ing machine 1867-70, and editor of the Water- town Times \S70-7 4. He was a member of asse:)ibly 1877-81, and of congress 1881-5, where he introduced the law reducing the letter postage to 2 cents. He was deputy superintendent of public instruction 1886-92. supervisor of instititutes 1892-5, and has been State superintendent since 1895. He was president of the N. E. A. in 1896. In 1890 he published "Arbor Day Manual. An aid in preparing Programmes for Arbor Day Exercises ". a volume of 475 pages that has since been a standard for this purpose. He also edited "The New York Question Book " (1890), and the first two " Supplements " (1891-2) giving the questions and answers for New York teachers examinations, 262 America [1846 ISAAC H. STOUT (Anioriciiu, 18-16—1, supervi.soi' of teachers institutes, iil'ter ii partial course in civil eii- giueeriu;; betjiin in 1862 to teach in district schools: was in the army 1864-5: assisted in surveying for tlie Kansas division of the Union Pacific railway in 1866: and was principal at Lodi, Farmer (11 years), and Dundee academy, X. Y. He was school commissioner of SiMieca county 1878-84: assisted Dr. John II. French in writing? "Harper's Advanced Arithmetic" 1886-7. In 1887 he became institute conductor, aiid so con- tinued until in 1898 he became supervisor of te.-ichers institutes for the State of New York. Asan institute instructor he was noted for the application of shrewd common sense, and for deal inji with topics outside the curriculum which yet have bearinrr upon the wel- fare of the school. He has given frequent illustrated lectures not only before; institutes but, before ihe Al- bany historical society. SHEUMAX WILLIAMS (American. 1846—) bej;an teaching at 18, and in 1871 was graduated from the Albany normal. Ho taught at Little Neck, and in 1873 became superintendent of schools in Flushing. In 1882 he was called to organize the uewly united schools of Glens Falls, where he remained till in 1898 lii^ resigned, and was appointed upon the State board of institute instructors. For 13 years he conducted a summer school at Glens Falls, which cost him $2,000 more than he received, but it became famous and drew eminent teachers from all over the country. He made it a special end at Glens Falls to furnish good read- ing to the children, and he has published in "Choice ;.it(M-atur(!" five volumes of the selections that he found most useful. He has also presented this sub- ject at State teachers associations, and before the X. V). \. As an institute instructor he is broad-miuded, and practically helpful. 1901] Stout, Williams, Straight, Hughes 263 HENRY H. STRAIGHT tcd tu bf piiucipal of the normal f^rhool at 1 iM u II li In 1885 lit« su' 1 1 edr8 a.s tilt ni isi i'.Ui'ii,uiid of Zeit- s(li) ijtjur I'?Ltlv^ophie ami I'dtki'j'jyik, 1<)01] Amkku'a. Christian H!;i)Tiieh> 265 PATRICK FKAXCIS MULLANY, ISKOTHKR AZV- lUAS (Irish. lS4;-lS93).:i.sU-oiiK advocate of roiislnir- livr orilicism, came to Ainei'ic;i. in yoiilli. and in 1H6'2 \\:is adniitletl to llie Christian Krothcrs. He studied in Loiidou and Paris, 1877-9, and was president of liock Hill college 1879-86. He was then called to Paris. :ind searched tlie libraries of Milan, I'Morence and Rome. In 1889 he came l)aclc to .\inerica. .ind at Ue La Salle institute, New York, became tc-iclnu' of lilera- I lire. He read papers before the University Convoca- I ion, the New Y'ork State teache'rs association, and tlie International congress of education (1884). and w;is tlie first C;itholic invited to address the Concord School of Philosophv. He published ■" Philosophy of Litera- ture ■•(1874), ■'• I)evelo|iiitentof Old I'lniilish Thouuiit" (1S79). ".Vristoij,' :inllege sl.-inds": in (;onsid<'rati(ni of which thi' tru.stees gav<' I'^ scholarshiiis for the boys and 12 for the girls of Hrooklyn. and 8 university scholarships. This has been supplemented by freiiuent later gi fl ■<. lie. is also ijresidi'Dl of tiie archaeological institution of .\merica. ;ind vice-president of the New Y<')rk Academy of Sciences. :ind has (•onducted a Snnd.'iy iiibl.' c-l:i'ss of men iu St. (JeorLie memorial church. MELVIL DKWEY (American. 18.il— ). lil>rarian of the Stale of Nrw York. iifU'r graduation from .Aiu- liiM--i in 18r4 w.-is acting librarian there till 187*;. when he went to lioslon and foundi'd the .\meric;in libr.-iry Mssociaticn, the Speiling reform association, and tlje Metric bureau. He was librarian of Columbia, 1883-8; Stale lil)rarian and secrc^tarv of the reolutions upon his resien,-it ion as secretary in 1899. 268 AlMEUICA [1851 M' LANCHTHON WOOLSEY STKYKER (1851—). 9th ;jrc.-,i(l4Mil (iT llaiiiiltoii coUeyi'. ul'tt'i' KiMcliiiiliou from Haiiiilloii ill lS7:iiiiid from Auburn in 1876, was for a year assistant secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in New York city, where he developed unusual skill, tact, and svmpatliv in dealinr " (1891). In 1888 he published " The Song of Miriam and other Hymns and \'erses". WILLIAM HARRISON MACE (American. 1853-) aflrr uradu.-iiioM Iroiii tln' Imliana Slate normal in 1876 and the University of Michigan in 1883. w;is principal of public schools in Indiaim and Iowa, and from 1'. J., resigning in 1890 to become one of the institute instructors of the State of New York. In 1895 he became State supervisor of institutes and training classes. In 1898 he was made principal of the new Training scliool for teachers organized in New York city. In 1900 he was presi- dent of the dejiartment of superintendence of the National educational association. He has been direc- tor ot the N. E. .v. for several years, and is a member of the National council of education. He was one of the speakers at the meeting.in 1900 of the Southern educational association. 272 America [185 1/ ALBERT LEONARD (American, 1857—). 1st presi- dent, n from Ohio university in 1888 tautrht in Lounii and New Holltuid, :ind in Ohio university. In 1889 became principal of the hisjh school at Uunl;ani/ation of .ViiK'rican education", the latter accDiiipanied by a diagram showing by I'oncentric circles how education may bi' correlated from the nursery to the university, and insisting that c.illeui" and universit V work sho'uld be sh.-irplv dif- ferentiated. Ill' has'publisln'd •• Practical Ethics", " Practical Idealism", and " Social Theology". 1901] Leonard, Hyde, Butler 278 NICHOLAS MIRUAY BUTLER (Amciioan, 1862—) alli'i- }>i':nlnatinii Iroui ( 'uhiiiiliin in 1882 bcciuiif^ uni- viTsily fellow ill philosophy, studii'd in Ucrliu find Paris 1884-5, and became in 1885 assislant, in philoso- phy in Columbia, in 1886 tutor, in 1889 adjunct jiro- IV.ssor, and in 1890 dean and professor of pliilosoi)liv and education. Jn 1886 he founded tlu^ Teachers eoj'- lecry^ ,ind was president till 1891. He was a, member of the New Jersey State board of education 1887-95, president of the Paterson board of elm... 135, 245 (lilTusion of gases 135 Dillaway, Charles Kn;ipp 171 Dilworth, Thomas 77 Diognetus 31 Diophantus 58 discipline, methods of 37. 77, 87, 127, 148. 149, 152, 157, 168, 1 69, 170, 176,211, 214,245 TAGK District School Journal 182 Dittmar 124 Di.\. John .\dams 154. 134. 182 Dodge, Ebenezer 208 dogmatics 41 domestic ed"n 152 dormitory system 184 double translation 45, 47 Downing, .\ ugustus Seiss 271 Draper. A ndrew S 266. 257 John William 193 Drlsler, Henry 206 Drow, John 207 dualism, religious 17 DuHamel, Jean Marie Coutant 155 Dwight, Francis 182 Theodore William 215 Timothy 99. 1 15 dynamics 81 Ebers, George 247 eclipses 50. HW Edge worth. Maria liHi. 92 — - Richard Lovell 92. 106 editors, educational 133, 135. 141, 144. 146. 150. 156, 157, 170. ..182, 188, 190, 197. 202, 225, 232, 239. 273 ed ucation by the State 25 Educational Magazine 173. 1S8 Review 273 Edwards. B. B 144 Jimathan 74. 99, 115 Egleston, Thomas 238 Egyptians 49, 108,217 elective system 184. 240 electricity 85, 86. 135, 195 Eliot, Charles William 240 Elizabeth, Queen 47 ellipsoids 73. 96 elliptic functions 97 el 1 i ptica 1 orbi ts 53 Ellis, William 160 Elmira reformatory 169 Emerson, George B 1.52. 107 Joseph 130, 1.52 Emih' 79,92, 103 endless puiiislinieut 74 Index 279 PAGE Kiiglish popular (Mlucation 116 IC pee, Charles Michel, abbe de 1' 80 I'jpicurus 26 equations 132 equilibrium of fluids 60 Erasmus 35, 34. 39 Esquirol. I)r Am Essays on a Liljeral Educaliou 234 ethics 17, 19. 22, 23. 25, 26, 30. 63. 73, 75, 159, 208 Euclid ' 27, 97 Eu, 204. 20o. 212. 22n IIIikIus 19 iniportaiici! of tiS lliii-sdalc. IJurkc .V.irdri 244. 2:!i) met hods of tcMchiiit; H:! IlippDi'iaic-. 21 Green leaf. IJenjaniin 127 history. . ... A'i'i. 218. 229. 247. 2ri7. 26.5. 2ti8 Grisconi. .John ll.i of cdn 42. 92. Grove, William Robert U)7> ..loi. 12(i. 12."), IH3. 22.'i. 234. 244. 2.54. 2fi() fruessing eucourajied 83 lloluyl 1 i:i Guilford. Nathiin 12fi ll.i-arth. Williain 88 Giii/ot, FraiH;oi.s Pierre G 32. 138. 1.55 Ilomr. Ilriii\ (ly.nl Kanics) : .. 73 Guthrie, Thomas Ui5 and cdlDnial i i-aininu s. M.irk 166 Guyot, Arnold Henry 179 hospitals 99 jjym nasties. .. , 83 house of refu^;!' 115 How (;i-rtrnde Tcirhi's 94 Il.all. Sainn.d i; 107 Howe, .lulia W.ar.j |(i2 Halle, the Kranrke schools t)9 Samuel (.rid ley 162, 118. 232 H;illey. Ivlniund SO. 86 How la ml. j'.mily 212. 201. 228 Hamilton. Ale\;inder 89 llu^ho. .lames 1 263 Sir Will 131. 193 Mrs. .\da IMare.m 263 college Ill 'I'lMimas 173 harmony of the s|il]eres 19 llii-... \'iei.ir 196 Harper, .Tames 119 humanists 35. 68 Harris. William Torre \ 241. 75. 199. 234 llumlioldt. .Ue\,-inder vmi 110 Hart. .I..hn Seely 188 William v.m 90 Harlman 80 Hume. David 78,260 H.arxey. William .55 humor of Ualielais ' 38 Hassidtine, .\l)ii,'ail 130 II unl i nmoii, Krederiek Dan 208 Ann (.IikIsoi.) 130 llul(diiscm. Williain 228 Haiiy, abbe 162 llu\ley. Thomas 224. 260 Haven. Kraslus <) 173 Huy^ciis. Chrisliaii 65. 242 Hawley. Gideon 125 Hyde. William DeWitt 272 Hawthorne, Xathaiiiid 170 hydroehlorie, ai-id 86 Ha /.el wood syst(uii 14S li\ piiotism. . 2.56 heart eulture 73. 169 heat 43, 86, 1.55. 195. 210 idealism 23. 72. 138 Hidirew 37. 16:? idiocy 196. 2i:i H(d)rews 19. 63 Illinois School master 251 Hegel, (;eore \Vilh(dni I' 132, 138.241.254 im-oinesat F.diiiburgh 92 Heraclianus :!1 Imliaus. education of 74. 78. 89. 14 1 Hi-raidites 2ii individual freedom 84 Herbart. .lohann Fried rich | i;. \]:>,, 264 induction 21. 40. .52 Hernia II us. .lakobus 51 induliriMicii's 37 Hersehfd, Cai-oiine bucrelia 88 inraut schools 89 Sir Willi:! Ill 8S insanity 128. 213 Hiero 27 insects 216 Index 281 PAGE Isocrates 22 isochronism 53 Itard, Dr 196 Jacotot, Joseph 112 Jahn 158 James 1 55 Jansen, Cornelius 56, 60. 68, 81 Janua LiiiKuanim 57 Japan, education in 46, 233, 245, 250 Jeiferson, Thomas 90, 75 Jesuits 39, 46, 49, 56, 60, 120 .Tews 49 Johnson, Ilerrick 268 Samuel 72, 85 (the lexicographer) 88. 93 Walter Rogers 143 William Samuel 85 Johnson's Chancery Reports 104 Johonnot, James 221 Jolly, William 131 Jones, Bence 135 Journal of Pedagogy 272 Jowett, Benjamin 204 Judson, Adoniram 130 Ann Hasseltice 130 Justin, the martyr 31 juvenile delinquents 115 Kames, Lord 73 Kane's arctic expedition 147 Kant, Immanuel 84, 71, 103, 117, 132, 262 Keller, Helen 232 Kent, James 104 Kenyon, William C 219 Kepler, John 53, 50, 64 Keulen. Ludolf von 49 Kindergarten. ..89, 122, 170. 200, 237. 245, 263 Messenger 170 Kingsbury, John 162 Kingsley, Charles 210 K irkland Sam uel 89 Knox. John 44, 82 Koornhert 51 Kosmos 110 Kotelmann, Ludwig 252 Kraus-Boelte, Mrs. Maria. , , . . , ,245 PAGE Lafayette, Gen. 162 Lagrange, Joseph Louis 86, 73, 97 Lancaster, Joseph.. 119, 100, 128, 138, 142, 146 Lange 245 language 218 methods 1 12 Lansdowne, Lord 216 Laplace, Pierre Simon. Marquis de 97, 86 LaSalle, St. John Baptist de la 67, 138 Latin... 37, 41, 50, 71 importance of 68 methods 47, 57 Laurie, S. S 231, 56 Lavater, Johann Kaspar 90 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 91 law 56, 104, 215 lazarists 54 Leavenworth, Elias 168 lecturers 143, 210 Lectures on School Keeping 107 Legendre, Adrien Marie, 97 legislators 32, 90, 111, 120, 140, 154, 171, 192, 209, 236, 251 Leonard, Albert 272 and Gertrude 94 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm 65 Leonardo of Pisa 33 Levana ..103 lever 27 Lewis, Samuel 1.58 Tayler 163 Leyser 98 Liancourt, Duke of 60 libraries.. 37, 89, 90, 128, 134, 141, 1.54. 167. 267 Lieber, Francis 161 light 43, 86, 132 Lily, William 34 Lincoln, Almira 129, 140 line of swiftest descent 70 Linne, Carl von (Linnaeus) 76 local arithmetic 51 Locke, .John 62, 48,64,72,260 logarithms 51 logic... 25, 31, 37, 41, 84, 145, 174,175, 193, 205 logical criterion 26 lollards 34 London institution 116 282 Index PAGE London mechanics institution 116 Longfellow, Henry W 254 longitude 126 Loomis, Elias 194 Loose Hints on Education 73 Lord, Asa Dearborn 202 John 129 Louis XIV 61, 63 • Napoleon Io5 Philippe 96, 138 Love, Samuel G 213 Lovell, John 77 Low, Seth 267, 206 Lowell institute 151, 179, 231 Loyola, Ignatius de 39,46 Lucretius 29 Lucullus 30 Ludolf number 49 lunar apogee 80 Luther, Martin 37, 35, 41 Lyell, Si r Charles. 151 Lyon, Mary 152, 130 Macaulay, Thomas Babbington 116 McCosh, James 193 MoElligott, James N 197 Mace, William H 268 Maclaurin, Colin 73 MacVicar, Malcolm 230 magnetic equator 110 magnesium 118 magnetism 18, 135, 194 Malpighi, Marcello 55 Manchester and Salford scheme 173 Mandeville, Prof 163, 219 Mann, Horace 147, ..133, 139, 144, 150, 167, 171, 176, 187, 217 Mrs 170 Manning, James 87 manual training 77, 83, 108. 113, 313 Marble, Albert Prescott 245 Marcus Aurelius 30, 31 Marcy, William L 194 Marsh, Othniel Chnrles 235 Martin, Geo. H 257 Maryland School Journal 220 Mason, Lowell 139, 243 PAGE Massachusetts Teacher 192 mathematics. 18, 19, 27, 33, 43, 49, 51. 58, 60, 65, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77. 80, 81, 86. 91, 96, 97, ..127, 132, 141, 155, 156, 174, 200, 217, 242 Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 80 Maurice, Frederick Denison 173, 188, 210 maxima and minima 58 Maximus Planudes 18 Max-Miiller, Friedrich 218 Maxwell, William Henry 269 May, Samuel Joseph 1.53 mechanics 27, 64 institutions 116 medical jurisprudence 137, 199 medicine 21, 31, 43, 55 Melauchthon, Philip 41 metaphysics 25, 74, 138 metempsychosis 19 meteorology 194 method 58 of teaching 45 of variations 86 metric system 80, 86, 97, 126 Michelet, Jules 1.55 Michigan Teacher 244 Mill, James 175 John Stuart 175, 31 Miller, Hugh 165 Milton, John .58, 48, 56 Miner, Myrtilla 201, 228 mineralogy 108, 124, 137, 198, 238 missionaries 46, 74, 78, 89. 130, 144 Mistakes in Teaching 263 Mitchell, Maria 206, 133 modern languages 49, 218 methods 112, 130 Moliere (.Jean Baptiste Po(iuelin) TO Molinos, Miguel 66 Monge, Gaspard 96 monism 60 monitorial system 100, 115, 119, 128, 138, 142, 146, 1.56 Montaigne, Michel Eyqueni de 48, 56 moon's motion 76, gO morals, teaching of. . . .66, 82, 84, 106, 166, 205 More, Hannah 93, 120 Sir Thomas 39 Index 283 PAGE MoTley, John 251 Morse, Edward Sylvester 250 Jedediah 136 Samuel F. B 136. 193 Mortimer, Mary 202 Mullany, Patrick John 265 Munson, J. E 217 Murray, David 233' Lindley 93 music 19, 37, 41, 88, 139, 243 musical intervals 19 My Schools and Schoolmasters 165 Napier, John 51 Napier's bones 51 Napoleon Bomiparte 96, 101 Ill 132 National academy of science 235 educational association. 215, 220, 222, 232,240,241,244, 245, 254, 255, 257, 259, 261, 269, 271. 272, 273 of Scotland 149 society 100 natural history 108, 110, 121, 179, 185, 213, 216, 250 Nature of the Scholar 103 nautical almanac 127, 206. 242 nebular hypothesis 97 negro, education of 153, 201, 228 Nero 30 Newcomb. Simon 242 Newell, M. A 220 Newton, Sir Isaac 64, 73, 80, 97 Nicole 61 Niemeyer, August Hermann 101 nitric oxide 86 nitrous oxide 118 normal schools ..143, 145. 156, 158, 173, 182, 187, 188, 201 North, Edward 212 Simeon 163 Nott, Eliphalet 114 Novum Organon 52 obedience 67 Oberlin, Jean Frederic 89 object-teaching 94, 160. 220 PAGE Ohio Educational Monthly 232 Journal of Education 202 Olmsted, Denison 132 omuiscience 148 Ontario Teacher 255 oratory 22, 24, 28, 114, 143, 1.56. 219 Orbis Pictus 57 orbi ts .53. 70 ordi nates 58 organization 41, 45. 51, 101 oriental languages 102. 163 Origin of Species 186 Orleans, Duke of 96 Orniuzd 17 ornithology 121 orphan education 54, 61, 67, 69, 89, 100, 115, 124, 137, 142. 160, 165, 210 osteology 31 Outlines of Pedagogy 117 Owen, Richard 169 oxygen discovered 86, 91 Page, David Perkins. 187 palaeontology 109, 169, 235 Palmer, Miss 170 Pantagruel 38 pantheism 63 parabolas 58 parallels 27 Paris, University 33 Parker, Francis Wayland 248,263 Parmenides 19 parochial schools 120 parthenogenesis 169 Partridge, Capt 139 Pascal, Blaise 60 Jacqueline 60 Pater, ^Valter 204 Pattison. Mark 59 Paul , Jean 103 St. Vincent de 54 Pausanias 21 Payne, Joseph 180 William H 244, 260 Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer 170, 157, 206 George 147 Peet, Harvey Priudle 144 284 Index PAGE Peirce, Cyrus 133,206 pendulum 53 Penikese school 1T9, 263 penny postage 148 Pennsylvania School Journal. ..172, 188, 225 perception 72 peripatetics 25 Pereira 80 Perkins institute 162, 232 Persia 18 Pestalo/.zi, Johann Heinrich. .94, 68, 103, ..108, 113, 117. 124, 135, 139, 141, 142, 245 Phaedrus 17 Phelps, Mrs. Almira Lincoln.' 140, 129 philanthropin 83, 98, 113 Philip of Macedon 22 Phili ppe, Frere 138 Philosophical Review 270 philosophy 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 58, 62, 63, 65, 71, 72, 78, 82, 84, 103, 117, 131, 132, 138, 175, 205, 211 phlogiston 86, 91 phonography 199, 217 phrenology 118, 131 physical astronomy 53 education 48, 49, 83, 181 physics 41 , 52, 64, 70, 75, 86, 134, 136, 193, 195, 210, 242 physiognomy 90 physiology . . . .76, 157, 160, 181, 199, 205, 210, 252, 256 Pickering, John 171 Pierpont, John ....118 pietism 69 Pisa leaning tower 53 Pitman, Benn 217 Isaac 199, 217 planetary mean motions 97 Planudes, Maximus 18 Plato 23, 19,22,25,26, 132,204 Platter, Thomas 42 Plessner, Frederick William, 237 Plutarch 19 Polemo 26 political economy 84, 161, 175, 177,227 politics 25 Pollock, Mrs. Louise 237 PAGE I'olycarp 31 polytheism , 78 Pompey 28 >'ooler, Charles T 212 Porson, Richard 102 Port Royal 56,60,61, 120 Porter, Ebenezer 114 potassium 118 Potter, Alonzo 160, 170 Poucher, Isaac 253 Mrs. Matilda Cooper 253 poverty 67 Practical Education 106 Pratt, Daniel J 249 predestination 51, 56 Prescott, William 145 Preyer, Thierry William 256 Priestley, Joseph 86, 91 probabilities 58, 60 problem of the three bodies 80 projectiles 97 proverbs 41 Provincial Letters 60 prudential wisdom 26, 84 Pruyn, J. V. S. L 194 psychology 211, 260 Ptolemy 27, 49 Pythagoras 19, 18 quadrating parabolas 58 quadrupeds 121 Quarterly Journal of the American Edu- cational Society 133, 144 questioning ... 22 Quick, Robert Henry 234,89 Quincy methods 245 Rabdologia 51 ragged schools 165, 180 Rabelais, Franfois 38 Randall, Samuel S 183 Rantoul, Robert, jr 171 radiant heat 210 Ratich, Wolfgang 57 Ratio Studiorum 49 Raumer, Friederich 124 Karl Georg von 124 Index 285 PAGE treading, sentence method 222 rejilisni 138 Record of a School 157, 170 reformatory ed'n 20, 169, 176, 180,21.5 regents examinations 159 Reid, Thomas 193 Rein. William 264, 117 religious dualism 17 instruction 37, 73 Rensselaer polytechnic 105 Reynolds, Sir .Joshua 88, 93 Rheinische Blatter 135 Rheticus 36 rhetoric 22, 25,28,37, 107, 188,219 Rice, Victor M 207, 183 Richelieu, Cardinal .56 Richter, Johann Paul Friederich 103 Rickofr, Andrew Jackson 222,241 Roll in . Charles 68 Ledru 196 Ronge, Bertha 245 Root, Georg;e F 243 Rosmini 254 Ross, George William 2.55 Rousseau, Jean .Jacques 79,48.73. 78, 92. 103, 251 royal road to learning 27 Royal society of Edinburgh 73 Rudolphine tables .53 Ruskin John 209, 173 Russell, Lord John 116 William 1.56 Ryan, Patrick John 235 Ryerson, Egerton 167 Saoy, Baron de 102 safety lamp 118 Saint Aubin, Stephanie Felicite Ducrest de (Comtesse de Genlis) 96 ■ Claude Henri, Comte de 96 Cyran 56 Simon 1 96 salaries 22, 42, 92 Salisbury. Bishop of 173 Sanderson, Nicholas 71 Sanford, Henry R 249 Sanskrit 218 PAGE Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 192 Satan 17 Saunderson, Nicholas 71 SchaefFer, Nathan C 244 Schelling, F. W. J. von 138 , Schiller, Johann C. F. von 82 Schimmelpennick, Mary Anne 120 Schleierraacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel. 132 scholasticism 33, 40 School and the Schoolmaster 107, 152, 160 hygiene 245 law 154,158 Review 270 Schopenhauer, Arthur 132 sciences. ..49. 51, 68. Ill, 115, 140, 224, 245, 263 Scottish free schools 44 Schreber, D. G. M 181 Schurman, Jacob Gould 270 secondary schools 45, 109 sectarian influences 99 teaching 131, 13.5, 160, 209 Seguin, Edward 196, 213 self-activity..^ 48, 135, 194 culture .. 185 government 75, 246 Seneca 30 sensatory nerves 31 senses trained 79 sentence method in reading 222 Servetus 46 sesqulplicate ratio 53 seven wise men 18 Sevigne, Mme. de 61 sexes of plants 76 Seymour, Horatio 168 Shaler, Prof 263 Sheldon, Edward Austin 220.253 Shepard, Irwin , 259 Sherwin, Thomas 141 Sherriff, Emily A. E 200 Shuttleworth, James Kay 167 Sicard, Abbe 128 Silliman, Benjamin 198 Silvestre, .Vntoine Isaac (Baron de Sacy).]02 sines 76 Skinner, Charles R 261 Skrine, John Huntley 214 286 Index PAGE slavery 128, 134,153,160 Smith, Adam 84 Smithsonian institution. ...161, 179, 189, 194 social development 7S science 160 Society for diffusion of useful knowl- edge 116, 134 Socrates 22, 23, 226 sodium 118 solar system 97 sound 86 spectrum analysis 193 spelling reform 267 Spencer, Herbert 211, 84 Spinoza, Baruch 63 spiritualism 216 Spurzheim, Kaspar.. 118 squaring the circle 49 Stagirite, the 25 Steele, Joel Dorman 245 Stevens, Thaddeus 140 Stiles, Ezra 85 Stilpo 26 stoics 26, 30. 31 Stout. Isaac H 262 Stow, David 142 Stoy, Karl V 264 Stowe, Calvin Ellis 163 Harriet Beecher 163, 201 Sturm, Johann 45 Straight, Henry H 263 strontium 118 Stryker. Melanchthon Woolsey 268 subjection tn authority 84 substance 60 sufflicient reason 132 suicides 24, 29, 91, 165 Sumner, Charles 192 superiniposure 27 sweetness and light 216 Swiss schools 46 Sylvester, James Joseph 200 tangents 58 Tappan, Henry Phillij) 172 Tartaglia, Nicole 43 PAOE Taunton, Lord 224 Taylor, Samuel Harvey 178 teacher, ideal 40 Teachers Advocate 197 guild 231 telegraph 92, 136, 177, 193 Telemaque 112 telescopes 53, 64, 88 temperance 128. 165, 253 Thales 18 Thayer, Gideon F 141 The School and the Schoolmaster.107, 1.52, 160 The Western 254 Theaetetus 27 Theatre of Education a96 Them istocles 21 theology. 17, 20, 33, 34, 35, 37. 39, 41. 44, 46, 49, 51, 56, 60, 61, 69, 74, 84, 149, 164, 227 thermometer 85 Theory and Practice of Teaching 187 Thierry, Amedee Simon Dominique 155 things before words 48 Thompson, D'Arcy W 231 thrift 75 Thring, Edward 214 Thyandegea 78 Tillinghast, Nicholas 170 Tobler, Johann Georg 108 Torrey, Jesse, jr 128 John 189 training schools 142, 154 transubstantiation 34 trigonometry 33 Trimmer, Mrs. Sarah Kirby 88 Truro, Lord 169 Tuckerman. Joseph 180 Turner, Joseph Mallord William 209 Tweed-Dale. Mr 146 Tyndall, John 210,135 unconditioned 131 Unconscious Tuition 208 undulatory theory 132 uniform examinations 266 university reform 185 Upson, Anson Judd 219 Index 287 PAGE Uranus discovered 88 Van Rensselaer, Stephen 105 variations, method of 86 velocity of falling bodies 53 Vermont School Journal 176 vernacular instruction 120 Verplanck.Gulian Crommelin 127 Verres 28 Verulam, Uaron 52 Varus 31 Viete 49 Vives, Giovanni Ludovico 39 vocal music 139 Vocation of the Scholar 103 volition 72 Voltaire, Fraa9ois Marie Arouet 60 Von Raumer, Friedrich 124 Karl Georg 124 Wadsworth, James 107. 1,52, 160 Wallace, Alfred Russel 216 Wallenstein, Duke of .53 Washington, George 128 water screw 27 Watkins, Albert Barnes 249 waves, theory of 71, 73, 132 Wayland, Francis 151, 130 Wealth of Nations 84 Webster, Daniel 143, 171 Noah 77, 126 Wehrli 113 Wheelock, Fleazar 78,89 Whewell, William 148 White, Andrew Di.xon 236 PAGE White, Emerson Elbridge. 232 white cross movement 253 Wickersham, James Pyle 225 Wight, John Green 2.58 Wilbur, Harvey Backus 213,196 Wilderspin, Samuel 142 Willard, Emma 129,140 Frances E 253 Williams, Samuel Gardiner 225 Sherman 262 secular school 131 Wilson, Marcus 198.203 Wines, Enoch Cobb 176, 215 Winsor, Justin 230 Witherspoon, John 82 Wolff, Christian 71 women, ed'n of. .35, 40, 79, 93, 124, 128, 129, ..1.30, 134, 139, 146, 152, 162, 184, 200, 202 Woodbridge. W. C 139, 1.57 Woolsey, Theodore Dwight 161 Woolworth, Samuel Buell 159 Worcester, Joseph E 171 word method in number 249 Wyclif, John 34 Xavier, St. Francis. Xenophon . . 46 Zeitschrift fiir Schulgesundheitspflege. .2.52 Philosophic 264 Zeno 26 Ziller 264 zoology. . . .121, 155, 180, 186, 198, 216, 223, 250 Zoroaster 17 // / J '■:• w 15 89 ■;1 f'M v^ /\.'J4::>wL • \^' 0" .1"^% ° ° " ° * '<*>. ' ' ,>'^ .«•'•« '^ ***> « ^0^ '^bv*^ c" ♦ > . • • • . *>v r»V Y • • " ' -l"^' *^ ' • • • V c«"*-. . « - « •*<> ' » , 1 • ,« .',5JSe^'. -^^Z yM, u^^^^ HECKMAN BINDERY INC. 5^ 1989 N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962