Class B£aM_ 
 Book_L!£^3 
 
 SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT 
 
POPULAR AND CHEAP BOOKS, 
 
 Particularly suitable for Family Libraries. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO. 
 No. 14 North Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 ND FOE SALE BY BOOKSELLERS AND COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENE- 
 RALLY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 *• ErucATED MIND is a Nation^s wealthy and promotes the happiness of mankind." 
 
 • t this time, when the press is teeming with so much nonsensical trash, 
 iiig to corrupt, not only the literary taste, but the morals of the people, 
 paicnts and their children will be pleased to find so many valuable works 
 to Ijii" procured at almost any bookstore in the country. Their perusal will 
 tend to restore the mind to a true idea of life, its dignity, its duty and its 
 destiny. The reading of the following books will exalt the mind, and 
 purify the affections, and awaken to life many a fresh and noble thought 
 that row lies buried. "The great business of man is, to improve his 
 miud and govern his manners." 
 
 'iHE LIFE OF GEN. ZACMRY TAYLOR, 
 
 BY ROBERT T. CONRAD, Esq., 
 
 W'TH AN ORIGINAL AND ACCURATE PORTRAIT, 
 
 And legant illustrations of the Battles of Fort Harrison, Okee-cho-bee, Falo 
 Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey aiid Buena Vista. 
 
 ^raprising ample details of his early life and public and private career, 
 derived from the most authentic and accurate sources. 
 
 In a large and elegant volume, 12mo. 
 
 The Life of this distinguished General from the eloquent pen of Judge Conrad, 
 
 ''Philadelphia. The subject,«the author, the times and the circumstances, all 
 
 . mbine to render such a work eminently popular ; and all who want a complete 
 
 "-•istory of his Life for their libraries, will do well to say, in ordering, GRIGG, 
 
 ,LLIOT & CO.'S Edition. ' 
 
 GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF, 12mo. 
 
 Kllustcatcti toftl) ^Portraits. 
 
 In Press, and will shortly be published, 
 
 GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 BluGRAPHIES OF GENERALS TAYLOR, WORTH, WOOL, BUTLER, 
 
 AND ALL THE DISTINGUISHED OFFICERS OF THE 
 
 PRESENT WAR. 
 
 $;2r These editions will be the Tery best published ir; this couatrj and will be 
 be'.utifully illustrated. 
 
 A 1 
 
JOSEPHUS'S (FLAVIUS) WORKS. 
 
 Bt the latk WILLIAM WHISTON, A. M. 
 From the last London edition, complete, and the only readable edition published 
 
 in this country. 
 As a matter of course, every family in our country has a copy of the Holy Bible 
 — and as the presumption is, the greater portion often consult its pages, we take 
 the liberty of saying to all those that do, that the perusal of the writings of Jose- 
 phus will be found very interesting and instructing. 
 
 All those who wish to possess a beautiful and correct copy of this invaiuaole 
 work, would do well to purchase this edition. It is for sale at all the principal 
 bookstores in the United States, by country merchants generally in the Southern 
 and Western States. 
 
 SAY'S POLITICAL EGONOMY. 
 
 A Treatise on Political Economy, or the Production, Distribution, and 
 Consumption of Wealth. By Jean Baptiste Say. Fifth American edi- 
 tion, with Additional Notes, by C. C. Biddle, Esq., in 1 vol. 8vo. 
 
 It would be beneficial to our country if all those who are aspiring to office, 
 were required by their constituents to be conversant with the pages of Say. 
 
 The distinguished biographer of the author, in noticing this work, observes, 
 "Happily for science he commenced that study which forms the basis of his admi- 
 rable treatise on Political Economy, a work which not only improved under his 
 hand with every successive edition, but has been translated into most of the Euro- 
 pean languages." 
 
 The editor of the North American Review, speaking of Say, observes, that " he is 
 the most popular, and perhaps the most able writer on Political Economy, since 
 the time of Smith." 
 
 BENNETT'S (Rev. John) LETTERS TO A YOUNG LADY, 
 On a variety of subjects calculated to improve the heart, to form the man- 
 ners, and enlighten the understanding. " That our Daughters may be 
 as polished corners of the Temple." 
 
 The publishers sincerely hope, {for the happiness of mankind,) that a copy of this 
 Taluable little work will be found the companion of every young lady, as much of 
 the happiness of every family depends on the proper cultivation of the female mind. 
 
 BURDER'S VILLAGE SERMONS. 
 
 Or, 101 Plain and Short Discourses on the Principal Doctrines of the 
 Gospel; intended for the use of Families, Sunday Schools, or compa- 
 nies assembled for religious instruction in country villages. By George 
 Burder. To which is added, to each Sermon, a short Prayer, with 
 some General Prayers for Families, Schools, &c., at the end of the 
 work. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. 
 
 These sermons, which are characterized by a beautiful simplicity, the entire 
 absence of controversy, and a true evangelical spirit, have gone through many 
 and large editions, and been translated into several of the continental languages. 
 ** They have also been the honored means not only of converting many individuals, 
 but also of introducing the Gospel into districts, and even into parish churches, 
 where before it was comparatively unknown." 
 
 *' This work fully deserves the immortality it has attained." 
 This is a fine library edition of this invaluable work, and when we say that it 
 should be found in the possession of every family, we only reiterate the sentiments 
 and sincere wishes of all who take a deep interest in the eternal welfare* ?f man 
 kind. 
 o 
 
NEW SONG BOOK. 
 
 Grigg's Southern and Western Songster; being a choice collection of the 
 most Fashionable Songs, many of which are original, in 1 vol. 18mo. 
 Great care was taken in the selection, to admit no song that contained, in the 
 slightest degree, any indelicate or improper allusions, and with great propriety it 
 may claim the title of " The Parlor Song Book or Songster." The immortal 
 Shakspeare observes — 
 
 << The man that hath not music in himself. 
 
 Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 
 
 Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils." 
 
 FAMILY PRAYERS AND HYMNS 
 
 Adapted to Family Worship, and Tables for the regular Reading of the 
 Scriptures. By Rev. S. C. Winchester, A. M., late Pastor of the Sixth 
 Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, and the Presbyterian Church at 
 Natchez, Miss. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF SELECT AND POPULAR QUOTATIONS, 
 Which are in Daily Use : taken from the Latin, French, Greek, Spanish 
 and Italian Languages; together M'ith a copious collection of Law 
 Maxims and Law Terms. Translated into English, with illustrations, 
 historical and idiomatic. Sixth American edition, corrected with addi- 
 tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 In preparing this sixth edition for the press, care has boon :aken to give the 
 work a thorough revision, to correct some errors which Iiad !) jfor-" escaped notice, 
 ind to insert many additional Quotations, Law maxims and L.aw terms. In this 
 6 *e it is offered to the public in the stereotype form. This httle work should 
 fin«. its way into every family library. 
 
 TKB A'mUB.lCAN CHESTERFIFi:.B. 
 
 Or, '^Youth's Guide to the Way to Wealth, Honor, and Distmction," &c.: 
 containing also a complete Treatise on the art of Carving. 
 
 <' We most cordially recommend the American Chesterfield to general atten- 
 tion ; b:,t to young persons particularly, as one of the best works of the kind that 
 has ever Loen published in this country. It cannot be too highly appreciated, nor 
 its perusal be unproductive of satisfaction and usefulness." 
 
 SENECA'S MORALS. 
 
 By way of Abstract, to which is added, a Discourse under the title of an 
 After-Thought, by Sir Roger L'Estrange, Knt. A new fine edition, 1 
 vol. 18mo. 
 A copy of this yaluable little work should be found in every family library. 
 
 THE DAUGHTER'S OWN BOOK. 
 
 Or, Practical Hints from a Father to his Daughter. 1 vol. 18mo. 
 This is one of the most practical and truly valuable treatises on the culture and 
 discipline of the female mind, which has hitherto been published in this country, 
 and the publishers are very confident, from the great demand for tl>is invaluabi* 
 httle work, that ere long it will be found in the library of every young lady. 
 
 GC)I.nSMITH'.S ANIMATED NATURE. 
 
 In 2 vols. 8vo., beautifully Illustrated with 385 Plates. 
 
 *' Goldsmith can never be made obsolete while delicate genius, exquisite f^el- 
 ing, fine inve^ition, the most harmonious metre, and the happiest diction are Af all 
 valued." 
 
 This is a work that should be in the library of every family, being written br 
 one of the most talented authors in the English language. 
 
THE WORKS Of LAURENCi:. STERNE. 
 Id i vol. 8vo., with a Life of the Author, written by himself, and a Portrait 
 
 The beauties of this author are so well known, and his errors in style and 
 expression so few and far between, that one reads with renewed delight his deli- 
 cate turns, &c. 
 
 SPLENDID LIBRARY EDITIONS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED STAJVDJIRD PGETS. 
 
 ELEGANTLY PRINTED, AND UNIFORM IN SIZE AND STYLE. 
 
 The following editions of Standard British Poets are illustrated with nu- 
 merous steel engravings, and may be had in all varieties of binding. 
 
 lB'^lB®Sr^S W®IBISSo 
 
 Complete in 1 vol. Svo , including all his Suppressed and Attributed Poemsj 
 with 6 beautiful engravings. 
 
 • J)5" This edition has been carefully compared with the recent London edition 
 of Mr. Murray, and made complete by the addition of more than fifty pages of 
 poems heretofore unpublished in England. Among these there are a number that 
 have never appeared in any American edition; and the publishers believe they 
 are warranted in saying, that this is the most complete edition of Lord Byron^S 
 Poetical Works ever published in the United States. 
 
 COVVPER AND THOMSDN^S PROSE AND POETICAL WORKS. 
 Complete in 1 vol. 8vo., including two hundred and fifty Letters, and 
 sundry Poems of Covvper, never before published in this country; and 
 of Thomson a new and interesting Memoir, and upwards of twenty 
 new Poems, for the first time printed from his own Manuscripts, taken 
 from a late edition of the Aldine Poets now publishing in London; 
 with 7 beautiful engravings. 
 
 The distinguished Professor Silliman, speaking of this edition, observes, *' I am 
 as much gratified by the elegance and fine taste of your edition, as by the noble 
 tribute of genius and moral excellence which these delightful authors have left for 
 all future generations; and Cowper, especially, is not less conspicuous as a true 
 Christian moralist and teacher, than as a poet of great power and exquisite taste." 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS QF MRS. HEIANS. 
 
 Complete in 1 vol. Svo.; with 7 beautiful engravings. 
 
 ^fCr This is a new and complete edition, with a splendid engraved likeness of 
 Mrs. Hemans on steel, and contains all the poems in the last London and Ameri- 
 can editions. With a Critical Preface by Mr. Thatcher, of Boston. 
 
 *' As no work in the English language can be commended with more confidence, 
 it will argu'. bad taste in a female in this country to be without a complete edition 
 of the writings of one who was an honor to her sex and to humanity, and whose 
 productions, from first to last, contain no syllable calculated to call a blush to the 
 cheek of modesty and virtue. There is, moreover, in Mrs. Hemans' poetry a 
 moral puiity, and a religious feeling, which commend it, in an especial manner, 
 to the discriminating reader. No parent or guardian will be under the necessity 
 of imposing restrictions with regard to the free perusal of every production ema- 
 nating from this gifted woman. There breathes throughout the whole a most 
 eminent exemption from impropriety of thought or diction ; and therp is at times 
 a pensiveness of tone, a winning sadness in her more serious compositions, which 
 tells of a soul which has been lifted from the contemplation of terrestrial things, 
 to divine communings with beings of a purer world." 
 
 4 
 
THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROGERS, CAMPBELL, MONT- 
 GOMERY, LAMB, AND KIRK WHITE. 
 
 Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. , \vith 6 beautiful engravings. 
 
 MILTOxN, YOUNG, GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS' POETICAL 
 
 WORKS. 
 Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. ; with 6 beautiful engravings. 
 
 HEBER, POLLOK, AND CRABBE'S POETICAL WORKS. 
 Complete in 1 vol. 8vo.; wiih 6 beautiful engravings. 
 
 A writer in tho Boston Traveler holds the following language with reference to 
 these valuable editions: — 
 
 Mr. Editor — I wish, without any idea of puffing, to say a word or two upon the 
 ** Library of English Poets" that is now published at Philadelphia, by Grigg & 
 Elliot; it is certainly, taking into consideration the elegant manner in which it is 
 printed, and the reasonable price at which it is afforded to purchasers, the best 
 edition of the modern British Poets that has ever been published in this country. 
 Each volume is an octavo of about 500 pages, double columns, stereotyped, and 
 accompanied with fine engravings, and biographical sketches, and most of them 
 are reprinted from Galiagnani's French edition. As to its value we need only 
 mention that it contains the entire works of Montgomery, Gray, Beattie, Collins, 
 Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Milton, Young, Rogers, Campbell, Lamb, Hemans, 
 Heber, Kirk White, Crabbe, the Miscellaneous Works of Goldsmith, and other 
 martyrs of the lyre. The publishers are doing a great service by their publication, 
 and their volumes are almost in as great demand as the fashionable novels of the 
 day, and they deserve to be so, for they are certainly printed in a style superior 
 to that in which we have before had the works of the English Poets.'* 
 
 No library can be considered complete without a copy of the above beautiful 
 and ^heap editions of the English Poets, and persons ordering all or any of them 
 will please say Grigg, Elliot & Co.'s illustrated editions. 
 
 HINB'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. 
 
 Taught on a new and easy plan, being a Treatise on all the Diseases and 
 Accidents to which the Horse is liable. With considerable additions 
 and improvements; adapted particularly to this country, by Thomas M. 
 Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary 
 Medical Society. In 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 MASON'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. 
 
 Comprising a General Description of the noble and useful animal, the 
 Horse, together with the quickest and simplest mode of fattening; 
 necessary treatment while undergoing excessive fatigue, or on a jour- 
 ney; the construction and management of Stables; different marks for 
 ascertaining the Age of a Horse: also, a concise Account of the Dis- 
 eases to which the Horse is subject; with such remedies as long expe- 
 rience has proved to be effectual. By Richard Mason, M. D., formerly 
 of Surrey Co., Va. Ninth edition, with additions. To which is added 
 a Prize Essay on Mules, and An Appendix containing Observations and 
 Recipes for the cure of most of the common distempers incident to 
 Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Lambs, Swine, Dogs, &c. &c. 
 Selected from different authors. Also, an Addenda, containing Annals 
 of the Turf, American Stud Book, Rules for Training, Racing, &c. 
 The publishers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical 
 value of these works. The distinguished editor of the American Farmer, speak- 
 ing of them, observes — " We cannot too highly recommend these books, and 
 therefore advise every owner of a horse to obtain them." 
 
 A» 6 
 
THE STOCK RAISER'S MANUAL. 
 
 A Guide to the Raising and Improvment of Cattle, being a Treatise on their 
 Breeds, Management, and Diseases. By W. Youatt, author of a <' Trea- 
 tise on the Horse," with numerous illustrations. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. 
 This work will be found of the greatest importance to farmers and cattle raisers 
 
 throughout the United States, and should be in the possession of every farmer, as 
 
 it is the most complete work on this subject ever published. 
 
 M'MAEQN'S AMEKIGAN GAHDENER. 
 
 Ninth edition, much improved. In 1 vol. 8vo. 
 
 This is an invaluable work to all who wish to obtain any information on the oub* 
 ject of Gardening in all its various branches. 
 
 GRIGG, ELLIOT & GO'S 
 
 RUBAL REGISTER AND ALMANAC 
 
 For i§'lS: to be continued Annually. 
 
 For farmers and gardeners it is invaluable, giving full directions for all their 
 work for every month in the year, and for all the States in the Union. There is 
 no work ever published that contains so much useful and valuable information in 
 so cheap and convenient a form ; and we do say that no farmer or gardener, who 
 is worth a "bit," should be without one. There is no pursuit in which more real 
 rational enjoyment and comfort will follow to an industrious man than Horticul- 
 tural employments. 
 
 The Gentleman and Lady's Book of Politeness and Propriety of Deport- 
 ment. Dedicated to the Youth of both sexes. By Madame Celnart 
 Translated from the Sixth Paris edition, enlarged and improved. Fifth 
 American edition. 
 
 THE BEAUTIES OF HISTORY. 
 
 Or, Examples of the Opposite EfTects of Virtue and Vice, for the use of 
 Families. 1 vol. 12mo., with plates. 
 
 ** After a careful examination of this book, we can conscientiously recommend 
 it to parents and teachers as a most meritorious pertormance. There are here 
 collected, within a narrow compass, the most striking examples of individual virtue 
 and vice which are spread forth on the pages of history, or are recorded in per- 
 sonal biography. The noblest precepts are recommended for the guidance or 
 youth; and in the most impressive manner is he taught to conquer the degrading 
 impulses which lower the standard of the human character. We liave not lately 
 met with a volume which, in design and execution, seemed so acceptable as this 
 The book, moreover, is handsomely got up, and illustrated with wood engrav- 
 ings." 
 
 THE CLERGYMAN'S ASSISTANT. 
 
 Or, Guide in Reading the Liturgy; containing Directions for Reading Cor- 
 rectly with the Pronunciation. By Rev. W. H. Odenheimer, of Phila 
 delphia. 1 vol. 12 mo., cloth. 
 Ci 
 
LIFE OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 In one vol. 12mo., with 100 Illustrations. 
 
 " Life of Rear Admiral John Paul Jones," &c. &c., by James Hamilton. The 
 work is compiled from his original journals and correspondence; and includes an 
 account of his services in the American Revolution, and in the war between the 
 Russians and Turks in the Black Sea. There is scarcely any Naval Hero of anj 
 age who combined in his character so much of the adventurous, skilful and daring, 
 as Paul Jones. The incidents of his life are almost as startling and absorbing as 
 those of romance. His achievements during the American Revolution — the light 
 between the Bon Hovime Richard and Serapis, the most desperate naval action on 
 record, and the alarm into which, with so small a force, he threw the coasts of 
 England and Scotland, are matters comparatively well known to Americans; but 
 the incidents of his subsequent career have been veiled in obsc\irity, which is dis- 
 sipated by this Biography. A book like this, narrating the actions of such a man, 
 ought to meet with an extensive sale, and become as popular as Robinson Crusoe 
 in fiction, or IVeems^ Life of Marion and Washington, and similar books in fact. 
 It contains 400 pages — has a handsome portrait and medallioa likeness of Jones, 
 and is illustrated with numerous original wood engravings of naval scenes and 
 distinguished men with whom he was familiar. 
 
 L. G. Curtis, Esq., editor of The Commercial, Cincinnati, Ohio, speaking of this 
 work, &c., observes: — " Life of Rear Admiral Paul Jones, illustrated with nume- 
 rous engravings from original drawings." This book we prize above any in our 
 possession. John Paul Jones was truly an extraordinary man. He had the honor 
 to hoist with his own hands the flag of freedom, the first time it was displayed in 
 the Delaware, and in after life declared that he attended it with veneration ever 
 after. To Paul Jones the honor of raising up an American navy belongs. He was 
 the first commander in the world who made the proud flag of England "come 
 down." His life, as printed by Messrs. Grigg, Elliot & Co., should be in the 
 hands of every intelligent American. 
 
 WALKEB'S SCHOOL AND FAMILY DICTIONARY. 
 
 NEW EDITION. 
 
 FROM NEW STEREOTYPE PLATES, GREATLY IMPROVED, AND PRINTED 
 ON WHITE PAPER. 
 
 A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the Knglish language, 
 in which the meaning of every word is explained, and the sound of 
 every syllable distinctly shown. To which are prefixed an Abstract of 
 English Pronunciation, and Directions to Foreigners for Acquiring a 
 Knowledge of the Use of this Dictionary. By John Walker, author of 
 "Elements of Elocution," " Rhyming Dictionary," &c. &c. Abridged 
 for the use of Schools, by an American Citizen. 
 
 P. S. This is a new edition, on fine paper, and improved in printing and bmd- 
 ing. Parents and Teachers will please examine and order Grigg, Elliot & Co.'s 
 Improved Edition. 
 
 An eminent writer, and a good judge of the value of Dictionaries, observes as 
 follows: — 
 
 We have received from the publishers, Messrs. Grigg, Elliot & Co., No. 14 
 North Fourth Street, a copy of their new and handsome edition of Walker's Criti- 
 cal Pronouncing Dictionary for Schools. The present edition is decidedly the 
 best and most convenient we have ever seen, both in regard to the size of the 
 type on which it is printed, and the style and form in which it is issued. It has been 
 *'got up" in a handsome and substantial manner, expressly for schools — has been 
 greatly improved and made better in every respect for teachers and scholars. All 
 teachers who have any regard for their eyes and the eyes of their scholars, would 
 find it to their advantage to use this edition, printed as it is from new stereotype 
 plates and on clean white paper. The edition is for sale by booksellers and cou:y 
 try merchants generally throughout the United States. 
 7 
 
BOLLES' PHONOGRAPHIC PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. 
 
 IN ONE VOL. ROYAL 8V0 
 
 This valuable work has met with the most favorable reception from the Ameri- 
 can public. It contains more words than the 8vo. edition of Webster, and has the 
 pronunciation attached according to the best authorities, which is a very import- 
 ant addition, and renders the work much more desirable for general use and 
 reference than of any of the large dictionaries now in use. No man of business 
 or family should be without this valuable Dictionary. 
 
 The same work abridged, in 1 vol. 12mo., we have just published also, which 
 will be found an invaluable class book for academies, seminaries, and higher order 
 of schools, as well as an important companion to the education of every young 
 person. 
 
 BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 Of Animals, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects, illustrated with nnnne- 
 rous and beautiful engravings. By John Bigland, author of a " View 
 of the World," " Letters on Universal History," &c. Complete in 1 
 vol. 12mo. 
 
 ^fCr This work is particularly adapted for the use of Schools and Families, 
 forming the most elegantly written and complete work on the subject of Natural 
 History ever published, and is worthy of the special attention of the teachers of 
 all our schools and academies. 
 
 BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS. 
 Illustrated with 12 beautifully colored engravings. 
 
 BIGLAND'S HISTORY OF BIRDS. 
 Illustrated with 12 beautifully colored engravings. 
 
 By Shoberl, with 12 colored plates. 
 
 These works are got up in a very superior style, and well deserve an introdae- 
 tion to the shelves of every family library, as they are very interesting, and par- 
 ticularly adapted to the}uvenile class of readers. 
 
 GRimSHAW'S POPULAR HISTORIES. 
 
 FOR SCHOOLS AND FAMILY LIBRARIES. 
 
 GRUNtSHAW'S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 Recently brought up by the author to the present time. 
 Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
 Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 
 
 GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 Recently brought up by the author to the present time. 
 Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
 Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 
 
 GRIMSHAW'S IMPROVED EDITION OF GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY 
 
 OF GREECE, 
 
 With a Vocabulary of the Proper Names contained in the work, and the 
 Prosodial Accents, in conformity with the Pronunciation of Lempriere. 
 
 Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
 Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 
 8 
 
GRIMSHAW-S IMPROVED EDITION OF GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY 
 
 OF ROME. 
 Revised and Corrected ; and a Vocabulary of Proper Names appended, 
 
 wiih Prosodial Marks to assist in their Pronunciation. 
 Also, Questions adapted to the above History; and a Key, adapted to the 
 
 Questions, for the use of Teachers and Families. 
 
 GRIMSHAW-S HISTORY OF FRANCE, with Key and Questions. 
 GRIMSHAW'S HISTORY AND LIFE OF NAPOLEON. 
 
 The editor of the North American Review, speaking of these Histories, ob- 
 serves, that — 
 
 Among the Elementary Books of American History, we do not remember to 
 have seen any one more deserving approbation than Mr. Grimshaw's History o! 
 the United States. It is a small volume, and a great deal of matter is brought 
 into a narrow space; but the author has succeeded so well in the construction of 
 his periods, and the arrangement of his materials, that perspicuity is rarely sacri- 
 ficed to brevity. 
 
 The chain of narrative is skilfully preserved; and the author's reflections are 
 frequently such as to make the facts more impressive, and lead the youthful mind 
 to observe causes and consequences which might otherwise have been overlooked. 
 As a school book it may justly be recommended. 
 
 What has been said of this volume will apply generally to his other historical 
 works. They are each nearly of the same size as the one just noticed, and de- 
 signed for the same object, that is, the use of classes in schools. 
 
 The History of England is an original composition ; but the Grecian and Roman 
 Histories are Goldsmith's, improved by Grimshaw, in which he has corrected the 
 typographical errors with which the later editions of Goldsmith's Abridgements 
 so much abound ; and removed any grossness in language, which, in some few 
 instances, render these valuable compends less useful in the schools to which 
 youth of both sexes resort. He has also added a Vocabulary of Proper Names, 
 accentuated, in order to show their right pronunciation, which is a valuable ap- 
 pendage to the History. 
 
 All these books are accompanied with very full and well-digested Tables of 
 Questions, for the benefit of Pupils, and also with Keys to the same, for the con- 
 venience of Teachers. 
 
 GRIMSHAW'S LADIES' LEXICON, 
 And Parlor Companion; containing nearly every word in the English 
 language, and exhibiting the plurals of nouns and the participles of 
 verbs; being also particularly adapted to the use of Academies and 
 Schools. By William Grimshaw, Esq. 
 
 In the Nashville Republican, we observe the following notice of this very useful 
 book : — 
 
 In recommending the " Ladies' Lexicon," therefore, to all our readers, male 
 afid female, who have ever experienced the difficulties which it is so admirably 
 calculated to remedy, we but do an ordinary act of justice to the author and pub- 
 lisher. We consider the "Ladies' Lexicon," and recommend it to our readers as 
 a work that possesses superior claims on their attention and patronage. 
 
 THE GENTLEMEN'S LEXICON. 
 Or, Pocket Dictionary: containing nearly every word in the English lan- 
 guage, and exhibiting the plurals of nouns and the participles of verbs; 
 being also particularly adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. 
 By VVilliam Grimshaw. 
 
 The public are again indebted to the talents of Mr. Grimshaw, for the very use- 
 ful books which he has called " The Ladies' and Gentlemen's Lexicons." The 
 peculiarity and advantages of these works may be collected from the following 
 portion of the preface : — 
 
 
 
They differ from all preceding works of the kind in this, that they exhibit the 
 plurals of all nouns which are not formed by the mere addition of the letter s, 
 and also the participles of every verb now generally used, and unless accompa- 
 nied by a particular caution. No word has been admitted which is not now of 
 polite or popular use; and no word has been excluded which is required either in 
 epistolatory composition or conversation. 
 
 In giving the above extracts we take occasion to say, that teachers will find the 
 ** Ladies' and Gentlemen's Lexicons" works admirably adapted to take the place, 
 with advantage to their pupils, of the different works recently put into their hands 
 under the name of Expositors, &c. 
 
 SO" The above work has been introduced as a Classbook into many of out 
 academies and schools, with great approbation. 
 
 Ruschenberger's First Books of Natural History. 
 
 FOR SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, COLLEGES, AND FAMILIES. 
 
 Dll. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ANATOMY AND 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 For the use of Schools and Families; with 45 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 This is a most valuable work, by Dr. Ruschenberger: and most admirably are 
 ^e plates, representing all the different parts of the body, done. It is cheap; 
 and every parent should place one in the hands of his children. — N. Y. Herald. 
 
 DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF MAMMALOGY. 
 The Natural History of Quadrupeds; for beginners; 75 illustrations. 1 
 vol. 12mo. 
 
 This number treats of all animals that in infancy feed on the mill{ of their 
 mothers, from the human being down to the musquito-calching bat. Like the 
 *' First Book," it is divided into Questions and Answers, and a Glossary; and is 
 illustrated by six plates. It is very cheap; and contains an abundance of useful 
 information. There are thousands of persons in this country, and millions in 
 Europe, who do not know that whales give milk. — New York Era. 
 
 We do not know a more useful set than this promises to be — and IS. — New York 
 Aurora. 
 
 DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ORNITHOLOGY. 
 The Natural History of Birds; for beginners; 81 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 New York, Feb. 9, 1846. 
 
 Sir — I have received your note of the 3d instant, together with the " Elements 
 of Ornithology," prepared for the use of Schools and Colleges, by W. S. W. 
 Ruschenberger, M. D., &c., and have read the work, in compliance with the re- 
 quest of the American Institute, that I should examine and report upon it. 
 
 I have great pleasure in highly recommending it. To say the truth, although I 
 am somewhat blanched by the hand of time, and have many years been a student 
 of Ornithology, I consider the present the very best introduction to that science 
 that I have ever seen ; and I might add as full praise to the other works of the 
 series of Ruschenberger's text- books of Natural History, as far as I am acquainted 
 with the subjects they relate to. 
 
 Dr. Ruschenberger has, in giving thia series to the public, rendered a benefit to 
 all seekers after science, as both old and young may profit by the well-arranged 
 and valuable information these volumes contain. Your obedient servant. 
 
 To H. Meigs, Esq., JOH'N J. AUDUBON. 
 
 Recording Secretary of the American Institute, New York City. 
 
 We wish we could induce our teachers generally to examine this, as well as the 
 earlier works of Dr.. Ruschenberger ; they are admirably arranged, and just the 
 very books needed for schools. The work before us, on the Natural History of 
 Birds, is an admirable one; and no teacher should neglect to introduce the seriei, 
 
 Cincinnati Gazette. 
 
 10 
 
We have much pleasure in commending this series of works — the third of 
 which, now before us, is on Ornithology. It will be found useful in the school- 
 room, or the private study. — U. S. Gazette. 
 
 DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF HERPETOLOGY AND 
 
 ICHTHYOLOGY. 
 
 The Natural History of Reptiles and Fishes; for beginners; 66 illustra- 
 tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 Ruschenberger's Series of Books on Natural History are among the most valu- 
 able and useful works, for the use of Schools, that have ever been published. A 
 knowledge of Natural History is not only valuable, but deeply interesting ; and no 
 one's education can, with such facilities as these works afford, be considered com- 
 plete without it. — National Intelligencer. 
 
 DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY. 
 
 The Natural History of Shells and Mollusca; for beginners; 119 illustra- 
 tions. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 ** We have no hand-books equal to these ; and we think Dr. R. has conferred 
 
 an obligation upon teachers and learners by producing them in an English dress, 
 with all the advantages of well-engraved illustrations. The whole set of this 
 work, which is furnished at a low price, will prove an invaluable acquisition to the 
 school library." 
 
 DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 The Natural History of Insects; for beginners ; 91 illustrations. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 The subjects are well treated; and from the exceeding cheapness and admirable 
 arrangement of these elementary works, they are well fitted for general use in 
 public Schools, Academies, and in every private library. — New York American. 
 
 DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 
 
 The Natural History of Plants; for beginners; 194 illustrations. 1 vol. 
 12mo. 
 
 We do not hesitate to say, that this is the best work of the kind and dimensions 
 that has ever fallen under our notice. We hope all will embrace the first oppor- 
 tunity of procuring a copy, as we are sure they will prize it highly. — Botanic 
 Recorder. 
 
 We regard this series as eminently useful, supplying adequately the instruction 
 in Natural History necessary to a proper school education. — North American. 
 
 DR. RUSCHENBERGER'S ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY. 
 
 The Natural History of the Earth's Structure; for beginners; illustrated 
 with 300 beautiful Wood-cuts, designed to assist the learner in the 
 course of his studies. 1 vol. 12mo. 
 
 *' We agree with a competent judge in the opinion, that it is the most complete 
 and beautiful Elementary Treatise on the subject which has been published in this 
 country. The subject of Geology is now attracting a great deal, and will continue 
 to excite still more attention in the United States, as our vast mineral resources 
 are becoming more fully developed; and this work exactly suits the wants of the 
 public, in training up the young for future study in this branch of knowledge." 
 
 The series of books of which this forms a part has been highly and justly com- 
 mended by the ablest judges, as furnishing rare facilities for the acquisition of 
 branches of knowledge, but too much neglected in our schools. We have ex- 
 amined the volumes with much care, and we find them well deserving all th/ 
 praise bestowed on them. — Godey's LadyH Book, 
 
** The above series, taken separately or collectively, is considered one of the 
 most valuable contributions to the cause of education which has ever been pub- 
 lished in this country." 
 
 This interesting Series of Books has already met with the most flattering recep- 
 tion from the American press. They have been introduced into the public schools 
 of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, Maine, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, 
 Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, the Carolinas, &c., and many of the first class Semi- 
 naries of Learning in the United States. Tiie moderate price of this series is a 
 great recommendation, being half the price of the common school books in use, 
 on the same subject. 
 
 Yale College, Bee. 19, 1845. 
 
 I think this an excellent work — condensed, lucid, exact, and comprehensive — a 
 safe guide for the pupil, and a useful review for the teacher. The illustrations 
 are numerous and exact. B. SILLIMAN. 
 
 Extract of a Report to the American Institute. 
 
 Your committee with much pleasure recommend this highly valuable book to 
 the attention of those who conduct our Schools, Academies, and Colleges, as a 
 work excellently calculated to give the first outlines of the very important study 
 of Geology to students. Nor do we hesitate to say, that all men, except learned 
 Geologists alone, will feel, after its perusal, that they have received a great re- 
 ward for a very small expense of time and money. JAMES J. MAPES. 
 
 GRiaa & ELLIOT'S rJEW SERIES OP 
 COMMON SCHOOL READERS, 
 
 lumbers First, Second, Third and Fourth. 
 
 These books are particularly adapted for an introduction into the Schools gene- 
 rally in the South and West ; and Teachers who feel a deep interest in promoting 
 the welfare of their pupils, will, no doubt, after a careful examination, give them 
 the preference over all other Pleaders now in use. 
 
 Parents and Teachers will please read the following notice of this invaluable 
 series of Elementary School Books. 
 
 We called attention to the above-named series of Common School books several weeks 
 since, when pablisliiiii? an advertisement for the sale of them by some of our merchants. 
 Since that liiiie we have had opportunity to give them a thorough examination, and we 
 feel it due to the community in wiiich we live, and the proprietors of those interesting pub- 
 lications, to notice them more particularly. They certainly contribute a valuable addition 
 to our stock of elementary literature; in their plan and details presenting an intimate 
 acquaintance with the necessities that demanded their production, and developing, in their 
 prosecution, a wisdom and zeal in adapting the material at hand to the attainment of the 
 object in view, every way worthy of commendation and confidence. 
 
 The First Class reader is exactly such a book as would interest and impress the minds 
 and hearts of hlile boys and girls. Composed of short and easy words, embodying plea- 
 sant and profitable instruction, it is just the thing for infant learners, who find in it such 
 words as they can readily pronounce, and such ideas as they can easily comprehend. In 
 the Second and Third Class Readers the style increases in the intricacy of diction and the 
 elevation of sentiment, in beautitul consistency with the progress of attentive and studious 
 pupils, in the more advanced slaves of primary school education. The Fourth Class 
 Reader is an invaluable compendium of deeply interesting and instructive facts, argu- 
 ments and inferences, drawn from that unfailing repository of truth, the history of the men 
 and manners of by-gone times. It is a reprint of the '• Beauties of History," consisting of 
 anecdotes of men and women made illustrious by the splendor of their talents and virtues, 
 or rendered eternally infamous by the vileness of their characters and crimes. It is, there- 
 fore, a fit companion for those who are completing their term of study, preparatory to 
 entering the great arena of life ; inviting and encouraging them by the bright example of 
 the good, to walk in wisdom's narrow path, and warning them, by the wretchedness and 
 ruin of the vicious, from entering the broad road of sin and death. 
 
 After the table of contents of the Second Reader, is a chapter giving directions ^br tA« 
 attainmeiit of a correct and elegant style of reading, the great importance of which all 
 know the value of, but tew attain. For the truth of these remarks, we refer to the books 
 themselves. 
 
 *^* Public, private and social libraries, and all who purchase to sell again, supplied on 
 the most reasonable terms with every article in the Book and Stationery line; including 
 new novels, and all new works in every department of literature and science. 
 
 |]3r" Particular attention will also be paid to all orders, through country merchants, or 
 by mail, for Law, Medical and Miscellaneous Books, for public and private libraries, and 
 uo elfort will be spared to complete all such orders on the most reasonable terms. 
 
 rz 
 
• 
 
« o 
 
 Cj W w •-> w 
 
0/ u. 
 
 Hinds' Farriery and Stud Book — New Edition. 
 
 FARRIERY, 
 
 TAUGHT ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN; 
 BEING A TREATISE ON THE 
 
 DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE HOKSE; 
 
 WITH 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SHOEING-SMITH, FARRIER. AND GROOM. 
 
 PRECEDED BY 
 
 A POPULAR DESCRIPTION OF THE ANIMAL FUNCTIONS IN HEALTH, 
 AND HOW THESE ARE TO BE RESTORED WHEN DISORDERED. 
 
 BY JOHN HINDS, uci: 
 
 VETERINARY SURGEON. 
 
 WITH CONSIDERABLE ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS, PAR- 
 TICULARLY ADAPTED TO THIS COUNTRY. 
 
 BY THOMAS JVI. SMITH, 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary Medical Society. 
 
 WITH A SUPPLEMENT: 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 AN ESSAY ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY THE HORSE; 
 
 WITH REMARKS ON TREATMENT AND BREEDING; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 TROTTING AND RACING TABLES, 
 
 SHOWING 
 
 THE BEST TIME ON RECORD, AT ONE, TWO, THREE, AND FOUR MILE HEATS; 
 
 PEDIGREES OF WINNING HORSES, SINCE 1839 ; AND OF THE 
 
 MOST CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND MARES; 
 
 WITH 
 
 USEFUL CALVING AND LAMBING TABLES, &,c. &c. 
 BY J. S. SKINNER, 
 
 Editor now of the Farmers' Library, New York ; Founder of the American Farmer, in 1819; 
 and of the Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, in 1829 : being the first Agricul- 
 tural and the first Sporting Periodicals established in the United States. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: /cS"' '' ' 
 
 GRIGG, ELLIOT & C Oi^ / -, y 
 
 NO. 14 NORTH FOURTH STREET. Jt^ ' 
 
 1848. l'-",t,-^^ 
 
^ 
 
 xb 
 
 
 Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year 1848, by 
 JOHN GRIGG, 
 
 in the clerk's office of the district court of the United States, in 
 and for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Priiitefl l;v T. K. & V. G. Collins 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 — •»»v© ® ©<♦<«— 
 
 Whatever person would consult these pages with proHt 
 snould previously read the first book with care ; for in it 
 he will find laid down the principles upon which all the 
 subsequent details are founded, how the process of nature 
 is carried on in health, and the cure is to be effected in 
 every species of derangement. Indeed, he should study 
 it hard, if he would become proficient in ^*the Art of 
 Farriery," and not rely implicitly upon other people'spre- 
 scriptions for the cure of any alleged disorder, which have 
 been composed for the most part without any such prepa- 
 ration. 
 
 From this neglect, also, symptoms of one disorder are 
 conlounded with those of another, when the proposed reme- 
 dies can not possibly effect the cure. If he be imbued with 
 the proper thirst after knowledge, be his station in life 
 about the horse what it may, he had best to comply with 
 the advice strenuously urged at the very outset, to examine 
 the internal parts of dead horses, as often as opportunity 
 presents itself, which, in the neighbourhood of large towns 
 and hunts is frequent enough. For this is the manner in 
 which 1 was myself mainly instructed; as well ashy noting 
 down wnatever then appears worthy of observation, con- 
 nected witn the previous disease of the deceased subject. 
 
 Such was m}'- manner of proceeding for several years. 
 And next about the present volume, how I came to write 
 it, and what were my views in the manner of executing 
 the task that was rather imposed upon me by the booksel- 
 lers than sought after by me; and which was, in effect, oc- 
 casioned by the nature and quantity of veterinary facts and 
 observations I had a long time been in the habit of heaping 
 together. But 1 had already been an author nearly a quar- 
 ter of a century, having partly translated the manual of La 
 I* 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 Fosse, at the request of another bookseller, Mr. Badcock, 
 of Paternoster-row. I claim no credit for that performance, 
 and have already stated my present opinion of its degree 
 of usefulness, at pages 133 and 135. Proceeding with my 
 ** literary history," I may here add, that a few communi- 
 cations in the (old) Sporting Magazines,* to the Monthly- 
 Magazine,! to the Weekly Dispatch newspaper, and other 
 such publications, on topics connected with animal medi- 
 cine, preceded the essays on the structure of the horse, 
 which comprise the first book of this volume, and found 
 place in a newer and much more brilliant publication. An 
 accumulation of materials for these pages lay by me, with a 
 >atent hope of publication, when the mammon of a ''ten 
 pound prize," for their insertion in the Annals of Sport- 
 ing, and some cheering commendations that attended the 
 appearance of those essays, from time to time, induced me 
 to finish the design of a complete pocket manual for owners, 
 grooms and aspirants after the knowledge of horse-medi- 
 cine, of every degree. 
 
 Like all other practitioners of the old school, or rathei 
 no school, my late father had long amassed together and 
 preserved, in an immense and shapeless volume, entitled 
 his ''Receipts," all the alleged remedies recommended as 
 eligible and found good in every variety of case: I believe 
 he may have tried the efiicacy of each, though I am now 
 tolerably well convinced that some must have failed of com- 
 plete success. Yet was the manuscript preserved like a 
 family treasure; and destined to fill my pockets at some dis- 
 tant day, its contents were secluded from vulgar eyes, 
 though it contained nothing but prescriptions. As usual 
 with all similar accumulations, the proper remedies were 
 therein stated, without a word as to symptoms or those 
 anomalous cases that frequently baffle the utmost skill, for 
 the practice of medicnie in any of its departments is but an 
 imperfect science, even when we can ascertain the precise 
 ailment under which the patient labours. This necessary 
 preliminary is not always possible in veterinary practice; 
 we are more frequently baffled than assisted in our inqui- 
 ries'. Notwithstanding all this, my revered parent sus- 
 
 * For November and Docenibor, lft'20, on " Fever in the foot," in refuta- 
 tion of Mr. Cherry, in which was described the successful treatment of a naiy 
 iielonging to Mr. Bowley of Covent Garden, 
 
 t January, 1821, &c. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 tained a high character for successful practice; his close ob- 
 servation 01 the symptoms and attention to the operation 
 of his physic, supplying the want of a '' regular education," 
 which no one farrier could at that time boast of: indeed, 
 few of them could even copy their own receipts, which 
 they preferred to carry in their memory. At a very early 
 period 1 endeavoured to repair this apparent defect by 
 study; with what success the reader may judge, and I will 
 endeavour in the next pages to make him comprehend how 
 my task has been executed. 
 
 The reputation of our name induced the bookseller just 
 named to ask my father's opinion and mine (among others), 
 of a certain manuscript beheld in his hand, which upon in- 
 spection turned out to be a treatise on the rationale of horse- 
 medicine, with very plain directions for ascertaining the 
 true symptoms of dieases before attempting to apply any 
 remedy, however estimable. As the expositions of the 
 writer agreed mainly with our own ideas, it was impossi- 
 ble to withhold approbation. Finally, Mr. Badcock also 
 consulted with W. S. Rickword, of Moor-lane, and other 
 veterinary surgeons of the college, and resolved upon the 
 spirited publication of his new purchase, notwithstanding 
 he had received the uncheering disapproval of Bracy Clark, 
 of Smithfield, who gave for answer that *' no one could 
 learn tiie treatment of horses' diseases from printed books." 
 Yet has Bracy Clark since then printed many books. The 
 great success of the publication alluded to, which was James 
 White's '' Compendium of the Veterinary Art," justified 
 our opinions of its merits, and gratified my vanity at tiie 
 early share I took in its promulgation, and the revision of 
 many passages with a view to simplifying the terms (in 
 particular); in which commendable quality, by the way, 
 Mr. White is not deficient, though, in other respects, a 
 lapse or two which have since fallen out, come under notice 
 in the course of the following pages (viz. pp. 39, 83, 111, 
 and 154). No man can be perfect; howfewamong us know 
 every thing that pertains to themselves. 
 
 Even at this moment preceding the birth of my volume, 
 1 am not certain but I may be found similarly tripping — to 
 have expressed myself obscurely, when 1 fancied my Ian 
 guage most completely understandable by the meanest capa- 
 city; and 1 doubt that my familiar style may frequentl}^ ap- 
 pear vulgar to more polished eyes and ears than mini. But I 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 take credit for having sedulously avoided the use of technical 
 phrases, terms of science and learned dissertation, as well 
 as the crime of over-refinement with which 1 have rebuked 
 two cotemporaries, whose laughable sublimations are ideal- 
 ized at page 166. 
 
 Candour and ability for the task are not always found 
 combined with willingness, even among our best friends, to 
 amend certain slips of the pen, or to curtail such exuber- 
 ances as the more animated writers are liable to fall into; 
 and 1 am free to aver, that the friendly assistance I have 
 obtained in this respect, the nature of which may be infer- 
 red from the note at bottom of page 50, has not always se 
 conded my plain meaning, nor adequately fulfdled my wish 
 es, though 1 am grateful for these and every act of kindness 
 After all my care, repetitions have crept in, and owing to 
 the length of time occupied in the composition, or rather 
 the manner in which the various particles of information 
 were collected together, and digested into form, great va- 
 riety of style may be discovered, though unity of purpose, 
 and the desire to insfructi pervades every page. The ar- 
 rangement is at least obvious; the principles being taught 
 in the first book, the details of practice follow in natural 
 order in the second and third books, and seem to arise out 
 of the preceding ^^observations on the animal system of the 
 horse, as regards the origin of constitutional disorders." 
 The references from the latter chapters to the former, ope- 
 rate as exercises with those students who may have neglect- 
 ed to acquire and retain sufficient intimacy with the prin- 
 ciples laid down in the pages so referred to. 
 
 The diseases of brute animals are few and simple, and 
 easily cured when the symptoms can be distinctly traced up 
 to their causes; for the remedy then consists in little more 
 than putting the animal upon a direct contrary course to 
 that which brought on the disorder (though not too rudely), 
 and health follows. For example, heat, inflammation, fever, 
 is the most general cause of constitutional derangement in 
 the horse: in a state of nature, he seeks out and employs 
 the remedy himself; when domesticated and pampered, or 
 at least denied the use of green food, we judiciously set 
 about reducing the heat by cooling medicines and factitious 
 regimen, and the fever subsides. Again, hard work occa 
 sions lameness, rest restores the feet to their wonted state 
 
PREFACE. VU 
 
 m incipient attacks, topical applications effect the remain- 
 der in bad cases. 
 
 For the same reasons few medicines are necessary in ve- 
 terinary practice, but certain modifications of these add to 
 their efficacy in particular cases; though the school in which 
 I was first initiated, as well as the modern writers, White, 
 and the Lawrences, quite overwhelm their readers with 
 the quantity and apparent contrariety of their prescriptions, 
 that frequently possess no essential variation from others 
 that may be applicable to a whole series of disorders. 
 
 Under such circumstances, I have been extremely chary 
 of puzzling the reader by merely altering the vehicle when 
 the active material of the prescription had been already 
 compounded for a similar disorder; therefore 1 have avoid- 
 ed repetition of such (mostly purgatives) by referring the 
 reader to the page where these may be found. Notwith- 
 standing the apparent difficulty of this mode, yet has it cer- 
 tain advantages that outweigh the trouble, and compensate 
 for the moments thus expended. During my noviciate, 
 and long intercourse with persons employed about the horse, 
 in almost every capacity, I noticed that all those who con- 
 sulted the books respecting any actual disorder,- did little 
 more than turn to the prescription which was recommend- 
 ed in their particular case, and it was made up and given to 
 the animal without once more reading over and comparing 
 *Hhe symptoms," and notwithstanding they already had 
 the same medicine upon the shelf. By this blind manner, 
 of proceeding, they did but adhere more closely to the old 
 system of their "book of receipts," to the entire neglect of 
 the anomalous symptoms, and risked the mistaking of one 
 disease for another, in many cases. To compel the inquirer 
 to study his case before he applies the remedy, 1 at one 
 time thought of adopting the method of La Fosse, and 
 others, who have thrown their prescriptions all together, 
 and referred to each numerically; but, after due considera- 
 tion, I adopted the middle course, and simply avoided re- 
 petition in this respect, as that which best suited with my 
 views of instruction. In some cases, the remedy is men- 
 tioned in general terms only; for example, at page 170, 1 
 said, '^blistering ointment may beapplied," &.C. The read 
 er will of course, in this and all similar cases, consult the 
 Index; and under "Blistering," he will find himself ref^^-r 
 red to page 76. 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 Throuffhout the volume, though I naturally evaded all 
 controversy, yet in a few instances it seemed necessary to 
 advert to certain existing errors and authorized mistakes; 
 to disabuse the public mind, to negative the mischiefs these 
 were calculated to spread of themselves, and to assure the 
 reader that I was not wholly unmindful of the dissonance 
 of opinion betwixt the authors mentioned and myself. To 
 the '* Annals of Sporting," a monthly publication much 
 devoted to the natural history of animals, I have frequent- 
 ly referred, and often quoted; because in the course of its 
 earlier volumes many desirable facts, some good and useful 
 hints, and valuable suggestions, appeared from time to time; 
 some new opinions and statements were started, and met 
 with repulse, or were more securely placed upon their pro- 
 per bases. * In these respects a favourite project, first com- 
 municated to me by Mr. Badcock in 1802, and partially 
 acted upon,t was therein realized, viz. of collecting together 
 the scattered opinions, remarkable cases, and fugitive sug- 
 gestions that should occur to various isolated practitioners 
 throughout the kingdom, in the same manner as had long 
 effected so much progressive good for human medicine. He 
 had engaged me and Mr. Rickword to assist him in this 
 undertaking, and wrote to Mr. White and others for their 
 contributions; but it failed at that period, like many other 
 projects of a similar nature; and I observe that the last- 
 named gentleman, in every successive edition of his ^'Com- 
 pendium," constantly inserts his correspondents' letters on 
 various topics at length, though it was clear to me that dis- 
 
 * In that useful publication ordinary passing events are recorded monthly, 
 under the head of "Horse IntcIHgence," with brief comments, accompanied 
 at intervals with exhortations to veterinarians to contribute their experiences 
 to the same stock. In one instance, a vivid appeal, in the number for Sep- 
 tember, 1824, page 191, produced several valuable communications concern- 
 ing hydrophobia, that are embodied in the present work, and acknowledged 
 at page 162-3. The intelligent papers of Mr. Perry, of Swafl'ham, and 
 others, also owe their origin to the same stimulus to publicity and the desire 
 to establish a name for ingenuity in their profession to the writers. 
 
 ■f I took occasion to advert to that project in my preface to La Fosse's Pock- 
 et Manual, and to lament that "the want of a more liberal practice is felt as 
 an insuperable bar to improvement in the art of farriery, which would be best 
 served by communications of the discoveries made, and the mode of treatment 
 most successfully followed by various practitioners. This it is which of late 
 years has done, and is still doing, so nmch for other branchesof medicine, and 
 which, for the sake of humanity, it is devoutly to be wished could be extended 
 to this branch also." Page vi. 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 cussions like these rather belong to periodical publications, 
 such as the ^^ Annals" professes to be (where they admit of 
 refutation), than to a ** Compendium." For my part, 1 
 was early induced to enter into the spirit of those periodi- 
 cal investigations, and the inquiries set on foot in that work, 
 and occasionally to furnish the materials for an article, or 
 the argument in point for a controverted doctrine, or dis- 
 puted '* improvement." An offer of two premiums of ten 
 and five pounds for the best and second best of an <^ Essay 
 on the Structure of the Horse," had first induced me to la- 
 bour in the pages of the Annals. The award of the highest 
 premium to my paper* encouraged me to hearken to pro- 
 posals for its enlargement, and the present volume is the 
 result, t 
 
 The volume has been a long time at press, and in October 
 last was fully announced by advertisement. The author 
 could not, therefore, satisfactorily account why his title 
 w^as adopted by another in the month of April of" the pre- 
 sent year 
 
 * Divided into magazine-like portions, and inserted as convenience offered 
 in many successive numbers of the Annals of Sporting, for the years 1822, 
 3, 4, 5. 
 
 t The second premium was followed by the like result : the writer of it, 
 Mr. Percivall, (1 presume) having since then published his volume on the 
 
 Principles of the Veterinary Art." The utility of such periodical works 
 that devote their pages to the promotion of useful arts, is thus manifest in the 
 fact that to those premiums the public owe two volumes at least on animal 
 medicine. 
 
 London^ July, 1827. 
 
INTRODUCTIOJT. 
 
 As the value of the Horse is daily becoming more mani 
 fest, it is presumed that any attempt to reduce into a sys- 
 tem, the art of preserving it in health and of removing dis- 
 eases will not be unacceptable. 
 
 It is certain that at no period in the history of this coun- 
 try, has the horse stood so high in general estimation, or 
 by the display of his various powers, rendered himself an 
 object more worthy of our consideration. 
 
 As greater attention is now paid to the breeding of horses 
 ior the different purposes of the turf, the road, &c. ; so should 
 our anxiety for their preservation increase. 
 
 The object of this publication, is to render as plain and fa- 
 miliar as possible, a subject that has for a length of time 
 remained in obscurity; the want of a work possessing prac- 
 tical facts and illustrations, has long been severely felt and 
 acknowledged. 
 
 Under this conviction I am induced to lend my aid, in 
 bringing forth the present volume, with such alterations 
 and additions as an extensive practice in this city may 
 warrant. 
 
 To remove long standing prejudices, I am aware is a dif- 
 ficult task; still 1 venture to hope, that a careful perusal of 
 these pages will excite in some degree, the feelings of hu- 
 manity, in respect to the many sufferings to which the 
 generous animal is frequently liable from unmerited cruel- 
 ty and injudicious treatment, and that mankind may be in- 
 duced to view his sufferings with an eye of sympathy and 
 tenderness, and have recourse to a rational mode of prac- 
 tice, when accident or disease may require it. 
 
 1 am not aware of any publication having issued from the 
 
Xll INTRODUCTION 
 
 press in this country, in which the Veterinary Science, or 
 Art of Farriery, has been laid down in such a manner 
 as to be clearly understood; the present work is so familiar 
 in its composition, as to render it at once interesting and 
 intelligible to every one who may think proper to peruse 
 it. 
 
 To such persons who are removed at a distance from those 
 places where the assistance of a farrier can be had, in cases 
 of emergency this work must prove highly useful, as such 
 rules for the discovery of disease, and such a plan of treat- 
 ment is recommended, as, if judiciously followed, will res- 
 cue from the danger of blind experiment, the noblest and 
 most valuable quadruped in creation. 
 
 THOMAS MOORE SMITH, 
 
 VETERINARY SURGEON. 
 Philadelphia. February I 1830. 
 
COIVTEIVTS. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Pag« 
 The Origin and Seats of various Diseases in the Horse explained, 
 with a view to their Cure or Mitigation. 
 
 Introduction. The necessity and advantages of veterinary know- 
 ledge, and the means of acquiring it, as regards prevention and cure 1 
 Explanation and practical use of the skeleton ----- 4 
 
 Chapter i. External formation or structure oftho hoxie, and the dis- 
 orders originating therein .-.---.- 5 
 
 Chapter ii. Concerning the horse's inside, of its conformation, the 
 functions of the organs of lifp, and the diseases to which each is lia- 
 ble; together with outhnes of the principles upon which the cure is 
 to be eliected ----------21 
 
 Chapter hi. General observations on the animal system of the 
 horse, with reference to the origin of constitutional diseases: recapitu- 
 lation and further development of veterinary practice, upon the prin- 
 ciples before laid down .--------54 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 The CouJies and Symptoms of various Bodily Diseases incident to the 
 Horse ; with the most approved Remedies in every Case. 
 
 Chapter i. Of internal diseases - - _ - _ - 59 
 
 Chapter n. Of external disorders — abscess and tumours - - U 
 
 Chapter hi. External disorders — purulent tumours, diseases of the 
 
 glands -- ---- _-- 129 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Of the Leg and Foot of the Horse ; or, Shoeing -smithes Guide. 
 
 Chapter i. Structure and physiology of the foot; mode of studying 
 
 It advantageously .--- .--. 16(* 
 
XIV CONTENTS. 
 
 Fuga 
 
 Chapter II. Disorders of the foot and leg ----- 170 
 
 Chapter hi. Shoeing -------- 179 
 
 Chapter iv. Diseases of the foot ---.-- 188 
 
 Chapter v. Of strains generally -•-•-•- 194 
 
 On Acute Founder •----••-• 209 
 
 PLATES. 
 
 1. Skeleton of a horse - - Frontispiece. 
 
 aSandS. Anatomyof the foot - • - 169 
 
 Terms used ------- 201 
 
FAERIERY 
 
 TAUGHT 
 
 ON AN IMPROVED PLAN. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND SEATS OF VARIOUS DISEASES IN THE HORSE EXPLAINED, 
 WITH A VIEW TO I'HEIR CURE OR MITIGATION. 
 
 Introduction. — The necessity and advantages of veterinary knowledge^ 
 and tlie mearcs of acquiring it, a* regards prevention and cure. 
 
 Although it can not be denied, that "'tis better, in a humane point of view, 
 to prevent diseases than to cure them ; " yet, looking at the fact as a veterina 
 rian, without forgetting my feeUngs as a man, I do not hesitate to say, " this 
 is a consummation we can not reasonably hope to arrive at, whilst the horse is 
 compelled to exert himself to the utmost of his power for our daily profit," 
 whereby he acquires a constant disposition to create disorders. Nor would I 
 be thought to maintain, that "preventives ouffht never to be employed:" 
 the succeeding pages fully disprove such a conclusion. I merely mean to in- 
 culcate, that, under existing circumstances, they can not be resorted to gene- 
 rally : and this 1 say, notwithstanding it will be found 1 have here noted very 
 many occasions, when rest, alteratives and regimen, might be often substituted 
 for active medicines, more economically, (in my opinion,) both of lime and ex- 
 pense. The hour is not arrived, however, for me to insist too strenuously 
 upon an entirely new mode of treatment of the horse in health and in disease, 
 since that course would appear rather too theoretical for a Treatise designed 
 to be wholly practical. 
 
 Those are the reasons which have induced me to keep in view the readiest 
 way of enabling the sick animal to return to his work again, according to the 
 long beaten track gfifmy practice ; whilst my main purpose is to show, by an 
 examination of his powers and his parts (external and internal,) that a mode- 
 rate mode of treatment, in sickness and in health, would be not only more hu- 
 mane but more profitable, as preventive of many of those evils to which thou- 
 sands of horses prematurely fall victims every year. More conducive, also, to 
 a profitable result to their labours would it be for the owners of horses, instead 
 of studying how to " physic" their property, were they to put themselves in a 
 condition, as near as may be, for rejecting, with some degree of certainty, not 
 only such horses as are offered to them actually diseased, but such also as, by 
 their awkward built or structure, and consequent ill-formation of the internal 
 parts, can not fail to possess some inherent bad quality, and thereby a prone- 
 ness to its corresponding affliction to the end of their days. This ought to 
 2* 
 
2 HOW TO PROCEED WITH DISSECTION. 
 
 constitute every horseman's first step to horse knowledge, whether he under- 
 take it as an owner or as a farrier, the latter most especially; of him 1 may 
 justly add, that he can not he said to exercise his callinjj hont'stly as he ought, 
 who sullenly neglects to learn those rudiments of art and practice that teach a 
 knowledge of the animal economy atid the functions of the horse in particular. 
 1 do not hesitate to insist upon the examination of the animai's internal parts, 
 as constituting one main item of those rudiments; and I would not avoi() giving 
 this operation the {)roper name of dissection, but that 1 fear to alarm the gene- 
 ral reader with an apparent difficulty where none exists in reality. How, 
 without that previous knowledge, durst he venture to pronounce what parti- 
 cular ailment, out of the numerous catalogue that pertain to the horse, his {)a- 
 tient labours under? How can he ascertain the degree, or quantity and quality 
 of the attack, so as to know when it may be increasing in malignity, or its 
 virulence is expended? Least of all can he succeed in the cure, when so much 
 uncertainty hangs about his means of discriminating between one disorder and 
 another, — to say nothing of the usually attendant ignorance of the mode in 
 which medicines operate upon those internal parts that lie concealed from his 
 view, but upon one or the other of which they are, nevertheless, destined power- 
 fully to act. If it be allowed, that no two horses are ever affected exactly alike 
 in those disorders that depend upon the secretions, as 1 shall show at the end 
 of this chapter, how is it possible 'hat such neglectful men could ever reduce 
 the symptoms of any disorder, without reducing, at the same moment, the 
 power or functions of the part upon which their strange and ever- violent mix- 
 tures expend their force, and thus entail upon the animal a disposition to ac- 
 quire some other disorder. 
 
 Every man who would make himself proficient in the knowledge of diseases 
 should open his own dead horses, and as many more as he can obtain access 
 to, and attentively examine the state of the stomach, the liver, the lungs, the 
 heart, kidneys, and bladder. If the animal be recently dead, this profitable 
 inquiry will be far from disagreeable, unless the cause of death has been of 
 the putrid kind, spoken of in Book 11. Chuf). 1. as Typhous, but which rarely 
 happens. In the })ursuit of this necessary first step to veterinary knowledge, 
 he will proceed in this manner. The horse being on its back, two legs on the 
 Kame side are to be elevated by a cord passing round the fetlock of each, ajid 
 fastened to a nail in the ceiling or elsewhere aloft. Then with a sharp knife, 
 of the common shoemakers' kind, he will draw a straight cut all the way from 
 the first rib or breast, bone, at the intersection of O with 21 in the })icture, to 
 the sheath, or thereabouts. If the cut be not too deep, the skin will recede a 
 little, and expose the membrane; cutting through this the intestines will pro- 
 trude, and drive forth a thin expansive membranous sac, apj)arenlly unattach- 
 ed, being designed for holding the guts, and preventing friction. This soon 
 'jursts, and the blind gut (or tfxtum), described at section 48, apy)ears. He 
 will slit open this pouch, and examine its contents before he quits the subject, 
 probably; but his first business is with the stomach, which is depicted in the 
 annexed plate, as situated at the conjunction of IKL with the figures 26 — 29. 
 Herein will be found the last drench that sent him out of life, or the last food, 
 that gave hopes of a prolonged existence; and on its surface, vulgarly termed 
 the coats of the stomach (when turned inside out), may be discovered the havoc 
 committed by the farrier's unskilfulness : according to the strength of the poi- 
 sons so administered, will the coats show the dilapidation, or at times a hole 
 will have been perforated, that is the cause of instant death. 
 
 The young operator will keep in mind what is said of those parts at sec- 
 tions 45, 4G, &c., if he do not turn to and read tliem over once more before he 
 ukes up the knife. With the same |)recaution as to re-reading section 52. 
 Itc he will proceed to examine the state and appearance of the Uver and kid« 
 
APPEARANCE OF THE INSIDK 3 
 
 neys. The description of these will be found at sections 52 and 53 respective- 
 ly ; and they are delineated as situated in the picture, the hver between the 
 parallels of J — N, 22 — 28, and the kidneys at H, 29, 30. Returning forwards, 
 the operator will find his way to the heart and lungs oirstructed by the niidriff, 
 (see plate at 22 to 28, ascending slantwise from L to H) that divides and keeps 
 asunder these from the first-named parts, lest the guts and liver should ob- 
 struct the action (functions) of the heart and lungs, and zn'te versa. Its ap- 
 pearance has been described (sect. 35.) as resembling a drum-head ; and like 
 it, if pricked with the knife, the cavity of the chest is instantly laid open — an 
 immense vacuity, that proves to what a vast extent the lungs must fill at every 
 ins[)iration of fresh air, to occupy so great a space, and further spread out the 
 ribs to the utmost extent of the intercostal muscle that holds them together. 
 In the plate the lungs are depicted in a quiescent state, at J to N, and 15 to 
 22; but when filled they occupy all the vacant space above, in addition to their 
 lateral width. Hence, the importance of this viscus (as they call each of the 
 vital parts above named), to which 1 have attached such high consideration 
 in the sequel, will at once be seen and appreciated. See sections 31 — 3G. 
 
 Concerning the Heart, its structure and functions, — so much has been said 
 in another place, and so minute is the description of each, that I shall add no 
 more here, than refer to the sections, where the reader may find ample in- 
 structions for examining this main-spring of animal life. See sections 37 to 
 10. In the annexed picture, it is delineated as lying near the lungs [LMN, 
 i9 — 21], to the upper part whereof it is attached, as described hereafter. 
 
 By pursuing this course of inquiry, the operator will discover what is, or 
 •ught to be, the healthful state and appearances of the main functions of the 
 animal system, — he will perceive the auxiliaries and their uses, — he will have 
 .nformed himself (it is hoped) of the treatment any horse has received previ- 
 ously to its death; and he may thus store up in his mind, or better still, upon 
 paj)er, what dread efllects maybe produced by the drenches, cordials and diu- 
 retics that stiumlate but to destroy the vitals of the animal. He will see and 
 compare the animals that die in health (accidentally), or after a short illness, 
 with those which die after protracted illness; upon the healthy ones that are 
 doomed, a few hours previously, he may try the experiment of some favoured 
 farrier's celebrated mixture, and subsequently send him the stomach to prove it3 
 efficacy in " killing all disorders." 
 
 Happily, the cause of humanity may be served, and the interests of his own- 
 «;r promoted at the same time, by our (first) ascertaining the nature and 
 amount of the horse's powers by his make, shape, or built; and, thereupon, 
 demanding of him no more, in the way of service, than is clearly proveable to 
 tie within his power, or putting him to those labours only to which his capa- 
 bilities are best adapted. In the neglect of this plain rule lies the root of all 
 error as regards [)reserving the health of horses. Some materials for making 
 a tolerably good estimate as to this head of information, are arranged -in the 
 first chapter : the second being well pondered, and the facts and observations 
 it contains rightly stored up in the reader's mind, he will learn what functions 
 belong to each part of the animal in health ; or, these being deranged or ob- 
 structed, he will know in how much the horse is affected : and the third chap- 
 ter being read with reference to both, I entertain the well founded hope, that 
 this course will enable the general reader to form tolerably accurate notions of 
 the nature, origin, and tendency of the animal's internal and constitutional 
 diseases, upon which all the others depend, but which have hitherto received 
 but litile attention any where here, and, consequently, are but imperfectly 
 known among us. Not only so, but the reader may, b}' these means, by study 
 and close observation, enable himself to demonstrate nearly to a certainty, 
 when a cure is hopeless ; and further the cause of humanity, and the interesti 
 
4 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATC. 
 
 of its owner at the same time, by ordering the horse to be destroyed at once, 
 rather than by fruitless delay, and at a heavy expense, prolonging the animal's 
 fiuflerings to no worthy purpose. 
 
 1 have not confined my researches to disease only: in the first chapter, the 
 shoeing-smith will find explained the principles upon which depend deformi- 
 ties of the hoof, and he may fashion his work accordingly; whilst the choice 
 of a horse may be undertaken with some confidence, ii' the purchaser keeps in 
 mind the practical advice and information here collected together from various 
 sources, and added to my own observations, and long, extensive, and success- 
 ful experience, in all matters of this nature. 
 
 Explanation and practical use of the Skeleton annexed. 
 
 The references that are made to the annexed plate, and which will neces- 
 sarily be found rather numerous in the chapter on conformation, are so made 
 by means of letters and figures, corresponding with similar letters and figures 
 upon the plate. The letters direct the reader's eye across the picture, the 
 figures from top to bottom ; when he is referred both by letter, and figure, the 
 place of intersection is the point to which his attention ought to be directed. 
 Thus [G. 37.] which, by placing a flat ruler, or a piece of paper, across at " G." 
 and ruiniing the finger downwards from the figure " 37," would be found to 
 intersect each other at the insertion or commencement of the horse's tail ; 
 whilst [Y. 40.] would bring us to the hindermost pastern. Again, [K. L. 
 M. N. 14, 15, 16.] or [K — N. 14 — 16.] directs the readers atte'ntion to the 
 shoulder-bone ; at [M. 20.] is his heart, and at [H. 29.] his kidneys are 
 placed. 
 
 The reader will please to observe, that the Frontispiece is meant to be, less 
 what is termed " a pretty picture" than a practically useful one, calculated to 
 facilitate his comprehension of what is said in this treatise about the living 
 horse, his structure, and internal formation; of his capalnlities, and all of the 
 diseases arising from their misapplication. To this end, a mere elevation of 
 the skeleton was reijuisite ; and, that this should be rendered more practically 
 useful, it is divitied into squares, for more ready reference. The figure itself, 
 is that of a rather long bodied horse; the blade-bone having been lowered to 
 show the continuity of the vertebra), or backbone, between the shoulders, and 
 the elbow being bent forward for that purpose, so that the shoulder-bone 
 is brought to form its sharjiest angle. This position of the limb, of course, 
 rendered the subject of the plate lower before than he would be were those 
 bones more straight up and down than they are. See Section 8. 
 
 He will observe, too, that the situation only of some internal parts was re- 
 quired for the purpose of elucidation ; thus, the heart seems unsuspended by 
 its vessels, as its pericardium and part of the lungs are removed ; and it fol- 
 lows, that whoever expected to find a delineation of every viscus, perfect, has 
 deceived himself, — if any such there be. Respecting the poll, or bones of the 
 head and neck, the reader will find some remarks in Section 16. 
 
 Further, the references my readers will meet with in the midst of the text 
 are necessarily as brief as they are useful, and are made to the sections, or 
 oarts, into which the first two chapters are divided after the manner of verses. 
 
 This mode of reference will be found highly serviceable in his inquiries by 
 the attentive reader, who is unused to study things of this nature, but who 
 must soon perceive the great practical advantages to be derived from so inti- 
 mate an acquaintance with the subject as this method of learning it will fur- 
 oisli him the means of acquiring. If, in the prosecution of his studies, he 
 
EXTERNAL FORMATION, DISORDERS, &c 5 
 
 happen to forget what has been before said, tending to the same point of in- 
 formation, or he be at a loss whereabout he should look to refresh his memory, 
 these references supply him with the ready means of overcoming the difficulty. 
 By adopting this method, 1 have likewise avoided the repetitions inseparable 
 from a work of this nature, and have thus saved room. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 External formation or structure of the Horse, and the disorders originating 
 
 therein. 
 
 Section 1. — Scarcely any man who is in the habit of seeing many horses 
 perform their labour, and observing their capabilities of several kinds, but ac- 
 quires, thereby, some insight of the properties conferred on the animal by 
 such or such points of conformation. He can tell, at first sight, nearly from 
 this habitude, " what a horse can do ;" but few men reduce their observations 
 to writing, least of all to principles, upon which we may afterwards reason, or 
 draw conclusions with any degree of certainty, as to what duties a horse can 
 not perform properly, when wanting those points of excellence, and which 
 duties ought, therefore, never to be required of him ; or, being so imposed 
 upon him improperly, are productive of certain disorders that invariably attend 
 such misapplication of his powers. No doubt it has happened, that a horse 
 with a radical defect, — in the shape of his hind quarters, for example, — yet 
 having a corresponding defect before, the one makes up for the other, and 
 such horses may occasionally perform well for a short time, but then they are 
 no lasters ; all the while they may thus be at the full stretch of their physical 
 powers, straining to the utmost the immediate coverings of the bones, some 
 thing or other is going to wreck — of muscle or tendon, of ligature or sinew. 
 Sooner or later so much excessive fatigue of the deformity runs along the 
 solids, and reaching the vitals, occasions constitutional disease, or leave behind 
 it an incurable malady of the limbs, mostly descending to the feet. Equally 
 true is it, that we find out new properties, or hidden powers in a horse, which 
 had never hitherto been known to his owners ; but, then, as I shall particu- 
 larize by and by, no such latent powers were ever discovered in any horse, 
 without his possessing certain just proportions of the bones taken altogether.* 
 What these proportions are, as well as what they are not, I come presently to 
 la}/ down : the integuments (or coverings) ever adapting themselves thereto, in 
 one case produce what is called symmetry ; but if the limb be disproportioned, 
 the coverings adapt themselves to that particular defect, and enlarged muscle 
 at these particular places becomes visible to the common observer. 
 
 The acquiring a ready mode of discovering when a horse of the one or the 
 other formation is presented to our notice, forms the perfection of art in pur- 
 chasing a horse. 
 
 2. But the horses's achievements, or " what he can do," under certain cir- 
 cumstances of shape and make, would ill employ my pen at the present mo- 
 ment — valuable as the investigation must always be in itself — were it not for 
 the practical application I mean to make of it shortly, by way of illustrating 
 the direct contrary, or defective shape and make, as being the harbinger of 
 
 * Eclipse, a horse whose very name is used as synonymous for speed, had none of the pro- 
 
 S onions generally deemed indispensable to great speed, and he was cast, by the Duke of Cum- 
 erland, for his apparent deformities when a colt; but his defects in one particular were amply 
 Bupplied by excesses in another, and, taken altogether, composed the very best bit of bone, 
 blood, and muscle ever produced. His lineage, lateral consanguinity, iiidlhe L'nd of cross tj 
 which he was got, demand the breeders' serious attention. 
 
6 THE LEGS OF A SKITTISH HORSE. 
 
 poveral radical disorders of his frame. Nor is this all ; some are so evidently 
 ill -formed in the chest and carcase, from the moment they are foaled, that no 
 art of ours is equal to prevciitintr the return of certain disorders which are sure 
 to attend a horse of that particular formation all his life time. As the one is 
 knt^vn and inevitable, so the effects of the other may be foreseen, and, in 
 some degree, alleviated, if so much trouble and expense be not greater than 
 the value of the horse. This is all that can be done for such an animal ; and 
 since the resources of art are not equal to the obstacles of animated nature, so 
 no man ought unreasonably to expect, least of all, to force his beast, to per- 
 form any species of labour or exercise for which nature or the accident of 
 birth hath rendered him anywise unfit ; although it must be allowed, as a 
 general axiom, that it is only by pushing the aninial to the extent of his pow- 
 ers, that we can fmd out the most he is capable of performing at any given 
 Work. In this way it was the fast-trotting powers of the Phenomena mare 
 (which was before then a butcher's hack) were discovered ; for people of this 
 trade generally try the utmost their nags can perform in the trot. 
 
 To be able to judge of a horse's defects as to what he can not do, undoubtedly 
 it seems necessary to ascertain what constitutes a fine figure, or a perfect one, 
 that can do every thing ; but when it is considered that the exposure of those 
 defects is intended to apply wholly to the origin of disorders for which he will 
 require medical treatment, if he does not deserve rejection in toio, 1 shall find 
 less occasion for adverting to any known horse, entirely without error in his 
 form or built. In most cases, however, good symmetry being accompanied 
 not only by the power of achieving great feats, but a good portion of health 
 also, or, at any rate, the absence of the diseases incident to a bad form, I may 
 be allowed, while exposing his faults, to deviate a little, and to contemplate 
 some few of his perfections also. 
 
 3. The most obvious physical truths are those which can be explained upon 
 the principles of mechanics; upon such a basis, even the most abstract can be 
 6^(L'.urely grafted : that intelligence which is derived from experience, from ob- 
 servation, experiment, and acute reasoning, is rendered more easily understood 
 when conveyed with mechanical precision ; and however strange it may ap- 
 pear to some, the gift of speed, if not of all progression, depends more upon 
 mechanical jirinciples than is commoidy understood to be the case. See 
 farther onward at Section 9, where the details are given. In all compound 
 bodies, whetlier animate or inanimate, intended for our active use, it is above 
 all other things requisite that they should stand well upon their bases or legs. 
 A horse, or a joint stool, evidently defective in this particular quality, would 
 be shunned as insecure ; and the one is sometimes endued with niovements as 
 little suited to one's ideas of getting on safely as the other, both being indebted 
 to their original bad built (or charpente^ as Lafosse calls it) for the defect. 
 Cover them both, the one with muscle and skin, the other with drapery, how 
 you vvill, the faulty legs are faulty still. A good stable aphorism has it thus 
 — "a horse that does not stand well can do nothing well; and by natural 
 inference, the horse that walks well can perform other paces well." 
 
 A much better example, however, may be found 
 in a four legged table, of which every horseman 
 knows there are many of different sizes and ot 
 various workmanship), some for heavy or rough 
 usage, others more for show and to sustain light 
 weights. But, if the fore and hind legs bend 
 towards each other upon the ground, any car- 
 |)enter may see that this first element of an ill-for- 
 mation must sooner or later, produce a fall; he will know that more strength 
 tor supporting great weights would be found by making all four legs perpendicu^ 
 
MECHANICAL EXPLANATION. TREAD OF THE FOOT. 7 
 
 *ar. But a horse not being like a table, immoveably fixed upon its legs, but being 
 required not only to bear up but to proceed with his load, — which is sometimes 
 effected with difficulty on account of its weight; then must his powers of 
 pressing onwards be estimated by the positions in which he can plare the 
 bones of his hinder part, the legs particularly, since it is to these the propul- 
 sion of his body forwards is chiefly indebted. In 
 his efforts to accomplish this duty, the position 
 of his hind legs will resemble those of the second 
 table in the margin, stretched out constantly as 
 these are, and each leg alternately twice as much 
 beyond his body ; while his fore legs will bend 
 under him alternately also, like those in the first 
 table. In both movements his legs are stretched 
 to their utmost when the drag is up hill, because the resistance to be overcome 
 is then greatest, and we can thus form an opinion how much " he has the 
 free use of his legs." When this is the case, all horses step short ; but, upon 
 even ground, the hind leg, to be perfect, should come finely forward in the 
 walk, and occupy the identical spot which the fore leg had just quitted. See 
 further at Section 8. As the horse gets old, is tired, disordered, or over-much 
 laden, he ceases to do this as usual, in the exact ratio that he is affected the 
 one way or the other. 
 
 4. Mares, occasionally, and skittish horses, frequently bring their legs to- 
 gether, much resembling the first figure, and are insecure roadsters as well as 
 poor draught horses. The second sketch is the walking motion of an unladen 
 cart-horse or a coach-horse standing still ; these, as well as hunters, take the 
 same position, which indicates that they have the free use of their limbs. In 
 the drag, the former bring their fore legs under their bodies, the principle be- 
 ing applicable to any quadruped performing the like task ; and such a horse 
 would consequently fall down forward but for the resistance of the load he 
 draws. But this accident seems provided for, by the power the horse has of 
 contracting the muscles (see Section 10), and drawing up quickly the lower 
 part of his limb, in time to get it out of the way of his hind leg, both motions 
 forming each a separate effort toward progression. I still have in view a walk- 
 ing pace, all other paces being no other than modifications of the walk ; and, 
 in fact, " a horse that walks well can do any thing else well," an aphorism 
 that is atwin with one equally well founded in the preceding section. 
 
 With some horses, the hind foot, instead of coming forward, as described at 
 the bottom of the last section, upon the spot of ground marked by the fore one, 
 falls short of the mark. — These never turn out fast ones, although their fault 
 does not always consist in the shape or disproportion of the bones, but in the 
 contraction of the muscle or tendon (see this tendon described under the head of 
 "Foot"); at times it is owing to the relaxation of the immediate coverings of 
 the bones, described at Section 16. Such horses may be well enough to look 
 at, but can not perform properly. The extreme of this misfortune is termed 
 stringhalt; but every approach towards it, however trivial, is good cause for 
 rejecting the animal, in case of the hind foot coming too far forward (in the 
 walk still) and striking the fore one, the fault lies in want of sufficient strength 
 (or quickness) in the fore leg ; besides which see further at Section 10. If the 
 hind foot comes down sometimes inside, at others outside, the just quitted 
 situation of the fore foot, the animal has a disagreeable rolling in his gait from 
 side to side, the fault being as often in the fore leg as in the hinder one, some- 
 times in both. Such horses commence a journey with much apparent confi- 
 dence, but tiring soon, they fall into their old error, and the security they have 
 inspired is found to be deceptions : — many accidents are the consequence. 
 This fault I hesitate whether to ascribe to the fore leg or the hind one but it 
 
8 PROGRESSION. ADAPTATION OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 certainly originates in a disagreement between the fixing of the two upon the 
 body, either as to the situation, or want of muscular strength at the place of 
 joining. Such a horse is a stumbler, and when he trots away from us, we 
 can see nearly as much of his fore legs as of his hind ones ; in the straight- 
 built, well-set limbed horse, the fore legs are then concealed from our sight by 
 the hind ones. I own this is with me a grand criterion for judging as to a 
 horse's capability of going over the ground. In racing, or indeed any run- 
 ning, the fore legs are then brought closer together, the hind legs rather wider 
 (so in leaping), as we see in greyhounds, hares, deer, and all other fleet 
 creatures. 
 
 Such as I have described is the act of progression with all horses, but in 
 various degrees, according to their sizes (as with the coach-horse, saddle-horse, 
 poney); four such efforts having called into action all the bones of the body, 
 including more or less that of the head, tail, and neck, according to the pace 
 or other circumstances. — See Section 11. Hence it must be clear, that to 
 perform this duty of progression, or getting forward, properly, as regards 
 either the length of time he sustains it, or the quickness of performance, 
 weight, or velocity, the limbs must be adapted to the kind of work the horse 
 has to perform and to each other, whether that be in harness, on the turf, the 
 chase, or the road. 
 
 5. We do not find this adaptation of the limbs so much in the amount of 
 covering the bones may have on them, as in the size and proportion of these, 
 and the suitable manner in which they are fastened together; as may be seen 
 in those horses (blood) where tendon supplies the place of muscle, and most 
 strength resides in the smallest compass ; and, as may be proved by the ob- 
 struction to his paces, which is always observable in the horse burthened with 
 very muscular shoulders. Equally true is it, that, after we have approved of 
 the proportions of a pair of horses in respect to bone and built, certain powers 
 of going or lastingness are frequently discovered to be possessed by one so 
 much beyond his match, that we are compelled to admit those powers do re- 
 side in something else than in his built. Superior health, sound wind, cour- 
 3g6, give this strength, with speed, and lastingness ; the bones being then 
 well cased together and strongly supported by their immediate covering, have 
 full and fair play.* But wherever they be fundamentally ill-adapted to each 
 other, in whatever degree this escapes our observation, the muscles and tendi- 
 nous parts adapt themselves in some measure to that lamentable kind of form, 
 but which no filling up, or after-accommodation of the parts to each other, can 
 completely eradicate, though it may he concealed from our view. The mus- 
 cle that is so perverted rises up in the middle preturnaturally, as if some sprain 
 or other had caused that appearance ; the contiguous parts, consequently, un- 
 dergo greater fatigue than, in the event of finer symmetry, would have fallen 
 to their share : and the extraordinary friction or working thereof, occasions, at 
 a day more or less remote, the exhaustion of its powers (see Section 21), and 
 the lodgement of acrimonious matter in the cellular membrane, which ap- 
 pears in tumour, abscess, &c. This protuberant appearance of the muscle 
 is most visible at the stifle [N. 30], and on the shoulder [M. 16], just above 
 the elbow. 
 
 A more minute inquiry, however, on those points would lead me away — 
 too far from my main purpose, at present ; I therefore return to notice, in the 
 first place, the structure of the legs of such horses as, by their untoward posi- 
 
 * Firing is supp««eu to restore derangement of the integuments, by causing inflammation 
 and contraction thereof upon the bone, soaa to embrace it more tightly. This is effected ty 
 much f if the muscle being taken up into the system, or sloughing off in the ciure ; as well as this 
 contraction of the flexor tendon (back einew] and ita sheath. 
 
DEFORMED UMBS. 9 
 
 tion, entail on them the chances of producing some one or other of those evils 
 that are known to afflict certain horses, incurably, to the end of their days. 
 Thus, some are known to tread on the inner quarter of the hoof, others on 
 the outside, without the real cause being ever ascertained, and remedies are 
 frequently appried that have not the remotest chance of achieving any good, 
 on that very account. Some horses " cut" in consequence of treading on the 
 outer quarter ; on the contrary, by punishing the inner quarter in treading, 
 others contract a disposition to "quittor and ringlxjne ;" both instances of 
 mal-formation, or bad built (as I call it), produce splents, diseases of the frog, 
 of the sensible sole, and of the coronet, as the case may be: how the various 
 modes o( wrong treading are brought on remain to be examined into hereafter. 
 Meantime, it may not be amiss to observe that the right mode and make may 
 be discovered by noticing the pn)portions of those horses, that, by the acknow- 
 letlged just synunetry of their bones, the agreement in size of one limb with 
 another, and the faultless manner in which these are attached to the body, 
 go tolerably free from any such diseases, until old age, accident, or the misap- 
 plication of their powers, brings on disease. 
 
 6. There are, then, three kinds of mal -formation, or bad shape, attendant 
 on the liuibs of horses, which I consider original faults, those others to which 
 they give rise l)eing but secondary ones. 1st. That wherein the leg is ill-form- 
 ed in itself. 2tl. When it is badly joined to the bxly. 3d. When the fore 
 legs disagree with the hind ones in length or quantity. Each, being attended 
 by its respective defect in going, as to safety, speed, or strength, and liable lo 
 incur one or other of the ills enumerated, as appearing on the legs and feet — 
 is worthy of the reader's separate consideration ; although it frequently hap- 
 pens that an individual horse is afflicted with all three faults at the same time, 
 the two first being found together, subsequently producing the other also. But 
 I have generally noticed that one of those faults sometimes accommodates 
 itself to the other, amending it considerably; as, when a limb that is too long 
 is set higher up on the body than is esteemed right construction, in the same 
 manner as a horse lame of a leg may be passed olf for sound should the cor- 
 responding leg of his body also fall lame.* Much the same is it with the 
 third kind of disagreement, in the opinion of many people; l)ecause it has 
 exist^ed in some («lebrated horses, and they would have us believe that this 
 very disagreement was itself the cause of the celebrity those individuals ar- 
 rived at. This, however, was not the fact. 
 
 7. The Phccnomena mare, unquestionably the first trotter of her inches in 
 our days, never did her work in style: nobody could account for her achieve- 
 ments upon the view, and 1 had always my doubts whether hers vvas a fair 
 trot, though I won upon her. In the trot she had an unaccountable shuffle. 
 She was low before, but had the gift of taking her fore feet out of the way 
 of the hinder, which fell (in the walk) about half a shoe beyond that of the 
 fore ones, the feet reaching the ground in succession. 
 
 Laertes, a grey horse, hunted in Leicestershire, 1818, 1819,+ of no par- 
 ticular powers any where, and confessedly clumsy in the f»)r(!hand, without 
 much fire, was yet in the habit of taking the ordinary six-feet leaps with ease, 
 and clearing a ditch of twenty-five feet with pleasure, often exceeding those 
 admeasurements by nearly a fourth. Eclipse is known to all of us (as matter 
 of histury) for having had a low shoulder, which gave his fore quarters an 
 awkward appearance: but this was comi-ensated for by the fine form of his 
 hind quarter, which, being particularly strong and muscular, tlirew his body 
 
 * Certain dealers are known to fiave inflicted lameness on the fool WJUi this view. Horrid 
 tnd disgusting us is the relation, 'tis no less true, 
 t At ihal time the property of Mr. Miiberly. 
 
 3 
 
10 ECLIPSE— IVIAKE OF SHOULDER, 
 
 forward at every Ipap, in despite of his low fore quarter, — for riinnin;^ is no 
 other than the leap reiterated. One leading characteristic, however, denoted 
 all three horses to be of the right stamp in the main : they stood even on their 
 leg-bones and tlie soles of tlieir feet; that is to say, straight np and down, 
 nearly, from the efboxs [N. 1(>] to the ground Iwfore, and from the stiJle-]o\n\ 
 [N. 3()j to the ground behind, respectively; both these parts, viewed sidewavs 
 m the plate, being placed nearly horizontal, as regards each other, on the line 
 [N] ; at least, this was the relative position of tlie stide and elbow, in the two 
 first-mentioned animals, and of the third I do but presume that he was so> 
 for " the history" of his form in this respect leaves us a little in doubt. 
 
 But "the shoulder. of Ecii[)se was a low one," say the published accounts 
 of him ; yet, as this defect, real or supposed, consisted in the inclination of the 
 shoulder-boiie [Iv to Nj above the ell)ow, by reason of the great freedom of 
 the muscles which held it and the shoulder-blade in position, he would, when 
 stepping out with the tore leg, rise higher than when he stotxl still; a particu- 
 larity that is reversed in horses whose shoulder-blades are set on more nearly 
 upright than those of Eclipse were. This accounts for the vaulting manner 
 he had, as we read in the printed accounts of his explints; arid his running 
 greyhound fashion, with his chest close to the ground, for he would thereby 
 keep off the ground longer l>etwixt each leap, until the impetus received from 
 his hind legs was nearer spent than it would have been but for thus holdincr 
 up his fore feet. On referring to those parts in the annexed plate, they will 
 lie found thus drawn. 
 
 8. Viewed in front, the fore legs, upon which the safety and ease of the 
 animal's going chiefly depends, should, to be perfect, be widest next the chest, 
 Fig. 3. a|)proaching each other gradually, until the eye, hav- 
 
 ing compared that part with the pastern, scarc(>Iy 
 {K-rceives the dili'erence. Here, the leg, taken by it- 
 self, is smaller, though the interval between the knoes 
 and the feet does not ditier, on account of the width 
 and flatness which ought to exist in the well-formed 
 knee, yet, taken on the outside, considerably more 
 breadth will be found al>ove than l)elow. Such a 
 knee, when flat and linely marked at the joint, is al- 
 ways well covered in a healthy horse, (see section 15), 
 he then throws it out with great freedom, and takes 
 a firm step fairly on the entire bottom of his hoof; 
 but, should the leg be ever so good a one in itself, 
 yet placed too high u[)on the chest, where it is held, 
 ,not by a socket or insertion of the l)one, but by strong 
 'elastic muscle only, this throws the feet too near to- 
 gether upon the ground ; the horse then treads on 
 the outer quarter of h:s hoof, and wears away the wall ; and, when tired, is 
 most commonly given to cut. Endi'avours are used in shoeing to amend this 
 fault, by })aring away the inner crust; but it is one of those defects in the 
 built which no art can completely eradicate, and has been termed "pigeon- 
 toed." 
 
 JNTor is the matter rendered anv better when, by reason of the knees turn- 
 ing ir., the toes turn out, and the horse then treads on the iimer quarter ; and, 
 however those of the one or the other deseri|>tion may have the reputation t)f 
 great speed, it can \ye for a short distance onlv, because the action of such 
 horses must be laboured and imperfect, particularly one of the latter kind of 
 make. He must, consequently, fatigue himself more at every step, and tire 
 sooner than one of the same size, and formed in every other resj)ect similar 
 but having legs that come nearer in shape to those in the annexed sketch [tig. 
 
SHOn,DERS LARGE.— ACTION. H 
 
 3]. That such knock-knee form is occasioned by weakness, is evident from 
 the position of the knees, when the animal stands at rest. This he does oy 
 supporting himself at times hke a daiiciiig-inaster, with one loot before the 
 otiier; and, no doubt, the twist with wliich his pace is always attended when 
 going, occasions certain disorders of the feet, which he seeks to ease by shift- 
 ing tlie weight alternately from one, to the other foot. He will, moreover, 
 sooner " knock up," and ultimately "get done for" earlier in life, by reason 
 of the origin of this species of malformation being seated liigh up on the limb, 
 thereby incommoding the action of the shoulder-muscles: the elbow, at N. 
 14, by being pressed close to the ribs, having thrown in the knees, receives, at 
 every step the leg takes, a kind of double motion, which, of course, doubly 
 alfects the action ol those parts; and much fatigue, pain, and anguish succeed 
 each other, until it communicates to the cavity of the chest, or other internal 
 parts. Such animals have frequently the shoulders uimsually muscular, hid- 
 ing, in a good measure, the original defect from the eye and touch of a com- 
 mon observer ; but it may, nevertheless, be ascertained to exist, by the symp- 
 toms just now mentioned, as well as by the appearance of the protruding 
 nuiscie before noticed at Sect. 5. To kncx^ked knees and inside tread, let me 
 adil tlie circumstance, that such horses have a broken pace, kicking loose 
 stones before them, with a certain rolling from side to side, to the great annoy- 
 ance of the rider. All this arises from awkwardness, by reason of the shoul- 
 der's bad position, whereliy the leg being thrown sideways removes the foot 
 in an increasing ratio from the centre of gravity, and, instead of its being 
 thrown straight forward, describes part of a circle, more or less curved, ac- 
 Fig. 4. cording to the amount of the original defect. 
 
 The straight dotted line shows the space a well- 
 formed foot, such as belong to the leg in our pre- 
 
 ^ .^"^ ceding sketch (3), would take, being on papejt 
 
 ''^ '«-» just one inch ; the curved line shows the course, 
 
 •- ^ or nearly so, the foot is thrown which belongs to 
 
 v^ ,%a^ an il!-formed shoulder, contracted at the elbow: 
 
 '"■•• •■■" as this line is an inch and an eighth (1 in. ^) in 
 
 length, the horse so formed does an eighth more 
 work than one with straight legs would do on going over the same ground. 
 
 In addition to his other evils, a horse with such a shoulder (being muscular) 
 is most liable to contract "fistula in the withers;" but, if not so muscular, 
 " strain of the shoulder" is likely to attend his twisted manner of treadiiig, when 
 hard worked. With such a built horse, "splents" are usually more tedious 
 than with a straight-limbed one; and strains of the sinews, i.e. of the tendon, 
 as well as those of the coifin-joint, happen oftener, and appear with worse 
 symptoms, in proportion as the limbs are more or less cross-built*. 
 
 y. Long and sloping pasterns [Y, 1.3 — 16, and Y, 34 — 31)] partly denote 
 the Arabian, are handsome to view, and make easy goers; but such horses 
 soon tire, and, 1 may say, are generally weak, having the flexor tendon, or 
 back sinew, considerably relaxed. The small pastern, or bone inserted at the 
 hoof, always rises in a direct line from the hoof, both being about 45 degrees 
 for saddle-horses, as at b, (tig. 5.) and the large pastern is then several degrees 
 nearer to upright. These hoofs stand of an oval shape, a.id have small frogs. 
 But some, as draught horses, have large frogs, the hoof round, and more 
 upright by nearly ten degrees in early life, as at (c) in the annexed scale, in 
 wliich case they arc liable, if no change takes place, and they get older and 
 weaker in the joints, to " knuckle over." But, getting aged, and the supply 
 
 * I resei-ve un'.il a latter part of the volume what 1 .?liall have to say, respecting strain of the 
 back siaevv andof the cofJiii-joint, whicii I have thus named in conformity with liie general 
 vui^ahsfi^ in order to make myself intelligible to the meanest capacity.— See /\»o^, a section ai. 
 
i3 HOOF, nS SHAPE AND MARE. 
 
 •f nutriment for ropairing wear and waste falling short, the horse becomet 
 'Jommice-foot^l. The wall or crust is then lower; and as the lH)ttom of 
 Fig. 5, the foot grows convex, causing the aiii- 
 
 <e, mal to slip about, so the front of the 
 -? hoof (a — c) grows concave, the toe (e) 
 I almost turning u[)wanls. Horses ke|it 
 for heavy drauglit have short pastern 
 i bones, the small one entering the hoot' at 
 I the coronet (c) in early life, but aftcr- 
 i wards changes, as I say, to {a — d); and 
 I this new inclinaiion, it will l)e seen, 
 j must depress the bone, as the animal 
 I acquires the sort of hoof called pom- 
 I mice-footed, and causes a constant strain- 
 \ ing upon the coronet ; hence, the crip- 
 ■■. \ I pling, insecure gait, horses of this de- 
 \\ : scription acquire, even before they gel 
 old ; and hence those numerous disor- 
 ders to which the feet are liable from 
 this one origin. 
 
 Contracted heels of this or any other species of horse, being destructive of 
 his capability of going, should be guarded against as much as any other in- 
 dividual misfortune to which he is liable: a disposition thereto constitutes suf- 
 ficient ground for rejection. When this is the case, the interval or cleft be- 
 tween the heels, at {d) in the annexed scale, is found to be more or less tender, 
 according to the progress of the disease ; the cleft will, in health, receive two 
 fingers lain in, the part having in it nothing unusual in the feel. Soon, how- 
 ever, the k.c-at increases, the part hardens, and the cleft scarcely admits of a 
 small finger ; the horse Hinches as if you touched a sore, and nothing but time 
 and proper treatment can restore him, if any thing can. Most commoidy, 
 however, the disease proceeds until the clefts of the heels meet and become 
 rotten. Pressure upon the frog, is the certain preventive of contraction. See 
 *' Foot." 
 
 When the pastern-bones (great and small) rise one above the other too up* 
 rightly, the small one receives the whole concussion, and communicates th« 
 jar to every minute construction of the internal foot. See Foot, siH^tion of. 
 The jarring of his pace is then very great, both to the horse and his rider. 
 Such horses are very liable to go lazne occasionally, but they recover by rest. 
 The ass and wild hovse (i>oney) are thus formed ; but Iwing hardy, and having 
 less blood and less weight of body to carry about, sutler less by it than the 
 horse. 
 
 The just form or elevation of the hoof in front, upon which mainly depends 
 its form behind, has been discussed by various writers, but remains yet awhile 
 uncertain and unsettled. Mr. B. Clarke judges 33 degrees of elevation from 
 the ground to be the best form of the hoof, and Mr. White quotes him with a 
 portion of approbation, but most unaccountably refers to his "plate iv," on 
 which an inscription tells us the fact is not so, but 45 degrees is the l>est pt>s- 
 sible elevation of the hoof: whilst those which are higher (lower he writes it, 
 or "33"), "approach too near the perpendicular;" the figure on the plate 
 itself dirti^ring with the diagram on the {)age of his book (305). 
 
 My ideas, however, on tins subject are not so general; for 1 have found the 
 best form of the hoof diflf^r, according to the shape of the two pasterns, as 
 they regard the hoof and each other; deeming that the best, in its particular 
 case, where the small one follows the same declination as the hoof, and the 
 large pastern ascends twenty degrees nearer to the upright, as before stated. 
 
CAT-HAMIMED, HOW CONTRACTED. 
 
 13 
 
 The preceding figure (No. 5) shows the outhne of tliree feet of different Je« 
 grcrs of elevation : b d di-scrihiis the Hoe of the coronet, or orifice, into which 
 the thickest enti of th(! small pastern-bone sinks, and rests upon the springy 
 £:u!)stance attached to the inside of the hoof, and which bone, we naturally 
 exi)e(l, should ascend out of, and take the same direction as, the hoof, whence 
 U springs. Any departure from this rule of nature is clearly an approach 
 towards disease. In the paragraph above, I showed what mischief might be 
 drrived from an upright small pastern, such as would suit the outline hoof 
 (c); of course, this elevation, or a greater, would be a mis-shapen hoof as 
 Weil as pastern. In like matmer, we know that the pommice-foot is out of 
 point and diseased, and it follows that the best possible elevation of the hoof 
 must necessarily li«' in the medium of tliose extremes, which we know to be 
 diseases in themselves: this it is to determine a contest mechanically, without 
 once adverting to the well-known circumstance of the health and free use of 
 its heels, which attends the horse whose hoof is, at any time of life, near 45 
 degrees of elevation or depression. Did we require more arguments to prove 
 this to be the proper elevation, a conclusive one could be found in the well- 
 known circumstance of those hoofs of horses which are very upright in early 
 life becoming the lowest when the animals get old ; whilst those hoofs which 
 come near tlie standard of excellence in youth (45 degrees), retain the same 
 form, as nearly as the injuries of shoeing admit of, to an extreme old acre. 
 
 Ficr. 6 
 
 10. So far as the foregoing observations on the fore-legs apply, they do be- 
 long, in every particular, and with equal reason, to the hind legs also ; with 
 the exception, however, of what is said concerning the elbow of the fore-leg, 
 and its adhesion to the chest, for which we must now substitute the stifle of 
 the hind-leg [N. 30] ; and add, instead of the kind of defect described as being 
 occasioned by the contraction of the part, it is here owing to the expansion 
 or spreading of the stifle from the sides. This throws the houghs together, 
 and forms " cat-hammed horses," as they are termed ; the mode of going such 
 animals are constrained to adopt, the circle their 
 hind feet describe, at every step, the additional 
 fatigue they undergo, the awkwardness of their 
 tread, and the consequent diseases communicated 
 to the sole, lately described (in sec. 6.) as pertaining 
 to the fore-leg, — most undoubtedly afflict the hind- 
 leg also, with the additional fact, that this one is 
 more liable to "grease." At rest, if an animal so 
 built does not place one foot before the other, his 
 houghs not unfrequently touch each other, — po- 
 ney's and low horses more particularly so ; and it 
 geems worthy of remark, that this species of mal- 
 conformation seldom appears on the fore and hind- 
 legs of the same animal. Indeed, I can not recol- 
 lect having seen one instance, and I am thence led 
 to conclude that this twist of the legs is a contri- 
 vance of Nature to accommodate itself to the dis- 
 proportionate length of legs before or behind. But, 
 when it so happens that the strength of the parts 
 resists this bending of the hough or of the knee, 
 such horses walk higher behind than before, and 
 vice versa, i. e. when one pair of legs seem to have 
 dutgrown the other pair; a defect which, though 
 
^4 FORE LEGS SHORT.— LEAPING. 
 
 often overlooked, is no le?3 deserving of notice. The wound termed "over» 
 reach" is inliicted by the hind-leg of this formation upon thi; fore one. " Forg- 
 ing" is, Ukewisc, occasioned by the hinder tot^s striking the shoe or shoes of 
 the fore-feet ; and is sometimes brougnt on by injudicious shoeing on feet of tlie 
 very best construction, and a loose rein ; it is, therefore, to be corrected only 
 by the contrary [)ractice, keeping the hind-toes short, and the heel of the fore- 
 foot low, and drivir)g with the reins borne vip. By these means, the fore- 
 hoof will spread at the heel, and the animal he enabled to take it out of the 
 way in time for the hind-foot to occupy the identical spi>t on the ground it had 
 just quitted; for very few horses have the greyhound tread of Eclipse Ivfore- 
 noticed, wherein the hind-feet tread much wider than the fore-feet. Neither 
 is such a gift desirable to any but racers, perhaps: nor is it, indeed, compati- 
 ble with the duties the generality of horses have to perform. 
 
 The great additional lalwur horses with lioughs so formed undergo, added 
 to the paui and anguish of continuing it, occasion irritation of the whole hind 
 quarter, that communicates itself to the region of the kidiieys and intestines, 
 and superinduce inllammatory complaints, which frequently terminate unfa- 
 vourably. Constitutional diseases appear on the leg and foot b»;hind oftener 
 than before; and those of the Coronet, with Curb, Thorough pin, spavin, 
 strains, vvindgall, scarcely till up the catalogue of evils caused by, or receiving 
 aggravation fron), too much ex[)ansion of the stille, with its attendant, the 
 cat-hammed hough, and, cor>sequently, a twif^ted tread of the hoof. No doubt 
 exists in my mind that Eclipse would have been a cat-hamn»ed horse had he 
 been raced at two or three years old, as our practice now is: both he and 
 Flying Childers were live years old before they stiu'ted on the turf. Heavy 
 loniT-letraed children of our species, in like n^anner, become knock kneed men, 
 by being put on then* legs too soon ; this torm ot their knees deprives them 
 of calves to thin iil-formeil legs, and the thigh, too, seems wasted, wiien the 
 deformity is great. 
 
 11. When the fore-legs are shortest, the horse, whilst going, nods his head 
 up and down a good deal, as he does when these are either weak, tired, or 
 tender of foot : when they are very feeble, without any other aihnent, he car- 
 ries the head high constantly; but he works his head from side to side when 
 the same subjects of com[)laint assail the hind legs and feet. Poneys being 
 ever out of point in one or other of these respects, atiord unerring proofs of 
 those remarks. The value and advantage of the straight position of a horse's 
 houghs are never more apparent than when he rises upon his haunches to take 
 a leap, a service which never was performed satisfactorily by a cat-hammed 
 horse, because he seems to hesitate about what sliall be the distance between 
 his feet at the precise moment they are to leave the ground: a blunder which 
 is most visible in the standing leap, when the feet are seen tirst to straddle to 
 their utmost; in an instant tliey are brought so close together as to lose all 
 purchase, and he goes over from an intermediate spot, the whole transaction 
 occupying as much time as does the counting of one, two, three, and away ! 
 
 The motions of the head are always good intlications of pleasure as well as 
 pain. A horse will frequently throw up his head, almost m his rider's face 
 (as if to rebuke his barbarity,) when he has been hit on the head or ears. (See 
 Section 16.) He looks at his tlanks dolorously when atlt'cted by a dull pain 
 in the intestines; if it be sharp pain, he turns about quicker : he thrusts his 
 nose towards his chest, when pain assails his lungs generally ; but wiien one 
 lobe otdy is atfected, h(! turns his head only to that side. If a horse be girthed 
 too tiirlit he will sometimes (justly) bite his tormentor, for this operation re- 
 tards the action of the muscles between the ribs and of the ribs themselves, so 
 that the lungs do not get room to play. (See Section 31, and introduction, 
 page 4.) Old horse* coptrive to avoid this punishment by " iiolding theii 
 
LEADING LEG. FOUNDER. GROGGY. 15 
 
 wind" (keeping the lungs filled) during the girthing; a fine proof this of Na- 
 ture's dealincrs, for which they usually either get kicked under the belly, or 
 hit about the head ; but both kinds of punishment are the harbingers of further 
 disease, viz. tlie first of the blind gut, as described at Section 48 and 49 ; and 
 the other leads to poll evil, as described in Book 2. 
 
 A horse is frequently found to have contracted lameness in the fore-ieg 
 without .showing any visible sign of its exact situation, and a})plications to the 
 Bhoulder is the usual remedy in the hands of the generality of conunon far- 
 riers. Some of them imagine the strain is situated lower in the leg ; but they 
 are no nearer the fact, though they are to the spot. A defect in the conforma- 
 tion of the limbs occasions the foot which leads to come upon the ground with 
 more force than its fellow: the concussion of the hoof is greater, and is un- 
 equally placed when the leg is a-twist than in the upright form ; the leading 
 tires sooner, and the sensible sole becomes inflamed when the horse is con- 
 stantly urged to step out with it, the affliction barely showing itself between 
 the frog and the toe, if any where. If a horse receives the impulse to proceed 
 from the right hand or heel, he will step out with the fore-leg of that side, ac- 
 companied by the hind-leg of the near side; but his rider, or driver, should 
 early teach him to change the leading-leg, by sometimes touching him upon 
 the contrary side. It is worthy of note, too, that the horse which executes 
 this change with the least trouble, and oftenest, has most power and command 
 of his limbs. [See Index — Fever in the feet.J When both legs before are at- 
 tacked, the horse exhibits a crippling uncertain gait, not unlike that of a 
 drunken man, whence the term "groggy" has been applied, and, if he is not 
 timely indulged in rest and a run at grass, he is a ruined horse, and becomes 
 soon what is termed "foundered," of which disorder there are several kinds. 
 The mistaking one kind of founder for another generally costs the animal his 
 life, sooner or later, and the studious inquirer had better turn to the next 
 Chapter (at sect. 21, paragraph 3), where he will find a few words on chest 
 founder, many of the symptoms whereof are not unlike this of the feet. 
 
 Horses full of feed, and requiring purgative physic, stand with the legs 
 stretched, more than our second cut, at page 7, — inordinately at times. Old 
 Gibson attributed it to vice, and a disposition to kick, when a horse holds his 
 toe scarcely resting on the ground ; this is not always the case, for his fore- 
 leg is as frequently so held a-trip as his hind one; and I consider it the token 
 alike of either sore feet, or of incipient founder. 
 
 12. Besides the disproportion the fore and hind legs bear to each other, 
 another series of defects in construction exists between the length of the fore 
 limbs and that of the trunk, being sometimes most apparent at the belly and 
 flank, at others on the back, its tendency always depending on the turn taken 
 by the latter. Although this is the old English way of judging of long car- 
 cased horses, Lafosse (an old French farrier) took the measure of proportions 
 more properly from the breast-bone to the buttock, in the annexed plate being 
 from the parallel line 11 to 38; then comparing this with his height, he tells 
 us " a good horse, as we can learn from experience, should be a tciUh longer 
 from the breast to the buttock than he is high from the top of the shoulder to 
 the ground." The latter admeasurement will be found upon the annexed 
 pbte to extend from the line [D to Z] and, with the former, will compose a 
 square rather wider than high, — the integuments being removed from the 
 bones on all sides. My notions of just proportion, however, differ from the 
 French standard, though they do not run into the contrary extreme ; for I can 
 not help thinking inordinate length of body, as compared to a horse's height, 
 a very great defect as regards his health, that form being invariably attended 
 witli meagre, washy flanKs, and a painful manner of going. But the Fian- 
 
16 
 
 ROACH BACK, AND HOLLOW BACK. 
 
 ders and Norman breeds have all this tendency; and they are invariably of a 
 elugiiisli nature, when the belly, also, hanffs low^. 
 
 I'he m^jor part of our horses of this built have their sides falling in, more 
 or less, towards the hind quarter, some few of them to such a degree that the 
 flank a{)iiears as it it were fastened to the loins. These are remarkably poor 
 feeders, have a good deal of short-lived vigour, without the gift of keeping it 
 up at any kind of thing. Nutritious food, but less in quantity, does for horses 
 v^'hich arc out in the first-mentioned point all that can. be done, and that is 
 very little : those of the second species of bad form can not bear long journeys, 
 nor long privation, or they contract flatulencies and spasmodic cholic. 
 
 Another species of disproportionate length, as comjjared to height, consists 
 in what is called "high mounted," the limbs having then much more length 
 than the body ; a defect that is rendered still more apparent when (as gene- 
 rally liappens) the horse is also roach-backed, like the first sketch of back- 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 bone in figure 7 ; and it is still more striking when a h'ttle man is mounted 
 upon it with a saddle that is ever sliding forward upon the withers. Such a 
 form always denotes weakness of limb, and want of freedom in the fore-hand ; 
 nor can a horse of this built take a long step, or trot well, or thrive in the field, 
 by reason of the difficulty he has in reaching the grass, which induces him to 
 bend one knee forward, whilst the other leg is drawn back under him. A 
 ludicrous story is even told among horse-dealers of a horse so formed having 
 starved itself m the fields, while the food lay within an inch of its nose ; and 
 tfiough such stories are no argument, they, nevertheless, convey the general 
 feeling of the narrators, which is seldom completely wrong. 
 
 13. But a horse may be short in the carcase, which is not exactly " high- 
 mounted," in my view of the term ; since much will depend upon the shape 
 (or bend) of his back-bone, to bring him under the one or the other descrip- 
 tion. We huve seen what sort of character a roach back bestows on a horse, 
 the direct co itrary form, or hollow back -bone, [see the lowermost sketch in 
 the last cut (c)] is no better, though built upon long limbs, horses with this 
 shaped back being in all cases weak in the loins ; and, therefore, are they more 
 liable to contract inflammation of the kidneys, and to resist the cure longer 
 than those of any other shaped back whatever. Yet are they preferred by 
 
SHORT BACKED ; HIGH IMOUNTED. GRINDING. 17 
 
 timid horsPiTien, principally on account of the easy seat a hollow hack affiirds 
 Great caution in administering strong rejteateci diuretics should lie iinprt-ssed 
 upon us at the sight of a very hollow-hacked patient. See Sections 53 — 5(). 
 When the hend in the hack-hone, or " hollow hack," is restricted to the fore 
 part of the animal, the loins heing well filled up, his huilt in other respects is 
 less material, to he "short in the carcase" heing then an advantage; and it is 
 much greater when the hend is confined to a gentle curve, scarcely distin- 
 guisha!)ie, just hehind the withers, [See middle sketch in the last cut (h)]. 
 This is coiisi<lered a straight hack, belonging to a light made, compact horse ; 
 he is invarialily ribbed home ; and, as there then exists but a small space be- 
 tween the last rib and the hip-bone, as seen in the })late at 30 to 32, so is it 
 always a'companied by the dee[) chest, good hind quarters, and wide loins 
 (i. e. not pinched together), and his ribs finely curved. Horses so formed are 
 always healthy, and esteemed at first sight super-excellent, heing supposed, 
 with justice, capable of doing more work than those of any other built what- 
 ever. But the gift of leaping or of great speed do not always belong to horses 
 of this form, however perfect in other respects, though health, vigour, strength, 
 and lastingness do. Such horses always feed well and retain their condition. 
 The inquiring reader would do right to turn back to what is said under Sec- 
 tion 10, and draw his conclusions from what is there stated. 
 
 14. Low-buttocks generally accompany roach backs [see sketch a.] and are 
 always attended with another fault — "hind legs too straight," ami incapable 
 of step|)ing out. A horse so formed can execute no pace tolerably, and trot- 
 ting worst of all. In the drag, such a horse steps short, and is always upon 
 the bustle, as if his legs were tied. A large head, with short thick neck, de- 
 notes a sluggish horse, heavy in the hand, and usually "carrying low:" these 
 are faults generally attending his entire breed. When the neck is longer, the 
 ease is not bettered, for then the animal is of the long-bellied kind, with thin 
 flanks and washy. As a small light head, but wide at the forehead, with ex- 
 pandi!ig nostrils, and bold prominent eyes, denotes (blood) strength of body, 
 and vigour of constitution, so the contrary may be looked for in horses which 
 have narrow foreheads, small or sunken eyes, and small arid nostrils. I 
 never saw a fine well-turned head that did not belong to a good set of legs, 
 well fixed upon the body; the correspondence goes still further, inasmuch as 
 the quantity of white in the face is commonly attended with a proportion of 
 white upon the heels, thus: a star, one white foot; a blaze, two white feet; 
 white face, four white legs, &c. Horses with large jaws are given to keep 
 open their mouths while at work ; and, when aged, grind their teeth more 
 than is necessary in feeding. The manner of breaking his food being, with 
 the horse, different from that of other animals, viz. by rubbing his under teeth 
 from right to left against the upper ones, — a motion to which Uie term "grind- 
 ing his corn" has been applied, — an old horse will sometimes continue it when 
 he has nothing to eat, thereby wearing away his teeth ; a circumstance that 
 occasions imperfect mastication and its consequences,* besides subsequently 
 leading us into error in examining his age. Hard-mouthed horses, and those 
 which champ the bit much, fall into this idle habit. 
 
 Flat, or narrow-chested horses are sul)ject to those attacks which lead to 
 consumption (see Section 30), and, consequently, are liable to show bad con 
 dition ; or, it may be, that disorders of the chest do contract its capacity. In 
 some horses on the contrary, the cavity of the chest seems too great for its 
 contents; they are short-winded horses of one description (there being several) 
 
 * Indigestion, flatulency, chollc, &c are all produced by animals swallowing their I'ood im- 
 broken. 
 
18 STALLIONS AND MARES, ADAPTATION. 
 
 tiiat are afflicte<1 with tliose kinds of mal-conformation, or disagreement in size 
 bftweeii the parts containing and those contained. 
 
 15. My purpose in making tins ex|)osition of the ill-effects produced by 
 mis-shapen hnihs, &c. on the horse's healtli and usefuhiess, would be incom- 
 plete, were the original causes tliereof left unnoticed. The most remote, or 
 more general one, resides in the breed, or the manner of breeding the animal, 
 whence we are sometimes led to say, "what is lired in the bone will never go 
 out of the tiesh." As regards the kind of stock from which to raise a supply 
 of young ones, breeders may undoubtedly suit their own fancies; but it must 
 be seen that a brood mare which receives too much of the horse for her capaci- 
 ty, will produce a foal all father, as it is called, being at the same time larger 
 than she can conveniently carry; it then bids fair from the beginning to be a 
 mis-shapen animal. This ha[)pens oftener than is commoidy imagined ; but 
 it is easily prevented by adopting a horse for her whose strength comes tole- 
 rably near that of the mare. Disregard of this [)recaution is found to produce 
 the first foal much smaller, though more lively, than the next and subsequent 
 ones, especially if care be taken in the latter case to give her a horse more and 
 more vigorous as she becomes more roomy. For it must be clear to any body 
 [upon mechanical principles again] that if the fcetus, growing too large for 
 the cavity in which it is generated, originates too much bone, it must determine 
 towards some {)articular part of the young animal ; an^l the colt will be brought 
 forth with that deforn)ity, and carry it tlirough life, after [)laguing two or three 
 of its owners with fruitless endeavours to physic off its ills. 
 
 I say nothing whatever of the cross to be adopted ; that, being contrary to 
 my plan, would carry me too far away from my main subject. But 1 may 
 observe, in passing on, that no breeder iti his senses would think of employ- 
 ing a horse to raise stock that has served half a dozen or more mares in the 
 course of the day ; and yet nothing is more common, nor more inevitable when 
 the payment for covering is low (say a guinea or two), than that the small- 
 liess of the sum must be made up by the number of mares served, the price, 
 keep, and attendance, upon stallions being expensive. This error must be so 
 palpable to any man who calls himself a father, as to render any further argu- 
 ment upon that topic utterly unnecessary. Some twenty-five years back in- 
 to the last century, I recollect reading a well-attested account of a celebrated 
 horse's dying in consequence of twelve or fourteen successive efforts in pro- 
 creation ; and if such be the deplorable case with the parent, what strength, 
 bottom, or lastingness, can be hoped for in the {)rogeny so begotten? Never- 
 theless, 1 am of opinion that a vigorous horse which may have been freely 
 engaged (if early in the season^ may be in a better condition for raising large 
 and lively stock, than under any other circumstances whatever, except recent 
 exhaustion. Aged stallions produce hard-mouthed foals, and further pro- 
 claim the ill-adapted ages of sire and dam by extraordinary hollowness over 
 the eyes. 
 
 Much depends on the country, the climate, or kind of land, in which the 
 gestation or breeding may be carried on; and it may be presumed, that no one 
 in his senses would clioose such a situation as is known to be disadvantageous 
 to the [)articular kind of breeding he may have in contemplation to pursue; 
 whilst those who may already be so placed, have no right to complain when 
 they engage in a branch of business thus ill adapted to their plan o^' farming, 
 and they get disap|tointed. As both objections lie at the option of the parties 
 concerned, they require no further remark; but another })oint of consideration 
 well worthy our careful attention is, the treatment the mare ought to experi- 
 ence at our hands while she is breeding; this being a matter of some momentj 
 and within every one's control, should not be neglected. Though a brood 
 Uiare in foal requires no pampering at any period, yet it is clear that, from the 
 
MOUNTING COLTS: WELL BRACED LEVroS. 15 
 
 third or fourth month, she should not be worked so hard as usual, and from 
 this period to the day of her foaling, the duty to be required of her should be 
 Jess and less every week. Nor, on the other hand, is complete idleness be- 
 fitting her situation : in cases where she has not been used to hanl labour, a 
 run at grass, in a paddock, with access to an outhouse or stable, as it leaves 
 to her option the quantity of exercise her strength is capable of sustaining, 
 would be found most conducive to the best purposes of nature. Her food 
 should be of the first qualitv, and regular, and, though full enough, should not 
 be too much. Occasionally, she may be otf her feed, during the "time," hut 
 ehe does not therefore require " physicking," nor coaxing to eat. Great care 
 should be taken that her body is emiitiod regularly, that no derangement take 
 place either way ; and that if opening physic is required at all, aloes is not in 
 her case the best that can be prescribed for that pur|)ose, since they act most- 
 ly upon the intestines lying immediately in the vicinity of the foal. An 
 opening draught or drench should be substituted for the pill, as its operation 
 begins sooner. 
 
 A very general cause of mis-shapen limbs is the placing upon younkerstoo 
 great weights at first, whereby the houghs or the knees are thrown together, 
 particularly when the animal is constructed with the fore and hind legs dis- 
 proportioned to each other, as noticed at sections 9 and 10. Splents and 
 sprains are the inevitable consequences of mounting colts,* &c. too early in 
 Hfe; and hollow back is oftener induced by this premature error than existing 
 originally. As if all this were not enough, many breeders nearly starve their 
 young ones until they are brought into use; whereby they become deficient 
 in solidity of bone and quantity of muscle, if they do not imbibe some internal 
 or constitutional malady, and the event of their Umbs growing mis-shapen is 
 no longer left to chance. 
 
 16. Notwithstanding all that has been said and done, little would avail the 
 finest pro])ortions of the bones towards the formation of fine- shaped limbs, 
 least of all to symmetry of the whole horse, but for the seemingly adventitious 
 circumstance of the covering with which they are immediately invested; and 
 which, embracing tightly several bones, and coimecting them together, con- 
 stitutes a limb. Some of these coverings are confined to the joints only, hold- 
 ing them in position as near as the Creator designed them, unless accident 
 (of parentage, of birth, or misusage), as before described, should induce them 
 to a perpetual strain, and they enlarge at these joints in spite of the next or 
 universal covering of the bones: this is membrane (of which more shortly,) 
 the uses whereof on the bone may be illustrated by taking a stocking of good 
 length, and having filled it with pebbles of its own size, and tying the end 
 tightly, a stick or club is produced of some degree of fiexibility resembling a 
 limb and its joints. If the tying be not performed well, by bracing the stock- 
 ing to its utmost, the flexibility of certain parts (or joints) of the limb will be 
 greater: it will possess less strength at the joints when bent, and be liable to 
 give way or break unless supported by some other covering. It is easy to per- 
 ceive that the horse which has those coverings in the highest perfection would 
 move his limbs more correctly after the fashion they were designed tor, than 
 he which constantly strained them outof their places. He who was endowed 
 with the first- mentioned quality in perfection would be considered a sinewy 
 tight-built horse; the second kind I have already depicted in section 10, where 
 the houghs are described as keeping those integuments in a perpetual state of 
 derangement, straining or twisting them in such a manner that constitutional 
 enlargement at the joints is the consequence. 
 
 At the ends of all bones, a yielding substance, in appearance like bone it- 
 self, prevents friction, and by its elasticity rives a spring to the animal's steps. 
 The ease of a horse's going mainly depends upon this substance, which le 
 
so SINEWY HORSE. CARTILAGE. 
 
 ceives the name of cartilage, and is liable in some measure to be absorbed or 
 taken up into the system, or, in cases of diseased joint, to become stiff and 
 bony. Consult sect. 23, &c. on those points of information. We may notice 
 this absorption in very young animals, whose bones are all substituted by 
 cartilagej until the blood furnisheth the means of forming a more substantial 
 frame, such as I have been describing; and teaches the validity of some re- 
 marks 1 uiade in a preceding section (15) on the kind of attention we ought 
 to pay to our brood mares vvliile the foetus, or unborn animal, is being formed 
 in the womb. 
 
 Not only between bonrs, and embracing ever joint, but at the termination 
 of the four legs in their horny feet, is this springy substance to be found, the 
 whole being liable to wear out, to contract or to harden with age or disease. 
 Besides this casing of the joints in cartilage, the ligaments connect or tie the 
 bones t(tgether. I'hese ligaments are seldom troubled with any ailment but 
 that of great lassitude when the animal is tired, and occasionally to sprain. 
 This accident takes [ilace when the horse steps aside upon uneven ground, 
 and the ends of the bones press laterally upon the ligaments. It ft>llovvs, of 
 course, that mis-shapen horses whose feet are always constrained to take an 
 uneven tread must be subject to a constant strain, and nuist be more liable 
 than others to incur permanent accident, — every step forming a trivial one. 
 
 But the ligament demanding the student's most serious attention is that 
 which suspends the neck bones, on the same principle as our old fashioned 
 laii>[)irons are susf)ended by a small one from above, ordy that the ligament 
 lies closer, and covers the intervals of the upper side, as at a — b of the annex- 
 ed sketch.* So placed, and passing from the skull to the backbones, to both 
 
 of which it is fastened, it has the power, at 
 the will of the animal, of bending down or 
 drawing up the head, which would, in fact, 
 but for this support, fall to the ground. Horsea 
 in their last moments, when that will may 
 be supposed to have left them, always cast 
 back their heads considerably, by reason of 
 the contraction of this strong ligament dur- 
 ing the paroxysms of departing life. At a, however, where is the seat of 
 poll-evil, it is usually thin, the cavity there found between the bones being 
 mostly filled with muscle (s. 27); but this does not happen invariably, as some 
 horses have little or no cavity to be filled with ligamentary substance, or with 
 muscle. Our frontispiece is the portrait of a subject of this latter kind ; but 
 the reader is referred to some subsequent observations and cases on "poll-evil-' 
 for more detail on this hitherto-neglected point of conformation. 
 
 17. At the joints formed by the bones and covered by cartilage, the whole 
 are surrounded by a strong membrane, which wraps the bones tightly, and se- 
 cretes an oil at the joints for its further defence from the effects of friction. 
 Of this secretion, and of the membranes generally, some further notice is given 
 in the second chapter at section 22. 
 
 This strong meml)rane is not, however, confined to any particular part, but 
 continues its close attachment, or embracement of the bone, over the entire 
 frame of the horse. Throughout its extended course it serves as an excellent 
 holdfast for the sinewy ends of the muscles (see sect, 27), which are attached 
 to it above and below joints, whereby they act as levers to raise the lower bones 
 of the limbs, as described hereafter. 
 
 * Called by the learned "cervical ligament" and "the cervicular." In operations for the 
 pol'.-evil iliis liganu'iit is iVequcnily divided by the unskilful fai'iier cutung ii across rather ihau 
 lengiliwise, wliicii is the only right practice. 
 
MEMBRANES. THE HORSE'S INSmE. ORGANS. 21 
 
 According to the parts this memhrane may cover, it has received from the 
 learned in hard words and many, a separate name for each, as it that course 
 would further the cause of science; and whenever they speak of it as being 
 fuund upon the joints, and skull, or the bones generally, they term it perichon- 
 drium, pericranium, and periosteum, as the case may be: why, no one ex- 
 plains. It has been considered insensible, because in health it has not the 
 sense of feehng so fine as other parts of the system, which are furnished with 
 more nerves (s. 30) ; but, the very few of these fine organs with which the 
 membrane of the bone is furnished, renders the pain occasioned by disease, 
 whenever it may be attacked, the more acute; when flying from one nerve to 
 another, those well-known shooting pains are felt (by us) that are universally 
 mistaken for pains in the bones themselves. We do not go too far in infer- 
 ring that the horse is similarly affected. This takes place in splents and spavin, 
 when the bone enlarging forces its way through this tightly-braced membrane, 
 and causes inflammation, temporary lameness, and, at length, those well- 
 ki'own appearances I have just named. In the living horse tliis membrane is 
 red, by reason of the fine blood-vessels with which it abounds; but in the dead 
 subject, the supply of blood being withdrawn, it then turns white. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Concerning the Fforse^s Inside, of its Conformation, the, Punctions of the 
 Organs of Life, and the Diseases to which each is liable: together with 
 Outlines uf the Principles upon which the Cure is to be effected. 
 
 18. SacH, as I have endeavoured to teach, being my view of the external 
 frame or structure of the horse, which I have termed its built, I come, in the 
 next place, to speak in a more particular manner of his inside; noticing, as I 
 pass on from one part of him to another, the seats and causes of his diseases, 
 with a view to their cure, l»ut referring you to the second book for the separate 
 treatment each requires. In the third chapter will be found my reasons for fol- 
 lowing up the principles herein laid down, by a line of practice, at variance, in 
 some material points, with the present mode of treating the animal in health 
 as well as in disease. 
 
 Organ.s. — But, before 1 proceed to describe those several parts of the horse's 
 inside, there appears to me an absolute necessity for previously makiniT the 
 unlearned reader better acquainted with a few general topics, that we may 
 proceed with the details smoothly and more intelligibly together; viz. the 
 names, uses or offices and powers, of that infinity of small organs which lie 
 spread over most parts of tlie body, and belong in common to several of these 
 parts in nearly equal degrees. The large organs, having the power of carry- 
 ing on the animal system, first, as regards digestion, secondly, those employed 
 in the circulation of the blood, and third, those of respiration, are too well 
 known to the sight and touch to require explanation here; yet are they (the 
 heart, kidneys, lungs, liver, &/C.) composed or made up entirely of those minor 
 organs 1 mean first to describe. But the precise way in which these act in 
 and upon the large ones, the great share they hold in furthering the system of 
 animal hfe, and the eminent rank their services maintain in restoring health 
 when the system is any way disordered, has not rec^nved, in the practice of 
 horse-medicine, that share of serious consideration tlje importance of the sub- 
 ject im|jeriously demands. To these points, then. 1 shall shortly call the 
 reader's undivided attention ; meantime, as some cramp words and phrases aru 
 4 
 
22 FUNCTIONS. SECRETIONS. 
 
 applied by most people (writers and others) to those offices of the animal's or- 
 gans, they stiiiid in need of previous explanation. 
 
 19, Each kind of organ, whether small or large, was designed by the great 
 maker of all tilings to perform some office towards the ])reservation of the 
 animal in healtli. When such office is jieiformed properly, as ordained, the 
 organ is said to " j)erform its functions well." For example, the lu'art is 
 given for the j)urpose of sending the blood through the arteries, all over the 
 body ; but when tlie pulse beats low or irregularly, that organ is said to " per- 
 form its function badly ;" when it ceases to beat, this function is lost or gone. 
 So, certain of the organs are said to secrete something or other that is liquid : 
 the doing this is their function ; the [jower of doing so, that of secretion ; and 
 the article secreted or collected together, is called the secretion of this or that 
 organ. Thus, the kidneys secrete urine, and it runs oif (sect. 53): the glands, 
 under the jaws, secrete spittle (saliva), which passes otl' with the food by the 
 intestines; therefore are they properly considered as excretory also, seeing 
 both the secretions are drawn together for the express purpose of being so sent 
 away, this last by the grand canal (or gut), as the first mentioned is by tlie 
 bladder, and the perspiration is through the pores of the skin. But some se- 
 cretions are found that have no outlet visible to us weak mortals, though tliey 
 find their way through the skin, sensibly enough at times ; and tiiis then be- 
 comes the sensible persjaration or sweat, but when we do not see it, this 
 third species of evacuation is termed the insensible perspiration ; and in 
 health, one of the two is always in action, — in disease not so. 
 
 When, however, it happens such functions are obstructed, or, on the other 
 hand, too much of either secretion is furnished to the systeni, then disease be- 
 gins; as does, also, our duty of finding out what part of the vast machine has 
 ceased to perform its office })roperly. For, without this previous information, 
 nu man can possibly know how to apply the remedy in restoring the disor- 
 dered organ to the proper exercise of its function ; nor can any one hope to 
 arrive at this desirable point of veterinary knowledge, uidess he has acquired 
 the means of ascertaiinng wdiere, when, and in what degree the mischief has 
 taken place, by patiently examining the action of those organs while in health, 
 and comparing their appearance, after death, with the ])articular symptoms 
 which preceded that event. 
 
 20. Skcrktion. — Although, as I say, the secretions just spoken of are im- 
 portant in themselves, and of several sorts, as bile or gall by the liver, urine by 
 the kidney, &c. yet the chief object of our present notice is the secretion of a 
 fluid, more or less watery, which pervades the whole system. Jt diifers in 
 quality a little, and very little any where, being adaj)ted to the nature of the 
 j^arts requiring its aid : 1st, In softening and enabhng them to move freely 
 over each other (as, between the ends of bones); 2i!, Acting as a defence 
 against injuries from extraneous bodies (as on the inner coat* of the intes- 
 tines) ; and 3d, To prevent the parts from growing together (as the liver to 
 the midrifi'), &.c. Misfortunes these which invariably happen when the sup- 
 ply of this duid falls short of the quantity required for a long while together; 
 and this is the case whenever the animal is worked until the tluiil, at some 
 part or other, is exhausted : a circumstance that strongly bespeaks the j)ro- 
 priety of allowing the worn-up poor creature more frequent su[ij)lies of water 
 although this be done in smaller quantities, infiannnation, or fever, which 
 Js occasioned by suddenly checking the secretion , eventually exhausts this 
 moisture by its great heat. Both tlntse disorders are theretbre referred in the 
 
 Tlie purgeon?! of human practire will observe, that I here transsre?? (he doclrine of the sur- 
 faces ; bii! tlu7 will please tu recollnct tliat iny object is lo make myself understood by a ceriaiu 
 class of readers, of which they compose a very smalJ ai't. 
 
 1 
 
USES OF SECRETIONS: REDUNDANT; AND DEFECTI\'R 33 
 
 eequol to the same ori;Tin ; the first being local, or pertaining to some particular 
 organ or j>art, whilst lever |)ervacle.s the whole system, and tiie solids in par- 
 ticular. The total aliseiice of perspirable matter marks both diseases. 
 
 On the other hand, when too much of this tluid is secreted, and remains 
 unHl)sorbed, disease ensues : upon the heart it forms " dro[>sy of the covering 
 of the heart ;" on the co\eriiig of the lungs it becomes "dropsy of the chest ;'* 
 in the membrane of the belly it forms " ascites," or dropsy of that part, and 
 usually falls into the scrotum. The powers of medicine have hitherto proved 
 of no aviiil in the tirst description of ailm<Mits; and are but partially ajiplicable 
 to the last mentioned ; the operation of tapping too frequently disappoints our 
 ho[>es, to induce us to rely upon it as any other than a temporary relief, and 
 it is, therefore, seldom or ever ajiplied to the horse. Thus, in whichever way 
 we view this important secretion, its eminence must strike us as quite equal 
 to any other. Whenever ol)struction in this part of the system takes plav'e 
 in the horse, the consequent adhesion of the parts being invisible, he gets 
 Worse useil by his inexorable master for his inability to perform his usual 
 work, and he soon falls a victim to the lash, the spur, and the bit. At the 
 joints, this Huid is considered to be an oil (cynovia); at the heart it is con- 
 fessedly nothing but water: whilst it partakes of a mucous, or slimy nature 
 at souie other [jarts of the body'. This is the case with the membranes of the 
 throat and gullet; on those of the nostrils, the heat of the horse's l)reath con- 
 verts it into a "viscid 7)iucus ;" when the secreted watery particles come oif 
 by sweating, it assumes a white or milky a])pearance, after a little time ap- 
 pearing thicker and more slimy as the sweating continues, and the watery 
 particles becoming less and less, its fluidity is also lessened. See membranes, 
 sect. 26. 
 
 21. in all animals, the secretion of this watery fluid is carried on by the 
 membranes, which are thin tihns i)laced between the various organs, over the 
 bones and among the fleshy parts. These not oidy secrete, but sustain the 
 fluid in its place, for the purposes above mentioned, and being of various tex- 
 ture or tineness, the fluid that is so secreted and held to its purpose by each, 
 partakes more or less of water, is more or less slimy, or consists more or less 
 of an oily nature, according to the use it may be designed for. Each kind of 
 membrane, and its proi)er secretion, hiis received a learned name, — the first 
 being called serous, the second nmcous, the third fibrous; but, having re- 
 solved to abandon learned words, whenever the thing can be understood as 
 well without them, I find less occasion for introducing them here than is ge- 
 nerally practised. For, the peculiar nature of the horse having assimulated 
 togetlier, l)y its action, the three kinds of secretion more so than is the case 
 with other animals ; and its habits contributing as much more to the hasty 
 calling oil' of one kind of fluid from certain parts to the assistance of another 
 part, which may have been exhausted of its kind ; and as the treatment of the 
 horse in all cases of a disordered secretion of these fluids is the same through- 
 out, the action ol' medicine U[)0ii one always aflbrding the assistance to ano- 
 ther (as 1 shall prove shortly), there is no such necessity for carrying the 
 distiiuttion farther in horse-medicine, although it may be so in the human 
 practice. 
 
 Perspiration is always at a great height in the horse; it is one of the 
 chief means of cure in most of his disoalers, and consists in drawing the 
 Watery secretions from all parts of the body. These pass to the surtace 
 readily, coming through the membranes from the joints, the solids, the bowels, 
 ami their covernigs ; as may be noticed in the case of hide-bound, upon open- 
 ing the animals that die in this state of exhausted nature; the me-^entc-ry 
 canal (hereafter described) is invariably discovered with yellowness, being, at 
 times, ahaost orange colour; but i have as constantly found the lacteais of a 
 
24 EFFUSION. INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION. 
 
 fine coated horse shine through as white as milk. Again, on over-working 
 the horse, so much of the joint-oil is sometimes drawn oil' by perspinition, that 
 he becomes stiti' in the knees, for want of that softening quality which kept 
 the parts su|)ple; we feel the same ourselves U{)on siicli occasions ; and in 
 taking off the knee or the hough of a permanently "stiff-jointed" horse, 1 have 
 invariably found the joint-oil aiTected ; in very bad cases it no longer existed. 
 During life, the escape of this oil, by reason of wounds (as bad broken knees), 
 leave the joint stiff. Further comment on its uses is unnecessary ; but those 
 facts should teach his owners a {)ractical lesson of moderation. 
 
 On thesubject of absorption of these secretions, I noticed many years ago, a 
 very ingenious reason assigned for " lameness of the fore legs, of English 
 horses particularly," in the great work of La Fosse, the elder, on what he 
 calls " Hippo-patliology," or the diseases of horses. He says, " The iluids 
 which did lubricate the parts (the shoulders) and keep them supple, oeing 
 reduced in quantity, the food Hying off by sweat, the remainder gets thicker in 
 consequence, and the solids of his limbs become stiff and dry." It happens, 
 mostly in the fore limbs, and he calls it a cold or chill, and says, l)age 2(37, it 
 resembles a " stroke of the shoulder," — " Ciievalfroid et pris clans Ics epau- 
 les." A species of founder, that is clearly not to be cured by external appli- 
 cations, (as the oils, firing, &,c). but by restoring to the part the function of 
 secreting a sufficient supply of the fluid which had been so exhausted. In 
 these few words are included the whole secret of my method of cure in such 
 attacks; and, in this case, gentle sweating is that remedy which is best calcu- 
 lated for restoring the function. 
 
 22. When the skin does not permit evaporation, and sends forth the secre- 
 tion by perspiration, disease has begun, the hair lo()ks staring near the jiart 
 ttffected, and not a stable-boy exists, who, when he sees a horse with a rough 
 coat, can not tell that "something or other is the matter with him." Tliis 
 arises from want of moisture within ; the skin itself not having the power of 
 secreting or drawing towards it, by effusion, the moisture which is necessary 
 to keep it sup{)le, it shrivels up, and this important evacuation, which is 
 second only to the urinary, is then stopped, so that even the insensible jierspi- 
 ration ceases. Some idea respecting the amount of this insensible evacuation 
 may be formed, by placing a horse, that has been exercised, between ourselves 
 and a well vvhite-washed wall uj)on which the sun shines: when the shadow 
 of the insensible perspiration may be seen uptni the wall ascending in tolera- 
 bly thick volumes, something very like steam from a boiling pot. Indeed, the 
 insensible perspiration is, when compared to sweating, the same as warm 
 compared to boiling water. 
 
 Yet, although we do not know the exact workings by which this internal 
 effusion (as it is called) of the watery particles from one part of the animal to 
 another takes place, we do know, accurately enough for our purpose, that 
 abundantly perspiral)le matter lies in and upon the intestines; as any affec- 
 tion of the heart, arising from the organs of sense (sect. 30), causes a suildeu 
 suffusion of blood in the skin, and induces heat and irritation there ;* so do 
 the intestines send forth their watery particles ui)on the slightest occasion, to 
 the same place of exit, in order to moisten and render it more supple. 
 "Whether tlie very transparent membrane, called perUoneum, which sustains 
 the bowels, or that other large part of it which covers these and all parts of 
 
 * Fear, for instance, of the dealer's whip often occasions the skin to contract and expand, so 
 8s to cause the tail to shake v/ith every ahernaie vibraliou of the heart ; and I once rode with a 
 lellow, a right-uut journey of forty-four miles, who whipped and spurred his horse to such a 
 
 egroe, that the hairs actually fell offfrom his tail, except a few at the end, an occurrence that h 
 
 eually ascribed to scrojihula on the horse's hide ; a disorder it niiahi Ixave also laboured uiijer, 
 
 r aught I know to k'is contrary. 
 
PERSPIRABLE MATTER, S5 
 
 the inside, is most concerned in this secretion and efTnsion, is not worth the 
 trouble of inquiry here. But, in addition to what is said in the last section 
 respecliug the colour of the lacteal duct, as it passes along the mesentery in 
 cases of hide-bound, 1 may be allowed to observe, that we may daily witness 
 the sensible perspiration from young and healthy horses to contain more of wa- 
 ter than is fuund in feverish, old, or generally inihealthy animals; and that 
 ■with these the sweat is more frothy, or becomes so much sooner, liis mouth 
 gets clammy, and his tongue dry and hot underneath, with less work than 
 they; and that horses so affected are always found insatiably craving after 
 water. Moreover, as regards the connexion that sidisists between one part 
 of the animal and another, 1 have many times found pvu'ging j)hysic, given in 
 the usual doses fail of the effect intended, and come off in the shape of profuse 
 pers[)iration. Not only in those large and decided doses that are intended to 
 produce much effect, but even milder ones, as alterative-laxatives often turn 
 out of their course, and, as well as diuretics, not unfrequently disap[)oint us in 
 the same way, the latter also coming off by the skin instead of urine.* It fol- 
 lows, of course, that the less sweating a horse has got, the more he must stale, 
 and accounts for the profusion of the latter kind of evacuation in winter, when 
 he scarcely ever sweats, and perspires, but little, com|;aratively speaking. As 
 a farther proof of this connexion between the secretions and evacuations, let 
 any one notice a horse when he first stales in consequence of taking a diuretic, 
 and he will rind a transparent water hanging in little globules at the end of each 
 particular hair ot his coat all over his carcase. 
 
 23. We come now to speak of glands, nerves, membranes, absorbents, (be- 
 ing 1st, lymphatic, 2d, lacteal,) and muscles, which are the names writers and 
 practitioners of eminence have agreed upon to s[)eak of those numerous minor 
 organs that are employed throughout in carrying on the functions of animal 
 lite, and the uses whereof 1 shall come shortly to explain. The reader is al- 
 ready aware of the sinews, of three kinds, that more immediately cover the 
 bones and keep them in their places (sect. 16, 17), to which if we add the bare 
 mention of the nmscular, or fleshy parts, and refer to the "circulation of the 
 blood" (sect. 37 — 44), for a description of the veins and arteries, he will have 
 before him the names of all the integuments of a horse's body beneath the 
 skin. Detailed particulars respecting all these follow next in their order; the 
 larger organs of the inside being reserved to the subsequent sections of this 
 chapter. By this course of proceeding he will be better enabled to comprehend, 
 as we study those things together, why and wherefore these were given to the 
 animal, and what functions each has to perform in health ; or these ceasing, or 
 being obstructed, we shall be led to consider in the next {)lace, what species 
 of remedy is proper to be applied for removing such ol>struction, and thereby 
 of restoring health; for he may rest assured, that not the least atomy of mat- 
 ter has been conferred upon the animal form without intending that some good 
 and demonstrable end should be answered by its creation. In addition to all 
 which, there are many causes, incessantly operating towards the simply grand 
 purpose of j^rolonging life, and of providing for the waste which is constantly 
 going on in the animal system, that are for removed from our sight, and others 
 almost surpassing our comprehension, but which are nevertheless known to 
 exist by their effects; but, of all these several matters, more in their proper 
 places; one instance of the insufficiency of human knowledge having been 
 already adduced in the preceding section, as regards the unknown mode in 
 which the watery secretions penetrate from one part of the body to another. 
 
 * Te.'irs or any other evacuation of the water that moistens the animal system, are liable to tb/a 
 same kind of compainlive remark. In man, when excessive salivary secretion attends die 
 todthach, the glands of tiie mouth and jaws carry off so much water as to afiect the quantity ol 
 urine voided, and we may infer that a diuretic would reduce the inflammation of the jaws. So 
 Biuch for the cojiipar-uivs practice: but not worthy of rejectiou on ihai. account alone. 
 
 4* 
 
26 SYMPTOMS— HOW LEARNED. TITE TIIORAX AND ABDOIVIEN. 
 
 24. All those important points of knowledi^e in the first principles of onr art 
 lie within the compass of every man's capacity, who can read ; they are cer 
 tainly open to his inquiries; and he who is constantly among horses can no* 
 fail to learn (after studying the subject in the manner I now propose) to mak< 
 himself as well acquainted with the symptoms or signs of approaching diseasesi 
 as the generality of veterifiarians. He certainly may render himself much 
 superior to the old, ignorant set of farriers, who were bred up in the days ot 
 stu[)idity that are just gone by — never to return. Let such an inquirer after 
 knowledge bring to the task industry, patience, and good common sense, and 
 he may soon acquire knowledge enough of the outlines of the art to be able to 
 pronounce when a pretender is at work, or when it is that a man of judgment 
 and real sound learning in his art has undertaken the treatment of this valua- 
 ble animal in the distressful hour of sickness. On this head I am not ashamed, 
 after the lapse of nearly half a century, to own that 1 once wept over the suf- 
 ferings of a sick animal which died of the medicines administered by a stubborn 
 self-willed farrier, who could read, and write, and talk, give a drench, and 
 drink himself — and nothing more: he could not think, of course could not 
 compare one disease with another, nor mark the difference that exists between 
 two or more that are frequently and fotally mistaken for each other. And 
 here, once for all, 1 can not refrain from thus early insisting most strenuously 
 on one point, which therefore I shall not have to re[)eat when I come to notice 
 certain barbarous practices perpetrated by some such men, and the not unguilty 
 practice of other physic-giving horse-doctors ; and this is, in short, whoever 
 of them dares to undertake the administering of medicines to this incompara- 
 ble animal without paying especial attention to the subject matter that is 
 handled in this chapter, commits an unpardonable act of inhumanity on his 
 suffering patient, and of gross dishonesty towards its owner. The remedy 
 for a disease is not always to be found in medicine ; preventives never. Pur- 
 gatives are not only the most obvious means of cure, but the best, the least 
 dangerous, and those which promise in the readiest manner to dispose the 
 most vital function to resume its wonted action. Alteratives are the safest and 
 most etlectual remedy for valuable horses, and those which can not be spared 
 from labour; they are indispensable in all cases of vitiiited blood, and where 
 found ineffectual nothing else can be of service. Bleeding is the very best, or 
 the very worst auxiliary we can employ ; its efficacy and precise periods of 
 utility may be learned in the sequel (see sect. 37 to 44), where " the circula- 
 tion" comes under consideration, also in the first pages of Book II, where the 
 pulse is justly made a subject of primary consideration. 
 
 25. For the sake of making myself more clearly understood, 1 shall, when 
 explaining the formation and functions of the horse's inside (i. e. as much 
 of it as will answer my purpose), consider it under two distinct heads; 
 namely : 
 
 1st. The fore part, or throat part, as it is called from its neighbourhood to 
 the throat, or gullet; and, 
 
 2d. The hinder part of him, being his belly, properly speaking, &c. 
 
 Both of these parts have obtained learned names ; but that is no business 
 of ours. 
 
 The fore part of a horse is that which lies between the rider's two knees, 
 within the chest and true ribs. To the farthest of these is attached, as well 
 as to the middle of the back bone, a natural division of the two parts, stretched 
 tightly across his inside, like the head of a drum ; and it is also fastened to his 
 breast bone, but admits of the gullet to pass through, as it does of the great 
 vein and great artery which carry on the circulation of the blood of the hinder 
 
 Eart. With these exceptions it is air-tight, and it bears resemblance to the 
 ead of a drum in another particular — it is membraneous, except round the 
 
MEMBRANE. 27 
 
 edge next to the ribs, &.c. where it is found somewhat fleshy. From its situa- 
 tion in the middle, this natural division is termed the midiiif, or skirt, and ap- 
 pears to have been desitrned for keeping back the stomach and l)()wels of the 
 hinder part, which as it is, when full, press it out of shape, not unlike tiiat of a 
 Watch glass, and would, but for this barrier, interrupt the action of the heart 
 and lungs. But by the present contrivance, as we shall see presently, this 
 pressure from behind soon recedes, the midriff returns to its level, and the 
 ribs, no longer contracted towards each other by the aforesaid |)ressure, ex- 
 pand, thereby enabling the lungs to perform their function, of drawing in a 
 fresh supply of air. U[)on this principal agent in the function of respiration, 
 see more in detail in the 35th section of this cha[)ter. 
 
 2G. After this necessary preamble, let us proceed, as before proposed, to 
 consider the construction of 
 The Membranes, 
 
 Muscles, 
 
 Glands, 
 
 Absorbents, (i. e, 1st lymphatics, and 2d lacteals,) 
 
 Nerves.* 
 Of these the most universally dispersed over the frame, those which occupy, 
 defend, or embrace every part, are the membranes. As well behind as before 
 the midriff, not only inside, but on the outside and every part of the animal 
 are these skinny films placed, for the purpose, 1st, of keeping those parts which 
 they encompass in a compact state; 2d, to secrete a fluid for protection (see sect. 
 21); and 3d, to prevent those parts from rubbing against and injuring each 
 other, or adhering together. The better to accomplish these })urposes they are 
 admirably calculated for the secretion of a fluid, as I observed belbre (sect 20); 
 but whenever the property of secreting such fluid is suspended, then disease 
 begins, and according as the secretion may prevail, being either too little or 
 too much, will be the kind and quantity of disease. Hereupon may be calcu- 
 lated the importance they hold in the animal system: but of those matters I 
 have already spoken higher up. 
 
 Mf.mbraNEs. — To ai)pearance they are nearly transparent, web-like, and 
 of a strong texture; some are simply film, having more or less of feeling ac- 
 cording to their uses, and are those which, being interposed between one or- 
 gan, or part, and another, prevent the interruption which would otherwise 
 ensue; as the midriff, for instance, which I have just above adverted to (see 
 sect. 31 and 35), which is the thickest of all, or the loose membrane that covers 
 the lungs and divides them into two parts, so as each may act separately (see 
 sect 32). The second species of membranes are finer, more transparent, and 
 paler than the first mentioned, and possess the quality of containing in their 
 cavities, resembling sponge, the matter deposited within them by the arteries 
 for the purpose of repairing waste and adding new flesh ; these we term cel- 
 lular membranes, from their sponge-like texture, and they are, moreover, so 
 infinitely thin as to pervade all over the solids, or fleshy parts, without being 
 in every case visible to the eye. They are nevertheless {)roved so to exist, 
 from the circumstance of those being greatly distended, when the subject dies 
 of being " blown," as 1 have shown lower down (sect. 35). Then, not only 
 the forehand, but the hinder quarter, even down to the hocks, become inflated 
 with the wind, which, by reason of the animals being strangled, the lungs had 
 no power to discharge, and the cellular membrane admits it into its cells or 
 cavities. Any one may perceive this membrane and its numerous cells to 
 advantage in a buttock of beef, or leg of mutton, after being dressed ; upon 
 taJving a slice between the fingers and straining it nearly asunder, tiie mem- 
 
 • For ligcuiients, cartilages, tendons, &c. see sect 16 17. 
 
28 DISEASES OF TIIE CELLULAR INIEINIBRANE. MUSCLE. 
 
 brane appears, but more evidrntly at the corners where two or more muscles 
 meet; and in summer time, particularly with over-driven beasts, the mem- 
 brane l)etween the muscles will be found charged with a dull brown sort of 
 matter, that may be, and frequently is, scra])ed away with the knife. Anothel 
 familiar illustration of the uses of the cellular membrane, first mentioned by 
 old Dr. Bartiett, of Windsor, in 1704, is that of "the inside of a shoulder of 
 veal, which butchers blow up with a tobacco-pipe, or quill, to delude their cus- 
 tomers." When the animal becomes adult (or full grown), the membrane 
 that is so capable of being blown up is filled with meat, and shows the im- 
 propriety of pushing young animals in their work before those solids havo 
 IJached maturity. 
 
 When once divided, membrane of either species never again unites, but in 
 case of a healed wound the granulations of new flesh hold the divided parts 
 of membrane to their respective places; the obstructi(m thus occasioned in 
 tlie de|)ositeof hlood causes pain upon change of weather, when the new fiesh 
 cither expands or contracts, as it may he elTected by heat, cold, or humidity. 
 In the human phvsiologv, another kind of distinction is made between the 
 kinds of membrane (as I said before), tending to show whether their respective 
 secretion is more or less watery, slimy, or oily ; but this view of the alfair is 
 not appllcahle to the physiology of the liorse. My reason for abandoning that 
 course was given at section 21. I may, however, here aptly observe, regard- 
 ing that species (the slimy or nuicous) which lines tlie nostrils, throat, and in- 
 testines, that its chief disorder is a cold, which shows itself in the cessation 
 of the secretion; soon after this, the ])arts being inflamed, throw forth a thin 
 acrid discharge, which is greatest when the inflammation arrives at its height, 
 sometimes producing a little blood, either U[)wards or downwards ; when the 
 inflanunation wears of!:', these appt^arances are also lowered by the mucus be- 
 coming more and more thick, until it reaches its usual consistency. The cure 
 IS to be eifected by lowering the inflanunation ; but this is most frequently ef- 
 fected by the natural discharge of the mucous matter just si)oken of. 
 
 27. Muscr.Ks are fleshy bodies of various sizes and shapes, according to their 
 Uses; reddish, of a fibrous texture, easily separated, but more stringy at some 
 places than at others : the last-mentioned are termed "coarse parts," or pieces, 
 in the animals sent for our sustenance, and are those where the greatest strength 
 lies. These fibres formed into bundles, and surrounded by the cellular mem- 
 brane, are visible to the eye, if there be not attached to each fibre a continua- 
 tion of the same membrane that is not visible. Several of those bundles, 
 being further enclosed by a stronger membrane, form a muscle; each whereof 
 is attached by its tyvo farthest extremeties to some other, or, to two difierent 
 bones, upon one or the other of which it acts as a lever. A muscle accom- 
 plishes this motion of the bone by expanding its belly or middle part, and con- 
 tracting it towards the centre; whereupon the bones to which the muscles' 
 ends are so attached are drawn towards each other, and that which is farthest 
 from the trunk is drawn forwards or backwards, at will. Thus, if we wish 
 to bend our elbow, the muscle which is situated just above that joint, inside, 
 contracts in length, and expands in breadth, till the fore-aru) is brought up to 
 touch the muscle itself. Fighting men (boxers) exhibit this muscle, as indi- 
 cative of their strength ; and horses of good action shovv the same sign at every 
 movement, whilst with those that are over-fed, the muscles are concealed in 
 fat, that obstructs their movements ; whilst, with those which are impoverish 
 ed, the muscles dwindle away, hang slack, and ill support the wonted action 
 of the bones. When much compulsory exertion, in hot weather, has exhaust 
 ed the secretion? that keep these i)arts su[)ple, aridity and stiil'ness follow, and 
 the action becomes impeded, diflicidt and uncertain. 
 
 All muscles of the liinbs are long and narrow, when t[uiescent; those of 
 
TENDON: RnJSCI.E— ITS CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 29 
 
 the hixly are more wide than long; in a good measure, squarish, oval, or tn- 
 aiiguliir, according to their uses. They have been compared, vvitli good reiison, 
 to the slia[)e of flat fish, some being long and narrow, like the sole, others 
 wide, hke the i)I;uce. At their ends, muscles often t(>rminatf' in a much stron- 
 ger su!)stance, closer in texture, inelastic, bending with facility, and insensible, 
 ansvvcring th(; same purpiises, but occupying much less room than muscle. 
 These are tendinous, and the horse which is well kept, having the tendons 
 strong and vigorous, is bold, strong, and "sinewy," moves his limbs with 
 agility, and gets over his work to admiration, by picking his feet off the ground 
 well and re()lacing them (as you see while he is going) within a hair's l)rcadLh 
 of the spot you may mark out for them to pitch upon. On the legs, tendon 
 supplies the place of muscle, wholly so in blood-horses, less in the cart-horse 
 breed. Muscle is constituted of blood deposited in the membrane, innu-ne- 
 rable small arteries, some of which are scarcely visible, terminating within 
 
 each nuiscle, by a kind of doubling uj), or curl, 
 as shown in the margin ; within each of these 
 a correspondent vein is twined, and the whole 
 being covered with the finest membrane, con- 
 stitutes a gland. Herein it is that the veins 
 commence their share in the work of circulat- 
 ing the blood afresh, as we shall see in the se- 
 quel, and the lymphatics obtain the watery particles into which the morbid 
 matter of those solids are converted : those figures receive the name of " glands." 
 In blood-horses (natives of hot climates), as we have seen, tendon sup|)lies 
 the place of muscle, or flesh, upon the limbs particularly, which are always 
 finer than those of other breeds; this accounts why our fleshy horses in sultry 
 weather, or hot stables, feel the greatest lassitude, even to weakness, whilst 
 those of full blood seem invigorated by the same circumstance. When, how- 
 ever, the atmosphere of the stable be moist as well as hot, both breeds sutler 
 equally in one way or another; laxity of fibre and profuse perspiration, with 
 weakness, follow, and this producing an obnoxious eifect upon the excrema- 
 tory organs, occasions in stables those stinking ammoniacal vapours that de- 
 stroy the lungs, by disposing them to contract inflammation. 
 
 28. Besides the Glands just alluded to, they are situated in and about tne 
 solids and more secluiled parts, and so small and concealed as to be scarcely 
 exposed to the sight or touch, unless when inflamed and enlarged by disease, 
 other larger and more evident ones occupy the hinder part of the animal, of 
 which 1 shall speak in their place. They are, 1st the liver; 2d, the kidneys; 
 ano 3<1, the testicles ; the functions of each being tolerably well known. See 
 sections 52 — 55. All glands, of whatever size or shape, are employed in se- 
 cretion, taking uj) and se[)arating from other matters that quantity of watery 
 particles which is constantly escaping out of one-part of the system into 
 another, by means of the cellular membrane, as described at sections 21 and 
 22. The smaller glands, just now described, have each a small tube attached 
 toil, which seems intended to hold the acrid, or otherwise noxious, matter 
 which its Iyn)i)hatic had refused to take up, as being at variance vvith its func- 
 tion ; here it remains concealed, until the proper occasion arrives for carryinor 
 it off, which may be found by one of the three natural evacuations; hut these 
 failing, it is clear disease of one sort or other must ensue. Perspiration seems 
 to be its most natural mode of passing off, unless the demand for that kind 
 of evacuation ha[)pens to be low, and then it is drawn to the kidnevs, (sect. 22). 
 But, if the discharge by dung has been so copious as to alford too little of this 
 acrid matter (essential probal)ly in a certain degree) by means of the absorb- 
 ents of the intestines, then, and in that case, it is taken up once more. When 
 the aiuuial's spirits are low, the absorption imperfect, and tliis oilc usive maltei 
 
30 ABSORPTION AND CIRCULATION. 
 
 lies a lonrr time in the tiibos of thrse small jjlnnds, a fjoneral lnn<xnishmrnt of 
 tlie boast tfikt's place (called lentor by the old farriers); he perspires u[)on the 
 least exertion, becomes unnerved, sliows a rough hide, and refuses his meals. 
 This consiitutes " low fever," when the wdiole animal system is aifected. This 
 state of things, which is very coimnon, {)oints out the impropriety of now re- 
 porting to diaphoretics (sweating powders) ; for it has been neglected so long, 
 that tired nature, being ollended thereat, refuses to part with those particles 
 which occasion the greatest injury. " By the urine," be it said. I'his way 
 oilers the same ditlicultv, and the answer resolves itself into my plan of open- 
 ing the princi]>al evacuations first. (See what I shall oiler concerning bleed- 
 ing and purging in a subsequent page.) So much, however, seemed necessary 
 to be advanced here, that the reader, who reads straight an end, should he at 
 no loss as to what lately passed between us concerning secretion and elfusion 
 at sections 21 and 23. Of all the smaller glands, the best recog)iised are those 
 termed salivarv, situated near the jaws for the secretion of spittle, wherewith 
 to moisten the food while descending into the stomach, and thus assisting di 
 gestion in its first stage. The strangles and vives are disorders of these 
 glands: the swelling at this part is a corres|)onding symptom of glanders, and 
 sometimes attends farcy. But the largest of these minor glands is situated in 
 the sohds, and lies within the buttock, concealed near its centre, into which 
 passes an immense quantity of bktod for its size, since it is found in the dead 
 subject most disposed to putrify, especially when the animal has been driven 
 hard, as is the case with all the cattle killed in London tor food. 
 
 29. Lymphatics are one of two species of absorlnng vessels; the other 
 specLPS (the lacteals) being reserved for description under the head of "diges- 
 tion," at sect. 44. They are small tubes, with mouths that suck up or absorb 
 the thin watery particles of the solids, one or more being placed on each gland 
 of these parts. Some idea of the iuiporfant nature of this part of the animal 
 system may be formed from the circumstance that mercury applied to a glan- 
 dular part of the body undergoes immediate absorption by the lymphatics, and 
 is conveyed by this means through the jugular vein to the blood. Persons 
 who may be unfortunately ordt>red to rub in mercurial ointment on the thighs 
 will feel a fulness under the left ear in the course of a few mituites, according 
 to the previous state of their bodies. How mercury acts upon the second spe- 
 cies of absorbents — the lacteals, remains to be seen hereafter. The tendency 
 of both is towards the heart, or rather the left coilai'-bone ; increasing in size 
 and diminishing in number, until the lymphatic duct meeting with the milky 
 juices of its co-absorbent in the thorax, the mixture soon becomes blood by 
 the action of air in the lungs, as described at sect. 3i). As the lacteals, it will 
 be seen, absorb only nutritious juices, so the lymphatics absorb none but of- 
 fensive ones, as the matter of diseases, wounds, spavins, broken bones, ulcers, 
 and the useless part of the deposite made by the arteries as said at section 
 27; these being mixed, pass through the heart, there receive fresh vital pow- 
 ers, as hereafter is described, and thence to the liver, there to be purged of its 
 bad qualities, which, passing incessantly into the intestines is soon ehminated 
 with the dung. At least, such is the natural course in health. ; a change takes 
 place when these organs do not perform their functions aright, and we cau 
 perceive tliis misfortune in the dung, when the absorbents are at fault, par- 
 ticularly in the yellows. The importance of stimulating the lymphatics in 
 all disorders of the outer surface, as mange, surfeit, farcy, &c. iimst be evi- 
 dent: as it is, also, in cases of tumours, as poll-evil, fistula, &c. 
 
 30. The NKRVKs, like the glands, run in pairs, mostly, to all parts of the 
 body; they are the organs of sense, communicate immediately with the l)rain, 
 and are thus priiicii)ally concerned in th«! function of voluntary motion. That 
 tlw) horse entertains likes and dislikes is certain ; he has a memory too, both 
 
THE NERVES. RESPERATIOIS. THE LUNGS. 3| 
 
 for persons and places, as pvory one knows ; he must, therefore, have percep- 
 tion, and he is kind and docile in his nature, which entitk^ him to a kinder 
 return from his master than he usually receives. 1 have often lamented that 
 he was not endowed with one more faculty, even in the smallest derrree, that 
 he might distingviish hetween those who really love him, and those empirics 
 who make a profit of his suderings ; he would then be induced, probably, to 
 kick some among them, as an example to all the rest ; and I never hear of one 
 of those fellows, or their employers, being unhorsed, but 1 thiidc of retributive 
 justice. So, when the horse is girthed up unmercifully, in such a manner as 
 to obstruct his respiration, he frequently attempts to bite the oj)erator — and, 
 "serve him right,' 1 say. As the nerves of a horse are the seat of no dis- 
 tinct disease, 1 shall content myself with adding, that they consist of small 
 cords, white and roundish, like thread; and are certainly the vehicles of pain, 
 which vibrates from one to the other, pleasurable sensations lieing conveyed 
 by the sanie means to the sensorlum, or brain.* The nerves ^'-e closely con- 
 nected with the circulation, and with the brain, where they originate. 
 
 31. Rfspiratiok is the act of drawing in the air by the expansion of the 
 lungs, the cells whereof thereby become iilled to their utmost, the ribs are dis- 
 tended, and the midritf i)ressed back upon the stomach, liver, &c. This is in- 
 spiration ; the expulsion of the air, farming the re-action, being termed expira- 
 tion ; both together constitute what we call breathing or res[iiration, and the 
 matter was before introduced (in section 8,) when I noticed that powert\il 
 auxiliary of this function — tlie midriff. Now, as I have alwavs attached nnicli 
 importance to tlie act of respiration, seeing its close coimexion with the for- 
 mation of blood, and the almost constant state of disease in whicli are found 
 the organs that contribute to this great function of animal life, i shall enter 
 into more minute i)articulars respecting these, than 1 have thought necessary 
 for any of the preceding organs. By tliis course, the reader will be enabled 
 to form more distinct notions respecting the forming and "circulation of the 
 blood," and its concomitant, the formation oi chyle, commonly called "the di- 
 gestive powers" — botti of them functions most essential to health ; but un- 
 happily, both together become, by contravention of those j)owers, (he fruitful 
 source of numberless ills, we thence call constitutional or bodily disease, as 
 fever, abscess, fircy, &c. To this point tends all that 1 have hitherto said con- 
 cerning the insi<lc of the horse; and the inquirer after veterinary knowledge 
 will find his labour in studying this portion of it amply re})aid, by the just prin- 
 ciples ui)on which he will subsequently conduct his |>ractice. 
 
 32. The LUXGs, or lights, are two well-known spongv bodies (called lobes), 
 having at their conjunction a small lobe nearer to where the })ipe enters that is 
 to inflate them. At the same place is fastened the ends of a thin membrane, or 
 rather two membranes, that enclose each one of the lobes: this membrane is 
 termed the pleura, and seems designed to admit of one lobe performing its 
 functions whenever the other may at any time be diseased Between the two 
 
 * Conscience (coa'^cioupness), which agitates tlie nerves by the faculty of tliinkino;, when ap- 
 plied to the evils tiiat are in the world, does sometimes cause tlie accession of fever to those deli- 
 cate organs in Iranian nature ; but brute animals being denied thoi^e powers (or of memory, 
 except as regards tlie means of prolonging life) are little likely to contract " nervous fever;" 
 although that st^ite of freifulness some hisih-bred horses are prone to, partiikc of a good many 
 symptoms of the l\uman ailment, and may be cured by the same means. Sedatives, quiet, and 
 a cooling regimen are those means. The loose stable recommended liy .John Lawrence, and 
 now much adopted, contribiues much to sooth the fretful horse. When the same fie: full less 
 or despondency comes over a JKjr.se, one of condition, or whase condition \\:\s been recently re- 
 duced he acquires slow lever. t;ee what is said under tliis head in Book 11. 
 
32 TIIE PLEURA. THE WIND-PIPE. 
 
 lobes, the mpmbnne (plpura) is double, and, from its situation in the middle 
 (t>(, medio) is called nu'diastinum : it forms a passage for the great blood-vessels 
 running near the spine, and it is very liable to contract disease, which shows 
 itself in "thick wind," or ratlier shi)rt wind. Sect. 36. In the pleura, tlien, 
 are wrapped up, as in two silk handkerchiefs, the two lobes of the lungs, the 
 upper part of that membrane being fastened to the spine and ribs ; and on its 
 surface is generated or secreted some of that fluid I bef)re s[)oke of (sect. 20, 
 21), which is designed to keep tlie parts moist, and prevent their adiiering to- 
 gether. His powers of secretion, however, and those of this organ in par- 
 ticular, often fill in the horse, in consequence of his very great exertions, com- 
 bined wirh the heat of his blood, exhausting more than the secretory power 
 can supply; and we frequently find the pleura growing to the ribs, tiie lungs, 
 or the midrilf, by reason of its wanting a due portion of this fluid : from the 
 same cause (a defect in the secretion), we sometimes find the upper orifice of 
 the stomach partially attached to the midriff, evidently caused by inflamma- 
 tion of the parts. But whichsoever of those misfortunes attend the horse, he 
 is invariably " hurt in his wind," suffers much pain at the commencement 
 of a journey, and subsequently, if pushed hard, dies of a locked jaw, through 
 excessive suffering. Disorders of this nature were hitherto unknown to fur- 
 riers of any descrii)tion, l)eing mistaken for the worms by every one who has 
 written a book upon horse tliseases; and. by the most eminent veterinary au- 
 thor of modern times, the last stages of this mal-conformation are vaguely no- 
 ticed by the erroneous term of " debility," and "general debility," which may 
 mean anything amiss. Whenever the animals that are slain for our suste- 
 nance turn out to have been so affected, their flesh is rejected by the Jews, 
 under the (hmomination of irijler; for the whole animal system is entirely af- 
 fected by the horrid circumstance; the secretory functions in general refuse to 
 perform their share in the production of good and sufficient animal matter, and 
 lentoi; or slow fever, is the consequence, as mentioned higher up, in Sec- 
 tion 28. 
 
 33. The WIND-PIPE, as its name imports, is the pipe or tube for conveying 
 to the lungs the air which every act of ins[)iration draws through it. Extend- 
 ing from the throat to the lungs or lights, at their conjunction this tube di- 
 vides into two branches, one penetrating to near the bottom of each lobe, and 
 these again, having a dozen holes a-piece in their sides, inflate an infinite 
 number of little tubes, or pipes, which compose the lungs much in the fashion 
 of sponge. Except eight hlood-vessels, which enter the horse's lungs, the 
 intervals are filled with cellular membrane, and these being also connected 
 with the same kind of membrane in all other parts of the body, accounts for a 
 phenomenon, I shall take occasion to notice shortly (sect. 35), in the case of a 
 blown horse. At his upper end, the wind-pipe is composed of strong cartila- 
 ginous plates, connected together by ligaments, and put in motion by small 
 muscles for producing the sounds expressed by the animal. Next to the 
 throat these cartilages, which are there strongest, form a curii)us kind of cham- 
 ber, termed epiglottis, over which is a lid or valve, placed there to defend the 
 passage into the air-tube, from the entrance of victuals, drink, &c. For, upon 
 the descent of any such substances, this valve shuts down like a trap-door, and 
 they pass over it. No sooner, however, are they gone past, than up rises the 
 valve again, lying back towards the mouth upon the palate, and being very 
 large in the horse, accounts for the gulps with which he takes in water, and 
 his peculiar mode of feeding. For the same reason it is, that the liorse 
 breathes only through his nostrils, between which and the wind -pipe there is 
 close affinity in some diseases, and accounts for his incapacity for bellowing 
 like the ox, or vomiting like man. At this spot it is, that certain savages in 
 human shape press tlic finger and thumb with brutal force, iii order, as it is 
 
CODGinNG. A COLD, ITS PROGRESS. 33 
 
 called, " to cough him." No certainty, however, lies in this imaginod test 
 of his wind ; for, although a thoroughly broken- winded horse will not cciigh, 
 yet one which is partially affected will do so in most instances; whilst the 
 soundest horses do most obstinately resist the coughing ; and in a few, the cir- 
 cular cartilages so well defend the muscle, as to defy the inhuman effort, and 
 seem to rebuke the ignorant attempt "to prove the goodness of his wind." 
 
 34. Farther towards its lower extremity, the wind-pipe becomes more mem- 
 branous, but less sensible of injury, and the cartilaginous rings gradually lose 
 their form: they no longer describe a circle, being com[)osed almost wholly 
 of strong elastic membrane, that it may Itend out of the way when the gullet 
 is distended with swallowing. Its internal surface is lined with a membrane, 
 which incessantly secretes a quantity of the mucous fluid spoken of in sec- 
 ti(ms 20 and 21, hereby defending its coats from the action of the air in pass- 
 ing to and from the lungs. But this secretion Ix'ing exhausted, sometimes by 
 the very great exertions of the animal, he then coughs so as to shake his en- 
 tire frame, as if to incite the membrane to make fresh secretions of fluid for it3 
 defence; or, in default thereof, the cold air still rushing in at each !ns[)iration, 
 he contracts a permanent eol<(, or catarrh, which, if suffered to continue, in- 
 creases and runs along the membrane to the lower branches of the pi[)e, atid 
 ultimately communicates its baleful influence to one or both IoIr's of the lungs. 
 If the attack be trivial, small green spots are found on the surface of the lungs, 
 which afterwards form ulcers, increasing in size and number, according to the 
 number of small tubes or cells that may be affected. These tubes lose their 
 functions in consequence of the first attack, the animal's wind becomes worse 
 every time he is hard pushed, and the cells burst into each other, until, per- 
 haps, one lobe or half of his lungs is rendered useless. In process of time, it 
 turns black as one's hat, infects the other lobe, and mortification ensues, 
 which is rather accelerated by the cordials with which the poor creature is 
 usually punished, and it dies. 
 
 But when it so happens, that too much of the fluid is secreted in the wind- 
 pipe, the animal snorts or coughs it off by a sudden natural effort ; wherein, 
 the midriff being made to press forciltly upon the lungs, by the siulden con- 
 traction of the muscles of the lower ribs, out flies the wind through the nos- 
 trils, carrying with it whatever may have adhered by the way. Whenever 
 this is the case, the membrane that lines the nose inside becomes irritated, and 
 fresh acx-ession of its own secretion, thickened a little, is the consequence; in- 
 flammulion of the part, ulcers, and a running of foul matter ensue — and this, 
 if the blood be not in a good state, soon becomes that obstinate malady — the 
 glanders. 
 
 An instructive experiment may be made upon the pluck of a sheep — the 
 relative situation and functions of these parts in all quadrupeds being the 
 same, except that the sheep's lights, compared to those of the hoi-se, are not 
 so King in proportion to their thickness. Take a pair of bellows, and having 
 introduced the nozzle tolerably well into the wind [)i[)e, tie it round with a cob- 
 bler's end; then, blowing hard with one hand, while the other is employed in 
 squeezitig the pipe, to prevent the escape of the air back into the bellows, you 
 may furnj an accurate notion of the effect of ins()iration. 'i'lie liglits or lungs 
 at first give out the whole of the air which has lieen driven in, and may be in- 
 flated to an enormous size; but, if much force is used, the ceils burst into each 
 other, some appearing on the surface thin and transparent, and refuse to give 
 back their wiml; this forms "broken wind" of one description, and is that 
 wherein the expirations are slower than the inspirations — the pleura being 
 then affected in its thickest part, and t.he midrifi' also. Out of the first part 
 of this experiment may, likewise, be derived a more accurate knowledge of 
 wliat is termed "second wind," among s|)ortsiuea: when the animal (oriuaa) 
 5 
 
34 MIDRIFF PALPITATIGN. INFLAMED LUNCa 
 
 has made wrrat exertions, so as to fill all the cells of his lungs to their utmost, 
 and then relaxes iVoin the l:ibour, he finds himself renovated, the cells bemg 
 rendered more capable of distention and exjuilsion, when each inspiration and 
 ex|)iration also o(x-upies more time and less labour. 
 
 Sportinrr nien, who are fond of our bear-baitinors, Pecora-fights, and mon- 
 ke\' scratches, may daily witness a practical natural illustration of ine same 
 doctrine, in the conduct of the bear towards his antagonist. Seizing the dog 
 between his paws, he squeezes him up till he gasps for breath, when Bruin, 
 being muzzled, rams his nose tight into the dog's mouth, and, blowing with 
 all his might, you may hear the wind whizzing : the dog swells all over, by 
 reason of the air entering the celhdar membrane, and he dies unless timely 
 pulled off. A dog which has " had a hurt" of this sort seldom regains his 
 proper wind; he must be "a good one" to face the bear again, "as long as 
 he crawls." Such is the polished language at those elegant })iaces of town 
 amusements. 
 
 35. The MiDRiFr has been already mentioned (ss. 25 and 31). It is term- 
 ed diaphragm by the learned in hard words; and we have seen how materially 
 it is engaged in the business of respiration. But for the action of this drum 
 head -like membrane, m-itber tlie lungs on one si»le of )t, nor the stomach, 
 bowels, and liver on the other, would obtain their full d(^gree of motion, which 
 is thus kept in tune, as it were, by those organs acting alternately upon each 
 other; the action of the heart, too, is in uuison with that motion ; but when 
 through agitation (occasioned by great exercise, affright, &c.) it does not 
 keep time, the temporary disorder, termed j)alpitation, is the consequence. 
 We may infer that, wlien the lungs have discharged their contents, the lower 
 or thinnest end of lliat organ, falling upon the muscular border of the midriii) 
 is by it repuiiitHl and excited to action. Any man can feel, when he has ex- 
 pired all his wind, a kind of throbbing internally, low^r down than the heart, 
 until he inspires a fresh portion of an\ When the lungs are in such a state 
 of supineness, those ot"the horse are about three or tour inches thick at tlie 
 conjunction with the windpipe, antl ten to thirteen inches from thence to each 
 extremity, according to the size of the subject; but, when fully inflated with 
 air they together fill up the whole cavity of the chest, obstructing in a t.nvial 
 degree the vibration of the heart: then do they reach to the enormous ditfer- 
 ence of twelve or thirteen inches in thickness, and somewhat more in length. 
 At least such were the dimensions of this organ in a horse which v\'as opened 
 by me in May, 1820: he was of the cart-horse breed, under sixteen hands, and 
 healthy in other res})ects than having been blown by eating too much corn ; 
 whereby nature was compelled to leave the hmgs quite full at the moment of 
 his death. The same subject is alluded to in the i2()th sect, where 1 intended 
 to illustrate the foruiation and functions of the cellular mendirane. 
 
 "No part 4)f the animal has been formed in vain," as 1 before observed 
 (s. 23): quadrui)eds and bipeds both press the earth which wave them birth, 
 and which affords them the means of prolonging life; accordingly this order 
 of beings is lurnished with a midrilf, but fishes and insects, having no such 
 occasion for this organ, are without it : neither have bir<ls a midrilf; but Mr 
 John Hunter was of op'inion, that the want of it is su|)plicd by the hollowness 
 of the bones, which not oidy increase their buoyancy, but the air contained in 
 them re-acts upon the lungs in the same manner as a midrilf would do. 
 
 36. In hi'alth, as in disease, the midriff is liable to be alfected by its neigh- 
 bours, both before and behind it, the stomach often communicating its state 
 of ieeling to the lungs through tlie midriif; for it is by this medium that me 
 dicines im|!art tlieir l)eneficial effects upon the lungs, as may b<> ex|)enenced 
 upon our swallowing cold water at a time when our lungs are heated — 
 the relative situation of those organs being much alike in man and in the 
 
NAUSEOUS EFFLTTVIA. STGN3 OP DISEASE. APPEARANCE. S5 
 
 horse. Immediately hereupon, a sensible difference takes plaeo in the num- 
 ber of respirations, and tlie <}Liality thereof is also changed from a hot to a 
 cooler temperature ; well he it, if the suddenness of the check do not occasion 
 innan'!niati(Hi of the lun<Ts: ai!;ain, \vhoe\er tiwallovvs spirituous liquors feels an 
 immediate disposition (jf the lungs to refiel the heated air of the cells which lie 
 contiguous to the midriff; the first breath which escapes the mouth beiiicr 
 less heated than that which follows and finishes the expiration, and imparts a 
 <5ensation wholly difi'erent from the vulgar belchings of an overcharged sto- 
 'nach. These come u[)by way of the gullet, and carrv forth a nauseous effluvia; 
 whereas air from the lut»gs is ever sweet, unless this organ be already in an 
 advanced state of decay. This state of the case leads me to make one })ractical 
 observation, which shall not be set down, as more curious than useful ; out 
 of seventeen subjects, which successively fell to my lot to examine as to the 
 immediate cause of death, only two, tolerably sound at the lungs, presented 
 themselves; which I take to be the fair proportion of sound horses, as respects 
 the lungs of all that live or die. All those cases occurred from February to 
 Mav, a season when such an affection might not be considered most prevalent. 
 Henc(^, (my reader may smUe!) I conclude from all that has been said, that a 
 tolerably good guess at the state of a horse's lungs mav be formed, by smelling 
 at his breath after a canter, in like manner as our Smithfield dealers smell the 
 animal's nostrils in order to detect the glanders. 
 
 From what has been said, it follows, that a diseased stomach may be pro- 
 duced by diseased lungs and vice versa, and that the midriff suffers in either 
 case: then does the midriff become livid, purplish and infiamed, with dark- 
 coloured stripes, as if thickened at such places, the muscular border thereof as- 
 suming a putrid appearance, and sending forth a villanous stench. When 
 this is the case, or any other ailment prevents the midriff from performing its 
 proper function of inhaling and expelling the air from the lungs, that species 
 of " broken wind" takes place which is known by the sort of breathing where- 
 in the expirations are quicker than the inspirations; being thus contradistin- 
 guished from that other species of broken wind, which is occasioned by rupture 
 of the air cells. A paralysis of the midriff, or the adhesion of the stomach to 
 its lower side, is equally obstructive of its reaction upon the lungs: and I 
 have this day (May, 1820), cut away an adhesion of this sort as wide as the 
 palm of a man's hand. 
 
 Unfortunately for the horse which is affected, either in the midriff, the 
 lungs, in the pleura, or covering thereof, his doctors heal the whole series in 
 the same manner, not unfrequently including in their uniformly mistaken 
 practice, the affections of the stomach, liver, pancreas, &.c. In all, the inflam- 
 matory symptoms are predominant, and a cooling regimen presses itself upon 
 our notice as more proper than the best of medicines, although having the same 
 tendency; whereas, the direct contrary is the practice mostly followed, and 
 heating medicines, under the fascinating name of cortlials, made of spices, ale, 
 wine, &c. are administered daily. Or, at most, if a sedative or opiate, by 
 chance, finds its way (properly enough) into the animal's stomach, this organ 
 is thereby only rendered more susce[)tible of the heating mixtures which are 
 again had recourse to immediately thereafter. 
 
 The organs op respiration are liable to seven or eight several kinds of 
 disease, mostly originating in the horse's having caught cold; they are de- 
 nominated according to the particular place where he may be affected, and in 
 one respect, according to the degree of attack. A cold (sim[)ly) or catarrh, 
 produces that affection which denominates the patient "a roarer." Chronic 
 cough brings on " broken wind," of which there are two sorts; and consump- 
 tion usually follows the long continuance of either. When either has con 
 
36 TOSEASES OF THE LUNGS. CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD, 
 
 tmued awhile, and rpcluced the animal's strength, he is said to b*) in a con- 
 sumption; "worn out" is also a common phrase, as is "rotten;" " dcbilitatea," 
 and "done for," stand a little higher in gentility ; but all mean, that there is 
 small chance of his recovery. 
 
 Pulmonary consumption is the only kind which may be attributed to con- 
 stitutional defect ; i. e. heated blood, with viscidity, causing over-much action 
 of the parts (see section 32), when the pulse becomes powerful and quickeneci, 
 and the horse seems anxious and fearful. Should it subside by judicious treat- 
 ment, or the natural strength of the horse, he commonly retains so much of its 
 effects, as to cause great danger whenever he may catch cold, or he worked 
 too hard. This attack is too frequently neglected, or put off with the remark, 
 "only a little touched in the wind," unless by the addition of a cold, the dis- 
 order comes on rapidly, when it is termed " inflammation of the lungs," and 
 the animal goes off in f^ur or five days, if he be not promptly relieved. On 
 dissection, the parts are found spotted with a livid colour, and evident gan- 
 grene; every variation indeed, is equally appalling to humanity, and I have 
 often wondered how the horse could have lived an hour under such horrid 
 circumstances. 
 
 A cold, simply, or catarrh, commences by inflammation of the lining of the 
 windpipe, which may be confined to S43me given part of it, or extends itself 
 generally from the nostrils to the lungs both inclusive, much resembling " a 
 cold" in man ; in either case, much matter is secreted, and thrown off by 
 snorting: when the attack is confined to the up[)er part of the pipe, and lasts 
 some time, the horse becomes a confirmed roarer, his groan bearing great re- 
 Eemblance to the roar of some wild animals, and he is equally iBcurable. 
 
 Chronic cough is that obstinate cough which remains and plagues the horse 
 long after vain attempts at curing his cold ought to have taught his tormentors 
 the inutility of their endeavours and the dishonesty of their pyescriptions. 
 Broken wind is of two sorts; the first is caused by the rupture of the air cells 
 of the lungs by over exertion, in which the exf))ration being slower than the 
 inspiration, he is, aptly enough, said to be "broken winded j" the second kind 
 of broken wind is ki>own by a breathing the direct contrary, and is ocrasioned 
 by the cold having settled uymn the perforations of the brasiches, amd enlarged 
 them, so that the air escapes too readily. Thick wind, on the other hand, arises 
 from the secretion of the pipe getting into the cells of the lungs, and affecting 
 the orifices or perforations by thickening them, so that the air passes through 
 with difficulty. Similar symptoms attend inflammation of the pleura (section 
 15), particularly when it reaches to the vtediastinum, or double part ; as they 
 do when the muscular Iwrder of the midriff is affected. But these, though 
 perhaps considered two different diseases at the commencement, in the horse, 
 very shortly become one common affection, mare or less, of all the organs of 
 respiration; inflammation predon>inates over the whole series; and if the per- 
 formance of his duties does not render them fatal, an injudicious treatment witl 
 fix upon him an incurable disorder, until the knife terminates his usefulness. 
 
 Lafosse, junior, observes, that " flat-chested horses, are almost always subject 
 to consumption, whilst (again) consumption narrows the capacity of the chest, 
 and re- produces itself — there is no remedy for misconstruction." He farther 
 says, "Short wind is either produced by disorders of the chest, or it is a fault 
 of construction, and both are irremediable. Such a horse is generally of Jess 
 use than one that is thick-winded." 
 
 37. Thk circulation of thk blood is carried on through all parts of the 
 body, to which it affords the meansof life and health ; or, being ill performed, 
 is the fruitful source of lingering, obstinate and incura]>}e diseases, S(nne 
 whereof almost baffle our skill and care; and, while they induce us to admit 
 that the practice of veterinary physic never will reach perfection, inspire the 
 
ACTION OF THE HEART. • ^ 
 
 hopp that, by pntient investigation, we may at least find out the means of alle- 
 viatiniT tlu'ir evil tendency. These considerations stiould excite particular 
 attention to the subject in hand, being that to which all other functions aro 
 but subservient or conducive; respiration and digestion being more closely 
 connected with it thmi any other, and requiring a corres})ondnig degree of at- 
 tention. Tlie heart, jointly with the lungs, occupies the cavity of the chest, 
 rather inclining towards the left side, against which its point may be feltbea* 
 ing, whenever the animal is agitated by exercise, or internally affected by in- 
 flammatory complaints. Its figure is too well known to render description 
 necessary : in size it approaches that of an ox, and, like it, is enclosed in a 
 membraneous sac, but very thin, not unlike a tight purse. Another sac, 
 called the heart-hag, less tight, surrounds the former, but is never so large, 
 nor encumbered with fit like that of the bullock. On opening this sac there 
 issues forth a fluid which turns to water, if it were not so already ; in the ox 
 It is confessedly water, and rather more in quantity than in the horse ; — the 
 reason for which ditference I will show presently. So great is the stimulus 
 of this organ, that its contractile power often exists long after the animal is 
 dead, and the arteries cease to flow: a phenomenon that occurs when the 
 horse is killed in full health, hy an accident, or otherwise, while in full pos- 
 session of its functions. In animals of much mettle or courage the heart at- 
 tains to a great size, that of the famous horse Eclipse weighing 181bs. In 
 some horses, the vessels that nourish this muscular organ lie exposed on the 
 surface; with others, they lie wholly concealed ; a fact from which I have yet 
 found no opportunity of making any sure deduction, but apprehend it may 
 arise from the breed, and conclude it must have considerable effects on his 
 dis[)osition. 
 
 As the heart is the principal organ employed in converting into blood what 
 is drawn from the finer particles of food sent into the system for that purpose, 
 as well as in renovating that which has been exhausted of its vital prin- 
 ciple in the circulation, it may well be sup{)osed full of small blood- 
 vessels. Four large ones meet at its thick end, and suspend it, by being at- 
 tached to the bones of the back and ribs : two of them, bringing the dark vi- 
 tiated blood from the extremities of the fore-part and of the hind-part, are 
 veins ; the other two large vessels are arteries, which, receiving the blood from 
 the heart, just now refined by the process of nature, convey it with rapid con- 
 tractions to every part of the system, there to give fresh vigour, and to impart 
 health to the whole. These contractions constitute the pulsation, or pulse ; 
 a criterion of health as of disease, which we investigate with primal anxiety, 
 as from it may be deduced the best prognostic of the state of disease, espe- 
 cially of inflammatory ones, to which this noble animal is more than any other 
 suhject, from causes to bcex[)lained hereafter. 
 
 38. Two large chambers (as I call them) and two small ones, each of the 
 latter appended to one of the former, mainly contribute to the process of cir- 
 culation ; these, by their co-action, aid the contractile power of the heart, com- 
 pelling the contents of the larger chambers to issue with much force into the 
 arteries. But, before the blood can be thus again fit for circulation, nature 
 has provided the means of rendering it so, by the action and re-action of 
 these four chambers (or cavities) in the heart, contributing to refine it for 
 that pur[)ose; one large chamber, with its small one, being placed on the right 
 side of the heart, and the like pair on the left side thereof. The blood from 
 the veins flowing into the small chamber on the right side, irritates its inner 
 coats, and they each contract upon its contents with nearly as uiueh strength 
 and quickness as we can open and shut the hand ; — but certainly not so much 
 oj)en, although there is a flap on the entrance of each small chamber, which 
 they liken to "a dog's ear," and call by the Greek word auricle, thai being 
 5* 
 
3ij RE-CONVERSION OF VENOUS BLOOD. 
 
 an ear. At earh of those closings or contractions, the lulood is forced out of 
 the small chainber into its large chamber on the same (right) aide, through a 
 small tloor-way, or valve, which opens only inwards, the door being too large 
 for the door-way. By the way, these valves are very numerous in the anin)»l 
 sysjtem, [frincipally as regards the circulation of blood in the veins; and th« 
 reader will do well to nxTollect, when I speak of valves in future, the illustra- 
 tion just given by comparing the same to a door-way, which bears a near re- 
 semblance ti) the valve. In the performance of this otijce, the heart may be 
 said to have three several motions In^longing to it: Ist, a quick one, l>y thfi 
 contractions of tlie smaller chambers upon their contents; 2d, the contractions 
 of each large chamber upon its contents, being just half the numWr of lhrol)« 
 made by the first n>entioned : and, 3tl, the vilVation or tremor of the whole 
 heart in consequence of all those niotions. 
 
 Well, on the right side still, the large chamber being filled with venous 
 blood through the valve, or d(X>r-way, from thesn>all one, becomes in like man- 
 ner irritated so as to contract ujion its contents', and to drive it out somewhere 
 or other. Back to the small chaml>er it can not possibly go ; the valve does not 
 open the vvay, as 1 have just now said ; and therefore it issues with much more 
 force through another valve into a short artery, which soon opens into two, 
 like the letter Y, the heart being supposed at the bottom of the letter. Up 
 rushes the blotxi to the top of the two branches — where it meets with — Whatl 
 What do you think it meets with, gentle reader? 
 
 Here, however, let him stop a little, and consider awhile ; for, tipon his right- 
 ly understanding what now Ljecomes of the blood (thick, dark, and unservice- 
 able as it is), and how, in a trice, it becomes healthy, of a bright scarlet colour, 
 and invigorating, mainly dej)ends his being able to comprehend, by-and-by, 
 what i shall have to olfer concerning the diseast^s to which a vitiated or cor- 
 rupt state of the bkxxl gives rise. He will not, otherwise, make out sufficient- 
 ly clear in what maiiner the blo«x3 of an animal can contract and retain that 
 morbid state which shall predispose it towards acquiring a constitutional dis- 
 ease that, however dilierei.tly named according to the parts whereon it may 
 fix, has but this one common origin for the entire series. To this page, ther>, 
 I shall frequently ret'er him when speaking to these points more in detail, here- 
 after; and he had best, also, keep the Iwok open at this place, whenever he 
 may be endeavouring to comprehend what the Jearned veterinarians of the 
 present day are striving to say resj>ecting "the circulation," as they quaintly 
 term it. Another of them, speaking upon the topic I have just brought to a 
 conclusion, says, " The heart is divided into two cavities, termed ventricles, 
 each having an auricle, resembling a dog's ear. The blootl-vessels proceed 
 from thesp [those] cavities, the arteries from the ventricles, the veins from the 
 auricles, &c." All which is very true, but not very intelligible to the gene- 
 rality of readers; and yet is the author, who thus speaks, (Mr. White, in vol. 
 1. p. 63) Saul to be the plainest s[)oken among the moderns; indeed, were he 
 any thing else than a good one, 1 should not have deemed him worthy of this 
 rebuke. 
 
 39. The Bloo<l, as I have said, rushes out of the large cbamlx'r on the right 
 side of the heart into an artery that soon divides into two branches; wheri-of 
 one enters each lobe of the lungs, atid there disperses, through certain cells, 
 the blood with which it is constantly sup})lied. Here lies the the secret! At 
 this point it is, that health or disease (at least a predisposition to one or the 
 other) is imbibed and engendered in the blood. The lungs having received 
 the thick disi^oloi'.red blood from the right side of tb.e heart, and being the re- 
 ceptacles of the air we all breathe, do, by means of that air, bestow upon the 
 blood afresh the principles of life, and health, and vigour. The cells, or tubes, 
 tlii'^aijh, which the blood i)asses iii tlie lungs, termed puluionary, are eight in 
 
EFFECTS OF AIR ON THE BLOOD. 39 
 
 number, being double the quantity given to man, and show, from that circum- 
 stance, the iumiense circulation of which they are the agents, A cruel and 
 almost incurable malady, that attends most horses at this part of the organs 
 of respiration, with many and variable symptoms, was alluded to higher up, 
 at sect. 36; and is what we term from those vessels, pulmonary consumption. 
 But then, it is clear, that the air which is so brought to cllect those beneficial 
 changes upon the blood in the lungs, must be fit tor the purpose : — that is to 
 say, it should be vital or atmospheric air, uncontamiiiated by any noxious 
 stench (as the ammoniacal smell of the stable, or the stench and smoke of 
 cities); no poisonous vapours (as burning brimstone, the gaseous fluid, smelt- 
 ing of minerals*), nor infectious effluvia (as of cesspools or stagnant waters, 
 producing fevers, glanders, &c.) can give to the animal's blood that healthy 
 vigour which was designed for his well-being; but, on the contrary, every de- 
 parture from purity, in the air he breathes, nmst be an approach towards dis- 
 easet. Yet, how constantly is this simplest law of nature transgressed ! And 
 what, in such a state of things, can be expected, but that the blood will assimi- 
 late in character with the kind of air the creature is compelled to inhale?? 
 Accordingly, we find in the domesticated horse, that previous disposition to 
 certain diseases which we endeavour to meet by correctives and repellants, 
 but which by better treatment might have been prevented. Of these evils, 
 abscess, or ulcer, is the most prolific, showing itself now on the head, atothers on 
 the heels, under the varied denominations of poll-evil, quittor, fistula, <fcc. ; 
 but more frequently attacking, and making the greatest ravages on the in- 
 ternal organs, where it is generally mistaken for the worms, and erroneously 
 treated with hot and burning remedies, when evidently a direct contrary prac- 
 tice would best assist nature in casting off the evil.§ Ulcer upon the lungs. 
 as it produces a staring coat, is too frequently mistaken for worms, and if the 
 animal be not physicked and cordialled too much, a j)artial cure sometimes 
 takes place, tfiough in what way it is carried otTis most inscrutable ; but, upon 
 opening the dead subject, I have often noticed spots which had been corrt)ded 
 and gangrenous, where the cure had l)een effected in this spontaneous manner. 
 As for ulcers upon the liver, also arising from the viscidity of the blood, if 
 
 * Scarcely any truth is easier proved than this : Horses that are constantly kept in close 
 Btables, in large numbers together, very soon hecoine unserviceable, by the cmistitution Liirovv- 
 ing of! some evil or other upon the surface ; as one proof whereof, thoije which are occasionally 
 placed in tiie under-ground stables, at the Swan with Two Necks, Lad-lane, show evident 
 eigns of distress which subside upon being brought into the air. I hear from good authority, 
 tiiat at New Orleans, in North America, where the atmos()here "exhibits a blue misty appear- 
 ance," nothing is more common than a disease which affects the knee, hock or pastern joint, 
 with abscess, or near those parts with cancer, and the limb actually rois off. The like kind of 
 attacks were found formerly most common in Cornwall and in Wales, and are attributed by 
 all to the arsenical vapour of the copper mines being inhaled: they are, however, much less 
 frequent at the present day, owing to the higher state of cultivation to which the land has been 
 brought, and to the change of situation horses now enjoy. Tiie free use of sweet oil is a good 
 preventive of this poison in human as well as in cattle medicine. 
 
 1 This is not the place for a finished disser.ation on the communication of the glanders; hut 
 1 nuist observe, in illustration of the text, that horses which have eaten glanderous matters 
 w/thout receiving the infection, no sooner smell it tiian they beco)ne diseased. 
 
 I In cases of much sorrow or grief, oiu' respiration is much increased ; and the presentiment 
 of death awaiting them, occasioas all animals to take harmful substances into the lungs. Pigs, 
 oxen, and even sheep, show signs of uneasiness, horror, or madness, at the elliuviaof ijla>d ot 
 their own kind : and I have found in each kind of animal, upon sliitmg the trachea as fai' ;is the 
 bronchia, dust, dirt, or other rubliish, which they had snorted up in the last paroxysms of 
 despair. 
 
 § Four ounces of spirits of turpentine have been given with partial success: but such a dise 
 must go near to destroy not only worms, but the horse into the bargain, whilst it is not very 
 clear tome that tiie small worms we sometimes meet with are hurtful to the animal, but ara 
 designed to act as a stimulus to the intestines : and, if the doctor mistakes for worms sonie mtn 
 faerious di^jorder, the horse dies of this monstrous medicine, as sure as fate. 
 
40 THE HEART; ITS SHAPE— PULSATION. 
 
 thpy take place near its thin extremity, the common natural process is, that the 
 part of the liver attaches itst-lf to the gut, and the olFeiisive matter will then 
 slough otY into the intestine, and come away hy stool: a partial cure is the 
 consequence: not produced liy medicine acting upon the part, as is very clear, 
 Dul by a common natural effort, aided by a more vigorous and healthy state 
 of the blood than when the disease was engendered. To assist the circula- 
 tion in regaining this state is clearly the duty of the medical attendant, and is 
 the only manner in which he can be of any service to the animal in restoring 
 it to health. 
 
 40. In the lungs, then, does the blood receive from the air its invigorating 
 principle, and no sooner does this take place, than it drops into another short 
 blood-vessel (a vein), and, by it, is conveyed again to the heart: not the same 
 small chamber on the right side, of course, but to a similar one on the left 
 side. Here the contractions go on as before mentioned, only that the blood 
 differs in quality; this being now properly fitted to promote the purposes of 
 life, and for imparting the vital principle, occasions the heart to assume that 
 twisted shape we see in some animals, while in others whose bodily exertions 
 and arterial functions are less laboured than those of the horse (the sheep's for 
 example) it is more round : and, indeed, the heart of this last mentioned ani- 
 mal is, from this circumstance, usually termed, in the London district, a "round 
 heart." Out of the small chaml)er on the left side is the blood driven through 
 a valve, as before, into the large chamber of the same side ; which in its turn 
 contracts, with much force, ui)on its contents, expelling the same into the great 
 artery. This periodical rushing of the blood into the arteries, imparts to these 
 vessels a motion we term pulsation, whereby the blood is proj)elled forwards, 
 to the remotest parts of the body. Lessening in size, and increasing in num- 
 ber, the branch-arteries, which receive this blood, become more sensitive as 
 they are farther removed from the heart, and afford us, at certain places, the 
 means of ascertaining by the touch the degree of heat at which may at any 
 time be the state of the animal's blood ; the contractions of the heart being 
 regulated, in quic;kness and force, by the degree of stimulation the heat of the 
 blood may occasion it. This is termed the irritability of the heart, and the 
 medical test of which I speak, is called " feeling his pulse." Even in the tail 
 may this contractile power of the arteries, and its effects, be seen to advan- 
 tage ; when a colt is being docked, the blood squirts forth with frequent gushes, 
 answering in a tolerable accurate manner to the state of his pulse, although 
 the artery at that remote part is very small. But the blood that is so changed 
 in the lungs, as 1 have just said, is still found to contain certain parti- 
 cles or properties, which would render it unfit for the purposes to which it is 
 to be a{)plied, or those particles are required to effect certain purposes else- 
 where in the system. Accordingly, the major part passes into the liver, there 
 to be refined of its bitterness; whilst a portion is attracted to the kidneys, 
 where it leaves its saline qualities, that pass off by staling, as the former is 
 voided by dunging. See "Liver," larthcr onwards. 
 
 41. These purposes, however, are not always effected alike regularly, from 
 several causes. Frequently, the blood comes to those organs in a state too 
 vitiated for their utmost activity to cleanse; sometimes a diseased state of the 
 blood, at others, languor of the parts, indispose them to the performance of 
 their functions, and the blood is suffered to circulate, filled with humours that 
 war with the constitution, and form what is termed " constitutional disease," 
 or predispose him to receive disonlers of varied malignity, according to cir- 
 cumstances. 1 shall come to advert to this point when, shortly, the liver and 
 kidneys claim our attention; but, the chiefest cause of disorders incident to 
 the animal by reason of defective liver, is the great exertions he is put to, and 
 tiieconsequentrapidityof thecirculation, whereby the blood is propelled through 
 
CONSTRUCTION OF ARTERIES AND VEINS. 41 
 
 it with tremendons velocity : it then acquires inflammation, and becomes ul 
 cerati'd (see sect. 39'); a disposition which must be increased whenever tho 
 blood has been formed imperfectly, either as regards the lungs or the lacteals. 
 So much is this the case, that the blood drawn from a very aged patient of 
 mine lately, that was incapable of grinding his corn properly, showed evident 
 proofs that particles of ill-digested food had entered into the circulation, and 
 is an answer to those writers who aver that the lacteals reject the bile and 
 suck up only the fine parts of the chyle ; whereas, all inquiring persons must 
 know, that they take up the lighter parts of all substances whatever that pass 
 through the intestines. It this were not so, how is it that the slow poisons 
 just spoken of enter the blood 7 or how would it come to pass that so much 
 good is performed by alterative medicines, that, ni like manner, insensibly in- 
 troduce themselves into the blood, and produce invisibly those permanently good 
 effects we so much admire 7 The opposition of a few is no obstacle to this 
 commendation of an obscure but safe and certain class of medicines, — to say 
 nothing of an alterative regimen, which is more safe still, and certainly more 
 natural, though slower and less positive in its effects than active medicine. 
 How much longer is the horse to be treated with nothing else but violence ? 
 
 42. B1-00D-VKS.SELS, or tubes, I have already observed, pervade every part 
 of the body, and are of two kinds, whose office is directly the reverse of each 
 other. Arteries, it will be recollected, convey the vital fluid to all parts of the 
 body, and the construction of these, it may easily be conceived, from what has 
 been said, is simply that of a tube with great contractile powers : they are 
 large near the heart, but soon branch out of a lesser size, until, entering the 
 smaller organization of the solids, they become very minute, infinitely nume- 
 rous, and more sensitive, thus affording the means of renovation, or growing 
 to the flesh, bones, skin, hair, hoofs, &c. The large artery communicates with 
 minor branches, soon after leaving the heart, by two rows of openings, like 
 perforations, in its lower sides, at two or three inches asunder. Some one has 
 likened the arrangement of these vessels to the stem, branches, and twigs of 
 a currant-bush, and so might the veins that run nearly parallel to the ar- 
 teries, through every part of the animal, but are so constructed and arranged, 
 as to take up and reconvey the blood (which the arteries constantly deposit) 
 back again to the heart; and the similarity will still further hold good, if wj 
 extend it to the leaves of the bush, and compare these to the glands (see Sec- 
 tians 27, 28), in every one of which an artery terminates, and deposits its nu- 
 tritious contents, and where every small vein begins the absorption of what 
 the artery has so left behind. This absorption, when obstructed, lax, or other- 
 wise imperfect on the surface, may be restored by stimulating the parts with 
 spirits; when it is too high, and labouring greatly in consequence of the vis- 
 cidity of the blood, local inflammation is engendered, and one or other of those 
 diseases I shall hereafter treat under " abscess," is the consequence of this 
 constitutional derangement. Blood that is thick, heavy, or viscid — call it 
 which we like — causes heat, which being general, is fever ; the rapidity of the 
 circulation increases violently, and the blood becomes more fluid than when 
 the animal was in good health. Arteries may be distinguished from veins 
 in the dead subject, by the property they possess, of retaming their tubular 
 shape after the blood is discharged ; whereas, the veins collapse, when empty. 
 
 43. If the arteries are plain tubes, lying for the most part concealed, the 
 veins, on the contrary, are more frequently found exposed to the sight under 
 the skin, next to the muscle. But, more delicate and more numerous, the 
 veins perform their part of the circulation by a totally different means than ia 
 found in the i)ropulsion and contraction of the arteries. One of the ineana 
 of effecting this |)urpose is by the obvious and simple movement of the body 
 and limbs, as well as by the act of breathing, whereby the blood is pressed jut 
 
42 EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION AND EXERCISE ON THE BLOOD. 
 
 of some one part or other of the veins into the adjacent part; but these vessels 
 bcitijr furnislied with innumerable valves, withni an inch, or less, of each 
 other, tlie doors whereof open otdy towards the heart, the blood must neces- 
 sarily force ilself out that way, and no other. If we suppose that any given 
 portion of the vein is Iiereby emptied ; what follows from the circumstance, but 
 that the next-door valve, which liept back the blood contained in the adjoining 
 portion below, while it was pressed upon from above, being thus relieved from 
 the pressure, will now o[)en ? Then, in rushes the blood, and the space is 
 again filled, but only to be emptied in a similar manner. It is with a view to 
 accelerate the circulation through the veins, and to keep the blood warm in 
 winter, that mankind betake themselves to forced exercises, as hunting, run- 
 ning, or beating the arms athwart the chest, and that beasts with the same 
 propensity gambol and frisk about, or rub themselves: both promote the same 
 ends, by l3rea hing short, so as not to cool the lungs too much, or by drawing 
 in the same warm air over again, in sheltered situations. 
 
 44. By the process just described, the blood being once admitted into the 
 minuter veins, finds its way to the larger ones, which convey it to the heart; 
 near to winch, as the quantity becomes great in the large vein, it receives a 
 powerful auxiliary in the filling and em[)tying of the lungs, and the working 
 forward and backward of the midriff, as described before. Passing through 
 it near the back bone, and, consequently, as its more muscular part, the great 
 vein must at every inspiration receive from the midriff considerable aiil ia 
 pouring forth its contents — to say nothing additional of the pump-like action 
 of the heart itself At this part the vein acquires the ap])earance of a double 
 tube, the outside thickened and muscular, the inner one membranous and col- 
 lapsed, as if too big for the space in which it is placed. But the curious flict — 
 how the blood which had been sent into circulation through the arteries, gets 
 into the veins at first, deserves consideration ; as this must be effected labori- 
 ously, when the fluidity of the blood is lessened, or else accelerated with fright- 
 ful rapidity, whenever it so happens that fever [)revails ; local inflammation, 
 by the same rule, must cause an unusual flow of blood to the part affected; 
 and, as most of the impurities of the system will then be drawn towards it, at 
 that |»lace must they leave the occasion of the most direful effects. In })roof 
 of this doctrine, it happens frequently, that when an animal is attacked with 
 inflammatory complaints at two places at once, the greater evil of the two in- 
 creases, while the lesser one " runs ofl^," as it is called, or gets cured of itself. 
 So, on the contrary, when a diseased horse (glanderous, for example) is well 
 fed and well kept, he not unfrequently overcomes his disorder without medi- 
 cine, to the great wonder of the unknowing; the solution whereof is, that the 
 constant supply of new blood has quite changed the nature of the animal, his 
 disease has been "taken up," or absorbed, by the animal system, and ulti- 
 mately carried off in the common evacuations. In short, absorption and effu- 
 sion are the great internal secrets of animal life ; although we can not say with 
 certainty how they are carried on, it is no less a positive law of nature, that 
 the veins at their commencement in the glands absorb or suuk up, the blood 
 that is deposited there by the arteries, and separated by the lymphatics; 
 equally well known is it, that effusion takes place, of arterial blood, into much 
 larger veins, as well as from one part of the system into another, internally. 
 These points are deducible from a multitude of facts and well-known opera- 
 lions, some proofs of which the reader will find more in detail in the course 
 of this treatise. In some parts, a positive connexion of the capillaries, or 
 smallest blood-vesssels, is found to exist; in such a manner, that the section 
 of one or more of these, and the consequent obstruction of the means of 
 life to all the parts below it, which some would naturally expect, is herebj' 
 jemediei. 
 
DIGESTION.— TIIE STOMACH. 43 
 
 45. The Process or Digesjtion, whereby the food is prepared to be con- 
 verted into blood, is no less curious than "the circulation" itselt, is equally 
 conducive to the support of life, and being obstructed, is also the harbinger of 
 disease. If, on the two other great functions of animal life, depend his imme- 
 diate existence, no less does the horse's capabilities, his present health, and 
 the engendering of future obstinate, incurable, and often mortal diseases reach 
 his vitals by way of his stomach and intestines, that comprise the organs of 
 digestion. 
 
 Every one knows that oats and hay are the chief sustenance of the horse in 
 a domesticated state, and these, together with one or two other similar j^roduc- 
 tions, and water, are given to him for nutriment alone ; it therefore follows, 
 that whatever substances are taken into his stomach, which act not to the same 
 end, must operate injuriously, even though containing nothing hurtful in them- 
 selves : these must obstruct, if they do no more. But, when matters obnoxious 
 in their nature, and possessing strong powers and effects, are being adminis- 
 tered to the horse, it seems but fair to examine whether such things are likel}' 
 to agree with his common nutriment, v\ith the blood that is made from it, or 
 with his constitution, his hahits, or the tasks he has to perform. Or whether, 
 on the other hand, they do not prove destructive of the food itself, of the ves- 
 sels that contain it, ami of those which draw up its liner particles that are to 
 be converted into blood. 
 
 Let him who practises by violent means consider a moment the natural 
 structure, formation, and functions of the organs on which his medicines are 
 destined to act, and compare their altered state, that has been brought about 
 by reason of the treatment the animal has received at his hands. Some jiro- 
 tection, doubtless, is alForded by nature in the secretion of the fluid so often 
 mentioned, which defends the several organs against ordinary injuries; but 
 these are often found insufficient in quantity (notwithstanding the supply 
 which may be drawn by effusion from other parts of the body), and the fre- 
 quent re{)etition of the monstrous mixture of the doctor's skil-less art. ulti- 
 mately effects its purpose in destroying the tone of the fine vessels just ailudcd 
 to (the lacteals), and then the symptomatic disease of the skin, called hide- 
 bound, follows, as a natural consequence. 
 
 46. The Stomach is a bag, or pouch, with two lioles in it; the one receiv- 
 ■ng the end oftlie gullet, the other opening into the small gut. See it; plate 
 I — L, 26 — 29. It lies behind the midriif, inclining a little to the left, having 
 the lungs contiguous on the other side that membrane, and the liver next be- 
 hind or under it. This main organ of digestion is but small in the horse, a3 
 compared to that of any other animal, being so designed to assis,t his fleetness, 
 but which would be impeded by his receiving large quantities of food at a time, 
 and points out the reason why he requires to be fed and watered frequently : 
 the larger and more distended the stomach of any animal may be, the more 
 sluggish and vicious he is. As one proof of this i)osition, 1 formerly obtained 
 the stomach of a man which was lai'ger than that of any other subject 1 ever 
 saw or read ot", and its possessor ni life had a heavy, slow and sordid manner, 
 together with one or two other bad qualities which brought hiu\ prematurely 
 to his end. 
 
 At the up])er orifice of the stomach, a membrane, nearly insensible, commg 
 fi'om the gullet, enters it loosely, and sprea-Jing alo:ig lis lower ^lart, lines about 
 one half of it, thus defending it from acrimo/iiuusor poisonous substances, whilst 
 the coat of the other parts thereof consis.s of striated muscular fibres, very 
 sensible and given to contraction, and ruining transversely to those <4" the in- 
 sensil)le coat, a circumstance which has :^iven rise to the fanciful notion, that 
 digestion proceeds in the horse's stomach by whist is termed "trituration," or 
 pounding; but, upon reference to tire figure which illustrates another organ, 
 
44 INFI.AMMATION OF THE STOMACH.— INTESTINES. 
 
 (at section 56), the reader will be able to form a more accurate notion, neai 
 enough for his purpose, how the stomach contracts its sensible part upon its 
 contents. This sensible coat secretes a juice which, from its strong gastric 
 nature, not onl}' digests the food, but would also corrode the stomach itself 
 (insensible though it be), were it not supplied with another fluid for its pro- 
 tection, in the saliva or spittle that descends the gullet along with the food. 
 This saliva is also secreted, in some measure, when the animal may not be 
 feeding: hut, whenever this sup[)ly fails, the gastric juice predominates so 
 much as to cause a galling pain in the stomach, and occasion in the aninial a 
 ravenous desire for tilling it, if not with food, at least with some substance that 
 may keep it distended, and perhaps carry off the painful superabundance. 
 Horses so circumstanced, when in harness, gnaw the pole or shaft, or bite at 
 each other, and soon learn to become crib-biters, gnawing any thing they can 
 come near, as well as the manger; litter, bits of old wall, and dirt, at length, 
 are found by them agreeable to their palate. See further at section 49. 
 
 The insensible membrane I spoke of, by its loose folds, forms, at the entrance 
 of the stomach, a kind of valve, which prevents regurgitation of the food, hke 
 that of ruminating animals; and a similar contrivance at its terminatiiin in the 
 lower or right orifice occasions a short obstruction until the pulp is mixed; 
 for, when the stomach is tilled, the relative position of the two orifices alters 
 in a great degree. From these premises it seems apparent that any substance 
 entering an empty stomach does not act upon the sensible part of it, but being 
 soon mixed up with the gastric juice, it proceeds into the intestines, there to 
 communicate its effects — whatever these may be. Whether nutritive or 
 medicinal, poisonous or beneficial, the intestines receive all with but little al- 
 teration.* But when it so happens that the food does not pass readily out of 
 the stomach, a fermentation connnences, and the sensible part thereof being 
 then distended, the ill effects ascend the gullet, reach the head, and cause ver- 
 tigo, staggers, &,c. At times, a specific inflammation takes place, and com- 
 municates itself in four or five days to the whole of tliirt surface, taking its 
 conrse downwards or upwards, according to the orifice that may be most af- 
 fecttd ; tliis l)euig all tlie way down through the intestines, blocking up the 
 influx of gall (as described sect. 48), and causing yellowness of the eyes, until 
 its a[)pearance at the anus; or, in the other case, it ascends up to the nostrils, 
 making its appearance first about the head, and communicates either way to 
 the skin and its coat. 
 
 47. Of the intestines, guts as they are usually called, it is important to keep 
 in mind, that, notwithstanding the a[)pearance of great tenacity they assume, 
 they are, nevertheless, extremely irritable, being composed of two coats of fine 
 muscular fibres that cross each other, the one circularly, the other lengthwise ; 
 and having a lining which secretes a fluid for its protection, they admit in their 
 intervals an innumtrable quantity of absorbent vessels, that are constantly 
 sucking up the finer particles of their contents. This sort of conformation 
 
 * At this place, for the infonnntion of those who would practise the veterinary art by com- 
 parison, it uidy be usetul to observe, that in the human stomach is digestion principally per- 
 formed, in the horse's very little; in both, the small intestines appear to mix the food with the 
 bile and oilier digestive juices ; but man having no ccB^cum, or blind gut, like the horse, to re- 
 ceive the heavier p.irts of the food as they escape from the small intestines, his lactcals begin 
 higlier up than those of the horse, which lie wiiolly on the large intestines. It fellows that, 
 whatever is received into the stomach of man is felt through the system immediately ; with the 
 horse this does not fake place until it h is reached the intestines. One other dis;?imilarity in tho 
 mode of digestion is worthy of no;ice: in man, the work of digestion is nearly finistied when 
 the bile is mi.ved with thelood — say at an average of twelve hoars from its being taken, whilst 
 the horse p;i.sse3 his feed into the intestines inaljout two hours, before it has well assumed an 
 homogeneous appearance, whi.:h the bile seems to eifect for him. Willi us litiuid remains in 
 the stomach ; the horse passes water immediately into the cascum. 
 
INTESTIiSES— DISEASES OF. 45 
 
 renders the intestinal canal obnoxious to repeated strong drastic firges, par«« 
 ticularly ^loes of the BarbaJoes kind, that heat and irritate the parts by their 
 coarseness. Indaiiimatioii is most hkely to succeed such irritation, in sum« 
 mer-time especially, and the animal is usually destroyed by the pretended re- 
 medies of tlie farriers; or, being pressed forward in his work during the attack, 
 goes until he drops down and dies. At the fundament may be seen the ear- 
 liest indications of this species of over-physicking, in the disgusting protrusion 
 of the inner coat whilst ex[)eliing the contents thereof; an ordinary ellort of 
 nature to get rid of wliat is oti'ensive to it, which, considering the horizontal 
 position of the horse, might appear wonderful to us bipeds, but for the well- 
 known double o[)eration of the coats of the intestines. From the top to the 
 bottom of the canal a s[)iral motion is kept up by the alternate contraction of 
 the two coats thereof, the one in circumference, the other lengthwise, resem- 
 bling that of a worm, and appearing as if a corkscrew agitated its inside. By 
 this means the mass is pressed backwards, and as it increases in quantity and 
 bc^coines less and less clearable, the offended nerves excite the guts to renew- 
 ed efforts for its expulsion, in which the lower part of the belly, with its cover- 
 ing, from the coecum to the sphincter, concurs with all its powers of contrac- 
 tion. Partial retention of the breath, and consequent pressure upon the mid- 
 riff, and parts behind it, contribute to lessen the longitude of the intestine at 
 every effort. This kind of excitement, if repeated too often, it is [)lainly to be 
 seen, must keef) up the irritation of the parts concerned in it, and dispose them 
 to contract inHammat(»ry com|)laints. 
 
 48. In length about tlurty yards, the intestinal canal has in it'< course two 
 or three dillerent otlices to perform towards digestion, whereof the smallest 
 gut nearest the stomach is for receiving the gall, or bile that has been formed 
 in the liver for that purpose. At the termination of that small gut, at the end 
 of twenty yards, an immensely large one occurs, called the sac (coecum), or 
 blind gut, where the contents are prevented from issuing too soon, bv reason 
 of the internal coat of the small gut getting into folds, as it were. We may 
 as well consider this as another valve ; and that it was provided by the Author 
 of Nature to correct the animal's propensity for transgressing his laws against 
 re|)letion, as Vvell as to prevent the contents of the coecum from returning up- 
 wards, when this latter is compressing the large intestines backwards, in the 
 act of dunging. But inOammation sometimes, obstructions oftener, produce 
 at this place more tedious affections than is generally imagined. When it so 
 hap[>ens that the stimulus of the bile is insutficient (as in diseased liver), and 
 acrimonious {)articles are left behind, or the half-masticated food inflicts in- 
 juries on the very sensible surface of this passage, then the noisome effluvia 
 reascends to the stomach ; the bile, too, enters it soon after, by reason of the 
 intestines having lost their power of compression and elongation, when the 
 corkscrew moti(»n downwards is changed to an upwards motion, and all be- 
 comes disorder in that region. Loss of appetite, fever and dullness, with droop- 
 ing as if in pain, and a staring coat, follow each other in succession; for the 
 secretion of bile, which I shall come presently to describe, as affecting the 
 skin, is thereby vitiated. These appearances it has been a fashion to consider 
 "symj)tonis of the worms," or of "debility" (another term for low fever); and 
 the practice of administering bitter medicines, that are supposed to kill the 
 worms, is only successful on accountof their restoring the tone of the stomach, 
 and by supplying to the intestines a congenial stinmlus in the place of bi^e. 
 This was the case with Mr. White's statement, in vol. i. p. 170, where he 
 says, " 1 have sometimes succeeded in destroying worms by giving aloes, one 
 dram and a half, every morning until purging was produced." That is to say, 
 "the horse became well ;" but whether he had any worms to be destroyed ia 
 auuther question; and then, if a dram and a half would succeed sunittirmSf i 
 6 
 
46 BLIND GUT; ITS USES. CONCRETIONS. GREAT GUT. 
 
 should apprehonil a larger dose (as eight drams, his favourite quantity) would 
 more inevitably have poisoned all the worms his horses may have had, of 
 whichsoever kind they njight be; but this mode, as will be perceived, though 
 more destructive of worms, would not have acted as a tonic restorative on the 
 Btomach and intestines, like small rei»eated doses. 1. however, who am a man 
 of no fashion, generally have found those kiml of attacks accompany a repeti- 
 tion of irregular feeding ; that is to say, very little one dav, very much ano- 
 ther; now all, now none; the attack varying in degree, and changing from 
 simple obstruction to the infiannnatory, as the animal may or may not have 
 been allowed water with his food. 
 
 49. To supply this deficiency, in some measure, does the ccecum, or blind 
 gut, seem to have been [)laced at the termination of the small intestines. In 
 this second cavity digestion is supposed to be completed, nuich liquid being 
 found therein; and we know that here, in a corner, termed its "appendix," 
 are frequently deposited hard matters, as earth, stones, and other substanct s. 
 little compatible with the pur[)oses of nutrition (as noticed at sect. 46); hut 
 whether these ever pnss ofl'by stool remains iu doubt, and we are left to con- 
 clude that it is much less sensible than the other intestines. In size it may 
 be about thrice that of the stomach of the individual ; and it is placed near the 
 surface of the belly, lying on the left, about midway between the fore and hind 
 near leg. Here it is exposed to damagenient from a variety of causes : the 
 groom, while dressing him, often hits the horse here with the curry-comb ; the 
 dealer tries whether his new purchase is a roarer by striking him hard with 
 his lash whip, whilst he holds up his head short; and I have frequently seen 
 one of the most noted jo])bers and breakers in London terrify his "restive cus- 
 tomers" into obedience, by a kick of his foot skilfully phiced on this part. 
 The facts are notorious; what is worse, they long remained uncorrected. The 
 consequence of all this hard usage is, that the ccecum* loses its functions, 
 more or less, certain heavy particles are not expelled as they ought, but, re- 
 maining b<hind, attach to their sides some earthy particles of the food which 
 would otherwise pass into the colon, and the heat of the animal's body causes 
 them to become stones of great magnitude. Six or eight pounds in weight, 
 and nearly as many inches in diameter, are quoted as by no means uncom- 
 mon sizes, in certain parts of the country, where humanity is at so low an 
 elib, and the jiolice equally unmindful of tlieir duty, as in the district of Lon- 
 don before alluded to. 
 
 50. The colon, or large gut, commences at the only orifice of the last-men. 
 tionedsac; then, turning underneath the small intestines, and proceeding for- 
 ward to near the stomach and liver, it turns about, and, in its course back- 
 ward, makes a great number of zig-zag turnings, by means of two ligaments 
 that run along its whole length, and coil it up. Such a sha(>e, or rather 770- 
 i/iapc disjiosition of its folds, W(juld inevitably obstruct tlie progress of its con- 
 fents, but for the fore-mentioned double motion of its muscular coats, with 
 «/hich it is furnished, as well as the smaller intestines. Being heavy, it is sus- 
 pended the wiutle length of the horse's hinder part, by a strong half-transpa- 
 yeul membrane (called mesentery), which being fastened to the bones of the 
 back, and hanging down in folds, or plaits, admits of the gut's filling up the 
 same from side to side, in the semi globular marmer we may perceive when 
 the animal is opened. But where the mesentery embraces the intestines the 
 tightest, as if to prevMit the too ready escai)e of the food, there is placed along 
 the whole length of the depression, between the folds of the gut, a white vessel 
 
 *The niusclcs of the cnecum lieing stronger than any other part of the intestines, are coin- 
 pelled by the blow to contract forcibly, as do the intercostal muscles of the lower rilis, wiiereby 
 [he air in the lungs is suiklenly expelled, and, if he be aflected, the horse gruaiis as iJie uir 
 pa-iies the upper pai't of the wind-pipe. 
 
PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASES : HOW COUNTERACTED. 47 
 
 havincr nmncrous branches to the right and left, full of nutritious juice, making 
 its way towards the foro-|)art of the animal. 
 
 This is the lacteal duct, which, tVom its situation between the folds, formed 
 by the mesentery, is by some termed "the mesenteric canal," and liy and by, 
 fill Gi!)S()ii) "the tuesenteric artery." Mesocolon and 7nc.9orec/'t/?7i being the 
 names of parts which usually merire in the general term "mesentery," for the 
 whole, I have made notlistinction. But all this does not signify so much as the 
 nr.mnerin which this duct gets tilled at first by the lacteals, how it constantly 
 fl()ws in health, or is obstructed by disease, and what is the mode and the elfect 
 of discharging its contents near the heart, as before alluded to in sect. 37, 
 second itaragrajth, as well as just below in sect. 51. Herein may be found 
 much matter for pleasi'ig reflection and study, by him who aspires after ob- 
 taining a more accurate linowledge of the curative art than is generally pos- 
 sessed ; and to attain to perfection wherein, he must study the tiling itself by 
 iiispectiDn, since nothing that I can find room to set down here can give him 
 any thing like an adequate notion of its importance ; nor, indeed, was it ever 
 my intention to employ strict anatomical descrii>tion, or to enter into learned 
 delinitions, any farther than should be found necessary to illustrate what I 
 have to teach, res|)ecting diseases -in general, and some long standing errors 
 of respecta!)le veterinary surgeons in j^articular. On no other point, through- 
 out my present labour, do i so much desire to be rightly understood, as on this 
 one of the absorbents, ar.d absorption altogether;* for it is only when this 
 function takes place wuh regularity that health can be preserved ; when it is 
 disordered, our business is to restore it, too much or too little being equally 
 productive of a disposition to diseases, though opposite ones. An indolent or 
 an impoverished absor()tion requires our care no less than a too rapid or fever 
 isli performance of this function: the fleam an(i cathartic medicines reduce the 
 latter kind of sym[)toms; a generous mash, tonic alteratives, and good groom- 
 ing, are the best restoratives of a languid system. Pulsation is the test of either 
 state of derangement ; and he who is the cleverest at discovering, by this prog- 
 nostic, what is going on in the system, will always make the most humane, as 
 Well as the most successful, horse-doctor. 
 
 51. Towards its termination, the colon makes a short turn, as if to pre- 
 vent the too easy escape of the dung into the rectum, or straight-gut, with- 
 out an effort of nature to straighten the curve at that place; as we see it per- 
 formed when the animal strains the part, while contracting the lower muscles 
 of the belly, together with the coecum, in order to produce a stool — the whole 
 transaction being most intelligibly termed "a ini.tion." Several such im- 
 pediments occur in the course of the intestinal canal, and some of them are so 
 abrupt, as no after-art is ever capable of reducing to a straight line: the reason 
 for which kind of contrivance is, that its contents still possess some nourish- 
 ment, which it is ilesirable should be extracted, arui they are thus detained 
 that nothing might be lost: to say nothing of the existing opinion, that the 
 food which has thus lain some time in the anitnal must impart a juice differ- 
 ing considerably in its pr(^[)erties from that whicli was but recently received 
 into the stomach. No operation in the svstem is more beautiful than this one 
 of drawing from the fooil, now pro])erly mixed and softened, what becomes 
 the milky thud called chyle, first, and blood immediately afterwards; the first 
 mentioned bi'ing pe'-formed by innumerable transparent vessels, whose fine 
 mouths open every where on the inner surface of the iritesiines. From the 
 word lacta (nulk), these vessels are termed lacteals^ their function being ab 
 
 * Gciiernlly termed " the absorbent system," and nnlil liitely, v/!iolly unnllended to in voteil- 
 nary praciice : CUison, in hi.« lengi'iy particularities resjicciing the liorse, not havia!^ urice 
 mentuiiie^l. the lacicals (a.s if they existed not), and conieniing hir.isell' with just loosely naimi^ig 
 " lympliatica " at page 55 ol" his lii'si volume. 
 
48 *,Et1ir.T0RY ORGANS— TIIE LIVER, 
 
 Borpfion (like the lymphatics); tne largest whereof lying along the mesentery 
 (as I said before), sends out smaller branches, and tliese again more minute 
 ones, to encircle and penetrate the gut; in this their mouths do incessantly 
 suck up, or absorb, and convey to the larger vessels the material for replenish- 
 ing the system with new blood. Passing along the spine, the large tube, lilied 
 with this milky fluid, at length reaches the fore part of the animal, and ac- 
 quires the name of the thoracic duct ; here it mixes with a portion of lym|)h, 
 and is conveyed inunediately bv a large vein to the heart. Ascending the 
 pulmonary artery, as descri!)ed in a former section (37), the air entering the 
 lungs, changes its colour to a fine healthy scarlet, and at the next pulsation it 
 is driven into the circulation to mingle with the mass, to im|)art its newly ac- 
 quired properties, and to returji again and agiiin, wasting away, until at 
 length it Ix-cumt-s used u[)and extinct, its place bt-ing sup[)lied with other new 
 matter by the continued process of digestion. A change of substance this, 
 which is said to take place with the whole body of the horse in the course of 
 every year and a half, or two years : so that at no time has he a particle of flesh, 
 bone, hair, hoof, or other matter which formed his body two years before, and 
 affording a fit suliject for reflection and admiration in us, as it invites those 
 who have the care of providing for his health to take advantage of the well 
 known circumstance, the more securely to elTect those changes by gradual 
 means, which too frequently are attempted by violence, and fail. Nature will 
 not be forced, rather seek her in her recesses, and humour her ways. Those 
 who act diirerently, generally induce some lasting disorder to appear upon the 
 surface, wliich they treat as if local; when, alas! these arc seated in the vc"' 
 vitals of the animal, sometimes in the most delicate parts of the mesentery. 
 Heating, or cordial medicines, as well as those other untoward mixtures, 
 which corrode, or blunt, the mouths of the finer lacteals, thereby dispose thein 
 to receive materials improper for the making of good blood; the consequence 
 whereof is, that tubercles frequoilly are found, which fill up the cavities of the 
 lacteal duct. The matter of these tubercles is usually hardened, and resem- 
 bles the yolk of a hard boiled egg. The disease ap[)(>ars in a staring coat, is 
 commonly considered to be the worms, and treated as such, with more heating 
 or drastic medicines, which but increase the evil. Other obstructiojis are 
 thereby formed, and if a solitary worm or two are found on dissection (as fre- 
 quently hap[)ens), they have been generated in the obstructed part, but have 
 not caused any disorder. 
 
 Of the mesenteric canal, it may be useful, as well as curious, to remark, 
 that 1 have always found its state of health or disease to correspond with the 
 appearance of his coat; when this is smooth, the former is full and free from 
 obstructions; when rough, the contrary. In hide-bound, thiscanal is yellow; 
 in farcy, red, as well as the bowels; these appear bluish, when the horse dies 
 in consequence of being worn out, though at the same time, the flaccid lac- 
 teals still [)reserve their healthy white, if no other cause to the C(Mitrarv pre- 
 vails. But, upon such further particulars as are connected with the study of 
 digestion, as influencing or influenced by respiration and circidation, 1 sh.ll 
 take occasion to say more hereafter; adding thereto a few cursory remarks, 
 that were not absolutely necessary for the present illustration of the animal 
 systemj but will be found more in place in the succeeding section. 
 
 The LiVKR with its sweetbread, the Kidneys, and the Bladder, being liable 
 to certain diseases peculiar to each, besides the property of affecting one ano 
 ther readily, as well as being at all times mainly instrumental in maintaining 
 atm restoring health to the other parts of the whole system, now claim our 
 undivided attention. I shall, therefore, proceed at once to a brief description 
 of the uses and functions oi each, and accompany the same with a few gene- 
 
THE LTVER: ITS SITUATION. 49 
 
 ral, hut pertinent remarks on the present received mode of treating the disor- 
 ders incident to the several parts that impede those functions, reserving par- 
 ticulars regarding the causes, sympsoms, and method of cure, to a subsequent 
 part of tlie volume. Consult the Index. 
 
 5'2. The Liver is a very important and immensely large glandular body of 
 a dusky red colour, almost divided, like the lungs, into two lobes, having two 
 smaller subdivisions ; and is attended by its pancreas or sweetbread, a small 
 flat part thereof, which has the property of secreting a sweet kind of saliva. 
 This secretion was noticed before, as entering the gut near the stomach, along 
 with the bile from the liver: both are therefore conveniently situated under- 
 neath the stomach and behind the midriff] to the skirt of which the upper 
 part of the hver is attached ; but the exact functions of this pancreas, or its 
 diseases, are no farther known to us, except that it partakes a good deal the 
 appearance of its joint neighbour, and that it is indeed sweet to the palate. 
 
 Before he proceeds farther, the reader had better consult the place of a skele- 
 ton as to the situation and extent of this imjiortant organ (important in a 
 curative point of view), as relates to the midriff, stomach, and kidneys, where 
 it will be seen included between the squares marked K — N as intersected by 
 the lines numbered 21 — 27. The side view therein presented is necessarily 
 the left or near side, but the other lobe or right is of greater length and more 
 substance, it touches the right kidney, and its upper surfiice is contiguous to 
 the diaphragm, which presses upon it at each inspiration of the lungs. This 
 tendency of the liver to the right side seems to have been designed by nature 
 to counterbalance the leftward position of the heart, and of the lower part of 
 the stomach ; the pyloric orifice of which is seen at the intersection of the 
 lines K and 26. In a former page (sec. 27.), 1 took occasion to describe the 
 minute glands with which the extremities are furnished, and to advert to the 
 secretory glands, all which are formed by arteries that deposit their contents, 
 and which is again taken up into the veins ; but the liver, the largest of all 
 glands, and a secretory organ, differs from the others in one great and signal 
 res[)ect : it is formed of an assemblage of veins only. Its structure, in other 
 respects, is much the same as that of the smaller glands. 
 
 Into the liver is brought the blood which has been sent from the heart to 
 circulate and nourish the whole system (except a portion which the kidneys 
 attract) ; a service that is performed by means of a great blood-vessel they 
 call vena porta, that passes along the right side of the spine. In size very 
 large, and always filled in health, a sight of this vessel shows how busily em- 
 ployed the liver must be, in separating from so great a quantity of blood the 
 bitter qualities it has obtained by having passed through the animal's system, 
 and imbibed whatever might there lurk of the offensive, the diseased, or the 
 infectious. It proves, also, that any disease with which it may be attacked, 
 must be proportionably violent in its progress, and tedious to cure, inasmuch 
 as both will depend upon the state every other viscus may be in, through 
 which the blood happens to have passed. Are the kidneys, or either of them, 
 inflamed? the blood which has recently passed through them comes to the 
 liver to get rid of its noisomeness, in the form of bile. Is an abscess to lie 
 dispersed, and the acrid matter driven from the part, to be taken up by the 
 lymphatics (see sect. 29), at the liver it is strained off", and here must l)e im- 
 parted a portion of its baleful qualities. It follows of course, that whatever 
 medicine is directed towards the liver must go thither by means of the circu- 
 lation, i. e. through the absorbents : for schirrous liver this is best accom- 
 plished by the lymphatics ; for inflamed liver by means of the lacteals ; in 
 other words, these am the internal and the external modes of exhibition, and 
 the preparations of mercury are here mostly kept in view. 
 
 The secretion of too miK-.h bile, and the consequent inability of the vessels 
 6* 
 
60 OF BILE— EXCESS AND DEFECTIVE ; SY:\IPT0MS AND CURE. 
 
 to carry it off it may easily he foreseen, would be the harbinger of jaundftcc; 
 and its afiproacli may be discerned by the yellowness of the eyes, by the in- 
 creased numlter and thinness of the animal's dungings, and the constant emp- 
 tiness of its belly, which both feels and looks loose and iial)by. On the con- 
 trary, too Uttle bile, must leave the intestines without the requisite stimulus 
 to exiie! their conten'^j, which, soon gettin<j dry and hard, a constipation 
 usually follows, that defies the remedy liy purgatives: nor is the operation of 
 backraking with clysters always of effectual service. Whichever extreme af- 
 fects the liver, the patient becomes weak: but in case of deficiency, though 
 he may look more brisk for a few days, stretching his hind legs out when un- 
 employed, he afterwards becomes feverish, hot uiuler the tongue, sluggish and 
 dull in the eyes. Schirrous liver — a corrosion or rusliness of its fine surface, 
 accompanies this deficiency of bile, and when it recurs often, the disease he- 
 comes permanent; but whether caused by, or causing the same, I am unable 
 to ascertain. Ulcerated liver is occasioned by a too great heat in this organ : 
 if occurring upon its thin extremity, the disorder cures itself by a natural 
 operation, i. e. by adhesion to the gut, and passing off by stool; but when 
 seated higher up, it terminates fatally, by wholly debilitating the system, and 
 sooner or later destroys the patient. 
 
 The preparations of mercury, before alluded to, act variously upon the sys- 
 tem, according to the mode of exhibition the practitioner may adopt: in the 
 form of calomel it assists the liver to discharge its functions by lowering its 
 tone ; the blue pill (pilul. hydrarg.) is finely adapted to solve the crudities of 
 stomach and bowels in carnivorous animals, but has never been extensively 
 tried on the horse. For any disease of the whole system, or "bad habit of 
 body," as Richard Lawrence properly calls that [)redisposed state of it which 
 ultimately produceth tumours, grease, fistula, farcy — mercury, in all its va- 
 rious shapes, is the only specific. 
 
 Too great a secretion of the bile, although it pass oflf, produces a roughish 
 meagre coat first about the belly ; the patient becomes languid, esj)ecially after 
 being compelled to any great exertion, when he pers])ires too readily on the 
 carcass, his manner is uneasy, and after a while, partial hide-bound connnen- 
 ces under the chest. Should the bile be of a less acrimonious nature, those 
 symptoms are then perceptible lower down (i. e. farther back), and when his 
 eyes appear yellowish, it is then a confirmed jaundice ; l)ut in very bad cases, 
 producing death, people vulgarly call it "broken hearted," because commonly 
 brought about by bad usage*. 
 
 Inflammation of the liver generally accompanies those appearances ; but 
 we can not be certain, though it is to be presumed, that inflammation is always 
 consequent upon an over-quantity of secretion. After much procrastination, 
 medicinal remedies are of little avail when tried on the most extensive scale, 
 although no disorder to which the horse is liable is easier of cure, if it be 
 taken in time : the patient requires only a treatment directly the reverse of 
 that which brought on his ailments, and he gets well, almost of course. 
 Regular work, moderate feeding, and tolerable behaviour comprise these na- 
 tural remedies : they are usually found efficacious in the earlier stages of the 
 disorder, and then only. But those natural remedies being neglected, and al- 
 teratives (the assistants of nature) never thought of, languor of the whole 
 system prevails sooner or later, and the best of medicines fail to act by reason 
 of that languor. The absorbents are then accused of not performing their 
 
 * Since writing the above, I have ascertained upon the view, that a horse, rankling under 
 the effects of maltreatment, absolutely broke the ceils of his heart tiimugh high-spirited cha- 
 grin. The case is described much at large in the "Annals of Sporting," for July lb22, a iiapei 
 which I was induced to draw up at the iiistance of my irieiid Jolui Bee, Esq., who was present 
 at ibe death aiid the ilissection. 
 
FOUL HABIT, HOW PRODUCED; HOW CURED. KmNEYS. 51 
 
 function properly ; or, if they do so, then the liver and the kidneys fail in re- 
 fining the blood sufficiently, so that, at its getting to the extremities once 
 more, those particles which ought to have been carried off are there deposited, - 
 and form the nidus of those external maladies that are mistakenly considered 
 local diseases, and treated as such, instead of correcting the foul habit of body 
 which is thus ()Iaiuly indicated. Of the whole series of tumours or abscess, 
 grease is the only one which people in genera! think of taking up into the 
 system ; the matter that proceeds from the pustules that form grease is so pal- 
 ])ably composed of urea, or the principle of urine, which ought to have been 
 attracted to the kidneys, that every body who would cure the grease, very 
 properly, as if by instinct, administers diuretics ; and when this means of 
 cure is ado[)ted early, always with a proportionate degree of success. But of 
 these things more in the following sections. 
 
 53. Thk Kidnkys, although the seat of only one disorder (inflammation), 
 yet are they so intimately coimected with the cure of other diseases, which 
 are constitutional, that a right knowledge of their functions can not but prove 
 highly serviceable in the judicious administration of the universally approved 
 method of cure, by the urinary passage. Diuretics, or urine balls, are so con- 
 stantly in the hands of grooms and others, that I would admonish them thus 
 early to reflect Ji little on the consequences of going on from day to day in 
 urging these tine glands to over-exertion, whereby they are kept in a constant 
 state of irritation, arc rendered incapable of acting their part, or literally be- 
 come rotten. They are situated, one on each side of the spine, close to the 
 last two ribs (see plate G, H, as intersected by figures 28 — 30), where they 
 are attached as well by the blood-vessels which L)elong to them, as by stout 
 cellular membranes which cover them underneath. With this exception the 
 kidneys of horses seldom have the covering of fat, termed suet, which we find 
 in other animals, owing, no doubt, to the very great action of the parts. Mr. 
 Richard Lawrence nnjst have been thinking on the ox or sheep's kidneys, 
 when he wrote his 289th page. For my part, so little of this fat on the kid- 
 neys has been noticed by me, that this book was already at press before I was 
 convinced they were ever covered ; and yet I have assisted in opening 
 and noting the state of as many horses, 1 believe, as any man in England 
 who ever wrote a line on this subject : in France, I have reason to conclude, 
 they are more industrious in this respect. The left kidney lies close to the 
 ribs; the right one farther forward, is loose, and is connected with the right 
 lobe of the liver; which being much longer than its left lobe, seems to extend 
 itself backward for that purpose. Excitement, no doubt, is the mutual intent 
 of this connexion ; and that deviation from her true system, which nature al- 
 lows in the effusion from one part to another, takes place, when either the 
 one or the other may be diseased, obstructed, injured, or destroyed. On no 
 other grounds can we account how it is brute animals so long survive the total 
 destruction of some vital part, as we frequently find.* One consequence of 
 this loose situation of the right kidney is, that inflammation generally makes 
 its appearance upon it earlier than on the left, a circumstance which is partly 
 derived from its proximity to the liver ; it also imparts some of its own feel- 
 ing to that organ, when inflamed ; two facts these which ought to be well 
 kept in mind, when we wish to excite unusual secretion in either. In shape, 
 the left kidney approaches the angular more than the right one ; from which 
 I infer that, although the functions of the two must be so nearly the same, 
 in affections they differ ; at least, a gall or slight blow will affect the left much 
 sooner than the right kidney. 
 
 'Latterly, Mr. Travers has given the public the lesults of many curious experimenis en 
 ddd subject. 
 
52 THE PRINCIPLE OF URINE. 
 
 1 
 
 54 The section of a kidney, which should be performed lengthwise, will 
 show ill the centre its pelvis, in which the tube (or ureter) that carries otf the 
 Water to the bladder takes its rise : in this pelvis stone is sometimes formed, 
 tliat ol'ten rinds its way to the bladder, utdess it remains in the ureter, or comes 
 away entirely.* The ureters communicate immediately with the bladder, and 
 the water they convey is formed by the outermost red part of the organ draw 
 ing the blood into it, and through which it is filtered by the vascular or whitish 
 part which lies next wilhinside ; here numerous little tubes convey it to the 
 centre one, or ureter, that enters the cavity of the pelvis at H 1, 33, 34, of the 
 plate of a skeleton. 
 
 The blood, which has been so filtered of its water, is absorbed by a vein, 
 which is plainly visible in the section of the kidney ; and the whole function 
 shows how rapidly circuitous any medicine must act, which being poured into 
 the stomach is found, in so short a s[)ace as two or three hours, to have work- 
 ed its passage through the bowels into the lacteals, thence through the heart 
 and arteries into the kidneys, filled the bladder, and caused a staling of the 
 noxious water, which is to carry off disorders of one sort or other. Here it is 
 worthy of remark, that the operation of internal medicines is much more cer- 
 tain in the horse, when directed against the absorbing vessels and the kidneys, 
 than when intended to act chiefly on the stomach ; for, as hath been observed, 
 nis stomach being one half of it insensible to stimulants, we are not certain of 
 producing upon it any effect whatever. In all swellings of the legs, the good 
 properties otdiuretic medicines may be discerned almost ijnmediately, by reason 
 of the connexion which subsists between the functions of Iym|)hatics and of 
 the kidneys; so likewise, diaphuretic medicines no sooner excite the lacteals 
 to a {;erforniance of their function, than the skin shows evident signs of its 
 good efftcts. But both means of cure may be abused, as 1 sliall show more 
 particularly in the sequel : the first, being administered too often, wears out 
 the functions of the kidneys; the second, being carried on loo long, at length 
 refuseth to act upon the skin. 
 
 55. An idea respecting the deposition of water in the membranes was 
 thrown out in the twentieth section ; and another, as to variation in the pro- 
 portions of urine and perspiration in summer and winter, at the bottom of 
 section the twenty-second, to which the reader may refer. On this to[)ic a 
 foolish notion having got abroad as to the small quantity of acrid matter con- 
 tained in the urine of the horse, induced Dr. Thomsont to submit a portion 
 
 * T was called in to examine a horse, whose diseases had baffled the skill of many clever 
 farriers. He liad been long declared to have " a complication ; " that is to say, none knew hig 
 disease, lor he occasionally voided blood with his urine, in great pain; they had therefore given 
 hiia diuretics to such an excess, that he could not bear the hand's passing along his back over 
 the kidneys: his sheath showed signs of oedematous swelling, and ujwn that region being 
 pressed he became unruly. I, however, saw enough to ascertain, by the heat and tension of 
 the part, tliat it was inflammatory, and as his pulse was high, his tongue hot and dry, I pro- 
 posed to bleed him, and to foment the part; the operation, however, was scarcely performed 
 when its owner resolved to take no further trouble, and the horse was slain. On examination 
 I found his kidneys were rotten, and as pervious as dough: ulcers ajipeared upon both lobes of 
 the liver, and tlieneck of the bladder was inllamed a little. The sheath preserved its sii;e ; and 
 on the top of the penis a small shapeless stone, the cause of all this mischief, lay buried under 
 the cuticle; and would, I should apprehend, have come away in the course of a day or two 
 Bjhjntaneously. How it cot there is most inscrutable. 
 
 t Ol Edinburgh, in his Annais of Philosophy, for August, 1820. By the wny, on this sub- 
 jsct It is worthy of remark, that for seven or eight years past, the French and Itcdlan doctors 
 nave niatle a great fuss about this l'u7-ee (urea),'or proportion of the principle of urine, calling 
 it "a discovery ; " whereas our own people, in every branch of medicine, have been acting up- 
 on die same doctrine for better than forty years, to my certain knowledge. Some have regu- 
 'uted their practice (human) by the appearance of the water, with various success; and I have 
 B. great notion, that this test of the state of the horse's heulth may be added <o those other symp» 
 torns by which we endeavour to ascertain the ailments of an animal which nature has forbidden 
 
GLANDERS. CONSTRUCTION OF THE BLADDER. 53 
 
 of it to chemical analysis in order to decide that point. "The result was, that 
 il contains an unusually large pro[)ortion of that principle, so that without be- 
 iiil!; concen4rated by evaporation, it yielded crystals of nitrate of urea, very 
 readily on tlie ad(Ution of nitric acid." This fact being thus satisfactorily as- 
 certained, accounts for the strong ammoniacal vapour of stablt>s that alfects the 
 eyes of the attendants, and being inlialed (as said in sect. 31).), is clearly the 
 harbinger of several diseases in the horses confined in them — glanders among 
 the rest. 
 
 56. Thk Bladdkr, or receptacle for the redundant water of the whole sys- 
 tem, as it is separated from the blood by tlic kidneys, is situated within the 
 hollow of the pelvis, at the intersection of II 1 with 33, 31 on the plate of a 
 skeleton, with its outlet or neck turned towards the place of 
 exit, varying a little according to the sex. It consists of three 
 coats or layers, the outer two being nmscular, and having 
 tht'ir fibres crossing each other — (as may be seen ujion s|)lit- 
 ting asunder a stale bladder), the better to enal)le it to contract 
 U[)on and expel its contents. The inner coat is membrane- 
 ous, sensible on distention, and secreting a mucous fluid to 
 protect itself against the eifects of the urine. When, how- 
 ever, the bladder becomes full, the secretion is insufficient for 
 its protection, and irritation commences in order to induce the 
 muscular coats to concur in the expulsion of the urine. This 
 desire must be very great in the hor.se, for the reason assigned 
 at the close of the preceding section, and shows the necessity 
 of permitting him to void his urine upon liis first intimating an inclination 
 thert'to. The shape of some horses' bludders dilfers a good deal from that of 
 others, — particularly about the neck, those of the female being considerably 
 wider, and shorter, than those of the male, a circumstance to be remembered 
 when I come to treat of the disorders incident thereto; since in inflammation 
 of its neck, f)r exam[)le, in one sex we are obliged' to have recourse to instru- 
 ments, in the other the urine may be discharged by the fingers. But it so 
 happens that horses are more liable to the disorder just named than mares. 
 My reader will also please to note, that the thin memltrane which defends the 
 whole intestine against the friction ofthe surface, (termed peritonseum,) reaches 
 backward to only half way over the bladder; so that it offers no obstruction to 
 our operations upon its neck in cases of disease. 
 
 .57. To recur once more to the subject of a preceding section (the 55th) — 
 the principle (of tfrea) that resides in any given quantity of urine evacuated 
 by the horse, it may be here observed, that when the animal, on a journey, 
 has been })ushed onward, and thus prevented from staling for a considerable 
 time, he at length produces it of a deeper colour and less in quantity than 
 usual, a change which has been elTected by the great heat of his body having 
 taken it up again, by the absorption and effusion which nature has jyrovided, 
 of aqueous particles from one part ofthe system to another. The principle, 
 or urea, however, remains in the bladder, and produces one of two evils; either 
 the inner or sensible coat becomes inflamed, and loses, after an attack of dia* 
 Ix'tes, some part of its function of secreting the mucous fluid lor its defence, 
 if it does not terminate fatally; or, being less severe, but often repeated, a de- 
 
 to complain. Whatever practitioner siiould undertake to judge of tlie horse's diseases by iia 
 urine, must prepare himself to undergo a good deal of ridicule, and may expect some calumny ; 
 he wouki not, however, be far from the risiit path towards making a proj)er estimate of the 
 quantity or violence of its ailment, though he might not so readily ascertain the precise nature 
 of the disorder. The terms "nephrin," an(i "uric acid," the oldest and the newest for the 
 priaciplc of this evacuation, show the assiduity of which it has lieen deemed worthy, in thai 
 practice where it is coafeiisedly of less importance than it is ia oura. 
 
54 DISEASES OF TIIE BLADDER: OPERATION. 
 
 position of earthy particles takes place, which is generally converted into stone 
 or fjravel. 
 
 Palsy of the bladder is induced from frequent repetitions of thus neglect- 
 ing the calls of nature, as well as from injuries of the s{<ine; in both M'hich 
 cases the nerves having lost their sensibility, the coats do not contract snftici- 
 ently, and some water is always left behind. In all diseases of the bladder, a 
 disposition to fill spevdily manifests itself: and in palsy, this is the leading 
 symptom. When this evil takes place, the horse, while staling, seems un- 
 willing, or is inca[)able of discharging the last drops of each voidance ; and, if 
 tlie usual practice of giving diuretics be adopted, the animal is ruined, if he 
 does not burst the fiuidus of the bladder and die innnediately : rather, the 
 contrary method of discharging, instead of filling the bladder, should be sought, 
 aiul the readiest way to effect tliis is to introduce the hand into the funda- 
 ment, which having emptied, the bladder may be felt much distended. In 
 this case, we arc told, " too much pressure might terminate fatally; " hut by 
 smoothing the bladder gently with the tops of the fingers, from its neck for- 
 wards, is usually successful. \n fact, I never should have thought of its fail- 
 ing, but for what is said in one of the books on diseases of horses (White, vol. 
 i. p. 121), where we find a good number of pages bestowed upon "suppres- 
 sion and retention of urine," which are not diseases in themselves, but the 
 elfects of disease ; the first arising in defective secretion of the kidneys, the 
 second in the bladder, or its neck. At all times a good deal of sympathy exists 
 between this organ and the kidneys, and the kidneys with the liver; inflam- 
 mation of either being soon comnumicated to all three, in a degree propor- 
 tioned to the animal's general state of bodily health previously to the attacJi. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 General Observations on, the Animal System of the TTorse, until Reference 
 to the Origin of Constitutional Diseases; Recapitulation, and. further 
 Development of Veterinary Practice^ upon the principles before laid 
 down. 
 
 Sf.eing that a recapitulation of the preceding chapters, and a few general 
 observations arising tlierefroin, would be necessary, before we examine into 
 the particular diseases to which they have reference, I shall here add the no- 
 tice of such nnnor ])arts of the horse, as may seem to have been overlooked; 
 and then draw such conclusions from the whole, as to the principles upon 
 which veterinary medicine may be most successfully conducted, as appear to 
 me best adapted to your acquiring those just notions of Mie theory as lead to 
 favouralile results in practice. 
 
 The aiumal system* (which has been so often mentioned) wdiereby life is 
 continued and strength renewed, diseases are contracted, and the disposition 
 to throw them off is constantly manifested, and by which the ordinary wear 
 and waste of the varit>us coin^mnent [tarts of the body is unceasingly sup[ilied 
 with new and healthy matter, has been shown, in the foregoing brief account 
 of the se})arate parts that contribute, by their uiuted actions, to make up this 
 system. A system that, although apiiarenlly complex and infirm, is, in re- 
 alitv, sim[)le, magrnlicent, and rol)Ust. it is we (mankind) wdio derange the 
 iuc action of those parts, by oui vanity, our wants, and self will; or, by our 
 
 A system is a com-se nf action, accordine :o some known rule or law of nalure; and tha 
 wm lias been applied lo some of man's comiivauces also, not very happily. 
 
ANIMALS' SYSTEMS DIFFER. LESSER PARTS DESCRIBED. 55 
 
 our ignorance, put the wliole system out of repair, when we endeavour to 
 control nature, instead of humbly following her track, and workimr after her 
 fashion; and every mechanic knows, that a system, or a machine, being once 
 put out of order in its minutest part, incurs the danger of complete disoraa- 
 nization in those that are more material to the performance of its functions as 
 a whole : an observation that api)lies as well to a watch or steam-engine, aa 
 to a worm, to man, or the horse ; but whicii, of course, I intend should be ap- 
 plied to the last mentioned animal particularly. 
 
 Our Creator, however, as if prescient of the barbarities his image would 
 fidl into, in the exercise and abuse of the power he gave us over the liviiKT 
 things of tlie eartli, hath, in his goodness, conferred on brutes the means of 
 supplying from one part of the system the losses which accident may occa- 
 sion in ant^ther part : a subject well worthy our patient scrutiny, as furnish- 
 ing the means of effecting cures in desperate cases, and not to be disrco-ardeJ 
 in first attacks of malignant diseases. 
 
 But "the animal system," as a term, or in fact, may be taken to imply as 
 well that of all animals as |)articular kind of animals — descending sometimes 
 (not improfjerly) to individuals of those kinds. Some persons, h(jwever, de- 
 scend still lower, and tlie term " system" has been sadly misapplied, and ban- 
 died about from one thing to another, until it is brought to describe particular 
 parts or |)ortions only of the individual's system. The dog kind, the horse 
 kind, and maidvind, are good and proper distinctions, for the system of animal 
 life differ in all three: they are not in every case moved in a similar manner 
 by the same class of meiJicines; whereby we first perceive that their systems 
 differ, and we examine the dead subject of either kind (as in the precedimr 
 chapter), to find out how this takes })lace, and in what degree, and we regu- 
 late our practice conformai)ly to the discoveries so made. The several indi- 
 viduals, too, of the same kind, have particularities in their respective systems, 
 arising from habit, from country or climate, or from crosses* that demand our 
 serious analytical reasoning, in the application of similar remedies, and adapt- 
 ing their proportions to the removal of similar symptoms. So, a sensible 
 difference is known to exist between the constitution of a cart-liorse and a 
 blood-horse, between a galloway and a hunter; each requiring accurate dis- 
 crimination in ascertaining the state of disease,t and this consideration ought 
 to inspire us with carefulness in applying the remedies, since that which re- 
 stores the one might l)e injurious to the other. Among those four breeds, we 
 frequently find inilividuals variously affected from the same causes according 
 to their built, shape, or make (see pages 2, G, and 18), according to the con- 
 stitution and co-ailaptation of the dam and sire; as age may come on, acci- 
 dents have taken jjlace, or chiefiy as the individual may have been mistreated 
 by his unworthy master, the sordid tarrier, or unfeeling ostler. To all which 
 important distinctions in the state of his patient's i)articularities, 1 beg to (-all 
 the studious reader's most serious attention, while examining his case, in order 
 to apply the remedy mosl appropriate to the degree of attack. 
 
 In the two preceding chapters of this treatise, more of the animal might 
 undoubtedly have been described, or the same subjects considerably enlarged 
 upon, and more parade of learning might have been displayed, but the reader 
 would not have benefited one jot by that course of proceeding : he might, 
 probably, have bewildered himself (as many do) in the mazes which woulil 
 then surround him ; whilst the description of those parts of the animal, which 
 
 *'rhe system of the same individual, also, may tindergo changes by lime; so that a medi- 
 cine may o[)eratc dilleiently now from what it (ijrmeiiy (lid. 
 
 tTlie surest barometer of health, the pulse, would indicate an approach towards fever in 
 one individual, vvhicli miglil be the certain standard of neaith in another. »et The Pulse,' 
 at page 60. 
 
556 DOCKING. FIRING. TH^ FOOT. THE SKIN. 
 
 contribute but inferior]y.to the system I had in view to illustrate and explain, 
 might have led him to look upon these in a light, too important for the func- 
 tions they perform — as regards my purpose. 
 
 The eyes, the tongue, the ears, the skin and hair, the tail, the genitals, and 
 the hoof, or foot, though each deserving our most sedate attention, for many 
 good reasons, yet, as they do not originate disease, I then purposely avoided 
 taking particular notice of them.* Nevertheless, I do not mean to deny, that 
 they all, according to each its functions, accurately indicate the existence of 
 disease, as they do of health, and the degree of both is marked on them with 
 wonderful ])recision. Hence it was easy to conclude, even though we did not 
 know the fact to a demonstration, that they are subject to some deplorable 
 maladies that are peculiar to each, arising out of constitutional defectiveness, 
 to say nothing of accidents, nor of the fancied improvements man presumes 
 to make u[)on the works of his Maker. 
 
 Under this last reproach lie all those farriers and others, who give pain un- 
 necessarily to the animal in the indispensable operations. Among these, I 
 class that of docking, notwithstanding the gibes of our continental neighbours 
 (the French) conveyed to us in something like the following couplets, about 
 the period of king James's abdication. 
 
 Proud English.men avaiint, barbarians as ye be, 
 , Who cut your inonarchs' heads ofr—i)fl' horses take the gueue.' 
 
 We FrencluTien, better bred, who reverence the law, 
 Never meddle with our kings' heads, arid let our horse-tails grow. 
 
 Although of no moment in themselves, these verses show the then French 
 .ustoms, and mark the period when docking and nicking came up among us 
 in England, to be in the early part of the seventeenth century. But I put it 
 to the reason of any, the most strenuous advocate for this custom, whether he 
 ever contemj)lated the probaJjility of a horse being subjected to this operation 
 three or four several times ; yet it is no less true, that at a market dinner-table, 
 in the town of Watford, in May, 1820, 1 heard of a horse which had been so 
 served tive several times, from no other authority than that of the last owner 
 of the unfortunate creature. I took occasion to show, in a preceding page, 
 that in all great exertions of the animal powers, the tail and head had a 
 Bhare. 
 
 Firing is another of those barbarous practices that are much oftener re- 
 sorted to than is necessary or proper. In fact, we may observe that this and 
 similar painful operations are adopted in an exact ratio that the operator's 
 education may have been neglected. 
 
 Of the foot, I have already, in the first chapter, noticed some general faults, 
 arising from constitutional defects in the form of the whole limb; and I shall 
 thence be led to enter into further consideration thereof, with more particulars, 
 under the article " Shoeing," as well as when I come to treat of the several 
 disorders incident to this important ])art of the frame. Meantime, I am in- 
 duced thus early to re])robate one other species of that busy intermeddling in 
 the affairs of nature i took occasion to advert to higher up. This consists in 
 the baneful jiractice of cutting away, unmercifully, the horny part of the sole, 
 that lines and defends the sensible sole, whereby injuries ujion the road be- 
 come more frequent, and lameness from unknown causes is incurred ; but if 
 not so, canker, rottenness, corns, are sure to follow, or the hoof contracts, and 
 fever of the feet and founder succeed each other. 
 
 The skin and coat received some attention under the article Secretions, 
 
 * The diseases of tlie foot, I consider as those of accident or infliction, and with a brief ana* 
 omic^l dcBcri])iion, will form a separate chapter. 
 
THE TONGUE, E'S'E, AND EARS, INDICATIONS. 57 
 
 and elsewhere, as the reader must recollect, or refer to ; but he must never 
 forget, that the first mentioned may be safely and powerfully stimulated as 
 the outlet for many constitutional affections of the system, the proper timo 
 for their use being indicated (as I said before) by the appearance of the coat. 
 
 The tongue always partakes of the general state of the system : in the 
 horse, it does not afford to the sight so sure a prognostic of the state of the 
 Btomach as in the human subject; but, to the feel, it communicates to us the 
 state of the blood with so much accuracy as demands our assiduous attention, 
 to the acquiring, by practice, the most intimate acquaintance with its moni- 
 tions. This member of the body, in conjunction with the coat, I have al- 
 ways considered the health-gage of my patients. See observations on the 
 «' Pulse" at page 60. 
 
 The eye is a most material organ of sense, and is much studied by those 
 who would render themselves good judges of the general soundness or un- 
 soundness of the horse's constitution. It beams bright and steadily in health, 
 projects most fiery when the animal is most vigorous; in lassitude it sinks, it 
 blears with a cold, and under extreme circumstances is extinguished. After 
 a heat, horses full of blood, with foul stomachs, certainly alter in their vision, 
 shy and become troiil)Iesoinc ; and, so sure is the eye the barometer of vigour 
 that horses got by old sires have the eye more sunken than others, with a hoi- 
 lovvness over it. 
 
 The ears, by their movements, show the apprehensions of the horse, if not 
 his disposition. When he fears the lash, he turns their cavities backwards. 
 Is he disposed to be resentful, they are laid fiat on his poll. Following his 
 companions, or the hounds, or going homewards, the cavity of the ear turns 
 sharply forward : asleep, as well as under other circumstances of easy watch- 
 fulness, one ear turns forward, the other backward ; but, when roused sud- 
 denly, they alternately change position. Who, then, would destroy these 
 useful appendages of tlie horse's organ of hearing? Who would singe off the 
 hairs, which, passing from side to side of the cavity, catch the sounds and 
 convey to his rider the first notice of danger from wild beasts, as well as plea- 
 sure from the cry of the hounds? The Arab knows, by his horse's ears, of 
 the approach of enemies ; but the Englishman relies too securely u[)on his own 
 comparatively imperfect hearing, and cuts off' those better intelligencers of dis- 
 tant occurrences; or, he more assiduously abridges their utility, by clipping 
 away the inside lining; or, worse still, by ap[)lying flame to the {)art, he ren- 
 ders the horse skittish ever after. Those are the only disorders of the ears 
 of horses; if, for want of this hairy defence, premature duhiess of hearing, 
 occasioned by rain, dust, and other substances entering these organs, be not 
 another. 
 
 That the genitals draw off from the system and store up a noble secretion, 
 for the purpose of continuing the kind, is certain ; but I shall pursue the mat- 
 ter no further than to notice the change to which the coats of geldings are 
 su!)ject as to colour, compared to those of perfect horses ; and all the inference 
 I mean to draw from that fact is, the still further corroboration of my pre- 
 viously maintained opinion, as to the seat of perspirable matter residing in the 
 lacteal part of the system. 
 
 As it is the blood which by its deposite forms all those parts, so h^ means 
 of the blood must we endeavour to correct any derangement of the system of 
 &nima! life, whether of quadrupede or bipede ; for the workingof the system in 
 making of new blood and cleansing the old is the same in all, though differing 
 in degree, whilst mainly agreeing in the process. Would any one demanu 
 how it comes to pass, that quadrupeds draw so much substantial nourishment 
 from herbaceous vegetables, whilst man can only extract a watery juice, de« 
 void of all nutritious qualities? let hl-ii be answered, that all depends on th« 
 7 
 
60 FEVER, ABSCESS. COLD. 
 
 inflammation of all the solids and organs of life, or, more ■properly, fever. 
 But whon only a certain part of the system, or a single organ is tiius checlc- 
 ed, we consider tlie atiair under tlie name oi injlavimation of that part, as of 
 the lungs, tlie kidneys, &C. ; always keeping in mind, that, by continuance, 
 these extend their baleful affections to other organs, with which a certain 
 sym[)athy is known to exist. In like manner, when external muscular parts 
 swell and secrete matter, this is in like manner an intlanunation of that parti- 
 cular part, or tumoar, or abscess, with a great variety of names, according to 
 the place where it may be seated : poll-evil and fistula are among those external 
 complaints to which 1 allude. 
 
 The latter, or local kind of inflammation, is the effect of the former or con- 
 tinued internal fever, and whenever such a tumour or abscess makes its ap- 
 pearance near the surface, the general inflanmiation or fever sul)3ides; when 
 It discharges offensive matter, the fever is cured. If such a tumour appear 
 without previous general fever of the system, we repel it, so that it may dis- 
 perse and })ass off by stool. It may usually, however, be considered as an 
 effort of nature to relieve itself of offensive viscid matter that lurks in the sys- 
 tem; and in this case only, when well ascertained, would that reduction of 
 the system which 1 shall shortly insist upon as [)roper in all inilanunatory at- 
 tacks, he least advisable, as nature would then require aid to assist her in her 
 efforts, rather than subtraction from her powers, by the bleeding, purging, 
 &c. so recommended. 
 
 But whenever a cold is cau<j]it, whereby the trunk is af!'ected, one of two 
 evils is experienced, that are quite contrary in their effects: 1st, Either the 
 bowels lose the j)ower of retaining their contents, and of contributing their aid 
 to the pur[)oses of digestion, chylitication, and sanguification, i. e. the making 
 of fresh blootl, and diarrhoea ensues; or, 2d, The extreme heat of the body 
 causes the dung to harden, and if the obstruction be not s[)eedily removed, 
 the most distressing consequences usually happen. Either extreme may come 
 on gradually and imperceptibly; but as the latter (termed consti[)ation) is of 
 most frequent recurrence, is a disorder of over repletion, [)roducing vertigo, 
 staggers, apo|)lex\', megrims, or fits, I have considered it under a separate 
 head, as "costiveness ; " seeing that it sometimes supervenes without previous 
 fever, though always accompanied by it. One or other species of afiection 
 of the bowels is also produced by catarrhal inflannnation, or fever of the organs 
 of res[)iration. when this is violent or of long continuance. 
 
 Res|)iration of confined or noxious air in close stables, as described at page 
 39, also produces quicker circulation of the blood ; with perspiration and tem- 
 porary fever, which may be confirmed by sudden exposure to the open air, 
 and the consequent detention of blood in the small vessels which we term 
 ca[)illary. Sudden immersion in cold water whilst sweating and respiring 
 with difficulty after a run, wading through a river, or standing in a current 
 of cold air, are all prolific sources of inflammatory disorders. Indeed fever 
 and inflanmiation are so closely allied to each other, that we run little risk of 
 creating confusion of terms by considering them as derived from the same 
 origin, and none whatever in treating of both in the same chapter. For most 
 atal)lemen and farriers, as well as many veterinary writers, do speak of thei 
 one and the other promiscuously, as if they were the same, when describing 
 the symptoms of either; nor do I see any good cause for my deviating from 
 this practice upon the present occasion, after the slight distinction just drawn. 
 
 One other general observation may be a{)tly made in this place, w hich may 
 stand instead of much discussion hereafter. As fever is a necessary conse- 
 quence of any inflammation whatever, so without fever there would be no in- 
 flammation. Every run you give a horse heats or inflames his blood, quick- 
 ens his pulse, and he sustains temporary fever. Wliilst in this state, if any 
 
TYPHUS FEVER. BLEEDING AND PURGING.— RESTORATIVES. 61 
 
 viscus, or organ, that constitutes a vital part of his system, receive such a 
 check or damper as 1 have described, ol>struction of" the finer blood-vessels en- 
 sues — as, of the hings, by their drinking cold water, or mere affusion of it on 
 the chest, and inflamniation is the name: if the whole body of an animal or 
 its entire surface be so affected, the evil consequences are similar, and fever is 
 the name by which we designate it. Horses out of condition, or already in a 
 low state, though feverish, with quickened pulse, do not require further re- 
 duction ; since tins is evidently "low fever," which I have treated of under a 
 sc|)arate head; as I have also "Typhus fever," or the affection of the whole 
 system which arises from a vitiated or corrupt state of the blood. But, in all 
 cases, the best guides to the practitioner for his prescriptions, and indeed all 
 his operations, are the causes, the symptoms, general health and peculiarity 
 of constitution of the animal ; when it so happens that such particulars can be 
 extracted from those about him; as will be the case in all studs of a superior 
 cast. If the feverish affection arises from inactive kidneys, the diuretics re- 
 commended lower down will be all the treatment that is requisite in such a 
 case ; if a dull heavy pulse and the state of his dungings show that the bowels 
 only are at fault, purgatives alone will restore health. So of any other vis- 
 ceral obstruction, when these give pain fever ensues, and is best removed by 
 the exhibition of mercury ; if the internal irritation continues, rowelling is the 
 remedy most appropriate to such cases, and the state of the pulse will tell the 
 doctor when and why he should bleed. This will bring us to an early con- 
 sideration of " the pulse," its indications and general rules. In all cases of 
 inflammation, whether of the whole system, or fever, or of particular organs, 
 let bleeding be resorted to immediately, in quantity proportioned to the amount 
 of heat, which is ascertained by the temper of the pulse. "Open the prima 
 vice" also, is a good maxim of a late respected lecturer on those subjects, 
 meaning thereby — purge the bowels or chief canal, and keep them open. Co- 
 pious clysters of warm water-gruel assist the latter materially, pa/ticularly if 
 a solution of salts be added, according to the nature of the case; but rather 
 than delay the clyster through want of the ingredient being at hand, use 
 simple warm water only. Very often, in slight attacks, the animal requires 
 no other treatment, if resorted to in time ; but delay Is dangerous, for with 
 every hour the symptoms increase in a three-fold ratio, and the animal be- 
 comes weaker and weaker every moment, and therefore less able to bear up 
 against the attack. In all cases, be quick, for ruin is going on with rapid 
 strides, whenever the animal shows signs of great internal pain. Fresh air, 
 diluting liquids, and clysters, in all cases of inflammation whatsoever, are 
 found of as much service in the restoration of health, as the best active medi- 
 cines that can be administe»"ed; the first mentioned most positively so, unless 
 the animal perspire greatly at the time, or it suffers under a fit of shivering. 
 Danger is to be apprehended in the latter case, and the fresh air need not 
 then be admitted ; but if shivering is succeeded by sweating, or even a small 
 degree of moist heat, it may be considered as the crisis of the disorder, when 
 something has taken place that is favourable to the cure — of which more par- 
 ticulars in the proper place. Continued shivering, by the way, denotes the 
 termination of all inflammatory diseases — in death; cordials then may do 
 good, but more frequently accelerate the catastrophe, whilst the diluting liquid 
 — water-gruel, will afford relief in some measure, but can do no harm. But 
 'resh air, that issues not in streams, is of all other restoratives that upon 
 which 1 place the most reliance; even removal to a fresh otall, or up and 
 down the stable, effects great changes in the animal's spirits, that can not fail 
 to strike the eye of an attentive observer, and bespeak, more than words can 
 convey, the vital necessity of a cool atmosphere. 
 
 The Pulse — Being thcctuefest criterion forjudging of the state of the cii- 
 7* 
 
62 PULSE, STATE OF— FEELING TIIE. 
 
 culation of the blood, and as I have sat down with the notion that mv hook 
 wili be read strain hl-an-end at first, let the reader attend a moment while I 
 say a word or two on tfiis preUminary topic. Without an accurate knowledge 
 of this touch stone of the main s[)ring of life, no one can fi)rm a judgment (it 
 to be acted upon as to when it is necessary to bleed or of the quantity to be 
 taken: thus, in cases of fever, the groom begi..j very properly by bleeding; 
 but he almost invariably takes too little, or in case of increased action of the 
 pulse, through over exertion of the animal's powers, he bleeds when such a 
 Course is detrimental, and almost always administers cordials, thus reducing 
 with one hand, and increasing the action with the other. — See pages 38 et 
 seq. 
 
 When in health,' the pulsations or strokes are from thirty-six to forty in a 
 minute; those of large heavy horses being slower than of the smaller; and 
 of old ones, they are also slower than of young animals. When either may 
 he just off a quick pace, the strokes increase in number; as they do if he be 
 alarmed, or terrified, or hear the hounds' familiar cry. Fever, of the simple 
 or common kind, usually increases the pulsations to doulile t!ie healthy num- 
 ber; hence the propriety of ascertaining the state of this index of health, 
 while the animal is still free from disease, goes to prove over again the j>ro- 
 priety of my plan of teaching the curative art in animals by closely examin- 
 ing the indications of health, and .setting down in one's mind every deviation 
 therefrom as the approach of illness, that ought to be met and combated at 
 the threshold. 
 
 In this view of its utility, why might not the attendant groom, or horse- 
 keeper in more hund)le estal)lishmenls, kee[> a register of the state of every 
 horse's pulse, when it comes first under his care, and renew the same exami- 
 nation at intervals of a week or ten days 7 This practice alone would ren- 
 der him expert in all cases of imminent danger; to say nothing of those 
 other indications, the dungings and the water voided. On this latter point 
 the reader will turn back tio what is said of " Urine" in page 52, 53. 
 
 As the fever increases in violence, likewise, when the animal is in great 
 pain from inflammation of the intestines, &c., the pulse beats still liigher, and 
 reaches to 100 in a minute, or more. The danger is then great, and less than 
 three or four quarts, drawn from a large orifice, would do harm rather than 
 good, by increasing the action of the blood, and the hardness of the artery 
 would also be increased. To ascertain either state, the attendant should ap- 
 ply the points of his fingers gently to the artery which lies nearest the sur- 
 face. Soiiie prefer consulting the tem[>oral artery, which is situated about 
 an inch and a half backward from the corner of the eye. Others again, and 
 they are the greater number, think it best to feel it underneath the edge of 
 the jaw-bone, where the facial artery passes on under the skin only to the side 
 of the face. In either case, too great pressure would stop the pulsation alto- 
 gether, though by so trying the artery against the jaw bone, will prove whether 
 It be in such a rigid state of excitement as attends high fever; or elastic and 
 springy, slipping readily from under the finger, as it does when health prevails 
 and the strokes follow each other regularly. 
 
 The presence of high fever is further indicated by a kind of twang, or vi- 
 bration, given by the pulse against the finger points, resembling much srch as 
 would be felt were we to take hold of a distended whipcord or wire between 
 the fingers, and cause it to vibrate like a fiddle-string, sharply; whereas, in 
 health, a swell is felt in the vibration, as if the string were made of soft ma- 
 terials, and less straightened ; — facts these which owners would do well to as- 
 certain by practising upon the pulse of their own horses. Languid or slow 
 pulse, and scarcely pcrcejjtible in some of the beats or strokes, indicate low- 
 aeas of spirits, debility, or being used up : if this languor is felt at intervals 
 
 I 
 
SIMPLE FE\TER : SYMPTOMS. 63 
 
 only, a few strokes being very quick, and then again a few very slow, this in- 
 dicates low fever, in which bleeding would do harm. CXuickness, however, 
 is the chief indication of the whole class of inflammatory fever, and this 
 beincr my principle object at })reseiit, I shall postpone further consideration of 
 the pulse until 1 come to treat of " blood-letting." 
 
 FEVER. 
 
 There are two kinds of well-marked fever, simply so called — first, that 
 which arises from the pain an animal may be put to by the derangement of 
 some main organ of life, by misusage, hard riding, wounds, &c. ; and second- 
 ly, that which consists in a general inflammation of the blood arising from a 
 cold, a chill, or sudden check, as before described. The ancient vulgar name 
 given to this alarming disease conveys to the common observer a better idea 
 of its force and danger, than those which are settled by consent of the faculty 
 of horse medicine; and the phrase " inflammation of the blood" may betaken' 
 as more plainly indicative of the cause of fever than aught the moderns have 
 substituted in its place. Had our plain-speaking ancestors termed it "in- 
 flanunation of the blood-vessels," they would have been still more accurate, 
 probably : but no mistake is more common throughout life, than to speak of 
 the thiniT contained for the thing containing it, and vice versa. When the 
 symptoms come on quick or acutely, the most prompt measures nmst be taken : 
 a mild attack may be easily reduced if taken in time, but, if neglected, it as- 
 sumes the most alarming symptoms. Evacuations and diluting drinks are 
 the proper means of reducing the patient; but before purgatives are admin- 
 istered, see what is said a few j)agcs onward respecting " Costiveness ;" for 
 it not unfrequently happens, that this is all that ails the animal, except his 
 being worked too hard while costiveness is upon him. 
 
 In either case of accelerated pulse from those causes, blee<ling should pre- 
 sently be had recourse to, and let the ([uantity taken be regulated by the force 
 and quickness of the circulation of the blood: for this is what constitutes the 
 fever. If the pulsation advance to above 60, two quarts should be drawn ; if 
 above 70 in a minute, three quarts of blood would not be too much to take 
 away at once. If the number of beats be much more, ascending ra[)idly, with 
 the rigid feel of the artery above described, four quarts at least must he drawn, 
 and tliat from a large oriflce. Should this rigidity, or hardness of the artery 
 continue) notwithstanding the ble-eding, a quantity that shall cause faii»tness 
 or tottering might be taken, or rather a repetition take place of the same ope- 
 ration in lesser quantities, until that hardness of the artery is no longer felt. 
 Some skill, derived from practice, is required in watching for this last men- 
 tioned symptom ; but whatever is to be dune, let there be no delay in the first 
 operation: twelve hours should intervene between the two bleedings. 
 
 Immediately hereupon, let a mild purgative be administered, adaj)ting this, 
 as well as the amount of bleeding, to the size of the horse, if he belong to 
 either extreme of exceeding large or very small. For one of the moderate 
 coach-horse kind give the following 
 
 Purgative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, 7 drachms. 
 
 Castile soap, 4 drachms. 
 
 Oil of caraways, (3 drops. 
 
 With mucilage sutiicient to form the ball for one aose. 
 
 In all cases of fever arising from accidents, hard runs, &c. which may be con- 
 sidered as temporary excitements only, the above treatment in its mildest form 
 
64 INFLAMMATION: SY^IPTOMS. 
 
 will be found sufficient completely to reduce the symptoms ; but in the fever, 
 simply so called (arising from inflammation of the solids as before described), 
 a rej)etition of the purgative becomes necessary, with mashes, q quiet stable, 
 and an attentive groom. When the fever arises from indigesti.>n, or any de- 
 rangement of the stomach or howels, its immediate cause will be found in 
 hardened faeces ; and in addition to the forementioned remedies, give a 
 
 Purgative Clyster. 
 
 "Water gruel, 6 to 7 quarts. 
 Table salt, an ounce to each quart. 
 
 Let it be applied assiduously, and some assistance be given to bring away the 
 first hard faeces that appear : the remainder of the hardened dung will come 
 away, naturally, in good time. See further under the head " Cosliveness." 
 
 Castor oil, in the quantity of a pint or more, will open the canal partially 
 only, passing by the main evil in the coecum and great gut,* and j)ro- 
 ducing but a small quantity of the offensive cause of disease. But 
 help must be afforded in this respect; and if the bowels yield not to the 
 purgative ball, other means must be resorted to, though I should never think 
 of having recourse to oil in the first instances. Although the consti[)ati()n 
 or obstruction be obstinate, yet very strong diuretic purgatives are ineligible, 
 as they might kill the animal, or at least injure the intestines materially, by 
 reason of that very circumstance. 
 
 Distinctions have been drawn by some writers between "symptomatic and 
 simple fever;" that is to say, whether the excitement, called fever, originate 
 in a check of the circulation received externally or internally ; but as the 
 treatment in both cases is so nearly the same, I shall make no such distinction. 
 The internal attacks alluded to, when confined to a single organ, and not ex- 
 tending to the whole frame, are more })roperly termed inflammation of that 
 viscus or organ, and therefore will be treated of hereafter, under the following 
 heads, viz. 
 
 Inflammation of the Lungs, 
 
 Inflammation of the Stomach and Intestines, 
 
 Diseases of the Liver — Inflammation, &c. 
 
 Kidneys and Bladder. 
 
 All these produce fever throughout the whole system, when either exists 
 but in a slight degree; for those parts are all of them vital, and communicate 
 their feeling to the solids by means of the circulation. It is not, however, un- 
 til these attacks are well marked, that they deserve separate consideration ; for 
 Bome horses suffer under the one or other during life, with more or less malig- 
 rity according to exciting circumstances, the lungs being the most general 
 Bufferer, the bowels the seldomest attacked of either, but usually prove the 
 most fatal of this whole class. 
 
 The sym[)toms, in all cases, are heat and acceleration of the pulse, as before 
 described, and which in fact, brought me to the consideration of this portion 
 of my subject before the others. A hot mouth soon conies on ; shivering takes 
 place early, and the animal evinces signs of internal pain by looking at his 
 flanks or chest. The fever is then likely to fix on the lungs if not s[)eedily 
 reduced. Loss of appetite follows ; but too gradually to be waited for, as a 
 
 'The practical reader, whilst wailing the progress of the disease, will not waste his time by 
 turning Ijack to the fust book, at p. 46, and see what is said of iho conformation of those large 
 guts, and the difficulty of escape that must attend their oflensive contents at the turns or sinu- 
 Bes (which 1 have tiiere considered as so many valves), when inllaniiimtion or fever has onca 
 begun. 
 
DANGER OF RELAPSE. 65 
 
 a criterion for judging and acting promptly. He will evince languor antl dul- 
 ness, vvitli half closed eyes, and a small discharge from them, as if tears es- 
 caped ; sometimes, tliis last will happen in cases of mere debility or starvation 
 also, when it is not too much to suppose the animal may be deploring his hard 
 fate. Consulting the pulse, however, will settle any doubt as to which ail- 
 ment the animal labours under; for this main characteristic of health will, in 
 the latter case, partake of his debility, and strike now hard and then soft, a 
 few beats each : in this case a feed of corn or water gruel, would probably re- 
 store a more healthful even pulse, whereas bleeding would go to destroy the 
 patient. It has been termed low fever, though not very properly; and Icntor 
 or more justly lentcur (slowness, duhiess, heaviness) by the French veterina- 
 rians; yet, having no better name for it than "low fever," untler that head, I 
 shall shortly bestow a few hues on this species of systematic debility. 
 
 The dung and urine are always good indications of the state of the hody; 
 if the former fail, fever is the cause, it subtracts also from the quantity of urine, 
 and if he stale small quantities at .diort intervals, some intc^rnal inflammation 
 has taken place. See Inflammation of the Kidneys. In fever, the mouth and 
 tongue become drier than ordinary; and if any saliva be secreted, it is tough 
 and ropy. If the animal he in condition, u[)on lifting the eyelid an uncommon 
 redness appears; if he be out of condition, or in a low state, this does not al- 
 ways happen; so this indication may be reckened among the uncertain 
 symptoms. 
 
 If the remedy and the symptoms of fever are thus pressed forward together 
 upon the reader's notice, as exemplifying the assiduity he should display in 
 re[)elling the attack, let hin"» know that his work is but half com|)leted when 
 he linds the heat and acceleration of the pulse reduced by his endeavours to 
 the ordinary standard. The tone of the patient's stomach and the whole di- 
 gestive process require restoration, and this with a careful hand, that the bow- 
 els may not again get overloaded; because why, a second attack of this sort 
 would be more difficult to surmount than at first ; for the ])owels have j)artly 
 lost their function of expelling their contents, through the violence of the ilis- 
 ease, if not by the harsh action of the remedies em[)loyed. Hardy working 
 horses, of course, recover their a{)])etite as soon as the fever abates; and no 
 further care is required for such than an occasional laxative or purgative, ac- 
 cording to the amount of obstruction. The ball prescribed at page G3 may ba 
 given at intervals with the fever powders; and subsequently, the lever drink 
 prescribed below for all other descriptions of the horse recovering from fever. 
 
 Fever Powder. No. 1. 
 
 Mis for one dose. 
 
 Powdered nitre, 1 ounce. 
 Emetic tartar, 2 drachms. 
 
 No. 2. 
 Powdered nitre, 6 drachms. 
 Camphor, 2 drachms. 
 Calx, of antimony, 1^ drachms. 
 
 If either he deemed more desirable in the form of a ball, this may be effected 
 by mixinc the {x>wder with mucilage and meal; but in tlie form of powder 
 mixed with his corn is most eligible, as the medicine then acts earlier, where* 
 as the ball presently descends into the great gut. 
 
 Fever Drink. 
 Cream of tartar, I ounce. 
 Turmeric, 1 ounce. 
 Diapente, 1 ounce. 
 
6G LOW FEVER. SYMPTOMS. 
 
 Mix in powder, and add to a pint of warm grurl, to be given once or twicfl a 
 day. This is a w-ood cool stomachic, and restores the appetite, at tlie same time 
 that the ihsposition to the return of fever is kept down: if found of marked 
 service, the doses may be re[)eated to three or four times a day for a week. 
 
 LOW FEVER. 
 
 Together with typhus, or putrid fever, and rfieumatic fever are diseases 
 •Ticiileut to the horse, though attemi)ts were long made to deny the apjilica- 
 (ion of these terms to any of his numerous afflictions, by those who dread, in- 
 ordinately, the falling into analogies with the human practice; a fear that may 
 be carried too far, notwithstanding all our care should be employed in separat- 
 ing this from the veterinary practice. 
 
 Cause. — Of low fever, under the idea of debility, a few words fell on the 
 preceding pages: and truly, if "high fever" may be produced in a subject that 
 IS full of blood or condition, by over-exercise, and the other causes thereof set 
 down above (pages 59, 60, see also Book 1. at page 42, &c.), these same causes, 
 operating upon a horse out of condition, or which has not sufficient blood in 
 his frame to receive inflanunation, necessarily occasion that languor which 
 attends debility of the eu2ire system. The reader will, perhaps, oblige me by 
 turning to book I. at page 40, and reading over again what is there said as to 
 some causes of low fever. But the respective terms we give to the various 
 kinds of attack would signify much less than they deserve, were it not for 
 the danger we should otherwise fall into of treating one disorder for another, 
 when the symptoms (some of them) so much resemble each other. This dan- 
 ger is more likely to come upon us in cattle medicine than in the other, since 
 we are under the necessity of finding out what is the matter with our pa- 
 tients, whilst the human doctor receives the information at once, in words. 
 
 As inflammatory fever is more prevalent in the spring and summer, owing 
 to the high condition of most horses when first attacked, so does low fever, or 
 irritation of the animal system of a horse in low condition, mostly prevail in 
 autumn and winter. We owe this latter in great measure to the debility or 
 weakness brought on by the shedding of his summer coat, when the autum- 
 nal equinox sets in. Being then much exhausted by the heat of the season 
 just gone by, he sweats profusely on the least exercise ; then his coat becomes 
 dry and husky when at rest, and his skin sticks tight to his ribs, slightly re- 
 sembling hiilebound. The animal having lost much of his natural covering 
 and no care being taken to palliate this loss, he is more liable to catch cold if 
 exposed and still pushed in his work. If not relieved from its severity, coach- 
 horses in particular become unserviceable in great numbers, to an alarming 
 degree, resembling much the distemper of the spring season. Too often it 
 happens, such knocked-up horses are considered as done for, and the owner 
 sells off; whereas experience tells us, that a nourishing regimen would re- 
 store them to their wonted vigour; for the serious or watery part of the blood 
 (chap. 2, sect. 20, 2] ) having been drained off by the violent perspiration they 
 were exposed to by their summer work, the muscular fibres become too rigid, 
 and the blood too thick for circulating in the finer vessels; it therefore re- 
 mains rioting in the larger ones, distending their capacity and increasing the 
 irritation. Working horses are then usually deprived of their corn, because 
 they can not work ; this only adds to the irritation of the vascular system and 
 solids which constitutes the low fever we are now considering. 
 
 St/mptoms. — Parallels, or distinctive characteristics, of such diseases as 
 somewhat resemble each other, are therefore very {iroper, inasmuch as they 
 prevent those dangerous mistakes in practice that happen oftener (even in the 
 numan practice!) than suits me even to hint at in this place. They are most 
 
REMEDY. FEVER OF FUISCTIONAL DERANGEMENT. 67 
 
 particularly serviceable to veterinarians : for this reason it is I recommend the 
 reader to compare what is said of the symptoms of high fever, just above, with 
 the present page, as regards the symptoms of low fever. They are placed 
 near together tor that purpose, as 1 then said (at page 64). The pulse in 
 this case never mounts high luring an entire minute, but beats quick a few 
 strokes, and then slow, and so low as scarcely to be perceptible ; this denotes, 
 that though fever be present, there is not strength sufficient to bring it to a 
 crisis. The artery feels rigid, at intervals only, and again becomes supple, 
 if not elastic, to the touch; his flanks are agitated more than usual, and his 
 hind quarters and ears become cool if not cold. As in high fever, his eyes 
 are dull and heavy, and water will occasionally fall from them. Though in 
 the former species of fever he evince considerable pain, in this no such symp- 
 tom appears, but despondency assumes its place. 
 
 Remedy. — Unless his body be already too open, give the laxative drauglit, 
 as under: and as he will still feed, diuretic powders may be mixed occasion- 
 ally with his feed, consisting of nitre and rosin, of each about one ounce. 
 Should the urine appear turbid, or come off with difficulty, in small quanti- 
 ties, the diuretic ball is indispensable; and these, with good gruel and care, 
 accompanied by tonics, will restore to the animal a comparative portion of 
 health. Time and moderate usage will accomplish the remainder. 
 
 Laxative Draught. 
 
 Aloes and carbonate of potash, of each 2 drachms, 
 Mint water, 4 ounces. 
 
 This will correct the urine also, and its laxative quality may be increased 
 by adding to the quantity of aloes. 
 
 A Diuretic Ball. 
 
 Turpentine and soap, of each 4 drachms, with mucilage to form the ball. 
 
 A good restorative for lowness, occasioned by the moulting fever of autumn, 
 is recommended by J. Clark, of Edinburgh: he says, "the end of autumn 
 proves very severe to those horses whose flesh and strength are exhausted by 
 hard labour. In this low and s{)iritless state the moulting season comes on, 
 and carries off numbers that good nursing and feeding, with rich boiled food, 
 at this season might have preserved. Carrots and potatoes recover some horses 
 surprisingly ; it renews their flesh and the fluids generally, and promotes the 
 secretions; it operates upon them nearly in the same manner as spimg grass, 
 and its effects are presently visible on their coats." Many stable men give 
 oatmeal mixed up into bergue, or crowdie, for horses that evince signs of lan- 
 guor and lowness of spirits, after fatiguing work in winter : if made into stiff 
 gruel, i. e. boiled, the restorative effect is found still more desirable, and a 
 smaller quantity of oats then sufliicctl.. A gradual return to hard food does 
 all for the horse's working condition which can be desired. 
 
 Fever is brought on, in some degree, whenever it comes to pass that either 
 of the vital organs may be deranged in its functions. Not unfrequcntly it 
 happens that a diuretic is all the patient requires, which may be judged of hy 
 the state of his pulse after the medicine has operated. When this is the case, 
 the feverish symptoms owe their origin to suppression of urine, and the re- 
 absorption of the contents of the bladder into the system. See Bladder and 
 "Suppression of urine;" and, after treating the attack simply as such, a cor- 
 dial ball should then take place of all further treatment; as the immediate fall 
 
C8 COSTIVENESS; ITS CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, REMEDY. 
 
 ing down of his pulse to a healthy standard will show. Too free use of urin* 
 balls, however, in the hands of horse- keepers, spoils the action of the bladder. 
 See chap. ii. page 51. The French give a bottte of their routine wine made 
 warm, and most of our farriers administer a quart of ale with the same view. 
 Those are mostly wagon-horses, full of flesh, that so absorb the aqueous par- 
 ticles of the urine, and ultimately the principle thereof (termed urea), and 
 light up the fever anew. Another cause of feverish attacks, generally of the 
 slighter kind, but liable to prove fatal, if neglected, is the retention of his 
 dung, or constipation, which means costiveness. 
 
 COSTIVENESS 
 
 May be considered an original disease, and as one producing as well as being 
 produced by fever. That is to say, hardness of tiie faeces generally attends a 
 fever, and is frequently the chief cause of it : like the preceding ailment, we 
 have oidy to remove the cause, and the effect ceases. See also " Diseases of 
 the Liver." 
 
 Causes. — Want of the necessary or usual evacuation by stool, that is some- 
 times occasioned by the bowels having lost the power of expelling their con- 
 tents, as described in the second chapter, page 45. Simply speaking, the in- 
 dividual having been a long time dosed with purgatives, any neglect hereof 
 causes the dung to harden and obstruct the contractile functions of the intes- 
 tines : heat ensues, and re-absorption takes place, as in case of retenti n of 
 urine, until the dung loses all moistur.; and becomes as hard as baked clay, 
 forming in the rectum (or straight gut), small round lumps. 
 
 The same kind of big fleshy horses as are liable to suppression of urine, are 
 also principal sutt'erers by constipation or costiveness. Hard food and hard 
 work in warm weather is very productive of this malady, which is often mis- 
 taken for inflammation of the bowels, the means of prevention, therefore, are 
 obviously the direct contrary mode of feeding, and also keeping a good watch 
 on the dunging of each horse in the team. 
 
 Symptoms. — When constipation attends general fever, it is then but a cor- 
 responding symptom of that disorder, and the reader is referred back a few 
 pages to what is there said on this head. But, when the pulse is not so high 
 as to warrant us in pronouncing it fever, and the dung is ascertained to be 
 hard, there is no diflSculty in treating it as simple costiveness. It may be dis- 
 tinguished from colic and from inflammation of the intestines, by the quiet 
 state of the animal when he is down, which is not the case with eitlier of those 
 disorders, iti which pain of the bowels is most evident ; whereas, these do not 
 appear to suff'er from the costiveness, though the brain and the whole of the 
 nervous system, become more or less afflicted from sympathy with the stomach, 
 and ultimately producing delirium and frenzy. His eyes offer the earliest 
 symptoms by their dulness, contraction, and expansion, succeeded by sleepi^ 
 ness ; he refuses his food, he will not work, the mouth becomes hot and dry, 
 the ears cold, and the breathing difficult or nearly imperceptible on account 
 of the pressure of the stomach and bowels upon the midriff. See page 34. 
 The pulsation usually increases, if he be in a tolerably good cojidition ; but 
 I'nis increase is ever inconsiderable until fever comes on, and marks the period 
 when blood-letting would be necessary. A dull heavy pulse is more common, 
 until the paroxysms of madness may render this symptom a little sharper and 
 quicker for a short period. At length he tumbleis down, regardless of the 
 situation, and the action of the head shows how greatly this part is affected, 
 until stupor and death ensue, if the sufferer be not relieved. 
 
 Rcmp.dy. — Purgatives are not always the most eligible medicines even in 
 the earliest stages of the disorder ; for, if the constipation has lasted a con- 
 
INFLAIWMATORY DISEASEa 69 
 
 sidevable timp, great injury would be done to the intestines by forcing a pas- 
 san-e, whereby a commotion might be raised in the stomach, but would act in- 
 efficiently where tlie evil chiefly lies, viz. in the large intestines and rectum. 
 As soon as it is ascertained tfiat the animal has not dunged for some d;iiys — 
 when he seems uneasy, a fulness is perceptible towards the flank, the funda- 
 ment, &c. and unusual dryness and tightness is discovered at this latter part, 
 tlie operation of back-raking should be resorted to. Castor oil, one pint, 
 would indeed find a passage in the first stages of the attack, but good part 
 of the evil usually remains behind ; in the more advanced stages, especially 
 when the patient drops, nothing else will relieve him but back-rakin^. Let 
 the operator strip his arm bare, and having well anointed it with soft soap, 
 lard, or butter, (the first being the most eligible,) he will bring his fingers to 
 a point, and gently introduce the hand and wrist, when he will feel and drav7 
 forth a portion of the indurated fseces he will there meet with, in lumps hard 
 and dry. This he may repeat three or four (or more) times, and leave the 
 animal to himself a little, whilst a drench is preparing. Trivial as the relief 
 may seem which has been thus afforded to the j)atient, ho will i(nmediately 
 evince proofs of its benefits, by a more sane conduct, by licking forth his 
 tongue, opening the half shut eyes, by looking about him, and sometimes by 
 getting upon his legs. In this latter case, plain water gruel, as warm as a 
 person might take it without inconvenience, may be administered in the quan- 
 tity of two or three quarts, if he will take so much; but if the animal be ex 
 hausted, and does not get up without difficulty, or without help, one half tha 
 drench may be ale or porter. Although he will seem recovered, and may pro- 
 duce a stool, his bowels must next be emptied. In order to this, give a 
 
 Laxative Draught or Drench. 
 
 Castor oil, half a pint. 
 Aloes, 2 drachms. 
 Prepared kali, 2 drachms. 
 Water gruel, 1 pint. 
 
 Repeat this next day, leaving out the oil, and doubling the quantity cf 
 aloes; or, after an interval, give the usual purgative ball, containing seven oi 
 eight drachms oi aloes, as prescribed at page 63. 
 
 Ikflammatory diseases of every sort leave behind them a good share of 
 weakness, which full feeding will not always amend. We mu.st therefora 
 restore the tone of the digestive powers by the aid of medicine, that may be 
 repeated according to circumstances, and the returning strength of the con- 
 valescent animal. 
 
 Tonic Ball. No. 1. 
 
 Jesuit's bark, 7 drachms. 
 
 Pre{)ared kali, 2 drachms. 
 
 Mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. 
 
 In ordinary cases, one of these per day for a week will be found to hava 
 done as much for the animal as could be desired. But should the coal still 
 appear rough and staring, give the following : 
 8 
 
*J0 TYPHUS FEVER; HS BlTVrPTOMa 
 
 Ionic Ball. No. 2. 
 
 Salt of steel, or sulphate of iron, 
 Coin 111! >o root, and 
 Bark, oleach 3 drachms. 
 With mucilage to form the ball. 
 
 Grrat precaution is necessary to prevent a relapse, which would render the 
 Oatient's case more dansjerous than at first; the animal being less capable of 
 Dearing up atiaiiista fivsh attack, by reason of the reductions he has been sub- 
 jected to. Soft or sodden oats, fine hay, clover, a few vetches, carrots, grass 
 cut fresh from a sloping grouml, may succeed each other in small quantities, 
 until he may be returned to oats and hay as usual. If the heat return at in- 
 tervals, as usually happens towards nightfallj give him 
 
 A Cooling Decoction. 
 
 Linseed, 2 quarts. 
 
 Coarse sugar, 2 ounces. 
 
 Water boiling hot, 6 quarts poured upon the seed. 
 
 Let it simmer three or four hours, and pour off the liquid for use when nearly 
 cold. The linseed will bear another water, less in quantity ; but some horses 
 will take tlse seeds also, which may be permitted. Give the whole in the 
 course of the day, at two or three intervals, and repeat the same decoction 
 once or twice more. 
 
 TYPHUS, OR PUTRID FEVER, 
 
 Is caused by long-continued debility, or slow fever, as much as by the in- 
 judicious use of medicines administered for the cure thereof. Of these, the 
 most common error consists of cordial medicines, dia[)ente, wines, &c. ; which, 
 as they give a short-lived vigour to the animal, are supposed to have done some 
 good, and are therefore persisted in, until the digestive and secreting parts of 
 the system are spoiled. — See chap. 2, page 22, &c. 
 
 Symptoms, the same as those in slow fever, mark typhus fever, only the 
 pulse is accelerated u|X)n taking the medicines just alluded to: its irreg\darity 
 IS also greater, until, by continuance of the disease, it ceases to denote any 
 particular state of the body long together. Hence, the supply of new blood 
 carries with it similar eilects : tfie vitals lose their tone, and the muscular [)art 
 of the system wastes and becomes rotten on the bones, and if the same stimu- 
 lating treatment has been kept up until the animal dies, its flesh will l>e found 
 on dissection to have acquired an uncommonly bright {)urple colour, not only 
 on the surface, but wherever incision is made. Putrescence, in a high degree, 
 has already taken place ere that catastrophe seals the sufierer's fate ! 
 
 I mention these mmor circumstances to |)rove (so far as 1 can do so) the 
 real existence of this main type of putrid fever. Another symptom of typhus 
 goes to the same proof, namely, delirium, which follows a continuance of the 
 stupidity discoverable in slow fever. A well-marked case is reported in the 
 Annals of Sporting, for Nov. 1824, to which work 1 have since been some 
 months attached; and, although 1 was precluded by absence from examining 
 the subject, 1 have reason to rely on the report afterwards made to me by Mr. 
 FVrd that its flesh was putrid in an extremely offensive degree, and wholly 
 unfit even to be cast to the dogs. 
 
 From the very unaflected and detailed account of the narrator, it appears 
 
MAD STAGGERS.— RHEUMATIC FEVER. 71 
 
 plain that unskilful persons mijiht be led to apprehend such paryoxisms de- 
 noted hydrophobia; but a short inquiry iuto the habits of the horse previous 
 to its last delirium, would go a good way to relieve the anxiety usually instil- 
 led into a neighbourhood by such events. None can say, however, until the 
 experiment be tried, whether animals fed on such meat might not acquire ra- 
 bies thereby. 
 
 'I'he 7iiad staggers, as the term is, which has never been satisfactorily ac- 
 counted for, can be no other than this delirium of the typhus fever, brought 
 on by })ushing the animal in his work although labouring under slew fever. 
 None but common or ordinary cart-horses are lost in the staggers ; whilst none 
 but a very ordinary owner would so force his cattle to the last extremity dur- 
 ing illness. As the above is all I shall find it necessary to say of staggers, I 
 must here remark on the singular impropriety of Mr. Richard Lawrence's 
 considering this as an attack of ajtopiexy ! Since one pang alone denotes 
 the death so to be named. 
 
 Rheumatic Fever is one of those disorders in the horse, upon the existence 
 of which doctors disagree ; but doubtless the vicissitudes of heat and cold to 
 which the horse is subjected, whereby the whole system is checked so as to 
 occasion general fever, is equally likely to check the circulation in one or two 
 limbs only. And the pain the animal would thus labour under in the per- 
 formance of its duties would constitute one of the causes assigned higher up 
 for simple fever. Little good, however, would ensue by my considering it 
 se{)arately ; so 1 shall content myself with referring the reader to the head of 
 simple rheumatism. 
 
 EpidExMic fevers — Distemper. 
 
 Cause. — When these appear, from time to time, they may fairly be ascri1)ed 
 to the season; for the kind of attack is not of a nature to become communica- 
 tive, unless by continuance putridity follows: then, indeed, infection may be- 
 gin, as it would also happen in any of the preceding species of fever. A rainy 
 spring after a mild winter producer, an epidemic catarrh, as well as sudden 
 chill, among horses that are out at pasture whilst shedding their coats, and the 
 most delicate receive this influence earliest. We may as well consider, that 
 whatever may give one horse a cold, or affect his lungs, singly applied to hiin, 
 would, if applied to many, in like manner affect the whole: this constitutes 
 epidemi/, or the distem[)er. Cloudy weather and cold easterly night winds, 
 when the weather is warm or murky by day, is more likely to check the ac- 
 tion of the lungs or of the whole system, than when a colder season has pre- 
 pared the animals to withstand the influence thereof. An epidemic prevails 
 sometimes in autumn; but, happen when it may, horses at grass acquire it 
 less often than those which are kept in, upon hard food. 
 
 Symptoms. — As just intimated, a cold, that harbinger of so many other 
 evils, is what m.arks the epidemic in every case; in addition to this, the animal 
 will labt)ur under the other sympt(»ms of fever before described, according to 
 its actual state of body at the time of attack. Thus, if the horse be in full 
 fiesh and vigour, his veins quickly fill with the stream of life, inflammation of 
 the blood will ensue, or rather, to speak more accurately, of the vessels which 
 contain it ; hence, simple fever, or fever of the whole system follows, as before 
 described, pp. isfl, 63, but, be he poor, with little lilood to receive inflamma 
 tion, low fever is that particular affection which accompanies the original cold 
 or catarrh. 
 
 Hence, I feel no hesitation in classing the epidemic — at least all those which 
 have happened in my time, with one or the other of those diseases, and re- 
 commend treating it accordingly. At its earliest stage, of course, as it assumes 
 
•?^ 
 
 TREA.TMENT OF PULMONARY PATTENTS. 
 
 the shape of a catarrh or cold (which in the more maligrjant cases brcome* 
 "JnSainmation of the lungs.") 1 should treat it as such ; but if not calK-d in 
 Dntil this aua-^k had extended to the animars whole system, and catarrh had 
 sulisided into general inflammation, no reason exists w hv we should consider 
 it a different disorder, merely bec-ause the patients may be more numerous 
 than ordinary I The reader had therefore l)est proceed on to the next head 
 of information, for the details as to the sufferings and cure of a single animal, 
 vrhich 1 apprehend will instruct him how to treat the many ; for, neither the 
 name nor the character of the disorder can be changed by this circmnstauce, 
 however alarming its extent. 
 
 IXFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 Cav-ffs. — Like all other of its class of disorders, inflammation of the lungs 
 is occasioned by a sudden check being gt*en to the circulation, by cold w hen 
 the animal is heated, either by exercise, fotnl, or close stabling, as before de- 
 scribed. How it happens that this organ of animal life is much more fre- 
 quently deranged than any other, the reader who has well studied the second 
 chapter, pp. 31, 32, will be at no loss to account for ; adhesion of the pleura, 
 or of the lungs, to the ribs, 6i.c. as descril>exl at section 3'2, beinof very common : 
 the labour of action, not to call it pain, is greatly increased ihereby, and a 
 certain degree of fever is thus engendered and kept up. The aiumal is ia 
 this manner always predisposed to acquire cold or catarrh ; and ultimately 
 inflammation of the lungs comes on, if the cold be neglected. Exc^^sive ex 
 posure to the rougher elements, added to the changes in our humid atmo- 
 spheric temperature, accounts for the prevalence of affection of the lungs. 
 Out of the same causes arise several minor evils, to be considered here- 
 after; a% 
 
 Simple cold, ot catarrh. 
 Broken wind, of three kinds. 
 Roaring. 
 Chnmic cough. 
 
 Tbp STTnptoms of inflamed lungs rapidlv follow each other; shivenng, dif- 
 ficulty of breathing, loss (»f apfietite and slu^sishness, with drooping of the 
 head, tteccjroc visible in quick succession. In a few hours, if the animal be 
 in goxi keep, longer, if out of condition, those symfloms increase, with un- 
 tjsually quick action of the flanks, accompanied by hot mouth and hectic 
 cough. Its t^ars and legs become cold, and he cares not to be down, or being 
 down, he rises languidly, as if mourning his fate. Sometimes the progrf-s.s 
 of this monstrous disease is accelerated by its previous habits, if the animal's 
 «institution be predisposed towards infiammatiun. 
 
 The cure is sometimes mainly effected by the effusion of water in the chest, 
 Tvhich frequently takes place upon bleeding the patient; the practitioner has 
 little more to do than place himself in the situation of the handmaid of nature, 
 and all will go on well towards i.>erfect restoration. How this effusion is per- 
 f-irmed, none can know. Suffice it for our purjiose^ that such is the case, as 
 I have shown in the second chapter, where 1 undertoc)k to inveriigale the ani- 
 mal funcrions separately, and imagirje 1 can not be niisunder^Ux-d : See sec- 
 tions ly. 20, 21, in particular, at pages 22, 23. AVe may ar certain when 
 \aub cirooion Las taken pdace, by an evident remission of the desponding symp- 
 toms just set down : the flanks cease to heave so much as hitherto, the animal 
 looks up more cheerfully, he tries to eat a bit, the cough almost ceases, and 
 the wmnath of the ears returns, all in a partial degree ; but the roughness of 
 
cr>verr aJbooSd he kcft Bf^ th nw g b finticr 
 
 Il»»eptiiiMiilthatdbe 
 other mQammiam} attadb% mi AaC t» i 
 rulMKe nf the attxk, oca to the I 
 k^affdlkiUi OftkB 
 preckelj iakinm^madf % taraiaghKk to 
 pofae^ nadergeaealiBAMBaHimiy orfevet^ 
 fiBlar «>3 of c - -. - 
 
 ovnagauisae' _ 
 
 iilillaii iifiiMiliin 1b cvoj caae of UndUg a bxalbc j 
 
 as htiSme dncdei^ mmI cHalcis m mater-nrrael be ■Jiaiairtiiii ia aai ai* krift^ 
 
 at imcrvab aT tkaoe ar fear haos. ?E^(ret Mt toknUif 
 
 and Wgmd bwi raUia& h giwiag [i^aiif, fer *iis am] 
 
 chest, j^ aa faaeBBduig towwb the fHoal 
 
 teraai heart, if wft paafUlMiL When theae afipcxi; itsai 
 
 k» taken plae^ ia a gn tit r ar kai ^i^gRCV m.ma i m^ to the < 
 
 to fiMm the Ul fee one dose. 
 
 Repeat the aaae hi twrite hona^ aaakaa mnA foasfiaAm haa j a f ii i h i n il 
 in the McaadHae. wheathoe wiD be na ■eccaairf fer 
 grad wg assist the exp ec l e J p ei afai at iu ai; a«^ if the ; 
 a bam. !■■ ih Baj avppfy >^ pbce: cither wast be p««a 1 
 
 The heat of the hmgs which b the iiiiiiai jBiii ca^e af the ( 
 ablr vedaced hr evoj ianiiriiinn af feeah me the ; 
 then, thb mx ' hinaJi be it far its p^paae^ ar yaie; iftkaat aat Ike 
 air of aa a m fikJ stable^ lepkCe aith aaoEioas cAavia; aai^ aa the «Ak 
 bud. a caticat of av Oat iasaes hf daais aad aiaitwa i to the p gbtaa d to 
 
 Biiiiail i I TTt rmninir -aith thr iBtphiaitir ii jait wnr trranTadni Aaia 
 BHiat othR a&ras of ifc^ the best «a be feaad tiK vrdlBM caane; far tfe 
 Beadoas atobie mhanag iiii ^i il aad aa parifc piwJ Ae bai^ to lecciae Iha 
 b^rfaiii^ iaflaeBDe af the e^ aiiV it falbas thai either extnae af aliaBriak. 
 
 frve iafabr iato the heat BKaas t£ tmfkajms this aaia anaSarF aa the »> 
 atoratiaa af health ia i n H ea i ii i ii tMj d M— i i eg s aaaid be ad aarth the I 
 of aaj wiefliBBiiaaeaaipetaat tothetaak; 
 aachaeaafse aaaU 9 aait ay Heawaa wiiliajt tfe toa bnef taealiacL I 
 sbaB, thecefenv i mail at Mvaeif ailh nhiiiMg heie, that aaee it ia to T ~ 
 want af waliljti a a ia atdUes^ aad ouanfiag avaj hai^ai tageAei^ that 
 owe aH p w ha nmr y c ia a plwaK aad —fcit fcrei^ the jdbfujt isaaa rthj < 
 tOea as a pvrvealive as acfl a» a leaaedf . 
 
 FovaMiflf, the gcaeni pnctkx was to cfalhe the 
 tion, aaii to dose ap cvcrr afextaze faj- 
 totaeqiMBaem ai \ 
 S* 
 
74 AIR- VENTILATION OF STABLES. 
 
 usually prnvetl fatal, wherever these ailtlenda to stable management coulc? he 
 rin[)l()yeti in supposed f)erf('ction. Not so the poor man's or the dealer's 
 horses under iiidainination of the lungs, or the n)ore dreaded "epidemic 
 distemper;" his stahles being more or less ]>ervtoup, ijnd his horse clotliiiig 
 without the nap, it was no uncommon thing to find tliese had recovered, 
 whilst the nmre pampered and more valuable animals fell victims to every s|)e- 
 ciet- of inflammatory diseases. These results were known to manv, in various 
 circles, about the time of the establishment of the Veterinary College; and 
 the mutual communications that thence resulted, ])roved the impolicy of the 
 old plan of ailding heat to heat, and increasing the disposilion to acquire disease, 
 of the lungs in partic-ular. A revolution which had recently taken place in the 
 human practice regarding the treatment of inflanunatory and febrile disorders, 
 also contributed tot>pen the eyes of our veterinary practitioners in this respect, 
 and they adopted the direct contrary |)raclice in its greatest extremity. Mr. 
 Colman advised turning the horse into a loose box, leaving open the a[)ertures, 
 without cU)thing or ]»aying any regard to the seasons. Nought, however, 
 could be more absurd than to suppose tliat a disease which is produced by 
 cold should have the continuance of cold prescribed for its cure. 
 
 My practice has been to aMbrd the animal as much fresh air to breathe as 
 could possil)!y be allowed consistently with keeping out a draught or current; 
 taking care also that none whatever sht)uld be directed towards his body, nor 
 any enter the stable from the windward in stormy or cold seasons. With these 
 precautions, in a loose box and well covered up about the chest, but not tight- 
 ly, he would ever be found turning round to tliat side where the most air was 
 ^o be obtaineti, as if by instinct, knowing whence the readiest natural relief 
 from hissulfenngs was to be found. In one case, of an aperture being made 
 into an adjoining shed, the ()atient was frequently discovered inhaling the little 
 air which was to be drawn thence, though the orifice was no other than a dis- 
 placed knot of the woml partition. 
 
 In general, the tlisease ben<!s before tlie remedies prescribed; the hand- 
 rubbing nuist be continued, jiarticularly of the legs, which in the worst period 
 of the disease are uncoumionly line, but should it last him some time they 
 swell, and in either case })rove they are the barometer of the disorder, as well 
 as the necessity of rubbing them. On the other hand, should the pulsation 
 increase after bleeding, and no favourable symptoms appear (as indeed they 
 can not be then ex|>ectcd), this necessary operation must be re[)eated to thesame 
 amountas at first, or up to a state of tottering as reconmiended before, at page 
 63: this necessity will occur but seldom, an<l that always with patients in 
 previously high conilitlon. Therefore, no danger can be a|)[)rehended from 
 this copious discharge; for, at the end of twelve hours or less, which is the 
 period at which 1 should again resort to the fleam, the blood would have re- 
 turned t*. its former courses in every respect ; the continuance of fever up to the 
 same original height of the pulse, shows that the particular animal then under 
 treatment, possessed an uncoimnon quantity of blood, and therefore that an 
 unusual quantity should be taken away in order to alleviate the heat that is de- 
 stroying it, and will destroy it, if the heat be not subdued at this second 
 bleeding; for, should this fail, 1 expect little good from further attempts, 
 though it is desirable to try what I always consider as the forl-orn hope. 
 
 Should those remedies fail, suppuration takes place usually in six and thir< 
 ty hours, and the animal is lost. Occasionally, however, it happens with low- 
 priced animals, that the inflammation fixes itself and terminates with de- 
 struction of one lobe only of the lungs, generally that on the right side, the 
 other performing all the functions, but how perfectly, or for how long time, 1 
 had no means of ascertaining. At this point of his inquiries, the studioua 
 reader had better consult over a^jain what 1 thouijht it necessary to say upon tlie 
 
INFLAINIED LUNGS. BLISTERING AND ROWELIJNG EMPLOYED. 75 
 
 dissection of the lungs, in chap. 2, pages 31 to 34; but he will please to re- 
 member, 1 am not at present [irepared to maintain, that the real cause of a 
 destroyed lobe, which I have just suggested, is more correct than that ven- 
 tured by me at page 33. 
 
 Bleeding, though highly beneficial at first, when the animal system is in full 
 vigour, is extremely dangerous after the inflammation has continued some 
 titne. When (the fever continuing) weakness is indicated by swelling of the 
 legs, or nature seeks to relieve itself by a running at the nose, then bleeding 
 will be harmful; this latter was considered a most fovourable indication of crisis 
 in the epidemic fevers of n\y youth; but I sincerely hope that the groundless 
 fears the rumour of such a plague engenders, never more will visit us with 
 affright : the idea of infection, in such cases, is too ridiculous to admit of refu- 
 tation. 
 
 Weakness follows, of course, every attack of so vital an organ as the lungs, 
 and is a necessary consequence of the great evacuations of each sort his ex 
 treme danger has rendered intlispensable. But cordial balls, or indeed, stimu 
 lants of any sort, are very improper, and might occasion a partial rela[)se, if 
 given before the animal is quite recovered. Good grooming, diet, and exer- 
 cise, constitute the means of restoring his strength. Let him be well rubbed 
 down, daily, and his nostrils s[)onged out clean and often, when the discharge 
 takes place, which most commonly attends the cure; the same offensive mat- 
 ter mustl)e cleaned away from the stall and manger, and he may be led forth 
 daily whilst this business is going on. Hand-rubl)ing the legs should con- 
 tinue, so as to promote warmth, and they may be subsequently wrapped up, 
 especially if the weather be chilly, with hay-bands, &,c. Exercise may be 
 gradually increased as the patient gains strength and appetite. At first, good 
 stout oat-meal gruel, sweetened with coarse sugar or treacle, alternating this 
 with wheat-meal, in order to coax his appetite; then oats which have been 
 steeped in boiling water may be given, and next put him to hay of fine odour, 
 in small quantities at a time. If grass or green vetches can be procured, a 
 little, and not too much, may be cut for the now convalescent horse, in order 
 to keep open his body ; on the contrary, should he appear low spirited, a little 
 malt occasionally will give him more vigour before leading him to the fi°ld 
 every day, or leaving him there in clothing, whilst the sun may be out, if it 
 shine at all. 
 
 Bi-isTERiNG and rowelltng are recommended by most veterinarians, as 
 tending to divert inflammatory heat from the more vital part of the surface. 
 The theory is good; in the practice of human medicine I believe blistering is 
 universally adopted ; and this is one reason why I ever looked upon this 
 means of cure with suspicion, even before I ascertained that the general heat 
 or fever is always increased by the employment of either blister or rowel. 
 Both are of the same nature; and the practitioner may learn how either 
 operates on the system by ascertaining the state of the pulse previously to the 
 application, and coni[)aring it with the increase<l action of that barometer 
 whilst the remedy is taking effect. Subsequently, however, it must be con- 
 fessed, the agitation of the jmlse will subside; and although 1 seldom find oo 
 casion for employing either l)lister or rowel, yet 1 am free to allov^-, that the 
 manner in which inflammation of these organs sometimes terminates (namely 
 in abscess, or soft tumour under the skin), seems to invite an early adoption 
 of artificial means to bring about the same ends. Tlie hand-rubbing jnst re- 
 commended effects this t(» a certain extent; and if it has been neglected, or 
 lazily performed, then will blistering become necessary to prevent suppuration 
 within. 
 
 As this tumour usually makes its appearance and marks the crisis of acute 
 attacks, the practitioner may form an estimate of the probable beneficial cf> 
 
74 AIR- VENTILATION OF STABLES. 
 
 usually proved fatal, wherever these addenda to stable management could he 
 rin[)lu_yed in supposed |)erfoction. Not so the poor man's or the dealer's 
 horses under indainiuation of the lui)<is, or the n)ore dreaded "e|)idemic 
 distemper;" his stables being more or less j)ervJous, »nd his horse clottiiiifr 
 without the nap, it was no uncommon thing to find these had recovered, 
 whilst the more pam|)ered and more valuable animals fell victims to every s{)e- 
 ciet- of inflammatory diseases. These results were known to many, in various 
 circles, about the time of the establishment of the Veterinary College; and 
 the mutual communications that thence resulted, proved the impolicy of the 
 old plan of adding heat to heat, and increasing the disposilion to acquire disease, 
 of the lungs in particular. A revolution which had recently taken place in the 
 human practice regarding the treatment of itjflammatory and febrile disorders, 
 also contributed to open the eyes of our veterinary practitioners in this respect, 
 and they adopted the direct contrary practice in its greatest eAtremity. Mr. 
 Colman advised turning the horse info a loose box, leaving open the apertures, 
 without clotliirjg or ))aving any reiT:ird to the seasons. Noujiht, however, 
 could be more absurd than to sup()ose that a disease which is produced by 
 cold should have the cositinuance of cold prescribed for its cure. 
 
 My practice has been to aflbrd the animal as much tVesh air to breathe as 
 could possibly be allowed consistently with keepir)g out a draught or current; 
 taking care also that none whatever should be directed towards his body, nor 
 any enter the stable from the windward in stormy or cold seasons. With these 
 precautions, in a loose box and well covered u|) about the chest, but not tight- 
 ly, he would ever be found turning round to that side where the most air was 
 vO be obtained, as if by instinct, knowing whence the readiest natural relief 
 from his sulferuigs was to be found. In one case, of an aperture being made 
 intoan adjoining shed, the [)atient was frequently discovered inhaling the little 
 air which was to be drawn thence, though the orifice was no other than a dis- 
 placed knot of the wood partition. 
 
 In general, the disease liends before the remedies prescribed; the hand- 
 rubbing nuist he continued, particularly of the legs, which in the worst period 
 of the disease are unconunonly line, but should it last him some time they 
 swell, and in either case (irove they are the barometer of the disorder, as well 
 as the necessity of rubl)ing them. On the other hand, should the pulsation 
 increase after bleeding, and no favourable symptoms appear (as indeed they 
 can not be then ex|)ecte(l), this necessary operation must be re|)eated to thesame 
 amountas at first, or up to a state of tottering as reconnnended before, at page 
 63: this necessity will occur but seldom, and that always with patients in 
 previously high condition. Therefore, no dangrr can be a[)}»rehended from 
 this copious discharge; for, at the end of twelve hours or less, which is the 
 period at which 1 should again resort to the fleam, the blood would have re- 
 turned ti its former courses in every respect ; the continuance of fever up to the 
 same original height of the pulse, shows that the j)ari!cular animal then under 
 treatment, possessed an unconunon quantity of blood, and therefore that an 
 unusual quantity should be taken away in order to alleviate the heat that is de- 
 stroying it, and will destroy it, if the heat be not subdued at this second 
 bleeding; for, should this fail, 1 ex[)ect little good from further attempts, 
 though it is desirable to try what I always consider as the forI.orn hope. 
 
 Should those remedies fail, sup[)uration takes place usually in six and thir< 
 ty hours, and the animal is lost. Occasii)nally, however, it happens with low- 
 priced animals, that the inflammation fixes itself and terminates with de- 
 struction of one lobe only of the lungs, generally that on the right side, the 
 other performing all the functions, but how perfectly, or for how long time, 1 
 had no means of ascertaining. At this point of his inquiries, the studioua 
 reader had better consult over a^jain what 1 thought it necessary to say upon the 
 
INFLAiVIED LUNGS. BLISTERING AND ROWELUNG EMPLOYED. 75 
 
 ilissection of the lungs, in chap. 2, pages 31 to 34; but he will please to re- 
 member, I am not at present prepared to maintain, that the real cause of a 
 destroyed lobe, which I have just suggested, is more correct than that ven- 
 tured by me at page 33. 
 
 Bleeding, though highly beneficial at first, when the animal system is in full 
 vigour, is extremely dangerous after the inflammation has continued some 
 time. When (the fever continuing) weakness is indicated by swelling of the 
 leers, or nature seeks to relieve itself by a running at the nose, then bleeding 
 will be harmful; this latter was considered a most favourable indication of crisis 
 in the epidemic fevers of my youth ; but 1 sincerely hope tliat the groundless 
 fears the rumour of such a plague engenders, never more will visit us with 
 alfriglU : the idea of infection, in such cases, is too ridiculous to admit of refu- 
 tation. 
 
 Weakness follows, of course, every attack of so vital an organ as the lungs, 
 and is a necessary consequence of the great evacuations of each sort his ex 
 treme danger has rendered indispensable. But cordial balls, or indeed, stima 
 lants of any sort, are very im[)roper, and might occasion a partial relapse, if 
 given before the animal is quite recovered. Good grooming, diet, and exer- 
 cise, constitute the means of restoring his strength. Let him l)e well rubbed 
 down, daily, and his nostrils sponged out clean and often, when the discharge 
 takes place, which most commonly attends the cure; the same oft'ensive mat- 
 ter must 1)6 cleaned away from the stall and manger, and he may be led forth 
 daily whilst this business is going on. Hand-rubbing the legs should con- 
 tinue, so as to promote warmth, and they may be subsequently wrapped up, 
 especially if the weather be chilly, with hay-bands, &,c. Exercise may be 
 gradually increased as the patient gains strength and appetite. At first, good 
 stout oat-meal gruel, sweetened with coarse sugar or treacle, alternating this 
 with wheat-meal, in order to coax his appetite ; then oats which have been 
 steeped in boiling water may be given, and next put him to hay of fine odour, 
 in small quantities at a time. If grass or green vetches can be procured, a 
 little, and not too much, may be cut for the now convalescent horse, in order 
 to keep open his body ; on the contrary, should he appear low spirited, a little 
 malt occasionally will give him more vigour before leading him to the fi°ld 
 every day, or leaving him there in clothing, whilst the sun may be out, if it 
 shine at all. 
 
 Blistering and rowp^lltnc; are recommended by most veterinarians, a« 
 tending to divert inflammatory heat from the more vital part of the surface. 
 The theory is good ; in the practice of human medicine I believe blistering is 
 universally adopted ; and this is one reason why I ever looked upon this 
 means of cure with suspicion, even before I ascertained that the general heat 
 or fever is always increased by the employment of either blister or rowel. 
 Both are of the same nature; and the practitioner may learn how either 
 operates on the system by as(;ertaining the state of the pulse previously to the 
 a[)piication. and co!Ji[)aring it with the increased action of that barometer 
 whilst the remedy is taking effect. Subsequently, however, it must be con- 
 fessed, the agitation of the pulse will subside; and although I seldom find oo 
 casion for em[)loying either blister or rowel, yet 1 am free to allow, that the 
 manner in which inflammation of these organs sometimes terminates (namely 
 in abscess, or soft tumour under the skin), seems to invite an early adoption 
 of artificial means to bring about the same ends. The hand-rubbing just re- 
 commended effects this to a certain extent; and if it has been neglected, or 
 lazily performed, then will blistering become necessary to prevent suppuration 
 within. 
 
 As this tumour usually makes its appearance and marks the crisis of acure 
 attacks, the practitioner may form an estimate of the probable beneficial e^ 
 
76 A COLD— WIIAT1 
 
 fects of blistering in an}' casp, by comparing and noting the earliest symptoms 
 of any two cases, in one of which the crisis has been subsequently attended 
 with such a superficial tumour, and in the other not so. He will then s^- 
 ploy bhstering with more reliance on its efficacy than 1 have found nec^ 
 sary after tlie hand-rubbing. 
 
 When this remedy is adopted for inflammation of the lungs, employ blister- 
 ing ointment composed of cantharides and sweet oil, or hog's lard, or all 
 three — or the following 
 
 Blistering Ointment. 
 
 Cantharides, powdered, 5 drachms. 
 
 Hog's lard, 4 ounces. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, 1 ounce. 
 
 Mix, for one extensive application over each side of the chest ; which is » 
 neater and more expeditious method of attaining the desired end than rowel- 
 ling. When the latter method is adopted, let the tow used for the rowel ba 
 dipped in a mixture of sweet oil and oil of turpentine; and the skin of the 
 breast or belly, — if more than one such seton is employed, — be separated only 
 just sufficient to admit the rowel, in order to increase the irritation , but if the 
 surrounding parts swell to an inordinate size, change the tow for some which 
 has l)een sodden in digestive ointment. 
 
 Pleurisv, or inflammation of the pleura, a membrane covering the two 
 lobes of the lungs (see chap. ii. p. 42) — has been described by Lavi-rence as a 
 separate disease ; but, as the treatment is the same as the preceding, I can see 
 no pro|)riety in making the distinction he does, especially as we can not know 
 the difference until after death discloses all imperfections. 
 
 A COLD OR CATARRH. 
 
 Causes. — If I sought much nicety of arrangement, the disorder termed "a 
 cold," would have preceded the similar but more malignant attack I have de- 
 Bcribed under "Inflammation of the Lungs." Both are occasioned by cold 
 applied to the animal's organs of respiration at a time that he is most suscepti- 
 ble of its influence, differing only in the part which may suffi;r. Thus, when 
 the canal through which the air passes receives the check (before described), 
 which is the immediate cause of inflammation, every one agrees in its being 
 merely '* a cold," though in most cases no attack is more replete with danger 
 if neglected. 
 
 But the origin and progress of such a check upon the functions of the 
 membrane that lines this canal, having been already fully described in the se- 
 cond chapter, pages 33, the studious reader must turn back to that part, 
 if he would trace causes to their effects, and does not presently recollect all 
 that is there said on this topic. 
 
 One prolific source of the disorder termed a cold, is found in ihe shedding 
 of the coat in spring and in autumn, a process of nature always attended with 
 a certain degree of debility or general weakness. Hence it is that the animal 
 sweats profusely upon the least exertion; and being in this state suflered to 
 stand (harnessed [)erhaps) in the open air to cool, the sweating is too suddenly 
 stopped, and he gets a cold at least. That the lungs should suffer the soonest 
 of any other organ is not at all astonishing : the very great exertions made by 
 the lungs in the business of progression, is much increast^d by adhesions and 
 other obstructions to the action of its several parts ; and this, added to theii 
 exposure externally, and the constant inhalation of fresh, cold, damp air— 
 
SYMPTOIMS. 77 
 
 altogrther, the prevalence of pulmonary affections in every varied stage ought 
 no longer to be niiUter ot" surprise to any persoUj however casually he may 
 look at the matter. 
 
 The horse is subject to cold or catarrh at every season of the year, and 
 some animals retain chronic cough all the year round, atul some during their 
 natural lives. But the cold which is contracted m the spring ilillers malerially 
 from that of the autuiini. The former attacks the animal when he is lull of 
 hard meat and gross feeding — "full of humours," according to a homely but 
 iutelligeut phrase, and a malignant sore throat or an inilammation of the 
 lungs IS the ultimate consequence, however slight the cold may have been at 
 first. Sometimes access of all those symptoms of diseased lungs, which 1 have 
 already or may hereafter take occasion to describe, will be found in the same 
 animal, and he usually bends before the couiplication of evils and dies, unless 
 speedily relieved by bleeding, &c. From its prevalence at some seasons, we 
 then agree to callit "epidemic," and to recommend a treatment corresponding 
 v\'ith ttie prevailing symptoms, if these be mild, as a simple cold ; which form 
 the epidemic fever or distemper always assumes in its earliest stages. On 
 the other hand, the cold or catarrh which the moulting animal acquires in au- 
 tumn, finds his system reduced by the heat and labour of sununer; his blood, 
 in quality or quantity, is scarcely capable of being excited to inilammation, 
 and the first attacks are more easily subdued. Neglect, however, increases 
 the evil at all times, especially with the more valuable well-conditioned ani- 
 mals, some of which are so tenderly managed, that they scarcely can stand 
 the opening of a door or shutter after dark, without catching cold. JN either 
 autumn or winter is the season for remedying this defect in stable manage- 
 ment, — if ever it can be got over at all. 
 
 Si/mptoms. — According to the precise part attacked, these vary not only as 
 to appearances, but as to virulence or malignity, always increasing as the com- 
 plaint descends lower and lower down towards the seat of vitality ; the danger 
 being also greatly augmented when the animal is pre-disposed to acquire 
 catarrh in its worst forms by some previous misfortune — as adhesion, &c. A 
 simple cold consists in slight infiammation of the membrane which lines the 
 nose, wind})ipe, &c. the functions of which membrane in health are described 
 in the 34th section, chap. ii. together with the manner in which the disease is 
 engenderetl. As we find in all other infiammatory disorders, variations in 
 the symptoms occur, according to the previous constitution or evils of the in- 
 dividual, and its actual condition — much more than is attributable to an ad- 
 verse season, or the immediate cause of disease. For example, if two equal 
 animals be exposed to a chilly night air, that horse which had j)erformed a 
 journey previously to turning out, would catch a cold for certain, — the other 
 most [)robal)ly would escape; but, if both had performed the same journey, 
 let us sup[)ose, and one of them laboured under the constitutional defect of 
 "adhesion of the pleura," (see page 32), he would acquire the more malignant 
 cold, known as "infiammation of the lungs," — his less unhappy mate a sinqile 
 cold. What horrid symptoms denote the former, I have attempted to describe ; 
 the simple cold, at its first appearance, is too well known to require minute 
 description. 
 
 If the cold extend no farther than a check upon the mucous secretion of the 
 membrane that lines the nose, a purulent discharge is first observed in the 
 morning, its eyes become dull and a little bleared; and, in twenty-four hours, 
 a short cough denotes that the infiammation is creeping onwarils, and h;is 
 reached the epiglottis. The attack upon this point of conjunction between 
 the throat and mouth, will be greatly accelerated by the injury most horsv-a 
 sustain which have been subjected to the brutal operation of being "coughed" 
 
78 SORE TimOAT— REMEDIES, 
 
 bv the (Icalors ; — an i/ jury that thus produces latent effectSj though the pain 
 Were ori^iiiallv httle, and that little long ago de|)arti'ii. 
 
 We hear this kind (d'iirst attack teriiitd "a cold in the head," the second 
 symptom is "a cough," and feel no disposition to quarrel with either term. 
 
 In projiortion as the attack may he more severe, the symptoms increase, as 
 does the danger. Passin<i the hand down over the windpipe, at the epiglottis, 
 the animal will shrink if it he sore within, and he will noon evince difficulty 
 of" swallowing, and refuse his food: inflammation has hegun. When these 
 are not [)rec*ded hy a discharge from the nose, this symptom does not appear 
 until the inflammation is lowered hy hleeding and other remedies: the dis- 
 charge is then an indication that the inflammation, or heat, has subsided and 
 no longer demands tiie adjacent secretions. See page 33, for a more minute 
 description how this demand takes place. 
 
 With those symptoms of sore throat others become apparent, and the whole 
 assume a malignant tendency proportioned to the severity of the attack and 
 previous state of the sutTering animal. As ha|»pens in all other inflammatory 
 com()laints, the pulse tells of the existence of fever, in its degree : accompanied 
 by languid eyes, breathing quick and laboriously, and general heat of the skia 
 without perspiration. In some cases the sore throat is substituted, in some 
 measure, by enlargement of the glands underneath the jowl, which are also 
 attended by soreness more or less; and as this species of attack is occasioned 
 by the humidity of a cold si)ring or wet autumn acting upon moulting horses, 
 great numlters feel its influence at once, and gives reason for veterinary writers 
 to consider this general distemper as "the influenza," and an "epidemic." 
 Enough has already been said under the latter head of information, therefore 
 let us [)roceed to treat of the thing as it regards the individual patient. 
 
 Remedy. — When the glands swell, as just mentioned, and there is no reason 
 to doubt, according to the corresponding symptoms, that it is the elFect of a 
 c<-)ld — which may further be ascertained l)y their heat and tension, let some 
 discutient application be used — as camphorated spirits of wine : but if the in- 
 flannnation be to a great degree, bran |»oultice may be applied to advantage. 
 If those enlarged glands already contain matter, the tendency to irritation will 
 thus be reduced; if merely sordid tumours, eitlier application will effect relief, 
 by reducing the size and tenderness of the part, so as the animal may take his 
 medicines with less difficulty. Steaming the head for an hour, or applying 
 hot flannels that have been steeped in boiling water, will be Ibund serviceable, 
 taking care to dry-rub the coat innnediately after, which also assists to reduce 
 the swelling. If this symptom does not give way before those applications, 
 and the throat is ascertained to be sore, blistering may be resorted to, taking 
 care to extend it over the whole of the parts affected. See page 7G. 
 
 As in all other inflammatory diseases, bleeding to an amount proportioned 
 to the violence of the attack, with purgatives and clysters, should accompany 
 the foregoing external applications : and these, with plenty of bran mashes, 
 Bodden oats, and the fever powders prescribed at page 05, will reduce the 
 symptoms. Similarly to those also will be the pncadousness of his complete 
 recovery, and so should be the care that the rela[)se, to which he is for a lime 
 daily lialtle, shimld not reach to a great height. 1 need not repeat the general 
 precautions which are set down at page 70. 
 
 Unwilling to leave the reader in a dilemma as to the mode of applying the 
 bran poultice just recommended and upon the efficacy whereof 1 maiidy rely, 
 I have taken the pains to sketch a bandage pro[>er tor that purpose, with its 
 fastemngs, the ingenious contrivance of some Frenchman, whose name 1 be- 
 lieve to have been Bourgelat. 
 
MODE OF BANDAGING. 
 
 79 
 
 It will be seen, that unless the remedy proposed is practically applicanle, 
 the fTeparation tliereof would l>e wholly unprofitable; therefore, when the 
 poultice, the steaniinjr, or the blistering, be found necessary, we should en- 
 deavour to secure it in the best possible manner ; and as most persons are .>ut 
 poor horse milliners, I have undertaken in this instance, as well as in cases 
 Df Strangles, Poll-evil, and Vives, to exhibit the best means of retaining the 
 remedies in their proper places. 
 
 The cloth to be em})loyed should be of stout but supple linen, as Russia 
 duck : or hempen sail-cloth ; or in failure hereof, a fresh sheep-skin, or apiece 
 of Shamoy leather might be substituted. 
 
 Some recommend steeping the cloth in a solution of gummy substances, to 
 render it water-tight ; but such contrivances only add to its unconquerable 
 stiffness, and I should prefer oiled silk, such as used for umbrellas, if readily 
 procurable, and not too dear for the pockets of those more immediately con- 
 cerned. 
 
 AVhen spread abroad, the cloth willbeof an irregular octagon shape, at each 
 corner whereof it is to be strongly sewed on a piece of broad tape for the pur- 
 pose of fastening to the girth, or round the neck, or to a breasting of broad 
 web, which is supported by another piece, that passes over the withers, and 
 which two should be previously fastened tojrether by stitching the cross-pieco 
 ends upon the breasting. The two extremes of the bandage will be the fillet 
 across the forehead and the fastening at the girth ; therefore measure should be 
 previously taken of the whole length proper for the individual patient, lest the 
 tie, which would otherwise be necessary at the ears, might discommode the 
 animal, and occasion skittishness; or on the other hand, the application would 
 not be kept in its place properly. A single glance, however, at the cut will 
 instruct a tolerably expert workman, or work-woman, how to manufacture 
 such a bandage as would answer every purpose. 
 
 THE COUGH 
 
 Which accompanies this disorder will frequently remain after the other symp- 
 toms have abated ; in some cases a cough is the only symptom of catarrhal in- 
 flammation that the animal suffers under, and in both we should apply our- 
 selves to reduce the inflammation of the wind-pipe, &c. which occasions the 
 
no REMEDIES \VIIEN VARIED, BENEFiaAL. 
 
 congh ; for if not cured at once, it baffles all our efforts for a long while, and 
 ulliiuatt'ly becomes what is denominated (from the length of time it has last- 
 ed) a CHRONIC COUGH. But no absolute necessity exists for considering these 
 as s('()ar:ite or dis^tinct diseases, the one being but a prolongation or fastening 
 of the other on the system, as described at page 85 below : therefore should 
 our attention to the iirst attacit be unremitted, and the remedies applied in 
 turn to each variation of the symptoms. If these are accomf.anied by the 
 swellings and soreness of the throat and glands, just spoken of, the cough will 
 generally cease, when these syrnptoms are removed ; but if not, the cough must 
 be considered as a simple disease, and be treated accordingly. By the way, 
 6eein<T that after all our care and anxious examination, we can but imperfectly 
 distiniTuish between some cases of ill-cured catarrh, or the chronic cough, and 
 the inci()ient cough, or a fresh cold, the practitioner would do well, in cases of 
 doubt, when he finds one of those remedies fail to afford the expected relief, to 
 try another, and another, for example. 
 
 When the cough continues, and there is reason to apprehend, from tno 
 frequent and violent efforts of the animal to expel the mucous secretion, that 
 this is thick or viscid, and does not come away, though the animal evidently 
 sneezes for that purpose, — the lungs must be relieved by softening the agglu- 
 tination; otherwise termed "cutting the phlegm." Venesection always ef- 
 fects this end ; but, when blood-letting is not rendered otherwise necessary, 
 the drenches Nos. 1 and 2 will afford relief As the cough always becomes 
 more and more troublesome as the discharge lessens of itself, or ceases alto- 
 gether, we ni;iy conclude some lurking virus that has fixed upon the lungs is 
 the immediate cause of the cough. In order to enable the lungs to throw oft 
 this cause by a more copious discharge, give the 
 
 Expectorant Ball. — No. 1. 
 
 Sulphur, half an ounce. 
 Asafoetida, 1 ounce. 
 Liquorice powder, 1 ounce. 
 Venice turpentine, 1 ounce. 
 
 Mix for four doses, and give one on each of four succeeding nights. See hia 
 exercise be moderate, and allow him the cooling regimen before referred to 
 Jpage G7), as proper for convalcocent horses after inflammatory attacks. 
 
 Expectorant Ball. — No. 2. 
 
 Powdered squills, 2 drachms. 
 Gum ammoniacum. 4 dri\chms. 
 Powdered ipecacuanha, 4 drachms. 
 Opium, 4 drachms. 
 Ginger and alls[)ice, of each 1 ounce. 
 Balsam of sulphur, 4 ounces. 
 
 Mix for six balls, with Castile soap, 2 ounces, beaten up with mucilage ; 
 treacle, or syrup : to be given on(;e or twice a day. 
 
 If this reciinen can not be followed by reason of want of attendants, his 
 bowels at If^st should be kept in a proper open state by niild laxatives; or, 
 if costiveness prevailed when the cough first came on, simply o[)ening the 
 bowels will then procure ease, if it do not effect a cure. This may be at- 
 tained by giving, for three or four days, 
 
DIET AND REGIMEN. 81 
 
 The Laxative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, one and a half drachms. 
 Ipecacuanha, one and a half drachms. 
 
 Mix with liquorice- powder and mucilage for one dose. 
 
 These medicines, and every modification of them, which the experienced 
 chemist can suggest, it is desirable should be tried in succession, as the seat 
 of the disorder is so very various and uncertain, that the partial good which 
 one may efl'ect, will frequently be aided by another. To this end the follow- 
 ing ball and drenches have been prescribed and used with success — 
 
 Diuretic Ball. 
 
 Yellow resin, 2 ounces. 
 
 Turpentine, 4 ounces. 
 
 Soap, 3 ounces. 
 
 Salad oil, 1 ounce. 
 
 Oil of aniseed, half an ounce. 
 
 Powdered ginger, 2 ounces. 
 
 Rub the two last together in a mortar, with a little linseed powder. Melt the 
 first three articles over a slow fire, and then mix in the powders. Divide the 
 mass into eight balls, and give one a day until the water is affected. 
 
 Drench. — No. 1 
 
 Vinegar, 8 ounces. 
 Squills, 2 ounces. 
 Treacle, 6 ounces. 
 
 Bruise the squills and pour on the vinegar boiling hot; simmer these near the 
 tire two or three hours, then strain off and add the treacle. Divide into three 
 or four parts, and give a portion two or three times in the course of the day. 
 
 Drench. — No. 2. 
 
 Bruised garlic, 4 ounces. 
 Vinegar, 12 ounces. 
 
 Pour on the vinegar boiling hot ; let it simmer four or five hours, strain off and 
 add six ounces of honey. Divide into three parts or four, and give in the 
 course of the day at intervals. 
 
 But no ultimate cure can be effected unless the diet and regimen is pro- 
 perly foHovved up; nor, if the anima! be pushed in his work whilst the disor- 
 der is virulent ; and, after all our care, if the cough does not abate, but be- 
 comes worse by reason of a new cold, it fixes upon the lungs, and the animal 
 drags out a miserable existence. This has been usually treated of as con- 
 tjumption, by reason of its resemblance to the same disorder in human medi- 
 cine, from the wasting away, or consumption of the animal system, which ac- 
 companies a diseased state of the pulmonary arteries. Of the importance of 
 this part of the system to animal life, to existence and health, the attentive 
 reader can not fail to be sufficiently aware who has well perused that part of 
 the second chapter of this little manual, in which the functions of the onraiia 
 of respiration are described with requisite care — page 31 to 35. The hope- 
 lessness of bringing about a cure, after the ruin has proceeded so far as wa 
 9 
 
GS BROKEN wim). 
 
 hsyc inst contemplatetl, must likewise be most apparent to him : I will not, 
 ther^ore, ]:)ursue farther in detail the last wastings of this vitally essential 
 organ of the aniinal system, but proceed shortly to notice some other eflects 
 of an ill-cured cold or protracted cough. 
 
 BROKEN WIND 
 
 Is already so minutely described, as to its causes and symptoms, in the second 
 chapte/, that I a[)prehend repetition in this place would prove worse than use- 
 less. The reader will therefore turn to page 3i, and the recapitulation of 
 my treatise on the organs of respiration which immediately follows, at page 
 35. Generally speaking, broken wind is brought on by inflammation of the 
 organs of respiration, and acquires a different name, though requiring but 
 little variety of treatment, according to the part which may be the more im- 
 mediate seat of disease ; for it must be clear, that although this may lie in the 
 uppermost part or larynx, in the lowermost part or midriff, or more centrally 
 ■ — the comnmnicable nature of iiiHammation is such, that the whole must par- 
 take in some degree of each and every partial derangement. And this de- 
 gree will be proportioned to the excitability of the individual's organs of res- 
 piration that may be the subject of attack : if the animal contract cold or 
 cough in the vigour of age and health, he will experience its effects in the 
 most frightful shapes ; it proceeds to encroach on and obstruct the right func- 
 tions of the lungs with rapid strides, and if the symptoms do not abate, he 
 dies. But, being partially removed, it becomes a chronic disorder* to the end 
 of his days; and, agreeably to the part which may experience the attack, has 
 it been the practice to denominate chronic cough either roaring — broken wind 
 — thick in the wind — or asthma. Hereupon, however, the doctors disagree. 
 
 How this difference arises may be worth a moment's investigation here, al- 
 though so large a portion of the second chapter has been already devoted to 
 the subject, and the reader must absolutely turn back to it. At page 34, the 
 thickening of the midriff, in consequence of inflammation attacking the ad- 
 jacent viscera, was minutely described : this thickening of the membrane 
 also extends to every other part of the lungs, wind-pipe, &c. whenever cold 
 or inflammation prevails; and in tlie event of its continuance, the thickening 
 of the membrane remains long after the virulence of the disorder may be sub- 
 dued. If this state of the organs of respiration extend over them generally, 
 the patient may very justly be said to be "broken winded;" when this ex- 
 tends to the thickening of the pleura only, he would then be thick winded, 
 or short in the wind, as he would also in case of adhesions of the midriff, as 
 described in page 34, already referred to. Neither affection, however, can 
 fairly be set down for broken wind ; though both those membranes being af- 
 fected might properly enough be considered " a broken manner of drawing 
 in and expelling the wind," for the inspirations and expirations are in this 
 case extremely irregular, broken, or variable ; whereas, when the air-cells are 
 really broken, or burst into each other through great exertion, then the air 
 escapes with difficulty, and the expirations are now slower than the inspira- 
 tions (as before observed), and both together constitute irregular respiration, 
 or true broken wind. 
 
 But of controversies there is no end. J. White and R. Lawrence were 
 for some years at issue on these points; White "having taken up Lawrence 
 rather sharply, and somewhat unjustly, if he meant to impute error to the 
 
 • Chronic difjonlersiire those which, having lasted a long time, become almost second nature, 
 and plague the orsaus of" lespiratinii more than any otlier viscus: tlius, a tickling coiish may 
 s'ick b>'an animal lor years, but it becomes worse upon any great exertion, or on catching 
 fresh cold 
 
CONTROVERSY CONCERNING AIR CELLS. 88 
 
 fetter, as regards the symptom of respiration just spoken of, for each writer 
 was right in his separate position : as they disagree as to what constitutes 
 broken wind, so they could not of course agree as to the symptoms. See 
 pages 159, l()0, of White's first volume. This author also disorders his own 
 positions at the same place, in two other instances, which 1 should not have 
 noticed, but for his tart rebuke of R. Lawrence for attributing the term 
 broken wind to the thickening of the membranes. In this view of the case, 
 it will be seen, 1 certainly can not agree with this very clear-headed veterina- 
 rian ; but 1 do not therefore, harshly refute a gentleman and scholar for not 
 agreeing with me uj)on a simple term of science : it was this unamiable at- 
 tachment to trifles that so long impeded the progress of chemical knowledge, 
 until the plain-speaking Davy, Nicholson, Park, and Paris, came into vogue, 
 and drove Lavoisier from his prostrate coterie, — Dickson was put to silence, 
 and Fourcroy's reveries were laid in the dust of oblivion. 
 
 White says, " The lungs of broken winded horses that I have examined have 
 generally been unusually large, with numerous air bladders on the surface." p. 
 160. Yet, in the next page, he opens a broken winded subject, and says, " The 
 lungs were lighter [meaning less] than usual, and without the air-bladders, 
 contrary to the state Mr. Lawrence describes." What Lawrence had said 
 was this: " The most common appearance of the lungs in broken winded 
 horses is a general thickening of their substance, by which their elasticity is 
 in a great measure destroyed, and their weight (i. e. size) specifically increased. 
 On this account air is received into the lungs with difficulty, but its expulsion 
 is not so difficult. Thus, in broken winded horses, inspiration is very slow, 
 expiration sudden and rapid, as n)ay be seen by the fianks returning with a 
 jerk." (p. 123, octavo edition.) And he is correct as to these two motions 
 accompanying the thickened membrane or substance of the lungs; only! 
 should have termed the disorder thick wind, and not broken wind, when all 
 would have coincided with White's statement, barring his own self-contra- 
 diction as to the size of the lungs, which Lawrence had mistaken for weight, 
 and which had met with the counter assertion of being "specifically lighter." 
 On this point of their dispute, however, neither the one nor the other could 
 possibly know aught with requisite certainty; and I, for my part, am incHned 
 to believe, that the lungs of high-bred horses are s[)ecifically lighter than those 
 of the cart breed, saving that the whole organs of res[)iration are much less 
 muscular in the first kind than in those of the latter, the skirt or border of 
 the midriti' in particular. On the other hand, the hearts of blood horses in- 
 variably run of a larger size than those of the common English horse. Vide 
 page 37. One cause of broken wind, or rather that mainly predisposes the 
 animal to contract this disorder, is voracious feeding, which distends the sto- 
 mach inordinately, and for a while gives to the animal a short-lived vigour 
 and healthy appearance. This induces its proprietor to put him upon his 
 mettle, and try the extent of his powers at progression ; and as he will best 
 perform those feats upon a plentiful feed, the action of the midriflfand lungs 
 thereby becomes laboured, and the proper expansion of the lungs is impeded. 
 Heat and tension are the immediate consequence, and broken wind of one 
 or the other species is the remote consequence. Horses that eat their litter, 
 and what other hard substances they can come near, are similarly predisposed 
 to broken wind; namely, by the great distension of the stomach, and inability 
 of inspiring a sufficient quantity of air to fill the lungs, whence the inert cells, 
 or the portion not distended, fill up, contract, and become useless, or, upon 
 sudden action and over distension, they burst at once. 
 
 Cure there is none for broken wind, and therefore all that can be done by 
 way of alleviating its symptoms must be effected by management, or as it it 
 more generally termed, by 
 
84 REGIMEN FOR BROKEN WIND. 
 
 Regimen. Of course, any person would avoid exposing the animal to fresh 
 cold, and not push him too hard on a full stomach ; nor mdeed, give away a 
 chance of increasing the malady by the same means as I have just said origi- 
 nally brought it on. lie will, on the contrary, follow an opposite course of 
 treatment, and as much as possible regulate his feeding and exercise upon 
 moderate princi|)les, for the stomach and bowels are always affected by broken 
 v»'ind. Hence it is, that flatulency accompanies broken wind of every kind, so 
 that the animal in his endeavours to cough, usually breaks wind after an effort 
 or two. Much medicine is not requisite, and, in slight cases, far from desira- 
 ble; tonics, bracing air, and regular hard meat feeding, broken or sodden, and 
 given in small quantities, will do more for the horse than physic of any sort. 
 For the first, Peruvian bark, or cascarilla in small doses, may be given occa- 
 sionally, adapting the quantity to the bulk of the animal. 
 
 Tonic Ball. 
 
 Gen^tkn %ot, ] ^ ^^ ^ ^'^""^"^^ °^ ^^^^' ' 
 
 Oil of Carraways, ten drops ; with 
 Mucilage enough to form the ball. If irritation of the boAvels is indicated by 
 a certain protrusion of the anus, add of opium 10 to 12 grains. 
 
 When the cough is particularly troublesome, or the animal seems to labour 
 much in respiration, give the following 
 
 Ball. 
 
 Dried squills, powdered, 1 drachm. 
 Gum ammoniacum, 3 drachms. 
 Opium, 10 drachms ; 
 With mucilage sufficient to form the ball. 
 
 If there is reason to apprehend the horse swallows his corn without grind- 
 ing it, as commonly happens, bruised or sodden oats should be given, and the 
 bowels discharged by purgatives, when alteratives may not be deemed equal to 
 the urgency of the case. Those prescribed at pages 86, 87, are applicable in 
 this case also; inasmuch as the two disorders bear very near resemblance to 
 each other in this respect. Give green food, succulent roots, and bran-mashes, 
 as there recommended. Let the water be soft, not too cold, and given in 
 small quantities at a time, and frequently. 
 
 As broken wind produces disordered bowels, and is re-produced by it, the 
 connexion or sympathy between the two, thus plainly demonstrated, should 
 be employed in the alleviation of the former in all its stages, when it has been 
 of long standing. The means of attaining this object has been shown; and 
 when the animal under treatment is equal to the care and exi)ense, he fre- 
 quently recovers so much of his former powers of free respiration, that his cure 
 will seem for a short time fully effected. These appearances, however, are 
 completely illusive ; upon the least extra work he relapses into his former dif 
 ficulties of continuing it, and the cough, the roaring, wheezing, or labouring 
 of the flanks and chest, return as bad as ever. If the work be very hard, as 
 always happens when the horse has been sold deceptiously, and the new mas. 
 ter would try his utmost powers, the relapse is then worse than before; he 
 hereupon becomes a confirmed roarer, by the wind and lymph being driven 
 inside the membrane that lines the wind-pipe, and causes inflammation of tli« 
 very fine blood-vessels that traverse it. Hence the number of lawsuits that 
 are instituted to recover the valuable consideration paid for broken winde</ 
 
HEREDITARY ROARERS. 85 
 
 hnrsns that are rctnrncfl upon the hands of the sellers as roarers, that never 
 were known to either groom or stable-hoy for roarers, before the clay of action 
 or trial. Hence, too, let ns charitably suppose, the contradictory evidence 
 often given, and the flat, downright cross-swearing that usually takes place 
 on such occasions. For the horse having been partially made up for the pur- 
 pose of sale, i.e. nursed, patched up, and to all appearance "right in all his 
 p:irts," the fact of his going in pain comes out by way of his skin at first, and 
 the new purchaser being generally desirous of trying all he can do, the 
 ruin is effected, by pusliing him too much, of driving the wind inside the 
 membrane, as before described. 
 
 Hereditary Roarers. Early in the present century, a question arose 
 among breeders, whether the gift or the curse of roaring descended from 
 parents to their progeny. The decision was looked for with unusual anxiety 
 among the breeders of farm-horses in Norfi)lk and Suffolk, where a famous 
 well-built horse in every other respect was much sought after, even subse- 
 quently to his being denounced a roarer prepense. Woidd his stock take 
 after him ? was a problem very desirable to be set at rest, when Mr. Wilson, 
 of Bildestone, late Sir T. C. Bunbury's, propounded the question to Mr. 
 Cline, an eminent surgeon and anatomist in London. In reply, Mr. Cline 
 said, " The disorder in a horse which constituted a roarer, was caused by a 
 membranous projection in a part of the wind-pipe, and was a consequence of 
 that part having been inflamed from a cold,* and injudiciously treated. A 
 roarer was not therefore a diseased horse, for his lungs and every other part 
 might be perfectly sound ; but when a horse was in strong action, his breath- 
 ing became proportionably quickened, and the air, in [)assing rapidly through 
 the wind -pipe was in some degree interrupted in its course, and thus the 
 roaring noise was produced. The existence of this in a stallion could not be 
 of any consequence. It could not be propagated any more than a broken 
 bone, or any other accident." t 
 
 Unfortunately, however, for this opinion, and not exactly in accordance 
 with my own, several of that horse's get became roarers, but we are left to 
 guess whether hereditarily or acquired. An account of the horse in question 
 appeared in the Annals of Sporting for 18*23 ; but the colouring given by an 
 evident partisan of the stallion- master induces one to lament the absence of 
 that candour, from which alone useful truths are to be drawn ; for, we are de- 
 terred from indulging in pathological investigation where the grounds of in- 
 quiry are so impalpably sandy as were those adduced upon the occasion. 
 
 CHRONIC COUGH 
 
 Is already defined to be the remains of an ill-cured cold, which ma)' or may 
 not have been a cough originally. It bears close analogy to simple broken 
 wind that is seated in the wind-pipe or its branches, of which it may be con- 
 sidered a continuation, or the natural consequence of neglect, with more in- 
 veteracy. How this effect would so accrue was described at page 80 ; and 
 the analogy is still further corroborated by the fact, that the treatment for 
 cough of long continuance is precisely that which is found serviceable for 
 broken wind, the situation of the two disorders making the only difference in 
 either respect. Again, the symptoms of both may, by long and careful treat- 
 ment, be so reduced as to seem cured, for a longer or shorter period, and both 
 will return in the shape of roaring, upon the animal being put to sudden hard 
 
 • Not always so, Mr. Uline. 
 
 ■f Our human anatomist is very nearly right as to an accident not being descendable ; but see- 
 In? that roaring did descend to the first generation, wr must infer that this was "an accident of 
 bJiih," and not a contracted one which inighi possibl)- go no farther. 
 9* 
 
86 OCCASIONAL AND PLETHORIC COUGH. 
 
 work, as mentioned in the last pages. The corresponding symptoms of both 
 are also so nearly alike, that 1 merely comply with custom while I recapitu- 
 late these for the use of readers who might not choose to consider that horse 
 broken winded, which to all appearance is otdy affected with "an old cold in 
 the wind-pipe." But, let the first term appear to an owner ever so formida- 
 ble in sound, the latter is no less dangerous in ell'ect, and both are alike liable 
 to terminate in roaring. 
 
 The symptoms which indicate chronic cough are nevertheless so slight, that 
 it is too often considered as but a small remains of the more alarming catarrh, 
 ■which its owner vainly imagines will go oil" in time, as the other disagreeable 
 symptoms have done. In this hope he is invariably disappointed, if the means 
 of reducing it be deferred. After the more violent symptoms of catarrh have 
 subsided, and the cure may reasonably be considered as complete, the horse 
 returns to his usual feeding, and, as in the former case, eats voraciously ; he 
 is denied water oftener than twice a day, perhaps not so much ; but, when at 
 length he does drink, he gulps it up as if famished. This is commonly the 
 cause, and the first indication of the cough which follows immediately after, 
 but is often mistakeidy attributed to his improving too fast after his long illness, 
 and it is considered only fair that " he should be allowed to recover himself 
 completely," Precaution is thus lulled in fancied security, and unless prompt 
 relief be afforded before the damp season of autumn returns, the symptom in- 
 creases to obstinate confirmation ; until time renders cure hopeless, alleviation 
 or abatement of the coughing being all that lies within the power of medicine 
 or stable management to eliect for it — the aid of the former being then of little 
 avail. Very few small proprietors of horses use timely precautions in this re- 
 spect, and the disorder goes on : large owners having more exj)erience, adopt 
 early measures, and if pursued vvitli proper vigour, these usually prevail in 
 lowering the symi)toms. 
 
 An occasional cough is also brought on by high feeding, which, as it arises 
 from the rapid production of fresh blood, is termed plethoric cough, by way 
 of distinction. Of this symptom it would be needless to tell the better in- 
 formed, perhaps, at an interval of six days, that we have but to take away the 
 cause, and the etlcct ceases of course. This, however, does not always follow ; 
 for the cough sometimes remains after the gross feeding has been reduced in 
 quantity and quality. In this case, it must be considered as chronic cough, 
 and treated as such, by em[)tying the bowels, &c. as above directed. 
 
 Remedy. As in the case of broken wind of every other kind, the horse 
 eats every substance he can come near, chronic cough being sometimes pro- 
 duced by over feeding, as well as always producing that symptom. There- 
 fore, when a horse has a cough, occasionally, for two or three days, his appe- 
 tite being good, we had best conclude he is too full and must be emptied by 
 an alterative or purgative, according to the emergency of the case : if he be 
 of gross haoit, or has failed in the pro{)er evacuations ; if his heels swell of a 
 morning, or his coat stare hke hide-bound, the cough will vanish before the 
 following 
 
 Purgative Ball. 
 
 Barbadoes aloes, 8 drachms, 
 Castile soap, 2 drachms. 
 Ginger, 1 drachm, 
 With mucilage sufficient to form the ball. 
 
 Failing to stale properly, the patient's heels will swell, in addition to the 
 cough, and both may be got rid of by a diuretic ball or two at farthest, if 
 
REMEDIES FOR BAD HABIT. COUGH, PERIODICAI. & CONSTITUTIONAL. 87 
 
 the evacuation by the skin be at fault, through cold or otlierwise, accompani- 
 ed by coujrh, the perspiration will I)e restored, and cough depart, by the exhi- 
 bition of Emetic Tartar, one or two grains, every day twice in ])owder, until 
 its effects are perceptible on the skin, and the cough then diminishes. T)>is, 
 however, is a very slow remedy, though sure, and is sometimes given m much 
 larger quantities. The preparation is very simple when given in the form 
 of a bail, being made up of hquorice powder and mucilage only, of a sufficient 
 consistence to retain that form. If much heat of body is perceptible, though 
 the pulse may not indicate inflammatory disorder, add to the foregoing ball, 
 nitre, 4 or 5 drachms. 
 
 But whatever coarse is pursued, if symptoms of a bad habit of body are 
 discoverable, it will be advisable to administer the foregoing pargative ball once 
 or twice previous to adopting any other means of cure. If tliose symptoms 
 of a bad habit of body do not appear, then the purgative should be of a milder 
 nature and given at the same interval. 
 
 Mild Purgative. 
 
 Aloes, 4 or ,5 drachms, 
 Castile soap, 3 drachms, 
 Calomel, 1 drachm, 
 Ginger, 2 drachms, 
 Oil of Carroways, 10 drops ; 
 Mucilage enough to form the ball for one dose. 
 
 Some horses are more delicate than others, and being then irritable about 
 the throat and chest, are liable to contract a periodical cough, which becomes 
 chronic without due care. Such animals should be exposed as little as possi- 
 ble to any violent weather, or sudden change of the temperature : these are 
 the kind of animals that will benefit greatly, or suffer the most, by a summer 
 run at grass, according to the heat, the dampness, or dryness of the season, 
 and the precautions used previously to, and at the turning out. Neither should 
 such tender animals, under circumstances of chronic cough, which generally 
 affects their coats also, about the chest in particular, be treated with a puro^a- 
 tive, even of the mildest form but with alteratives instead. 
 
 Alterative Ball. 
 
 Hard'soap, \ '^ drachms each, 
 Emetic tartar, 1-2 drachm, 
 Ginger, 1-2 oz. 
 Oil of carraways, 1 drachm; 
 
 With mucilage enough to form the balls into six doses. Give one every morn- 
 ing until a loose stool is produced, which may happen on the third or fourth 
 morning or longer, as the animal may be more or less relaxed. 
 
 Even with this moderate employment of laxative medicine, the kind of ani- 
 mal for which it is most desirable will be very unfit to turn out to grass of a 
 sudden ; as, on account of its delicacy, it will in that case be more likely to ac- 
 quire a small hectic cough, which no one attends to because of its triviality, 
 until time renders it chronic, with all its attendant consequences. Roaring, 
 broken wind, are among these evils, and have already received as much at- 
 tention here as they separately require. 
 
 Frequently it happens that a horse has a constitutional cough, or one which 
 
88 STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 
 
 comps on only upon high feedinfj, or a disposition to plethora will produce the 
 same kind of cough, and, in either case, it seems but an eflbrt of nature to 
 relieve itself In this case, the rapid repletion of blood drives it into the smaller 
 vessels that line the windpipe, &c. and there causes the titillation which after 
 two or three efforts ends in cough, and so on repeatedly. None but those 
 which are in some slight degree or other already afflicted with chronic cough 
 are ever so attacked, 1 apprehend; indeed I have frequently remarked how 
 excellent a test of " bad in the wind" was good feed, or a large feed, with 
 Work upon it. In this case, the administering of nitre and resin will thin the 
 blood, and give immediate relief. 
 
 Drench. 
 
 Yellow resin, \ '^^^^^^ ^^^^^^» 0""^«> 
 Oil of aniseed, 20 drops. 
 
 The 5>il should be first well mixed with the resin, and the whole given in a 
 quart of water-gruel. Recurrence of the same affection may be prevented in 
 some measure by giving the same in another form, which is in general 
 reckoned more convenient — namely, as a cough powder, substituting aniseeds, 
 1 ounce, for the oil, and pounding the whole together ; mix with the corn. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES. 
 
 Whenever one of these organs is affected, with inflammation particularly, 
 the other soon feels the effects of the attack. This arises from the proximity 
 of the two ; or the continuity of the digestive faculty, which is mostly carried 
 on in the intestines, as the reader of tolerable recollection well knows was so 
 described in Book I. page 44, &c. Corrosive poisons, indeed, carry on their 
 work of destruction upon the internal or villous coat of the stomach until the 
 ruin is complete; but, although horrid inflammation accompanies its ravages, 
 I would not class such a species of accident under any other head th^n "Poi- 
 son :" to call it by its symptom would be delusive. Neither is the inflamma- 
 tion caused by worms, proper to be taken into consideration here, though in 
 this case both organs are affected at the same time; but the bott question in- 
 volves other considerations, besides the best means of destroying them, of pre- 
 venting the access of this irritating insect, or of alleviating the effects of its 
 bite and adhesion to the villous coat, alike of stomach and intestine. 
 
 With those exceptions, there is no greater difference in the causes, symp- 
 toms, or means of cure of inflamrnation in the stomach and intestines, than 
 exists between those of the great and the small gut. Inflammatory pain in 
 the smaller parts of the alimentary canal will ever be more acute than tho.se 
 which attack the larger ones; thus, when the stomach is the seat of disorder, 
 the pnins will be duller, the paroxysms less distinctly marked, and the pulse 
 but little altered ; but, when by continuance it reaches the small gut at the 
 lower orifice of the stomach, then will the pain and anxiety of the animal in- 
 crease greatly, and the symptoms thereof, visible in his manner (to be de- 
 scribed shortly), will become more distinct, rapid, and vehement, The pulse 
 increases in number, in sharpness of vibration, and irregularity. Such is the 
 difference also that is discernible between attacks upon the colon or great gut, 
 and on the smaller guts. But all this refers to the first attack ; for after a 
 while, if the means adopted are insufficient to check its career, the ruin goes 
 on to affect the whole abdomen, and the animal dies in excruciating tor- 
 fiaents. 
 
HOW INCURRED. INTESTINAL ADHESION. 89 
 
 Causes. — Much the same as those which occasion fever in all or.'.inary 
 cases; that is to say, a sudden check given by cold to the action of the j,arts, 
 while these may be in a state of excitement, or through over action, hard 
 work, excessive heat of the weather, the operation of cordials, &c. By this 
 latter means stalUons and brood mares are sometimes destroyed prematurely, 
 even without catching any cold, or this part of tlie system receiving any check 
 whatever; in these cases, excitement has been carried to the utmost pitch by 
 high feeding, and stimulating the male, until nature gives way, or rather, 1 
 might say, catches fire almost, and if not speedily arrested, the heat soon de- 
 stroys the functions of all the abdominal organs of life. 
 
 To stage-horses, inflammatory complaints usually prove fatal, from the 
 same immediate cause ; the animal being fed high, and pressed forward to the 
 accomplishment of his daily task, regardless of the first indication of this 
 disease; and in summer time, we witness numbers of such dropping down in 
 harness, sometimes whilst going along, seldom giving warning of approaching 
 dissolution. But, whatever be the previous state of the animal's bodily health, 
 he can rarely stand the maltreatment he receives from his driver: — viz. that 
 of being driven through ponds and large rivulets, while he is yet perspiring 
 greatly through fatigue and the heat of the weather. Long rests in currents 
 of air, or unsaddling horses under similar circumstances, are alike productive 
 of inflammation of those or some other part of the animal's inside, if it do not 
 bring on fever of the whole system — as before observed, p. 59. The kidneys 
 or the liver are sometimes alone affected by this species of culpable neglect ; 
 but in either case the effects are not iiimiediately perceptible, and the disorder 
 creeps on unheeded, or seizes the animal violently, so that it dies at the next 
 going out. 
 
 Neglect of the necessary evacuations, or the discontinuance of those whicli 
 have been customary, even though injudicious, will occasion an accumulation 
 of dung in the intestines when they are least capable of bearing it : upon this, 
 pressing the horse in his work will bring on inflammation, as it will sometimes 
 after a heavy feed and water, which some injudiciously give on account of a 
 hard day's work lying before him. The same happens to horses that are in- 
 ordinately fat, when hard worked ; the dung that is then eliminated bears with 
 it a portion of the slime or mucus that lines the intestines, and this appearance 
 has obtained for this species of inflammation the term molten grease. 1 post- 
 pone, for a few pages, the consideration hereof, in compliance with custom ra- 
 ther than in obedience to propriety. 
 
 Adhesion of the gut sometimes takes place, so as to cause partial obstruc- 
 tion to the passage of aliment; at others, tubercles are formed on the mesen- 
 tery that holds the bowels in position ; and in either case the secret is dis- 
 closed by a staring coat, which some mistake for the worms. Both those af- 
 fections are the effect rather than the first cause of inflannnation of the part, 
 and may be distinguished from "the worms" by the state of the pulse, by the 
 heat, tension, and soreness evinced by the patient on passing the hand over 
 the belly. See page 46, book I. The reader will also perceive, upon turn- 
 ing back to page 23 — 24, in what manner this adhesion is effected, by the ex- 
 haustion of the moisture that is designed by nature to lubricate the i)arts. 
 
 Colic of long continuance, if the animal is worked while this is on h'un, is 
 another prolific source of inflammation of the intestines; as is the drinking 
 cold water copiously, while in a state of perspiration, or after a trying jour 
 ney, which is always attended with spasmodic coUc of the stomach and bowels^ 
 at first, and of inflammation sooner or later, according to the tem|)erature of 
 the individual. The necessity of getting rid of the lesser attack before it ac- 
 quires a permanent and dangerous aspect must be obvious; and as the treat- 
 ment proper for either, is at total variance with the other, the one vequiri*ig 
 
90 COLIC DISTINGUISHED FROM INFLAMjNIATIOX. 
 
 warmth and stimulation, the other a cooling and reducinrr treatment, our first 
 duty is to ascertain precisely the exact nature of the attack; for a mistake on 
 this point would, and does frequently, ])rove fatal — ay, in human as well as in 
 horse medicine. Therefore it is, that i have judged it expedient to set down 
 here a table of the symptoms that will enable the practitioner to distinguish 
 between the two kinds of attack. 
 
 For this mode of setting before the eye in parallel columns the discriminating 
 symptoms of two such apparently similar disorders, 1 am indebted to Mr. 
 Rydiiig, who inserted it iu his "Veterinary Pathology," 1801, pages 8G, 87; 
 and it was copied by White into his " Compendium," 1803, with a few altera- 
 tions, by no means for the better, i have adhered chiefly to Ryding, with but 
 one slight alteration. 
 
 SYMPTOMS. 
 
 A table for distinguishing- between the Colic or Gripes, and Ivjlammation 
 of the Bowels^ by the symptoms that viark tJie character of each. 
 
 Spasmodic or Flatulent Colic. Injlammation of the Bowels. 
 
 1. Pulse natural, though sometimes 1. Pulse very quick and small. 
 a little lower. 
 
 2. The horse lies down, and rolls 2. He lies down and suddenly 
 upon his back. rises up again, seldom rolling upon 
 
 his back. 
 
 3. The legs and ears generally 3. Legs and ears generally cold. 
 Warm. 
 
 4. Attacks suddenly, is never pre- 4. In general, attacks gradually, is 
 ceded, and seldom accompanied by commonly preceded, and always ac- 
 any symptoms of fever. com]ianied by symptoms of fever. 
 
 5. There are frequently short in- 5. No intermissions can be observ- 
 termissions. ed. 
 
 Whilst marking these distinctions, which ought to be kept in mind while 
 prescribing for disorders so nearly alike at first view, but dillering so widely 
 in effect, the reader is earnestly requested to turn to the Index, and there find 
 the ])age at which I have thought proper to treat ])retty much at large of "In- 
 flammation of the Kidneys," " Diseases of the Urinary Organs," &c. He 
 will there perceive how fatally these affections have been mistaken for 
 " Colic;" he will learn that this unhappy error is likely to happen more fre- 
 quently than would at the first glance be in)agined; and he will observe that 
 the symptoms correspond in many respects with those in the second column 
 above — therefore require an equal corres{)ondent course of treatment, but that 
 the deposite of the stone in the kidney is an incurable disorder that admits of 
 no remedy. Furthermore, the reader will observe, that the whole of the article 
 alluded to, on "Calculus, or Stone," requires his strict attention: and also 
 bear in mind what is there said as to calculous substances which are deposited 
 in the coecum or blind gut, producing symptoms so much like spasmodic 
 colic, that much care is necessary in applying the appropriate remedy in each 
 case, lest he hastens the patient's end. 
 
 Of those symptoms the state of the pulse is the surest indication of the ap 
 proach of an inflammatory attack of the bowels, or any other viscus ; and the 
 particular part which is then suffering must be gathered from other circum- 
 stances. If he has long suffered colic without relief, doubtless inflammation 
 has taken place, and gangrene is likely to follow: this is the harbinger of 
 oeath. Adhesion of the gut sometimes baffles the best treatment for colic^ 
 
CALCUI-US IN THE BOWELS. gj 
 
 and soon devolves into inflammation. In either case, the remedies proper for 
 colic must be abandoned, and others more adapted to the change of circum- 
 stances be employed instead. 
 
 Whenever the cause of inflammation of the bowels may fairly be ascribed 
 to the quantity or quality of their contents — without adding thereto by any 
 extraordinary exertion, its approach will be very slow, and denoted by slug- 
 gishness and the refusal of food at first. As they are mostly working cattle 
 that are thus attacked, the evacuations are not sufficiently minded, or the at- 
 tendant neglects to make mention how these have discontinued in a great de- 
 gree, or changed their appearance — the dung being then hard and the urine 
 high coloured; hereupon the pulse increases, and the outrageous symptoms 
 described in the second column of the table of symptoms go on to a frightful 
 degree, endangering the lives of bystanders. Even in this stage, the progress 
 of the disease may be arrested by prompt and vigorous measures, adaj)ted to 
 the kind of animal that may be the subject of attack, and the circumstances 
 under which the present alarming sym[)toms may have been brought on. If 
 a heavy lumbering wagon-horse, that owes his disease to alimentary indul- 
 gence, we shall find no higher operation necessary than emptying the over- 
 charged canal by force of arms, i. e. back-raking; but the high-couraged stage- 
 coach horse, which falls under the exercise of the lash, and the influence of a 
 vertical sun, has seldom aught within him of that kind to part with, and re- 
 quires the introduction of some substance or liquid that shall cherish the 
 afflicted stomach and bowels, and alleviate the burning heat that, ascendino-to 
 the head, causes his delirium. Presence of mind, however, or the adroitness 
 which much practice teaches, is frequen y wanting for the first mentioned 
 remedy ; and the means of applying the second is so seldom at hand, that the 
 animals are too often left to their fate and are lost. But 1 anticipate the reme- 
 dies. See also pages 62, 68. 
 
 Remedy. — From the rapid progress made by this disorder, when left to it- 
 self, and its usually disastrous termination, the duty of attending to the pulse 
 of his animals as before insisted upon (at page 62), will strike every intelliorent 
 horse proprietor, as the very best means of guarding against the fatal conse- 
 quences of inflammatory attacks. He will by this means be apprised of the 
 earliest approach of the disease, and thus enable himself to meet it in its mild- 
 est form : he will compare this certain indication of heat — whether fever of 
 the whole system, or inflammation of a particular part, with the state of the 
 patient's urine, which will then be high coloured, and the dunging defective. 
 The rectum will be dry, hard, and hot ; the belly, on passing the hand over it 
 towards the sheath, will have the same feel ; the animal will shrink from the 
 touch, his eyes appear languid, or partly shut; as the disorder proceeds they 
 assume unusual redness, or what has been termed bloodshot. 
 
 Up to this stage of the disorder, the first remedy will be clystering and bleed- 
 ing the anirnal freely, if he be not very aged or of spare habit, immediately 
 after givhig the following 
 
 Laxative Drench. 
 
 Powdered aloes, 2 drachms, 
 Subcarbonate of potass, 2 drachms. 
 Water gruel, 1 pint, 
 Castor oil, half a pint. Mix. 
 
 If delay is to be apprehended in procuring the above drench, give castor oil, 
 one pint, or in default hereof, salad oil, two pints, whilst the drench h pre- 
 paring. 
 
92 CLYSTERING. NEGLECTED COSTIVENESS. 
 
 In ordinary cases, a voluntary stool will be produced at or soon after bleed 
 tng, occasioned by relaxation of the tenesmus that constitutes the disease. If 
 the dung comes forth in small quantity and small hard knobs, the anus must 
 be cleared by the hand, according to the directions given at a preceding page, 
 69. And, when the constipation has endured for a long time, the hardened 
 dung will not come away at all without this irjanual operation of back-raking, 
 which must be performed the more assiduously as the difficulty may be great- 
 er and tlie dung harder. Let a warm clyster be thrown up that is copious 
 enough to fill tlie emptied gut, at the least. 
 
 Clyster. 
 
 Water gruel, from four to six quarts, 
 Epsom salts, 4 or 5 ounces, 
 
 Inject warm, with a large syringe, or ox-bladder and long pipe : perform this 
 Oj)e ration elfectually. 
 
 A second and third should follow, a little warmer than the first, and after 
 an evacuation has taken place, the next clyster may be made without salt, and 
 a small degree thicker than at first. Its efl'ect will be to remain and nourish 
 the parts nearly in the same manner as a poultice does an external inflamed 
 wound. 
 
 Too often, however, those early indications are entirely neglected; the ani- 
 mal is harnessed in to his day's work, and the consequences are both dreadful 
 and dangerous to behold. If he be a stage-coach horse, or destined to take his 
 turn at a [X)sting-house, his sluggishness and refusal of food is usually attri- 
 buted to "a little overwork;" and the much abused cordial is commonly ad- 
 ministered ; which brightens him up for the renewal of his daily task, and ac- 
 celerates his fate, unless rescued as by a miracle that is very seldom wrought. 
 In these cases, the first symptom perceptible to the driver is the horse's lean- 
 ing against its next horse ; l3ut, upon being touched up, it makes fresh exer- 
 tions according to its quantity of courage, until it falls down with closed eyes, 
 in excruciating torments, lashes out behind, and beats about on the ground, 
 seldom having the strength to get upon its legs again. Bundles of straw should 
 be placed for the afilicted animal to roll upon, and his head pressed down with 
 the hand whilst the severest paroxysms expend their force. When at length 
 he gets up — which may be considered a favourable sign, that proves his 
 strength is not wholly subdued —he may be supported into a stable. Mean- 
 time, however, an examination of the rectum must take place, and the manu- 
 al operation of emptying it be employed — if need be; that is to say, if harden- 
 ed dung should be accumulated there. At any rate, water gruel in large 
 quantities must be prepared, as well for administering by way of clyster as of 
 drench; in both, giving it now without the addition of salt, and in the latter 
 manner nearly cold. By these means, the alarming symptoms will diminish 
 greatly; but if there is still reason to apprehend that obstruction may prevail 
 in the larger intestines, this must be got rid of by means of the oily laxative 
 prescribed at page 91, and the repetition of clysters in quantities, and admin- 
 istered with a vigour sufficient to reach the evil. 
 
 Bleeding, of course, would be adopted to the amount of four, five, or six 
 quarts, according to the exigency of the case and the size of the animal. If 
 the blood become buffed, as it is called by some, or sizy on the surface, a 
 second blood-letting is necessary to complete the cure. Low, but nourishing 
 diet, should follow; as bran-mashes, stiff gruel, and afterwards sodden oats; 
 the return to hay provender being made gradually, and then of good quaaty. 
 
 In very bad cases, the return to full health and vigour will be slow, and a 
 
MOLTEN GRK\.SE. PHYSIOLOGY OF. 93 
 
 fel.ipse is to be dreadeJ, as a fresh attack would prove much more obstinate 
 than the first. The clung, by its quantity, consistence, regularity, and gene- 
 ral appearance, will afford the best means of judging when the bowels are 
 completely cleared of their offensive contents; for it not unfrequently happens 
 tiiat several tolerable stools may be procured by the help of medicine, and jet 
 soine lum[)s, replete with danger, remain behind. The pulse, that great cri- 
 terion of health or disease, by dint of low living, may have regained its natural 
 stale, and so remain steadily for a tolerably long period : but watching the dung 
 for a day or two will corroborate that main indication of health, or by its ir- 
 regularity dispel an ill-founded reliance on the completeness of the cure. Yet 
 will the administering of purgatives, or even alteratives, of aloes in particular, 
 be f)und full of danger, as tending to irritate the bowels anew. The same 
 may be said of all stimulants whatever, whether applied externally or given in 
 tlie form of cordials, notwithstanding the animal may evince signs of return- 
 ing pain, and these be ascertained by the corres[)onding symptoms of low 
 pulse, warm legs and ears, to arise from s])asmodic or flatulent colic only. 
 For these returning pains are usually occasioned by the soft kind of regimen 
 just recommended; to which the patient may have been subjected during this 
 illness for the first time since it was a foal. I have known a small feed of corn 
 or two effect relief from lowness, in the case of horses which hail been long 
 time previously used to hard food : if these be devoured voraciously, this will 
 toMid to prove 1st, that the change is desirable, and 2dly, that the next feed 
 should consist of l)roken oats — or a new disease will be engendered. Adopt the 
 tonic system, recommended gerjerally, at page 69. 
 
 MOLTEN GREASE 
 
 Is but a variety of inflammation of the intestines when the subject of attack 
 happens to be very fat, and little accustomed to exercise; when marked by 
 costiveness, it may he treated as such ; or, if attended by a looseness, may 
 rather he considered as a spasmodic effort of nature to relieve itself of an un- 
 natural load. The vulgar name given to this affection of the intestines is 
 finther supported by the popular notion that the fat, or grease, which the in- 
 dividual possessed in a superlative degree, had melted (or was molten) and 
 passed into the guts, whence it was expelled with the fseces. This, however, 
 is physiologically impossible, notwithstanding the support such a notion has 
 received from some revered authors ; the appearance of slimy unctuous matter 
 along with the dung, more particularly when this is much hardened, being no 
 other than the mucous secretion described at pages 22, 23, as designed by na- 
 ture to defend the surface of the intestines from the injurious action of hard 
 substances that might be taken into the stomach. Indeed, this intention of 
 nature in providing such a defence is demonstrable in the fact, that the harder 
 the knobs ofdungmaybe that the animal presseth forth, the greater is the 
 quantity of this greasy, unctuous, or mucous secretion that is eliminated along 
 with it; and which gives name to the disorder. Probably, the secretion of this 
 grease may then proceed with more celerity ; its access may be greater, the 
 more it is thus required by nature to defend the alimentary passage. This 
 supposition is drawn from the fact just stated; but, whether the well-founded 
 conjecture be too hastily hazarded, is for the more minute inquirer to conclude 
 upon, or investigate farther, as may seem good to him. 
 
 At any rate, the doctrine of effusion, or the ])assing of those secretions, 
 whether mucous or aqueous, fnmi one part of the system to another, as nature 
 or accident may require the supply, is tolerably evident from another circum- 
 (itauce that is often recurring in cases of molten grease. [The subjtct is more 
 iully treated of at the page just referred to.] The perspiration of the two s«- 
 10 
 
94 TOEATMENT OF MOLTEN GREASE. COLIC. 
 
 cretions in succession, here referred to, is pretty well recognised, and is easily 
 proveable, in the nuinner there set down ; the unctuous, mucous, or greasy se- 
 cretion (call it which we like) of the external surfaces following that of the 
 more liquid, or watery kind, after any great exertion. Horses that contract 
 molten grease are ever those which have been highly fed, without exercise suf- 
 ficient to excite visible perspiration thereby ; and the feverish heat of the body 
 occasioned by high living and indolence, in time exhausts the whole supply 
 of the aqueous secretion. So much is this the case, that the animal's dis- 
 charge of urine becomes less and less as its seclusion is continued, until the 
 decided access of fever takes place, and we notice its colour is higher and highei 
 as its quantity decreases. [Look again at sec. 55, page 52.] As before ex- 
 plained, the secretion of mucous matter takes place within the guts, &c.j or 
 that surface which is next to the food ; on the other sid<', and every other part 
 of the animal system, the watery secretion destined to lubricate the jmrts, to 
 keep them supjjie and to prevent adhesion, takes place. On that side (which 
 is popularly considered the outer surface!) good quantities of fat accrue, all 
 along the whole length of the intestines, which is usually sc;raped from slain 
 beasts, and preserved as tallow. From this source is derived that access of 
 grease, which, as I have said, is greatest as the inflanmiatory symptoius may 
 be higher. When thi^ has long been the case, and stools are at length |)ro- 
 cured, a long thin wormlike portion of this fat comes away with the dung; 
 which would be of itself a sufficiently alarming appearance, though wanting 
 animation, but for the well known, but inexplicable, doctrine of effusion, or 
 communication through the gut: this appearance, then, of a long tenacious 
 fatty portion of thin membrane, which usually accompanies molten grease, 
 should be considered as little more than denoting the crisis of the disorder. 
 
 Let the system be reduced according as the state of the pulse may dictate 
 — for which consult again page G2. as to bleeding, and page 08, 69, as to treating 
 him for "costiveness" simply. If heat and irritation be perceivable to the 
 touch and sight about the anus, without high pulse, the first symptom may 
 be reduced by administering 
 
 The Sedative Clyster. 
 
 Camphor, 4 drachms. 
 
 Spirits of wine, 3 or 4 drops, 
 to promote the solution, and add 
 
 Sweet oil, 2 ounces. 
 Mix well, and then add thin warm water gruel, 2 or 3 quarts. 
 
 As before intimated, molten grease is rather an effect than a cause of dis- 
 ease, and partakes of colic in one of its forms and of inflammation in the 
 other; the symptoms that enable us to distinguish when the one or the other 
 prevads being y)recisely those set down at page 90. Allowing somewhat for 
 the feverish symptoms that always prevail with such fat and bloated animals 
 as are subject to this disorder, the practitioner can not conmiit himself to the 
 guidance of a better test than that just referred to, nor more safely adopt a 
 treatment that is more likely to reinstate his patient in health. For the treat- 
 ment which is proper in case of spasmodic colic affecting fat animals, the 
 reader is referred to the next head of information. 
 
 THE COLIC, GRIPES, or FRET. 
 
 This disorder has been frequently referred to, under the preceding head of 
 Inflammation of the Intestines, to which it bears great affuiity m some of its 
 
COLIC— DEFINmON AND REPRODUCTION OF. 95 
 
 points — as already stated, the cause of both being nearly the same in most 
 cases, and loiii^ contiimoci colic always endinor in inflammation, if not effec- 
 tually checked in time. Much of the difference that exists between the two 
 kinds of attack depends on the previous state of the animal attacked ; if it be 
 a high fed and hard-worked animal whose digestive orgat^s receive a sudden 
 check, he contracts intiammation in the first instance; but one that is lower 
 kept, and therefore not so irritable in any part of its system, is soon troubled 
 with spasmodic affection of the intestines, which receives the name of gripes, 
 or fret in different counties, as it does that of flatulent colic in most of t fie 
 books that treat of a uimal medicine. Colic, however, is the general name 
 given by most stal>le peoi)le to every pain of the inside (of man and horse) 
 that occasions writhing, or other demonstrations of tliat pain, wliich few can 
 discriminate in their own persons ; much less in their horses. To this un- 
 discriminating manner of naming disorders that require such very dillereiit 
 treatment at our hands, is to be attributed the loss of many lives annually. 
 Into this anomalous manner of treating those disorders it is painful to notice 
 one of the most scientific veterinary writers of our time has fallen. We do 
 not find in Mr. Richard Lawrence's "Complete Farrier" any reference what- 
 ever to inflammation of the intestines : though under the head of " Colic or 
 Gripes," he proceeds to describe the symptoms of inflammation in such a 
 manner as might mislead ignorant or half-taught persons to treat both alike, 
 and thus destroy their horses. 
 
 A violent cold, or a slight one, will also determine the disorder one way or 
 the other, when the individual's system may be of no decisive character at the 
 time of contracting it. That a low state of the animal system is favourable 
 to engen<lering spasms of the intestines, is inferred from the circumstance, that 
 subsequently to a horse afflicted with inflannnation undergoing the co[)i()US 
 evacuations recommended in the preceding [)ages for the cure of that disorder, 
 he is freciueritly visited with spasmodic affections that require sedatives and 
 tonics to restore the patient to complete health. 
 
 Causes. Next to drinking cold water, and catching cold by exposure to 
 air or water whilst heated, the eating of bad, ill-got, or rank hay, is a prolific 
 source of spasmodic cholic. If it lie in the intestines chilly and comfortless, 
 and thus predispose the animal to accjuire cold, the cause of e[)idemical colic 
 is [)lainly attributable to such bad hay; for it then prevails usually over certain 
 districts, and mostly among country cattle. Pushing a horse in his work 
 when large lumps of undigested matters distend parts of the gut, will brintr 
 on spasms, torpor, and inflammation in succession. Horses that gormandize 
 much, being worked hard, and the stomacii becoming em[>ty, occasions the 
 fret, and inordinate action of the intestines expels the muc(>us secretion that 
 is designed for their defence. This constitutes molten grease, of which I 
 have treated largely just above^ and am decidedly of oi)inion that the expulsion 
 of offensive matters in all cases where the animal evniceth but small sensa- 
 tions of f)ain, is but an effort of nature to relieve itself, and ought rather tube 
 assisted than abated by hot or "cordial medicines." 
 
 Strong astringent purgatives, oft repeated, or neglect during the operation, 
 are frequently succeeded by flatulent colic, that soon becomes inflammatory 
 if the internal commotion be not judiciously arrested by sedatives. Cordial 
 balls and drenches, as they impart a short-lived vigour, so when their stinm- 
 lating effects die away, they leave behind a debility that is more excessive as 
 those factitious effects have been most intense ; in this respect, the cause and 
 its consequences assimilates closely with those which succeed the disease of in- 
 flammation, and the debility which follows the cure thereof, with spasmodic 
 colic. Dia[)ente, and otht>r j)rovocatives, that are giv(«n to stallions in the 
 season, leave behind them the same species of debilitating effects after cover- 
 
96 SYMPTOMS OF COLIC, DISTINCTIONS. 
 
 sng, anJ would devolve into colic first, and inflammation afterwards, but that 
 those horses' evacuations are well looked after, and the system of stimulants is 
 Kept up by repetition. This treatment, however, can not always succeed, so 
 we frequently find that stallions die suddenly of inilammation in the intestines, 
 in the s[)ermatic cords, or other parts of generation. Cases of death, in actus 
 coitii, from the same causes, are upon record. I mentioned this before, at 
 page 18. 
 
 All horses that have been pampered in the above manner, or by being kept 
 in close stables, or having their water chilled, when they come to be suhjocted 
 to common usage, are most likely to suffer by colic in its worst forms. Horses 
 that are made up for sale by dealers and cunning breeders, in order to give 
 their coats a sleek a])pearance, upon passing into the hands of new owners, 
 commonly undergo attacks, more or less acute, of spasmodic colic, if they do 
 not at once fall ill of inilammation of bowels, kidneys, or bladder. With ani- 
 mals so circumstanced, mere flatulency or looseness may be considered a fa- 
 vourable termination of the making-up system before alluded to. 
 
 Si/mpfums. These, as contradistinguished from those which denote in- 
 flannnation of the intestines, will be found in tiie tiible of comparative symp- 
 toms at [)age 'JO. In addition thereto, other symptoms, that mark the degree 
 of spasmodic attack, require equal discrimination, seeing that treatment which 
 may be highly proper in the more virulent attacks, would be injurious if em- 
 ployed upon every slight occasion. Neither is it every horse which shovvg 
 signs of pain in the inside that has the colic, even though the svmptoms set 
 down in the second column of the " tal)le," at page 90, do not appear; for. he 
 may V)e afflicted with pain in the kidneys, or inflammation of the bladder, 
 which the attendant should ascertain before giving the stinndants that may be 
 very proper in most stages of colic, but would accelerate the diseases incident 
 to those " urinary organs." The careful reader should therefore turn to the 
 Bui)jects "Kidneys," and " Bladder," before he proceeds to treat the animal 
 simply for colic pains. 
 
 In its mildest state, flatulent colic first appears in the form of violent purg- 
 ing, which is in fact no positive disease, as before observed, but an etX^ri of 
 nature to rid itself of a collection of oflensive matter, either indigestible, coin, 
 or irritating. Of what precise kind this may be at any time is ascertainable 
 upon the view, and requires only to be assisted in coming ofi', provided but 
 little pain is evinced by the animal. If he be a crib-biter, pieces of extraneous 
 matter are usually found among the dung, as bits of wall, of wood, litter, &c.; 
 if an aged horse, or one that has been ke[)t on bad hay, his food comes ofi' un- 
 digested ; if a very fat horse, the mucous secretion comes away as described 
 under "molten grease," just above — and all these require at most some of the 
 milder purgatives that are least likely to irritate the bowels. 
 
 Whenever the ears become cold, after gri|)es have continued some hours, it is 
 a certain indication that inflammation has taken place of some one or more or- 
 gans, mostly of the intestines. This is sometimes discovered when too late, to 
 attend a rupture of the distended bowels through the periton.Tum ( Viile Bot)k [. 
 page 40), when the protruded gut mortifies (as is found after death) in conse- 
 quence of strangulation. After this, the pain siH^-ms to subside, and the ani- 
 mal dies quietly. The ruin that has taken place is only told on dissection. 
 Yet do most ignorant persons pronounce horses still alive to have a "twist in 
 the guts," and stranger still, they prescribe a remedy for it, although it is in- 
 curable. The ears act also as a good barometer, when inflammation of the 
 iiidneys may bea[)prehended, or inflammation of the bladder is more than sus- 
 pected, on account of the difficulty evinced by the patient in passing its urine. 
 If the water come off high-coloured, it is a sure sign of inflanunation, which is 
 further corroborated by cold ears ; if of its natural colour, the ears will be 
 
MANNER OF THE PATIENT. 97 
 
 warm, and the difficulty in staling is occasioned by the hard distended gut 
 pressing upon the ureters and neck of the bladder: procuring a good stool or 
 two, or a clyster, then restores the functions of the bladder. 
 
 The earliest syni|)tom observable in his manner, is when the horse Ii ok^ 
 round at his flanks occasionally, whisking his tail at intervals ; he looks at 
 the attendant, if there be any breed in him, seeming to implore help. He 
 stamps with his hind feet alternately on the ground, sometimes striking at his 
 belly. As the pain increases, these symptoms are oftener repeated, and with 
 more vehemence; he gathers his legs under him, as if preparing to lie downj 
 which he at length effects, rolling about in the stall and getting up again re- 
 peatedly. It may here be remarked, that this rolling on the back is well cal- 
 culated for aflbrding temporary ease to the bowels ; but should inflammation 
 have already attacked these, or at the kidneys, this rolling on his back would 
 but increase the pain of the animal, and his jumping up instantly upon his 
 legs, as if the spur or whip had been applied, goes to prove the existence of 
 inflammation at one or the other viscus. 
 
 Cure. Too much care can not be exercised in ascertaining the precise na- 
 ture and amctunt of the disease; for, in error in this respect resides extreme 
 danger of life, which is too often sacriflced to precipitancy, to ignorance, and 
 presumption. As soon as a horse is pronounced ''ill of the colic," the atten- 
 dants, without investigation, proceed to give "something to do him good;" 
 which is ever of the stimulating class of domestic remedies. Warm ale, with 
 ginger, pe[)permint water, gin and water, whiskey and pepper, are the com- 
 mon popular remedies usually applied in this case; and, provided the disorder 
 be really flatulent colic, relief from the pain must follow the exhibition of either 
 one or the other. Frequently, however, it happens, that the doing good is 
 carried too far, and inflammation is thus superinduced, if it do not already 
 prevail. By such persons every internal pain is pronounced "the colic ;" and 
 they all conclude that what has removed it once will remove it again, without 
 being certain that it is the same disorder — as they do, that whatever is good 
 in small quantities must needs be more so in larger ones. But I have already 
 observed, that the removal of umbilical afl'ections, whether flatulent or inflam- 
 matory, by rough, harsh, or protracted means, scarcely ever fails to produce 
 the other concomitant disease, and the inflammatory symptoms no sooner sub- 
 side, than the jaded vessels contract spasmodic afieclions, as do also the con- 
 tinuance of flatulency, and some of the means of curing it superinduce inflam- 
 matory symptoms. 
 
 In whatever shape the horse is attacked with those disorders, the first and 
 most obvious duty is the em[)loyment of clysters, to be repeated at short in- 
 tervals, with this single variation ; viz. in cases of relaxation, where the ani- 
 mal is already purged, the clyster is to consist of simple water-gruel only; but 
 when the patient's bowels are overloaded with hardened dung, the addition 
 of salts, as prescribed at page 92, will be found most eflectual. In the ab- 
 sence of Epsom salts (for no time must be lost), a handful of common culi- 
 nary salt may be employed, in the quantity of four or five ounces. Back- 
 raking, too, should be assiiluously applied, when the body is in this state, as 
 recommended in the case of inflammation at p. 91, with the laxative 
 drench prescribed at the same page, or the simple salad or castor oil in default 
 thereof 
 
 In ordinary cases, when the attack is not of the most violent kind of either 
 flescn[ition of colic, that is to say, when neither purging nor constipation 
 prevail extremely, let the following be given. 
 
 10* 
 
98 TREATMENT. 
 
 Colic Drench. — No. 1. 
 
 Epsom S;ilts, 4 or 5 onncps, 
 Castile soap, sliced, 2 ounces. 
 Dissolve these in a pint of warm air, and add 
 
 Oil of juniper, 2 drachm?, 
 Venice turpentine, 2 ounces. 
 
 Mix well together, and give it warm ; repeating the same in four or five hours, 
 and if the syinpton)s do not visibly abate, repeat once more. Tincture of 
 opium is s(»metiii)cs substituted for the turpentine to the amountof 4 draclnns; 
 but the drench is thereby rendered exceedingly nauseous, and should be given 
 deliberately. 0|)ium is, moreover, least proper when a tendency to costive- 
 ness is discovered to exist. 
 
 Colic Drench.— 'No. 2. 
 
 Tincture of opium, 2 drachms, 
 Oil of juniper, 2 drachms, 
 Sj)irit of nitrous ether, 1 ounce, 
 Tnicture of benzoin, 4 drachms, 
 Aromatic spirit of ammonia, 3 drachms. 
 
 Mix together, and preserve the same in a bottle, and give in a pint of warm 
 pe[)])ermint water. Repeat in three or four hours. 
 
 When the case is not very alarming, a neater manner of giving opium, in 
 the form of a bail, is recommended : — 
 
 Sedative Ball. 
 
 Asaffptida, 4 drachms. 
 Opium, 4 drachms. 
 
 Make into four balls with liquorice powder and syrup, and give one every 
 two hours. The balls may be given along with the oily laxative at page 91? 
 immediately preceding it, or before the laxative has oj)erated. These balls 
 are very serviceable to travellers on their journeys, and may be given to horsesj 
 that are liable to contract spasmodic colic, which is the case with heavy, fleshy 
 draught cattle, with post horses and the like. 
 
 Colic is not often fatal, unless it terminate in inflammation; whilst it 
 should be kept in mind, that colic always ends in inflammation if not removed 
 in time. A day, drat most two, may pass away without danger and without 
 relief, in ordinary attacks of spasmodic colic; and where a looseness takes 
 jlace, a short time longer of neglectful carelessness might not terminate the 
 jfe of the animal; but, when intlanunation commences, a shaking or undu- 
 lation of the tail is observable, with evident shivering of the whole frame. 
 The danger is then great; especially when each lit of shivering is not suc- 
 ceeded by perspiration. 
 
 If the costiveness is not well removed when those symptoms, with cold ears 
 and legs, come on, let the belly be fomented with warm water by means 
 of woolen cloths steeped therein. A horse rug may be used to advantage 
 in this way by two men, one standing on each side the bores and foment- 
 ing the belly by bringing it nearly together across the back and supplying 
 with warm water. After half an hour's application, or more, let the coat 
 be well rubbed with dry cloths, and the animal wrapped in body clothing. 
 
 i; 
 
FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER. INFLAMED LIVER. Qf) 
 
 The clystering, and other remedies recommendod in cases of inflammation, 
 eho'ild then be employed with ai=isiduity. Lastly, employ the tonic system 
 recommended, generally, in all inriammatory cases, at page G9. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 
 
 1. INFLAMMATrON. 2. THE YKLLOWS, OR JAUNDICE. 
 
 WiiKN we consider the vast active functions the liver has to perform, in 
 cleansiiicr the blood which takes its {lassage through it, and the secretion of 
 bile, that becomes more obnoxious as this organ is more diseasrd, we oughi to 
 feel surprise that so l;irge an animal as the horse has so few ailments s|>riiig- 
 ing out of that source, rather than lament the frequent existence of this one. 
 For, the two names set down at the head of this article, agreeable to the gene- 
 ral practice, have only one origin, viz. inflammation; but dilfcring as to the 
 amount of heat, and situation oi the evil, which is scarcely distintruishaitle 
 until after death. The symjitoms of both are the same, and the first attack 
 ever becomes the most lasting, if the remedies be delayed, or wholly neglecte<]. 
 
 Having been led to enter somewhat at large into the causes and remedies 
 for certain affections of the liver, while describing its structure and functions 
 in the first book, p. 41), I shall hnd less occasion to add much more at this 
 place. The reader will of course turn to that page. 
 
 Cause of injlamcd liver, — Inflammation of the liver does not verv often 
 take place as a primary affection, but more frequently participates in the dis- 
 ease of some of the adjacent organs, as the stomach, bowels, &c. and accord- 
 ing to the acuteness of the intiaunnation, an increased or diminished secretion 
 of bile is the iannediate cojisequence. The blood, in passing through the 
 liver, acquires a portion of this extra heat, which reproduceth more at its next 
 passage through it, more at the next, and so on, until the iiillannnation of the 
 whole liver is completely effected. Increase of the bile or gall proceeds in the 
 same ratio, until the gall duct, that con)municates with the small gut, is closed 
 by the uncommon heat of the inflammation, or by the thickening of the gall, 
 or by both operations united, no matter which. At any rate, the bile which 
 ouifht to be conveyed away by stool, is returned into the system, and occasions 
 yellow skin — whence the vulgar name. When this occurs, I apprehend the 
 inflammation lessens, but the communication with the bowels does not always 
 return to a healthy state, though 1 believe it to be partially the case. Indeed 
 consti[)ation in the first instance often obstructs the passage of Inle into the 
 bowels, and thus increases the evil. Over-feeding has the same effect, and 
 both produce slight tem[)orary yellowness, which goes off upon the removal 
 of the cause; generally followed by diarrhoea. The feverish symptoms also 
 which accompany the commencement, also pass off, leaving a low, irregular 
 pulse, until the bowels resume their wonted course, either naturally, or by the 
 aid of medicine. 
 
 Symptoms of inflammation before yell oxrness comes on. — As tliis last and 
 surest indicatit)n of diseased liver only appears when the evil is a confirmed 
 one, and is extremely difficult of cure, particularly in old animals, we should 
 assiduously set aiiout ascertaining its commencement, so that the remedv may 
 be promptly em|)loyed, and a further procrastinated mischief be timely pre- 
 vented. And the more so, seeing that wliat constitutes a remedy in lit earliest 
 stages is no longer so after a time has been spent in delay. 
 
 Whenever inflammation, or extraordinary action of the kidnevs, or vif tlie 
 dia[)hragin, has lasted some time, in ever so small a degree, in that degree will 
 heat or inflammation attend the liver. It enlarges upon the accessioii of this 
 heat, visibly so when this has continued a vviiile, but may be previously uscer- 
 
JOO TREATxMEtn IN LlVElt COMPLAINlS. 
 
 tained by the feel. As will be seen,* the liver extends much farther back 
 than the last rib, and a little bt'vond the false one. Here a considerable pro- 
 tuberance appears when the hver is enlarged, and disease may be ascertained 
 that is atleiided by the presence of pain only. Old horses, which have been 
 well bred, retain chronic affections of the liver to a very great age ; and this 
 is freiiuently the main disease under which they suffer for many of the last 
 years of their lives: great numbers of such animals die with a liver of so small 
 a size, that nought but its situation could assure us it ever had any functions 
 to perf)rm. Horses so visited with a trifling undetected afftction of the liver 
 lose their courage, and gradually sink into letliargy the longer it lasts: we 
 often hear such aniuials accused of being " used uj), done for, or 'tis all up 
 with hiin," and yet driven about to the last moment of a painful existence. 
 
 When the attack is rapid, and acute inflammation, arising from the causes 
 just set down (page 9'J), the pulse is the sure indication of the ruin that is 
 going on, by its irregularity, quickness, and uncertain vibration. See page 
 62. One lobe only suffers in this case, and then the animal turns its head 
 round sharply to that side from time to time. Constipation always accom- 
 panies acute inflauimation of the liver. 
 
 Remedy. — Acute inflammation, which unmes on with dangerous strides, 
 when the subject of attack is of vigorous habits, must be met by a bleeding 
 proportioned to the state of its pulse, and that without delay. For, it speedily 
 conunuuicates to the intestines, and death ensues; or, being suffered to ex- 
 pend its virulence (|>rovided the animal possesses strength sufficient) by stool, 
 the bleeding will tlien be unnecessary; or being persisted in, will confirm the 
 slighter affection just s[)()ken of probably to the end of his days. A purgative 
 ball should accomi)any the bleeding, as in all other cases is prescribed gene- 
 rally at page 03 ; but, if the animal })roduce a stool voluntarily, the disorder 
 has taken a turn, and neither the operation nor the |)hysic is required. 
 
 After bleeding, let the sides be rubbed with the blistering ointment (vide 
 page 7b), and ap[)ly a rowel to the chest. These latter, however, are doubt- 
 fully eligible, though always employed by the regular collegians. The [)a- 
 tient will rexjuire the same treatment, as to diet and regimen, as for inffamm?- 
 tion of the organs of respiration and general fever, before treated of at page 
 60, in the course of which his pulse and freces should be watched, and a re- 
 lapse provided against. Calomel is that medicament which more immediately 
 acts upon the liver, and unless the horse scours, should be administered in 
 the form of 
 
 Alterative Balls. — No. 1. 
 
 Aloes, 9 drachms, 
 Calomel, 1 drachm, 
 Hard soap, half an ounce. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient, and divide into three balls ; to be given on three 
 successive nights, uidess a thin stool comes off with the second ball. But in 
 case of scouring, give 
 
 * In t!ie plate of skeleton, at the parallel lines H, 30, is placed the kiilney of the near side; 
 vphilst the otl'side kidiiej' in (he same subject would be intersected by the line 2",1. With this 
 latter, the riijiu lobe ol' ihe Mver lies in contact, and when an enlargement of it takes jilace, it 
 may here be seen and leli; when the access of inflainmaiion and tension rentier it painful only, 
 the'docior should press the points of his fingers (of the left hand) gently behind the last or false 
 rib several times, whereby he will ascertain whether any and what decree of pain the patient 
 endures. If seated hij;h up on the liver, he will not, of course, flinch at the fast slitjht touch. 
 
 * * To prevent error, I would here mention, 'hat in ihe picture of a skeleton now referred 
 tG. i*L is the left lol)e of the liver that is there represented, and this was reduced in size, u\ order 
 tc shov/ a clear profile of the stomach. 
 
JAUNDICK 101 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, 
 
 Hard Soap, ^ of each 1 ounce. 
 
 ■ntine, ^ 
 
 > ( 
 
 Ndered, ) 
 
 Ginger, pow 
 
 IVIix witli flour and mucilage to form three balls; and give one on each of 
 three ducce:;sive nights. 
 
 THE JAUNDICE, OR YELLOWS. 
 
 Cause. — Inflammation of the liver, or any other obstruction of this organ, 
 which, preventing the escape of tlie bile into the tluodoenum, or smallest gut, 
 tliroiigh the gail duct, by reason of this duct being inflamed, or choked up with 
 tlie thickened bile, whereby it is sent again into circulation, and thus pervades 
 the whole system. When the inflammation is very great, tlie disorder quick- 
 ly carries off the patient; the inference therefore is, tiiat ])oor animals alone 
 acquire the yellowness which gives name to this disorder, though it must be 
 allowed that the same effect may be produced by over-feeiling and constipa- 
 tion, by swallowing hard substances, or otherwise offending the said gut, or 
 the pylorus orifice of the stomach, as described at pages 44, 45. Its situation 
 may also be seen de[)icted in the i)late of a skeleton at the intersecticn of K 
 Sf). At that place 1 did not choose to sfieak of negatives, and therefore omit- 
 ted to notice the fact, that the bile or gall secreted in the liver of this animal 
 proceeds at once, as soon as it is formed, into the gut, without being detained 
 in a sac, or gall bladder, as is the case with all other animals, except deer ; so 
 that, u[)on any revulsion or hindrance to its free entry to the bowels, the gall 
 must at once return to the numerous cavities that ])ervade the whole liver, and 
 its re-absorption by the blood is no longer problematical. 
 
 S)/vipijms. — A dusky yellowness of the eyes, bars of the mouth, and tongue, 
 The dung scanty and pale, generally hard, and covered with slime; but in 
 some few cases the horse scours: that is, when slight inflammation of the bow- 
 els also attacks an ill-conditioned horse. The pulse is that of low fever, and 
 the same kind of drooping inactivity, with loss of appetite, noticed under that 
 head at page Gl; dill'ering from it only in respect to the seat of disorder, the 
 low fever being general, or of the whole system, jaundice of the circulation 
 oidy. Sometimes, however, yellowness comes on without the other symptoms, 
 after an inflammatory fever; an occurrence that can not fail to be foreknown. 
 Genuine jaundice may further be discriminated by the yellow lips, yellow 
 saliva, and dark urine. From this latter appearance we may draw these curi- 
 ous inferences — viz. that the colouring of the bile which has ceased to impart 
 Its pro[)ertv to the dung, having gone with the blood to the kidneys, there 
 leaves its darkest or more earthly particles — the lighter or brighter ascending to 
 the heart, ami passing thA)Ugh the vascular system, there imparts its yellow- 
 ness. By this providency of nature we see how it is that malevolent particles 
 in the blood are cleansed at the kidneys, and pass off by vuine. Thus it is 
 that grease and other tumours are cured by judiciously stimulating the kid- 
 neys. The urine voided, as above described, which is ever done with evident 
 pain and dilficulty, leaves on the ground an appearance ef blood. 
 
 Cure. — Young horses and f;it ones, are easily cured : they have indulged 
 too freely in good living, on hard meat, and require no more treatment than a 
 good physicking. Give the purgative ball (page (53), or the alterative hall, 
 No. I, prescribed in page 100 Give bran mashes, green food, and succulents, 
 acconluig to the season. Bleeding is seldom necessary, or proper, which th« 
 state of the pulse will show. 
 
102 liNFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 The Ltver is also frequently afTected with tumours on its fine surface, aa 
 Vl^\] as with ulcers or schirrus, wliich are all the effects of an evil state of the 
 blood, of over action, and probably of accidents from external injuries, com- 
 municated by tlie kidneys. 
 
 We can easily conceive that the thin parts of this large viscus may be dis- 
 easeil, and even inflamed, withinit cauj^i?ig derangement of the biliary function, 
 further than increasing its action, and by thirniing the blood over much, it 
 obtains more bil'e. I'he animal then waxeth thin, though devouring his food 
 as usual for a while; and we may ascertain when this evil has begun by the 
 state of Ijis dung, principally as to colour, which will then be of a nuich deep- 
 er hue. As pale dung is a symptom of sup|)ressed bile, so is deep colour an 
 indication of a superabundance, that is caused by over action, which is itself 
 occasioned by the heat of the liver, from some cause or other. One of these 
 may be "inflammation of the kidneys," or it may be occasioned by ulcer, and 
 we set about ascertaining which, according to the instructions set down at 
 page 100: and in the latter case give the alterative balls, the same as for in- 
 flamed liver, at {)age 100, 101 according to the circumstances there discriminat- 
 ed; but it never happens that a scouring is of a dark colour, and No. 2 would in 
 this case seldom be required, a strong purgative never, though the bowels 
 should be kept moderately open. When tliere is reason to ap[)rehend that 
 the adhesion of the ulcer to the intestines has taken [)lace, as described at page 
 50, the animal should not be worked hard, though moderate exercise is de- 
 sirable, and so is change of j)hysic, as in all cases that require alteratives. 
 The following balls may take place of the preceding, particularly when the 
 coat is staring. 
 
 Alterative Balls. 
 
 Emetic tartar, 3 drachms, 
 Aloes, 9 drachms. 
 Hard soap, 1 ounce, 
 Ginger, 1 scruple. 
 
 Mix, and divide into three balls, one to be given on successive nights, unlesa 
 two have operated. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 This being one of those diseases which bears resemblance to another, and 
 as the mistaking and treating the one for the other generally proves fatal, re- 
 ference should lie had to what is said under the head "Intlanuuation of the neck 
 of the bladder." Such a mistake of the disortler in the present instance is very 
 likely to be made by the common observer, inasnuich as the kidneys, as soon 
 as they become inflamed, secrete much more urine than in a state of health, 
 and anyone noticing this, and subsequently its defalcation, as the disease goes 
 on, may easily imagine the bladder itself is affected at the neck. It is worthy 
 of remark, that mares are more liable to atlections of the kidneys than horses, 
 particularly brood mares: while, on the contrary, they are less liable than the 
 male to inflammation of the neck of the bladder, in consequence of its short- 
 ness: its straightness, too, affords easy proof of the real seat of the disorder, — 
 Ihat essential prelude to elfccting a cure. See page 53. 
 
 Causes. — "^I'oo constant use of the diuretic powders and balls, commonly 
 brings on inflammation of the kidneys, by the irritation and over-action of the 
 glands which are thereby occasioned. When one kidney only is affected, 
 
SYMPTOMS: BLOODY URINE. 103 
 
 though in a mild degree, if suffered to continue, it soon communicates to tlie 
 other, and sometimes proceeds with such ra[)id strides as to ati'ect the intes- 
 tines, when mortitication and death ensue ; but we have no means of ascer 
 taining when this last incurable mischief has taken place until after the animal 
 is dead — nor would the knowledge be made available for any present purpose; 
 though finely instructive as to future cases; then it is the kidneys present an 
 enlarged and rotten appearance and feel, their texture yielding to the slight- 
 est impression of t!ie finger-nails, which shows in what degree and how lung 
 they have been affected. 
 
 A hard blow across the loins will injure the kidney on the side so struck, 
 and, as is said belbre, soon affect the other also. Sudden transition from an 
 open airy situation to a stable that is close and hot; violent riding or driving, 
 or an ill-cured affection of the bowels, whether inflammatory or spasmodic, 
 will affect the kidneys in more or less degree. Those causes all together com- 
 bine to atfect these parts more frequently than is generally supposed, the rea- 
 son for which misconceit is nevertheless most a|)parent to me: it is owing to 
 the neglect of a'l the milder symptoms; some persons imagining that unless 
 bloody urine be produced, the defective staling is caused by something less re- 
 mote than the kidneys, though in all obstructions of the liver, as we have seen 
 above (page 101), the quantity of blood these send to the kidneys leaves some 
 of its colouring property to the water. This class of unreflecting peoj)le gene- 
 rally fix upon the bladder as the seat of disorders that so affect the quantity of 
 water. They almost invariably give stimulating medicines, that do but in- 
 crease the disorder and confirm the ruin it is their duty to prevent. 
 
 Symptoms. — The most evident of these has been just now alluded to, and 
 was formerly treated as a distinct disease, under the coarse title of "Bloody 
 Urine:" it is, however, considered as happening more frequently to horned 
 cattle than horses, and to the female rather than the male. 
 
 When this symptom appears, it is accompanied by a corresponding symp- 
 tom, viz. great tension and soreness of the part; which may be ascertained by 
 passing your hand along the small of the back, over the kidneys, when the 
 animal shrinks from the touch. No doubt can then exist that this bloody urine 
 indicates genuine inflammation of the kidneys; and of course that we should 
 treat it as such, and nothing else — nor by any other name. If the pain and 
 tension can not thus be ascertained, then " bloody urine" is caused by obstruc- 
 tion in the liver. Another sym|)tom that may be relied upon is a stiffness of 
 the hind leg on that side which may be attacked first; afterwards, when both 
 kidneys are affected, the animal becomes stiff of both legs. This symptom 
 does not occur in "inflannnation of the bladder," and is a good distinctive 
 mark to go by, when we may be labouring under doubt in son^e other point 
 of resemblance between the two diseases. In all stages of this disorder, the 
 horse stands as if he wanted to stale ; straddling, and making the most exer- 
 tion when he voids the least urine (then generally bloody), which shows the 
 destructive tendency of these efforts on the gland itself. The consequences 
 are, that the kidneys waste away, and the disease connnunicates to the blad- 
 der, until the final ruin — mortification, ensues. The practitioner, in this 
 case, will not fail to look at what I have thought proper to say respecting 
 " stone and other calculus," a few pages farther onward. 
 
 " Suppression of urine" is also a sure indication of the genuine inflamma- 
 tion of the kidneys; that is to say, the capacity of secreting it is nearly ex- 
 tinct, or it is performed with exceeding great difficulty, pain, and danger. 
 Whereas, in affections of the bladder, the secretory function is not lost by tho 
 kidneys (or suppressed); but, when the urine has been sent into the bladder, 
 this latter has nut the power to expel its contents. How this happens, see 
 page 53, &c. 
 
IQ\ " PHYSIC AND REGIMEN. 
 
 But ihe moi?t prolific source of diseased affections of the kidneys, and the 
 least perceptible of any, are ill-cured pains of the intestines and of the liver. 
 These leave behind them certain morbid effects that are not immediately felt 
 nor easily discoverable, but nevertheless work their ruin imperceptibly: for, as 
 previousl}^ observed, when the kidneys lose their function of secreting urine, 
 they enlarge, and after death scarcely bear the pressure of a finger point. 
 
 Cure. — Seeing that strong diuretics are reckoned with truth, among the 
 causes of diseased kidneys, no man in his senses would think of administering 
 any such, after he has ascertained that this organ is disordered in any way 
 whatever. Such, however, is too often the practice of unskilful persons, who, 
 after noticing the defective quantity of urine produced, think of restoring the 
 animals capacity for producing more by medicines that stimulate the })arts, 
 which already 'abour under a disease of too much stimulation. " As in all 
 other cases of inflammation or fever [how often have I not repeated the same 
 words!] when the pulse is high, let the animal be bled according to the amount 
 of attack." See general observations at the head of this chapter, pages 59 to 
 63. Give warm clysters frequently as there prescribed ; anil with a similar 
 view give him a loose stall, if the })aroxysms are so acute as to cause him to 
 lie down and get up again. Immediately af\er bleeding, give castor oil 18 
 ounces, provided the animal has not dunged during the last twenty -four hours, 
 as commonly happens; less may suffice in general ; but a horse that has been 
 much addicted to diuretics, though his bowels may be in a tolerable state, will 
 not suffer aught from a small proportion of aloes : 
 
 Mild Purgative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, 4 drachms, 
 Castile soap, 4 drachms, 
 Mix, with mucilage enough for one ball. 
 
 Should the symptoms abate nothing in consequence of this treatment, the 
 bleeding must be repeated and the purgative too. Rub over his loins wi^h a 
 stimulant 
 
 Embrocation. 
 
 Spirits of wine, 2 ounces. 
 Soap, 2 ounces, 
 Camphor, 1 ounce. 
 
 Mix and apply it with the palm of the hand to the loins; cover the animal 
 up well, and be careful how it is subsequently exposed to the air. The mus- 
 tard embrocation is equally efficacious: being rubbed on soft sheep-skin, cover 
 the loins therewith. Give the cooling decoction in large quantities, as at page 
 70; and if the animal is disposed to eat the sodden seeds, it may be permitted 
 to indulge: they are little nutritious when the saccharine has been drawn out 
 by the hot water. 
 
 The food should consist of bran mashes, green food, and the cooling regi- 
 men already recommended in all cases of inflammation at pages 61, 69, to 
 which the reader is respectfully referred for some general directions for his lule 
 and conduct, equally applicable in all such cases. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. 
 
 These are really much fewer than are commonly ascribed to it, the bladder 
 being but the vehicle or outlet for several evils that take their rise higher up; 
 
INFLAMIWATION OF THE BLADDER. 105 
 
 Riid among these I have already denounced the alarming appearance of "bloody 
 urine" as a disorder of the kidneys and liver, page 103. Neither is the " sup- 
 pression of urine," nor its obverse "diabetes," ascribable to the bladder, but to 
 the kidneys ; for if tbese secrete none or imperfectly, little or none can be sent 
 into or escape out of the bladder ; but retention of urine may be a fault of the 
 bladder, or collapsion of its neck ; and the means of procuring its escape was 
 before recommended at page 53, &c. 
 
 Inflammation or the Bf.ADDKR, and consequent "incontinence of urine," 
 are the same disorder ; the latter being the irritating effects of the inflamma- 
 tion oidy, and this 1 shall consider separately, referring those other -lisordera 
 that are commonly ascribed to the bladder, to consideration under the head 
 of " Diseases of the urinary organs, generally." 
 
 Cause. Heat and inflammation of the kidneys communicate this effect to 
 the ureters and bladder. It may be inflamed also by the irritation of stones 
 o/gravel concreted within it; or the excessive labour imposed upon it by the 
 great access of diabetes, after these have ceased. 
 
 Symptoms. Frequent desire to stale, the bladder contracting upon every 
 drop of water, almost, that finds its way into it. A quick, sharp pulse, and 
 small, accompanies, if it has not preceded inflammation of the bladder; yet 
 bleeding would not be proper in this case, as it is the poorness of the blood 
 which brought on the diabetes that caused the inflammation. When, how- 
 ever, this symptom has not preceded inflammation, the pulse will be more full, 
 and bleeding to an amount proportioned to the state of the pulse (see page 62), 
 would then be necessary. 
 
 Remedy. — A slightly purgative ball should of course follow the bleeding, 
 but employ neither in the extreme. Give the cooling decoction recommended 
 in general fever, at page 70; administer clysters of the same, two or three 
 times in the day. Should great heat of the liladder continue, notwithstand- 
 ing these remedies, give the fever powder, No 2, at page 65, and afterwards 
 No. 2, made into a ball, daily. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, GENERALLY. 
 
 Besides the foregoing main diseases of the kidneys and bladder, there are 
 several other conjoint affections of the same organs, or parts dependent there- 
 on, which require notice, and demand attention, while we examine the dis- 
 tinctions that ought to be drawn between the one set and the other. Mistakes 
 as to the actual seat of disorders are more dangerous than the unskilful ad- 
 ministering of medicines, for these might do good by accident, the former 
 never can be applied pro})erly : the better the "receipt" may be, the v^orse for 
 the horse. Few of these lesser diseases are original, but arise from some de- 
 fect or ill-cured disorder in the other parts of the animal's system. They may 
 be considered under the heads — L Diabetes, or excessive discharge of urine. 
 2. Bloody urine. 3. Calculi, or stone. 4. Strangury. 5. Suppression of urine. 
 1 am aware that the ingenuity of some doctors has subdivided these, and 
 added to the number of diseases incident to the kidneys, ureters, and bladder ; 
 but, omitting those which attach to the organs of generation in breeding ani- 
 mals, and also those seated higher up — the communication of acute pains to 
 the more vital parts, by means of the emulgent and vena cava, to the heart 
 itself This last, however, is so immediately the precursor of dissolution, that 
 no other benefit can arise from the doctor's skill in this respect, than bidding 
 him to cease his efforts, to forbear to torture the expiring patient, and to pre- 
 serve his medicines for a l^ss forlorn purpose : the pulse, by its extreme Ian 
 guor, tells when hope itself must resign its place. 
 
10^ DIABETES. 
 
 DIABETES, OR EXCESSIVE STALING. 
 
 The cause of animals discharging great quantities of urine can not in every 
 case be traced to its right source ; but one thing always happens, namely, irri- 
 tability of the bladder, by reason of the absence of the mucous secretion that 
 is to protect it against the saline elfects of the urine : see page 53. A defect 
 in the mucous secretion of the whole system succeeds the disorder termed mol- 
 ter?grease, and the irritation just spoken of soon communicates to the kidneys, 
 which are thus compelled to secrete urine to the utmost extent of their power, 
 and to send it forward to the bladder. To an impoverished state of the blood, 
 arising mostly from the use of strong medicines — for the cure of inflammatory 
 diseases leaves more of lymph than of serum in the vital fluid, with an accel- 
 erated tendency to increase that baleful difference — may be ascribed the chief 
 cause of this obstinate disease. Bad dry provender, with ill-usage, and the 
 denial of green food, in season, have a similarly evil effect on the blood. 
 
 Symptoms. — Of course, the most obvious is the discharge whence the dis- 
 order derives its name, being frequent and in very large quantities. At first, 
 the water is colourless, but occasionally comes off like puddle. Constant 
 craving after water, a staring coat, evident weakness, and weak quickened 
 pulse, succeed each other, and increase as the disorder is suffered to proceed 
 unchecked. 
 
 Cure. — Change in the animal's diet, whatever they may have been. If the 
 horse be labouring under the remains of. some ill-cured disorder, attend to that 
 first, and by removing it, the excessive staling, which in that case is but an 
 effect thereof, will also cease. Give vetches, grass, sodden oats, water in small 
 quantities and often. If the pulse be higher than ordinary, give the fever 
 powders, page 65; and when the number of strokes per minute is reduced, 
 let the oats be given dry, and resort to bracing medicines. In slight attacks, 
 as well as for the less robust animals, the various preparations of bark will be 
 found sufficiently tonic. 
 
 Tonic Ball— No. 1. 
 
 Cascarilla, ) of each 2 drachms. 
 
 (jentian root, ) 
 
 Powdered caraways, half drachm, 
 with treacle sufficient to form the ball for one dose. Give morning and 
 evening. 
 
 In the more formidable cases, where greater strength or more tedious symp- 
 toms require to be combated, give the 
 
 Tonic Ball.— No. 2. 
 
 Venice turpentine, 1 scruple. 
 
 Sulphate of copper, ) of each 1 drachm. 
 
 Gmger, ^ 
 
 Mix, with liquorice powder sufficient for one dose, and give twice a day for 
 two or three days. After this, a return to the use of No. 1, would be desira- , 
 ble, until the disorder is subdued. Should costiveness ensue, give a clyster, 
 which will also relieve the irritation of the parts ; castor oil, one pint, must 
 also be administered, if the costiveness appear obstinate. 
 
 Above all things, the horse-owner should avoid the use of such excessively 
 ignorant prescriptions as are recommended, in this disorder most particularly, 
 by every village quack : they are mostly the horses of hard-working people 
 
BLOODY URINE. CALCULUa 107 
 
 that are attacked with this disorder, and those people more than any other lie 
 open to this kind of advice. 
 
 Incontinence of urine is of the same nature as the last-mentioned, only 
 differing in the discharge being involuntary, and the amount, or quantity pro- 
 duced. °The disposition to stale frequently, or the urine coming away with 
 scarcely an ellort, proves that great irritabihty of the bladder is the proximate 
 cause, and we may infer that tlie quantity would be greater if the animal had 
 more in his system. For this feature of the diabetes attacks only old worn 
 up horses, in wliom the quantity of blood is small, and its course slow. Dia- 
 betes of the younger animals sometimes terminates in this mode of producing 
 water by driblets and in small quantities, but to which the moderns have given 
 a distinct term, though both are the same disease ; a small degree of in- 
 flammation prevails when the animal is greatly alFected with incontinence. 
 See page lOG. 
 
 The treatment should be the same, nearly, as directed at page 106. Give 
 occasionally the tonic ball, No. 2, page 70, for two or three days. A run at 
 grass for a week, and generous feeding afterwards, generally complete the cure, 
 no other obstacle intervening. 
 
 BLOODY URINE, 
 
 I have already said, is but one feature among many other symptoms of in- 
 flamed kidneys; and the only reason why 1 deem it worthy of separate notice 
 is, that real "inflammation of the kidneys" is not always present when bloody 
 urine appears, especially when no other symptom thereof accompanies this 
 single demonstration of disorder. Its causes may be traced to excessive la- 
 bour, as drawing in a cart or wagon, whilst a slight cold of the kidneys may 
 obstruct their proper action : the office of separating the blood from the water 
 is in this event performed witli much difficulty, and of course imperfectly ; 
 and small portions of the former, instead of ascending towards the heart, de- 
 scend to the bladder with the urine, while the animal is straining every nerve 
 and vein. 
 
 Rest and a cooling diet are the best remedies for this apparent affliction. 
 Should tenderness of the kidneys be evinced upon the touch, or other symp- 
 toms of augmented pain appear, give the tonic ball, No. 2, page 70, occasion- 
 ally employing No, 1 instead : the alteration will be found beneficial. If these 
 symptoms increase (which I should not apprehend), then of course the attack 
 must be met with strong appropriate remedies. But I have never known one 
 case of bloody urine out of several score, where the appearance thereof ceases 
 with the day of rest, and comes on again with hard labour, that did ever ter- 
 minate in genuine inflammation of the kidneys : it will return at intervals 
 (upon hard work) during the animal's whole life probably, without any fur- 
 ther ailment attending it. 
 
 CALCULUS ; OR STONE IN THE CCECUM, KIDNEYS, 
 URETER, AND BLADDER. 
 
 When we consider for a moment the vast circulation that passes the (liver 
 and) kidneys, there to undergo separation, as before fully described in the first 
 book ; and recollect, that hard extraneous substances pass through these or- 
 gans, and find their way even into the blood, our astonishment ought to cease 
 at discovering earthy particles, often hardened into stone, in some one or other 
 of those parts. 
 
 Cause. — The first particle that is deposited or left behmd is no doubt very 
 trivial, as the bisectiDn of many such stones most amply proves. Wa.it ol 
 
108 CAUSES OF CONCRETIONS. 
 
 Vigour at the time of its access, and the consequent inability to expel the intru 
 sion, appear to be the immediate cause of this otherwise inscrutable disorder 
 Subsequently, other congenial materials reach the original evil, mostly in tlio 
 liquid form, and thus add to its size, increase the number of striata, and height- 
 en the danger. The water that is drank by quadrupeds is abundantly impreg- 
 nated with fit materials for generating calculi : soft river water, and that of 
 turbid pools, convey the softer or earthy particles into the animal's system, 
 whilst that drawn from springs contains the elements for forming stone, as 
 perfect as any geologists find in the strata of our earth. The softer kind of 
 these concretions are found in the blind gut, or coccum ; the harder, or stojiy 
 kind, in the other viscera above named. 
 
 Heat is the power that separates these elements, and hardens each addition- 
 al lamina that has accrued, or grown over the preceding, from time to time, 
 as the animal may have been exposed to drink so impregnated. This is visi- 
 ble on the section of those stones which have been found in horses and other 
 animals, and preserved by the curious, and cut in two by the lapidary. Every 
 such concretion so found, of whatever nature it may be, exhibits in the centre 
 the nucleus or commencement of the evil, which proves itself to have been 
 either originally stone, or some soft substance, as a bit of chaff hardened by 
 the heat; but much oftener it presents a perfect pebble, that must have been 
 borne along by force of the current, and in the cleansing function of the kid- 
 neys got detained and deposited there. If not entangled, as it were, in the 
 cellular membrane of this gland, such a pebble will detach itself occasionally 
 and descend through one of the ureters into the bladder. For full informa- 
 tion as to the structure and functions of these several viscera, the reader is 
 again referred to the second chapter of book the first, which treats alone of 
 such matters ; as regards the coecum, at page 46 ; the kidneys at page 51 ; the 
 bladder at page 53. 
 
 One original cause of such concretions has been ascertained beyond contra- 
 diction, and as the information may prevent its recurrence among a numerous 
 class of horse proprietors, 1 quote my authority much at large, by way of pre 
 ventive advice, seeing that a cure is at present beyond the reach of art; reme- 
 dies worse than useless. Let us hope, notwithstanding, that the mite which 
 • s here contributed may not be thrown away, but incite some future close ob- 
 server of nature and her ways to add hereto the result of his own inquiries, 
 ar.d so increase the sphere of his utility in one respect, since imperious cir- 
 cumstances have contracted it in another and more obvious line of his profes- 
 sion — the desire of gain. 
 
 Millers' horses are most liable to contract this disorder, and for obvious rea- 
 sons; being large heavy animals for the most part, their owners opulent if not 
 rich, and grain and pulse ever at hand, dry food is invariably given to them 
 with a liberal hand. To render these substances more agreeable, to hasten 
 digestion, and thus produce a fine coat with a well-filled carcass, their corn is 
 passed through the mill, the beans also are usually broken; and, thus pamper- 
 ed, they eagerly devour the ready feed, and with it whatever extraneous sub- 
 stances it may have acquired in the process of grinding. These are not few 
 in quantity, it seems; for such articles are invariably ground between stones 
 of a soft nature, that easily part with their rough surface, and these stony 
 particles all find their way into the stomach and intestines ; some, here and 
 there, pass on through the circulation, by means that are neither uncertain 
 nor inscrutable in the minds of those who have studied such subjects, and will 
 refresh their memory by turning to what 1 have said thereon in the second 
 chapter of the first book. 
 
 Dr. Withers, of Newbury, Berks, having many years before given to Dr. 
 Hunter a large intestinal stone, which proved fatal to the horse whence it had 
 
CASES OF STONE IN BLADDER. 109 
 
 been taken, communicates to the Medical Society of Crane Court, London, a 
 similar circumstance which had come under his observation — both being cases 
 of millers' horses. He then describes "the case of a very valuable horse be-^ 
 longing to Mr. Andrews, another miller, which lay ill of the colic," as the 
 owner supposed. "1 told him (says Dr. Withers) that if he would examine 
 the intestines after death, he would most probably find a large stone, which 
 was the cause of the horse's illness." This, the miller, of course, neglected 
 to do; but his dogs made the discovery for him: it was a large round stone, 
 broken, from which circumstance I infer that it had been at fust a softer earthy 
 concretion, and proceeded from the ccecum. Four such instances all together 
 were remembered at the same mill, besides many others elsewhere ; but, with 
 "-haracteristic negligence, the millers in no case thought proper to furnish tlie 
 v^t)ctor with the when and tiie where found, nor does the doctor say why. 
 
 The symptoms of calculous deposite throughout apparently resemble colic 
 to the view of common observers, as in the case of Mr. Andrews' horse, just 
 quoted; the animal looking at his flanks, straddling when a kidney is affected, 
 as if he would stale, which he does with great difficulty, and sometimes a little 
 bloody. This last appearance also occurs when the bladder has been affected 
 for any length of time, so that the anguish of acute pain had communicated to 
 the kidneys by means of the ureters, in which manner alone blood could pos- 
 sibly have been produced in the celebrated case cited by two contemporary 
 writers from M. La Fosse, the elder. When stone resides in a kidney, it may 
 be ascertained by pressure of the hand thereon : I will not exactly say you can 
 feel the stone, for it lodgeth underneath, but the greater tension and enlarge- 
 ment of one kidney beyond the other, leaves that notion on the mind; besides 
 which, the animal will shrink, or rather start, a little quicker that in case of 
 *' inflammation of the kidneys " — the symptoms whereof, as set down in a pre- 
 ceding page (103), the reader should consult in order to shape his practice ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 Calculous, or earthy deposits of substances in the ccecum may be ascertain- 
 ed and distinguished from simple colic or gripes, by passing the hand along 
 the lower part of the belly, as described in the first book, at page 46. While 
 such an obstruction remains deposited near the blind part of that gut, no im- 
 mediate danger or inconvenience is to be apprehended ; but when the lump, 
 by any means whatever, moves to the orifice, and obstructs its only pass;jge, 
 the most distressing consequences ensue. One of the causes hereof is the ex- 
 hibition of hot, strong, or drastic medicines, which are usually given in cases 
 of genuine spasmodic colic; and as the symptoms that attend both are alike 
 almost throughout, with the exception just made, no mistake is more general, 
 probably, than people treating this disorder as they would colic, which course 
 endangers life. 
 
 The ureters, it will be seen, are but of small capacity, and in its descent 
 trom the kidney, whence it has been detached, the stone sometimes meets with 
 an insurmountable obstacle ; the irritation it thus occasions communicates to 
 the adjacent parts ; entire su{)pression of the urinary secretion is the immediate 
 consequence, and mortification of the intestines and death ensues, without the 
 possibility of relief. Indeed the remedies that seem most proper do but ac- 
 celerate the catastrophe.* 
 
 Much pers[)iration attends the first hours of the suppression, and it affords 
 evident relief; but painful efforts to void urine, which comes off in very small 
 quantity, anil ultimately ceases altogether ; and then cold ears, cold legs, 
 tremor and an alarming irregularity of pulse, precede but a short time the 
 
 • I say seem, for none can say precisely Vk^hat is taking place. He whose judgment brios* 
 him nearest the real cause of pain being most likely to apply tlie proper remedy. 
 11* 
 
110 ABSCESS AND TTOIOURS. 
 
 dissolution of the functions of animal life. This is the most dangerous species 
 of disorder, arising from calculous deposit, that I know of. 
 
 In the kidney, however, little danger to life is to be af)prehcnded from the 
 stone, unless the animal is put to severe work, so as to produce the symptom 
 of bloody urine before described. They are mostly fat horses that die with 
 stone in the kidney; in fact, all that I have ever seen or heard oi\ and these 
 have been numerous; for I have long made a point of inquiring after such 
 cases of calculus, where they seldom escape notice, viz. the horse-slaughterers' 
 yards, of which it is |)roverliialIy and truly said, that not a hair enters hut is 
 turned to profit. The probability is, that when the stone detaches itself and 
 descends into the ureter, tlie fat which partly enveloped it and the residue of 
 the kidney had been withdrawn, through disease or poor living, and the mem- 
 brane which supported both had divided. 1 once thought Ihad made some ob- 
 servations on this part of my subject which would he worthy of public perusal ; 
 but these are not suiRciently mature to find place in this little volume, devoted 
 as its pages are to matter of fact, and fur deductions therefrom, and wholly 
 exclusive of theoretic speculation. Nevertheless, in aid of what others may 
 think lit to say in any other place (out of a sjiirit of controversy), I would just 
 add, that only one kidney is affected at a time, or one ureter ; that the calculi 
 found in either of these are invariably of the hardest kind, whilst those of the 
 bladder are softer, and those of the intestines softer still, or little more than 
 concrete earth. Lastly, that none of those horses which I have found troubled 
 with either kind of calculous disorders sulTered under a second at one and the 
 same time. 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 EXTERNAL DISORDERS. 
 
 Abscess and Tumours. 
 
 Swelling, with inflammation of the solids, the glands, or simply pustules 
 on the skin, are all tumours, have been divided into eight classes, and accord 
 ing to their situation, are termed suj)erficial, or deep seated abscess. Super- 
 ficial are those which appear on the skin, as flircy, &c. — Deep seated are those 
 which more generally are hidden amongst the muscles, ligaments, &c. as poll- 
 evil, fistula, &;c. — A few general (.hservations on the remote causes thereof 
 seem necessary to a right understanding of each particular complaint. 
 
 All those disorders in conmion, together with several others, 1 have no hesi- 
 tation in attributing their remote cause to constitutional defectiveness at least, 
 or incapacity in the function of circulation, better known by the homely ex- 
 pression, ''a bad state of the humours," as before insisted upon, principally at 
 pages 53 — Gl. Both series are referable to the same predisposing cause. That 
 species of inflammation of the whole system which, we have agreed to term 
 fever, frequently terminates by concentrating its latent humours, and deposit- 
 ing the same critically in some fleshy {lart of the carcass or limbs, producing 
 niattei (or i)us,) which, with heal, constitutes the disease. Whether abscess 
 or tumour superveut*, both have immediate connexion with blood-vessels of no 
 small consideration, though the disorder may have commenced with the finer 
 ?ejsscls (capillaries), as insisted upon at the pages above referred to ; and hath 
 
TUMOURS, DEFINED. Ill 
 
 been repeatedly proved. First, as regards tumours, these being probed, the 
 patients have bled to death, with arterial blood. And secondly, in every case 
 of abscess, in proportion as they increase in size, so does the patient's strength 
 invariably diminish. When nature makes an opening to the surface, after 
 iong-protracted illness, the patient is usually so exhausted, and the parts ad- 
 jacent rendered so unlit to re-unite, that the strength of the constitution ap- 
 pears to run off at the orifice : life is seldom preserved, health never com- 
 pletely restored. 
 
 Tumours sometimes appear of tolerably large size, that become indolent, 
 without feeling, and are moveable under the skm. These are caused by the 
 same evil state of the blood, or its vessels, and the inflammation or irritation 
 having ceased at some time or other, the enlargement remains, though the 
 connexion with the system of animal life has long ceased. Although very 
 unsightly, the animal feels little inconvenience from those protuberances : they 
 receive the name of wen, and might be taken off by dividing the skin, and 
 pressing out the wen : it is then to be drawn forth with the forceps, and the 
 healing of the wound is effected by strapping down the skin with adhesive 
 plaster ; the cure is thus said to be effected by the first intention. The usual 
 precautions of taking away the hair, and afterwards keeping the patient's luad 
 up for a few days, would of course be adopted. 
 
 The genuine tumour is soft and tender, and is contained in a membranous 
 case, or coestus, that has been likened to the finger of a glove, or to many of 
 them, when it acquires the distinctive name of fistula. The case, or coestus, 
 having been formed by the disorder, and matured by heat, acquires strength 
 the longer it is suffered to continue unopposed, seeking its way inwards, until 
 the knife alone can afford relief. At the shoulder the fibrous and membranous 
 construction is exceedingly strong. Look at page 11. Generally speaking, 
 all swellings of a circumscribed nature are tumours. 
 
 Some objections which have been raised against the view I have taken of 
 the origin of this whole series of diseases must not go quite unnoticed here, 
 though I dislike controversy as much as any writer who has gone before me 
 on either side the question. At the very commencement of this book (page 
 59), and without adverting to either set, or indeed thinking at all of the con- 
 troversy, I assigned a reason why the apparently triumphant proof of Mr. 
 White, at page 29, is no proof at all, but the contrary, as to the thickness or 
 viscidity of the blood increasing with the continuance of inflammatory fever. 
 Every writer on this subject allows that the swelling and discharge of matter 
 that frequently occurs after a fever, or inflammation of the whole system, de- 
 notes the crisis or termination of that disorder; and insists that it must be 
 considered as but an effort of nature to throw off something that is offensive 
 to the well-being of the animal. The same happens often after "inflamma- 
 tion of the liver" has been reduced ; but this kind of occurrence, though it adds 
 nothing material by way of argument, leads us directly to the point at issue. 
 General inflammation (fever), it is allowed on all hands, begets something of- 
 fensive, and so does partial or local inflammation of any organ through which 
 the blood passes, particularly of the liver and kidneys, through which the 
 whole mass gets filtered, as it were : and nature's efforts to get rid of this of- 
 fence against her rules are evinced in sweUing of the external parts, in the in- 
 flamtnaliun thereof, and subsequent escape of the ofiensive something, where 
 by a cure is effected. 
 
 ' All this is agreed upon by those who deny the necessary pre-existence of a 
 general ill state of health, as well as by those who already knmv, or have yec 
 to learn, that the liver, that acknowledged cleanser, permits much grosser ma 
 terials to pass through it than those ofiensive matters, or gross humours, which 
 we contend reside iu tlie blood; and constitute disorder of one kind or other oi\ 
 
112 KIND OF HORSE MOST LIABLE TO TUMOURS. 
 
 the surface, or at least predispose the animal to acquire such, according as cit' 
 cumstances may determine one way or the other. Seeing that such gross sub- 
 stances as bits of straw, chaff, &c., have issued from a vein on blood-letting, 
 it is too much to concede the ultimate point that the feculent humours, which 
 constitute tumours, farcy, &c. may not in like manner escape into the circula- 
 tion, and be detained at that particular part which is rendered by some acci- 
 dent less capable of continuing the harmful matter in a fluid state? A blow, a 
 gall, a ligature, or bruise, are known to occasion this disability and bring on 
 disease in one of its varied shapes. So does " a cold" produce fever in some 
 animals sooner than in others; according as the circulation may be more lan- 
 guid, or more predisposed to inflammation, or otherwise unfitted for its pur- 
 poses; whilst some again acquire inflammation without any such accidents or 
 cold, the fever being lighted up occasionally by warm stabling alone, though 
 the air they breathe may be perfectly innoxious. 
 
 How it is that those external diseases, enumerated at the head of this chap- 
 ter, are generated, I shall not here repeat : the reader may consult the princi- 
 ples upon which my opinions are founded in the twenty-ninth section of book 
 the first, page 30: to which 1 will here merely add, that the tumours we per- 
 ceive on the body that are not of a nature to break and discharge their con- 
 tents — as farcy, grease, &c. — are usually, if not always, accompanied by cor- 
 responding tumours on some vital organ, as the lungs, liver, &c. But single 
 tumours, containing matter, as the whole tribe of fistula, &c. are designed to 
 counteract and carry off obstructions and all baleful affections incident to the 
 organs just mentioned, and of all others: an owner ought therefore to deem 
 himself fortunate, when some inscrutable long illness of the inside terminates 
 in this manner. The appearance of these latter on the surface may be taken 
 as a good assurance that none then exist internally; nor, indeed, any other 
 disorder whatever, the natural strength of the animal system enabling it thus 
 to cleanse itself Again, we may remark in general, that as it is the better 
 bred animals that are most liable to affections of these organs, so is it the 
 " country-bred cattle," without any breeding in them, that mostly suffer those 
 external attacks. To the reflection of every man of experience I refer this 
 material point of dissonance between the two varieties of horse, which serves 
 to prove that those having great lumps of muscle at the parts liable to such at- 
 tacks are most disposed to contract local inflammation, and that pufling up 
 of gland or lymphatic which we call tumour of various kinds. Local inflam- 
 mation alone, however, could not effect the evil, without some corresponding 
 cause ; else, how comes it to pass that none but aged horses, that are heavy 
 in the hand and low in blood, contract fistula or abscess ; young and lively 
 horses, and those with some breeding in them, never? Once more, — if the 
 disorder reside not in the blood, how does it come to pass, that a horse having 
 contracted one species of tumour, he is never known to undergo an attack of 
 any other species — and there are a dozen at the least 1 For example, give a 
 horse the poll-evil, and see how little he will be disposed to contract the 
 glanders. 
 
 Fleshy horses, those of the cart breed and of indolent habit of body, are 
 most liable to contract [)oll-eviI, fistula, &c. ; indeed I might say, the ready dis- 
 position thereto is confined to that breed, though either could be inflicted upon 
 higher bred cattle, which might not be so predisposed by a bad habit of bodyj 
 or by the gross humours before noticed. When the animals are young, and 
 feed ravenously, the strangles carry off those humours ; when youth leaves 
 them and more doltish habits comes on, these humours appear in some other 
 varied shapes: besides those diseases just named, the farcy, grease, &c. all 
 come on from the same indolent habit of body. They are always ravenous 
 caters, gross feeders, and consequently lethargic in their movements, that ac- 
 
DISEASE OF THE HABIT. 113 
 
 quire poll-evil ; for they demand harsh treatment to keep them at their work, 
 which frequently devolves into ill-usage, unless the drivers possess the pa- 
 tience of Job. 
 
 Hence the duty of attending to the health of such horses, as much as may 
 be consistent with the avocations of the owner; of avoiding the infliction that 
 is often the immediate cause of either species of ailment ; and, these being 
 discovered of applying the necessary remedies for their instant dispersion — 
 if the symptoms are mild, and thus promise success, a low regimen follows of 
 course. But delay too often confirms the disease ; it approaches towards ma- 
 turity, and will not be repressed ; then does the duty of " bringing it forward" 
 to suppuration present itself as the only means of obtaining a radical cure; and 
 I may add, that this is always the safest, the best, and the most certain means, 
 when the disease yields not to the first efforts at dispersion. In ordinary cases 
 of saddle gall, the swelling and heat will bend before an assiduous and early 
 application of the repellent lotion; not so easily, however in case of "fistula 
 in the withers," which lies deeper and is more obstinate. Least of all will con- 
 firmed poll-evil give way before the strongest repellents ; or, if the resolution 
 be apparently effected, the least external injury, or none whatever, will sub- 
 sequently reproduce the disorder with more than its original virulence. Per- 
 haps, in no part of the farrier's art has he the opportunity of evincing his 
 judgment more, than in choosing the precise period when he will quit all at- 
 tempts at suppressing the abscess or tumour, and set about bringing it forward 
 to suppuration and a radical cure; when he will also quit the low regimen 
 which was proper in the first attempt, and adopt a more generous diet, that is 
 better ada[)ted to the [)ainful discharge his patient will now be compelled to 
 undergo, either by dint of medicinal applications or the knife. 
 
 Abscess in the more fleshy parts of the body, or under the belly, are far less 
 dangerous or troublesome situations than on the parts just named; they also 
 prove to be symptomatic of the actual state of the blood, of which they then 
 form the crisis or point of cure, and therefore the repression of such (as re- 
 commended in other cases) should not be attempted, neither should the animal 
 system be lowered, but the contrary. If, however, the tumour appears near a 
 joint or just above it, as the hock, so as to impede its action, in which case it 
 would soon assume an ulcerous appearance, by reason of the movement of 
 the muscles of the limb in going, repression sliould then be resorted to with 
 assiduity and skill. Artificial inflammation, excited upon the skin and cellu- 
 lar membrane, near the part, by means of blistering, or rowelling higher up, 
 has the good effect of drawing off the heat and tension from the more import- 
 ant joint, nor does the animal by this application undergo so much pain as he 
 would were the tendon affected, whereby the limb would become irremediably 
 stiff and useless. 
 
 CRITICAL ABSCESS 
 
 Is that swelling or tumour which is occasionally thrown out on the body or 
 limbs from no apparent accident, but what may be traced to that derange- 
 ment of the system we call fever, and is sometimes attendant upon protracted 
 inflammation of the liver, when the disease appears on the fascia of the mus- 
 cles of the belly, on the jowl, or other glandular parts. 
 
 The cause and the effect thus become manifest together; and when great 
 tenderness is evinced upon touching the parts in ordinary cases, nothing more 
 is required ihan to make an opening in the lowest edge of the swelling, and 
 expressing the contents; the cure is effected by means of the common "di- 
 gestive ointment," which is prescribed under the article " Poll-evil," farther 
 down. But the proper time at which the opening is to be thus made requires 
 
114 
 
 FORM OF BANDAGES 
 
 close observation. In general, this may be ascertained by a change in the 
 animal's manner: he will eat more heartily as the matter increases: which 
 proves that the disease of his habit has accumulated at this precise spot. He 
 should not be allowed long to remain in this state, lest the offensive matter 
 should penetrate inwardly or laterally. If the disease is thus distinctly known 
 to proceed from the remains of ill-cured fever or inflammation, poultices should 
 be applied to bring it forward to the surface, and the animal receive increased 
 feeds of dry oats, of beans, or sodden oats, according to his former habits, in 
 order to encourage the access of matter ; for nature, exhausted by the violence 
 or the continuance of the disorder, is incapable of expelling this last remains 
 of the enemy, and stands in need of support. Should the horse have been 
 lately laid up with fever, or for some time past shown languor in his gait, and 
 heaviness about the eyes, or it may be concluded from his recent hard labour 
 and hard mode of living, that he has been long ailing inwardly : in this case 
 the abscess being evidently a critical symptom of the general evil state of his 
 blood, nature must be assisted in getting rid of the ofi'ensive matter ; and for 
 that purpose bring the tumour to a head by means of a poultice. The head 
 is most commonly the seat of swelled glands. 
 
 Drawing Poultice. 
 
 White bread, the crum of a 41b. loaf. 
 Onions chopped, 2 lb. 
 
 Boil the onions in water, and pour the whole on the bread: mix to.a tolerable 
 consistency, and whilst blood-warm apply copiously to the parts in a cloth. 
 Support the application by means of a bandage of stout linen cloth, with liga- 
 tures tying over the forehead and across the poll thrice, as described in 
 the annexed sketch. Some persons have recommended the use of a so- 
 lution of gum to render the cloth impervious to liquids. See page 79. 
 
CRITICAL ABSCESS, AND THE DEEP-SEATED. POLL-EML. 115 
 
 Should circumstances require a more extended application, or that the patient's 
 Restlessness might rub off the bandage, let a more extended bandage be em- 
 ployed. For such a one, and as to further particulars, the reader may consult 
 page 79, where a bandage for sore throat is depicted. 
 
 By those means the swelling will come to a head, and give signs of being 
 about to burst, but which 1 have reason to believe seldom happens sponta- 
 neously by reason of the thickness of the skin. Apply the knife, or bistoury, 
 as directed much at large in the case of poll-evil ; give a mild laxative the same 
 day, and lower his diet. When it so happens that the opening has been made 
 too soon, before it has accumulated sufficiently, the orifice may be kept open 
 by means of a seton passing through it to the lowest or most depending side, 
 and the running continued for several days, until it assume a healthy appear- 
 ance and the swelhng subsides. This plan must be always adopted with the 
 slow or sordid tumour, which will not come forward, though heated with the 
 onion poultice, and even with a blister : then let the seton be applied, chang- 
 ing it daily and soaking the tape in the irritating mixture, as in case of poll- 
 evil, page 119, That other critical abscess, called strangles, comes under a 
 distinct head, farther down. 
 
 Deep-seated abscess, under the fascia of the muscles of the bell}', is scarcely 
 ever curable, being seldom discovered to the eye until too late to render assist- 
 ance in bringing it to the surface by means of strong drawing poultices, as in 
 case of obstinate poll-evil. On passing the hand over the part, the animal 
 may be observed to flinch from the touch ; but this cymptom is seldom at- 
 tended to, and it makes its way inwards, bursts in the cavity of the abdomen, 
 and kills the patient. 
 
 POLL-EVIL. 
 
 Causes. — Next to a diseased habit of body, as just above noticed, which 
 predisposes a certain description of horses to contract tum)urs in various parts 
 of the body, the poll-evil is frequently occasioned by a blow, or gall, of a very 
 trivial nature, if it do not come on without this kind of excitement. The 
 action of the head is very great with some horses, arising probably from an 
 itching in the upper part of the cervical ligament, where it is attached to the 
 vertebra; of the neck ; and this causing irritation, we need not hesitate long 
 in accounting for the inflammation that affects the muscle which interposes 
 between it and the poll-bone, in a cavity that is greater with some breeds of 
 horses than others. This variance in conformation is exemplified in the 
 whole length portrait of a skeleton which is prefixed to chapter i. wherein the 
 cavity that should form the seat of this disease is scarcely perceptible; whilst 
 the small figure, inserted at section 16 of that chapter, to illustrate the uses of 
 the cervical ligament, has this cavity of the usual extent. Of course, this 
 latter would be still more predisposed to contract poll-evil than the former, 
 which was a peculiarly formed horse in another respect also ; and it is more 
 than probable, that, if the two were to fall into an equally bad habit of body, 
 whilst the latter might acquire poll evil thereby, the constitution of the former 
 might throw off any offensive matters that might accrue by some other means.* 
 The reader will do well to turn back to the section referred to (p. 20); as well 
 as to the skeleton [at A 5J. 
 
 The wheelers, in a set of horses, will frequently throw back the head in 
 
 * These might appear in shape of grease and farcy ; but it has been generally observed that 
 a disposition to farcy abates, if it do not subside entirely, upon the appearance of potl-evil. 
 Again, horses that are most liahle to contract the grease, are precisely of the same disposition 
 as iliose which are afflicted with tumoun, &x.. viz. of indolent habit, heavy in the hand, and 
 slow of blood, fleshy and dulL 
 
116 CAUSES OF POLL-EVIL CURE BY DISPERSION. 
 
 warm weather, or after brisk work, at feeling the reins that run throncfh theil 
 head-harness to the leaders : this action is performed, as the reader will hava 
 learnt, bv the action of the cervicular ligament, the upper end whereof termi- 
 nates where the ear-band rests, and perhaps pinches the part. Horses that 
 are criven to shy are likely to contract poll-evil when hanging back, and throw- 
 ing up the head with a jerk. 
 
 But the most prolific cause of poll-evil I am inclined to attribute to the low 
 stable door-way, whereby the animal gets many a trivial hit at going in and 
 coining out; next in point of frequency is that brutal mode of attacking res- 
 tive horses about the head with the butt end of the whip. Education of the 
 lower classes has effected the abatement of this as well as many other unfeel- 
 ing practices. Ofttimes, the edges of the ear-band, being sharp, create a 
 painful itching, then soreness and irritation about the part, as does also the 
 showy tip, or "cutting at a fly," practised by our flashy four-in-hand men, 
 who may have discovered that touching up the animal in such a vulnerable 
 partis "sure to make him go along." Stage-coach horses, however, do not 
 now acquire poll-evil, so far as I can learn, like what they did formerly; for 
 the great expedition these vehicles are constrained to, compels the proprietors 
 to use better bred cattle than their predecessors — those that are less indolent, not 
 so heavv in the hand, nor sluggish, consequently not so liable to contract dis- 
 eases incident to a bad habit of body, or vitiated state of the blood, like poll- 
 evil and its nauseous train of co-existent evils, that we shall proceed to take 
 into consideration one after another. 
 
 Symptoms. — At first the animal appears restless, throwing his head back 
 and returning it to the former position, as if the efforts had occasioned pain. 
 Soon after, it droops the head, holding it now on one side, now on the other; 
 appears dull about the eyes, and becomes sluggish in its movements. In this 
 state it continues a longer or shorter time (even weeks) as the violence may 
 have been greater or less that brought about the evil ; the time depending alsc 
 in some measure on the height of the pulse : a languid system making of 
 course the slowest advances towards bringing the abscess to maturity. Thif 
 uneasiness of manner is accompanied by heat, swelling, and shortly by ten- 
 sion of the part, and increase in the pulsation. As it goes on, a disposition 
 to flinch from the touch is evinced whenever the part is a[)proached with the 
 hand ; if the evil be deep-seated, the swelling is wide, but not so high ; but 
 when nearer the surface, it presents a point, is circumscribed within a well- 
 marked circle, and ultimately tells how necessary it is that the contents should 
 escape, by a throbbing which may be felt at this point. Again, to ascertain 
 that the matter is near the surface, apply two fingers alternately on the sides 
 of the tumour, and the matter will recede from side to side. Let it out. 
 
 Cure. — At first, this may be attempted, in the earliest stages of the disor- 
 der, by repression or dispersion, provided the disorder be not deep-seated near 
 the bone : which will be the case if it has been brought on by violejit means, 
 or it be a second attack, when endeavours to repress it would be vain indeed. 
 On the contrary', if we can trace the cause to a hurt of no long standing, or of 
 trivial import, and we know the horse was in good health before the swelling 
 took place, then oui duty is to carry off the evil through the animal system, by 
 means of active pliysic. Foment the part well with bran and water, warm^ 
 rub it dry with cloths, and apply the 
 
 Embrocation. 
 
 Spirits of wine, half a pint, 
 
 Camphor, 2 drachms, 
 
 Goulard's extract of lead, 1 drachm. 
 
POLLEVIL, RADICAL CURE BY SUPPURATION. 117 
 
 Mix, and apply the same two or three times a day, gently rubbing the part as 
 much as the animal can bear. Give also at the same time the 
 
 Alterative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, 4 drachms, 
 Castile soap, 2 drachms, 
 Calomel, half a drachm. 
 
 Mix with mucilage, and give one every third day, provided the embrocation is 
 applied so long. 
 
 During these applications, a cooling regimen should be observed, the feeds 
 being reduced to half the usual quantity of oats, and ultimately discontinued 
 altogether. There will be no propriety in clothing up the patient, nor need 
 he be exposed to the cold air, if it prevails. When the disorder has been 
 brought on by simple compression of the ear-band, and is recent, I have never 
 kflown the foregoing treatment to fail ; and in cases of vigorous constitutions, 
 the swelling, heat, and tension have been reduced so quickly (j. e. in four or 
 five days) as to leave certain careless observers in doubt whetner the animal 
 had really laboured under a genuine attack of poll-evil. 
 
 Remove the halter, and if the animal be put to work, contrive to keep back 
 the ear-band. A good and valuable embrocation will be found in simple vine- 
 gar three or four times a day, or the sediment of very stale beer. Old verjuice 
 answers the same end ; and all this kind of embrocation must be laid on warm, 
 by means of cloths soaked and applied repeatedly. 
 
 *+* The same treatment and observations will apply to all the other species 
 of abscess in its milder state, fistula, warbles, quittor ; but of these 1 shall 
 speak more particularly under their respective heads of information. 
 
 Second method of cure. — Very few cases present themselves to recollection 
 of even recent poll-evil, that would admit of being completely dispersed, and 
 a radical cure effected, by any means whatever ; and it is due to candour to 
 acknowledge, that some of the most stubborn attacks were found to tiave re- 
 lapsed after a while, which proved that the cure so effected to all apy>earance 
 was not radically good, but had left a violent predisposition to renew its rava- 
 ges afresh. Probably, the time of inflicting the injury had not been accurate- 
 ly marked, nor its degree ingenuously reported to the owners in those cases 
 of relapse. 
 
 However this be, when the disorder is found to baffle the endeavours em- 
 ployed to disperse it, the whole course of proceedings must be changed, as be- 
 fi»re hinted in the concluding sentence of my general observations on this to- 
 pic. Instead of putting back the swelling by those means, let us pursue a 
 direct ct)ntrary course, in order to bring it forward : the mode of feedincr must 
 be changed along with the medicines that now become proper to procure sup- 
 puration, or a discharge of the offensive matter; a full habit being mainly 
 conducive thereto, and proving how closely connected is this disease with a 
 gross habit of body, which in all fleshy animals superinduces a diseased habit, 
 vulgarly but accurately termed '-full of humours." After having found use- 
 less your efforts to disperse the tumour, or. mayhap, finding at the first view 
 of it, or by the first touch, certain symptoms that prove it ought never to be 
 dispersed, the practitioner will of course seriously set about permitting, or 
 forcing, the offensive matter to escape. Every hour's delay in putting this 
 resolve into practice serves but to render the ultimate cure still more difiicult 
 and hazardous; for the evil is all this while extending its baleful effects in- 
 wards and sidewise, and forming around it, in every direction, the fistulous 
 case or ciEstus before spoken of, which is a film, or skin-like substance formed 
 12 
 
118 
 
 BANDAGE FOR POLL-EVIL. 
 
 of the cellular membrane, thickened by the disorder. (See Book I. Sect. 27. 
 page 28.) In this event, the tumour has become decidedly fistulous, and is to 
 be treated as such, when the great length of time it may have been suffered 
 to make head, and its now extended surface, warrant that conclusion. The 
 knife is almost the only remedy, notwithstanding the superficial tumour will 
 in some cases break and discharge matter of itself; this, however, never hap- 
 pens with the deep-seated abscess, which lies close to the bone, and destroys 
 not only it, but the muscular substance of the poll, and the end of the cervical 
 ligament also. In these series of abscess or fistulous tumour, nothing but the 
 knife can ever reach the disorder, and it must be employed fearlessly, but with 
 a commensurate share of skill, after the skin has been prejiared with fomen- 
 tations, &c. Let the parts be softened and drawn with j)oultice of oatmeal, 
 put on lukewarm, twice a day; and if the effect be not visible to the eye and 
 touch, as before described, increase the powers of the poultice by the additiori 
 of onion chopped and mixed with the poiUtice whilst warm. Or, a mere 
 change may be adopted, and a bread poultice applied instead ; for, notwith- 
 standing oatmeal is stronger, yet 1 have occasionally found the milder have 
 more effect when the former had not succeeded entirely according to my wish. 
 The poultice should be provided in sufficient quantity to cover the whole 
 swelling two inches thick at least, having a small quantity of sweet oil, hog's 
 lard, or oil of turpentine mixed therewith. Fix it on by means of a contri- 
 vance that is sufliciently explained by the annexed cut, in which it will be 
 Been that the girth is to have a web breasting, to which the lateral corners of 
 the cloth are to be attached by broad tapes, as was explained in another simi- 
 lar case at pages 79 and 114. 
 
 I have here represented the bandage rather longer than requisite, under the 
 presumption that it may occasionally be applied to other affections farther back ; 
 a prolongation of the bandage may be affixed at either end, either plain or 
 plaited, according to the amount of the swelling. 
 
 When the symptoms above stated inform our senses that the matter ought 
 to be so "let out," an opening is to be made the whole length of the abscess, a 
 little below its centre ; taking especial care that the knife do not pass cross- 
 wise, lest the attachment of the cervicular ligament to the first (vertebrae) bone 
 should be severed ; in which case the animal would droop its head ever after, 
 
TirE SETON, HOW APPUED. HO 
 
 as may be learnt by consulting its construction at p. 20, of Book L On the 
 escape of the matter, after ascertaining by a probe whetber it runs in pipes, of 
 sinuses, this way and that, or with small bits of diseased filire or membrane 
 stretching across the cavity, so as nearly to divide it into unequal parts — let 
 each be just touched with the knife or scalpel. There is no propriety in the 
 old practice of squeezing out all the oflensive matter from this kind of abscess, 
 although it be very proper in that deep-seated sort w'here no pipes, nor the 
 pmall cavities just spoken of, are to be folt or seen, for the following reasons : 
 the first mentioned kind have the case or coestus before described, which con 
 tains the matter, and if laid open before the evil be sufficiently ripe, it doe 
 not come away freely. This, however, the operation effects in two or three 
 days, if kept running by means of a seton, or other contrivance placed at the 
 orifice; but the application of tow, or any other substance, that obstructs the 
 esca[)e of this mattei, is ever to be avoided. On the contrary, when the ab- 
 scess is very deep, reaching to the bone, which may be felt, and presenting 
 but one large cavity, then the matter should be expelled by pressing gently on 
 two sides of it at once. Let the lips of the opening be dressed the first lime, 
 and as long as it may be found necessary to keep open the wound, with any 
 ointment hereafter mentioned, on which has been strewed sulphate of copper, 
 powdered. Should the lips adhere together, or appear much diseased, wash 
 with muriate of ammonia, taking care it does not run upon the sound parts, 
 nor into the cavity. In either case, wash off the dead parts with warm water, 
 before each new dressing is laid, sponge it well and dry, after inserting the 
 prcbe on every side into the fistulous minuses, and continue this mode of treat- 
 ment until the parts assume a healthy appearance. 
 
 The seton should never be neglected in bad cases of either description, but 
 be introduced at tfie lowest or most depending side of the abscess, after being 
 wetted with the following 
 
 Irritating Mixture. 
 
 Spirits of wine, 2 ounces, 
 Corrosive sublimate, 1 scruple ; 
 
 Mix and saturate the tape therewith daily. This will keep open the orifice 
 until the offensive matter has run off, and is succeeded by the more healthy 
 issue of a thicker consistency, and nearly white. On this appearance the 
 Sfcton is to be withdrawn, and the parts dressed with the digestive ointment, 
 the animal physicked once or twice with a moderate purging ball of six or 
 seven drachms of aloes, and the cure will complete itself with the usual dress- 
 ings, viz. 
 
 Digestive Ointment. — No. 1. 
 
 Yellow wax, ) 
 
 Rosin, > of each 1 pound. 
 
 Burgundy Fitch, ) 
 
 Turpentine (common) 4 ounces. 
 
 Linseed oil, 20 ounces. 
 
 Dissolve over a slow fire, and spread upon leather or stout linen cloth, sufii 
 ciently large to come over the undiseased region of the evil, after the wound 
 has been well cleansed. Fresh dressings hereof should go on daily, but in no 
 case until the matter assume a healthy appearance, which it never can be 
 brought to, unless the whole recess has been reached with the knife or by thfl 
 
130 SCALDING MIXTURES-PRECAUTIONS IN USING. 
 
 operation of the "scalding mixture" of the old school of farriery. This reme- 
 dy, so applied, though at variance with our modern notions of pathology, has 
 been adopted by the collegians of St. Pancras, and with good reason, for it 
 never fails to effect a cure, by effectually cleansing away the diseased parts. 
 Three several mixtures are adopted in different parts of the country — the 
 Hertfordshire and midland county farriers employing No. I.; No. 2 is that 
 recommended by Gibson ; and No. 3 is Ryding's. 
 
 Scalding Mixture. — No. I. 
 
 Tar, ) 
 
 Mutton suet, > of each 2 ounces. 
 
 Rosin, ) 
 
 Bees wax, 1 ounce. — Melt slowly, and mix in 
 
 Spirits of turpetine, 2 ounces. 
 
 Verdigris 6 drachms. 
 
 Mix and pour into the orifice hot, and close it with stitches. The next two 
 have the recommendation of being more scientitic, and are withal better adapt- 
 ed for penetrating into the sinuses. 
 
 Scalding Mixture. — No. 2. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate, 1 
 
 Verdigris, > of each 2 drachms. 
 
 Blue Vitriol, 3 
 
 Green copperas, half an ounce. 
 
 Honey, or Egvptiacum, 2 ounces. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, K,f each 8 ounces. 
 
 1 ram oil, y 
 
 Rectified spirit of wine, four ounces. 
 
 Mix, and apply as before directed. The difficulty of retaining this last in its 
 proper place, is its only defect; but Gibson appears to have prescribed a quan- 
 tity sufficient to allow for spilling a good portion. Since writing the above, 
 however, 1 have inserted the sketch of bandaging for poll-evil remedies at page 
 118, to which the reader will refer, when requisite, and introduce such modifi-. 
 cations as the nature of the applications may demand to prevent the loss of 
 any part. 
 
 Scalding Mixture. — No. 3. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, 2 ounces. 
 
 Verdigris, 1 ounce. 
 
 Ointment of yellow resin, 6 ounces. 
 
 Mix and apply as above. In using any of those hot mixtures, a y)icce of tow 
 should be so placed as to surround the orifice and j)revent its running over the 
 Bound parts — which would be injured thereby, as would the operators fingers, 
 &c. if he neglect the proper precautions. These he should not fail to take as 
 regards the acrimonious discharge from the abscess, as absorption thereof 
 might take place at the root of his nails; so, if the discharge be allowed to rest 
 upon the sound parts of the horse, it will be found to corrode and produce 
 ulcers. 
 
 Frequently it happens — and I believe the old farriers always "repeated the 
 dose," that a second application of the " scalding mixture becomes necessary, 
 
CONNEXION OF POLL-EVIL AND FARCY, ]21 
 
 for tl^cir cases were always very bad ones. In this event, opportunity is af- 
 forded of employing both prescriptions in succession; but whichsoever is first 
 adopted, let it remain undisturbed from sixty to seventy hours, if the stitching 
 do not sooner burst. Sponge out the parts with warm water; cleanse away 
 the adjacent filth, and either repeat the same or proceed at once to the cure — 
 a determination the doctor will come to, according as the rottenness may have 
 sloughed off, and the inside of the abscess may present a healthy appearance, 
 or otherwise. If it be quite clean, the adhesion of the parts will follow with 
 very little further care than applying the digestive ointment according to the 
 receipt in page 119, — or the following 
 
 Digestive Ointment. — No. 2. 
 
 Common turpentine, 4 ounces. 
 
 The yolks of two eggs. — Mix these well, and 
 
 add ^ 
 Myrrh, in powder, 4 drachms, 
 Mastich, 2 drachms. 
 Tincture of myrrh sufficient to bring the whole to a proper 
 
 consistence. 
 
 Should the cure of the wound proceed too fist, the over luxuriant granula- 
 tions of new or proud flesh must be touched with caustic. 
 
 But notwithstanding all that has been said above, it sometimes happens that 
 a totally different course becomes necessary, when abscess in the poll is con- 
 nected with another disease arising from the same vitiated state of the animal's 
 system, and the remedy for one of these will cure the other. Farcy is the cor- 
 respondent disease to which 1 allude, or rather I should say a tendency to 
 farcy, visible in certain scanty lumps or tumours on the body and legs: these 
 will run off sometimes by means of a copious discharge at the poll. More 
 frequently, however, the farcy is of too inveterate a description, and proves 
 that the whole mass of the animal's system requires correction, and that it 
 must be treated with medicines proper for the farcy, as well as the local affec- 
 tion of the poll. 
 
 People in general like to be borne out in their most novel opinions by those 
 of longer standing in society, and 1 confess myself one of those sort of people 
 as regards the doctrine of a vitiated or a corrupted state of the animal's system, 
 which it is absolutely necessary to correct by medicine before the cure of some 
 disorders can be effected. 1 strongly touched upon this topic in the first book, 
 and at page 59, to which probably the inquiring reader will turn, and become 
 convinced with me that poll-evil may be no other than the critical abscess of 
 farcy; which farcy is a disease of the system, and is correspondent with glan- 
 ders, as poll-evil is with quittor, &c. The writer 1 shall quote as agreeino^ 
 with me, mainly, in this view of the subject, is Richard Lawrence. He says, 
 " the poll-evil is sometimes connected with a disposition in the habit of body 
 to farcy ; this may be known by the animal appearing universally [i. e. gene- 
 rally] unhealthy in his coat, the tightness of his skin, and also by small lumps 
 or swellings in different parts of his body, and particularly on the insides of 
 his legs. When it is ascertained, therefore, that the po4I-evil arises chiedy 
 from a disposition to farcy, the mere operation of opening the abscess, and 
 using the dressings usually recommended, will not prove sufficient, without 
 the aid of medicine given internally ; because the abscess, not being then a 
 12 » 
 
122 SYIVIPTOMS OF FISTTJLA: CURE. 
 
 local affection arisinor simply from partial injury, it will be necessary to correct 
 the general habit of h(xly, before a cure can be effected. The medicines best 
 adapted for this purpose will of course be found under the head of "Farcy," 
 a few pages further down. 
 
 FISTULA IN THE WITHERS. 
 
 Cause. — Although closely resembling poll-evil in so many respects as to 
 seem the self-same disorder arising from precisely the same causes, but differ- 
 ing in situation only, 1 must here premise that some other distinctions are 
 proper to be taken, which it will be necessary to kee]) in mind. We have 
 seen, a few pages higher up, that poll-evil may be produced without external 
 violence ; this never happens with fistula in the withers, which is always 
 brought on by external injury — namely, the galling of the saddle: in the tlrst 
 case the tumour frequently turns out a simple abscess, in the present case 
 never, but becomes fistulous at its very earliest stages. This arises from the 
 quantity of the membrane which is found in the shoulder and whole forehand 
 of the horse, in the cellular structure whereof the ofi'ensive matter finds an easy 
 receptacle, and spreads its ravages from side to side; and accumulating in 
 quantity, by its own specific gravity, finds its way, eventually, amongst the 
 muscles, and forms sinuses. How this operation of nature is performed, the 
 reader is instructed in the first book, at sections 26, 27. I have also descant- 
 ed somewhat at large, in the general introductory observations on this whole 
 series of disorders, as to the distinctions pro})er to be kept in mind between one 
 kind of tumour and another, how they are formed, and what descrij>tion of 
 horses are mostly liable to this or that sjoecies of the disorder. At page 112 
 will this information be found, and which the reader would do well to consult 
 once more before he sets about treating his horse for fistula in the withers 
 The symj^toms are most obvious t(.) the touch, as in all inflammatory tumours, 
 the animal shrinking when the hand is passed over the shoulder from the 
 mane downwards. But the ill-formed saildle, or one that fits the particular 
 animal like nothing, or one that is so badly girthed on, that the poor beast may 
 be perceived going in great pain, shall be set down as the symptom of all symj)- 
 toms, that the animal is destined to contract this particular disorder of the 
 parts so injured. Sometimes he tumbles down, or seems to trip frequently, 
 which should admonish its inconsiderate rider or driver, that his carelessness 
 is very likely to cost him a broken neck. 
 
 Cure. — As soon as the journey can be brought to a close, which has been 
 thus improperly pursued, remove the cause and bathe the part well with the 
 cold saturnine lotion, and when the saddle has undergone the proper altera- 
 tions, the journey may be pursued, if necessity demand such an exertion. 
 
 Cold Lotion. 
 
 Subacetate of lead (goulard), 2 ounces, 
 
 White vinegar, 4 ounces. 
 
 Water, 3 quarts, — Mix, and apply with a sponge. 
 
 Should not this prevail, and the horse evince pain at the touch, with in- 
 creased heat and tension, and swelling of the part commence, the disorder is 
 Confirmed; and if not repelled in its very earliest stages, suppuration must en- 
 sue. Let it be taken in time however — that is to say, in the course of a day 
 or two, or a week, with healthy active horses, is not too long — and the heat 
 and inflammation will be reduced by emj)loying the embrocation, recommend 
 ed in incipient attack of poll-evil, at page liO, and giving at the same time tiio 
 
RADICAL CIJIIE OF FISTULA. ]23 
 
 alterative ball there set down. Success more generally attends this first me- 
 thod in the present kind of tumour than in that to which I have just referred, 
 viz. po!l-evil ; but this method of curing both is so exactly similar, that it would 
 be a waste of words to go over the same grounds again, or make the same ob- 
 servations which I thought proper to set down under that head of information. 
 At page IIG, the reader will perceive, that when he is attempting to repell the 
 tumour and allay the inflammation in its earliest stages, he is to em|)l<)y a 
 cooling regimen ; that when the disorder has been brought on by a trivial 
 cause, this method of cure seldom fails, if taken in time ; and also that fistula 
 is easier prevented hereby than is poll-evil. "However this be, when the dis- 
 order is found to baffle the endeavours employed to disperse it, (as I before ob- 
 served), the whole course of proceedings must be altered;" the regimen, or 
 feeding must be higher, the parts encouraged to collect matter and come to the 
 surface, instead of making inroads upon the adjacent muscle and bone, which 
 it will effect more hideously as the animal may be afiiicted with a gross habit 
 of body. 
 
 After having found all efforts useless, the practitioner will change his plan ; 
 and force the matter to escape as soon as may be; for the disorder is every 
 hour extending its baleful influence. For this purpose the knife, or common 
 bistoury, is to be employed when the tumour is sufficiently ri[)e, which is a 
 state it may he hrought to, by means of the application of a poultice. Of these, 
 I prescribed two or three kinds, with the method of fastening them on, but in 
 this latter respect, a material difference arises in consequence of the different 
 shape of the parts. The bandage in this case must be allowed to come farther 
 back, and be there detained by tying the tapes short behind and lengthening 
 the front ones. See figure at page 118. 
 
 Fomentations of warm water, in which cloths have been steeped, slightly 
 wrung out and applied to the parts, will be found highly serviceable, and may 
 precede the application of poultice. When by these means the tumour ap- 
 pears ripe and ready, open the most prominent part with lancet or bistoury, 
 and insert a whalebone probe to ascertain the direction that the fistulous sinu- 
 ses or pipes extend, in order that these may be laid open, and the whole mat- 
 ter suffered to escape. In some cases a stiffer and larger probe may be em- 
 ployed, and when a sinus lies favourable, introduce the probe, and cut down 
 upon it. But as to the lowermost sinus, when it tends towards the shoulder, 
 so as to interfere with the action thereof, the knife is not to pass through it, 
 but a seton is to be inserted in its lowest or most depending part, so that tho 
 matter may escape through. 
 
 As directed in the previous case of poll-evil at page 119, the knife should be 
 fearlessly applied in severing any small bits of muscle that may appear to grow 
 across the cavity; a touch of the knife will be sufficient for any purpose, as 
 by keeping open the lips of the wound, all that belongs to this diseased part 
 will slough off, and should be wiped away as before directed, every time new 
 dressings are applied. Let the seton be soaked in the mixture of corrosive 
 sublimate and alcohol as directed at the page just referred to; and in the worst 
 cases apply either of the scalding mixtures in the manner mentioned at page 
 
 120, and repeat the same if the first does not accomplish all that is desired. 
 The operator in this case will not fail to use the proper precautions as re- 
 gards the application of those scalding hot remedies, nor neglect to remove tho 
 matter that is discharged from the wound, in the manner set forth at page 
 
 121. Most frequently the lips or edges of the sore are thickened, and assume 
 a very inflamed and ulcerous appearance; this should be reduced by the knife 
 or caustic, or it becomes so luxuriant at times as to close the orifice, and to 
 cause a renewal of the fistula, in which case you have all your trouble to go 
 over again. At Alfort, they have a very neat method of cleaning out fistuloas 
 
124 FRENCH METHOD OF CI.EANING SORES. 
 
 ulcers, by rolling up pledgets of linen cloth, the edges whereof have been 
 scraped out thin, so that when introduced dry to the bottom of each sinus or 
 pipe, and being twisted round, it brings forth the offensive matter and any 
 residue of blood which may have got into them during the operation. They 
 also employ gentian root to keep down the swelling or thickening of the lips 
 of the sore. The healing is not to be suffered to go on too fast, nor until all 
 the offensive matter has l)een expulsed, and a more healthy discharge, whilst 
 it manifests the change that has taken })Iacp, anil warrants youv closing the 
 sore. Blue stone spread on any plaster of digestive ointment will effect this; 
 or take 
 
 Ointment of nitrated quicksilver, 3 ounces, 
 Oil of turpenvine, half an ounce. 
 
 Mix, and apply as long as may be found proper to keep the orifice from closing, 
 to which it will be ever too much disposed. 
 
 Something was fornierly said about scraping the bone when the long con- 
 tinuance of the disorder, its virulence, or the bad state of the horse's general 
 nealth, hath been such as to affect its surface ; but this part of the operation 
 is rather showy than useful, as the rottenness so occasioned will conic away 
 as the discharge is kept up, there being a constant disposition throughout the 
 whole system to throw off all such offensive matters. 
 
 SADDLE GALLS; viz. WARBLES, SITFASTS. 
 
 The first of these partake of the nature of the disorder just above treated of, 
 viz. fistula, and are caused by the same means, bruise of the saddle ; but being 
 situated farther back, less sco|!e is allowed for the spreading of the original tu- 
 mour. Consequenll}^, the smallness of the affliction renders it much less for- 
 midable, though, if suffered to su[)purate, tho^y become most troublesome sores. 
 The means to he adopted for the cure of warbles are similar to those recom- 
 mended for other tumours, viz. at first try to prevent the accumulation of mat- 
 ter by repellants, such as the embrocation prescribed at pnge 116, the domestic 
 remedies in the next page, as verjuice, made hot and applied by means of 
 cloths soaked therein, and repeatedly changed. Or apply, in the same man 
 ner, the following 
 
 Cold Lotion. 
 
 ^A\^« ^;"^?^'-' Lf each 3 ounces. 
 Spirits ot wine, \ 
 
 Super-acetate ot lead, 2 ounces, 
 
 Water, 6 ounces. Mix. 
 
 Should not these succeed, change your treatment, adopt the direct contrary 
 mode, and bring the tumour forward to suppuration by means of poultices, 
 &c. as before recommended ; and finally, when ripe, open the tumour with a 
 lancet, promote the esca{)e of the oflimsive master, and then proceed to heahng 
 the sore, as in the former case of poll-evil and fistula in the withers. 
 
 Sitfast is an indurated tumour, one that has neither matter nor motion m it, 
 and may arise from either of two causes. The first is simply a gall or bruise, 
 which has produced no inffammation, and consequently no matter has been 
 engendered ; the second conies of an ill-cured warble, tliat has closed, leaving 
 u hard insensible swelling behind. Blistering is the favourite remedy with 
 most farriers, though fomentations and poultices will frequently achieve aa 
 
SITFASTS, HATID TUMOURS, QUITTOR. 135 
 
 much goovl in very little more time. When suppuration has taken place, 
 the cure i-s to be completed by dressincrs of detergent ointment, taking care 
 that the sore does not heal too fast. Should this be the case, put blue stone, 
 powdered, upon the piaisteronce or twice, or merely touch it with lunar caus- 
 tic as often. Sometimes the callosity does not come off of itself, though the 
 eilg!\s rise up; it is then to be taken away by force, separating it from the 
 living parts with the knife. The small portion of blood that comes away does 
 no harm, but the contrary. If, however, any one objects to the use of the 
 knife, or doubts his skill in this operation, mercurial ointment will effect the 
 same end, as ibllows : 
 
 Ointment for S'dfast. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, 10 ounces, 
 Blue ointment, 8 ounces, 
 Gum ammoniacum, 4 ounces; 
 Mix and apply to these and all hard tumours. 
 
 aUITTOR 
 
 Is a disease of the foot, at the coronet, but is so decidedly fistulous, that I 
 choose to treat of it in this place, rather than in the chapter devoted to the foot 
 in general, that the student may more readily remember the general observa- 
 tions I thought necessary to prefix to this whole class of diseases, at page 110; 
 &c. 
 
 Cause. — A tread which the horse inflicts on itself, for the most part, seeing 
 that it generally occurs on the inside of the foot. This tread or bruise may 
 either be infiicted upon the coronet, or lower down, by over-reaching, or even 
 at the sole; by taking u[) a stone or other hard substance; also by a prick or 
 blow in shoeing. A quittor is also sometimes occasioned by gravel working up 
 into an a[)erture left by an old nail, acting upon the sensible laminated sub- 
 stance, separating it from the insensible, leaving a cavity from the aperture 
 quite up to the coronet, where it lodges, inflames, and produces abscess, which 
 is frequently very difficult and troublesome to cure ; if not early attended to, 
 sinuses form, sometimes reaching to the coffin bone. The blood vessels at 
 the coronet cease to perform their proper function of secreting new horn and 
 the consequence is frequently the loss of the inner quarter of the hoof. 
 
 Cure. — The sore is always very small, but admits of a probe being intro- 
 duced, by which the extent of the evil may be ascertained, and this is gene- 
 rally very extensive and ruinous, according to the time it may have l)cen al- 
 lowed to make head. The probe will pass readily forward and backward to 
 the wliole course of the disease, and sometimes it will be found to have pene- 
 trated to the coffin bone, every where forming sinuses or pipes, as in fistula of 
 the withers before described. But in this case situation makes considerable 
 diiference : unlike the former, poultices are rendered inapplicable, whilst the 
 employment of the knife or lancet is dangerous in the extreme. Besides 
 v^'hich, the diseased part is already open, and seems to invite the only species 
 of remedy yet known, in the shape of cscharotics, that by irritating the case 
 or cfEstus, which forms the sinuses, shall cause it to slough off. In slight 
 cases, those which are found not to have penetrated deep, the simple applica- 
 tion of a wash will j)rove sufficient, and may be em])loyed in this manner. 
 Dissolve blue vitriol in water, and charge a syringe therewith; this is to be 
 discharged into the orifice, and suffered to remain, as much as can be retained. 
 A poultice of bread or oatmeal is to cover the part, and the cure will be com- 
 pleted after two or three days. But unfortunately tor the owner and the ani« 
 
12G THE VR^ES ; CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS. 
 
 mal. the disease is seldom taken in hand thus earl}', bnt is suffered to proceed 
 until much stronger means become necessary. For this pur|)ose take a lonjj 
 narrow slip oftUin paper, and moisten it with muriate of antimony; over this 
 strew powtlcred corrosive sublimate, and roll up the paper, so that it may not 
 be too big for the pipe which it is intended for. Generally it ha[)pens that the 
 opening requires to be enlarged before this pledget so charged with the escha- 
 rotic can be fairly introduced. Take especial care that the pledget reach the 
 bottom of the pipe, cut it olf close, and pass a similar one into as many sinuses 
 as may have been ascertained forms the disease. As considerable irritation of 
 the part will quickly ensue, a poultice sufhcient to cover the foot should be pre- 
 viously got ready, and apjihed immediately. 
 
 In three or four days, the bandage being removed, the diseased parts will 
 slough off, a considerable opening presents itself, leaving a healthy looking 
 sore. Let this be sponged off with warm vs'ater, and when dry apply tincture 
 of Benjamin, which will eflVct a cure. A solution of white vitriol is used 
 with advantage, especially when a disposition to secrete unhealthy matter is 
 at any time perceptible. Physic the patient after the operation, according to 
 tlie actual state of his bowels, the motion whereof will alleviate the pain ne- 
 cessarily attending the escharotic quality of the pledgets applied to the foot. 
 If the horse's bowels be found in the ordinary state, give two balls on succes- 
 sive days, thus : 
 
 First Alterative Sad. 
 
 TT f' J of each 2 to 3 drachms, 
 
 Hard soap, ) ' 
 
 Oil of cloves, 6 drops, " 
 
 Calomel, 1 drachm ; 
 
 Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the ball for the dose. 
 
 Second Alterative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, 4 to 5 drachms. 
 Soap, 6 drachms, 
 Oil of anise-seed, 10 drops; 
 Mix, and give one dose the day following the first ball. 
 
 VIVES.* 
 
 This is the term given to swellings of the glands just under the ear, to- 
 wards the angle of the jaw, that mostly attack young animals. The tumour 
 is easily rejtressed or driven back into the system, and by more simple means 
 than those employed in more inveterate complaints of a similar nature, show 
 irig themselves in other parts of the body. In some respects this disordei 
 bears near aflinity to the strangles. 
 
 The cause of Vives maybe distinctly pronounced " a cold," that prolific 
 source of so many other disorders incident to man and horse. The vives 
 usually comes on after hard work and sweating, by being then exposed to a 
 current of air, or cold rain. 
 
 The season of shedding the teeth, when the contiguous parts are unusually 
 lender, is that in which swellings similar to vives pervade animals of any s[)c- 
 cies. Nevertheless it sometimes attacks horses at an advanced age, notwith- 
 Rtanding they may have previously got over the most healthful form of stran- 
 
 * From the French "avives," and the verb aviver, to be brisk and Uvely, as if it were con- 
 ferred Iroaically upun the animal in its dullest state. 
 
CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS. VIVES— A GLANDULOUS DISORDER. 127 
 
 gles, when we might reasonably suppose nature had ridded itself of a disposi- 
 ti:)n to secrete any more such pestilent matter. Want of the usual head- 
 clothing is then the immediate cause of vives. The violence deemed neces- 
 sary in breaking colts also causes the vives, when the pressure on the parotid 
 glands, at reining up the animal, irritates the parts. 
 
 Sy7nptoms. — Swellings under both ears, generally, that occasion manifest 
 pain when touched : the animal coughs more than one which has the stran- 
 gles, and a difficulty of swallowing soon becomes evident. Stiffness or aridity 
 of the neck follows, and the patient makes frequent efforts to swallow the 
 saliva, which it is the proper function of these glands to secrete, but which 
 they are soon disabled from performing, by reason of the cold checking or 
 chilling those functions. Of glands generally, their construction and uses, the 
 reader will find many instructive particulars in the first book, at page 29; 
 these of which we now speak being called "the parotid glands," from their 
 situation ; and as they now refuse to perform the office of secretion, the watery 
 humours flow from out the animal's eyes, which it partly closes, as if he were 
 about to sleep. For want of the same supply of saliva, inflammation of the 
 mouth and gums takes place, producing what is vulgarly called " the lampers," 
 or swelling of the roof of the mouth near the front teeth, which 1 shall speak 
 of separately a little further down. Sometimes the swelling of these glands, 
 if not assiduously subdued, continues a fortnight or longer, becoming more 
 troublesome everyday, and evidently occasioning very much pain; all this 
 while the horse loses condition, is feverish, and at length so weak as to totter 
 when he moves even in his stall. Spreading downwards under the throat, 
 they at length terminate in strangles, and are then to be treated as such. 
 
 The cure of the vives that arises from simple cold is very easy, but not so 
 that which is connected with a general bad habit of body; for then the swell- 
 ing and subsequent suppuration of the abscess must be considered as an effort 
 of nature to relieve itself from something that is offensive to it, and must be 
 treated as a disease of the whole system, nature having adopted this or that 
 particular spot for demonstrating its offence. But 1 have already explained 
 my opinion on this interesting point of veterinary pathology, much at large, 
 when treating of other tumours and abscesses. Vide page 110, &c. Often- 
 times it happens that the vives depend upon glanders or farcy, of which they 
 are then a correspondent symptom, and will only subside when the virulence 
 of these are reduced. However, no harm can come of fomenting the part 
 with warm water at least ; and after it has been well dried, clothe the head so 
 as to keep off the air, upon the principle of "remove the cause, and the eflect 
 ceases of course." The application of the bandage described at page 114, 
 wiU sufficiently clothe the part. 
 
 Much of the pain and tension of the tumour will be alleviated even by this 
 treatment, and a slight attack will be removed by following it up with fomen- 
 tations of marshmallows; or, anoint the parts with ointment of n'.arshmallows, 
 and cover the head as before. A bread poultice affords relief, and bleeding 
 in stubborn cases of simple vives is often necessary, with purgatives. In- 
 deed, the body should be opened, whether we bleed or no : always leave open 
 the main road for such humours to escape by. This alone will carry ofl' a 
 recent attack, provided the head clothing be kept on at the same lime, nature 
 performing the remainder by absorption. To assist nature however, employ 
 the following 
 
 Lotion. 
 
 Sal ammoniac, half an ounce. 
 White vinegar, 6 ounces, 
 Goulard's extract 1 ounce ; 
 Mix and rub the part well twice a day. 
 
128 LAMPAS, A DISORDER OI' YOUTH. 
 
 Low diet, a plentiful supply of water gruel, and bran mashes, to which an 
 ounce of nitre may be added daily, will reduce that thickened state of tlia 
 blood which ever attends this species of tumour. But, as in the ])receding 
 cases of tumour (poll-evil and fistula), it is sometimes found impossible to re- 
 move the vives by those means or any other ; matter is formed, the tension 
 and inflammation continue upon the increase, and plainly indicate that sup- 
 pura-iion must ensue, and all our labour is rendered vain, if it ought never to 
 have been so employed. In this event, apply a meal poultice, restore the ani- 
 mal to his ordinary diet, and promote suppuration, which elf'ects the cure in 
 the same manner as all other abscess mentioned before. See i>:ige 114, &c. 
 
 False vives, or imperfect ones, that are hard and insensible, sometimes 
 cause a good deal of needless trouble. They ne.vther come forward nor re- 
 cede, do not seem to cause any particular pain, but still continue an eye-sore; 
 and give reason to apprehend disagreeable consequences, and always prevent 
 an advantageous sale of the animal. Stimulating embrocations are well cal- 
 culated for reducing these hard tumours, and the blistering liniment, made of 
 cantharides and oil, never fails. 
 
 LAMPERS, OR LAMPAS. 
 
 Cause. — As just said, lampas is occasioned by inflammation in the mouth. 
 This is brought on by inability in the parotid glands to secrete the saliva ne- 
 cessary for lubricating the throat and gums. These glands, though liable to 
 the disorder we term vives, yet the derangement of their secretory function 
 does not always show itself by the vives : it may continue to flow, though not 
 in sufficient quantity to meet the increased heat of the animal. Idle or ill- 
 worked young horses are most liable to lampas. 
 
 Sym-pLoms. — A swelling of the bars of the mouth follows the rising vigour 
 and heat of the animal; they then project below the surface of the teeth, and 
 interfere between them while feeding. The pain is necessarily very great on 
 feeding, and the animal ceases to chew of a sudden ; it afterwards commences 
 anew, with greater caution ; but as the disorder becomes worse, it rei'uscs 
 food entirely, and starvation would be the consequence if something did not 
 intervene which is always sure to happen. 
 
 The cure would be efi'ected of itself, if the horse lived in a state of nature, 
 or more probably in that state he never would have contracted the disease. 
 Over-gorging and consequent fulness of habit having occasioned the blood to 
 flow luxuriantly towards the region of the head and throat, so that the disor- 
 der is thereby produced, the reduction of that full habit follows this compul- 
 sory abstemiousness which the afflicted animal practises much against his will, 
 and might teach man himself a monitory lesson he is usually slow in attend- 
 ing to, until too late. Reducing the system is the neatest method of removing 
 lampas, and purgatives should be employed ; bran mashes, in which an ounce 
 of nitre daily has been introduced, may also be given until the pulse becomes 
 more natural. If the lampas be not lessened, by these means, the projecting 
 part is to be cut with a lancet, but some people commence opera-tions with the 
 searing iron, as the readiest way, and give physic afterwards. This applica- 
 aon never fails. 
 
fORULENT TUMOURS: DISEASES OF THE GIAN1>S. ^^g 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 EXTERNAL DISORDERS. 
 
 Purulent Tumours : Diseases of the Glands. 
 
 Strangles, Gr.jiNDERS, Farcy, Greask, as they owe their origin to the 
 same predisposing cause so evidently, that the appearance of either is good 
 assurance that no other disorder is then to be apprehended — neither of the 
 above nor those treated of in the preceding chapter, a few preliminary obser- 
 vations should occupy attention, before we treat of any one in detail. Both 
 series of diseases are in like manner constitutional, or residing in the blood ; 
 and the whole class agree together so nearly in cause, symptoms, and effect, 
 that the situation of each on the various parts of the body constitutes the maiu 
 distinction between them; as this does also affect the appearance and consis- 
 tency of the matter produced. 
 
 What I most strenuously maintain is, that the latent cause of all tumours, 
 inflamed glands, and spontaneous discharge of matter by skin or membrane, 
 is entirely attributable to the actual state of blood of the individual animal. 
 Whence 1 infer, that some horses are more liable to incur contagious diseases 
 than others, and this in a degree proportioned to the state of the blood at the 
 time of communication ; so that some might escape with impunity, whilst others 
 meet with certain death from the self-same cause. This accounts for the great- 
 er virulence with which some horses incur glanders, for example, compared 
 to what others suffer, which catch the disorder at the same moment of time ; 
 as was proved on a largish sort of a scale, and that pretty well known among 
 practitioners, during the late war on the continent. The case was briefly 
 this: — A transport with cavalry horses on board, on its way to the Low Coun- 
 tries, met with bad weather, so that the hatches were battened down, and in 
 this manner were part of the horses suflbcated. Of those which survived, 
 amounting to some twenty-two or more, scarcely one escaped the glanders; 
 but, notwithstanding we may conclude that they infected and reinfected each 
 other at the same moment, and under precisely the same circumstances as to 
 heat, respiration, and privations, yet the symptoms varied greatly, and some 
 few recovered so readdy as to leave great doubt whether they really had re- 
 ceived the glanders or not, whilst others exhibited real glanders in the highest 
 degree of virulence. Between these extremes, we are informed, the re- 
 mainder were variously affected : all which circumstances prove incontestibly 
 how much depended upon the previous health of each individual, the vitiation 
 of its blood aud its co-filness or adaption to receive the infection. 1 imagine 
 this to be conclusive of the doctrine 1 have all along laid down. But 1 wili 
 adduce another authority — a veterinary writer of France, who carries the 
 principle even farther than I have adventured to push it. 
 
 With that specious ingenuity which attends all affairs of research in that 
 country, an author named Dupuy, who also quotes the rapport of another 
 called Gilbert, deduces the disposition to contract such disonlers from the pro 
 genitors of the afflicted, or, as I should have said, from the blood or breed, and 
 he recommends a corrective kind of regimen for brood mares and stallions ; 
 that is to say, in other words, an airy situation for the breeding stud, with 
 13 
 
j[30 GLANDERS : HOW ACQUIRED. STRANGLES, CAUSE OP. 
 
 pastures rather elevated, where they will have sufficient norriture during the 
 period of gestation, and can find occasional shelter from the weather. "By 
 these means (says M. Dupuy) the disorder may be prevented in great mea- 
 sure." The disorder he here speaks of he calls "scrophulous tubercle;" to 
 which "all cattle whatever, bred in marshy situations with scanty allowance 
 to the parents, are very liable." This disorder of the blood or breed, accord- 
 inc to M. Dupuv, "predisposes the horse to contract those diseases that are 
 known to us under the terms strangles, bastard strangles, fare}', and defluxions 
 from the eyes;" which latter, it will be seen, at page 127, is a corresponding 
 symptom and never failing attendant u[)on the vives, as it is of all other glan- 
 dular swellings about the jaws. The Frenchman thus converts a single 
 symptom into a disorder! 
 
 In England, moreover, we do not talk or write of scrophula in horses, or a 
 disposition thereto, this being a sym[)tom of a vitiated system in carnivorous 
 animals. For, the mange in dogs, scurvical or scrophulous eruptions in man- 
 kind, and the farcy or grease in the horse, although appearing very similar to 
 the eye of a common observer, and all originating in a depraved state of the 
 system ; yet the immediate cause of each of these differs greatly, by reason of 
 the manifest diflerence in the structure of the cajiillary vessels or tubes that 
 deposit the offensive matter of cither kind, demand a very different treatment 
 at our tiands, and we reject the anomaly of M. Dupuy as inapplicable to 
 korse-medicine. But when this gentleman represents the general predispos- 
 ing cause as a "tuberculous or fistulous affection, that is capable of being al- 
 leviated, prevented, and in some cases cured," he brings his arguments quite 
 within the range of our conceptions; and 1, for my part, take all that he sub- 
 sequently adduces, as being in perfect consonance with my own doctrine re- 
 s[>ectinw the predisposing cause of diseases. As to ancestry, and breeding 
 from a good stock, in favourable situations, of which this writer appears to 
 entertain correct notions, 1 had already anticipated him, as the reader may 
 perceive at pnges 18, 19, which is a part of my book that appeared in the 
 Annals of Sporting for 1822. 
 
 THE STRANGLES. 
 
 The Strangles, as the name imports, is first indicated by a coughing, and 
 difficulty of swallowing, as if the animal would die of strangulation. It is a 
 disorder of youth (like our hooping cough), is inherent to the nature of the 
 animal (as is our small pox) once only, and its virulence may l)e abated by 
 inoculation, whereby we clioose a favourable period for meeting the inevitable 
 attack, after duly preparing the patient. 
 
 Cause. — Hepktion of the system of life, and the deposite of blood in the 
 glands under the jaw ; which failing to be taken up and reconveyed back 
 au'ain into the system (called absorption — see book the first, ji. 21), the glands 
 become infiameil, swell, and burst, the discharge of the offensive matter being 
 the cure. 1 have always considered it a critical disease, and treated it as such, 
 encouraging the formation of matter, and assisting nature in throwing off a 
 something that is e\idtntly obnoxious to the constitution. Indeed, I have 
 never henrd of any other })ractice; t!ie impertinent attempts at repression, so 
 frequently adopted at the request of proprietors in other cases of tumour, 
 never having extended itself to this. Strangles, strictly speaking, are inci- 
 dent to the young animal only — that is, from two years old, until five or near 
 six ; when the circiilution (as the blood is called) has attained its fulness, and, 
 perha[)s, slight cold has first detained any portion thereof in the glands, where- 
 by the inllaiumation is engendered that constitutes the disease. When these 
 glands swell and discharge at a more mature age, the strangles rnust then be 
 
OPERAIION FOR SUFFOCATION. 1^1 
 
 Cor.s> lered as the effect of constitutional depravation, and would as properly 
 come under the general description of ciitical abscess, treated of at a former 
 page, 113. 
 
 Symptoms. — A swelling commences between the upper part of the two 
 jaw-bones, or a little lower down towards the chin, and directly underneath 
 the tongue. A cough, and the discharge of a white thick matter from the 
 nostrils, follow ; with great heat, pain, and tension of the tumours, and of all 
 the adjacent membranes, to such a degree that the animal can scarcely swal- 
 low. The eyes send forth a watery humour, and the animal nearly closes the 
 hd ; this is mostly the case when it happens that the two larger glands under 
 the ear are affected also, which frequently happens; but when these latter are 
 disordered without the animal having the strangles, we then say he has the 
 vives. The swelling increases and usually bursts of itself, sometimes with- 
 out any medical aid whatever, and even without being perceived by any one. 
 This last happens to colts and fillies at grass, when their wants are little at- 
 tended to, and they seldom fail of doing well. Consequently, it follows, that 
 those attacks which take place in the open air are of a milder nature than 
 those more obstinate cases we so frequently meet with among in-door cattle, 
 which serves to prove, once more, my doctrine as to the cause of all tumours 
 or "tuberculous affections," as M. Dupuy has it. The horses that are kept 
 in -doors accumulate gross humours, by this mode of living on dry food and 
 lying on soft beds, the exercise they take not being sufficient to carry off the 
 effects of either. Enervation generally accompanies this mode of treatment ; 
 the glands and membrane suffer relaxation, the pampered animal is not ex- 
 posed to the air sufficiently to occasion that check, or slight cold, which is ge- 
 nerally the immediate cause of strangles, and the accumulation of these hu- 
 mours proceeds, until they overcome the capacity of these organs, and the 
 strangles then become a formidable disease. 
 
 When this is the case, the feverish symptoms run high, loss of appetite fol- 
 lows with constipation of the bowels, the horse can ncitlier drink nor eat, and 
 the pulse increases. The tumours in these bad cases will be found to have 
 risen nearer the jaw-bone than they do in a mild attack, and are longer in 
 coming to maturity than those which begin more towards the middle. The 
 disorder is seldom fatal ; but when this docs happen, the animal dies of suffo- 
 cation, in which case it stands with the nose thrust out, the nostrils distended , 
 the breathing is then exceedingly laborious and difficult, and accompanied by 
 rattling in the throat. 
 
 Cure. — For this last mentioned extreme case, no other remedy is found than 
 making an opening in the windpipe, through which the animal may breathe. 
 For this spirited operation, 1 must refer to Mr. Field, the veterinary surgeon, 
 who has performed it frequently, and says his practice was to cut an aperture 
 the size of a guinea, which nature afterwards supplies in due time. With this 
 exception, perhaps, I might be justified in saying that we have little or no bu- 
 siness to meddle with the strangles ; unless, indeed, unfavourable symptoms 
 arise, and the previous habits of the horse, his present fleshy or gross habit of 
 body, with the unfavourable situation of the tumours near the bone, give good 
 reason for believing that the disease will turn out a tedious or dangerous case. 
 And yet I should be very loth to recommend purging or bleeding for stran- 
 gles, as I have seen done with no good effect; for, although the symptoms are 
 thereby lowered, yet the continuance of the disorder is protracted to an un- 
 measurable length, and I have heard of the strangles devolving into glanders 
 by this course of proceeding — the subject of this case being a five year old 
 mare. 
 
 On the contrary, the disorder being constitutional, that is to say, an effort 
 of nature to relieve itself of some noxious matters, the strength of the animal 
 
132 OPENING THE TUMOUR, WHEN PROPER. 
 
 Bystem should be sustained in some degree proportioned to what it may ob- 
 viously require. Therefore, horses that may be in good condition at the time 
 of the attack, and withal highly feverish and full of corn, will only require 
 opening medicine, whilst a brisk purgative might do harm by lessening the 
 access of matter to the tumour, and the system would still retain a portion of 
 the offensive cause of disease, which would break forth at a future period ia 
 some one or other of the correspondent diseases dependent on tubercular af- 
 fections. In this case give the following 
 
 Laxative Ball. 
 
 C^stflesoap, | of each 3 drachms, 
 Ginger, 1 scruple. Mix for one dose. 
 
 If difficulty of swallowing is already perceivable, a drench would be found the 
 more desirable form of arriving at the same end. Then give the 
 
 Laxative Drench. 
 
 Captor oil, 6 ounces, 
 Water gruel, 1 quart, 
 Salts, 6 ounces. Mix. 
 
 Meantime, at the first appearance of the disorder, let the hair be clipped ofT 
 close at the part affected, and a little way round, to allow of greater effect from 
 any application that may be deemed necessary. The head being clothed, will 
 restore as much warmth as hath hereby been abridged. Mild cases will re- 
 quire no more than this, probably, and the assistance of a poultice and fomen- 
 tation of marsh-mallows daily to the throat, to bring the swelling to a proper 
 state for opening. This will be shown by its pointing, or becoming soft and 
 peaked in the middle. But a premature employment of the lancet is to be 
 avoided, for the reason before assigned, viz. to give time for the whole matter 
 to collect; when this period arrives, the whole swelling will be soft and yield- 
 ing to pressure, unless the animal be a very thick-skinned one, with a great 
 chuckle-head. In these cases, the part should be rubbed with a stimulating 
 liniment, and if the tumour is working its way inwards so as to threaten suf- 
 focation, blistering ointment may be applied. After each and either of these 
 applications, the poultice is to be again put on with care: and as much of 
 its efficacy depends upon its remaining in contact with the throat, the adjust- 
 ing of it properly requires great pains and some adroitness for the thing. 
 
 Much difficulty being experienced in making serviceable bandages, i have 
 annexed a descriptive sketch of such a one as would be proper to keep on the 
 applications. It needs no further explanation than is given in cases of sore 
 hroat at page 78, and of abscess, at page 1 14. 
 
 Stimulating Liniment, 
 
 Mustard, powdered, 1 ounce, 
 Liquid Ammonia, 3 drachms, 
 
 Mix and apply assiaously to the part. 
 
BANDAGE FOR STRANGLES, STRANGLES OF THE GULLET 133 
 
 The suppuration maybe further promoted by steaming the head over warm 
 water, or fumigatincr it as follows: give him bran mashes frequently, placing 
 the vessel that contains this, well secured, in another vessel larger than the 
 first, into which much hotter water can be introduced, so that the vapour may 
 rise up all round the mash, and constantly envelop the head. When tho 
 tumour is ascertained to be ri})e, and not before, an opening is made at its most 
 depending part, and the matter expressed gently; wash it off clean with warm 
 water, and if the sore appear healthy, it will heal spontaneously, or witn the 
 application of adhesive plaster. 
 
 Inoculation for the strangles has been recommended above and was par- 
 tially practised. About 1802, M. La Fosse, the younger, mentioned the af- 
 fair "in his Manuel d' Hippiatrique, which book I translated into English the 
 following year, and we hear that two or three country practitioners in En- 
 gland afterwards adopted the suggestion. The method was merely to scratch 
 the inside of the nostril, and then smearing the sore with matter from the ab- 
 scess of a diseased horse — it never failed. In careful hands the practice was 
 feasible enough ; but great danger would accompany this imitation of variolous 
 inoculation, inasmuch as the matter might likewise convey a disposition to 
 farcy or glanders. 
 
 Strangles of the gult.et. Sometimes we find those symptoms of 
 strangles reduced to one only, viz, an obstinate running at the nose, which 
 usually lasts a long while, aiid occasionally ends fatally, by the animal wast- 
 ing away in pulmonary consumption, as I am informed from good authority, 
 but never witnessed such a termination of this species of strangles, which La 
 Fosse calls "strangles of the gullet." Many people mistake this disorder for 
 glanders, but it may be distinguished from that conlagion by a rattling in the 
 gullet, whence its French name ; also by the quality of the running, which 
 13* 
 
134 GLANDERS. SYMPTOMS OF THE TRUE GLANDERa 
 
 is neither so white nor of so much consistency as the true sort; but watej » 
 and curdled. The animal scarcely ever is troubled with a cough, and then \ 
 is very feeble , but to make up for this exhibits frequent contractions of th 
 larynx. 
 
 After the tumour is opened, give gentle physic, for which purpose the laxa 
 live ball recommended in page 132 will answer every desirable purpose; a 
 you may add thereto one drachm of emetic tartar, and give another ball aftei 
 an interval of one day, unless the pulse is low. 
 
 Bastard Stkangles is a favourite term with some persons, who would 
 soften down the real fact of their horses having the glanders, which it really 
 is, and not strangles. But bastard or not bastard, it is always infectious, and 
 the animal either dies of strangulation, or the disorder becomes the glanderSj 
 producing a sanious discharge from the nose when the cough ceases. Apply a 
 
 Fumigailon. 
 
 Take the leaves and root of marsh-mallows, an arm-full. 
 Water, G quarts. 
 
 Boil them, and yit the whole into a nose bag, and hang it round t!»e head of 
 the animal to make him inhale the steam. I'he bag may be made of stout 
 cloth, hut hung with the upjier part quite open, to avoid sutfocauon. Leave 
 the bag at the animal's nose until no more steam will arise. I'his will be 
 found a very proper remedy in all cases of strangles, the iirst stage of glau- 
 dersj and obstinate colds. 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 For about twenty years I apprehended that we had arrived within a short 
 space of finding the true cause of glanders, and that we should then soon as- 
 certaui the means of preventing our horses from engendering the malady, if 
 we could not avoid their catching it. nor discover a specific remedy. But, lo! 
 we were not yet agreed even as to the symptoms of true glanders; as to that 
 which was communicable and dangerous, compared with another aiiection of 
 the glands and pituitary membrane, which was but a temporary disease, not 
 easily comnmnicated, and was asserted to come within the reach of the cura- 
 tive art. Most small proprietors, unwilling to destroy their afflicted horses, 
 maintained that they belonged to the latter description, and in this ihey were 
 frequently supported by the cupidiiy of practising farriers, who administered 
 medicines and performed operations with a confidence which never could be- 
 long to any department of science — and least of all to that of medicine,* which 
 is, alas! ever uncertain. 
 
 During this state of the question, we turned to the French veterinarians, 
 who up to a certain period enjoyed the reputation of being superior to all Eu- 
 rope besides in this and a few other pursuits [war and ciiemistry, videlicet], 
 
 * Much inhumanity was shown by the country practitioners in their mode of treatment* 
 they scraped the bone .-ifter sHiting the nostril ; and also seared tlie swelled gland with a hot 
 iron. A late writer applauds the piactice of searing ulcers and abscesses, generally, "where' 
 by (adds he triumphantly) iliey are reduced to common scalds:" he was then s[)eaking of the 
 doctors in Morocco! meie Turks. The gentleman, probably, did not distinguish between ab- 
 scess and indolent tumour. 
 
 It is reiuted by La t'osse, that in 1801, several regiments in Alsace and Loraine employed the 
 actual cautery as a cure for glanclered horses, fiome "applied fire to the jugular gland in three 
 lines; oJiers cauterized the bones of the forehead and nose; but the most ridiculous atlair of 
 all waSj V.I see loriy horses together which had fire applied round their eyelids to cure lire rim- 
 Oiiig,'" uut is common to all glandular- atl'ecuuns about the head' 
 
GLANDERS: OF THREE SORTS, TWO CONTAGIOUS. 135 
 
 and found one of their most respected names had arranged the boundaries and 
 distinguishing qualities of the two into three divisions. Nor was this all. M, 
 La Fosse, the younger, who enjoyed the post of " principal farrier to the French 
 army," and was withal a member of the Institute, insisted with much energy 
 that "glanders of the first species, the real glanders, glanders properly so call- 
 ed, absolutely consists of nothing more than the loss of the sense of smelling," 
 and is "a curable disorder, if treated early, but incurable when confirmed." 
 His treatment was very simple, and worthy of calm consideration, as are also 
 the means he proposes for ascertaining by ihe symptoms when it is a horse is 
 afflicted with communicable glanders, and ought to be destroyed. It is in this 
 latter respect that 1 reprint here the substance of La Fosse's researches on this 
 highly interesting subject ; for, since none of us can offer a remedy that ought 
 to be relied upon — unless the animal be submitted to our measures earlier than 
 is usual* — 1 think a useful particle may be added to the new study of medical 
 jurisprudence, by showing the line of demarcation that divides health and 
 contagion — the point at which destruction ought to commence, by authority, 
 or, in common humanity, to prevent the thoughtless from immolating the pro- 
 perty of others, who are usually little proprietors. 
 
 I am the more determined in this course of proceeding, because all my in- 
 quiries on the subject are already in print, and these coincide so nearly with 
 the speculations and reasonings of two or three respectable writers now before 
 the public, that 1 could add but a small portion of novelty to what has been so 
 elaborately discussed by others. On all those points on which I differ from 
 them, 1 shall offer a few practical observations, in the hope of being servicea- 
 ble, whilst 1 shall sedulously avoid the "debateableland," which some contend 
 for a little unamiably. 
 
 " So great has been the destruction of horses which have either really been, 
 or reputed to be glandered, through the prejudice of ignorant persons, that it 
 has been said, whoever can j)oint out the distinction between tbe communica- 
 ble disease and those which bear some affinity to it, will confer a benefit on 
 society, and serve the cause of humanity. Much labour had been bestowed 
 on this subject by the elder La Fosse, who threw a great deal of light on a 
 disease, which, of all others that attack the horse, is least known, and there- 
 fore most misrepresented." 
 
 What M. La Fosse proposes to show is, L " That it is easy to confound 
 this disorder with others that resemble it, in some particulars. 2. That among 
 the different sorts of glanders (so reputed), some are infectious, whilst there 
 are others that are not so ; and 3. That some of these are curable, and others 
 incurable. 
 
 " There are few veterinary practitioners who do not know that strangles, 
 bastard strangles, pursiveness, or asthma, and other pulmonary complaints, 
 exhibit the same external appearance as the glanders, properly so called ; con- 
 sequently it is easy to be deceived on the subject, and the farrier will fail in 
 his euileavours at a cure if he has not previously ascertained the distinguishing 
 symptoms of the disorder. What then ought he to do in order not to be led 
 into error, and to ascertain with precision that species of the disorder with 
 which the animal is affected 7 
 
 "After much experience on the subject of the diseases of horses, we are 
 convinced that it is necessary to distinguish three sorts of glanders, viz. The 
 first sort, which is the glanders, the real glanders, the glanders properly so 
 called ; the second is nothing more than some disorder circulating in the mass 
 of blood ; and the tliird may be denominated the farcy glanders. Glanders 
 
 * From the number of experimenls which have lately been made at the Vctermary College 
 ;n London, and the beneficial results ai'ising therefrom, we may at length hope tliat tlijs di'catl- 
 iul malady is brought within the sphere of curable diseases. 
 
136 ENLARGED GLANDF;, A CURABLE DISORDER. 
 
 of the first kind is not infectious, except it be complicated with other disorders j 
 but this is seldom the case, though we may daily witness horses thus attack- 
 ed abandoned as incurable, or with little more humanity put to death. On 
 the contrary, glanders of the second species is communicable, because the 
 horse, besides running at the nose, and becoming glanderous, has likewise ul- 
 cers, and these ulcers appear to be the only proximate cause of contagion. 
 
 " The third species of glanders is in like manner contagious, because it not 
 only occasions a running of the nose, but the tumefied glands and the carti- 
 lage of the nose are ulcerated, and likewise certain parts of the body are cover- 
 ed with lumps and ulcers, which latter characterise the farcy glanders, the 
 most dangerous disorder of the three, but not the most common. These two 
 latter species of glanders are infectious, because the disease resides principally 
 in the blood ; but the glanders of the first species, the real glanders, the glan- 
 ders properly so called, is not in anywise contagious, although it most fre- 
 quently occurs. 
 
 " The second and third species are incurable, but the last only is mortal. 
 But as to glanders of the first sort, it is neither incurable nor mortal. In the 
 first place, we repeat, this disease is not mortal in any case, and a horse at- 
 tacked by it is in the same situati(m as a man who has lost the sense of smell- 
 ing ; it is the loss of a sense, and the loss of a sense prevents neither the man 
 nor the horse from fulfilling all the animal functions; for, as we daily observe 
 men affected with ulcerated noses preserve an otherwise sound constitution, 
 and even look jolly, so we may observe a glandered horse preserve his strength 
 and health. 
 
 "Secondly; it is incurable only when inveterately confirmed; but when 
 taken in an early stage, its progress may be stopped with very little trouble. 
 
 "Thus we find that glanders of the first species, the real glanders, glanders 
 properly so called, absolutely consists of nothing more than the loss of the sense 
 of smelling. Its cure may be readily effected by frequent bleedings and fumi- 
 gations. Hence may be estimated the little necessity there is for killing 
 horses attacked by this disorder ; and what important services may be render- 
 ed to society or to a regiment, for instance, by an intelligent farrier making a 
 proper distinction between this species of glanders and all other affections and 
 diseases resembling it." 
 
 So far M. La Fosse: his table, prefixed to the translation, "Veterinari- 
 an's Pocket Manual," is sold separately by the booksellers, and may be con- 
 sulted with profit by those who would push further their inquiries respecting 
 "true glanders." 
 
 Cause. — The glanders is a contagious disease only when it has lasted for 
 some time. Original glanders may be acquired by horses being shut up close 
 together, in hot, damp stables, in swampy situations — as in the case of the 
 twenty-two cavalry horses adduced higher up (page 129), which were con- 
 fined damp, under hatches, but were variously aflfected, according to the pre- 
 disposing cause in the constitution of each individual. Those animals were 
 improperly condemned, because the disorder had not continued long enough 
 to render it contagious, and they might have recovered if treated as for a 
 simple cold. 
 
 A sudden transition from cold air to a hot stable, as well as from heat to 
 cold, will occasion a running at the nose ; or a blow there, as well as a drench 
 clumsily administered : either of those causes being foreknown, should render 
 us chary of pronouncing the running contagious, and thus subject the proper- 
 ty to destruction, as proposed. Almost any running, from whatever cause pro- 
 ceeding, or however healthy the previous state of the animal's system, causes 
 the glands to enlarge and inflame : after a while, remaining uncured, they 
 usually adhere to the bone, when alone we should pronounce the glanders con 
 
SYMPTOMS. TESTS OF TRUE GLANDERS. 137 
 
 firmed and incurable. This is " the second species " of La Fosse, which may 
 be communicated by contact, or by respiring the same air, in the stable; 
 though it does not appear until eight or ten days after the infection, in the en- 
 largement of the gland, accompanied by running. The third species is caused 
 by farcy being in the system, or by inoculation, in which way the glanders is 
 often communicated by experimentalists : the running at the nose and swell- 
 ing of the glands are then symptomatic of farcy, and must be treated as such. 
 What inference is to be drawn from all those premises, but that we should 
 endeavour to ascertain the length of time the patient has been afflicted ; whether 
 he has received any external injury to cause it, or, has he been brought in 
 contact with infected horses, and when? and out of the answers hereto we 
 form the resolution of condemning the animal to solitary keeping, at the least; 
 and setting about the remedies that are likely to restore him to health. Crowd- 
 ed towns, posting stables and barracks, are most subject to contain glandered 
 horses, on account of their closeness, and the frequent succession of inmates 
 to which they are liable; for some horses will bear it for a good number of 
 years, the discharge almost subsiding (though the swelling of the glands re- 
 mains) upon changing to country quarters, or to a succession of regular living 
 and regular work. 
 
 Symptoms. — No cough accompanies real glanders in any of its stages; and 
 this though a negative piece of information, shall be taken as a good and posi- 
 tive criterion that must not be neglected : a running may make its appear- 
 ance, as it does at the left nostril usually, in the glanders, and the glands under 
 the jaw may adhere to the bone, as they do in real glanders, but no cough ac- 
 companies these symptoms of glanders. When cough supervenes, the dis- 
 ease may be a catarrh, or a consumption, the asthma, or strangles, but these 
 are not contagious, unless they last a long time, and adhesion of the glands 
 takes place : in these last mentioned disorders the discharge commonly pro- 
 ceeds from both nostrils alike; whereas, the running in incipient glanders is 
 chiefly confined to the left,* and the gland of one side only is then affected. 
 
 As the disorder proceeds, it affects both sides alike ; ulcers appear all over 
 the pituitary membrane, occasioned by the corrosive nature of the discharge. 
 This assumes a different appearance as the constitution of the individual 
 may have been more or less gross or vitiated ; the appearance or quality of the 
 discharge differs also, according to the manner in whicn the disease may have 
 been acquired ; i. e. whether it has been engendered or caught by infection. 
 If it come of the first mentioned, through a depraved system, the glands are 
 harder,- often smaller, and always adhere closer, than in those cases which are 
 derived from infection, at a time when the animal is otherwise in comparatively 
 good health. Again, with the infected horse, the matter comes off copiously; 
 It is curdled, and may be rubbed to powder between the fingers when dried, it 
 subsequently hardens, and becomes chalky when submitted to acids; whereas 
 the animal that engenders the disease without receiving infection sends forth 
 matter that is party-coloured, less in quantity, blackish, watery; and mixed 
 with bloody and white mucus. Finally, if the animal that receives the disor- 
 der by infection be previously in a bad state of health, those symptoms are com- 
 plicated and more intense, the ulcers are more numerous, the cartilages of the 
 nose become rotten, and the bones likewise in a short time : the creature seems 
 to have combined together the evils of its own system with that of the sufferer 
 from whom he had received it. In both cases the swelled glands are simply 
 hard tumours without any matter in them. 
 
 In addition to the preceding tokens for discovering at an early period thetruo 
 
 •Of eisht hundred cases of glanders that come under the notice of M. Dupuy only one hors« 
 was afFec'ed in >.he light nostril. 
 
138 LEGAL RESTRAINTS: CASE OF PRECIPITATION. 
 
 g!an<Icrs from another disorder, having some of the same symptoms, let the 
 nostrils of the animal be examined, and the left or running nostril will be 
 found of a deeper colour than ordinary, whilst the other or dry nostril is of a 
 paler colour than ordinary, or almost white. At this period the discharge is a 
 white ghiry fluid, and the maxillary gland of that side is hut just perceptible 
 to the touch ; but these being symptoms that belong equally to a catarrh, it is 
 best to he guided by the varied colour of the two nostrils, remembering that in 
 catarrh, or cold, both nostrds run. 
 
 It has lieen remarked by some, that when horses in a tolerable state of health 
 first receive infection, they show mettle, and are full of freaks theretofore not 
 experienced; as the disorder proceeds in its ravages, this mettlesomeness goes 
 ofl"; other acquired diseases have the same effects on all animals — the venereal, 
 for example, on man. 
 
 The remedies that have been applied to the afflicted animal in this forlorn 
 disease are found of no avail, unless taken at an early period. As hath been 
 said higher up, infection is not to be apprehended at first, and therefore the 
 precaution some use to prevent its spreading, by bleeding and purging all the 
 rest of the horses in that stable, is unnecessary, unless the animals require 
 that process in other respects ; but some practitioners must be doing some- 
 thing, and some owners will not rest satisfied unless preventive measures be 
 undertaken. 
 
 As soon as a horse is suspected of glanders, it should be kept separate from 
 all others, ami the fumigation of marsh-mallows applied, as prescribed at page 
 134, repeatedly; a purgative or an alterative ball may be given, according to 
 the state of his body, and the usual remedies as for a catarrh, continued for 
 a week or ten days, if the disorder does not lessen in this time, but the 
 symptoms increase in virulence, the horse should be destroyed ; but unfortu- 
 nately for healthy animals, this measure is not compulsory, no statute existing 
 lipon the subject.* Besides which, disputes might arise as to the precise na- 
 ture of the symptoms, and the executioner subject himself to heavy damages 
 for his temerity. Something of this sort happened near Woburn, in Bedford- 
 shire, early in the present century, to a lately deceased statesman. A neigh- 
 bouring farmer having a horse in a state of confirmed glanders (in my opin- 
 ion), persisted in keeping it in an old shed on the roadside : his obstinacy was 
 highly provoking, and Mr. W. the gentleman alluded to, went with his ser- 
 vant and shot the animal ; at which the venal part of the periodical press set 
 up a great clamour, from which none defended him, for the transaction was at 
 variance with his public professions. 
 
 Stables that have been occupied by glandered horses retain along time the 
 taint, and the means of communicating the disorder, which nothing will re- 
 move but washing with soap and sand, and scraping with sharp instruments, 
 every part of the rack, manger, and all other parts that may have come in con- 
 tact with the diseased horses. After examining the cases reported by various 
 writers, particularly St. Bel, I have come to the conclusion that there is no 
 analogy between glanders ?nd the venereal disease, but the inoculation of 
 sound animals ; and that the exhibition of mercury in any form is utterly falla 
 cious. One case, in which this mineral was employed with asserted success, 
 at the Pancras College, is proved unworthy of credit, by the failure of the 
 same medicine in every succeeding attempt. 
 
 'The common law, however, is fully sufficient to prevent improper exposure of animals af- 
 tJicted with a contagious disease in horse-markets, fairs, and other assembiages of cattle. A 
 r-aa* of this sort was adjudged at Guildiiall, London, the facts whereof were detailed in the Aa 
 niUs of Sporting for March, 1826. 
 
FARCY. 139 
 
 FARCY. 
 
 Causes. — General ill state of the blood, vulgarly, but most appropriately, 
 termed "corruption of all the humours of the body;" and, by prevalence of 
 the farcy buds in the course thai the veins run, all over the surface of the body, 
 ?.o douhtcan exist that it resides in the blood. In fine, the original cause has 
 been already defined at the head of this class of diseases, to which the reader 
 who is fond of research would do well to turn back for a few minutes, at pages 
 129, &c. However, infection is frequently the immediate cause and (as ob- 
 served of the glanders) the animal will be afflicted more or less severely, as his 
 constitutional health may be sound or otherwise at the time of receiving the 
 infection. When this disease is engendered or created — which is easily 
 supposed to have happened at first, and capable of being so produced at the 
 present day, the blood being overcharged with offensive matters unfit for its 
 proper purpose, it becomes stagnated at the lymphatics which follow the course 
 of the veins (see Book I. page 30), and these corrode the parts, inflame, and 
 appear on the surface in the form of "buds." And 1 should feel surprise if 
 they do not also pervade the large glands of the viscera, though 1 have had no 
 Oj'portunity of examining : such tumours on the skin of mankind have been 
 found similarly seated on the inner surfaces, on dissection. "I feel all 
 over as if pins were running into me, observed a patient ; and so, poor fellow, 
 he migiit, for on dissection 1 found the same sort of tumours even on the 
 heart," said Mr. Abernethy in one of his lectures. As regards the horse, I 
 take this upon credit, and by analogy for a while, purposing to satisfy myself 
 more closely upon the first favourable opportunity that offers. 
 
 A predisposition to farcy must exist in the system, for it is cured by means 
 of correctives of the blood; and its connexion with glanders has been proved, 
 for the one will produce the other by inoculation : and without it running at 
 the nose is one of the svmptoms of farcy. A certain inability to perform its 
 office, termed "debility," that leaves the finer vessels filled with the vital fluid, 
 which exercise might have carried ofi' — is one main cause of farcy; and a sud- 
 den check by cold after exercise stops at once the perspiration, and the blood 
 that would otherwise betaken up, or absorded into the circulation, remains in 
 those fine vessels, as aforesaid. Hot and crov^ded stables relax the vessels, 
 and indeed the whole system, when sudden exposure to the air inflicts the 
 same evil 1 have just now contemplated. The reader may recollect, that 1 re- 
 ferred the cause of fever to the same want of ventilation, to the same exposure 
 to cold air, and made the remark, thut the state of the animal's bodily health 
 at the period of the attack would determine whether it should acquire this or 
 that [)articular disease; the quantity and kind of cold, or chill, would also de- 
 termine whether the horse should be afflicted with inflammation of a certain 
 part of his inside, or of his whole system, which we term fever. 
 
 Symptovis. — Though too well known to be mistaken, we yet may describe 
 them, as, in the first place — skin tight and dry, for want of perspiration, as 
 just said, when some swelling is perceivable about the hind legs, and on the 
 insides particularly. This symptom increases to an extremely large size in 
 the course of a night, when the genial heat of the animal's system, and of the 
 stable, appear to have matured the disease. The lymphatic vessels, and the 
 more perlect glands, that run in the same direction as the veins, rise above the 
 surface ; and it is easy to be seen that they are sore when touched, the glands 
 in particular, which feel hot, light, and hard at first, similarly to the glands of 
 the throat, as described in the glanders. A few hours confirm the exact na 
 tureof the mischief: the inflammation of those glands proceeds, they become 
 softer, and each throws out an ichorous, unhealthy discharge. They are ihen 
 termed farcy buds. The edges have a chancrous appearance, which it it 
 
110 FARCY, rrs TIIREE STAGES: TUEATTMENT. 
 
 found impossible to heal with ointments. As the disease advances, a gland- 
 erous running at the nose takes place, with swelling about the' nose, lips, and 
 all over the body nearly. 
 
 According to the constitution of the horse at the time of receiving the infec- 
 tion, so will the progress of the disease be rapid and disastrous, or unaccount- 
 ably slow and uncertain as to the result. In this latter case it retains its ap- 
 petite, and bears up its strength for a considerable time. 
 
 Cure. — Three stages of the disorder present as many methods of cure : first, 
 when the eflects are slight or partial; second, when it resolves itself into large 
 tumours, and a riiore copious discharge from a smaller number of ulcers carries 
 off the disease: third, when it is confirmed, general, and diffused over the 
 whole system. 
 
 In the first instance, when the glands only are affected, it may be treated as 
 a local disorder, which has not yet found its way into the animal's system; 
 and if appearing on one limb only, the natural inference is, that the system is 
 indisposed to carry on the threatened evil. This happens mostly to animals 
 in good condition, that are strong and vigorous, and of good habit of body ; 
 'with such the farcy is not brought on spontaneously, or by being engendered 
 in the animal, but has been acquired by infection. The limb afi'ected is gene- 
 rally so to a good extent, and the corded veins scarcely visible ; this happens 
 mostly to a fore-leg (not always), and has been considered of a dropsical na- 
 ture, in a slight degree, or rather, lymphatic, the glands still continuing theii 
 functions. In this case give a purgative ball, and repeat it in three days 
 after; but should the animal be a very fleshy one, and full of condition, with 
 full pulse, this may be preceded by bleeding to the amount of three quarts, 
 or four. 
 
 Purgative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, 8 drachms, 
 Castile soap, 1 drachm. 
 
 Liquorice powder sufficient to form the ball for one 
 dose. 
 
 prepare the animal with bran-mashes; let his drink be chilled, and he may be 
 moved about, under shelter, with body clothing on that covers the aflfected 
 Umb. The limb should be fomented with warm water, or the chamomile de- 
 coction, taking care to rub the part dry, and wrap it up warm. This course 
 usually prevails against an ordinary attack of farcy, and the cure is aided 
 when it afitects the fore-leg only, by a rowel inserted under the chest. But 
 the absorption or taking up of the disorder into the system, and carrying it 
 ofi'by stool, is by far the neatest manner of managing the cure; for this pur- 
 pose give the following ball, after the animal has been reduced by the fore- 
 going treatment. 
 
 Alterative Ball. 
 
 Camphor, "^ 
 
 Emetic tartar, 1 /• t i i, 
 
 Asafcctida, ' [of each one drachm, 
 
 Ginger, J 
 
 With mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. Give one of these (or 
 three successive nights ; then stop one night between each dose, until the dis- 
 ease is removed. 
 
THIRD STAGE : MERCURY, A SPECIFIC. 141 
 
 If these efforts to absorb the disease prove insufficient to conquer it, recourse 
 must be had to the use of mercury, as recommended for the third or most viru- 
 lent stage of the disease, which is also the most common of the three. Mean- 
 time, we come to consider of that particular kind of farcy which is the least 
 common of all three; and this is wherein the tumours are larger than usually 
 happens, and smaller in number. The disease then partakes very much of 
 the nature of critical abscess (page 113), and of the strangles (page 130); both 
 of which, the reader will perceive, are but the efforts of nature to relieve itselt 
 of an accumulation of offensive matter; and, this escaping, the cure is effect- 
 ed, hi this second kind, or stage of farcy (as I call it), nothing more is requi 
 site than to promote suppuration, as directed in the diseases just referred to, 
 and f(»Ilow it with the physic prescribed for the strangles. 
 
 The tl)ird, most common and virulent kind of farcy, that which comes on 
 quickest, lasts the longest, and requires the most powerful means for its re- 
 moval, is that which is spread minutely all over the body and limbs, and has 
 penetrated the whole system. In whichever manner the animal may have 
 acquired the disorder, we may safely presume that the mass of humours is 
 hideously depraved, antl mercury, in one or other of its varied forms, is the 
 only antidote to be relied upon for its extinction. Previously, however, the 
 farcy buds and ulcers must be reduced to the state of common sores, by means 
 of the actual cautery fruely applied to each. When these slough off, and the 
 sores assume a healthy appearance, less of the mercurial preparation will be 
 required ; but if these retain a livid and therefore unhealthy hue, accompanip'l 
 by a poisonous discharge that ulcerates the adjacent parts, a thorough course 
 of mercury is the only certain remedy, and this must be managed with cau- 
 tion. 
 
 Mercurial Ball. — No. 1. 
 
 JEthiop's mineral, 2 drachms, 
 Opium, 10 grains. 
 
 Liquorice powder and mucilage to form the ball for one 
 dose. 
 
 Give twice a day, until the patient's breath smells very offensive, and then 
 discontinue the medicine a day or two, as you should also when the animal is 
 found to stale inordinately, or the bowels be very much disordered. But, when 
 the bowels are only slightly affected, increase the quantity of opium to twenty 
 or thirty grains. 
 
 Mercurial Ball. — No. 2. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate, 10 grains, 
 Emetic tartar, half a drachm, 
 Opium, half a drachm. 
 
 Mix, with liquorice powder and mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one 
 dose. Give as before, at night and morning. 
 
 Feed the patient generously during the operation of this strong medicine, 
 watch its progress closely, and lessen the quantity, or discontinue it altogeth r 
 a day or two when he is agitated greatly within, particularly if a kind of sick- 
 ness or gurgling be discernible, and the horse is off his appetite. Let him be 
 clothed completely. Malt mashes, sodden corn, and coarse sugar mixed with 
 his corn, dry, are good assistants to the proper operation of mercury. That 
 's a mistakoii notion, which induced some farriers to give the edible roots, m 
 14 
 
142 CAUTERIZING. ANTICOR— CAUSE, SYMPTOMS, CURE 
 
 turnips, carrots, &c. to the horse under a course of mercury. They war with 
 its operation, and cause that very commotion in the bowels we should most 
 sedulously avoid. 
 
 In recommending the free application of the actual cautery to the farcy 
 buds, in the last page, I do but follow the common practice, being altogether 
 the safest means in ordinary hands, who apply fire in many other cases, with 
 much less reason than is done in that of farcy. Butter of antimony, or sul- 
 phate of copper, effects the same end, and has the recommendation of being 
 used exclusively by the French veterinarians. What La Fosse says on this 
 point is emphatic, and shows his opinion of the predisposing cause of farcy : 
 " Do not a])ply fire in any manner to lumps produced by farcy, under an idea 
 of stopping the disorder. The disease being in the blood, treat it accordingly, 
 and as for the lumps, cut them off: apply blue stone, dissolved in water." 
 When he forefends the "idea of sto[)piiig the disorder," doubtless in saying 
 this he only allows that to be the true farcy, which I have considered as the 
 third stage, or confirmed kind. But the earlier or milder stages, which would 
 ultimately end in the third or most virulent kind, if not sto|)})ed, being occa- 
 sioned by the cessation of the lymphatic function — when the attendant glands 
 refuse to communicate with the system (the blood,) can not have yet carried 
 the consequence of that stoppage into the blood. In making this remark, I 
 have not overlooked what was said of the practice in Morocco at a preceding 
 page, 135, note. 
 
 ANTICOR 
 
 Is more prevalent in France than in this countr}', and is so named from its 
 position, anti against, and cor the heart. The French words avte-coovr have 
 the same meaning, and are derived from the same origin. It consists in an 
 inflamed swelling of the breast near the heart, and the name is extended to 
 any other swelling from this part back under the belly, even unto the sheath, 
 which also swells: in this event anticor is decidedly dropsical. 
 
 Cause. — Full feeding without sufficient exercise, similarly to this whole 
 train of disorders which I have been just above considering. Hard riding or 
 driving, and subsequent exposure to the elements, or giving cold water to ani 
 mals that aie very fleshy in the forehand, as is the case with the greater }>art 
 of French horses; these, combined with a vitiated state of the blood, which is 
 then sizy, yjroduce those extended swellings that partake somewhat of the na- 
 ture of swelled limb in grease, and yet terminate in abscess wlien the case is a 
 bad one, 
 
 Si/7nptoms. — An enlargement of the breast, which sometimes extends up- 
 wards to the throat, and threatens suffocation. The animal appears stiff about 
 the neck, looks dull and drooping, refuses his food, and trembles or shivers 
 with the inflammation, which may be felt. Pulse dull and uneven. By })ress- 
 ing two or more fingers alternately, the existence of matter, or a disposition 
 to suppurate, may be ascertained (as in poll-evil) by its receding from side to 
 side as the pressure is withdrawn. On the other hand, if the disease owes its 
 origin to dropsy, each pressure of the finger will remain pitted a few seconds 
 after the finger is withdrawn. Consult "Poll-evil" in its two stages. 
 
 Cure. — As in other cases of tumour, that do not partake of critical abscess 
 after fever, &c., this disorder admits of being repressed, readily, by the means 
 before prescribed, or of being otherwise cured, as it may be allied to some disor- 
 der of the constitution. To repress the svvellip.g, bleed the patient copiously; 
 give purgatives and clyster him ; give bran mashes, and let the chill be taken 
 off his water. Foment the throat and breast with bran mash or marshmallows, 
 every four or five hours ; and when these have reduaed the symptoms, give all 
 
GREASE— OWING TO DEBILITY. 143 
 
 Alterative Ball. 
 
 Emetic tartar, 2 drachms, 
 Venice turpentine, half an ounce. 
 
 Mix with liquorice powJer enough to make the ball for one dose. Give one 
 every eight-and-forty hours. On the contrary, if the swelling depend upon 
 dropsy, as aforesaid, let a fleam or horse lancet be struck into the skin at four 
 or five places tiistant from each other, and in the lowest or most depending 
 part of the swelling. From these punctures a watery discharge will take 
 place, that relieves the patient of his affliction hourly, and the issue of matter 
 is to be promoted by keeping open the sores as directed in the case of fistula, 
 &.C. at page 119: again, when the swelling indicates the collection of morbid 
 matter, let it be fomented, poulticed, and opened as directed in cases of critical 
 abscess, in poll-evil, fistula, &c.: the whole series of these diseases are of the 
 same nature, but diflbring principally as to situation, which sometimes aflects 
 the disease mainl\'. in this case, for example, the swelling sometimes ascends 
 along the throat, and goes nigh to choke the patient : recourse must be had 
 immediately to poultices, and let these he changed twice a day. The modes 
 of bandaging may be learned by consulting those I have given sketches of, in 
 other cases, at page 79, &c. 
 
 GREASE. 
 
 Causes. — This is another of the diseases that take their rise in a tardy cir- 
 culation of the blood, and consequent indisposition to take up and carry back 
 again to the heart that which has been sent into the extremities for their nour- 
 ishment and renovation. In Book I. at bottom of section 44, this pnicess of 
 taking up, or absorption, is spoken of, whilst the few pages that are there be- 
 stowed on the manner in which the circulation is carried on, show the im- 
 portance of this function, and pomt out the principles that should guide us in 
 promoting it, when aught has occurred to retard its action. When great age 
 and consequent lethargic habits cause the blood to circulate slowly, our art 
 can but ill sup[)ly the remedy, though the evil may certainly be alleviated by 
 stimulants. A small portion of beans given to aged horses admirably assists 
 the circulation of the blood, especially towards the heels, whilst this very spe- 
 cies of food given to young horses will promote humours of the hind legs in 
 particular, where grease is mostly situate. That is to say, at the part of the 
 animal that is remotest from the heart is the effect of a slow circulation most 
 frequeTitly recurring, and to heavy fleshy cart horses oftoner than to those that 
 are lighter and freer from flesh about the heels. 
 
 Trimming the heels of the hair, which was intended to keep them warm 
 in winter, is a very prolific source of grease. Thorough-bred horses never 
 incur this disorder, so far as 1 can learn ; and the chances in favour of those 
 which are produced by crosses from blood stock, is in proportion to the amount 
 of their breeding, 
 
 A cold in the heels is caught by walking the horses through water whilst 
 they are hot : or beir.g put into the stable with wet feet at nights ; or lying in 
 a stable that imperfectly keeps out the wind; all conduce to that stagnation 
 of the l)lood, or tardy performance of its function, that causes the animal to 
 generate this disease. They term it debility, but I think we had better say 
 " want of ability," or of vigour to drive on the circulation of the blood ; so that 
 if the blood that is left behind in the fine capillary vessels be ever so good and 
 proper for its purpose at first, yet the very circumstance of its remaining idle 
 causes an inflammatory heat, that attracts towards itself all such congenial 
 
Hi EXPERIMENT. WHITE FEET, LIABLE TO GREASE. 
 
 |)articles of the blood which may have been sent through the arteries to iho 
 |»art lor the propagation of new horn, or the su|)ply of marrow — of the nature 
 whereof the matter partakes. Indertl, I have very httle doubt that tlie mar- 
 row is concerned in the production of grease ; for I have successively examined 
 twenty legs which were affected with grease at the time life was extinguished^ 
 and the marrow was invariably confined to the lower part only, as if it were 
 fallen down there for want of vigour, whilst the upper part of the bone was 
 hollow, in every iiistance : healthy leg bones are aKvays full to the top of each 
 and I have reason for thinking that this is the case with all ilebilitated horses. 
 Again, the glutinous substance that pervades the surface of the coffin-bone, 
 and to which I have attributed the formation of new horny matter of the 
 hoof, is always found scanty in greasy-healed subjects. See my observations 
 on the foot in the next cha[)ter. 
 
 One of those legs [)arted from the knee, having the skin removed, but other- 
 wise untouched, was hung up in the yard whilst the sun was at 70 degrees 
 (July, 1825). in three or four days the grease might be seen to give a colour 
 to the lower part at the fetlock joint, and every day the greasy nature of the 
 colour was evident to touch and smell, whilst the articulation of the large jias- 
 tern and sesamoid bones remained unaflected in either way. Upon breaking 
 the bones nine months afterwards, the marrow had all escaped without a 
 puncture, i. e. through the bone. 
 
 The following ingenious suggestion I find among much voluminous Vete- 
 rinary Memoranda, but whether it be my own, or 1 owe it to some friend, I 
 have no means at hand for ascertaining, nor does my recollection serve me 
 sufficiently to say who. "Horses with one or two white feet aie more liable 
 to the grease in the feet that are white than in the others; and if the pr posi- 
 tion be true that white feet are weak ones, we come to the same conclusion, 
 that the want of colour having occurred through want of vigour in the part; 
 then weakness and grease have the same cause." 
 
 Symptoms. — First perce[;tible by a swelling at the heels, mostlv of the hind 
 legs. 'I'his is occasioned by local inflanmiation, and is soon followed by a 
 slight issue of greasy n^.atter, whence the name ; but it is sometimes more wa- 
 terv, ichorous, and offensive, which will de[)end principally on the constitu- 
 tional health of the patient. The swelling, sometimes extends much higher 
 than the fetlock joint, even towards the bough, and occasions stiffness i»f the* 
 limb and indisposition to move. He can not lie ilown, by reason of the un- 
 bending nature of his joints, and therefore stands to sleej), which renders the 
 disorder more virulent by the accession of fresh matter to the part ; the skin 
 cracks at various places, and ulceration ensues. The hair sticks out like furze, 
 the discharge is darker than originally, is thin, acrid, corrodinc, and stinking. 
 
 Reviedy. — The grease is one of those disorders about which we should em- 
 ploy our ingenuity in preventicm rather than the cure; and this indeed is the 
 case with nearly all the diseases that depend uj)on constitutional defective- 
 ness, or rather inability of some of the organs of life to perform aright the 
 I'unctions of nature. How these ought to act I have spoken at large in (he 
 second chapter of book the first; and pointed out the free circulation of the 
 blood as the principal cause of health, as would also the want of a good circu- 
 lation prove the harbinger of disease. Now this aflair of grease being pro- 
 duced entirely by such inactivity, it seems clear that exercise would be the best 
 preventive of it ; and the horse-keeper should also keep tht^ heels dry after work 
 is over, and hand-rub him a little with as much industry as he can afford. He 
 should also let the hair remain on the heels of his heavy horses, and give to 
 the large ones sufficient depth of stall and bed, so as to prevent su«di from 
 throwing their long legs half way out in the stable (as too often happens) upon 
 the cold floor, of winter nights. 
 
WASHES. 115 
 
 In slight attacks, a wash made of a solution of alum, as under, will correct 
 the disposition to grease, and a dose of physic set all to rights in a short time; 
 both, however, regulated according to circumstances. When considering 
 these, we should inquire into the preceding habits of the patient, as to his 
 Usual evacuations, and whether these have been stopped ; for it frequently 
 hap|)ens that grease is caused by the suspension of the urine balls, to which 
 many pro[)rietorsare so very much addicted, that they give them without rea- 
 son, or suspend the giving through the same whimsicality. In this latter case 
 give the diuretic powder, and the horse will require very little more physic. 
 Again, if the animal require opening physic, give him the purging ball as 
 under, and in-door exercise; but should his debility be then very great, the 
 commotion this would occasion might reduce him too much, and therefore, the 
 alterative ball will do better, with the same attention to in-door exercises if he 
 can bear it. Sometimes, however, the heels are so cracked and chapped, that 
 every step the animal takes only makes the matter worse ; we should then 
 assiduously apply ourselves to keeping the heels clean, with water of which 
 the chill has been taken off, and with a brush get rid of as much of the run- 
 ning as possible; and after drying it well with cloths, use the alum wash of 
 the stronger preparation ; provided always the inflammation be not too high at 
 the time, but which the warm water without the alum wash has a tendency 
 to alleviate. 
 
 I will now set down the several articles just recommended above, premising 
 this much as an apology for the numerous recipes here prescribed, that the 
 grease requires we should be always doing a something for the animal, either 
 of topical application, or in devising the means of carrying off the cause of the 
 disorder by stool, by urine, or by perspiration. For, by keeping one or other 
 of these evacuations a-going, we enable the animal system, to take up, or ab- 
 sorb (as before described) the watery particles of the lymphatics, which re- 
 maining indolent constitute the disease. 
 
 Alum Wash. — No. 1.* 
 
 Alum, 2 ounces, 
 Blue stone, 2 drachms, 
 Water, I pint. 
 Mix and wash the part two or three times a day. 
 
 Strong Alum Wash. — No. 2. 
 
 Alum, ^ 
 
 Sugar of lead, > of each 2 ounces, 
 
 Vinegar, ^ 
 
 Water, 1 pint. Mix and use as before. 
 
 Strongest, or Mercurial Wash. — No. 3. 
 
 Corrosive sublimate, 2 drachms, 
 Muriatic acid, 4 drachms, 
 Water, 1 pint. 
 Mix and apply in inveterate cases. 
 
 * Instead of this, tlie following is preferred by some persons, and those good judged MA 
 Water, ] quart. Mix. 
 
 14* 
 
H6 SWEA.TING AND URINE BATXS. ALTERATIVE REGIMEN. 
 
 Diuretic Alterative Po'dcder. 
 
 S^^"^^/ J • I of each 2 ounces. 
 Powdered resin, J 
 
 Mix, and give in four doses, of mornings. To be con'uiiucd until its efTect* 
 are visible. 
 
 Purging Balls. 
 
 Aloes, drnchms, 
 Hard soap, 3 drachms, 
 Ginjrer, 1 drachm. 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the ball for one dose. 
 
 The Alterative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, 6 drachms, 
 Hard soap, 8 drachms, 
 Gringer, 3 drachms. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass, and divide it into four balls. 
 Give one every morning until the bowels are opened sufficiently. 
 The perspiration must be promoted by the following 
 
 Diaphoretic Ball. 
 
 Emetic tartar, 2 drachms, ^ 
 
 Venice turpentine, 4 drachms. 
 
 Mix well, with liquorice powder sufficient to form the ball into oncdo.^c; and 
 give every other night for a week or ten days, taking care to clothe the patient, 
 or put a rug on his body at least, regulating his sweats according to the 
 weather. Some persons do not think it too much trouble to divide the forego- 
 ing ball into two parts, and give one every night lor tlie periods just mention- 
 ed, which would bring the whole quantity of emetic tartar to the same amount 
 in the end. Becareful to buy it genuine ; and if the horse be taken care of 
 while in his sweats, it will mainly contribute to his getting well. The patient 
 is not to have this sweating ball whilst he has other |»hysic in him ; but it may 
 be given alternately with the foregoing powder of nitre and resin ; and is better 
 administered thus, when it hap[)ens that the individual requires to be set a sta- 
 ling, and we think best to sweat him at the same time. If the medicine malces 
 his bowels grumble, add to the ball 
 
 Opium, half a drachm, 
 
 which some do put into the prescription, whether or no. But then the opium 
 having a tendency to bind the body, it counteracts our labour in this resptct, 
 and is not desirable in case the animal requires opening physic. 
 
 Hegimen. — A good generous feeding should be allowed, with a few beans 
 for the elder })atienls oidy ; and in all cases where the disorder has lasted a 
 long w'.,ue and the cure is eftected with difficulty, a run at grass is greatly 
 conducive to comi-tete recovery; especially if the convalescent ran be allowed 
 the opaon of a field, or covered shed, lying high and dry, or the advantages 
 of the nomestead, with an allowance of corn and hay. This change of regi 
 wen is greatly assistant of absorption when the physicking has ceased, espe 
 
TIIE MANGE -ITS ORIGIN. 147 
 
 cially where the disorder has terminated with a tedious ulceration which causes 
 lameness, on which event he should not be exercised ; but let the parts Ix* 
 poulticed with a turnip poultice, or it may be made of oatmeal and the grounds 
 of stale beer, or both may be em[)loyed alternately ; and then the parts, if 'uxu- 
 riant oi thick, may be washed with a solution of blue vitriol in water, or the 
 wash, No. 3. Dress the cracks with the following 
 
 Ointment. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, 3 drachms, 
 
 Hog's lard, 6 ounces, 
 
 Litharge water, half an ounce. Mix. 
 
 This may he varied by substituting Venice turpentine, half the quantity of 
 the oil. In these inveterate cases we have now under consideration, a change 
 of medicine is desirable, if but for the change which it occasions in the animal's 
 digestive powers; for this purpose the blue pill has been given as an alterative, 
 as well as that other preparation of mercury, the well-known calomel. Both 
 act upon the kidneys, and set them in motion for the production of urine ; and 
 calomel chirfly effects this, by j»reviously stimulating the liver, which again is) 
 very desirable by way of change. 
 
 Alterative Balls. 
 
 Calomel, I 1-2 drachms, 
 Aloes, 3 drachms, 
 Castile soa[). 6 drachms. 
 Oil of juniper, 40 drops. 
 
 Mix ; make into three balls and give one daily for a week ; but should it gripe 
 the animal, discontinue it, or add opium from lialf a drachm to a drachm. 
 
 SURFEIT— MANGE. 
 
 Both of these diseases of the animal's system, and the first-mentioned proves 
 its connexion with the second by sometimes ending in the mange. Over- 
 feeding, or too much of it, or gross feeding, as it is the cause of these twin dis- 
 eases, so are the two appellations it receives in the ditferent stages of the at- 
 tack descriptive of the cause : both are of French origin, as I apprehend ; stir- 
 Jait or overdone, being tantamount to mange, in its imperfect ten«^s, the 
 effect of eating ioo much, which kas brought on the disease. A surfeit, or 
 8ur-fait, is not an uncommon disease with reasonable man, and is alike caused 
 by eating improperly, if not too much, and sometimes from the preparation of 
 viands that are over-luxurious for the stomach that is to receive it. and is in 
 fact incapable of digesting it. This is a state of the stomach that is by no 
 means uncommon, and up to a certain extent happens every day to the full 
 feeders of every genus of created beings. If, during this full and over- replen 
 ished state of tlie alimentary canal, and its then active state of lactification (o 
 making of new blood), a sudden check be put upon the said process, by drink 
 ing cold water for example, what happens but the rapid propulsion of some 
 part of the blood through the arteries, whilst the mouths of the offended lac 
 teals close up for a period, and the blood, already filling the capillary vessels 
 of tlie surface, becomes extremely irritable 7 Perspiration ceases ; the lympha 
 tics refuse to })erform their office of absorption, and the blood so deposited in 
 a due course of nature, forms irmumerable small tumours under the skin or 
 become icabby, and throw olia dry scurf. Tiie first lias received the appro 
 
148 CAUSE AND REIMEDY, CONNECTED. 
 
 priate name of surfeit, the second is the more loathed manjre, both having bu 
 one common origin. They are of the class of tubercular diseases, spoken of 
 by M. Du[)uy quoted higher U[) (as partaking of glanders, &c.), are akin tt 
 grease, and to other accessions of matter oti the surface, diflering only as ti 
 situation, and like the grease, require that we should promote absorption anu 
 the application of rcpellants. 
 
 The cause of surfeit is thus distinctly met by the means of cure. The 
 symptoms, however, frequently announce the disorder that has taken place 
 within but a few minutes ere they subside again, to the utter surprise of all 
 neholders. On such occasions mischief is supposed to lie in waif, and it is 
 generally understood that the pustules, or tumours, only retreat from the skin 
 M infest some more vital internal organ ; but I always considered that such an 
 attack had subsided through its own weakness, for nothing ever came of it 
 after thus retreating spontaneously. Like surfeit in man, these tumours are 
 attended with a j)ricking })ain, the animal appearing restless, flinching from 
 the touch, and looking round shar)) at his legs and sides as if he were spurred 
 trivially. Whenever he can bring tiie parts to bear against the stall, the bail, 
 or the wall, the animal will rub violently, until the hair comes off, and the 
 skin is raw. Instead of tumours that emit a sharp, acrid, and stinking hu- 
 mour, like grease, a dry scurf appears, resembling scabs, and this is mange in 
 some animals: whilst other subjects exhibit no eruption whatever, though eve- 
 ry hair is affected in a small degree, the skin becomes dry, and he is then hide- 
 bound. 
 
 Cure. — Surfeit is easily removed by a cooling purgative ; but if the pulse be 
 high, he should be bled also. Promote perspiration by means of the diapho- 
 retic ball recommended at page 14G, with the same |)recautions as are there 
 set down. If the animal be fat, he must be reduced; give bran mashes, sod- 
 den oats, and good exercise ; and should moisture be found to discharge from 
 the skin, wajh it with the 
 
 Surfeit Wash. 
 
 Blue vitriol, 1 ounce, 
 Cam})hor, half an ounce, 
 Spirits of wine, 2 ounces. 
 
 Mix in a quart bottle, and fill it with water. Wash with soapy water warm 
 {as in grease), rub dry, and apply the above wash once a day, and at the sairvi 
 time give one of the diaphoretic balls, as above. Let the diet be cool and open- 
 ing, as scalded bran, sodden oats, or barley : and if the horse is low in flesh, 
 mix an ounce of fenugreek seeds with his corn daily for a fortnight at least. 
 
 THE MANGE 
 
 Sometimes succeeds an ill-cured surfeit ; and is moreover an original disease, 
 arising from filthmess, hard living, ill-usage, and the consequent dejiraved 
 state of the system. It partakes of the nature of itch in ma , is communica- 
 ble by means of the touch, by using the same harness, cloth \g, &c. and pro- 
 bably by standing in the same stall as a diseased horse may have left. 
 
 Tne symptoms are stated in the preceding pages, and from its cause we 
 may rest assured never attack;^ horses in condition. As in surfeit, the horse 
 •s constantly rubbing and biting himself: great patches of the coat are thus 
 rubbed away, and ulceration frequently supjilies the places. Scabs appear at 
 the roots of the hair of mane and tail ; large portions whereof fall away. 
 When eruptions appear, they form a scurf, which peels oiT, and it is succeeded 
 hy fresh eruptions. 
 
HIDE-BOUND, CAUSED BY INlfcllNAL TtHWOURS. 149 
 
 The cure is to be effected by topical applications of sulpbur, and giving the 
 same internally as an alterative ; but mercurials are mostly preferred by our 
 moderns; and there is not such a variety of opinions and prescriptions at this 
 moment in practice for the most momentous diseases, as for this loathsome 
 malady : neglect and ignorance having brought on the evil, ignorance and 
 stupidity engage to efii-ct the cure. I shall subjoin a few forms ot those which 
 are in most repute, and have been found efiectual : even alteratiitn Js fre- 
 quently found beneficial, though it may not at first seem to nave been for the 
 best. 
 
 Mange Ointment. 
 
 Prepared hog's lard, 2 pounds, 
 
 Sul[)hur vivum, 1 pound, 
 
 Wliite hellebore, in powder, G ounces. 
 
 Mix with oil of turpentine sufficient to make a soft ointment, ruh the animal 
 wherever the eruption and scurf appear, with hair cloths, or a new besom, so 
 as to get rid of the loose filth before applying the ointment. Rub it in well 
 every other day, and give the following 
 
 Alterative for the Mange. — No. 1. 
 
 Tartarized antimony, 1 ounce, 
 Muriate of quicksilver, 2 drachms, 
 
 Ginger and ) powdered, of each 3 ounces. 
 Anise seeds, j 
 
 Mix, with mucilage sufficient to form the mass ; divide it into six balls, and 
 give one every morning until the eruj)tion disappears. 
 
 Alterative for Mange. — No. 2. 
 
 Antimony in fine powder, 8 ounce:*, 
 Grains of Paradise, 3 ounces. 
 
 Mix, and add Venice turpentine to form the masw vhich divide into twelve 
 balls. Give one daily whilst the rubbing is contir x'A. 
 
 HIDE-BOUND. 
 
 The cause of hide-bound is commoidy the same as tbat which produced the 
 last-mentioned disease, viz. poverty, only that thtt particular animals may not 
 both be in the same state of general health, and the more depravecl would in- 
 cur mange, whilst another would become simply hide bound. This is less of 
 an origiiial disease than the etlectof some other, and of bad digestion and con- 
 sequent defective persjjiration beyond all others, as may be inferred from what 
 1 have said concerning the intimacy that exists between those two operations 
 of the animal system in my second chapter of book I, at ))ages 23 — 25. The 
 justness of this view of the cause of hide-bound was furtlier proved by a series 
 of dissections of this particular malady undertaken by me in May 1820. 1 
 iHViiriably found tumours had formed upon the large'- lacteal vessels of the 
 peritonffiiim, on the gut, or the like kind of attack e/.i the uleura that covers 
 the lungs. The formation of those tumours was no •:iOubt the mediate cause 
 of hide-bound, and had been brought on (1 have eve^y ^catun for belie vuj^) by 
 
150 fcYI\TPTOMS AISD CURE. 
 
 the inordinate use of diaphoretics, the stimulating nature whereof, as is usual 
 in all such cases, had thus defeated itself. 
 
 Horses that are so affected with tumours, are they wliich hecome distressed 
 easily, though in good apparent health, upon heing pushed on a journey, or 
 at a heavy drag, particularly when the belly is distended. Thus the cause of 
 hide-hound exists long hefore we can perceive it, and is tlie reason wliy I re- 
 commend the arsenical i)re[)aration hereatU^r prescribed, as a tonic, previous 
 to administering the sweating remedies. The ajipearance of hide-bound is 
 frequently ascribed to the worms, botts, <fec. ; but in all those subjects examin- 
 ed l)y me, amounting to half a score or more (for I kept no notes), no worms 
 were to be found of any consequence, for it would he ridicultuis to talk of two 
 or three such stray insects occasioning such an extensive disorder, so remote 
 "'•om the seat of tlu^ir supposed ravages. What is very well worth remarking 
 '(though such a thing is not very singular) is, that the writer who has most 
 ustily cried out "Worms, worms!" upon every occasion of disordered skin 
 and staring coat, has recently suggested that after all, worms are necessary to 
 the horse's digestion: and the gentleman seems to think that these insects act 
 upon the horse's stomach much in the same maimer as j)epper on that of man- 
 kind! Thus he blows hot and cold with the same breath, or rather worms 
 and pepj)er with the same pen ; for, whilst the worms are so lauded in one 
 volume of his works, the malediction remains uncorrected in the other. 
 
 S>/mpfoms. — As the word implies, the hide or skin seems bound or glued 
 to the bones ; the animal is always very low in flesh, or we might aver that 
 the skin adhered to the flesh. The pulse is low, and great weakness is mani 
 fest in every ste|) the j)at'.ent takes. As the tightness is first observiible at the 
 sides of the animal's body, before it reaches the limbs, and every hide-bound 
 subject examined by me j)roves the fact, I have no hesitation in ascribing hide 
 bound to disordered digestion, which includes the negation of wherewithal to 
 digest, or starvation and hard work. Again, one of two extremes attends the 
 bowels : they are either relaxed greatly, or much constipated — usually fhe 
 former; which may be the effect of a long fit of illness from inflammation or 
 fever, and the use of strong medicine, or much of it. 
 
 Cure the animal by the direct contrary conduct to that which brought on 
 the illness. If its stomach be em[)ty, as commonly ha[)pens, fill it nearly with 
 food that is easy of digestion ; if it be too full, em[)ty it; give alterative laxa- 
 tives and tonic alteratives afterwards; restore the pers[)iration by the diaphor- 
 etic ball reconmiended at page ]46, and let the curry-comb and brush be assidu- 
 ously applied to his coat, tie may then be exercised, but not before, as it is 
 nearly impossil)le without inflicting great pain. Besides which, forced exer- 
 cise, or sweating, as hath been strongly recommended, would in this case only 
 aggravate the disease; for if the animal did sweat, it would be caused by in- 
 ternal pain ; probably the tubercles which had formed upon the membrane 
 would suppurate and burst, and thus confirm the disorder internally by the 
 inflammation of the particular viscus where the disorder began. 
 
 AUcrative Laxative. 
 
 Aloes, 8 drachms. 
 Hard soap, 7 drachms, 
 Anise seeds, powdered, 1 oz. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into four balls. Give day 
 after day until they effect the purpose of bringing away a good stool. Then 
 give the arsenical tonic alterative, thus proportioned for a large horse, with 
 eare. 
 
THE WORMS— AN UNSETTLED QUESTION. 151 
 
 Tonic. — No. 1. 
 
 Prepared arsenic, 10 grains, 
 Ginger powdered, 1 drachm, 
 Anise seeds, powdered, 4 drachms, 
 Compound powder of tragacantli, "2 dr. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient for one dose. Give daily for a week, preceded 
 and followed by mashes, and then give the bark, thus; 
 
 Tonic— No. 2. 
 
 Cascarilla, powdered, 4 ounces. 
 Ginger, 8 drachms, 
 Salt of tartar, 10 grains. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass into four balls; give them daily.. 
 If the preparation of arsenic in No. 1 is disliked, substitute the alterative ball 
 at page 147, and follow it u}) with the bark as above (No. 2). 
 
 The following ball is calculated to improve the coat, and will be found 
 beneficial when the animal is recovering, if given in these proportions for ten 
 days or a fortnight. 
 
 Alterative Balls. 
 
 Tartarizccl antimony, 3 ounces, 
 Powdered ginger, 2 ounces, 
 Opium, 5 drachms. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient to form the mass, to be divided into ten balls. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 As remarked in a preceding page, 150, so many other disorders, external 
 as well as internal, have been charged to the existence of worms in the intes- 
 tinal canal by veterinary writers, that we find much difficulty in persuading 
 ourselves that this is not the precise ailment which afflicts the animal when 
 his coat becomes staring, and his skin sticks to his ribs. Most frequently, 
 however, that ugly appearance which denotes hide-bound, and other similar 
 symptoms that depend upon suspended perspiration, arise from, tubercular dis- 
 eases of the mesenteric canal (see page 4G), and not within the gut or stomach ; 
 for the excess or the suspension of pers[)irable matter must alike depend U[)on 
 somewhat of a more general affi^ction than worms, that fosten on this or that 
 part of the stomach or intestine (as we are told), and can only influence the 
 part they immediately occupy. Unfortunately, we know of no specific cure 
 for worms, the remedies that are usually prescribed being of a hot, burning, 
 and destructive nature, that are as likely to injure the intestine as the worm; 
 it becomes our primary duty, therefore, to a.scertain when the disorder be real- 
 ly the worms, so as to prescribe the proper remedy when we have ascertained 
 that the fact is so. It is very easy to say a horse " has the worms," and to 
 give him worm medicine ; but much more difficult to ascertain the real fact, 
 than to remove it when well authenticated. Our inquiries, then, shouid be 
 directed towards this pouit as much as to any other unsettled question — the 
 existence and quality of true glanders, for example ; and vet more tine 'earn 
 
352 CAUSES AND DISTINGUISHING SYMPTOMS. NATUUAL REMEDIES. 
 
 ing has been bestowed upon the uncertain knowledge of botts and other 
 Worms than has attracted the attention of our veterinary writers to any other 
 portion of their hibours. 
 
 Causes. — Indigestion and consequent stoppage of the ahment in the sto- 
 mach and coecum ; which again may be occasioned by bad corn, musty hiay, 
 or hay made from rank grasses, — if all hay whatever does not contain the 
 means of generating insects, when used without suflicient water; also, when 
 either substance be swallowed, as often happens, without being properly mas- 
 ticated, through wearing away of the teeth (see page 17^^ the lampers, &c. 
 Much pampering of the appetite, by dealers and others, to produce fine coals 
 by means of stimulants, as eggs, wine, ale, bread, diapente, linseed, &c.; 
 when the effects thereof are worn away, these leave the lacteals (see page 47), 
 impaired or offended at being deprived of a short-lived energy. The articles 
 just enumerated form indigestible crudities that become the appropriate ?iic/us 
 or generating worms in the canal so deprived of its natural functions by arti- 
 ficial means. Consult again what is said at the conclusion of the first book, 
 at page 54, &c. Irreo-ular feeding also tends to the lodiiment of crudities in 
 the coecum, or second stomach. 
 
 Symptoms. — A staring coat, with emaciation and weakness, were formerly 
 deemed sufficient indications of the existence of worms to warrant the doctor 
 in pouring into the animal his monstrous mixtures; for a worm case was es- 
 teemed by the professor like a little annuity, pro tern. Those sym|)toms, 
 however, are at first rather the presage than the concomitants of worms; since 
 they are also symptomatic of several other internal diseases, some of them pro- 
 ducing worms in the sequel, whilst other some are found still more rajndly de- 
 structive of life than worms are, and therefore demand more immediate con- 
 sideration. Slitfht affection of the lunnr?, as well as of the liver, being of long 
 continuance, occasion partial roughness of the hair, and slight hide-bound of 
 the integuments nearest the seat of disorder, that spreads progressively all 
 over. The cough which accompanies severe attacks of the worms differs from 
 cold in the organs of respiration ; the first being more deep and cavernous, 
 leaving a shake or vibrating heave of the flanks, whilst the former comes off 
 v/ith a wheeze, as if not fetched from so deep a recess. 
 
 As the disorder proceeds, and the worms may be supposed to extend theii 
 ravages, the patient's appetite is subject to extreme variation ; he being some 
 times ravenous after food, at others not caring to eat at all ; which shows thai 
 the stomach is atiected, and is frequently succeeded by vertigo, or staggers. A 
 horse with worms that give him uneasiness in the bowels will leave off eating 
 sometimes for two or three minutes, when a cavernous rattle may be heard 
 coming from his inside, and he resumes his feeding. If he endeavours to 
 kick his belly, it has been construed by the worm advocates into the pain oc- 
 casioned by worms gnawing his bowels ; but neither symptom is an invariable 
 indication of worms, for he does the same when attacked by any other pain of 
 the belly — whether colic, tight girth, injury of the sheath, &c. When the 
 worms appear coming away spontaneously, with successive stools, no matter 
 of which kind, it aflbrds proof that the animal has taken grass or hay that con- 
 tains grasses of an anthelmintic property, and points out the propriety of con- 
 tinuing him on the same food. 
 
 A yellowish ordure a[)pearing about the fundament something like flour of 
 sulphur, shows the death of a good number of small worms (ascarides) has 
 been occasioned by some such natural means as the preceding. Some worms 
 come away as soon as generated in the aliment, but if no other sign of their 
 existence is manifest, the solitary fact should excite no uneasiness. When botts, 
 having been detached by similar natural means, leave the stomach — where they 
 do not always cause inconvenience, we find them adhering to the large intes- 
 
REGLMEN. MERCURY, PRECAUTIONS NECESSARY. 153 
 
 tines and rectum, to which they adhere and cause the animal to rub his breech 
 against the wall or upright of the stall. Should those symptoms continue, and 
 the generating of worms remain unchecked, the horse falls into profuse sweats 
 on the least exertion, and when these cease, he exhibits a weak and languish- 
 ing condition, scarcely notices a brisk application of the whip, his skin adheres 
 to his ribs and flanks — hide-bound has commenced. Cough more or less hec- 
 tic according to his remaining strength, accompanies him to his end ; for, as 
 to a cure being practicable when hide-bound arising from such a cause has 
 fairly laid hold of him, 'tis clean out of the question. 
 
 Regimen. — As the commencement of this disorder is mainly attributable 
 to the coarseness of the animal's food and consequent incapacity of its guts to 
 expel the hardened materials, so will an entire change in the mode of feeduig 
 him do more towards effecting a cure than all the medicine we can prescribe, 
 and all that the most liberal hand would bestow. I think it would be too much 
 to expect that generous treatment alone should effect a cure of itself, but I 
 certainly have known worms voided after a few days' casual good keep ; and 
 in these cases I apprehend we may attribute the coming away to the change 
 or alteration that was so elfected in the state of the patient's bowels. Hence the 
 propriety of any change of his usual diet, as well as the advantages of alterative 
 medicines. In the first place, try a run at grass, or give green food in-doors, 
 or succulent and agreeable vegetables. If poor living has not been the origi- 
 nal cause, some defect in conformation has; and the above change, with plen- 
 ty of water-gruel, bran mashes, boiled potatoes, bruised corn, and the like, by 
 'ubiicating the parts, may detach the worm, or at least assist the medicine, 
 which ought to have the same tendency. 
 
 Cure. — Since the worms are not always to be killed even by strong poisons, 
 nor brought away by brisk {)urgatives, for a certainty, but are frequently dis- 
 charged in a few days by an alterative regimen, reason dictates and nature 
 t)eckons us to follow her course, in affording to the horse which can not be 
 ^pared from work, or a run at grass be obtained, to adopt the means nearest 
 thereto that lie within our reach. Laxative alterative medicines then obtrude 
 theuiselves upon our notice, and in all cases are found to do good, more or less 
 as they may be addressed to the actual seat of the disorder : in pills, if the 
 worms lie in the intestines ; in powders or liquid, if they occupy the stomach 
 — in all forms alternately when we are uncertain. The various preparations 
 of mercury and of antimony, with Barbadoes aloes, as being more drastic in 
 operation; also common salt, box, sulphur, savin (a vegetable poison), and sal 
 Indicus, offer a sufficient variety for the bases of as many varied prescriptions ; 
 and variation here is most desirable, inasmuch as some kind of worms which 
 resist the effects of one substance may be detached and hurried off by another. 
 
 Water-gruel, as it relaxes the parts, and prepares them and the worm for 
 receiving the antidote, should precede every other remedy, particularly the 
 mercurials; a course of which should be followed by a purgative, but not 
 be given together, as is commoidy practised. For ascarides, which usually 
 infest the large guts, I have found great service in calomel to the amount of a 
 drachm or more, given over night twice, followed by a purgative next morning 
 after thi; second. 
 
 No. 1. — Mercurial Bolus, 
 
 Calomel, 1 1-2 drachms, 
 Anise seeds, 5 drachms. 
 
 Mix with treacle for two doses. 
 15 
 
154 CALOMEL AND MERCURY, GOOD. 
 
 No. 2. — Purgative Ball. 
 
 Barbadoes aloes, 4 drachms, 
 Gamboge, 1 1-2 drachms, 
 Prepared kah, 2 draclims, 
 Ginger, 1 drachm, 
 Oil of amber, a tea-spoon, full, 
 
 Syrup of buckthorn suflicient to form the ball for ona 
 dose. 
 
 Particular care should be taken of the horse, hut he should not take any 
 gruel for the two days that the mercury is in him, as directed by White, but 
 give him bruised corn or other dry food with little water, the calomel not hav- 
 ing entered the system. Neither does he require any of the exercises usually 
 forced upon pati(?nts " in pliysic." Let a week elapse ere the same bolus and 
 purge are re})eated as before, when they seldom tail to bring away whatever 
 worms he may have in him. Instead of the foregoing, some persist in the fol- 
 lowing old method, by way of laxative mercurial, which, however, I must pre- 
 mise, seems much too strong, notwithstanding the high character some be- 
 stow on it. 
 
 No. 3. — Laxative Alterative Balls. 
 
 Gtuicksilver, 1 ounce, and 
 Venice turpentine, 2 ounces. 
 
 These being well rubbed together in a mortar, add 
 
 Aloes in powder, 2 ounces, 
 Ginger, 1 ounce. 
 
 Mix with syrup of buckthorn, and form the compost into four balls, one to be 
 given with intervals of five or six days. Water-gruel or a bran mash to pre- 
 cede each ball, as before, and give the same when the physic may be working 
 off. 
 
 Some horses, however, can not bear the bolus No. 1, calomel having a ten- 
 dency to gripe ; in that case the quantity should be divided into three balls 
 and given on throe successive nights, followed by No. 2, on the fourth morn- 
 ing. In like manner, if the horse be not a very strong one, the above quanti- 
 ty of No. 3, may be divided into six or eight balls, and given at intervals of 
 two days each until purging is produced. Indeed, neither of these medicines 
 should be given, least of all continued, when the animal dungs loosely. From 
 those precautions, it is manifest that my opinion, so often expressed regarding 
 the misuse of strong medicines, remains unaltered ; and if I have been suc- 
 cessful in impressing the reader with the same wholesome and humane truths, 
 he will at once perceive the absolute necessity of attending to the symptoms, 
 to assure himself that the patient really has the worms, and not some other 
 affection of the liver, kidneys, ccecum, &c. as remarked by me at the head of 
 this article. Mistakes in these res|)ects often prove fatal, or at least affect the 
 animal's future health. 
 
 11 worms do actually exist, they can not fail to come away with the forego- 
 ing course of medicine ; and the patient, though a hltle weak at first, will come 
 out of hand with a good appetite, brisk in his manner, and bright as a ruby. 
 These considerations, however, should not infiuence us to neglect a trial of 
 the milder medicines, before enumerated, as containing anthelmintic prope"- 
 ties, less powerful indeed than the foregoing, but not therefore less likely o 
 
WORMS; VARIED REMEDIES. STAGGERS. 155 
 
 prove serviceable in ordinary cases. Of these, the Indian salt (sal Tndicus) 
 deserves the first consideration, th<iugh denounced as dittering very little from 
 connnon salt, with a small portion of sulphur, both of which are known to 
 he goodly anthelmintic. Be its virtues what it may, the following substitute 
 will be found to contain all the properties of the genuine salt, and may bo 
 employed when this can not be readily procured. 
 
 Laxative Powder. — No. 1. 
 
 Sublimated sulphur, 4 ounces, 
 Emetic tartar, 4 drachms, 
 Liver of sulphiir, 1 ounce, 
 Bay Salt, 4 ounces. 
 
 Mix for six doses, onv to be given daily in the corn, which should be previ- 
 ously moistened with water-gruel. As soon as the bowels are tolerably open- 
 ed, desist for a week at least, but should it fail to produce this effect, give the 
 following 
 
 Laxative Balls. 
 
 Barbadoes aloes, 4 drachms, 
 
 Gamboge, 1 drachm, 
 
 Hard soaj), 3 drachms, 
 
 Anise seeds powdered, 4 drachms. 
 
 Oil of cloves, G drops. 
 
 Mix with syrup of buckthorn enough to form the mass, and divide into two balls. 
 Give them on two successive mornings, unless the fir3t prove effectuaL I 
 have found these balls, without any other aid, produce worms, a few, by re- 
 peating as often as five or six times. Another preparation of antimony may 
 be substituted for the first mentioned powder, viz. 
 
 Laxative Powder. — No. 2. 
 
 Liver of antimony, 3 ounce^ 
 Cream of tartar, 4 ounces. 
 
 Mix for six doses, one to be given daily until the body is opened. But should 
 not this happen, the laxative ball just advised should be given. 
 
 Savin (the leaves pounded, and a spoonful given twice a day in the horse's 
 oats for ten days, and then laxative balls above, bring away slimy matter with 
 the dung, and worms ahve. 
 
 Arsenic has been tried, to the amount often grains a day, for a week, but 
 its powers are tonic only : it is a dangerous remedy in unskilful hands. All 
 bitters are anthelmintic and tonic; thus wormwood, rue, and chamomile flow- 
 ers, have been attributed the faculty of killing the worms, but the fact is not 
 exactly so; those elfects are produced by bracing the stomach, and restoring 
 its tone, and thus disposing the parts to throw. off the intruders. 
 
 STAGGERS, APOPLEXY, MEGRIMS, VERTIGO, FITS. 
 
 Staggers is the common or vulgar name given to all those disorders of the 
 head, which consist in vertigo, or "swimming of the head." Drowsiness at- 
 tending this symptom confers the distinction of sleepy staggers upon this kind 
 
156 FITS, MEGRIMS, NATURAL REMEDY. 
 
 of attack, whilst mad stags^ers is that affection of the brain which causes the 
 animal to kick, to tumble, and plunge about: both are occasioned by diseased 
 stomach, brought on by inflammation of that organ, or simply by the retention 
 of a great mass of indigestible food there and in the intestines : constipation 
 attends every species of staggers, and in some cases the hardened dung may 
 be felt or observed by applying the senses to the proper parts. The breath 
 is offensive, the respiration impeded, and the pulse high and sharp in mad 
 staggers, whilst in the sleepy it is slow, heavy, and full, without vibration [see 
 page 63]. When these latter symptoms continue a long time, the blood de- 
 termines towards the head, and the pulse increases, if the animal be one in 
 good condition : and unless bleeding and purging be employed effectually, 
 sooner or later ends in apoplexy, or one paroxysm only, which terminates fa- 
 tally. High-bred cattle, staUions, and brood mares, which are pampered in 
 their food with stimulants, frequently fall victims to this kind of attack, as do 
 their progeny wh-ilst under training, sometimes. In some cases the animal 
 makes one effort, in others it drops instantaneously; so the reader may per- 
 ceive that he does not stagger at all : and I infer that a manifest difference 
 exists between the two, although both arising from the same cause ; for, the 
 one we may afford some assistance to, and usually succeed in performing a 
 cure ; in case of a[)Of)lexy, the only symptom is remediless — death. To pre- 
 scribe for such an event would be utterly useless. 
 
 Under the head of "costiveness" I have already considered the origin of 
 staggers, and prescribed the remedy at page 68 ; because that is the disease, 
 whilst staggers, &c. are but the accompanying symptoms. 
 
 The megrims is an occasional attack on the sensorium or brain, in which 
 the animal drops down as if shot, lies motionless awhile, recovers slowly, and 
 is next day fit to go and do the same thing again, if pushed in his work. 
 This disorder originated in a foul stomach, in one case that came under my 
 care, and was at first a fit of the sleepy kind, which afterwards degenerated 
 into megrims; the morbid state of the head, I apprehend, continued in a tri- 
 vial degree, which any great exertion brought into activity. Sometimes these 
 megrims are preceded by a short warning, when the animal rears up before it 
 falls, or rambles like a drunkard ; it then tumbles and plunges about with con- 
 siderable danger to those who may collect around it. The muscles of the 
 eye are usually affected, much in the way of horses in locked jaw, or the hu- 
 man subject in a " falling fit ;" but all those symptoms disappear upon em- 
 ploying the proper remedies, some of them so quickly and by such means as 
 to appear the efifect of a simple mechanical operation. 
 
 The cause of staggers, and the symptoms that distinguish the one kind 
 from the others, being thus settled, without distracting the inquirer with need- 
 less distinctions of agriculturists or the fanciful reveries of the doctors, let us 
 proceed to the 
 
 Remedies. — Farm horses that live much in the straw-yard, and work hard 
 on bad hay, &c. will sometimes stand still at once, as if struck motionless in 
 the midst of their work, which is a sure sign that some great leading function 
 has been suspended for the moment by reason of the great exertion. The 
 driver has nothing more to do in this case than let the tired creature rest for 
 the space of a minute or two, and then proceed in his work a little more lei- 
 surely. Prevention is better than cure. 
 
 In all ordinary cases of staggers, simply opening the bowels will effect a 
 cure nine times out often ; and when the animal shows symjjtoms of a disor- 
 dered stomach, the coming disorder may be warded off" by a dose of pbysic. 
 In violent attacks, let a clyster be first employed, of warm water, in which 
 common salt has been dissolved, and the hardened dung brought away by 
 manual assistance — as more fully detailed elsewhere — see the mode of «loing 
 
CASE OF LOCKED JAW. 157 
 
 this efTectually, at page 69. I have known violent cases of staggers cease by 
 this remedy alone, and the cure was completed with a purgative ball, as pre- 
 scribed at page 63. 
 
 The fits that constitute megrim, or the more genuine staggers, will require 
 the lancet, and let the quantity of blood taken be commensurate with the 
 violence of the animal, his hulk and fleshiness. From four to six quarts will 
 thus reduce his powers, and lided by the back-raking and purgative just re- 
 commended, a cure is soon clfected. 
 
 LOCKED JAW 
 
 Is rather the effect of other diseases, of the acute kind, than an original attack, 
 and is symptomatic of approaching death." A prick in the foot and docking 
 the tail, are fruitful causes of locked jaw. Hot weather is most conducive to 
 this manner of dissolution, which is brought about by great excitation of the 
 nerves, and accompanied by imperfect digestion. The remedy would of course 
 be found in restoring the tone of the former, and opening the main outlet of 
 nature. I have seen a case of locked jaw proceeding from inflammation of 
 the intestines, of a very aggravated nature. 
 
 Symptoms. — The case to which 1 allude was that of an old horse, from 
 twelve to fourteen years of age, just oflffrom hard work, which seemed to have 
 lived badly and suffered severely the ills of a protracted Ufe. Date, May 14, 
 1820, when the weather was prematurely hot. As usual, it began by the ani- 
 mal thrusting out its nose and eating, with some difficulty, which increased as 
 the stiffness of the neck became worse. The ears stuck up, and the sufferer 
 Could scarcely move a foot, and this with the greatest pain. Thus, every hour 
 the malady is found to extend itself towards the more vital parts, until reach- 
 ing the heart, life is then extinguished. The brain appears to be affected at 
 the very earliest period of the attack, when the animal evinces unusual appre- 
 hension, and will neigh and prick up its ears at the approach of any one, as 
 the last effort of nature to obtain the notice of man. The pulse is then in- 
 creased to about 70 ; but in the future stages of the disorder it falls again be- 
 low 40, and lower still until its final extinction. 
 
 In a few hours, the balls of the eyes of the animal just alludedto were turn- 
 ed back, showing the nerve which retained the ball in position in a very dis- 
 gusting manner; he appeared to suffer much pain, respiration had ceased, the 
 abdomen was drawn together, and immediate dissolution was expected mo- 
 mentarily. When the subject was opened, I was struck with the inflamed 
 state of the mesentery, and all the lacteals assumed a bloody appearance. Pre- 
 viously to this catastrophe, I hit the animal hard on the forehead with my fist, 
 once : the blow shook his whole frame, which before was as stiff as if made 
 of wood ; its eyes immediately returned full one-half way back again towards 
 the proper situation, and 1 was not mistaken when I imagined that its jaws, 
 ■which had been knit together, seemed to relax somewhat, and the rigidity of 
 the neck gave way. 
 
 Remedies have been prescribed, and Mr. Wilkinson of New-castle reports 
 several cases of successful practice upon young horses which had acquired 
 locked jaw by being nicked, or docked, or pricked in shoeing. The chief ob- 
 stacle to the administering of any medicine being the closeness of the teeth, 
 which defies the introduction of a horn, it may not be amiss to observe, that 
 profiting by the foregoing experiment, I have in several cases caused a little 
 relaxation in this respect, by placing a piece of wood upon the forehead and 
 striking a smart blow upon it with another piece or a small mallet. Some 
 substance might then be placed between the teeth to prevent their return to 
 the original closeness, whereby the remedies recommended by Mr. WilJiinsoa 
 15* 
 
158 TREATMENT OF LOCKED JAW. 
 
 may be employed with much prospect of success, for he only failed in fou'^ 
 cases in which the jaws were immoveable by any means which he then knev- 
 of; and as he has treated this particular subject more happily than any vete 
 rinarian of our time, 1 think 1 can not do better than follow the example o. 
 copying his account of a well-marked case successfully treated. 
 
 When called in, he observes, " I found the s}'mptoms were a spasmodic af 
 fection of the muscles of the jaws, head, neck, back, hinder extremities, and 
 abdomen, which occasioned them to become rigidly contracted, and the abdo- 
 men was much drawn in ; the pulse was about fifty, with some irregularity, 
 the breathing a little quickened, the jaws were considerably shut, but not so 
 close but medicine might be administered as a drench with a small horn : the 
 appetite not diminished, but she could not masticate hay; the head somewhat 
 raised, and on elevating it a little more, the haws covered great part of the 
 ball of the eye, the nose was thrown out from the chest, the nostrils expanded, 
 the ears erect or perched up, a great stiffness of the neck and back, the tail a 
 little elevated, and, upon a little fatigue, a shaking of it, a straddling of the 
 hinder extremities : the animal was very costive, and the urine was somewhat 
 diminished. The mare had been ehoed about three weeks before, and the 
 farrier had driven a nail into the sensible part of the foot while shoeing her. 
 The lameness thus produced was soon removed ; and the disease came on 
 after performing a journey; that is, about three weeks after the injury in the 
 foot had been inflicted. Two quarts of blood were taken off; a purgative 
 drench and an emollient clyster were given ; considerable friction was used 
 over the muscles of the jaws, head, neck, and back, particularly where they 
 were found most rigid; a stimulating liniment of turpentine, hartshorn, mus- 
 tard and oil, was well rubbed over those parts, which were afterwards covered 
 with sheep skins, as recently taken oif the sheep as they could be procured, 
 which soon brought on sensible persjiiration. The diet was principal'ly thin 
 bran-mashes and oatmeal-gruel, of which she frequently took a little. The 
 next day, pulse the same, breathing a little quicker, jaws not more locked; a 
 constant perspiration had been kept up by the sheep-skins ; the purgative 
 drench not operating, another clyster was administered, which promoted its 
 action; the liniment was repeated. Next day (the ninth), symptoms nearly 
 the same, perspiration copious : the purging having subsided, the anti-spasmo- 
 dic medicine, composed of opium, camphor, and asafcEtida, was given with a 
 small horn morning and evening, and a similar mixture, with the addition of 
 three pints of a decoction of rue, was administered as a clyster, morning and 
 evening. The drench and clysters were repeated morning and evening till the 
 14th day; and during this, the quantity of opium, viz. 1 drachm, was increased 
 or diminished according to the violence of the spasms, which at times were 
 very severe. It was always administered in such a manner as to have its effects 
 constantly in the system, without producing much restlessness ; during this 
 time, there was also a most copious perspiration going on under the sheep-skins. 
 The bowels becoming costive again, another purgative drench and an emollient 
 clyster were administered. On the 15th, the dr*ench not operating, a clyster 
 was given which produced the desired effect. Pulse and breathing a little hur- 
 ried and irregular, jaws not more locked, still perspires under the sheep-skins, 
 appetite good ; but can not masticate hay. IGth, Pulse more regular, breathing 
 more calm, perspires freely under the skins: the purging having subsided, the 
 opium, &c. were administered as before, and continued until the 21st, when 
 another purgative drench and emollient clyster were given. The jaws were 
 now more open, and the mare could masticate hay ; the muscles of the head, 
 neck, back, and hinder extremities became considerably relaxed, and on rais- 
 ing the head, the haws did not cover much of the eye. On the 23d day, the 
 purguig having subsided, the anti-spasmodic medicine was again employed 
 
HYDROPHOBIA- 159 
 
 Until the 10th of April, when another purge was administered. On the 12lh, 
 the purging subsided ; the anti-spasmodic medicine was again used a few days 
 longer, when she was completely cured of the complaint. After this, tonics 
 were given, which, with a nourishing diet and suitable exercise, soon restor- 
 ed the tone of the muscles, and the animal became as useful as ever." 
 
 Of the twenty-four cases described, nine came on after docking or cutting 
 off the tail, from ten days to a month after the operation. In such cases, the 
 tail was fomented with warm water, and the sore dressed with detersive oint- 
 ment. It should be remarked, that in all the successful cases the jaws were 
 not so completely closed but medicine could be given with a small horn, or in- 
 troduced as a bolus by means of the cane. In some instances, there appears to 
 have been considerable difficulty in giving medicine at first, but by persevering 
 carefully, both medicine and food were introduced in sufficient quantity. With 
 respect to cold application, Mr. Wilkinson says, he has only tried it once, when 
 the whole of a mare's body affected with locked jaw, except the nostrils, was im- 
 mersed in snow for some time, without producing any relaxation of the muscles: 
 on the contrary, the symptoms afterwards gradually increased, and she died on 
 the third day. In four cases that terminated fatally, the jaws were so completely 
 closed, that neither food nor medicine could be given by the mouth. On ex- 
 amining these horses after death, tliere was some degree of inflammation in the 
 lungs, stomach, and bowels. It was generally found on opening the spinal 
 canal, that the membrane covering the marrow exhibited a very inflamed ap- 
 pearance, and the marrow itself was tinged of a still deeper colour, whilst the 
 membranes of the brain exhibited some marks of inflammation. 
 
 HYDROPHOBIA. 
 
 No notice whatever would have been taken of this dreadful malady, but for 
 jome additions to the stock of information already before the public as to the 
 means of discriminating the true from the false rabies ; which I am enabled to 
 furnish from authentic sources. A disease confessedly incurable requires no 
 more to be said of it ; but this having been at one time or other, the case with 
 several other subjects treated of in this volume, I must not, consistently with 
 the duty I have imposed upon myself, pass it by in silence. Even the names 
 of authors who have written on canine madness would be serviceable to such 
 of my readers as may be desirous of extending farther their inquiries concern- 
 ing this melancholy and appalling disease. Preceding authors have all confined 
 their information to the dog itself, with mere casual notices of his attacks upon 
 other animals, and on man. Their researches extended not to the horse, or 
 but trivially so. But, inasmuch as the symptoms of madness discoverable in 
 dogs so affected are good to be known to those who would keep their horses 
 out of danger, I am thus further induced to bestow a page or two on the dis- 
 tinguishing character of the true symptoms, and add a hint or two as to pre- 
 vention, since cure is nearly hopeless at present. 
 
 Causes. — The bite of a rabid animal, universally of the dog, and in every 
 case that I hear of, on the lip. The bull-dog, the lurcher, the mongrel, the 
 Danish dog, and the shepherd dog, are the kinds most disposed to run at 
 horses, especially when so afiected (the first-mentioned, on other occasions, 
 usually fighting at the throat), jumping repeatedly at the horse until they get 
 hold, and the two first pertinaciously holding fast a long time, even until kill- 
 ed off, as we hear and believe.* This will happen mostly with horses tight 
 
 * On the morning of September 9, 1826, as Mr. Hawkerford, of Bilston, Staffordshire, waa 
 cUiv-ng 'w'j adies from Willow-hall, a bull-dog, which was with its master in the road seiaoU 
 
160 DISTINGUISinNG SYMPTOMS. 
 
 rcino(], or which we bear up in harness, whilst those having the head loose 
 rear and paw off the offender, or being at large, evade or trample upon him; 
 •but however slight the bite, the mischief is already committed, so that avoidance 
 by flight is the only preventive of an irremediable evil, unless we are prepared 
 to shoot the caitiff, or to run him through. We hear the free use of horseflesh 
 for keeping dogs in England, charged as one main cause for engendering rabies, 
 or at least quarrelsomeness; add to this, the denial of water to which some of 
 them are subjected at a season when dilution is most required — " what time 
 the dog-star reigns," and we think the suggestion is not very far removed from 
 the fact. At least, we are informed that this appalling disorder is compara- 
 tively small in other parts of the world, where horseflesh is less plentiful, or 
 water, the antidote, is found in abundance, and Lisbon is adduced in proof, 
 where dogs perform the office of scavengers, and further are supplied with 
 water by individual housekeepers.* Our own towns, too, in which water is 
 easily obtained, are much seldomer subject to epidemic visitations of rabies 
 than others more arid, yet lying open to an access of carrion in abundance. 
 Dogs invariably take water with much eagerness in every stage of the disorder, 
 so far as I have seen, or heard of, orally; some printed accounts differ. Man 
 dreads it; but when he can get it down, which has been done within a day or 
 two of his dissolution, he finds the raging heat of his stomach alleviated by the 
 effort. 
 
 Si/mptoms of hydrophobia. In the dog, its approach may be known by a 
 marked deviation from the general habits of his kind, amounting to dislike 
 of former friends, a symptom which ought to be particularly regarded. They 
 have been seen to eat their own excrement, and lap their own urine, besides 
 other marks of depraved appetite; though at this early stage of the complaint 
 they are less likely to attack a horse than to resent an affront, or be guilty of 
 treachery towards friends. But as the disorder increases, he shows an inor- 
 dinate desire to gnaw any substance whatever, and evinces augmented an- 
 tipathy to cats. Even the dog called Danish, though mostly kept with, and 
 very fond of horses, would, as soon as affected, be the most likely to snap at 
 his old companions' noses. As the malady increases, his eyes become in- 
 flamed, and are affected with a blearing from the lids. He howls horribly 
 when the throat is inflamed at the larynx, or part where the voice (barking) 
 proceeds from ; the sound of which whoever has once heard, he can never af- 
 terwards forget or mistake, unless he himself be bit, or become deaf. The 
 confirmed mad dog now usually sits upon his rump to howl his obstructed 
 bark, through very pain from apparent intestinal inflammation. If suffered 
 to range about as the last stages approach, he seems bewildered and devoid 
 of sight, and should be either avoided or attacked with clubs and other wea- 
 pons to extirpation ; feeble opposition is obviously dangerous. 
 
 The symptoms of hydrophobia coming on upon the horse are direct and 
 positive ; blood on the lip, and other marks of violence, convey the first intelli- 
 gence that the mischief has been inflicted ; for neither horses, sheep, nor neat 
 cattle incur rabies without inoculation. We are further told, by M. Huzart, 
 that they do not possess the power of communicating the disease by bite to 
 other animals, even though labouring under the highest degree of hydrophobia 
 at the time; a fact I do not further vouch for, but which, when proven by 
 well-marked cases, would go far towards inspiring confidence and certainty 
 iln applying any of the alleged remedies. What man is bold enough to ad- 
 minister a ball, for example, whose own life is at stake, ingloriously, by the 
 
 Uic horse by the nose, and retained its hold, thoue:h the horse ran away, overlnrned the gig, and 
 llirew the pcirty Into a hedge. Still tlie ferocious brute retained its hold, until its throat was cut 
 en the spot. Vide Annals of Sporting, No. 58, page 238. 
 * In " Annals of Sporting," No. 46, page 217, signed J. B. 
 
REGIMEN, AND TREATMENT. 161 
 
 feat? Tncreaspil pulsation, inflamed throat, and evident thickening of (he 
 membrane that Hues it; soon after, the stomach being also inflamed, rejects 
 food, or the patient is at least indifferent to it, which may occur about the 
 eighteenth day after the inoculation; four or five earlier if the animal be in 
 good condition, so still sooner if high fed and full of blood. Shortly after, i. e. 
 from five to eight days, the bitten parts enlarge, and difficulty of swallowing 
 evidently proves that the disorder is making progress; the patient rubs the 
 part against the manger, stall, or wall, increasing in vehemence from the 
 twentieth or twenty-third day. He does not drink water freely, as usual, 
 thougfi this is by no means a certain criterion, for his power of swallowing is 
 already imperfect : he does not flinch from water when sprinkled over his face, 
 but will even drink to the amount of a pailful, when occasionally he can find free 
 passage for it, and the whim may be said to seize him. Some rabid horses 
 will take to water, and one in a very high state of excitement was known to 
 have run into a river. Suppression of urine next proves that the inflamma- 
 tion ha's reached the region of the kidneys, which is effected by way of the 
 stomach ; perspiration and excessive exacerbation ensue, with inflammation 
 of the parts of generation, accompanied by contraction in the male — yet a geld- 
 ing was found to have protruded its sheath, and staled with much pain to the 
 amount of half a pint, about the twenty-fourth day. 
 
 Weakness of the back and loins sometimes is observable at any period of 
 the disease; some quadrupeds being thus attacked, and falling down mad 
 without previous indication of rabies. 
 
 The eyes glassy, fiery or red — loss of vision ; tongue sometimes shoved out, 
 and then gnashing of the teeth. The raging symptoms increase from the 
 twenty -second or twenty-fourth day to the twenty-eighth or thirtieth day after 
 being bitten, when the animal will beat itself to death, unless the owner more 
 humanely puts it out of pain with a musket ; for 'tis dangerous to approach 
 within reach: the interposition of a strong gate across the stable, and the ap- 
 plication of a strong rope well fastened, are good preventives of accident 
 during tiiis final operation, or a cart that will bear some kicking might be 
 employed. 
 
 Regimen. — None will afford any permanent relief, though it has been usual 
 to place before it water as a test of its madness — though now known to be a 
 fallacious one in any state of the disorder with any animal whatever. All 
 horses continue to feed up to a certain period — until the stomach is attacked — 
 and some eat voraciously in the intervals of the fits, and drink too, but no good 
 can be expected from either, unless made the vehicles for the introduction of 
 some nostrum. If a cure be attempted, certainly nutritious food, easy of di- 
 gestion, and cooling, must assist it. The stomach being very much inflamed 
 in this disorder, points out the propriety of bran mashes, marshmallows, and 
 of water gruel, given cold, which will afford the means of alleviating the an- 
 guish of that organ, to the coats whereof the last food taken by the expiring 
 patient has been found to adhere after death; that is to say, the fibrous coal 
 of the stomach of the subject alluded to identified itself with the food so inti 
 mately, that it stripped off. whilst the insensible coat still adhered. 
 
 Remedy. — Every possible remedy, some of them of op{)Osite tendency, has 
 been tried on the dog, and on man. Sea-bathing, the Ormskirk medicine, 
 copious bleeding, excision of the part, the actual cautery, and cupping the 
 parts, have been each employed — successfully, we are told ; but no reliance 
 can be |)laced on either, since they oftener fail, though there is no reason why 
 the horse should not undergo bleeding and cutting oflT the laceration as sooa 
 after the accident as possible. When we consider that the part bitten is ever 
 observed to enlarge previous to the horse showing other signs of confirmed 
 hydrophobia, it seems dear that the cutting off the immediate cause of iiicipi 
 
102 NOSTRUMS RECOMMENCED; BATHING. 
 
 ent rabies presses itself upon our notice as the most efficacious measure for 
 warding oil' the disease. Six months is no unusual time for dogs to conceal 
 rahid uifection, a quarrelsome disposition being for a long time toe only indi- 
 cation perceptible; but the horse seldom goes beyond the twentieth day in de- 
 veiojiing all the symptoms before enumerated ; which shows that the peculiar- 
 ly ra[)id circulation of the blood, noticed elsewhere (page 59) as the harbinger 
 of inflammatory complaints of every kind in the horse, naturally demands 
 early and coi)ious bleeding as a good accessary remedy for this particular one. 
 In this case alone we should not be solely guided as to the quantity of blood 
 proper to be taken by the quickness of the pulse, or actual inflammatory indi- 
 cation, but its fulness, and habit of the patient's body : empty his body sub- 
 sequently, as directed in cases of fever, with a brisk purgative, as follows : 
 
 Purgative Ball. 
 
 Aloes, 7 drachms, 
 Calomel, half a drachm, 
 Hard Soaj), 3 drachms, 
 Oil of caraways, 12 drops. 
 
 Mix with mucilage sufficient for one dose. If the animal seem not otherwise 
 to require purging physic, omit the calomel, and omit it also if the bleeding 
 has been trivial on account of the previous low state of the animal's system. 
 
 The application of the plant Scutelleria laterifolia, is lately reported from 
 • North America to have succeeded in several cases; but the symptoms do not 
 accompany the report made to us, and we rest in doubt as to its efficacy. 
 However, let it be tried. So we say of "any mineral acid," which a certain 
 medical gentleman recommends may be applied — a few drops on tow to the 
 wound whilst fresh. This may be trietl in the form of oxygenated muriatic 
 acid, which has the property of being destructively detersive; it decomposes 
 the virus, and acts as a styptic. Salt water bathing has been employed upon 
 a large scale, and has been loudly commended ; then, let common salt be also 
 tried to the amount of two or three ounces a day mixed with the patient's corn. 
 It is but fair to. add, that sea-bathing failed of effecting any good, when tried 
 upon the canine under the best auspices. The king's stag-hounds, in 1823, 
 being more than suspected of rabies, were taken to Brighton, and the ablution 
 well performed under the directions of Mr. Sharpe, the huntsman, but to no 
 good effect ; they were all destroyed. Dr. Fayerman, of Norwich, published 
 a case in the spring of 1825, of the cure of hydroi)hobia in a inan of forty-two 
 years, by giving him superacetate of lead (Goulard's extract) in doses of from 
 fifty to ten dro{)s on lumps of sugar. He also bled the patient, wiio was at 
 one time raging mad. Strong soap boilers' lye, or solution of potash, in either 
 of its varieties, has been used frequently as efficaciously detersive of the virus 
 left by the bite or bites inflicted by a rai)id enemy ; besides which, the seat of 
 all the wounds may thus be discovered, as they usually lie concealed by the 
 hair; and thus, if excision be deemed necessary, every injured j)art may be 
 similarly treated : let the eyes be guarded against the lye, and the wounds 
 should be quickly pressed and assiduously washed. An eschar forms and 
 completes the cure. The once celebrated " Ormskirk Medicine " is unworthy 
 of reliance. 
 
 The subject of canine madness has been well handled by Mr. Oilman, in 
 his *' Dissertation on the Bite of Rabid Animals," 8vo. Mr. Daniel, in his 
 "Rural Sports," has made some good, sensible, practical observations on this 
 subject. Mr. Thomas, in his " Shooter's Guide," is more pithy than commu- 
 nicative ; be recommends immediate death being visited upon the victims of 
 
WRITERS ON HYDROPHOBIA- 163 
 
 the disease ; a very elTeetual mode of preventing communication, truly, but he 
 seems not aware that premature judgments would be very hkely to consign to 
 deatli many good animals afflicted with other disorders than rabies. Subse- 
 quently, Mr. Johnson, in his "Shooter's companion," has printed some in- 
 teresting details of occurrences within his own proper sphere. Dr. John 
 Pinckard's " Cases of persons who ha^'e fallen victims to the bite," are well 
 marked. But the labours of none are so much in point, as regards the horse, 
 as the researches of my friend, Mr. John Surr, Surgeon, communicated to 
 me, subsequently to 1810 ; in which year he published the result of his dis- 
 section of several horses which had died of hydrophobia, partly under his own 
 Inspection.* The substance of all my friend's observations is embodied in the 
 foregoing pages. A writer, who adopts the signature of H. C. in addressing 
 the publisher of the Annals of Sporting, has communicated much practical 
 information on the subject of canine madness, that is well worthy the perusal 
 of all persons interested in this order of created beings. 
 
 * Those papers appeared in the " Medical and Physical .Tournal," No. 131, and several suc- 
 cessive numbers: M\ Surr being accompanied on one occasion by Dr. Adams and Mr Pent 
 
 grew. 
 
1G4 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 OF THE LEG AND FOOT OF THE HORSE ; Oil SHOEING-SMTH'S GUIDE. 
 
 CHAPTER r. 
 
 Structure and Physiology of the Foot ; Mode oj" studying' it advantageously. 
 
 Cf.rtatn disorders of the foot owe their origin to bad structure of the limb, 
 and the manner it is attached to the body, which influences the tread, or bear- 
 ing, that tlie foot has upon a plane surfaced ground ; others arise from accident 
 or hard work, and a good number from the errors shoeing-smiths fall into 
 when they neglect to adapt their work to the circumstances peculiar to each 
 kind <if horse. Furthermore, almost every individual horse has its peculiar 
 tread, and the scientific workman should place himself in a situation to ascer- 
 tain whether this he owing to such original defectiveness, or to the evil accu- 
 mulations of age and hard usuage : he must not pretend to counteract, but to 
 follow the first mentioned ; the second he may endeavour to correct, to amend, 
 and {.Tevent its evil eflects. In order to effect these objects, he should study 
 the form and structure of well-formed limbs, learn the uses of each bone, liga- 
 ment, and tendon, and ascertain how it hajjpens that deviations from symmetry 
 in the limb always affect the sole of the foot, sooner or later. 
 
 But so much space has been already occupied in the anatomical description 
 of the leg, that it might properly be considered a waste of time to enter into 
 new details to the same purpose. The reader will therefore turn back to the 
 early sections of the first book (page 5, &c.) and he will readily perceive in 
 what manner an originally defective limb, or the ill-adaptation of the parts to 
 each other, or its awkward attachment to the body, may become the harbinger 
 of one or other of the many diseases of the foot, which v/e come shortly to take 
 into consideration, lie will know, also, that besides this error of birth, as I 
 call it, there are others of mismanagement : as, the employment of horses in 
 work that is beyond their powers, or of that kind for which nature never de- 
 signed them; either of which is as likely to bring on distortion of the foot, and 
 its train of disorders, as any accident of birth to which I before alluded. Na- 
 tural delects go much farther than shape or make, and the distinction between 
 these and the inflicteil, or acquired, may be aptly illustrated by the fact, that 
 white-legged horses, whatever be their shape, are more disposed to contract 
 "grease" than those of any other colour. This is therefore a natural predis- 
 position to that disease; whilst the animal which is suffered to contract the 
 "grease" entirely through mismanagement suffers an infliction as much as 
 another, which, being put upon hard services, throws out splents, spavin, curb, 
 &c. in consequence. 
 
 Furthermore, the shoeing-smith who should inform himself of the primary 
 causes of badly formed feet would carry on his business with the greatest 
 emolument to himself, and with the most satisfaction to his employers; for he 
 would adapt his shoes to the natural defects, whilst the acquired ones he would 
 amend by degrees until he could control the horses' heels to a healthy shape, 
 
mS-SIIATEN FEET, HOW ACQUIRED. 165 
 
 *nd thus promote the regeneration of healthy horn. He should also accuEtom 
 himself to reHect on the various breeds of horses that are brought under his 
 care, their limbs and hoofs, produced in certain situations, climates, or coun- 
 tries, as we hear them denoniinated, eai^h of which requires some peculiar 
 contrivance or adaptation. Thus, horses bred in swampy situations have long 
 flabby limbs and large Hat hoofs, to say nothing more of their long washy car- 
 cases, that [tredispose them to contract certain ills which come shortly to be 
 enumerattxl. Ail those "countries" where ague prevails among mankind are 
 unfit for breeding good horses, as is proved by the thick spongy heel and soft 
 foot. It was to this peculiar climate I objected some years ago, when 1 first 
 printed the advice given at page 18, which has since been corroborated by the 
 opinion of M. Dupuy, as quoted before at page 130. Brittle hoof is produced 
 by a hot, sandy breeding country, as nmch as by the heat and dryness of the 
 animal's constitution. But, to whichever extreme the individual belongs that 
 may come under consideration, mis-shapen hoof is visible from the earliest 
 years. This increases as the animal is worked, and disease of one descrip- 
 tion or another follows, which requires the care of the shoeing-smith to modi- 
 fy, or of the doctor to cure. Thus the combination of ferrier (or iron-work 
 er) and veterinary surgeon in the same person is not so very incongruous as 
 at first sight may be imagined. 
 
 In the anatomical treatise that occupies the first chapter in this volume, the 
 reader will observe (at page 11) how strenuously I insisted on the proper shape 
 or elevation of the hoof; and he will not overlook the great service our shoeing- 
 smith, or ferrier proper, may derive from duly considering this shape and ex- 
 ternal form, and of adapting his shoe to each deviation from the true form, as 
 1 shall show presently in detail. For that attendant upon and assistant to 
 nature, who is neglectful of her deviations, or ignorant of the causes which 
 produce them, is ill calculated for his office, whether that be ferrier or doctor; 
 in fact, he is ever the most prizable workman of either class who is best ac- 
 quainted with those deviations^ accidents, or errors that, for the most part, are 
 inflicted we know not how. The boot and shoe maker, for example, who can 
 best suit the bumble-footed man, is a more ingenious mechanic than he who 
 is wholly employed in making his cordovans for perfect-footed persons only. 
 But then, the "shoe maker" of either genus should not be ignorant of well- 
 turned feet, and the symmetry of the horse's foot should form an especial part 
 i)i the education of an intelligent shoeing smith ; else, how is he to work for 
 the preservation of the proper shape, of its restoration when time or circum- 
 stances may have eflljcted those alterations we deplore, and strive to amend if 
 we can not fully restore? 
 
 Let him examine nature itself in its fastnesses; let him investigate the 
 minute parts that constitute the whole foot, to which his operations are calcu- 
 lated to afford support, or to effect alterations in its form. To aid him in his 
 inquiries, 1 have annexed hereto the section of a foot of nearly perfect shape, 
 pre[iared by myself, anil ;)ul)lished some time before these sheets, in order to 
 meet and correct the blunders intelligent shocing-smiths jvere every day led 
 into by relying upon the misrepresentation of the subject contained in certain 
 publications of the present day. 1 lamented this the more, because it is im- 
 j)ossible to withhold approbation from the leading parts o( the work in which 
 the ill-conceived picture appeared, and therefore it is very hkely to have diffu- 
 sed error more extensively than a less popular author could possibly inflict. 
 As an antidote to all mistakes on this interesting topic, I would recommend 
 every one who has occasion to meddle with horses' feet, as owner, groom, or 
 IG 
 
166 
 
 INTERNAL STRUOTUllE OF TIIE HOOF. 
 
 shoeing-smith, to obtain a fresh hoof of a horse which has died in comparative 
 health, and having softened it in warm water, proceed to make a section thero- 
 otj in the same manner as I have here done. 
 
 Fig. 1. Section of the Foot. 
 
 This portrait of a section of the healthy hoof was taken from a freshly 
 severed foot of a five year old horse, recently killed in full health. This latter 
 remark veterinary readers will know how to appreciate, when comparing this 
 with their own preparations, which may have been derived (as generally ha[> 
 pens) from the anatomy of diseased subjects, after the "blood" which should 
 have supplied fresh secretory matter has been long turned aside, or converted 
 to increase deformity. 
 
 To the general observer, the foot of a horse inclosed in its hoof would, in- 
 deed, seem like a corpse shut up in its cofRn : and there is, certainly, no mode 
 of arriving at a knowledge how these act upon, and witb, each other, than by 
 dissecting the hoof By this means the whole arcana of its construction are 
 laid open, but in no manner so intelligibly as by the section straight up and 
 down from the toe up to the coronet, and throughout between the clefts of tho 
 fro^ and heel. This being done, the vessels which supply the juices for reno- 
 vating the wear and tear of the whole exterior are plainly bared to the view : 
 the ligaments, bones, and tendons, show their means and manner of action ; 
 and, above all, the back sinew laid flat behind the smaller pastern-bone, and 
 quite so at passing underneath the navicula, and at its insertion in the bottom 
 of the coffin-bone. On entering the hoof it acquires the term tendo palmaris 
 among the learned, but this course only serves to puzzle the general reader. 
 
 At (a) on the coffin-bone, the general porosity thereof is much greater than 
 at any other part, being the avenue or receptacle for the blood which is diffiased 
 throughout it, except on the surface, or border, at (bbb). The shape of this 
 bone at the toe (/) is worthy of note, as being that which is best calculated to 
 give firmness of tread, fitting with the greatest nicety to the shape of the hoof; 
 oi rather, perhaps, we should say, that the shape of the hoof of a healthy ani- 
 mal should ever partake of that which we have before us, and is evidently in- 
 structive to the shoeing-smith in his final raspings, to keep clear at the toe. 
 Deviations from this rule, bring the coffin-bone nearer the surfice of the hoof, 
 as is shown in fig. 3, plate 3, where the coffin-bone (c) and the wall of the 
 hoof (^) are in contact ; and even this representation, the picture of the Col- 
 lege, shows tnat the toe of the bone is much sharper than the horn, which they 
 rasp away so much at (/), that the new shod animals go a little groggy (or a 
 short time. 
 
MODE OF SEVERING A FOOt. 167 
 
 Between the hoof and the coffin-bone interpose an aggregation of secretory 
 vessels, forming a juicy elastic substance, that prevents concussion, as would 
 necessarily happen at every step but for this providence of nature. 1 have 
 marked it (cc); but this substance, in like manner, pervades the concurrence 
 of all other bones of the foot, only differing much in quality, and in structure 
 a little : between the shuttle and coffin-bones it is more vascular, and the blood 
 is still decidedly arterial. Underneath the coffin-bone at (d), it becomes more 
 elastic, thicker, and striated, resembling pale India rubber, which quahties in- 
 crease towards the heel at (e). These latter rest upon the frog (ff\ which is 
 horny, or perforable with a point-knife, so far as (g), where it joins the toe 
 of the hoof, more abruptly as the horse is most worked, or otherwise. 
 
 The navicula (/?.,) or shuttle-bone, as it has been called, moves in the midst 
 of much elastic substance, resting upon and pressing the back sinew flat upon 
 the'strongest part of that substance, above the centre of the frog. This little 
 bone, it will be seen, is well adapted, by its shape, to traverse the lower sur- 
 face of the small pastern (i,) and the lateral edge of the coffin-bone (a,) when- 
 ever the back sinew (Ar,) is drawn up to lift the foot, as it does from off the 
 ground, always returning into its place as the foot comes down. At {I) is the 
 toe, (m) is the heel of the foot, and at (n) is the near side cleft of the insensi- 
 ble frog. At (o) is the coronet, or coronary ring, as at (p,) the lowest end 
 of the large pastern bone. 
 
 At (a) when the bone is recently cut through, no difference of structure is 
 perceivable, though u\)on stricter examination, it will be found at the central 
 part more porous, than that which is adjacent to the other bones; the hard- 
 ness increases towards the whole surface (bbb), where the cutting presents a 
 perfect enamel. But the contents of the receptacle at (o), I have proved by 
 experiment to be unequivocally the same glutinous substance (in a state of 
 preparation) as the hoof itself. This process of nature is well explained by 
 the old aphorism that, "arteries entering bone engender bone, those of mus- 
 cle create muscle," and so on ; and the blood deposited in the coffin-bone, and 
 being dispersed over the internal part of the foot, partakes of all the qualities 
 of bone, membrane, muscle, and skin — the whole combined becomes horn. 
 
 If my advice be worth any thing — if my earnest exhortations to investigate 
 the subject effect their object, every man who reads these pages, whatever may 
 be his station in or about the stable or the smithy, will not fail to make a sec- 
 tion, or cut down the middle of a hoof at the earliest opportunity. To effect 
 this purpose, the now industrious operator needs little more preparation than 
 to furnish himself with a cordwainer's knife, and a butcher's saw with fine 
 teeth : if he can add to these the use of a carpenter's vice, in which t(t fix his 
 subject, he will much accelerate his labour. Having secured the foot upside 
 downwards, he will cut down between the cleft at the heel until he comes to 
 the bone at (b), and the wall, or horny part of the hoof (at ^g-), where the la- 
 bour of sawing is to begin. The shuttle bone (/») he will feel and hear rattle 
 forward and backward at every stroke — the horn yields easily. As he pro- 
 reeds, he will find his trouble lessened and his views of the matter in hand 
 much enlargec. by driving into the chasm his exertions have made, some two 
 or three wedges of wood, whereby he will ascertain that the stiffest part of the 
 horn iselastic, even though he should not have adopted the precaution of soak- 
 ing his preparation, as recommended. He will thus be convinced, that the 
 a[)plication of Bracy Clark's jointed shoe is not without its uses. But if our 
 inquirer ha? soaked his horn as directed, he will find that the warm water 
 renders it more elastic, and he will conclude that the practice of permitting 
 their horses to stand in the kennels during the issue of hot water from brew 
 eries, die-houses, rectifiers' premises, &c., must soften the hoofs, and indispose 
 thexn for immediate concussion over the rough stones of our paved streets. 
 
163 HORN, HOW COMPOUNDED: CONCUSSIONS. 
 
 He will also thus fliscern why I advise, in certain cases, the enveloping the 
 whole foot whenever the application of a poultice becomes necessary to any 
 part of it. 
 
 On completing the section, he will discover two branches of arteries which 
 descend into the foot at the coronet near the quarters and supplied the coifin- 
 bone (a), that occupies the cavity of the horny hoof, with fine blood for its re- 
 production. In other words, the formation of new horn is derived from the 
 blood, which is sent hither in good quantity, and pervades the internal part of 
 the coffin hone in particular. In this bone the operator will perceive a cavity, 
 or rather three hollows communicating with each other, in which the horny 
 matter is generated. Or, probal)ly, this is the reservoir for such particles of 
 blood as are suited to the formation of hoof, as it may be required and called 
 for by the process of nature, and the demands of wear and tear, of rasping and 
 drawing inordinately, all which must subtract from its quantity, and leave the 
 bone comparatively hollow, and less fit for resisting the hard concussions to 
 which it is liable at every step. This fact may be ascertained by keeping a 
 bisected foot for a few months, when the moisture having left it in great mea- 
 sure, in the cavity of the coffin-bone will be found a yellowish glutinous sub- 
 stance precisely of the same nature and colour as that which fills the space 
 between the hoof and coffin-bone at cc, in the section at page 16G: without 
 odour and nearly tasteless, its uses are evidently the sup[)ly of new hoof. 
 
 Seeing this curious construction of the foot, we are compelled to allow that 
 numerous accidents may also occur to prevent the supply of blood to the parts, 
 to say nothing of its unfitness at times to carry on its proper purposes. The 
 two vessels before noticed that bring this supply of new blood descend into the 
 foot behind the small pastern bone, and pass with the back sinew {k) under- 
 neath the shuttle bone (h), as may be noticed in the section, at page 1G6. 
 Here it enters the coffin-bone at the sole, by an indentation of the bone de 
 signed for the |)rotection of the vessels passing in and out. From the recep- 
 tacle in the coffin-bone, after concoction, the blood issues forth — part of it to 
 lubricate and nourish the shuttle-bone and its adjacent ligaments, the remain- 
 der to effi^'ct similar purposes elsewhere, but the greater part is destined to 
 supply the horny material of the hoof. 
 
 Those "concussions" at every step, before spoken of, as affecting the action 
 of the shuttle-bone upon the posterior point of the coffin-bone, occasion trivial 
 injury at every step in quick motion ; more harm arises as the animal is much 
 pushed in his work ; then heat and fever of the foot supervene, contractions 
 follow, with a train of evils that have acquired difllerent names, thirty in num- 
 ber, but which 1 have reduced by three-fourths, with a view to simplifying 
 the subject : most of these differ only in situation. Very hard concussions, 
 or a single injury of sufficient magnitude, produce lameness at once, which 
 most unaccountably received the name of "strain of the coffin-joint," and un- 
 der which general misconception I shall shortly give it a moment's considera- 
 tion. 
 
 The student who would push his inquiries farther will next turn his attcH' 
 tion to the muscles, ligaments, and tendons, that guide the foot ; that lift it 
 up, and suffer it again to meet the ground ; that may perform these offices 
 firm and effectively, or being relaxed, diseased, or ill-formed, they and their 
 functions agree not with the well-being of the foot. Probably he will find it 
 convenient to lay open this part of the arcana of progression by the horse's 
 leg (the lower part of it) previous to severing the foot itself, seeing thai the 
 subject will then be quite fresh, and that one part may intelligibly illustrate 
 
tJO 
 
16* 
 
FOOT AND LEG DESCRIBED. 169 
 
 the other. This is more particularly the case with the flexor tendon, or hack 
 sinew; which lie will ascertain is of great length, descending all the way from 
 the huck, or back of the knee, behind both jtastern bones, under the shuttle- 
 bone, and is fastened to the bottom of the coffin-bone. 
 
 With the f()lk)wing "description" before him, he will study the figures 2 
 and 3 of j)Iate 3; and after removing the remainder of the integuments, and 
 cleansing the bones, he will then perceive the articulation of these, the man- 
 ner of their working in and U})on each other; and as he proceeds to repeat 
 the investigation, he will note the difference that exists in the shape of a leg 
 taken from a thorough-bred horse and that of a cart-horse; the one small and 
 tlat-sided, or sharp before, as best calculated for speed, the other round and 
 heavy, as being made for heavy draught, and to support a large, muscular, 
 and bony frame. In giving this advice, I presume he has already examined 
 the superior part of the limb, though the lower bones and their covering come 
 more nnmediately under notice in this place. 
 
 Description of Plates 2 and 3, of Anatomy of the Horse's Foot. 
 
 These figures were not designed or corrected by me, with one exception; 
 viz. fig. 2, of plate 3; they are, however, very fair representations of the sub- 
 jects studied, and depicted by members of the College. 1 have here a small 
 objection to make to their mode of enlarging the coffin-bone, which they in- 
 varial)ly draw much too big in proportion; why, 1 never could learn. In fig. 
 4 of plate 2, for example, where the whole of the integuments are supposed 
 to be removed, the coliin-bone projects inordinately beyond the small pastern, 
 which is not the case at all when viewed in front, or at the back. In other 
 respects these figures speak intelligibly without further explanation. 
 
 Plate 2, fig. 1. Front view of a colt's foot, hoof, skin removed, and (a) the 
 sesamoid bone, (6) the large pastern, (c) the coifin-bone, {d) the toe. 
 
 Fig. 2. Back view of the same — a a the back sinew, or flexor tendon, as it 
 appears above its ligamentary sheath and below it, descending flat into the 
 foot underneath the coffin-bone at (c); d the coffin-bone, having the sensible 
 sole still adhering to it, cc, the lateral cartilage; h is the sheath in which the 
 back sinew is enclosed, and moves at every step, but part of the sheath has 
 been removed in order to show the course of the sinew. 
 
 Fig 3. The whole of the ligaments is here laid open by the removal of the 
 flexor tendon, whereby is seen (at a) the smooth surface of the sesamoid bones 
 over whii'h the tendon is ordained to pass; at 6&, part of the sheath is turned 
 back, at c is the hollow {)art of the sheath; at dd the ligament that connects 
 the small pastern to the bone above is shown, with its insertion below at e, 
 whereby the large pastern is kept in position ; ff the lateral cartilages ; g the 
 bottom of the colfin-bone, h the toe. 
 
 Fig. 4 is a front view of the same, but with all the integuments removed; 
 aa the sesamoids ; b the large pastern ; c the small pastern ; d the cofl5n-bone, 
 but represented rather wider than ordinary. 
 
 Plate 3, fig. 1, back view of the bones, in which a the shuttle-bone, is seen 
 that works loosely behind the conjunction of the small pastern, c, and coffin- 
 bone, d ; but the small pastern (c) has been lifted or strained upwards inordi- 
 i.alely, as the lower part of it lies concealed, as far as the mark (c) in the 
 healthy sulvject, behind the shuttle-bone. The shuttle bone may be seen at its 
 middle or thickest i)art, in the "section of a healthy foot," at page 16G; and 
 by turning the cut sideways, the perspective will be found sacrificed to no 
 useful purj)ose. 
 
 Fig. 2. View of the foot, with the hoof only removed, showing the front of 
 ihe coffin-bone at &, and the coronary ring just above it at c, in which the sub 
 
170 AFFECTIONS OF THE LEG AND FOOT. 
 
 stance is treasured up that constantly supplies the material for new horn tc. Int 
 foot lu'low. At aa the sesamoid bones, freshly severed at the fetlock joint. 
 
 Fig. 3. A section of a foot, agreeing essentially with my subject, at pago 
 166, but evidently drawn from a diseased foot, the elastic process marked cciii 
 that picture being wanting in this, and the shuttle-bone, d, having lost itg 
 finiction ; neither do we perceive the descent of the back sinew {k in the pre- 
 ceding) to its insertion at the coffin-bone. At a is the lower end of the large 
 pastern, b is the small })astern, c the coffin, d the shuttle-bone, e the cleft of the 
 frog, g the wall or hoof, h the situation of the .sinew, i the sensible sole. 
 
 Fig. 4. Transverse section of the foot, from the coronet a to the point Oi 
 the fro<T h, having the wall te on each side, and showing the divided edge of the 
 sensible scjie d. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Disorders of the Foot and Leg. 
 
 Tntrodvdory Observation. — Ai.L those derangements of the limbs which 
 we come next to consider, 1 shall divide, for the reader's more ready compre- 
 hension, into — 1st, those of the leg, and 2d, diseases of the foot : for it does 
 nt)t always happen that afieclions of the leg alone can be properly denominated 
 diseases, whilst those of the foot are invariably so. 1 before observed, that 
 both, or either, may be occasioned by accident, derived from ancestry, or be 
 the fault of misconstruction and consequent misapplication of the individual's 
 powers. They may be also considered as, 1st, those of the bones, 2d, of the 
 ligaments, tendons, and muscles. But 1 shall not so subdivide the heads of 
 my treatises on the several diseases, since each will appear under the respec- 
 tive heads of information, besides which (as will be seen further down), when- 
 ever the bones suffer derangement, original or accjuired, the integuments fol- 
 low the same evil course. Enough, however, has been said on these points in 
 the thst chapter of this volume. 
 
 Rest is the primal remedy for all acquired disorders of the limhs, whether 
 those of hard work or of accident ; but employing the animal whilst yet too 
 young, is an universal error, which is but seldom remedied by allowing it rest 
 when lamenessonce lays hold of him, much less is it capableof being cured. The 
 im[)olicy of this practice, the fruitful source of so many evils, is demonstrable 
 Dv the custom of the Arabs, who never mount a lame horse, even in the desert, 
 nor propagate from horse or mare which is permanently marked with the ef- 
 fects of overwork. One remote consequence whereof is, that the foal is not 
 entailed with a predisposition to contract readily such disorders as I come 
 shortly to treat of; whence the su})eriority of the Arab breed in this respect. 
 At least, the tact is to be de[)lored, that most of our stallions of the wagon- 
 horse breed are worked at plough and in the team at two and three years 
 old, too much for their tender years, and [)ermitted to cover mares at this very 
 early age ; the result of this lamentable cupidity of ownership is, that their get 
 are impregnated with one or other of the maladies that I come shortly to enu- 
 merate, ere they reach maturity ; but the causes and symptoms whereof I 
 have shown are so similar, or proceed so naturally out of each other, that they 
 dillV-r but in name for situation, in treatment nothing. Higher bred cattle 
 are subjected to the same disadvantages in most breeding studs, in which the 
 V)reeders prefer to derive their st(jck from parents which may have beon 
 successful at winning three year old stakes, or probably strained every mus 
 cle, bone, and tendon whilst yet yearlings. We owe to the late Sir T C 
 
LAMENESS, TEST FOR ASCERTAINING. QUITTOR. 171 
 
 Bunbury, of Bildeston, the introduction of this practice on a large scale^ which 
 is so evidently harmful to the rising generation — of horses. 
 
 Lameness is universally the symptom that denotes disordered Urnb; it ia 
 the only one perceptible for some time, until its continuance throws out some 
 a|)pearance on the surface ; and that inquirer who can ascertain its true seai 
 IS most Hkely to find the cause, and to elTect a cure. For instance, lameness 
 occasioned by disordered bone, as in ring-bone and bone-spavin, is almost uni- 
 versally ascribed by the stable-men and humble practitioners to strain in the 
 stifle, fn the shoulder, or the whirlbone; whereby so much valuable thne is 
 lost in ap])lyiiig the jjroposed remedies at the wrong place, that those two dis- 
 orders in particular make head almost irremediably before the true seat of ail- 
 ment is ascertained. The same species of blunder is propagated when a dis- 
 ease happens to the foot, and the precise cause thereof, even when well known 
 to those employed about the stable, is kept a secret from the owner and the 
 doctor. " Let them lind it out" is sometimes heard niuttered in the distance ; 
 and in order to comjily with the unfeeling permission, we pass the hand down 
 the whole leg and foot from the top to the sole, compare the size of the lame 
 limb with the corresponding sound one, and move the animal about. For 
 without this examination it would be next to impossible to ascertain the pre- 
 sise seat of the disorder, and quite so to apply even the right remedy at the 
 proper place. As an illustration of this position by its reverse, I may adduce 
 the coming on of bone-spavin as that kind of attack which we can ascertain 
 with the greatest precision of all those which lie concealed from our view and 
 touch. It happens, too, that this is one of the few disorders of the leg that 
 admits of cure by early api)Iications, as it is also that which, being neglected, 
 .enders the aninial wholly useless. When a horse becomes lame of a hind 
 leg occasionally, and that after rest only, the complaint going ofl'on taking a 
 short exercise, we may be quite sure he labours under incipient bone-spavin, 
 provided no other distinct cause can be adduced for his lameness; but should 
 the lameness increase with exercise, then it does not depend upon bone-spavin, 
 but some other malady. Further consideration of the causes, symptoms, and 
 cure of this disorder will be found a few pages lower down. 
 
 *+* When lameness occurs to his horse unaccountably, and the inquiring 
 reader turns to these pages for information, he had better run over once more 
 the whole of the next six or seven heads of information ; their great similarity 
 in many respects dictates the propriety of this additional trouble, as most of 
 the series will be found referrible to the same causes, and require much the 
 same treatment, though dilferenlly situated. • 
 
 Throughout the whole of this chapter, the reader will find great help to un- 
 derstanding the details, oy carefully consulting the delineations of the leg 
 and foot on plates 2 i;nd 3, and the cut at page 166, with the description of 
 each. References are not always made in words at length, it being presum- 
 ed that he is already acquainted with the preceding pages, to which he is now 
 referred. 
 
 ClUITTOR. 
 
 Under the class of fistulous affections, I spoke of this disease at page 1^ 
 To what it; there said 1 may here add^ that as quitter is caused by sarui-cnck. 
 
172 MILD TREATMENT PREFERABLE. RINGBONR 
 
 by a treaJ, or the prick of a nail, so will its situation be determined by the 
 precise cause, on the inside of the coronet, or the outside, near the heel, or 
 otherwise, as the cause may have been inflicted; and also, that the cure being 
 effected by harsh means, or burning remedies, these leave the foot disposed to 
 contract other disorders at this region, as ringbone, &c. Hence it follows, that 
 the more moderate the means employed to get rid of this disorder, the less 
 probability is there of the patient's contracting some other. Therefore it is 
 advisable to try the milder remedies first, unless the quittor is of long stand- 
 ing and of very bad sort. The extent of each sinus, and the course it pur- 
 sues, is denoted by the colour of the soft parts of the foot, being black or livid, 
 or else scarcely tinged, according to its virulence. In order to pursue this 
 examination more accurately, it will be necessary to stop the circulation of 
 the blood above, by tying a ligature tight round the fetlock joint, whereby the 
 skin of the healthy parts below will appear white, and thus more distinctly ex- 
 pose the nature of the sinuses. The pledgets that are to be introduced for 
 the destruction of the pipes may thus be selected of a larger or smaller size, 
 as the calibre of the sinus is greater or less ; as also may the quality of the 
 caustic application be made stronger or weaker, as the virulence may require. 
 Some hastily use the knife, and lay open the pipes freely along their whole 
 course; and if it approach near the bottom of the foot, the coffin-bone is usu- 
 ally affected with rottenness (caries). This they hesitate not to scrape offj 
 though, if the patient be of strong and vigorous constitution, exfoliation will 
 take place without extending the operation so far. Indeed, it seldom hap- 
 pens that more is required than to give the disorder free vent at the coronet, 
 whereby the necessity of operating underneath is superseded ; for it will be 
 Been that the ascent of the hoof-making particles from the sole will bring away 
 to the orifice of the ulcer any offensive matters from below ; and this process 
 of nature effects the cure. Whenever a sinus leads towards the back 
 tendon, or the joint, much care should be taken not to injure either with knife 
 or caustic, for a bad-looking seam is then left behind, with lameness that ter- 
 minates in anchylosis, or stiffening of the tendon, or growing together of the 
 small pastern and the coffin joint (a) and the shuttle-bone (A), in the cut at 
 page 166. 
 
 RINGBONE. 
 
 Causes. — At times a badly cured quittor, at others ill-shapen foot; which 
 occasions that concussion of the hoof and small pastern bone at their conjunc- 
 tion, which causes the latter to swell at the coronet. Cart and wagon horses 
 with short upright hoofs, that do not sufficiently secure the articulation of the 
 coffin and pastern bones against injury, are most liable to this disease. 
 
 Symptoms. — Lameness is sometimes the first intimation we have of the ex- 
 istence of ringbone, which is at first neglected, and only ascertained by pass- 
 ing the hand down over the part. As usual with most diseases of the foot, 
 the attendant commonly ascribes the lameness to a strain higher up — of the 
 shoulder generally, as ringbones afflict the fore foot oftener than the hinder 
 one. It consists in the ossification of the cartilage in front of the foot, which 
 extends in time to the lateral parts also. 
 
 Remedies. — These may be applied to relieve, but no cure is to be found for 
 ringbone. As high-heel usually accompanies the short upright hoof, the con- 
 cussions of tne foot may be lessened by lowering the heels. Apply blistering 
 ointment to the scat of the disease, and firing may also be employed with ad- 
 •jantage. 
 
WINDGALLS— TIIOROUGIiriN— SPA\1N, ITS VARIETIES. 173 
 
 WINDGALLS. 
 
 These appear a little above the fetlock, on each side of the back sinews, and 
 consist of small puffy swellings, that occasion no immediate inconvenience;, 
 but prove that the animal has been strained in his work, unless it has been 
 occasioned by his having been put to it too early in life. They might be oc- 
 casioned by the sinus of a tumour, pointing towards the pastern joint, having 
 been cured too harshly, whereby the joint oil issues forth upon their being 
 |.ricked. 
 
 Blistering, and a run in the straw-yard, are the only remedies, though expe- 
 riments are often tried (when it is found necessary to sell the animal) with 
 preparations of muriatic acid, and muriate of ammonia diluted in water. Sa- 
 turate a roller bandage herewith frequently, and partial absorption takes place. 
 
 THOROUGHPIN 
 
 Ts of the same nature as the foregoing, arises from the same cause, and is 
 equally devoid of immediate consequence to the animal's going. It consists 
 of a soft flexible swelling on the inside of the hock joint, as well as the out- 
 side, immediately opposite each other ; whence it obtains the name of thorough- 
 pin, being supposed to go through the joint. When one of those tumours is 
 pressed it yields, and the fluid it contains is thereby forced into that on the 
 other side; when the pressure is removed it immediately returns to the same 
 state as before. 
 
 This disorder has no other eflfect upon the animal's going, or value, than its 
 appearance amounts to, as it conveys the information of its having bern work- 
 ed too hard, and too early in life, as do all these minor evils we are now con- 
 sidering. How this is effected, 1 have shown in the 15th and 16th sections 
 of the first book, at pages 18 — 20. Like unto the other disorders of this "lass, 
 blisters and rest are the only remedies: apply the blistering liniment composed 
 of cantharides and spirits of wine. 
 
 SPAVIN. 
 
 Bog spavin is the more common, blood spavin but rare. Both varieties, as 
 Well as bone spavin, owe their origin to hard work in early life, in the same 
 manner as just adckiced in cases of windgall, and thoroughpin. Bog spavin 
 .s caused by the joint oil of the hough iss'.iing into the membrane that sur- 
 rounds it, and stagnating under the vein causes this to swell. The old reme- 
 dy of taking u\) the vein by ligature should be abandoned as a long and tedi- 
 ous mode of cure: the circulation has then to force a new channel, in doing 
 which irritation of the parts adjacent is the means of cure, by promoting ab- 
 sor|)tion; whereas the same effect might be produced by bhstering, as in the 
 two correspondent disorders just named above. 
 
 BONE SPAVIN. 
 
 This disorder consists in a bony enlargement at the upper end of the shank" 
 bone, inside of the hock-joint, or a little below it. It belongs to the hind leg 
 only ; and if not undertaken in time becomes incurable. 
 
 At the seat of this disorder the leg is composed of three bones, which fit to- 
 gether into one common cavity at the hock; and notwithstanding they appear 
 as close together as one bone, yet possess separate motion to give elasticity to 
 the aniuial's tread, and assist him in the act of progression, as may be observed 
 in the working of his haunches when the horse is going at full s[)eed, or 
 making a standing leap. By mounting the colt whilst too young \o bear tha 
 17 
 
17i CURB-WHAT, AND HOW CURED. 
 
 superincumT)pnt weight, by pushing him hard in his work, as well as by work 
 ing Young cattle at plough, a |)ractice some breeders of heavy horses inju- 
 diciously adopt, these bones get strained asunder, as it were, and inflammation 
 takes place. 
 
 As almost every one knows, by misusing young colts in the manner just de- 
 scribed, they become cat-hamine(I, if" they do not derive that particular mal-con- 
 formation from parentage, as before hinted (p. 16t,) and is more scientifically 
 accounted for in the first chapter of Book I. Generally it happens that 
 horses so formed are good, easy goers, brisk and active ; but though well adapt- 
 ed for light weights, are utterly incapacitated from undertaking horseman's 
 weight at speed, until they are full mouthed. Jf heavily mounted, or hard 
 driven earlier in life, they invariably throw out a curb or spavin. The shoe- 
 incr-smith frequently contributes to the contraction of bone-spavin without 
 knowing it, by turning up the heels of his shoes in frosty weather unevenly. 
 In the same manner, wken the inside heel preserves its roughness longer than 
 the outer heel, it is clear that this last nmst bear lowest, and further contribute 
 to the evil strain that cat -hammed horses are ever liable to, about the hock. 
 Cow-houghed is but another name for the same mal-conformation. 
 
 Si/mpto7ns. — Inflammation is scarcely perceptible at first, or any other 
 symptom; and as it is vitally necessary that we should apply the remedy thus 
 early, we must employ the discriminating test described at page 171. If the 
 existence of adhesion, which constitutes bone-spavin, be not discovered in the 
 manner pro[)osed, the disorder proceeds until it may be })erceived upon com- 
 paring the hocks togetht^r. At first, the inflammation is but trivial, when the 
 horse is also lamest ; but when time has been allowed to unite the bone, the 
 heat and enlargement increase, and the spavin is incurable, but the lameness 
 is less. 
 
 Cure. — At the commencement only it may be eflfected easily, by simply 
 blistering the part all round the hough, in such a manner as to raise the blister 
 to a good extent. Generally, in bad cases it would be advisable to repeat the 
 blister; in which event let the former one be first well cleansed away with 
 Goulard's extract, diluted with water. But should the duration of lameness 
 and deiTree of swelling give reason for apprehending that the adhesion is vm 
 commonlv extensive, let the part be fired ()reviously to blistering. Be careful 
 to keep the horse's head up whilst the blister is operating, and subsequently 
 dress with hog's lanl ; but do not use any greasy applications previously to 
 blistering, as these only tend to harden the skin, and so obstruct the perspira- 
 tion and absorption which promote the cure. 
 
 Making the shoe thin on the outside at the heel relieves the pressure when 
 the horse is worked : the contrary form of shoe is conducive to all diseases of 
 the leg bones. 
 
 CURB. 
 
 Cause. — Inflammation in the sheath of the back sinew (6, fig. 2, plate 2,) a 
 little below the point of the hock, where the sheath is attached to the muscle. 
 Like spavin, curb mostly aftects young horses of the cow-hocked built, whose 
 legs sland too much under the body, and which have been worked prema- 
 turely hard, as in cases of bone-spavin. Indeed, the two diseases bear so 
 much resemblance to each other, in cause and symptoms, except only as to 
 situation, that 1 feel no difficulty in referring the reader to the preceding page 
 for mv description of these, only premising that he can not discover the coming 
 of a curb, by any other means than lameness, and comparing the two legs to 
 eacli other sidewise, when a diffused swelling may be seen, but very little heat 
 felt, by reason of the disorder being deep-seated . 
 
SPLENT, re:viedies for. 175 
 
 Cure. — Tt may bo efTectually removed at first, by blistering, as in cases of 
 Doiie-ap.'ivin ; but when the disease has lasted a long time, firing must be re- 
 so-Ue*! ill witli the same {)recaLitions astliose Itefore recommended. Ease may 
 be alloia -d by adding to the thickness of the heels of the shoe. 
 
 * SPLENT 
 
 May be looked upon as a disorder of the fore-legs, though occurring on the 
 hind onf.i, at times. 
 
 Cauae. — Working of young horses before they have acquired sufficient 
 stamina, or on labour which is much beyond their strength, as in case of 
 spavin, curb, &-c. to which the reader is referred, and the concussion which 
 the leg receives at every step upon hard ground, stones, &c. 
 
 Symptoms. — Frequent lameness, that goes off and returns without appa- 
 rent cause for either, before the splent sliows itself upon the shank-bone, which 
 it does above the knee, inside. Similarly hereto, it afi'ects the bone of the hind 
 leg, and then acquires the name of bone-spavin. Inflammation of the skin is 
 soon felt, and the horse goes lame until the splent is completely thrown, and 
 afterwards he does as well as ever, except retaining the s{)lent mark, perhaps ; 
 but severe cases occur, that do not terminate so favourably. Such happens 
 when the shank bone has received the concussion, that causes the enlarge- 
 ment and rupture, which constitutes the disease, at the hinder part of the leg, 
 wliere it meets with tendons or the suspensor ligament — (See back view, plate 
 2, fig. 2, 3.) The lameness and the inflammation are then greatest, and the 
 splent requires our careful attention. 
 
 Remedy. — But should not the horse throw out the splent on this last men- 
 tioned dangerous part, and become lame, he will yet suffer much in all ordi- 
 nary cases; for the enlargement of the bone strains the membrane which covers 
 it tightly, as described in Book 1. sect. 17. p. 20. For this purpose apply a 
 Warm stimulating embrocation, which affords relief in the more favourable 
 cases; hut when the splent rises under the ligament or tendon, blistering or 
 firing must be resorted to. The latter, however, is proper only in extreme cases, 
 and only to be adopted when blistering is found inadequate to the purpose; if 
 the swelling is hot and tender, firing would have the effect of enlarging the 
 whole bone of the leg, and even the blistering Hquid is improper when this 
 symptom is highly prevalent. Rather let the heat subside, or assist it in doing 
 so by means of Goulard's extract, diluted with water, frequently applied. 
 When this has reduced the heat, employ the following 
 
 Liquid Blister. 
 
 Cantharides pulverised, 4 drachms. 
 
 Mix with sweet oil to the consistence of treacle, and apply the same twice 
 during the day ; thus, — Let the hair be clipped off close from the part, and 
 all round the leg, and the bhster well rubbed with the hand for five or ten 
 minutes. If this does not cause further swelling and a discharge of a clammy 
 nature, a third application of the liquid blister becomes necessary. After a 
 day has elapsed, dress two or three days with hog's lard, and the patient may 
 be walked about, to get rid of the stiffness. It may be proper, after this, 
 farther to reduce the heat by more applications of the Goulard's extract, as 
 above. 
 
 Shoeing is supposed to occasion splents sometimes, it being the practice with 
 most smiths to make the inner heel of their shoes thinner than the outer; and 
 the inner heel being also lower than the outer, occasions the splent bone to re- 
 
176 SCURVICAL ERUPTIONS. STRAINS. 
 
 ceive the concussion more sharply than the outer one; for, as T hefore ohservec^ 
 Bplents oftener occur on the inside of the leg than on any other part of it. 
 
 MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS. 
 
 Scurvy eruptions on the bend of the knee-joints, or on the correspondina 
 bend in the hock joint; the first mentioned term being applied to those erup- 
 tions that appear upon the fore leg, the second, sallender, is confined to thoss 
 of the hinder leg. A crack, with much soreness, accompanies both. — The 
 cause may be found in the gross habit of body, attended by suppression of some 
 evacuation, as stool, urine, or perspiration ; therefore, to 
 
 Cure the patient, restore the defective evacuation by giving one of the two 
 purging-balls prescribed at pages 86, 87, according to circumstances ; or a urine- 
 ball, or the emetic tartar, at page 65, or 143, in smaller doses, and the scurf 
 decreases until it wholly disappears. 
 
 Let the hair be cut off close from the part affected, and the scurf well wash- 
 ed with strong soap-suds, and then rub over it daily, of the 
 
 Ointment for Scurvy Eruption. 
 
 Red precipitate powder, half an ounce. 
 Hog's lard, 2 ounces. Mixed well together. 
 
 Sometimes, a poultice, in which is introduced acetated litharge, becomes ne 
 cessary when the eruption is divided by a gaping crack, which the ointment 
 may have occasioned. The blue ointment is employed by some instead of 
 the above ointment. 
 
 STRAINS.— LAMENESS. 
 
 These are the most deceptions class of ailments attributed to the foot of the 
 horse; for many such are spoken of in the most confident manner which do 
 not exist in reality, whilst others could not possibly happen to the parts indi- 
 cated by the names they commonly bear ; yet shall 1 fall into this old method 
 of titling the various affections of the limbs, in order to make myself more gene- 
 rally understood. Our neighbours, and rival veterinarians, the French, in the 
 instructions issued to their smiths of the army, went a little farther in their 
 complaisance to error : " All swellings of the tendons from the knee to the 
 coronet or from the hock to the heel, show an extension or strain of the in- 
 tegument. Take off the shoe and pare the foot." In fact, their practice of 
 giving rest in all cases of strain, which often effects a cure with very little 
 further assistance, could not be more assuredly complied with than by thus 
 taking off the shoes; for the Marechallerie were ill able to retain their sick 
 horses in quarters upon urgent occasions of active service, unless they could 
 demonstrate the fact upon the view to their superiors. By this general mode 
 of forming their judgment as to the cause of all swellings before or behind, we 
 may perceive they included all "extensions" of the bone in their notions of a 
 strain, and treated spavin, splent, curb, strain of the tendons and ligaments, all 
 in the same manner at first. Of these latter-mentioned we come next to con- 
 sider the distinguishing symptoms and most appropriate methods of cure ; and 
 I will here candidly allow, at setting out, that our neighbours took a correct 
 view of the general cause of all lameness: those strains which occa;--iou in- 
 flammation of the ligaments, tendons, and muscles, always communicate fever 
 lo the foot, whence arise thrush, canker, sand crack, &c. &c. We very im- 
 properly, as far as precision is concerned, term all lameness of the tendons^ 
 
SPECIES OF LAMENESS. 177 
 
 &c. a strain, though it may ariso from any other cause, as frequently happens, 
 viz. a blow given by the toe of the hind toot, in hunting over heavy lands, 
 when the fore foot is detained too long in the ground, coming in contact with 
 rolling stones in leaping, the kick of another horse, &c. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE BACK SINEW AND LIGAMENTS. 
 
 Cause. — Back sinew is the vulgar name for the tendon, which the reader 
 will tind depicted in a section of the foot at page 166, and marked (k). It as- 
 cends behind the small pastern (?") and large pastern, U}) to the knee-bend of 
 the fore leg, or the hock joint of the hind one, respectively. In plate 2, fior. 2. 
 at (a), this sinew is again shown, where it emerges out of the heel, and enters 
 its sheath (6), to which it is attached in a certain degree, by means of very 
 fine membrane, adhering from side to side, and capable of distention or re- 
 laxation. The sheath itself is attached to the two pasterns, of which it thus 
 becomes the tendon or sup{>ort; whence the back sinew and its sheath, or 
 flexor, together obtain the plural — tendons. Within the sheath is secreted a 
 fluid, intended for lubricating an<l defending the parts during the very great 
 action to which they are liable in every effort of progression. As happens in 
 all other secretions, this one sometimes fails to produce enough for the intend- 
 ed purpose, when the sinew and its sheath adhere together, or at least do not 
 act with freedom; the consequence whereof is lameness in a greater or less* 
 degree, which may he tempc»rary only, or become permanent, accordimrto <'ir- 
 cumstances. If the dryness and adhesion be trivial, as happens after hard 
 work and a night's rest, the horse upon getting warm, loses the lameness this 
 deficiency has occasioned, for the secretion has been thereby renewed, and 
 the lubrication is now supplied in sufficient quantity ; but the horse falls lame 
 again next day, probably, and if he can not be allowed rest, 'tis 7 to 1 that he 
 becomes permanently lame. In this respect the French beat us hollow (as 
 just before remarked), though they do not profess humanity so sensitively as 
 the Rnglish ; and even the Arabs, though robbers by profession, by habit, and 
 inclination, are too sensible of what is due to a faithful animal in distress, tc 
 travel on lame horses. The same fact was before adverted to at page 170. 
 
 Symptoms.^ — That sort of strain which consists of relaxation of the back 
 sinews shows itself by the horse going low upon his pasterns, in consequence 
 of his "carrying high," or being trotted constantly in harnes.s. Occasional 
 lameness sometimes ensues in that fore foot which beats, or has the lead at 
 setting out — generally the off one; inflammation of the whole foot may be 
 felt by comparison with the heat of its fellow, which is aptly enough termed 
 "fever of the foot" by the old farriers. This is a very puzzling kind of lame- 
 ness, no other symptom than those presenting itself for us to ascertain the ex- 
 act cause ; and of course the less observant persons are very likely to apply the 
 wrong medicine, and render the horse a disservice instead of doing him good. 
 The lameness sometimes goes off without any treatment whatever but rest; 
 it is, however, more frequently accompanied, or followed, by some disease ot 
 the sole, in consequence o( the secretion of horn in the foot being obstructed. 
 Sand-crack, thrush, corns, are among these evils, arising from supernatural 
 heat. 
 
 Whenever it so happens, that the secretion does not restore to the entiie 
 tendons their original motion, it follows that some }>art adheres to another : 
 iniiiimmation is the consequence, and the horse becomes worse and worse 
 every day he is put to work, the lameness never leaving him altogether. 
 VViiea the adhesion begins extensively, the inflammation and swelling are 
 equally so; the pain is then very great, and the lameness complete and per- 
 aiaaent. This denotes the disorder called "strain of the back sinews." la 
 17* 
 
178 APPLICATIONS IN EXTENDED STRAINS. 
 
 very bad cases, or where a slight attack has continued some time, the ligament 
 xhat passes between the back sinew and the pastern boJies becomes greatly 
 diseased, and conducts the inflammation to the foot, affecting alike the sole, 
 the coffin-bone, and the lioof, with heat. 
 
 "Fever in tlie foot" ie that low state of the symptoms which arises from a 
 slight attack which has been neglected; the more virulent attack must come 
 under separate notice. 
 
 Cure. — Rest is indispensable; foment the entire foot with warm bran- 
 water, or make the whole into a poultice sufficient to envelo[)e the foot all 
 over, as high as the inflammation may extend, which is sometimes as far up 
 as the fetlock. When the heat is greatest at the sole, and the fever extends 
 no higher than the coronet, a stutfmg of cow-dung will reduce the heat con- 
 siderably; it may be secured by thin splinters of wood, and changed twice the 
 first day or two — once a day afterwards. Introtiuce a strong solution of 
 nitre, and let it be strong, as you can not employ much of it. Both legs should 
 be stuffed at the sole, thougli the sound one (if one only be affected) does not 
 require changing. Let the animal have a loose stall during any stage of 
 strain, or disorder of the limbs. Look after his evacuations, and cause them 
 to be regular: a simple fever (or inflammation) of the foot depending very 
 often upon nothing more than one or the other of these being stopped, 
 which affects the whole animal system sometimes, to say nothing of a single 
 limb. 
 
 Violent strains*, and swelling above the fetlock joint, when the lameness is 
 very great, require strong physic ; and the inflammatory symptoms, when 
 running very high, with a quick and irregular pulse, should be lowered by 
 bleeding. Api)ly fomentations of bran, or a [)oultice of the same, or of oat- 
 meal in which saturnine lotion has been introduced, as much as it will bear. 
 When the great heat of the part has caused dryness of the poultice, saturate 
 it externally with the saturnine lotion, either by soaking cloths in it, and 
 spreading these all over the part affected, or in a ])ouUice as above. 
 
 After this treatment has reduced the inflanmiatory symptoms, but not the 
 swelling and lameness, apply opodeldoc, which may be made as under, viz. 
 No. I. Embrocations. If this does not fully succeed in the course of three 
 or four days, recourse must he had to No. 2: and if this does not prove suffi- 
 ciently stimulating, apply the mild blister No. 3. 
 
 Embrocations for Strains. — No. L 
 
 Spirits of wine, 6 ounces. 
 Camphor, half an ounce, 
 Soap, 2 ounces. 
 
 Dissolve the camphor in half the spirits; mix the remainder with the soap, 
 and then put both together. Rub the parts assiduously twice or three times 
 during the day. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 Crude sal ammoniac, 2 ounces, 
 Vinegar, 1 quart. 
 
 • The word strain, as here employed, is evidently used in the wrong sense : It sliouid bo 
 ■prain, i. e. bent or twisted out ot^ its proper position. To strain or stretch any tiling long to a 
 greater leogth, as when the baclc sinew is strained or elongated so as to permit the pasterna to 
 ■iloix; or bend down, as in mild cases of " breaking down," would be more accurate. 
 
DANGER OF RELAPSE. FIRING. IRON DEFENCR 179 
 
 Mix in a bottle, and rub the parts twice tlaily. Let a long bandage, dipped in 
 the eml)rocation just prescribed, be passed tightly round the parts, beginning 
 at the bottom and making it fast above the knee, or the hock, as tiio case may 
 be. Moisten the bandage after it is on. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 Cantharides, in powder, 1 drachm, 
 S;jirits of wine, 2 ounces. 
 
 Mix, and rub it on the part. Although this acts as a very mild blister, the 
 horse's head must be tied up for a few hours wliile it is operating. 
 
 A course of treatment that has been followed in this manner steadily, and 
 with due caution, seldom fails to restore the animal to a comparative sound- 
 ness, if not completely so : though the swelling may remain after the lameness 
 has ceased, it generally subsides when the convalescent animal can be per- 
 mitted to walk out for a little exercise, which should take place gradually, and 
 the use of a loose stall allowed, than which there is not in the whole catalogue 
 of remedies a more certain adjunct to be found. Going out too early after ap- 
 parent recovery is very likely to bring on a relapse, and a relapse, as every one 
 knows, is always more difficult to remove than the original disorder. Time 
 is required for the injured parts to recover their former posture and strength, 
 if that event ever arrive. Firing may be employed after a while, but is very 
 often resorted to prematurely, before the tendons and ligaments have recovered 
 position, or absor[)tion has reduced the muscular parts to their former size, and 
 restored their action. When three, or four, or five months of moderate laoour 
 give reason for believing that these events have taken place, firing is likely to 
 prove highly serviceable by bracing the whole together in a tight skin, much 
 resembling, and greatly excelling the long bandage prescribed with embroca- 
 tion No. 2, in p. 178. The reader of discernment will please to note, that if 
 the said artificial bracing be found to lessen the lameness in that early stage 
 of the disorder, no less will the bracing of the natural skin by firing be found 
 beneficial when healthy action is restored, but not perhaps *he former strength. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 SHOEING. 
 
 Terms and phrases, in all matters connected with the arts of life should 
 convey a good and most distinct notion of the thing s[)oken of. This does not 
 always hapi)en in our day, formerly never, and proved a vast stumbling-block 
 to the advance of science; but whoever termed the horse-shoe an "iron-de- 
 fence, was a happy fellow, and deserves well at our hands, inasmuch as his 
 appellation is goodly descriptive of the ihimr intended, and tells plainly what 
 a shoe ought to be in reality. If not made of sufficient quantity, and of a 
 proper material, it {)roves inadequate to defend the hoof from injury : if made 
 too hern-y, or ill-sha[)ed, the shoe becomes the cause of grievous offence, of 
 pain, heat and contraction of the horn, with its train of evils. Any workman 
 may learn by practice, and therefore every one ought to know, at least, when 
 too much or too little is applied. Some feet have the wall very thick, and the 
 shoe will require a good bearing ; if very thin, it can not carry a heavy 
 
180 EDUCATION OF THE SMITII. FOREIGN SMITHS. 
 
 shoe, thourrh it stand most in need of defence. Again, the horn of some 
 horses' feet is so well-tempered and stout, that they might he permitted to go 
 without shoes without danger, if not worked upon stony roads. Time, how- 
 ever, and hard work, occasion hrittle hoof, and distortions, with numerous 
 disorders that attach to the foot generally, or hclong to the sole only. 
 
 When these ailments hegin to show their effects, the shoeing-smith must 
 adapt his work according to the new pattern thus cut out for hnn, and here 
 begins his ingenuity: in some cases he will even have to adopt a different 
 shaped defence for the same set of feet; but in all cases, and under every cir- 
 cumstance, he must fasten them on lirmly to the horny wall of the foot hy 
 nailing and clenching. By paring the sole inordinately, the bones within are 
 pressed out of position, and the wall having now no resistance in the horny 
 sole to ke(>p it ex()anded, it contracts and becomes shapeless and diseased. 
 Partial parings overmuch j)roduce partial accidents from without, and engen- 
 der diseases within, which have received a (Treat nundier of names according 
 to the situation, but all having their origin in this or some such injury, and all 
 producing contracted hoof and sole. The importance of avoiding this baleful 
 practice may be deduced from the great anxiety of our ancestors to particu- 
 larize, by so many different names, this single disease of the sole arising from 
 contracted hoof For whenever constitutional diseases fall into the foot, they 
 never alfect the sole, or any part of the bottom, unless attracted thither by 
 accidents or contraction of the hoof, by reason of this paring and rasping away 
 of the natural defence. 
 
 Under each of these heads of information, I shall presently place hefore the 
 operative reader a few plain and intelligent precepts, accompanied hy some 
 admonitions; for most assuredly, that teacher who contents himself with tell- 
 ing the learner what is necessary to be done has but half performed his duty, 
 if he leave uncorrected certain long standing errors, which he knows to exist, 
 and to have received the sanction of ages that were confessedly working in the 
 dark, as regards horse-shoeing above all other operations. But the method of 
 performing this operation is avowedly not to be taught in its rudiments, upon 
 paper. Practice is indispensable, manual labour requisite ; and much of it, 
 conducted by an intelligent mind well versed in books, is necessary towards 
 forming the proficient shoeing smith. Hitherto, however, from the nature of 
 the black-smith's trade, its laboriousness, and the deficiency of general educa- 
 tion down to a late period, most of the operatives in this branch of mechanical 
 labour were precluded from acquiring the additional information that books 
 contain, after they had once adopted their future calling. Error and prejudice 
 laid fast hold of our ancestors, for ages ; but the prevailing national desire of 
 acquiring the minor school endowments promises a different result at the pre- 
 sent day, and on this occasion, when Science has been disrobed of her cloak 
 and the niceties of Art are sought in language that all can comprehend. 
 
 The shoes affixed to the feet of their horses by the continental farriers differ 
 materially from our own and from each other ; which proves that no fixed 
 principle is acknowledged by either of them; though the English and the 
 French assimilate together the nearest of any, and are those, I apprehend, 
 that approach nearest to perfection; notwithstanding the controversies and 
 bold assumptions of superior wisdom, and the "patents" that enabled a few 
 persons here to give themselves airs, and to set up pretensions they have mi- 
 sc^rahly failed to substantiate. The jointed shoe, for instance, of Goldfinch, 
 and of B. Clark, which is the best modification of the old semi-oval defence 
 for healthy feet, was preceded a whole century by the French author of "Le 
 Cheval," a folio French work, noticed by Mr. Bee in the Annals of Sporting, 
 for 1823. 
 
FULLERING— A NEW METHOD. 181 
 
 Practical Precepts^ 
 
 TVie Shoe. In quantity or size, the common defence of the full crro'yn 
 norse's foot is made nearly half an inch thick at the toe, but near the lieel - ne 
 fourth less; here, also, it must be made narrower by the half than at the toe, 
 where it is an inch wide, and so continues round to the quarters, lessennig 
 away towards the heel, where it is but half an inch wide. Very near tise 
 outer edge a gi'oove is made, not too deep, but sloping from the side next the 
 rim, in mder to throw the heads of the nails slanting, when the final hammer- 
 ing down takes place. A practice prevails of making this groove, called ful 
 lering, much too close lo the edge ; and to so great an extent does this mista- 
 ken notion prevail, that he who could so make it nearest to the edge without 
 cracking the rim was long considered the best workman. This, however, is 
 not the most approved method of our times; for the nail-holes that are to be 
 punctured in this groove are thus brought too near the edge of the horn, so 
 that the nails do not hold fast, unless driven and clenched high up on the 
 hoof, which also is an exploded part of practice. Neither should the fullering 
 be continued round the toe, nor to the quarters, lest you weaken the defence 
 where its protection is most required. 
 
 Iron is the only material proper, and the toughest is the best defence, as it 
 affords a small degree of elasticity in action, is least likely to crack, and is ca- 
 pable of being hardened at the wearing points at will. The toe alone is usu- 
 ally hardened at the time of making, unless in winter, when it may be found 
 necessary to turn down the heels, termed frosting, when these may also be 
 hardened, or steeled. 
 
 Some persons frost all their shoes in winter, by fullering them all over the 
 ground surface ; but this rough soon wears away, or is of little service from 
 the first. On turning the heel down, a crippling gait is produced if the rough 
 be long, especially with heavy horses, having low hoofs, which may be coun- 
 teracted, so long as the roughing lasts, by turning down the toe also, and steel- 
 ing both. But then the necessity of frequently removing the shoe, ami thus 
 impairing the wall or crust, may be remedied by making screw-holes in the 
 ground surface of the heels, and providing a suitable supply of screws with 
 steel heads, that may be applied and screwed on fresh every day if need be. 
 Sizes of course would vary according to that of the horse and shoe. 
 
 Shape. For sound feet, bt)th surfaces of the English shoe are made per- 
 fectly fiat, the inner rim being thinner than the outer. The shoe extends all 
 round the edge of the wall or crust, which it is desirable to defend, and termi- 
 nates where the bar and crust join at the heel. A curve upwards, at the toe, 
 to prevent tripping, though sanctioned by authority, and carried to an extreme 
 by Goodwin, and others, is seldom desirable, even with heavy horses, or those 
 which go close to the ground, and is well met by a modification of the Ger- 
 man and French method, of forming the shoe wider than ours, and conse- 
 quently less pointed at the toe. The toe being then rasped close to the shoe, 
 no tri})ping takes place on that account. 
 
 The French form, or shape, differs from our English shoe, in being made 
 wider and approaching nearer to a semicircle, and instead of being flat next 
 to the hoof, is hammered hollow, which renders the ground surface convex; 
 1 mode of proceeding that suits admirably with their coarse fooled horses, and 
 comparatively harmless roads [meaning neir petit chemin, and the sides of 
 then grand cheviins\ but is inadmissible in England, exce[iting jjcrhaps with 
 our agriculturist owners of the like ordinary cattle. They also make theii 
 shoes as thick at the heel as at the toe, which is a transgression against tlie 
 general precept, at page 180, that I can not reconcile with propriety ; what is 
 more against the French, they take little heed of liardening eiilicr toe or heel. 
 
182 rNIPROVED SHOE AND FULLER. 
 
 An ailjusting curve upwards, which they give to the toe, GoulJ add nothing 
 Co tl<ie security of a horse's going along safe on our roads, whatever it might 
 do on theirs; but their system of punching and nailing is altogether so excel- 
 lent as to deserve imitation more extensively than it has hitherto been honour- 
 ed with, and is described with due discrimination lower down. The horn at 
 the toe would of course be made of a fit shape to receive such a form of shoe 
 as the French ; and I have reason to believe that it affects the toe of the cof- 
 fin-bone in [»rocess of tisne, which also becomes curved upwards, jirecisely 
 after the form thus factitiously given to the horn, and doubtless gave rise to 
 the discrepant representations adverted to at page IGG. 
 
 On finishing off fine work, let the inside of the edge or rim of the hinder 
 shoes be well bevelled off towards the ground, and rounded, to prevent the 
 pissibility of coming in contact with the fore foot: with horses that are apt to 
 forgo, the necessity of keeping the f )re-shoe heel short, so that it may not 
 project beyond the natural heel, should never be lost sight of. So, of the in- 
 side of the fore shoes to prevent cutting : let these also be filed off, sloping, to- 
 wards the ground, though not so far as the heels. 
 
 An improved form of shoe, preferable to both the foregoing, has been re- 
 cently introduced, which is an assimilation of the French and English shoes. 
 Itistead of adhering to the old practice of fullering the ground surlace of the 
 common English shoe, to admit of punching the nail holes therein, it is the 
 improved practice to hollow that surface, and leave a shoulder towards the 
 outer rim as a protection to the nail heads. This is performed by a tool re- 
 sembling the head of a hammer, one face whereof is well represented by the 
 annexed figure ; the lower part at (a) being placed on the work, as is b 
 usual in fullering, but nearly a quarter of an inch from the edge; the /~H 
 hanmier is applied at (&), which leaves at (a) the desired shoukler, and W 
 aloiig that surface so far as nailing is necessary, a hoUowness equal to " 
 the inner slo|)e of the t(Kil. This hollow is not in fact any more than a wider 
 fuller, extending the width of the shoe, excepting the width of the rim left at 
 the outer edge; though some do further prolong ihe hollowing all round the 
 toe, and to within half an inch of the heel, whereby they leave a slight caulk- 
 ing that never incommodes the animal, but which may be increased in qiian- 
 tity and hardness towards winter. The o})eration of hollowing the ground 
 surface just described, produces a slight convexity upon the foot surface three- 
 fourths of the shoe's width, leaving the outer foiirth still flat to receive the 
 bearing of the horn. Hereby the distance between the sole and the inner 
 rim is increased, and is moreover less likely to retain stones, gravel, or lilth, 
 than is the usual flat surfaced shoe, and possesses all the advantages of the 
 seated shoe of old Osmer, that has been claimed by some of our moderns. 
 Moorcroft took great pains to recommend the seated shoe, but finding some 
 diiliculty in getting them manufactured, he set up a machine for puncturing 
 out the hollows, that quite failed of success, because the power employed was 
 only equal to cutting soft iron, and this was found inadequate to the requireci 
 wear, we are told. Why he did not subsequently harden, or " steel" the toe 
 and heels, seem surprising. 
 
 Healthy feet are those alone which I have kept in view hitherto; the bar- 
 shoe, concave and seated shoes being contrivances for ill-formed and diseased 
 feet, require se[)ai'ate notice. 
 
 Objections have certainly been raised against this mode of forming shoes, 
 that seem plausiltle enough at first glance: not so fast, however; for upon cool 
 examination they vanish. The objectors aver, that because we can not im- 
 part the desired freedom of expansion to the whole of the foot, forSv>oth, we 
 are not to allow it at any part : if \ve can not get all we want, we are to reject 
 what is within our reach. One ^i these, who is likewise the last, tells us, 
 
GOLDFINCH'S JOINTED SHOE. 183 
 
 " Tn order to admit of expansion and relaxation of the hoof by a joint, it would 
 be necessary to make the nail holes wide enough to allow sufficient play be- 
 tween the shoe and the nails [!], thus producing an effect similar to the end 
 play of carriage springs. But even supposing (says he) this provision were 
 made, the shoe would soon tear out the nails." 
 
 The jointed shoe. — A form of shoe was ])ropounded for cutting the shoe 
 into three or more several parts ; then lining the foot surface with leather, and 
 fastening on the shoe in the usual manner, with nails that were inserted into 
 each part. But this contrivance though plausible, did not answer, inasmuch 
 as the leather had not sufficient strength to stand the wear and tear. 
 
 Mr. Bracy Clark inay have been the real inventor of the jointed shoe that 
 bears his name, for aught 1 know, but .he labours under the disadvantage of 
 being preceded by about a century, by a French author; so that his battered 
 saying that his great discovery ! forms "a basis for the repose of the profes- 
 sion," however elegant in expression, becomes nonsense to our ears, who con- 
 cede nothing to simple gentility, and less than that to self-complacent egotism. 
 "Clark's shoe," in its various modifications, differs nothing from the generali- 
 ty of shoes, except in being divided at the toe, and fastened again by means 
 of a pin, screw, or rivet. The toe would require to be made thicker than 
 usual, let me suggest, to prevent the rivet's parting, and to secure each head 
 of it in a counter sink; one half the thickness of the toe is to be cut away on 
 one side at the ground surface, and from the foot surface of the other half, re- 
 sembling what is termed in carpentry, a mitre; and these being brought close 
 togetlier, a hole should be drilled or punched through b(jth, and let the rivet 
 employed be the size of the hole. Whatever degree of rigidity the workman 
 might restore to the entire shoe, it is plain that the great weight of the horse 
 would very soon strain the rivet, so as to cause it to relax therefrom, and al- 
 low the heels to expand by so much. That this Fig. 3. 
 might extend over a larger |)art of the front of the 
 hoof, Mr. Clark })referred naihng the shoe pretty far 
 back towards the quarters, which 1 reckon among 
 the mistaken notions of the whole class of improvers. 
 But, mark the dissonance of our teachers! the next 
 inventor or improver ran into the other extreme, er- 
 roneously punching and nailing up intolerably near 
 to his rivtcs or pins, for he has two of them, as per 
 marginal cut. 
 
 This representation of the shoe invented by Lieutenant Colonel Goldfinch 
 exhibits a modification of " Clark's patent." Like it, the necessity of making 
 the shoe thicker at the toe than usual with the ordinary shoes is evident. The 
 patent was enrolled in October 1821, granting to Lieutenant Colonel Henry 
 Goldfinch, of Hythe in Kent, an exclusive right for fourteen years; and his 
 s[)rcification of its advantages and novelty, and the manner of making it, ap- 
 pears to be as follows : " The separation is to be made in any indented form, 
 and the two parts fastened together with pins. It is further proposed to at- 
 tach the shoe to the horse's hoof by driving the nails obliquely, as in the French 
 manner of shoeing. With this view, the nail-holes are to be punched about 
 one-third to half the width of the shoe distant from the outer edge, and tend- 
 ing in a slanting direction outvvards." In this latter reconmiendation I cor- 
 dially join the colonel : he was the first writer who noticed it, and is the mode 
 of punching and nailing before alluded to, and hereafter described as the only 
 wise course. Since 1821 it was adopted by the more intelligent smiths of liie 
 metro|)olis, rfrid is hereafter minutely described. One main blunder whicn 
 the colonel commits is evidently intended to correct the visible insecurity oi oia 
 
184 
 
 SPECIFICATION OF COLEMAN'S SHOR 
 
 8hoe at the joint: his holes are punched so near his patent joint as to restore 
 tlie rigid immobility the patent pretend? to amend. 
 
 Coleman's patent shoe for giving pressure to the frog continues in use 
 (though in a very limited degree), notwithstanding the demonstrability of its 
 inapplieation to frogs already diseased. But, in the hands of the professor 
 himself, and any practitioner tolerably habile in his profession, I was free' to 
 allow, from the very first, it might be rendered available — but not in ordinary 
 hands ;* with these it has failed of success — in some cases from the want of 
 an assortment ada[ited to the various kinds of feet ; a defect that may be 
 now remedied in some measure. 
 
 Under these new circumstances, and seeing that Mr. Coleman's opinions 
 as to pressure, and the diseases consequent upon the absence of it, are em- 
 bodied in his specilication, drawn up to obtain this patent (for the professor 
 has several), he may be allowed to speak for himself on this ever interesting 
 subject. He says, "the improvement proposed in this patent is to prevent 
 contraction, and to relieve (contracted feet, contracted frogs, fiat soles, corns, 
 sand-cracks, thrushes, canker, and quittors, and also to prevent cutting." 
 
 The patentee observes, that the "'fore feet of horses in their natural state 
 are nearly circular, but from the ordinary shoe worn in this country, which 
 keeps the frogs from ofi" the ground, the hoofs of horses with light fore-quar- 
 ters are generally found to be more or less contracted, and this in proportion 
 as the frogs are more elevated, and su|)port little weight ;" whence the cause 
 of those diseases. To remedy this defect, and to afford the necessary expan- 
 sion to the hoof the patentee proposed the annexed forms, observing that no 
 specific form of shoe can be suited to all horses under all circumstances, and 
 to every sort of road; it being necessary to alter the shoes of the same horse 
 at different jjcriods. 
 
 The construction of the professor's shoe will be seen in figures 4, 5, 6. 
 
 Fis;, 4. 
 
 Fisr. 5. 
 
 Fig. G. 
 
 " The bar of iron down the middle of the shoe, called the frog-bar, is made 
 broader than the frog, and welded to the shoe. This bar, when the cleft of 
 the frog is diseased, is slit open in the middle." But all that 1 have seen in 
 use are without the slit re[)resented in the margin ; and the welding on of the 
 bar is greatly objectionable, inasmuch as the chief strain is at the junction of 
 the bar with the shoe or tip, and 1 have often seen the bar break off here, or 
 else draw the nails, anil throw the patent shoe. altogeflier. 
 
 Of preparing the hoof. — The general principb of all shoeing is to support 
 the foot off the ground by means of the wall or crust, so that the frog shall not 
 come in contact with the hard plain road, whilst it may be allowed to receive 
 pressure from soft ground : the first prevents injuries and resists wear and tear, 
 
 *The subject received lengthened notice, in the Annals of Sporting, for April, 1822, p. 246t 
 
THE HOOF, HOW PREPARED, 185 
 
 the latter promotes the secretion of healthy horn ; the proper degree of ])res- 
 sure being received by the heel, frog, and bars. Whatever is here said, the 
 fore foot is still ke[)t in view, unless the hinder foot is particularly mentioned; 
 and occasion will present itself for the distinction, as there is great difTerencc 
 between the two, as regards heavy draught cattle. Greater heat, fever, and 
 artt-ctioiis t)f the lunns also cause the fore feet to contract disorders unknown 
 at the hind feet ; whilst a tardy circulation of the blood, and the consequent 
 relaxation of the animal system, to say nothing of the evils incurred by heavy 
 drags against the collar, produce aftections peculiar to the hind feet. Some 
 thiiiL: more is said of this kind of variation at page 13, Book I. 
 
 When very much flaky or rotten horn presents itself, the sole should then 
 be pared the least, for this is a proof that great heat, or inflammation, affects 
 the whole sensihle foot, aud that the hoof is then too brittle. Wheii the flaki- 
 riess is trivial, run over the whole surface with the butteris, or knife, but go no 
 deeper than the removal of the loose flakes. La Fvisse and Moorcroft were 
 both in the right when they told us that paring the sole inconsiderately is "the 
 chief cause of contraction," for the S(»leis thus rendered less capable of resist- 
 ing the pressure of the wall on all sides, and of the cofhubone within, inso 
 nmch, that were the paring carried to an extreme, this bone would [)rotrude 
 at the sole and come U[)on the ground for want of sufficient resistance. 
 Whenever a smith applies his thumb ti) the sole, and then cuts again until he 
 causes it to bend under the pressure, let him be admonished that he contri- 
 butes his aid towards contraction of the foot, and some one or other disease of 
 the sole. He has hut to cut away a little, more to arrive at the sensible sole, 
 which would produce blood, and ruin the horse by a quicker mode than thumb- 
 ing and cutting. 
 
 The frog seldom requires the knife; never after the removal of a shoe 
 which has allowed it to come upon uni)aved ground ; for then the wearing 
 away is carried on naturally ; but if not so, the ri)ugh and rotten outside must 
 be taken awav, which some sn)iths effect by first tearing away the slips, or 
 exfoliation, and then paring the mealy-looking part underneath. Hereupon 
 the well recognised healthy horny frog makes its appearance, but is by no 
 means to be meddled with. The clettisto be cleared out by means of a knife 
 having a sharp return at the extremity; but it must be evident that if the cleft 
 has incurred no foulness, nor the frog grown luxuriantly, neither the one nor 
 the other will req\iire the least reduction. 1 will not say a word on the neces- 
 sity of removing the rotten overgrown horn at the toe, and round to the quar- 
 ters, so as to obtain a pro^.erseat or bearing upon tiie shoe, this being an affair 
 withni every one's com|>ass; but the rasping should always proceed with the 
 shoe before the workman's eyes, unless when he may find it necessary to take 
 It to the flrc for the |>urpose of making alterations. The habit of doing this to 
 a nicety with a single heat may be acquired without going to the fire half a 
 dozen times, as 1 ha\e seen done; least of all should the shoe be tried on hot, 
 that the most ignorant of workmen may see where it bears most, or the least 
 industrious les^sen his labour by softening the horn. Ruinous consequences 
 attend the application of fire to the feet, and yet 1 remember the period when 
 it was the common practice to place a shovel of hot coals on brittle hoofs to ease 
 the workman's labour! 
 
 When a foot is fitted to receive the shoe, the bottom resembles somewhat 
 the hollow and rim of an oval dish. On being placed on a plane surface, the 
 frog and heels bear equally; but when the shoe is applied, the frog is raised 
 by as nmch as the thickness of the shoe may be at the heel. At the heels, tor 
 about an inch of its length, the rim of the shoe is to project beyond the out- 
 side of the hoof. 
 
 18 
 
196 PREPARED SOLE. NAILING. 
 
 Take good heed that the inner edge of the shoe-heel bear not on tho 
 ground more than the outer, but the contrary. 
 
 Nailing-, a very important operation, requires much previous study of the 
 formation and functions of tlie internal sensible parts of the foot, many inju- 
 ries bciniT inflicted by penetrating those parts to the quick, and thereby occa^ 
 sioniiitr them to fester, as we shall see presently, when treating of the diseases 
 incident to the sole. A good aphorism has it thus — " If it were possible to 
 keep the shoe in position without nailing, we should then have arrived at per- 
 fection in the art of shoeing ; it follows that the less number of nails that are 
 driven consistent with safety, is the most commendable practice," 1 believe 
 it was Mr. Brucy Clark, in the plentitude of his many inventions, who once 
 proposed to fasten on the shoe by enveloping the whole hoof in an iron de- 
 fence, and fastening it by screws; but the scheme failed for a niv^st obvious 
 reason — its weight increased the olfence adverted to elsewhere (page 179). 
 But 1 will not sp(!culate on novelties, nor further object, simply contenting 
 myself with taking the evil or puncturation as one that is inevitable, though 
 capable of alleviation. All hands agree that the less nailing we could suffice 
 with, the less chance there would be of driving into the quick — hence the 
 firmer each nail is driven, the less liable is the shoe of loosening, and this good 
 never can be effected unless the nails fit the holes so nearly as to prevent shift- 
 inir, and also pass through a good [)ortion of the horn. Doubtless, a couple 
 of nails on each side would be sulficient to retain a light shoe for a short time, 
 if the work be not heavy, and allow that desirable ex[)ansionof the heel which 
 all a'free promotes the secretion of new horn, and the health of the foot; but 
 we employ double the number in conunon work, and seven altogether in the 
 "improved shoe." 
 
 As before remarked, the fullering usually practised upon the common shoe 
 is so near the edge, that the rim son)etiines breaks otf of high-tempered iron: 
 whilst, if it be solt, the punching inevitably drives out a bulge that the snnth 
 seeks to re<luce by hanmiering, which again contracts the size of the nail- 
 holes ; the latter error occasions the nails to break off in driving; the former 
 leaves the heads exposed to be knocked off, or readily worn away; and by 
 either the security of the shoe is din\inished greatly and dangerously. Be- 
 sides which objection to the old method of fullering, there is a corresponding 
 necessity imposed upon t!ie workman, of clenching high up on the hoot, which 
 increases the danger of puncturing the sensible internal parts of the foot. This 
 entire objection to the narrow fuller, or groove, is fully remedied by adopting 
 the proposed manner of punching the nail-holes farther in from the edge, thus 
 takinu" firm hold of the whole thickness of the horn, and driving out sooner 
 and clenchim'' lower than is ordinarily practised — say, witiun 3 quarters of an 
 inch of the slioe in all cases. 
 
 The nail comnronly used is much too long in the shank for any kind of shoe, 
 and too thin near the head ; but should be of the same thickness throughout 
 from the head so far as the pointing takes place. The material must be of the 
 toughest quality, equal to Swedish, insomuch as the nail may bear bending 
 forward and backward half a score times without breaking: it should have a 
 counter-sink head to match with the second punch-holes, and the hammering 
 which the head receives before, at, and after driving, sufficiently hardens it to 
 resist the immediate effects of wear. Do not point the nans too much, lest 
 they splinter in the driving, nor make two or three punctures beforv^ you drive 
 home each nail : both these practices proclaim the clumsy workman. 
 
 Punching. — As before intimated, the nail-holes should be punched as fai 
 from the ou.er edge of the shoe as the v '1 is thick. A small punch of tne 
 size of the nail's sliank is to be first driven smartly and visibly through, but 
 not so deep as to raise a burr on the hoof side. Then, open the hole with a 
 
NAILING SECURELY AND SAFELY. 187 
 
 prUchol; anJ a large connter-sink punch, the size of the nail-head, is then to 
 be eiii[)l(>ye(i, hut not driven so drep as the small punch ; the first being of th« 
 size of the nail-shank, the second is to receive a small part of the head. This 
 mode is, of course, best adapted to the "improved shoe" recommended at page 
 182, where a shoulder and groove supply the place of fullering. But in every 
 form of slioe, and every modilication of nailing, the manifest advantage of ad- 
 mitting the naii-hetid to a rest or protection from rude concussions against the 
 ground, must be evident, when the counter-sink part of the head is allowed 
 to lie deep in the shoe. 
 
 The number of nail-holes has hitherto been eight, but a better practice pre- 
 vails in some forges of driving seven nails only, three on the inside, four out- 
 side ; whereby the fourth nail outside is thrown so much farther back than the 
 third nail inside. More play is thus allowed for ex})ansion at the quarters: 
 and if the i)ui.ching and driving be performed effectively, the hold thus ob- 
 tained will be found fully adequate to any service to which the greater num- 
 ber of nails is applied. The safety of the slioe depends more upon the nails' 
 passing through good sound horn, and filling up the punch-holes in the shoe, 
 than ui>on their number. A good workman can hear when the nails thus 
 tell^ by the sound of driving. After punching, the smith must not apply heat 
 or a hammer to the shoe, with a view to reduce any bulge, or burr, which the 
 punch may have occasioned; for this exploded practice spoils the shape and 
 size of the holes, ujton the fitness whereof wholly depends the security of the 
 shoe. Indeed, good and pro[)er iron does not readily incur either of those ob- 
 jectionable forms, nor will it break or chip off at the fuller-edge (when such a 
 plan is adojjted) like ordinary metal. 
 
 Driving tlie nails home properly includes no small share of skill. Former- 
 ly, he who could drive highest into the crust without occasioning lameness 
 was reckoned the best workman, whilst the French method of driving both 
 into sole and crust is an error in the contrary extreme, and argues no little 
 slovenliness and disregard of the construction of the sensible part of the foot. 
 As may be seen and accounted for by reference to the section at page IGO, 
 immediate lannMiess is not always likely to succeed the pricking of the sensi- 
 ble part at cc, but matter may form underneath, and lameness ensue at a fu- 
 ture (lav, unless upon removal of the shoe it issue forth at once in the shape 
 of blood. 'I'he hoof, which may have lost the elastic substance of this sensi- 
 bl<^ part through age or infirmities, as re{)resented at(^) fig. 3, plate 3, is usu- 
 ally " pricked to the quick" at once, and flinches, or goes crippling away from 
 the smithy. 
 
 According to the most improved modern mode of punching and nailing, the 
 nail should enter at the conjunction, nearly, of the sole and crust, so as to pe- 
 netrate almost the whole thickness of the crust,* and be driven slanting out- 
 wards, so that the clinch be little more than half the usual distance above the 
 shoe. If the nail-hole* he punched too near each other, and the driving be 
 performed by a workman who drives and draws his nails, and then peers into 
 the punch holes, then points his nail and drives again — however well his work 
 may appear when put out of hand, he will but have prepared the hoof for fresh 
 injuries at the next shoeing: after this treatment portions of the hoof are apt 
 to come away, and the smith is thus compelled to fasten on his defence, by the 
 toe, or at the quarters, and so produce fresh offence aiid incurable lameness. 
 
 Do not nick the hoof, as is too commonly jMactised, previous to turning the 
 clenchi's; as most feet can not afford to lose so much of their natural support, 
 and even the stoutest foot ought not to be subjected to the loss of so much of 
 its mam strength. Neither rasp ofi" the clinch, by way of finish, for the sam« 
 reason, but hammer it down like the head of a rivet. 
 
 ' As shown in t,he figure of Goldfiijch's shoe, at page 183. 
 
188 NEW MODE. DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 
 
 Mr. R. B. Toast recommends a construction of the foot snrfnce, that seems 
 very well calculated to attain his object, the preventino; contraction and amend- 
 ing the several evils arising therefrom, by raising a ridge along the whole ex 
 tent of the shoe so far as the heels, exclusively, thus making an inclined plane 
 outwards of the thickness of the wall or crust of the hoof. The punching 
 and nailing takes [ilace at this ridge, thus alfonling secure driving tor the nails, 
 and a safe hold upon the iron. Withinside, the shoe is convex on both sur- 
 faces, but admits of modification, at will, on the ground surface. The hoof 
 nuist be pre[)ared to receive this form by paring away the horn lower on the 
 inner part than on the outer side, or external edge of the wall; in fine, so as 
 to correspond with the form of the shoe. At least, this is what I understand 
 in the course of reading a series of very obscurely written "Practical Obser- 
 vations" on the sul)j<'ct; for, although the |)lan seems admirable, none of my 
 connexions have seen it in actual use, notwithstanding I called at his forge for 
 that purpose. Tiiis was in 18'21, soon after the promulgation of Mr. Teast's 
 j>lan, 
 
 Bv the means pro[)osed, the hoof is spread outwards at every step, so as to 
 afford expansion to the heels, and avoid pressure upon the sole ; an advantage 
 for such horses as are weak or thin-soled that is at once obvious and gratify- 
 inci-. His idea of siting pressure to the convex sole, by making his shoe with 
 
 ■^ "".. . '.' 'Ill* 
 
 the: whole foot surface inclining outwards, is more vague, snice all that is re- 
 quisite is attained by the first method. 
 
 Notwithstanding the French method of punching has been si)oken of in 
 terms of approbation, and their moile of driving and clenching low is recom- 
 mended to imitation, let it not be su[)posed tliat in other respects they make 
 the best shoeing-snnths in the world, but the contrary. Their finest shoeing 
 is sad, slovenly work to look at; and this very excellence of theirs is more at- 
 trihutalile to laziness than to design or plan. As one instance of this undesir- 
 able quality, they assign two men to placing the shoe, a lacquey holding the 
 foot and bringing the tools, whilst le marechal himself hammers it on with 
 niui'h ponqj. In Portugal they employ three, which includes the gallcgos, 
 or porter. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 
 
 When these can not be traced distinctly to any specific cause, they nre 
 fairly attributable to ailment of the whole system drop[)ing into the legs, and 
 "fever in the feet" decidedly so, in my O|)inion, when both are so aflhctetl. 
 Therefore it was that I noticed this disease along with "strain of the tendons," 
 to whiidi 1 attribute its origin, as nnich as to other causes of general heat of 
 the foot. Intleed the whole structure of the foot of the horse is so peculiarly 
 curious that it almost deserves a S'q)arate study, but we must always kee}» in 
 mind, whilst considering its ailments, that the great irritation kept u\i by its 
 extreme action is readily conunuiiicable from the one to the other, so that we 
 can not intelligil)ly se|)arate the leg from the foot, when six'aking of the ail- 
 ments of either, liolvvithstanditig I have thought pro})er to begin this chapter 
 with the disorders that are situated higher up, and mean to close it with such 
 AS only make their appearance below. 
 
 But there remains still another distinction that may as well be drawn here, 
 
THRUSH, OR FRUSH— CAUSE AND SYIVIPTOMS. IS*) 
 
 bffore T entei into other partirnlars, as to fore foot and hind foot. In alT 'he 
 little dissertations which 1 have ventured upon in this hook, and elsewiiere, as 
 to the structure of tlie foot, and all the dissections 1 have made from time to 
 time. I have taken the fore leg and foot only, with one uniniportant exception. 
 1 know not why this preference was first made ; 1 believe it to be general, but 
 is of very little importance. For the hind foot, though a little smaller, and 
 somewhat more upright in form, corresponds exactly in all its parts with the 
 fore one, until age and deformity comes on ; the back sinew descending frona 
 tlie hough behind the pastern bones, until its insertion underneath the coflin- 
 bone of the hind leg, in the same manner as before described, as jiertaining to 
 the knee and bones of the fore leg. Further, 1 believe the name given by the 
 learned to this sinew in the hind leg differs from that given to it in (he fore- 
 leg, that being tendo plantaris, this one the tcndopalmaris ; a distinction that 
 became necessary, perhaps, that they might be enabled to make themselves 
 understood by each other, when speaking of this important tendon as belong- 
 ing to the one or the other leg. 
 
 When we reflect upon this strict accordance between the structure of the 
 fore foot and the hind, and then look over and lament the numerous disorders 
 that the first is liable to, whilst the hinder one is comparatively free, it gives us 
 reason to pause. But without entering upon an elaborate investigation of this 
 difference as to health, I come to the conclusion that we ought to attribute dis- 
 eases of the feet, as I have already those of the body, to excessive heat of the 
 vascular system, promoted by the great exertions the animal is put to, and the 
 rude concussions the forefeet in particular endure at every step; thus creating 
 heat and attracting hither any evil humours that may afllict the bo^Jy gene- 
 rally 
 
 FRUSH, OR THRUSH. 
 
 A running of matter at the cleft of the frog was formerly called "a running 
 frush ;" the moderns, however, write it "thrush.'' But, to f rush, being old 
 English for, to break, or crack, or crush, like the cracking of walnuts, 1 pre- 
 fer that term before thrush. 
 
 Cause. — Depraved habiJ of body and disordered pulse always accompany- 
 ing the a|)pearaiice of a frush, 1 have no hesitation in ascribing its origin to 
 that remote cause, especially as it is proved to be a deep-seated morbid accu- 
 mulation ; aided more immediately, perhaps, by an injury received whilst tra- 
 velling, either by the bruise of a stone, or the insertion of gravel at the parts. 
 This latter, however, is nt)t a necessary cause of frush, though the gravel and 
 dirt work into the ulcer as soon as it opens; for the lurking approach of the 
 disease towards this consummate symptom may be ascertained by turning up 
 the hoof and pressing the cleft, which will give pain and occasion the animal 
 to flinch : inflammati<»n h<»s already begun at the insertion of the back sinew 
 in tlie bottom of the coffin-bone, where the branches of crural artery also 
 enter the bone, at the bottom whereof is the sensible sole which separates it 
 from the horny sole. See this structure of the foot described at page 166, 
 &c. Filthy stables promote frush, and, when the cure may be nearly efiect- 
 ed. cause relapse in nine cases out of ten. 
 
 Symptoms. — The earliest, as just said, is denoted by tenderness at the cleft, 
 accom[»anie(i by sharp, quickened and irregular pulse, as usual in all cases of 
 local inflammation, being at the same time l)oth cause and effect. Of course 
 it follows, that as the disorder in the sensible frog proceeds towards maturity, 
 the blood feels and tells of that fact by increased disorder of the pulsation. 
 These timely indications being neglected, as usually happens, if the animal 
 be then put along over stony or newly -dressed roads, the first discovered symp- 
 18* 
 
190 DRESSING FOR TITRUSH. 
 
 torn will then be his tumbling down through acute pain. The cleft opena^ 
 anil an issue of a most offensive kind presents itself. 
 
 Cure. — If not speedily taken in hand, canker will he the consequence of a 
 neglected frush. But, as scarcely one in ten will take the precaution to as- 
 certain, from the state of his pulse, when the horse is likely to acquire this or 
 any other inflammatory disease, it may be deemed impertment in me to say, 
 that the preventive of frush in its worse state may be found in i)urging phy- 
 sic and a cooling regimen, as prescribed for general inflammatory and febrile 
 complaints, set down at the commencement of l)ook 2, pages 59, 63, &c. ; for 
 this disease frequently depends on some untimely suppressed evacuation, as 
 the urine, stool, or perspiration; then let these be restored by giving the dia- 
 phoretic [)ow(lers, purging or urine balls, according to circumstances. Avery 
 much hurried [)ulse would of course point out the necessity of immediato 
 bleeding; for the animal so suffering in the vital function must necessarily 
 contract disease of some kind or other; and that particular organ or member 
 which may be least able to bear it is sure to feel its effects soonest. This is as 
 likely to happen to a horse with defective frog, as to its size, texture, or shape, 
 as to any other part of him. Then, let the careful owner examine and find 
 out the least perfect part of his horse, let him watch it closely in all its weak- 
 ness, and endeavour to detect the first symptoms of illness, that he may aid 
 nature and restore her functions, before these run riot beyond the help of art. 
 
 When the frog has been pared away, and the filth of the sore removed, 
 wash it with a solution of vitriolated copj)er, and apply a pledget dip[)ed 
 in tar or turpentine at the opening. If the case be a bad one, the wash may 
 be made stronger by the addition of a few drops of vitriolic acid to the solu- 
 tion ; and the tar may be poured into the opfMiiiig whilst warm. Place dry 
 tow, and keep it in position by means of splints. Repeat this tar dressing 
 every other day, until the injured parts slough olF. Purging physic will be 
 necessary to complete the cure. 
 
 CANKER. 
 
 Evidently a corruption of the word cancer, as applied to a running sore m 
 human ailments, it is yet well silently to permit the iimovation, the better to 
 keep the two practices separate, in small as well as more extended affairs. 
 
 Causes. — Precisely the same as those which produce the frush, only making 
 its appearance at various parts of the sole, frog, &c. Sometimes the canker is 
 but an aggravated frush a very bad or neglected cure becoming in my estima- 
 tion a canker, and next to incurable; whereas a frush, taken in time, is easily 
 cured. Our French neighbours write of the two under the same head, of can- 
 cer, let them be seated wheresoever they may. 
 
 The symptoms are those of frush, extended also to the bars of the frof, the 
 heel, the sole, &c. ; and so is the 
 
 Cure ; with this addition, that the paring must be carried on to the extremity, 
 baring all the diseased parts, though these extend over the whole bottom of the 
 foot Cut away the proud flesh to the quick, and when it has bled a little, 
 apply 
 
 The Powder. 
 
 Sulphate of copper, 1 ounce, 
 Corr. sublimate, 4 drachms, 
 Prepared chalk, 1 ounce. 
 
 Mix and sprinkle it over the exposed surface. If the disease makes a holl&w 
 
CANKER— TREATMENT. GROOVED SHOR 19| 
 
 between the hoof and the coffin-bone, the powder must be introduced there by 
 means of a spatula, or flat piece of wood, with a bit of tow on it ; but do not 
 leave the tow behind, as that might produce a fresh disorder. Butter of anti- 
 mony is preferred by some to the foregoing powder, because it is a hquid and 
 acts more generally ; but it operates only for a short time before its effects 
 cease, being killed by the moisture of the disease it was meant to destroy. 
 Bind up the font until the following day, when the ap[)Iication must be re- 
 peated, after wiping away roughly as much as possible of the diseased parts. 
 
 As it is found of some imp()rtance to the cure, that the foot should be kept 
 as much as possible from wet and filth, and seeing that the mode of tying on a 
 great. bundle of tow in cloth, in the manner now in vogue, often fails, a Ynrht 
 shoe, adapted to the |)resent shape of the foot, should be put on, for the pur- 
 pose of sustaining the dressings, &c. which may be found necessary to put 
 on. The shoe has another advantage over the tying fashion, inasmuch as it 
 allows of the animal to place his foot fairly on the ground, a position that 
 mainly conduces to the cure by promoting the secretions, especially when at 
 length he can move about. Let the shoe be narrow-webbed, with a groove on 
 the inside edge, so as to admit of a tin slider being shoved in and drawn out, 
 when you desire to examine the under surface of the foot to change the 
 dressings, &c. Such a shoe will obviate the complaints usually raised by 
 our stal)le attendants, that they can not keep on the dressings, nor preserve the 
 foot from d:niip, which always retards the cure ; for they are most of them 
 bunglers at bandaging, owing to the very little practice which falls to the share 
 of any one person among the whole fraternity. Splents of wood may supply 
 the place of tin, when this latter may not be at hand. 
 
 Whenever the cankered parts slough off, and leave a more healthy appear- 
 ance, the powder need no longer be apj)lied at those particular places. Upt)n 
 these lay on a dressing of tar, in which has been introduced al)out a tenth 
 part of blue stone, powdered. Let as much pressure be given to the sole as 
 can be contrived, to prevent the granulation of new flesh coming on too lux- 
 uriantly, which is otherwise very likely to hajjpen, on the edges of the wound 
 particularly. In this respect, the grooved shoe will be found effectually ser- 
 viceable, if, notwithstanding all your care, the edges will grow too fast, touch 
 that part with lunar caustic; and in case the horny substance grows over the 
 still cankered parts, it must be again pared away and laid bare. Perhaps the 
 animal is young and vigorous in other respects, and his system probably would 
 promote the secretion of new horn quicker than an older, or less healthy horse ; 
 thisdifference should teach us to employ some digestive for the dressings, which 
 has less tendency to promote the growth of new horn than tar has, which 
 would be found more proper for old horses. For the younger animals, let 
 turpentine be substituted, into which has been mixed a small portion of vitri- 
 olated co[)per. 
 
 From what has been said, the reader will perceive the dressings require 
 changing with some degree of judgment and discrimination, and that they 
 should not be passed over or delayed, as he values the horse; for, upon this 
 marked attention alone depends the cure, and such a cure as shall prevent a 
 relapse. Of course he will not fail to take care of the evacuations, as in case 
 of frush ; nor that the earliest exercise the animal takes be proportioned to the 
 amount of disease he has undergone in an inverse ratio. 
 
 Prevention. — As we have seen that inflammation is the immediate cause 
 of all disorders of this class, and seeing that the irritation which produces this 
 has been brought on by distress of the parts for the want of due pressure on 
 the frog, any one whose eyes are open may see the necessity of paring down 
 the heels so that the frog may have a bearing, when the horse is walked over 
 field or turf for example. For hereby it will be seen, on turning to the brief 
 
192 SAND-CRACKS; REMEDIES. 
 
 description I thought propor to give at the beginning of this book, pages 167, 
 16!), &c. of the internal confortnation of the foot, that the heaUhy action of the 
 parts upon each other is only to be kept up by the pressure of the sensible 
 frog. 
 
 " When the frog is not sufTiciently pressed upon, (says Mr. Coleman) it 
 becomes soft from the accumulation of the fluid which it naturally secretes in 
 great abundance from the fatty [elastic] substance, which lies immediately 
 under the tenilon." This view of the process tallies tolerably well with my 
 own examination of the subject, at the pages just referred to, and elsewhere. 
 
 SAND-CRACK. 
 
 When suffered to continue, the cure is attended with great difficulty, and 
 the disorder may therefore be divided into two stages or degrees, like many 
 otiier affections of the horse. The name of sand-crack is derived from the 
 worst of these states, when sand, gravel, or dirt, has got into the crack, which 
 constitutes the disease. 
 
 Cause. — Brittle hoof will occasion sand-crack of a very bad sort, but the ac- 
 companving cause is the cessation of the function of supplying matter for 
 forming new horn in the vessels leading from the coronet. Tiiis may aiise 
 from an external injury at the coronet, or severe treatment for some other dis- 
 order of the foot, as a running frush. As the hoof is always hot, one main 
 cause of Si»vid-crack is referred to heated roads, to travelling in deep, hot, 
 sandv countries; scantiness of water, and removal out of a cold to a very hot 
 climate, as froiu England to India (East and West), are all known to cause 
 the heat and brittleuess wliich accompany sand-crack. 
 
 Symptoms. — A s[)lit or crack in the hoof, on the inside quarter of the fore 
 foot, for the most part, but often on the front of it, down towards the toe, and 
 occasionally on the outside, and also near the heel. Sometimes it a|)pears on 
 the hind toot, on the front of it, and prevails with us generally in hot weather. 
 Sand-crack is either superficial and easily remedied, or deep and extensive, 
 requiring much attention, and an operation or two in its dilierent stages. 
 
 Cure. — It will be seen that a sliLjht crack may, by working the animal, be- 
 come one of the worst species. Pare away the rotten parts, if such be found, 
 and make a transverse incision across the upper j)art of the crack ; wash out 
 the sand or dirt, apply daily tincture of tar, with a pledget of tow, and give 
 the horse rest. Bind round the hoof tight with listing, and stop up the sole 
 with cow-dung, and this treatment will suffice in ordinary cases. But when 
 the crack extends so high, that there is no room left for making this incision 
 across, to stop the progress of the crack, the disorder has assumed its worst 
 as|)ect : the edges of the crack internallv now press upon the sensible part, or 
 laminated substance that holds the cotRn-lione and hoof together, and inflam- 
 mation succeeds, if blood does not issue forth. If the crack afi'ects the coro- 
 net, you may draw one siile of it down to the quick about an inch with good 
 efl'ect, but no farther, as that would occasion the hoof to divide more readily. 
 Rest, however, will restore adhesion to the upper part of the crack, and when 
 this has taken place extensively, the operation of cutting across, or of flrin"" it 
 across with one line oiily, may be performed with every prospect of success; 
 for as the hoof grows down, which it does from the coronet, this transverse ar- 
 tifici il crack you have made intercepts the material for forming horn, on its 
 inside, and thus contributes greatly to All uj) the chasm below. To increase 
 »bis sMpi)Iy of the horny niiiterial, let the coronet be anointed with a solution 
 of tar and tallow and hog's lard daily, which should be extended to the horny 
 part of the hoof 
 
 Slopping' has been mentioned as necessary to be adopted on the first O' 
 
CAUSES OF CORNS, FIGG, &c. 193 
 
 niildpst attack, being very conducive to recovery of the lost function of seTet- 
 iiig the proper horny materiah This, of course, will be attended to in every 
 other stage of the disorder, whereby moisture is applied to the dry brittle hoof, 
 and conveyed to its most sensible part internally. On the uses and advan- 
 tages (if this siiiipie remedy 1 took orcasinn to say a few words when speaking 
 ot frush at page 190, and recommend t!ie appHcation of a web-shoe grooved, 
 as au excellent auxiliary to the cure, by keeping on such dressings as miglit 
 be found necessary; and l)y allowing of speedy removal, it will also save much 
 time and labour to that description of persons who are seldom inclined to be- 
 sti)w too much of either. A number of other contrivances may be adopted to 
 apply the same remedy — for af!brding cool moisture to the hoof, the readiest 
 ot which is the leading him forth to a shaded place, and there tethering him 
 Up, where he might stand U[)on the natural sod, grass, clay, or soft ground, 
 without a chance of running about to make the case worse, as would inevita- 
 bly happen, in default of this convenience, a good substitute is the sponge 
 boot, with bran poultice to cover the whole surface of the foot from toe to heel. 
 In all cases remember to keep out the sand, gravel, or dirt, which is ever 
 likely to insinuate itself and protract the cure, and, if not otherwise come-at- 
 able, an opening must be made for that purpose by cutting down one side 
 of the crack, as before recommended. Proud flesh will be found at this part 
 of the o[)ening, which must be dressed with a solution of blue vitriol. 
 
 If the crack be near the heel, merely thinning the horn and taking off that 
 part which bears upon the shoe, will assist the cure ; and whatever shoe may 
 be put on, care should be taken to prevent the crack from bearing on it : the 
 bar shoe for heavy horses is esteemed indispensable, and some farriers a|)ply 
 it invaria!)ly. Others again lire the foot, from the upper half of the hoof, alH)ve 
 the crack, to the fetlock joint. This is certainly decisive practice, as the 
 hoof is renewed with new horny matter, being so supplied as to thrust oil' the 
 old one ; but all violent remedies should be avoided until the milder ones have 
 been tried and failed, which will not be the case with those means I have re- 
 commended above. 
 
 The bearing of our English shoe being commonly on tlie outer surface of 
 the iioof, promotes the crackling and chip|)ing off of the wall. Mr. Teast's 
 shoe (see page 188) is admirably calculated to prevent this disorder, but is no- 
 wise calculated to cure it, when once the ruin has fairly commenced. 
 
 THE CORN. 
 
 Causes. — I shall not repeat what is already said on the two first-mentioned 
 a})pearauc.es a few pages higher up, but merely add, that distortion and undue 
 pressure on the sensible sole occasions that irritation which brings on inflam- 
 mation of its e(.]iiP, where the shuttle-bone, or heel-bone, presses down upon it 
 at every step, and causes the utmost bending that the minute elasticity of the 
 hoof allows of; but contraction of the heel, which accompanies hot, brittle, and 
 inelastic hoof, prevents its bending duly and truly, and lateral pressure upon 
 tlie quiirters follows. The sole being thus undidv pent up, the circulation is 
 obstructed in its y)assage to and from the cavity of the collin-bone, and a dc- 
 posite of !)lood, which soon becomes offensive matter, is the consequence. Bad 
 shoeing, whert'by the heels are pinched, also when the ragged hoof is left, 
 which may have contained particles of sand, will cause irritation, and end in 
 corn, or llgg. 
 
 Symptoms. — The mischief thus commenced within sliows itself between 
 the l)ar and the crust, or wall of the hoof, in a dirtv-red tumour, with greatly 
 increased heat. Iiameness, in a degree proportioned to the badness of llic 
 corn, is usually the first sympi^ai that directs our attentiou to the sole Fig'g 
 
194 TREATMENT : DISCRIMINATION NECESSARY. STRAINS. 
 
 is Hit anothrr nnme for the snme kind of corn when situateil close to the bar 
 of the frog, a htlle farther !)ack in the hollow of the sole. Pain, very acute on 
 the touch ; or, when the liorse treads on a hard substance, he issues a moan, 
 or grunt : it is tiiat sound in which his voice is aptly likened to the comiiUunt 
 of the human sufferer. 
 
 Cure. — Although oftentimes very troublesome, returning again and again 
 when the farrier apprehends he has cured it radically, yet no affection is easi- 
 er of a partial remedy, or effected Iiy more ordinary means. Deceived by the 
 name, perhaps, resembling the hard excrescence called a corn, on the humari 
 foot, tliey proceed at once to "pare the corn out to the quick, till the blood 
 starts;" but they heedlessly put on the same shoe upon the same thick heel 
 and hard hoof which first brought about the malady, and the lameness returns. 
 Let the heel of the shoe be cut off on the side that is afliicted, or if both sides 
 have corns, a bar shoe is recommended as giving pressure to the frog. The 
 heels are then to be rasped away free from any contact with the shoe; if they 
 are thick and hard, this will give them play — if thin and tender, they will thus 
 be freed from ])ressure. The (hick heel is most commonly alfected, and should 
 be softened by an extensive poultice that is to cover the whole foot, after the 
 corn has been pared and treated with butter of antimony. Tar is then a very 
 desiraltle ap|)lication, or Friar's balsam; and if inflammation is ajjain discover- 
 ed, poultice the foot once more. Fire is applied by some, butthehoof is perma- 
 nently injured by the actual cautery; and whatever gocnl is achieved is thus 
 counterbalanced by the evil. Vitriolic acid mixed, carefully, with tar, in the 
 proportion of one-tenth of the former to nine-tenths of the latter, will promote 
 the absor[>tio-i upon which the cure depends. 
 
 But in somedes[)erate bad cases, the matter has already formed within, most 
 offensively, and discharges at the coronet by means of that curious process of 
 nature which 1 described at a preceding page, as affording the coronet the 
 niatrTtiil for forming new horn to supply the wear and tear of the hoof. Upon 
 paring away the horny sole, which now becomes necessary, the offensive mat- 
 ter will be found to have spread itself underneath the sensible so'e, which will 
 ooze forth and give inunediate relief to the coronet. Let so much of the horny 
 Bole as lies loose from the sensible sole be pared awav, and a dressing of tar, 
 or of Friar's balsam, be applied as before directed ; and if inflannnation is again 
 discovered, apply a poultice ; should the growth of horn be found too luxuriant, 
 discontuiue the tar. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Of Strains Generally. . 
 
 STRAIN OF THE COFFIN-JOINT. 
 
 Cause. — As previously observed, lameness of the foot does not consist in a 
 stTfiin of the joint within the hoof, but is referrible to general concussion of 
 all the parts, and is rather a strain of the back sinew at its conjunction with 
 the bottom of the cotrni-bone. inflannnation and accelerated circulation fol- 
 low, and numbness of the foot succeeds: these, if not remedied betimes, arc 
 followed by ossification of the tendon, of the ligament of the small pastern, and 
 Jie cartilaginous process at {/)., fig. 3, plate 2, also becomes bone. That the 
 joint of tlie coffm-boiie with the pastern-bone may be strained, is very pro- 
 bable; but no injury, blow, or concussion, can affect it, which does not at the 
 
WHERE SEATED. SHOULDER, HOW AFFECTED. 19& 
 
 same time affect all the component parts of the foot. Thin hoof and sole are 
 most Hable to this iiijiiry. 
 
 Syrnptojns. — Sudden lameness, that is always increasing, and has scarcely 
 an intermission, without any appearance to account for it on the limb; and 
 the persons who permit the horse to incur this disorder by their carelessness 
 seldom have the candour to acknowledge that they know the cause to be a 
 tread, a rolling stone, or a stumble, and the doctor is left to "find it out." 
 i? most every one imagines the lameness to reside higher up, as in the shoul- 
 der or the hi[) joint. Great heat and tenderness of the part soon come on ; 
 the latter syn5[)t.om may be ascertained by striking the hoof in front wiiii a 
 key or small stone, wlien the animal will flinch considerably more than when 
 the corresponding foot is struck in the same manner. When the horse would 
 stand at ease, he usually does so with his toe j)ointing forwards, so as to keep 
 the pastern in a straight line with the leg, and thereby take off the tension or 
 pressure upon the back sinew and ligaments: the inflannnation shortly after 
 reaches the upper part of the sinew, as may be ascertained by passing the hand 
 down over it when the patient flinches. 
 
 Cure. — Blistering at the coronet and fetlock repeatedly will reiluce tne in- 
 flammation within. A |)oultice covering the whole foot also tends to the same 
 effect, which will be further assisted by paring the sole, if it be not already too 
 thin : reduce the frog also, and do the same for the corresponding foot. 
 
 Formerly they pared the toe tolerably close, and bled it there, by making a 
 longitudinal incision : the usual application of tar, &c. then completed the 
 cure. But this is an o|K>ration that is seldom performed with sufiicient exact- 
 ness, the incision being too often made unwisely deep, so that t)tlier di-i^eases 
 were thus generated at some future day. Others, again, passed a seton through 
 the heel to the hollow of the frog, taking care not to touch the sensible sole. 
 A third set apply the actual cautery, which comes least reconunended of either 
 of the remedies just described; especially when we consider that the actual 
 disease is very often mistaken for some other ; a remark that implies how much 
 caution should be used in first ascertaining the exact seat of the lameness, its 
 cause and symptoms, ere we set about the cure by such violent means. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE SHOULDER. 
 
 Horses that are weak before, and low footed, with an unsteady tread, are 
 most liable to contract this disorder, which consists in a twist or sprain of the 
 strong muscles that attach the shoulder to the body. 1 think the horse is very 
 liable to incur this disaster, in a petty degree, whenever his progression is ac- 
 celerated to the utmost of his powers; but we must guard ourselves against 
 placing entire reliance apon the hastily-delivered opinions of empirics, who 
 boldly pronounce when they hope to deceive, and expect belief from the cre- 
 dulous. 
 
 Cause. — Much the same as those which occasion concussrions, blows, and 
 numl)ness of the foot, with their consequences, which we consent to call 
 "strain of the coffin-joint," without the most distant possibility of knowing 
 whether this misfortune ever has happened. When the horse is subjected to 
 any rude accident, as a kick, or being thrown down, or slipping on j)avement, 
 ice, &c., or treading on a loose stone, he is very likely to incur strain of the 
 muscles of the shoulder. See conformation of tlie shoulder, in chapter 1, p. 
 10. 
 
 Symptoms. — Decided by swelling upon the chest, or at the top of the shoul- 
 der; but we think it desirable to ascertain whether the accident has taken 
 place before this symptom becomes ajjparent. Lameness immediately suc- 
 ceeding any or either of those accidents, wliich may be distinguished from a 
 
196 SWIMMNG FOR STRAINED LIMBS. 
 
 strain lower down by the animal's drawing his toe along the ground, from in 
 ability in the part to lift it oft' the ground ; but when he throws out the foot in 
 a semicircle, described by the segment at page 11, this shows that the hurt is 
 chiefly conlined to the lower part of the shoulder near the elbow. Taking up 
 the foot and bending the limb will further prove the existence of strain in the 
 shoulder, if the animal evince pain; whereas, if it lie in the foot, and not in 
 the shoulder, the lame leg can be moved as supple as the sound one. The 
 difficulty of ascertaining the real seat of lameness is sometimes so very 
 great, being entirely invisible, as to yjut us upon all sorts of expedients to find 
 out the real seat of the disorder. For this purj)osp, hold U{) his head high, 
 and after comparing and finding no difference in the shape of his two shoul- 
 ders, let go the head, when he will be observed to flinch upon bringing it to- 
 wards the afiected side. Let a person rattle some corn in a sieve at a distance 
 beliind, now on this side, now on that, and he will be observed to evmce pain 
 at turning the neck so as to strain the affected side ; not so it the pain be in 
 the foot, of course. As the horse will step short, and also throw out his leg 
 somewhat in a semicircle, when he has received a prick in shoeing, this latter 
 s-'gn is not to be taken as finally indicative of "strain in the shoulder," until 
 the foot has been examined, and the shoeing-smith questioned as to his skill 
 and carefulness. 
 
 Cure. — If the injury be considerable, as when the horse has been thrown 
 down, he should be bled at once, in the plate vein when it is local, but in the 
 neck when the injury has been more general. A laxative ball, or a purgative, 
 must follow as a matter of course, proportioned to the actual state of his bvidy 
 at the time. A fomentation of camomile flowers, or of scalded bran, should 
 be applied largely and assiduously at the chest and inside the elbow, and these 
 remedies, with rest from all labour and exercise, generally perfect the cure. 
 
 When the swelling is great, but not extensive, as in the case of a kick, spi- 
 rits of wine, in which a fourth of its weight of camphor has been dissolved, 
 should be rubbed in. This will supersede ihe necessity of walking the horse 
 too early, with the hope of recovering the "use of his limb," by promoting the 
 lymjjliatic absorption. A rowel is sometimes employed, when the heat and 
 swelling are very high, with good efiect; but the old system of previously 
 boring and blowing, and laying on " a charge," is exploded as barbarous and 
 inutile. On the symptoms abating, let the convalescent horse have a loose 
 stall, and in proportion as his action may be free from lameness, so should be 
 regulated his return to walking, to exercise, and to work. Before he can be 
 fit for his former occupation, it generally is found best to give the horse a run 
 at grass; but previously he may try his powers in a contracted plot of ground 
 in the homestead, to prevent his indulging too freely in exercise, seeing that 
 he is very liable to a relapse, which is generally more difficult to overcome than 
 the original attack. 
 
 Swimviing the horse "for strain in the shoulder joint," was a favourite re- 
 medy formerly, but is deservedly exploded, although we could be certain that 
 the joint intended to be cured were the elbow. This accident, however, does 
 not happen often : 1 never saw a marked case, and merely deem it possible ; 
 yet has the practice still its advocates. And it may be serviceable in other re 
 spects, as the muscles are thus brought into play, and the whole limb employ 
 ed in quite different kind of action to that of walking on terra firma. Some 
 persons submit their horses to bathing, by entire submersion ; an operation 
 that was performed most adroitly, about thirty-five years ago, by a stableman 
 named Denis Lawler, in the bay of Dublin. His manner was to ride his horse 
 to a convenient depth of water, and then jumping forward suddenly on the 
 animal's head, thus souse it head foremost to the bottom. The feat caused 
 great marvel at the time ; but not so the total disappearance,^ upon one occa 
 
OF LAMENESS BEfflND, STRAIN OF THE BACK. IQ-^ 
 
 Bion jf the performer : poor Denis is supposed to have received a kick to the 
 bottom, and his body drifted out to sea, as his Howth friends heard no moro 
 of him after that, though "New Harbour" underwent thorough repair since 
 Lawler's last kick. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE WHIRL-BONE (HIP-JOINT). 
 
 A supposititious disorder, that is more frequently found to be a tardy attack 
 5f bone spavin, that is slow in coming forward, and upon which M. la Fosse 
 has thought proper to be very facetious : "a horse has the spavin, or he has 
 it not," says he; "for it is not like a jack-in-a-box, that waits to make his 
 appearance when you pull the string." Either spavin or strain of the whirl- 
 bone, he concludes, must be the disorder of the hind leg, when the animal 
 draws its toe along the road, as described just above as being a symptom of 
 strain in the fore leg. When the animal has received injury in the region of 
 the hip, the camphorated spirits recommended in a preceding page (196), 
 should be applied ; but if the heat, swelling, and tension, do not abate by this 
 treatment, blister the parts with the mild blister, No. 3, at page 179. This 
 application, with rest, is adequate to any ordinary case of hip-joint accident. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE STIFLE. 
 
 Simple "lameness" would better designate this so-called strain. The 
 same remedies as those prescribed for whirl-bone strani will apply to this part ; 
 also fomentations, physic, and if the case be inveterate, a'rowel, &c. &c. one 
 after another. Camphorated spirits, or ultimately a n.ild blister, are useful and 
 proper, according to the circumstances just set down. 
 
 STRING-HALT. 
 
 A catching up of the hind leg at every step the horse takes, constitutes what 
 is termed string-halt. It is one of the incurables; but this consideration shall 
 not deter me from observing, that this over-action of the hind leg may be 
 brought about by art, or rather the ingenuity of man operating upon a known 
 function of nature. 
 
 The cause, naturally arising, is very obscure ; but the horse-exhibitioners, 
 having occasion for much show at their amphi-theatric courses, sought to bring 
 on this "high show" by puncturation. To them let the secret belong ; it is 
 barbarous and unseemly. 
 
 STRAIN OF THE BACK 
 
 When the immediate covering of the bones, described in Book I. at pace 
 19, become relaxed, and thereby fail to hold the joints together sufficiently 
 firm, the consequence naturally arising from this circumstance is, that they 
 bend a little out of place, at every movement the animal makes, and the least 
 accident confirms the strain, or sprain. Merely straining or stretching will 
 etl'ect this evil at times, though that be no greater than an eflbrt to relieve na- 
 ture by a motion. 
 
 Cause. — Mostly affecting draught cattle of the heavy kind, and principally 
 incident to cities and towns, where dray and cart-horses are obliged to turn 
 short upon slip|)ery stones, we may ascribe this disorder to what is called a 
 wrench, or twist in the human practice. The steady })ull, unattended by a 
 turn, is not likely to occasion hurt of the back, be it ever so hollow origitjallv; 
 because the eflbrt that is made to pull a great weight causes the joints to press 
 
1^8 FOUNDER, VARIOUS NOTIONS AS TO ITS CAUSES. 
 
 straight against each other, every capsule being than filled with its next c&r- 
 respontling convex hone. 
 
 Symptoms. — A kind of separate motion for the hind quarter, compared tc 
 the tore one, of which the exact perceptible division is the seat of the injury. 
 Sometimes it appears as far back as the loms, but when farther forward than 
 the twelfth spinous process, (at G. 24) on the frontispiece, it affects the respi- 
 ration, and with it other vital functions, and the animal suffers in his general 
 health. It may be muscular or ligamentary, or compounded of both, in which 
 cases the parts adapt themselves to tlic derangement that has taken place, by 
 thickening their substance, and the first lameness decreases greatly : in this 
 event the horse's condition is not at all affected. While staling, his efforts 
 are somewhat ludicrous ; as are also all attempts to make a trot of it when out 
 of harness. These sym[)toms have deceived some persons into the belief, 
 that the one or the other exertion has caused the strain ; whereas it is only the 
 earliest demonstration of it to the observer. 
 
 Remedies applied early may assist nature, but the lameness never can be 
 cured completely. If the wrench or sprain has been of a violent sort, as in 
 case of "strain in the shoulder," let the animal be bled to a good extent, i. e. 
 from three to five quarts, according to the quantity or degree of violence the 
 animal has sustained ; for it usually ha})pens that it has been strained all over, 
 in various parts. Two dray-horses, which were employed in pulling beer 
 butts from the cellar of a public house, being backed too close to the steps, fell 
 in, the weight of the hinder horse dragging in the fore one upon him. Much 
 contusion was the consequence, as well of the accident itself as in dragging 
 them out : they were in fact strained all over, so that they could scarcely stand 
 for a while. Bleeding copiously, however, to the amount of six quarts, re- 
 duced the tendency to inflammation ; and although they might be pronounce 1 
 hurt all over, and the hind horse in particular, both did well after physicking, 
 and a few days of light work. 
 
 I have found a fomentation of hot vinegar of very great service, in a weU 
 marked case of recent strain ; the plan recommended by White, of administer- 
 ing it by means of a woollen cloth or rug, steeped and loosely wrung out, be- 
 ing followed. A fresh sheep-skin, just Hayed, was aj)plied immediately, and 
 the lameness sensibly lessened, after two days, applying the fomentation four 
 or five times. 
 
 FOUNDER 
 
 Is a disorder, or rather a complication of disorders, of the fore feet. Some con- 
 troversy has crept into our books of farriery latterly, as to what really is found- 
 er : and whilst some would confine their consideration of the subject to ihu 
 foot only, others follow the fashion of grooms, and ascribe the incurable lame* 
 ness that has no visible specific cause, to an afiection of the chest. Hence 
 "chest founder" of the stables, and the "body founder" of White. "Shoulder- 
 shook" is a provincialism of the smithy, when the farrier can perceive "no 
 thing amiss" with the feet — so far as he can see, feel, or understand. Sur- 
 bating was another name given to the symptom we Jiow recognise as founder, 
 at a time when it was the practice to divide and subdivide every disorder under 
 many, useless, and unmeaning appellations. 
 
 Cause. — liard work, bad shoeing, age and ill-usage, either of which pro- 
 duce so many other disorders pertaining to the horse in his domesticated state, 
 precede founder; for, we never meet with it unless the animal has been so 
 treated or kept, and I look upon it rather as a complication or efl'ect of several 
 diseases of the foot. Some of these, we have seen, are liable to be mistaken 
 for others; tiierelbre do they get maltreated, imperfectly cured, or retain the 
 
SYMPTOMS OF FOUNDER. 199 
 
 seeds of future disease ; and founder is the name given to that which is other- 
 wise inscrutable, has no otiier origin, and is badly defined by all writers anti 
 talkers upon the subject. Out of this diK'ninia 1 do not at present attempt to 
 "escue it: I care iu)t tor tt-rnis, unless insomuch as tliey can assist us to un- 
 avel tlie character of a disorder. Contracted heel is the slow cause of most 
 Cases of founder, whcreb}' the quarters press on the cotfiii and shuttle bone, 
 and thus prevent the action «)f the latter, which is very great at every step, 
 and is mainly conducive to the projier secretion of the horny material before 
 spoken of [)retty much at large. To "a chill" is generally attributed the im- 
 mediate cause of founder ; and indeed the |)oor animal which has suffered 
 severely at the hands (or spurs) of his master is most open to acquire any ill 
 which chili or cold may inilict. When this chill takes place, the attack is sud- 
 den and usually violent. 
 
 Inflammation always attends the first symptom of founder, if it be not an 
 inmiediate cause thereof, arising, 1 have no doubt, from the waste or destruction 
 of the secretion marked (c) (c) in the cut at page IGG. To this conclusion I 
 am come the more positively, by reason of the alisence of those secretory ves- 
 sels in the feet of old, foundered or otherwise diseased horses; which secre- 
 tions were designed to furnish the material tor forming new horn and giving 
 elasticity to the tread. Fig. 3, plate 3, at (ff) shows the progress of incipient 
 founder, where those vessels are represented as nearly dried up, and adhesion 
 has begun of the inner surface of the hoof and the coffin-bone. What must 
 follow, but brittle hoof, batlered feet, or surbating, want of elasticity in the 
 sensilile frog and tendon, accompanied by inflanuiiation, which is a cause, if 
 not causeii by founder? 
 
 But young horses sometimes, while breaking in, by the violence that is 
 deemed necessary, are foundered by the rough rider, through the rupture or 
 forcing asunder the connexion between the hoof and coffin-bone, just spoken 
 of. Tn such cases, the animal being vigorous and the foot replete with juices, 
 the coronet is greatly afficted by oozing out there, in its blood and lymph state. 
 If youth and general good health should bring the animal through his suffer- 
 ings, its feet will ever after bear external marks of the internal injury. 
 
 Si/mpto7ns. — Curved, wrinkled, or striated hoofs, ever attend those animals 
 which have been so over strained in youth, appearing as if the horn had oeen 
 carved or indented; which arises from the coronet furnishing the horny ma- 
 terial too luxuriantly, before it has received sufficient concoction within the cof- 
 fin-bone, as before described, at p. 168. Lameness in one or both fore-feet, 
 with evident pain, and great heat in the whole foot, attend founder in every 
 case. At the first attack of acute or violent founder, the horse is observed very 
 restless in his fore feet, which he endeavours to ease, by alternately changing 
 position, and lying down when he should be feeding. He brings his hind 
 legs far under his belly for the same purpose, and if he is roused by hunger or 
 mandate he lies down again. Considerable alteration takes place in the pulse, 
 which indicates fever, and the patient breathes short with pain. The pro- 
 gress of those symptoms is very rapid, seldom occupying more than a day or 
 two. 
 
 The slower or chronic founder begins with apparently rheumatic pains and 
 awkwardness of going, for which he usually receives the whip. After a while, 
 flattening sometimes appears on the front of the hoof, and the heels contract: 
 the older animals have now short, brittle, shining hoofs, with the small pastern 
 bone deeper sunk than heretofore; the hollow of the sole is converted into the 
 convex, or pumice foot, so that the animal can scarce find foot-hold on the 
 ground, but will slip and slide about. He is then considered groggy, that is to 
 say, "like a drunkard," and may last many years : this is chest Ibunder, and 
 indeed the whole limb is usually affected up to the very chest. 
 
2C0 REMEDIES: JOINTED SHOE. 
 
 Whether the attack be of the acute or the chronx Kind, it dies if not re 
 lieved; for the coffin-bone becomes rotten, and the hoof is cast off without the 
 yossibihty of ever being renovated. In some constitutions, nature lends its 
 aid in critically raising a tumour at the coronet, the breaking whereof and the 
 discharge of offensive matter effects a cure. The same sort of critical tumour 
 as denoting the crisis of general fever, or inflammation, was noticed at page 
 114, "Critical Abscess." 
 
 Remedy. — As soon as discovered take off the shoe, note well the condition 
 of the sole, the heat, and other symptoms, for according as these vary, so must 
 the remedies be changed. Draw the soles a Httle with the buttress if found 
 too thick, not otherwise ; rasp the heels and quarters, which will ease the pain 
 occasioned by the binding of the hoof, and give room for the action of the foot ; 
 a fact that may be ascertained by bending it at the pastern, forwards and 
 backwards, before the operation, and trying the same experiment afterwards. 
 Apply a bran poultice warm to the whole foot daily, but do not add to it any 
 greasy or oily sul)stances as is too often practised. The sponge boot may be em- 
 ployed with advantage, made large. After three or four days, that the horn 
 has recovered its former consistency, put on the shoe gently, and walk the 
 patient, to try in how much he is now lame ; and if the attack has been a 
 slight one, he may recover with very little more treatment than a turn out in a 
 meadow will afford. Otherwise the feet must be stopped, and kept moist and 
 cool, as directed in case of Canker, at page 191. 
 
 In all cases, (except where the foot is pumiced, or the sole is very thin), the 
 jointed shoe of B. Clark, or of H. Goldfinch (page 183), will be found ser- 
 viceable, as being well calculated for giving play or action to the parts of the 
 foot, which produce the secretion that is so salutary to the renovation of new 
 hoof; but which the disorder we call "binding of the hoof" has sadly pervert- 
 ed into an offensive and liarmful matter. 
 
 The proper secretion of the juicy elastic substance, for the formation of new 
 hoof, being essential to the restoration of the horse, and as the lameness will 
 not wholly subside unless this process goes on healthily, resort must be had to 
 blistering, provided he still goes lame any. This should extend from the coro- 
 net and quarters to the knee, and be repeated, taking care to keep the heels 
 open and the sole stopped. The good effects to the sole that will be found to 
 result from blistering, shows the connexion or companionship that exists be- 
 tween the legs anil feet, as I took occasion to observe at a former page. 
 
 But, as to drawing the sole, as before recommended generally, there is one 
 exception : if the lameness and other symptoms come on after an inflammatory 
 fever of the whole system, then we ought to look upon it as an effect of the 
 fever seeking to throw off its dregs thus critically ; and a swelhng and dis- 
 charge at the coronet may be expected soon to take place that should be en- 
 couraged, and treated as simple abscess, not fistulous. When this is the case 
 the bar-shoe is better adapted to keep the parts in position, that the discharge 
 may proceed temperately. 
 
 In default of sending the sick horse to a meadow, he may be allowed to 
 stand on a clay-made floor in an outhouse by day, or any slip of soft ground-, 
 but by no means adopt the plan of putting the patient upon litter that is damp, 
 and is therefore half rotten and healing. A number of contrivances for af- 
 fording coolness and natural pressure to the sole and frog, besides the forego 
 ing, have been resorted to, and among these the admixture of vinegar, alegar, 
 verjuice, or solution of nitre with the clay, with the stopping, &c. are well 
 calculated to answer the purposes intended. Rubbing the knees with turpen- 
 tine is also serviceable. 
 
 Physic would not of course be neglected at the earliest stages of lameness, 
 adapted to the previous state of the patient's bodily health, and calculated to 
 
IMPOSTURES PRACTISED. FRENCH MODE OF EXAMNING A HORSE. <20] 
 
 lower the access of inflHmmation, which so much pain must naturally pro- 
 duce. Either of the three evacuations being suppressed, or imperfectly per- 
 formed, must be restored, and a purgative, a urine-ball, or a diaphoretic 
 powder be administered as occasion requires, and opportunity presents itself: 
 of course, neither of those will be given while the animal is out of doors. 
 
 PRECAUTIONS NECESSARY TO BE OBSERVED ON BUY 
 
 ING A HORSE. 
 
 Much as hath been said of the make, shape, and proportion of the various 
 breeds of horses in Book. I., some few precautionary hints, still more familiar, 
 seem desirable in this place. Of the several points of inquiry to which pur- 
 chasers apply themselves, the age of the animal is ever considered the most 
 deserving of attention ; the state of its legs, bodily health, and eye sight, coming 
 next in order, if general appearance does not precede every other. On each 
 of those heads I offer a few words of advice, most of which are tolerably well 
 recognised, though seldom in print, as most of those who deal in horse-flesh 
 acquire their knowledge from experience rather than books. Before all things^ 
 the new horse-dealer should guard against imposition, and not '* look at a 
 horse" where he has got to withstand two or three masked advisers. To be 
 sure, no one desirous of a nag would submit to the imposition of a cart-horse 
 instead ; but, next to this kind of gross attempt, the thorough-paced dealers 
 practise deceit of every species, and throw obstacles in the way of cool exa- 
 mination, especially when we come to investigate the seat of any actual defect. 
 
 General appearance : an idea of a good horse. — And first, that we may 
 make no blunders, and the younger portion of readers be thinking of one part 
 of him, whilst I am talking of another, let the annexed plate of " Terms com- 
 monly made use of to denote the external parts of the horse," be kept con- 
 stantly in sight, so that there be no mistake of that sort. 
 
 Previous to stating our own old English notions, it may not be useless to 
 quote the instructions with which the purchasers of cavalry for the French 
 military service travelled (as [ believe) over that country. Its coincidence 
 with our own opinions and practices is at least curious, though on such a topic 
 no Englishman whatever requires instructions from a foreigner, if his own as- 
 sertions are to be taken for genuine. " The persons sent to purchase horses 
 should not only keep in mind the colour, height, and price of horses for which 
 he is to treat ; but also the usual defects of the country, that he may guard 
 against them ; these are, faulty sight, flat hoof, too brittle, or too soft, and 
 affections of the lungs. 
 
 " Those things being well thought on, the purchaser will look at the horse 
 fiidevvays at a tolerable distance : he will choose him as nearly as possible one 
 tenth longer than he is high, measuring from the breast to the quarter, and 
 from the withers to the ground, so that it the horse be five feet high, his length 
 should be five feet and a half. 
 
 " Preserving the same situation, he will see 1st, If the horse has a small 
 head, not too fleshy, perfectly free from tumours, and well placed, neither car- 
 rying it too low nor too high ; 2nd, If he has not an ill-shaped neck, with his 
 windpipe hanging too low, or bending ; 3rd, Whether his withers be either too 
 sharp or too large, with fleshy shoulders ; 4tli, Whether he is not hollow back- 
 ed ; 5th, Whether his chest be well formed, neither too round nor too flat, 
 6th, Whether he be low-bellied, with a small sheath ; 7th, Whether he be 
 touched in the wind ; 8tli, If his fore legs are not too slender, or his hock do 
 not bend forwards too much ; 9th, If the tendons or back sinews be not ailing, 
 i. e. either sore to the touch, or else stiff-jointed ; 10th, Whether the animal 
 be not either long-jointed, or short-jointed; 11th, Whether he be strained in 
 19* 
 
202 RIGHT ENGLISH NOTIONS OF A GOOD HORSE. 
 
 tne pastern joint, going low; 12th, Whether flat-hoofed, with low heels ; 13th, 
 Whether he be not narrow at the hind quarters; 14th, Whether he has not 
 spavin, windgall, or curb, ring-bone, or thorough-pin, or is likely to cut. Exa- 
 mine his sole and heel for thrush, canker, or corn, and if contraction has taken 
 place." 
 
 Having thus before us the Frenchman's precautions, we come to the Eng- 
 lishman's long accepted description of a good horse, and nothing else. His 
 head ought to be lean, of good size, and long; his jowls thin and open; his 
 ears small and pricked ; or, if they be somewhat long, provided they stand 
 upright like those of the fox, it is usually a sign of mettle and toughness. His 
 forehead long and broad : not marefaced, but rising in the middle like that of 
 a hare, the feather being placed above the top of his eye, the contrary being 
 thought by some to betoken approaching blindness. His eye full, large, and 
 bright; his nostrils wide, and red within; for an open nostril betokens good 
 wind. His mouth large, deep in the wykes, and hairy. His windpipe big, 
 unconfined, and straight when he is reined in by the bridle, for, if it bends like 
 a bow (or cock-throttled), it very much hinders the passage of his wind. His 
 head must be so set upon his neck, that there should be a space felt between 
 the neck and the jowl; for, to ba bull-necked is uncomely to sight and preju- 
 dicial to the horse's wind. His crest should be firm, thin, and well-risen ; his 
 neck long and straight, yet not loose and pliant, which our north countrymen 
 term withy cragged ; his breast strong and broad ; his chest deep at the girth, 
 his body of good size and close ribbed up to the stifle ; his ribs round like a 
 barrel, his fillets large, his quarters rather oval than broad, reaching well down 
 to the gaskins. His liock bone upright, not bending ; which some do term 
 sickle-houghed, and think it denotes fastness and a iaster. His legs should 
 be clean, flat, and straight ; his joints short, well knit, and upright, especially 
 at the pastern and hoofs, with but little hair at his fetlock ; his hoofs black, 
 strong, and hollow, and rather long and narrow than big and flat. His mane 
 and tail should be long and thin rather than very thick, which some think a 
 mark of dullness. 
 
 Some do aifect a small head at all hazards, thinking none other belongs to 
 a good horse, but much will depend ui)on how it is set on ; if that be upon a 
 crane-neck, as usually happens when very small, he will carry unsteady, with 
 tail up as a counterbalance ; and if large head arise from thickness of the jowl, 
 this will also be a real deformity and interfere with his safe going : hard mouth- 
 ed usually accompanies the great big head at the jowl. Expanded forehead 
 is quite a different thing, and belongs to neither of those objections, but on the 
 contrary is a redeeming sign of good breeding for any kind of faulty head, or 
 long or short, or thick or thin. The crest being slightly curved is always ac- 
 companied by distinctly marked windpipe. No horse with a bad shoulder can 
 carry his rider with ease and pleasure on the road, though a large one be re- 
 quisite for harness, or a very oblique one belong to a speedy horse ; because it 
 is the hind legs that send the animal along, as was eminently the case with 
 Eclipse. See pages 5, 9, 10, of Book I., where many other points to our pre- 
 sent purpose are discussed. 
 
 As to bodily health, also, the reader will not have far to look to enable him- 
 self to judge how any animal is affected which he may desire to purchase. 
 The whole volume now in his hands is devoted to a description of the func- 
 tions of animal life, and of their derangement. 
 
 AGE. 
 
 General appearance bespeaks the age of every animal, to those who havo 
 niuch practice in ascertaining that point, and whose interest may be said lo 
 
m 
 
NUMBER OF TEETH: TUSHES. 203 
 
 sharpen their judgment : in the horse we are enabled to make a fair estimate 
 of his years from the birth, to ten or twelve, by means of its teeth, hui then 
 we should guard ourselves against a number of deceptiou? tricks that are prac- 
 tised on the unwary. 
 
 A certain juvenility of countenance and springiness of action, legs long 
 compared to the carcass, or filling up, large at the knees and other joints, wide 
 jowl, rough coat, and intractability, denote the foal and colt in succession ; all 
 which indications vanish gradually as it advances towards maturity, and be- 
 comes full mouthed. Heavy cattle assume premature age and sometimes de- 
 ceive us upon the first view ; nor do such decay when aged so fast as the more 
 spirited, fretful, and lighter breeds ; and as no one would purchase a horse for 
 use before it be fit for his purpose, nor take to one that is worn out, the vendor 
 hesitates not to stretch a year or so, one way or the other, as may l:)est suit his 
 own interest and his customer's wants. To aid their nefarious designs, they 
 are said to file the marks of age in colts' teeth, and to bishop the aged, for 
 confirmation of their falsehoods. But we never rely wholly upon those marks, 
 but turn our attention to the curve of the tushes in the horse's mouth, and the 
 sloping forward of the corner teeth in both sexes, to detect the imposture. 
 
 When w* open the mouth of a full grown, or four year old horse, we per- 
 ceive twelve nipper teeth in front and twenty-four grinders behind : between 
 the two sets, above and below, a space is seen on the gum, designed by nature 
 to receive the bit, and termed the bars of the upper or lower jaw, as the case 
 may be. About an inch behind the last of the front teeth, the male has tush- 
 es at this age, which seldom occurs with mares. The tushes coming up in 
 the lower jaw sometimes occasion soreness at the bars, when these are to te kn- 
 eed and the tushes appear: this the dealers effect prematurely at times; and 
 having also drawn out the two front sucking teeth, this causes the " torse 
 teeth" to come up soon, so that the animal may appear four years old be- 
 fore its time. Pursuing the same species of deception, they proceed to draw 
 the remaining sucking teeth, that the animal may assume the appearance of a 
 five year old. Jockies have then a pass word for this operation, which they 
 term " all up !" 
 
 In examining the mouth to ascertain the age, we leave entirely out of con- 
 sideration the grinding teeth, and chiefly rely upon the under jaw ; though 
 when deception may be suspected, the buyer should refer to the upper teeth 
 also, as these follow the same course of nature as the lower, but do not decay 
 so fast in old age. 
 
 At fifteen days old the fore teeth (two above and two below), appear above the 
 gums, the outside shell first, having muscular substance in the middle of the two 
 shells, whiv.h fills gradually up, till about the end of the first year, when the 
 surface becomes smooth, and a small ring is observable towards the root ol each. 
 
 Meantime, when the foal is a month old, the next two teeth (one on each 
 side) above and below, appear in like manner; and at thirteen months the 
 fleshy cavities of these fill up, and a ring is observable as in the former. 
 
 At four months old the corner teeth come 
 up, and the filling up is similarly effected at 
 sixteen or seventeen months old. After this 
 period the whole six teeth wear even, and so 
 continue smooth and unmarked until two 
 years and a half, the corner teeth being still 
 the least perfect, the front ones largest. 
 
 During this state of the mouth, if the un- 
 principled dealer would give his animal's teeth 
 the mark of three or four years old, he is said 2 1-2 ijears old. 
 
 to "file" two or four front teeth hollow in the middle; though in f&ct it it* 
 
204 
 
 FOALS' AND COLTS* TEETH TORMNG. 
 
 burnt in with an acid that is capable of destroying the hardest substances. 
 But tliis falsification may be detected, 1st, by comy^aring the upper with the 
 lower jaw which they omit "to file;" 2d, by noticing whether the marked 
 teeth have' the ring before described, as pertaining to the sucking teeth, but does 
 not belong to the horse teeth — lastly, these latter are larger, of a brownish yellow 
 linge, and soon acquire tartar, very unlike the fine whiteness of the sucking teeth 
 
 On rising three years old, the two fore teetb 
 (below, and two above) fall out, and are re 
 placed by two horse teeth, having the hollow 
 mark in the middle, as shown in the annexed 
 cut. As just said, they are also larger and of 
 a darker colour than the sucking teeth. But 
 between the third and fourth years, two fur- 
 ther colt's teeth (as well above as below) shed, 
 and are replaced by " horse teeth," i. e. larger 
 and browner than the sucking teeth, with the 
 black mark ; the tushes also push forth, and 
 the horse is now fully mouthed, as re- 
 presented by the cut in the margin. 
 
 Only the corners now remain un- 
 changed from colts' to horses' teeth. 
 These differ from the others in being 
 shorter, smaller, and of a shell-like ap- 
 pearance, until the middle of the fifth 
 year, when these also are displaced by 
 horse teeth, in shape much like the 
 former, and their marks but just per- 
 ceptible within the upper surface. But, 
 toward the completion of five years of 
 4 years old. age, they become larger, are more 
 
 strongly marked, and are grooved on the 
 inside, which groove denotes the age to 
 be five with precision ; no deception can 
 be practised on this point, nor as regards 
 the tushes, which are now curved, hav- 
 ing grooves inside, that may be felt with 
 the Hnger, and seen as represented in the 
 figure annexed. At this age the two 
 front teeth give proof of being worn, 
 principally on the outer edge • the wear- 
 ing away goes on, and at six years the 
 surface is level, or as they say, "the mark 
 is gone," whilst the next two teeth also 
 begin to wear. Now, also, the grooves 
 just spoken of in the corner teeth fill up ; 
 the curve in the tushes is diminished, and 
 at seven years their grooves fill up in like 
 manner, and become convex in another 
 year or two. Up to this age only the two 
 corner teeth retain the mark, and that 
 but slightly ; when the horse acquires 
 the term "aged," and these two likewise 
 soon after become smooth. 
 
 This is the state of the lower jaw at 
 7 years. seven years old, but the teeth of the uppei 
 
PACES: TIIEY DISCLOSE lAiFENESa 205 
 
 jaw do not fill up so fast by two years ; so that a tolerably shrewd guess ai the 
 age of a horse may be formed until it is twelve. The marks in the two tront 
 teeth of the upper jaw are not obliterated until eight years old, and the next 
 two become smooth only at the tenth year of its age ; being each two years 
 later than happens to the corresponding teeth of the lower jaw ; whilst the 
 two corner teeth above do not lose their marks until the twelfth year. 
 
 The tushes of old horses, then, have neither curve nor groove; they wear 
 away at the points as if they had been broken off and polished again ; tne 
 corner teeth appear long and leaning forward ; the upper teeth project over the 
 lower, and all lose their oblong shape, whilst the the gum recedes and leaves 
 their roots bare, so that the teeth seem as if grown longei. When the teeth 
 do not so meet evenly, certain dealers file away the projecting teeth ; for this 
 denotation of old age, which may be attributed to a strong mouth, sometimes 
 happens prematurely without any other corresponding sign. In two or three 
 other respects we notice similar deviations from the general rule, that none 
 know how to account for, unless it be that such animals were got by old 
 parents, when the hoUowness over the eyes will be found to disfigure young 
 colts of the most tender age. Some, again, lose the mark in all their teeth ex- 
 cept the corners, as early as five years old ; others have hard mouths and the 
 bars almost callous; but all these have the hollow just spoken of. This de- 
 fect dealers endeavour to rectify by puncturing the skin and blowing it up. 
 On the other hand, some horses are so strong in the mouth, or rather healthy, 
 that the marks of five years old are retained by them until six or seven. 
 
 Extreme old age may be fbrther ascertained by the mouth, with moderate 
 accuracy. Up to ten or eleven years old, the teeth generally retain their ob- 
 long figure and touch each other. From this period the teeth contract in size, 
 become roundish, and leave a small space between them; which space in- 
 creases up to the fourteenth or fifteenth year, when each tooth assumes an 
 angular shape, and jirojects forward, irregularly. In another year or two the 
 under lip hangs down, the jaw becomes neaped and contracted, the gum re- 
 cedes considerably from the roots, and the shape of the teeth is then of an ob- 
 long, but directly contrary to the first. 
 
 Moreover, the eyes of a horse approaching twenty years wax yellowish, he 
 winks much, and the inner skin of his mouth turns outward, if naturally of 
 a gray or roan c<jlour, tlie darker spots turn rusty, and he is then what they 
 term "fiea bitten:" gradually he turns gray, beginning v*'ith the head and 
 finishing with the legs. 
 
 LAMENESS 
 
 Is not easy of detection, when the horse comes from the hands of a dea.er; 
 who of course makes the best of him, and endeavours to inveigle our judu-- 
 ment, and to throw obstacles in the way of examination. Perbaps, when a 
 horse walks queerly, or unaccountably odd, this should be sufficient cause for 
 rejection; but if he suits the purchaser's purpose in other respects, we are 
 usually induced to look at him a hltle further, and this is the reason that the 
 seller alvvays puts his tit upon the pace he can perform best, commonly the 
 gallop. All paces are natural ones, except backing and cantering, and are 
 all modifications of the walk, trot, and gallop. The walk is maile in four 
 equal st.e[)s; the trot in two, and the gallop likewise in two, except at setting 
 olf. When the steps are not made in equal time, then is the horse lame. Tins 
 is observable when he walks, is more apparent when he trots, but is scarcely 
 percepliblt; when he gallops: therefore to judge whether a horse be lame or 
 not, he should be put upon the short trot, because at the long trot it is more 
 difficult to be discovered by seeing him go, than by hearing the uiiierence cf 
 
206 BLOOD-LFTTrNG: ERRORS CONCERNING. 
 
 sound in each alternate step. Hence, it will be seen, we must examine 
 whether a horse be lame by a gentle trot. To judge whether the lameness 
 De before, lot him come towards you, then the fore leg which falls to ground 
 the quickest is the sound leg, and the contrary one is faulty; but to find out 
 whether the inequality of his paces proceeds from defect in the hind leg, make 
 him trot from you, and that leg which is longest in coming to the ground is 
 affected in some manner or other ; and in either case the faulty leg is to be 
 closely examined, according to the instructions before set down, page 171 
 Even then, unless the person has great experience, he is liable to be imposed 
 on, as the poor animal is often lamed of a fore and a hind leg, at the same 
 time : an occurrence that may have been inflicted on one leg in order to coun- 
 teract the first a{)pearance of actual lameness in the other. To detect this cruel 
 imposition, it becomes necessary to examine every leg. to turn up all the soles, 
 and to ascertain whether the horse has not been pegged between the shoe and 
 the sole, or his " heels opened," by the shoeing-smith for the purpose of sale. 
 
 BLOOD-LETTING. 
 
 EvERV one, almost, can bleed a horse in some way or other, and it is often 
 found extremely desirable that the operation should be performed without de- 
 lay. But, like many other excellent remedies in the hands of unreflecting 
 Eersons, this one is frequently employed imperfectly, as well as too often. Each 
 as its [teculiar notions, cither as to the fit part whence the blood should be 
 taken, the time when it becomes necessary, or the quantity proper to be taken; 
 the latter being the more common error, as it is also the more excusable, inas- 
 much as they can plead "authority" either way for what they do, is neverthe- 
 less demonstrably ruled by wrong principles. The practice of bleeding at 
 given periods, be the quantity taken ever so small, is most injudicious, to say 
 no worse of it; for, why should we employ a curative when there is nothing 
 to cure? especially when we thereby substract from vitality itself. 
 
 "Only bleed incases of iuHammation," say the French farriers, and then 
 they take a large quantity, under the impression that taking a quart, or a little 
 more, from a mass of two hundred and twenty quarts, which is fairly calcu- 
 lated to reside in a muidling-sized horse, "is but trifling with the disorder." 
 The existence of iiiflannnation, or fever, is to be ascertained by the state of 
 the pulse, upon which I was tolerably minute whilst speaking of fever. &c. 
 (pages Gl — (54) the number of beats, and the kind of \ibrations, being well 
 consiiiered. previously to taking the fleam in hand, when the quantity drawn 
 should be commensurate to the extent of the disorder. Keep in mind, how- 
 ever, the exceedmg ilanger of mistaking one series of febrile symptoms for 
 another, as may be judged of by turning to those of "low fever," at page 67, 
 when bleeding would destroy the horse. See also pages 68, 69. Without 
 question, if the o[)crator entertains a doubt about the symptoms as indicated 
 by the [ailse, the least quantity he takes is likely to })erpetrate the smallest 
 amount of harm ; whilst, if he be correct in his observations, and has witnessed 
 the good effects of bleeding in strictly similar cases, its inadequacy can eflect 
 no good whatever, nor repetition amend the matter one tittle, but the contrary. 
 So that he must be wrong either way. 
 
 For, as I proved at the pages before referred to, the disorders for which 
 bleeding is found serviceable depend less upon the quantity of blood that may 
 be in the system at the time of the attack, than upon the construction or 
 ".state of ihe blood,"* and the degree of irritation that may exist in the ves- 
 
 * That is to say, the proportion of its then component parts^ which is mainly aflected by ths 
 discaiie. 
 
MEASURE AND APPEARANCE OF COAGULUM. 207 
 
 eels that contain it; both which affections, or causes of disease, are mMre fre- 
 quently to be moved by the manner of taking any given quantity than by the 
 actual weight, or rather the measure thereof. If the blood, for example, be 
 drawn from a small orifice, no matter how rightly judged the quantity may 
 be, however consonant to the proportions I have prescribed at page 63, yet the 
 irritation of the blood-vessels, known by the rigid feel of the artery, will not be 
 reduced, nor the animal recover. " He has been bled," is thrown in the face 
 of the doctor, " and is no better : we have even preserved the blood." But the 
 thing has not been performed with requisite skill. Among other absurdities, 
 the operator will perceive the impropriety of permitting the blood to escape 
 upon the ground, and then guessing at the quantity drawn ; than which no 
 practice can be more slovenly and fallacious. 
 
 A measure should be provided, marked with graduated circular lines, and 
 numbered from the bottom by pints each. Glass forms the neatest vessel ; 
 but pewter offers a less brittle material in horse-medicine. The blood should 
 be preserved awhile in the vessel, that the form it assumes in coagulating may 
 be noted and remarked upon; as commonly happens most indiscreetly by all 
 bystanders, whether it be caught or not ; for very few can pronounce accu- 
 rately, upon the view, the quantity of disease the blood indicates, particularly 
 when it is on the ground ; nor yet when in a vessel, unless it be caught pro- 
 perly. 
 
 Let the vessel be presented so as to catch the blood fairly, and not trickle 
 down the sides, whereby the manner of its coagulation is affected. Bbod 
 that is drawn from a healthy horse, soon congeals in nearly one uniform mass, 
 About one fifth of water only remaining at the top; from the residue you may 
 wash away the red or colouring particles, and leave a pale thick coagulum or 
 lym|)h. In a pound of such blood will be found these proportions — viz. 8 
 ounces of thick lym[)h, 5 ounces of the red or colouring particles, 3 ounces 
 watery. If the o[)erator keeps stirring the blood until it cools, the water does 
 not separate, but the whole forms one homogeneous mass. In cases of great 
 inflammation or fever, the watery proportion is much less, and the blood is 
 then consequently more viscid or thick ; which proves that tiiis visciility is an 
 accompanying symptom of the disorder, as maintained in various parts of this 
 volu.-ne ; but, as'the fever goes on, the animal loses appetite, and he makes no 
 more new blood ; the blood then becomes thinner in consequence of the de- 
 posite of Ivmph made in its circulation, and the red part predominates. On 
 the contrary, in low fever and all languishing disorders of a lardy circulation, 
 in cases of oedema tons tumour, the watery part is found in the greatest pro- 
 portion, and the red part is then almost extinct; in inflammatory fever the red 
 particles predominate, the water is nearly dried up, and the lymph greatly de- 
 creases. 
 
 Instruments. — The fleam and blood-stick have been attacked as remnants 
 of the old school, but were unjustly stigmatized as a rude metnod of obtaining 
 blood. In the hands of judicious persons, the fleam has been found equal to 
 every purpose that was required, and when used adroitly no other means of 
 blood-letting, probably, ever will supersede it. But during the rage for im- 
 provements and new inventions, that prevailed a few years since, they sought 
 to avoid a certain clumsiness of its application by introducing the lancet to 
 general use. True it is, that the awkward method of making two or three 
 aims with the stick, before striking at the fleam, occasions the horse to shy, 
 especially whilst every vessel of the head is swelling with olood, in conse- 
 quence of the application of the ligature round the neck; and equally true, 
 that careless o[)erators frequently cut through the vein, so as to cause subse- 
 quent disorders ; though others, again, dangerously wounded tbe carotid artery 
 20 
 
SOS FLEAM AND LANCET; LIGATURE. 
 
 ihat passes unJer the vein ; vet are there insunnountable obstacles to the ge- 
 neral use of the lancet; that can never be overcome. 
 
 Of those, I need mention but one objection, viz the time occupied in mak- 
 ing the opening — seldom less than four or five seconds, which causes the ani- 
 mal to move its head, and thus to defeat the intention of making a sufficient 
 orifice, whereby the adipose muscle of fleshy animals is allowed to interp^ise, 
 and the blood trickles down the neck, and part of it gets underneath the skin. 
 By the way, this happens when the operator does not bleed sufficiently high 
 cp the neck, the skin and muscle being much tliicker lower down. Ui;>on 
 lartje animals, Ukewise, the lancet is wholly incompetent to its purpose, owing 
 to the very thick teguments it has to pass through, leaving entirely out of con- 
 sideration the substance of the vein itself. To remedy those objections, the 
 spring fleam is more advisedly employed by less practised hands, and is found 
 to conibine the advantages assumed for the lancet, whilst it secures the requi- 
 site orifice punctured by the fleam. 
 
 Bleeding is now performed without previously applying a ligature, as it be- 
 came apparent that the blood which was thus detained in l>oth veins, distend* 
 fd also the capillary vessels in the head, which pressed upon the brain. 
 Hence it frequently happened that vertigo came over the animal, filling it 
 with the apprehension of danger. Sometime* it fell down through compres- 
 sion of the brain, and plunged ; whereupon the disconcerted Of>erator wa3 
 known to give it up for a bad job, at the moment it became more than ever ne- 
 cessary, charging the fault to account of the horse's restiveness, with an ex- 
 pressed intention of resuminsr the attempt at some more favourable opportu- 
 nity. But this was a proniise he was seldom able to redeem cleverly; the 
 alarm excited by striking the fleam again and again scarcely ever subsiding, 
 for the tension of the vein would but increase with the continuance of the 
 ligature, and caused it to slip aside more certainly. Apoplexy and death hag 
 ensued from the same cause, namely, the application of a hgature, and the 
 consequent bursting of the fine blood-vessels of the brain. 
 
 A large vein is more desirable to take blood from, as an evacuation that is 
 to relieve the whole system, than a small one, and the jugular or neck \ein, 
 within a hand of the jowl, is ever preferable; because the small do not con- 
 veniently admit of maiing so large an orifice, for the quick esca|>e of the blood, 
 upon which so much benefit depends ; nor for the same reason allow of draw- 
 ing a sufficient quantity at one time, to efiect any good upon the spasmodic 
 tendency or irritdbUity of the vessels. 
 
 Local bleeding, in the plate vein for example, for a bruise in that region, 
 does not enter exactly into my present view of the subject of blood-letting ; 
 though as much senic-e to the part afiected may be derived from drawing oflf 
 from the circulation at the neck vein, as spraying a vein immediately at the 
 seat of the e\il. Bleeding in the foot is the only exception 1 should make: 
 unless the practice of incising the bars of the mouth when the animal will not 
 take his corn, be another, or at least not of importance sufiScient to be men- 
 tione'J at all, even as an exception. 
 
 The jugiilar rein Ijeing sought for where it is largest and nearest the sur- 
 face, this will be found upon pressing it with the finger, a hand's breadth from 
 the setting on of the head, a yery little below the place where a branch comes 
 from the lower jaw. and joins another from the upper part. The Frenchman 
 instructs his marechal {hus pithily on this topic, at on several others — " Do 
 not bleed your horse in the head, but as near to it as {>ossib!e." Its situation 
 being thus found, take the fleam between the fore-finger and thumb of the 
 left band, and pressing gently upon the vein below with the other fingers, the 
 vein will rise; then strike, with stick or spring, as the case ma\' be, and con- 
 tinue the pressure until the proper quantity of blood is drawn ofll If tliit 
 
OF PPTSTNG THE ORIFICE. ACUTE FOOTfER. 209 
 
 lafter necessarr attendance is foun<l inwnvenient the ligature may now be 
 aprlieJ without dinZ'^r. hut with no aJ iitim.il a.ivantigf*. 
 
 Pir,nin^ up the orifice is the fini! [fin of l>{.>>J-tetiini that k frequently 
 overJone;thdt is to sav, too much of the skia is ilrawa up over the ori fice erf 
 tl.e vein, so that the Wood '.vill flow underneath the skia which causes a swefl- 
 in(T • and a fistulous tum.)ur is the consequence, that is very troabfesooK to 
 cimL Where the quantity of blo.xI taken has been small, Vexnog a ledun- 
 dancv in the svstem. this latter misfortune is filu£est to hapfpen; bat wh^ 
 the quantity t;iken has Iwen lartie, and the horse rests quiedy after ij the 
 pinnincr ua'may be dispensed with, tor the blood ceasing to flow of itseJJ^tbe 
 pans beinj bn^ght to-^ether will adhere almost naturally, by hofcfing thefager 
 at the oriI>:e tor\ few seconds. But when you most use a pin, be camul it 
 does not prick the orifice ot the yean. ^ . • 
 
 Is it necessary to add, that the fleam sliould be dean, and otherwise m good 
 
 Rules. 1. Always give purging phyac after letting blood. 2. Never 
 bleed im-nediitely after a run ; nor at the moment pretend to pass jm^ment 
 on the pulse, as it is then flurried. 3. Tou may bleed after a fell, or a eon- 
 tused wound ; though the pulse be not quick, it will then be nteguhur : nnsBd 
 wounds do not require bleeding, since enough escapes at the wound. 4. If 
 the bl.»i in the measure be very hard, with half at the top, the animal may 
 be bled again : it indicates high fe?er. 5. If the blood scarcely coagulates, the 
 poor creature ought not to have been Uooded at aO. 
 
 ON ACUTE FOUNDER. 
 
 Founder, as a general subject, is one of great importance ; and when it is 
 considered 'as probable, that if it does not desta-»y, it at least rmders tselesa 
 more horses than ail other diseases put together, its impiMtance can hardly be 
 rated too high. To a proper consideration of it. however, it mu^ beregaided 
 as consisting of two kinds, and these essentially ditfering from cadi other. 
 The one is an acute attack, dependent on diffused inflammation or fever, fike 
 the inflammations of any other important organs : the other, a chronic, ocra- 
 sioned by local inflammation, s^imetimes dependent on constitutional hahility, 
 but much more frequently on outward occasional causes. 
 
 But as an acute founder appears to be the most general disease in this coun- 
 try. I shall C5nflne myself entirely to a consideration of it. 
 
 'Acute Founder appears to have two origins, in one case being a true me- 
 tastasis cf primary fever, or translation of disease from one part to another ; 
 in other instances the attack appears to be made m..^re directly on the feet 
 themselves. In a great many instances it can be directly traced to the effect 
 of obsftructed perspiration ; or at least of the sudden alternations of tempera- 
 ture, operating in the production of general febrile affectioiK, whose tran^a- 
 tion to the feet is sometimes perhaps" accidental, and at others may be pn>- 
 ducevl by some cause which has already weakened them. In thK latter way 
 it often "occurs after very severe e:xertions ; as yery hard r»Hng or driTii^. wiA 
 previous, present, or subsequent eipt>sure to wet or cold, particularly of the 
 feet, as vyashin^ them immediately after the horse arrives ; or the tendenrf 
 may perhaps be increased bv first exposing the feet to cold and afterwards 
 suddenly removinii them into a warm stable : the vessels of the feet not tvins 
 able to bear this sudden alteration, distend and fall into infl a mm a tio n. It may 
 in many ot these cases occur prior to iieneral teyer, which will then be sym^ 
 loautic } or it may be conaequent to it, when the founder itaelf 6 the e»e» 
 
210 ACUTE FOUNDER. 
 
 of translation ; and both are frequently occasioned, as before stated, by re- 
 peated and long continued exertions with subsequent exposure to told, espe- 
 cially by the custom of washing the feet and legs when hot. 
 
 Founder very frequently proceeds from cold too suddeidy ap{)lied to the 
 body from a. current of cold air acting upon it when in an over- heated state, 
 or from drinking freely of cold water. The symptoms are at first these: 
 when the horse begins to cool, he appears very stiff and feeble in his fore 
 quarters, and, when forced to move forwards, he collects his body, as it were, 
 into a heap, and brings his hind feet as far forward under him as he can, in 
 order to remove the pressure of the weight of his body from the fire legs and 
 feet ; at the same time hv. sets his fore feet to the ground with great pain ; his 
 fore parts are extremely hot, and sometimes his legs are considerably swollen, 
 and evidently painful to the animal when touched. 
 
 As soon as the complaint has risen to any height, the feet will be found in- 
 intensely hot, and the j)astern arteries pulsating very strongly; there is some- 
 times some little tumefaction round the fetlocks, and when one foot is held up 
 for examination, it gives so much pain to the other that the horse is in danger 
 of falling. The poor beast groans and breaks out into profuse sweats at one 
 time, and at others is cold ; his eyes are moist and red, and his whole ap[)ear- 
 ance betokens that he is labouring under a most painful inflammatory affec- 
 tion. 
 
 In this state, the complaint shows itself the first three or four days, after 
 which its effects are various. In excessively bad cases, when the symptoms 
 stated have raged a few days, a slight separation of the hoof at the coronet 
 may be observed, from which a small quantity of thin matter may be pressed ; 
 the sensible laminse of the foot, now losing their connexion with the insensible 
 laminae by the effects of the inflammation, the hoofs gradually separate, and 
 at last drop off. At other times the effects are not quite so violent : still how- 
 ever the termination is sufficiently unfortunate; for coagulable lymph is thrown 
 out, which equally forces off the hoofs ; but not until the parts underneath 
 have acquired some solidity, nor till the germ of a new hoof appears, which 
 if suffered to grow never proves perfect ; on the contrary, the horse usually 
 remains permanently lame. In other cases the laminje, losing their elasticity 
 and power, yield to the weight of the cof^n-bone, which becomes pushed back- 
 wards, and in its passage draws with it the front of the hoof, which falls in ; 
 tt>e pressure also of the coflin-bone destroys the concavity of the horny sole, 
 which becomes convex, or pumiced, leaving a large space hollow towards the 
 toe, which very frequently turns up. 
 
 But when the attack is not commenced with that violence which has been 
 detailed, or when an early and judicious plan of treatment is adopted, the ter- 
 mination will be more fortunate; the horse will stajid longer upon his feet, the 
 pulse, which at the onset of the disease is very high, will gradually fall, these 
 favourable appearances will increase daily, and in the end the animal will re- 
 cover the use of his feet. 
 
 As soon as the disease is discovered, take away blood from the neck to the 
 amount of four, five, or six quarts, as circumstances may require, or size and 
 condition will permit; back-rake and throw up clysters, but unless there be 
 much costiveness present, do not give strong purgative medicine, as the high 
 state of irritative fever which is generally present, forbids such practice. 
 Mild laxatives should be given twice or three times a day until the bowels 
 are moderately opened, together with the fever ball, recommended some 
 pages further back, twice a day, until the inflammatory symptoms have sub- 
 sided. 
 
 The feet should be attended to after the general bleeding, &c. In the first 
 plau; jet the shoes be taken off, and the soles pared a little j the hoof should 
 
ACUTE FOUNDER. 211 
 
 be rasped as thin as is prudent, which will greatly relieve the internal sensi- 
 ble parts, which are tender and swollen, by removing the pressure of the sole 
 and hoof from them; let the feet be immersed in warm water or apply poul- 
 tices to them, or if preferred wet cloths may be kept round them ; if the 
 genera! febrile symptoms still continue repeat the bleeding and the medicine. 
 As soon as amendment becomes apparent, feed mildly, and allow the horse 
 to rest ; do not proceed to exercise until the feet have gained some strength, 
 nor must it be forgotten that feet once foundered, require great caution in 
 their future management, as they are very liable to become again affected on 
 any considerable exertion. 
 
 SO* 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abscess and tumours, how engendered, 110. 
 ■ ' , critical, treatment of, 1 13. 
 
 Drawing poultice, 114. 
 
 ^^ , deep-seated, danger of, 115. 
 
 Acute founder, origin and treatment of, 209. 
 
 Age of horses, how to estimate the, 202. 
 
 Air, effects of, on the blood, 39. 
 
 — , confined or noxious, a cause of inflammation, 60. 
 
 — , the importance of keeping out a draught or current of, in stabies, 74» 
 
 — — , celk., controversy concerning, 82. 
 
 Anatomy of the foot, 169. 
 
 Animal system, general observations on the, 54. 
 
 • , definition of the term, 54. 
 
 ■ , how deranged, 55. 
 
 • , lesser parts of the, described, 56. 
 
 Anticor, prevalence of, in France, 142. 
 
 -, cause, symptoms, and method of curing, 142. 
 Alterative ball, 143. 
 Arabs, practice of the, in cases of lameness, 170, 177. 
 Arteries and veins, their office, 41. 
 
 B. 
 
 Back, strain of the, cause and symptoms of, 197. 
 
 • , effects of, and remedies for, 198. 
 
 Back-raking, in cases of costiveness, method of, 69. 
 
 Bile, excess and deficiency of, 50. 
 
 Bishoping, how to detect, 204. 
 
 Bladder, construction of the, 53. 
 
 ———, diseases of the, 54, 104. 
 
 — — — , inflammation of the, cause of, 105. 
 
 -, symptoms and remedy, 105. 
 
 -, cases of stone found in the, 108. 
 
 Bleeding, copious, in certain cases recommended, 74, 198. 
 
 — — — -, dangerous, after continuance of inflammation, 74. 
 
 — — — , of the employment of the fleam and blood-stick in, 207. 
 
 ■ ■ , objections to the lancet, 208. 
 
 — , local, remarks on, 208, 
 — — — , modern method of, 208. 
 
 -, on pinning up the orifice after the operation of, 209. 
 
 — — — , rules to be observed in, 209. 
 
 Blind-gut, its uses, 46. 
 
 Blistering, to divert inflammation, considered, 75. 
 
S14 INDEX. 
 
 Blood, circulation of the, 38. 
 — — , effects of air on the, 39. 
 
 -^ , how cleansed, 40. 
 
 , fluidity of the, 42. 
 
 • , effusion of the, 42. 
 
 -, the, how made, 48. 
 
 , healthy proportion of the component parts of a pound, 207. 
 
 Blood-letting, remarks on, 20G. 
 
 , use of a graduated measure recommended in, 207. 
 
 Blood-vessels of the foot, 168. 
 
 Bone spavin — See Spavin. 
 
 Bones and integuments of the foot and leg, description of the, 169. 
 
 Bowels, inflammation of the, symptoms of, 88. 
 
 Breeders, advice to, 18. 
 
 Broken wind, 82. See Organs of Respiration, 35. 
 
 Brood-mares, treatment of 18. 
 
 Calculus, or stone in the bladder, cause of, 107. 
 ■ ■> , its resemblance to coHc, 109. 
 Canine madness, causes of, 159. 
 
 Canker, causes, symptoms, and method of curing, 190. 
 , treatment in cases of, 190. 
 , how prevented, 191. 
 Cat-hams, how contracted, 13. 
 Circulation of the blood, 36. 
 
 Cline, Mr., his opinion regarding hereditary roaring, 85. 
 Coffin-joint, strain of the, how caused, 194. 
 . — ■ — — , symptoms and cure of, 195. 
 
 Cold, progress of a, 33. 
 
 , mistreatment of a, 35. 
 Cold or Catarrh, causes of a, 76. 
 
 , symptoms of a, 77. 
 
 — — - remedies in cases of, 78. 
 
 Colic, a prolific source of inflammation, 88. 
 
 — — , spasmodic or flatulent, symptoms of, 90, 96. 
 
 , definition and re- production of, 94. 
 — — , causes and progress of, 95. 
 
 Drench, No. 1, 98. 
 
 , No. 2, 98. 
 
 Sedative ball, 98. 
 Colts, consequence of mounting too early, 19. 
 
 Concretions, cause of, 107 — the coecum, 46 ; kidneys, 51 ; bladder, d3L 
 Consumption, definition of the term, 82. 
 Contraction caused by paring the sole inconsiderately, 185 
 Corns, how caused, 193. 
 
 , symptoms and mode of curing, 193. 
 
 Costiveness, causes of, 68. 
 
 symptoms of, 68 
 
 -, remedy in cases of, 68, 92. 
 — , restoratives, 69. 
 
 laxative drench, 69. 
 
 tonic ball, No. 1, 69. 
 
 , No. % 7a 
 
INDEX. 215 
 
 cooling decoction, 70. 
 Cough, remedies for, 71). 
 
 expectorant ball, No. 1, 80. 
 
 , No. 2, 80. 
 
 a laxative ball, 81. 
 a diuretic bail, 81. 
 
 drench. No. 1, 81. 
 
 -, No. 2, 81. 
 
 , diet and regimen in cases of, 81. 
 
 Cough, chronic, deacribed, 36. 
 
 ■ , symptoms of, 86. 
 
 , plethoric, how brought on, 86. 
 
 ■ , remedy in cases of, 86, 
 
 purgative ball, 86. 
 
 , periodical, treatment of, 87. 
 
 mild purgative ball, 87 
 alterative ball, 87. 
 
 .- , constitutional, 88. 
 
 drench, 88. 
 Curb, description of, and hovir cured 174. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dead subjects, duty of examining, 2. 
 Defectiveness, constitutional, 110. 
 Diabetes, cause and symptoms of, 106. 
 
 , remedies for, 106. 
 
 Diet and regimen in cases of cough, 81. 
 Digestion, the process of, 43. 
 Diseases of the lungs, review of, 35. 
 
 , origin of constitutional, 48. 
 
 Disorders, inflammatory, 59. 
 
 - — of the foot and leg, introductory observations on, ITOl 
 
 Dissection, how to proceed with, 2. 
 Docking, introduction of the practice of, 56. 
 
 . , effects of, 157. 
 
 Dung, an indication of the state of the body, 65. 
 
 E. 
 
 E?rs, the, by their movements, indicate the passions, 57. 
 Eclipse, the race-horse, 5, 10. 
 
 , weight of the heart of, 37. 
 
 Englishman's description of a good horse, 202, 
 
 Eruptions, scurvical, treatment of, 176. 
 
 Exercise, effects of, 42. 
 
 Eye, appearance of the, a criteiion by which to judge of the constitution. 37 
 
 F. 
 
 Farcy and poll-evil, connexion of, 121. 
 
 . , distinction between, 121 
 
 , cause of, 140. 
 
 . , symptoms, 140. 
 
 , treatment and cure of, in its three stages, 14 L 
 
ClG INDEX. 
 
 Farcy, mercury, a specific in, 142. 
 
 Farcy l»uds, the free application of the actual cautery recommended to, 143. 
 
 purgative ball, 141. 
 
 alterative ball, 141. 
 
 mercurial ball, No. 1, 142. 
 
 — , No. 2, 143. 
 
 Fever, predisposition to, 59. 
 
 -, and inflammation, slight distinction between, 60* 
 
 --, remedies recommended in cases of, Gl. 
 — , high, iiidicationsof, (j2. 
 ~, simple, sym[)toms and treatment of, 63. 
 — , danger of relapse, in cases of, G5. 
 — , low, cause of, 6t>. 
 
 , symptoms of, 66. 
 
 remedy and restoratives in cases of, G7. 
 
 typhus or putrid, causes and symptoms of, 70. 
 epidemic, cause of, 71. 
 
 -, symptoms of, 71. 
 
 Fever in the feet, 15, 178. 
 
 purgative ball, 63. 
 
 , clyster, 64. 
 
 fever powder. No. 1, 65, 
 
 ■ , No. 2, 65. 
 
 fever drink, 65. 
 
 laxative draught, 67. 
 
 diuretic ball, 67. 
 Figg. See Corns. 
 
 Firing, barbarity of the operation of, 56. 
 — — , in cases of strains, when proper, 179. 
 Fistula in the withers, cause of, 122. 
 
 ■ , symptoms, 122. 
 
 , method of cure, 122. 
 
 , operations necessary in, 123. 
 
 cold lotion, 124. 
 Fleam, the spring, advantages of, 207. 
 Fluidity of the blood, 43. 
 Fomentations, great service of, in strains, 198. 
 Food of the horse, 43. 
 •Foot, constitutional defects in the form of the, 7. 
 
 , cutting away the horny part of the sole, reprobated, 56. 
 
 — — , a section of the, 166. 
 
 , structure and physiology of the, 164, 168. 
 
 , mode of severing a, 167. 
 , blood vessels of the, 168. 
 — — , ligaments and tendons of the, 168. 
 
 -, anatomy of the, 169. 
 
 , and leg, description of the bones and integuments of the, 169. 
 
 , observations on the disorders of the, 170. 
 
 , remarks on the diseases of the, 188. 
 
 France, prevalence of anticor in, 142. 
 French method of cleaning sores, 124. 
 
 ■ , notions of strains, 176. 
 
 , military service, instructions to the purchasers of cavalry for the, 201 
 
 Founder, causes of, 198. 
 
 — — — — , in young horses, 199. 
 
INDEX. SI"! 
 
 Founder, symptoms attendintr, 199. 
 
 J distinction between acute and chronic, 200. 
 
 — — — , remedies in cases of, 200. 
 
 . , the effect of inflammatory fever, 200. 
 
 -, acute, origin and treatment of. 209. 
 
 G. 
 
 Frush. See Thrush. 
 
 Genitals, how nourished, 57. 
 Glanders, how generated, 33, 
 
 , observations on, 129. 
 
 i , predisposition to, 129. 
 
 , symptoms of the tiue, 134. 
 
 , as described b\ La Fosse, 135. 
 
 , controversy as to, communicable, 135. 
 
 J of three sorts — two contagious, 136. 
 
 - , cause of, 129, 136. 
 
 . , symptoms, 137. 
 
 , tests of true, 138. 
 
 , remedies fur, 139. 
 
 -, legal restraints regarding, 139. 
 
 Glands, on the functions and diseases of the, 29, 129. 
 Grease, causes of, 143. 
 
 i^ , white feet liable to, 144. 
 
 , symptoms of, 144. 
 
 . , preventives and remedies, 144. 
 
 -, regimen recommended, 14G. 
 
 alum wash. No. 1, 145. 
 
 strong alum wash. No. 2, 145. 
 
 strongest, or mercurial wash. No. 3, 145. 
 
 diuretic alterative pow er, 146. 
 
 purging ball, 146. 
 
 alterative balls, 146, 147. 
 
 diaphoretic ball, 146. 
 
 ointment, 147. 
 
 i , molten, physiology of, 93. 
 
 . — , its causes traced, 94. 
 
 . , treatment of, 94. 
 
 sedative clyster, 94. 
 Great gut, course of the, 46. 
 Gripes and inflammation of the bowels, distinguishing symptoms between, iitt 
 
 , distinguishing symptoms of, 96. 
 
 ■ , treatment in cases of, 97. 
 
 H 
 
 Head, motions of the, indications of pleasure and pain, 14. 
 
 , a large, a sign of sluggishness, 17. 
 
 Heart, structure and functions of the, 3. 
 
 . , organization of the, 37. 
 
 . , shape of the, 40. 
 
 • , weight of Eclipse's, 37. 
 
 Hide bound, caused by internal tumours, 149. 
 • , symptoms, 150. 
 
218 INDEX. 
 
 Hide bound, method of curing, 150. 
 
 alterative laxative, 150. 
 
 tonic, No. 1, 150. 
 
 , No. 2, 151. 
 
 alterative balls, 151. 
 Hip-joint, treatment in cases of strains of the, 1U7. 
 Hoof, shape and make of the, 11. 
 —— , duty of studying deformities of the, 164. 
 
 bisecting the perfect, 166. 
 
 -, internal structure of the, 166. 
 -, component parts of the, 166. 
 brittle, a cause of sand-crack, 192. 
 
 Horse, external structure of the, 5. 
 
 , evils resulting from bad make and shape of the, 6 
 
 — — , length of body of the, 15. 
 
 , hollow back, 16. 
 
 ■ — , food of the, 43. 
 
 , of the leg and foot of the, 164. 
 
 ■ , impolicy of working the, too early, 19, 170. 
 
 , advice to purchasers of a, 201. 
 
 , Englishman's description of a good, 202. 
 
 , criterion by which to ascertain the age of a, 203. 
 
 Hydrophobia, an incurable malady, 159. 
 
 , causes of, 159. 
 
 ■ , symptoms of, in the dog, 160. 
 
 in the horse, 160. 
 
 , water no true test of, 161. 
 
 , regimen recommended in, 161. 
 
 writers on, 162, 163. 
 
 Purgative ball, 162. 
 
 1 and J, 
 
 Indigestion, diseases of, 45. 
 Inllammation of the stomach, 44, 88. 
 
 , of the liver, 50. 
 
 ■ , and fever, distinction between, 59. 
 
 • , causes of, 59, 89. 
 
 , restoratives incases of, 61. 
 
 • , of the lungs, causes of, 72. 
 
 , symptoms, 72. 
 
 , stage horses liable to, 89. 
 
 , how incurred, 89. 
 
 , how distinguished from colic, 90. 
 
 -, of the kidneys, 51, 90, 102. 
 
 — , of the bowels, sym|)toms of, 91. 
 — 5 of the liver, cause of, 99. 
 — , symptoms of, before yellowness comes on, 99. 
 -, liver and kidneys, treatment in cases of, 100. 
 
 Iron defence. See Shoeing. 
 Instructions, French military, for the purchase of horses, 20L 
 Intestines, construction and diseases of the, 44, 88. 
 Ja'unilice, or yellows, cause of, 101. 
 
 - , symptoms of, 101. 
 
 , cure for, 101. 
 
K. 
 
 Kidneys, functions and oiseases of the, 51. 
 
 , influence of inflamed, 91. 
 
 , inflammation of the, 102. 
 
 — , causes of, 102. 
 
 , sympU)ms, 103. 
 
 , cure, 104. 
 
 Mild purgative ball, 104. 
 Embrocatioii, 104. 
 
 L. 
 
 I.aertes, Mr. Maberly's, a capital lea per, 9. 
 Lameness, test for ascertaining. 171, 205. 
 
 , remarks on, 171, 105. 
 
 . , rest indispensable in cases of, 170. 
 
 Lam{)ers, or lampas, description, symptoms, and method of curing, 128. 
 
 Lancet, objections to the, in blood-letting, 208. 
 
 Lawler, Denis, anecdote of, 196. 
 
 Leg and foot, on the disorders ol the, 170. 
 
 Legs, mechanical explanation of the form of the, 6. 
 
 Ligaments and tendons of the foot, 108. 
 
 Liver, situation of the, 49. 
 
 , functions and diseases of the, 49, 99. 
 
 , inflammation of the, 50, 99. 
 
 . , ulcers and tumours on the, 102. 
 
 , complaints,, and kidneys, discriminative symptoms of, 102L 
 
 Locked jaw, symptoms, 157. 
 
 I , remedies for, 1.57. 
 
 . , treatment of, 158. 
 
 Lungs, description of the, 31. 
 
 experiments on the, 32. 
 
 review of diseases of the, 35. 
 
 ulcer on the, frequently mistaken for worms, 39. 
 
 causes of inflammation of the, 72. 
 
 symptoms, 72. 
 
 restoratives in cases of inflamed, 75. 
 Lymphatics, importance of stimulating the, 30L 
 
 M. 
 
 Madness, canine, causes of, 159 
 
 , syniptoms of, 160. 
 
 ■ , treatment of, 161. 
 
 Mallenders and sallenders, cause and cure of, 176. 
 Mange, cure for the, 148. See Surfeit, 
 
 Ointment, 149. 
 
 Alterative for the mange, No. 1, 142. 
 
 __ 1-, No. 2. 149. 
 
 Megrims, characteristics of, 156. 
 
 . , remedies, 156. 
 
 Membranes, construction of the, 27. 
 
 . , cellular, diseases of the, 28. 
 
 Mercury, a specific in farcy, 141. 
 21 
 
320 INDEX. 
 
 Mercury, green food improper under a course of, 142. 
 
 — , precautions necessary in the use of, 154. 
 
 Midriff; its uses, 26, 34. 
 
 Millers' horses most Uable to stone in bladder, and why, 108. 
 
 Molten grease. See Grease. 
 
 Muscles, their construction, shape, and uses, 28. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nailing, imptrftance of the operation of, 186. 
 
 y risks attending the old method, 186. 
 
 — , improved modern mode of, 187. 
 
 Nerves, construction and uses of the, 30. 
 
 Organs, large and small, description of, 21. 
 
 ■ , of respiration, liable to several kinds of disease, 35. 
 — — , urinary, diseases of the, 105. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pegged, how to ascertain whether a horse has been, 206. 
 
 Perspiration, 23. 
 
 Phenomena, the trotting mare, 6, 9. 
 
 Physiology of the stomach, 43. 
 
 Pinning up the orifice, after bleeding, cautions relative to, 209. 
 
 Pleurisy, 77. 
 
 Poll-evil, causes of, 115. 
 
 ^1 s3'^mptoms of, 116. 
 
 , cure for, by dispersion, 116; by suppuration, 117. 
 
 . , form of bandage for, 1 18. 
 
 , method of operating, in cases of, 118. 
 
 -, the seton, how applied in, 118. 
 
 -, general remarks on, 121. 
 -, and farcy, connexion of, 121. 
 
 -, distinction between, 121. 
 
 embrocation, 116. 
 
 alterative ball, 117. 
 
 irritating mixture, 119. 
 
 digestive ointment, No. 1, 119. 
 
 scalding mixture. No. 1, 120. 
 
 , No. 2, 120. 
 
 , No. 3. 120. 
 
 digestive ointment, No. 2, 121. 
 Pulmonary patients, treatment of, 72. 
 Pulse, observations on the state of the, 62, 206. 
 
 , a register of the state of the, recommended to be kept, 62. 
 
 Purchasers of horses, advice to, 201. 
 
 CL 
 
 Ctuittoi, how caused, 125. 
 
 -, method of curing, 125. 
 
 -, mild treatment of, recommended, 172. 
 
first alterative ball, 126. 
 second , 126. 
 
 INDEX. 321 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabies, incurable, 159. 
 
 , means of discriminating the true from the false, 160. 
 
 , progress of symptoms in. 160. 
 
 , nostrums recommended in, 162. 
 
 Regimen and diet in cases of cold, 81. 
 
 Relapse, danger of, in cases of strains, 179. 
 
 Respiration, its close connexion with the formation of blood, 31. 
 
 " the organs of, liable to several kinds of diseases, 35. 
 
 , and exercise, eifects of, 42. 
 
 Ringbone, causes, symptoms, and remedies, 172. 
 Roarers, hereditary, Mr. Chne's opinion respecting, 85. 
 Rules to be observed in bleeding, 209. 
 
 S. 
 
 Saddle galls, how caused, and remedy for, 124 
 Sand-crack, cause of, 192. 
 — — — -, symptoms of, 192. 
 
 • , treatment in cases of, 192. 
 
 , remedies for, 192. 
 
 Secretions, uses of, redundant and defective, 22. 
 Shoe, shape of the, English, 181. 
 -, French, 181. 
 
 , an improved form of described, 182. 
 
 , the patent, remarks on, 180, 184. 
 
 , the jointed, 183 ; Bracy Clark's, 183 ; Goldfinch's jointed, 183 ; Cole- 
 man's frog shoe, 184 ; Teast's, 188. 
 ■ ■ ) ruinous consequences of trying on the, hot, 185. 
 
 . , importance of the operation of nailing the, 186. 
 
 Shoes, various, for diseased feet, 188. 
 
 , cast iron, objection to the use of, 188. 
 
 Shoeing, remarks on, 179, 185. 
 
 , of preparing the hoof for, 184. 
 , French method of, 187. 
 Shoulder, conformation of the, 10. 
 
 , lameness of vne, 15. See Strains. 
 
 Sitfasts, how to remove, 125. 
 Skeleton, explanation and practical use of the, 4. 
 Sole, danger of paring the, too much, 180, 185. 
 Sores, French method of cleaning, 124. 
 Spavin, varieties of, 173. 
 
 , bone causes of, 173. 
 
 . , symptoms and cure of, 174. 
 
 Splents, cause and symptoms of, 175. 
 
 . , remedies for, 175. 
 
 , in some instances, occasioned by shoeing, 175. 
 
 Liquid blister, 175. 
 Stables, close, prejudicial to health, 39. 
 
 ■, the necessity of ventilation in, 74. • 
 Staggers, origin of, 155 156. 
 
22iS INDEX. 
 
 Staggers, varieties of. 156. 
 
 , remedies foi, 156. 
 
 , mad, a case of, 71. 
 
 Staling, excessive, or diabetes, 106. 
 Stallions, on the choice of, 18. 
 Stifle. See Strains. 
 Stomach, physiology of the, 43. 
 
 •— , inflammation of the, 44, 88. 
 
 Stone, cases of, found in the bladder, 109. 
 Strains, remarks on, 176. 
 
 , of the back sinew^ and ligaments, cause of, 177. 
 
 , symptoms of, 177, 
 
 • , method of curinf 178, 
 
 , danger of relapse in cases of, 179. 
 Embrocation, No. 1, 178. 
 
 , No. 2, 178. 
 
 Blister, No. 3, 179. 
 
 ■ of the coffin-joint, cause of, 194. 
 
 , symptoms of, 195. 
 
 -, remedies for, 195. 
 
 shoulder, cause and symptoms of, 195. 
 treatment in cases of, 196. 
 
 whirl-bone (hip-joint) remedies for, 19T 
 stifle, treatment of, 197. 
 back, cause and symptoms of, 197. 
 — , remedies recommended in, 198. 
 
 Strangles, cause of the, 130. 
 
 , symptoms of, 131. 
 
 , cure of, 131. 
 
 — , bandage for, 133. 
 
 — - , inoculation for the, 133. 
 
 . , of the gullet, 133. 
 
 , bastard, 134. 
 
 laxative ball, 132. 
 
 laxative drench, 132. 
 
 stimulating liniment, 132. 
 
 fumigation, 133. 
 Stringhalt, 7, 197. 
 Surfeit, effects of, 147. 
 
 , cause, remedy, and cure of, 148. 
 
 wash, 148. 
 
 Teeth, description of the, 203. 
 Tendons and ligaments of the foot, 1G8. 
 Thoroughpin, cause of, and remedies for, 173. 
 Throat, sore, remedies in cases of, 78. 
 
 ■ , method of bandaging for, 79. 
 
 Thrush or " frush," cause and symptoms of, 189. 
 
 ■ , method of curing, 190. 
 
 Tongue, state of the, a health-guage, 56. 
 Tonics requisite after inlJammatory diseases, 69. 
 Tumours, internal and external, 42. 
 
INDEX. 223 
 
 Tumours, on the liver, 99. 
 - — , definition of, 111. 
 
 ■-, how engendered, 111. 
 
 -, distinctions between the single and the varied, 112. 
 
 , the kind of horse most liab^ to, 112. 
 
 -, on the joints, 113. 
 
 , and abscess, general observations on, IIQL 
 
 U. 
 
 Ulcer on the lungs, frequently mistaken for worms, 39. 
 Urinary organs, diseases of the, 105. 
 Urine, secretion of the, 52. 
 
 , chemical analysis of, 531 
 
 , a good indication of the state of the body, 65. 
 
 — — — , suppression of the, 103. 
 , balls, evil eflTects of, 104. 
 
 , incontinence of, 105. 
 
 , bloody, cause of, and treatment recommended, 103. 
 
 V. 
 
 Veins and arteries, their co-construction, 41. 
 Ventilation of stables, the importance of, 74. 
 Veterinary knowledge, the advantages of, 1. 
 Vives, description, cause, and symptoms of, 126, 127. 
 
 , its connexion with farcy and glanders, 127. 
 
 — — , cure for, 127. 
 .r— — , false, method of removing, 128. 
 lotion, 127. 
 
 w. 
 
 Warbles. See Saddle-galls, and SU/asU, 
 Water, no true test of rabies, 161. 
 Whirl-bone, strain of the, remedies for, 197. 
 Wind, broken, how acquired, 83. 
 
 ■ , varieties of, 82. 
 
 ■ — —, causes of, 83. 
 
 . — — , regimen in cases of, 84. 
 
 tonic ball, 84. 
 ball, 84. 
 Windgalls, causes of, 173. 
 — — — , temporary cure of, 173. 
 Windpipe, construction of the, 32. 
 Withers, fistula in the, 122. 
 Worms, general remarks on, 151. 
 , causes of, 152. 
 
 , distinguishing symptoms of, 152. 
 
 " ^1 regimen recommended in cases of, l55l 
 
 I. I , cure for, 153. 
 
 No. 1, mercurial bolus, 153. 
 
 No. 2, purgative ball, 154. 
 
 No. 3, laxative alterative balls, 154. 
 21* 
 
i;.f| INDEX. 
 
 laxative powder, No.. 1, 155. 
 
 balls, 155./ 
 
 powder, No. 2, 155. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YoIIows. See JaundicCm 
 
 TUEEIfV 
 
 V^' 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 
 TO 
 
 MASON AND HIND'S 
 
 POPULAR SYSTEM OF 
 
 r A R R I E R Y: 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 AN ESSAY ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 
 
 ESPECIALLY THE HORSE; 
 
 WITH 
 
 REMRKS ON TREATMENT AND BREEDING; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 TROTTING AND RACING TABLES, 
 
 SHOWING 
 
 THE BEST TIME ON RECORD, AT ONE, TWO, THREE, 
 AND FOUR MILE HEATS; 
 
 PEDIGREES OF WINNING HORSES, SINCE 1839; 
 
 AND OF THE MOST 
 
 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND MARES; 
 
 WITH 
 USEFUL CALVING AND LAMBING TABLES, ETC., ETC. 
 
 BY J. S/SKINNER, 
 
 Editor now of the Farmers' Library, New York ; Founder of the American Fanner, in 1819} 
 and of the Turf Regrister and Sporting Magazine, in 1829 : being the first Agricul- 
 tural and the first Sporting Periodicals established in the United States. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 GRIGG, ELLIOT & CO. 
 
 NO. 14 NORTH FOURTH STREET. 
 1848. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by 
 
 JOHN GRIGG, 
 
 in the clerk's office of the District Court of the United States fcr 
 the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN. 
 PRINTED BY T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS. 
 
 (2) 
 
DEDICATION. 
 
 Without going through the formality of asking leave 
 to say " by his gracious permission," which, if sought, 
 might have been withheld, this Supplement to Mason 
 AND Hind's Popular Systems of Farriery is respect- 
 fully dedicated to Col. Balie Peyton. 
 
 It is not that a contribution so inconsiderable is 
 deemed worthy of him, or the subject so interesting; 
 but that the Author would fain embrace any fair occa- 
 sion to manifest to him, and through him to their com- 
 mon friends at New Orleans, his grateful remembrance 
 of their kindness when among them. 
 
 There would be, moreover, an essential propriety in 
 dedicating to Col. P. a more adequate offering of this 
 sort ; as he is known to be a breeder and warm amateur 
 of the high-bred horse ; a4;id, in his own spirit and cha- 
 racter, exemplary of what is best bred and most excel- 
 lent among men. 
 
 J. S. S. 
 
 New Year's Day, 1848. 
 For the nonce at Annapolis, Md. 
 
 (3) 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Though, under ever fluctuating but sometimes pro- 
 pitious circumstances, the very climax of equestrian 
 power may have been reached in a few cases in the 
 United States, as in the country from which we derived 
 Qur skill and material, is it not still worthy of all con- 
 sideration how we may contrive to helay^ as the sailors 
 say, what we have gained in that important branch of 
 Rural Industry — not only as a means of individual en- 
 joyment, but as a prolific, indispensable source of 
 National power and wealth ? 
 
 However serious and apparently insurmountable may 
 be the difficulties that stand in the w^ay of farther im- 
 provement of domestic animals, and especially the Horse 
 — either in the general absence of the necessary means 
 and appliances, and of adequate encouragement for the 
 care and expense attendant on the production of Horses 
 of high qualities, there ought, surely, among well-in- 
 formed men, to be no obstacle arising from ignorance of 
 the art of breeding. Hence it is that in sending forth 
 the JYinth Edition of this popular work on Farriery, 
 while nothing seemed to be needed in the way of de- 
 scription or treatment of the diseases of domestic animals, 
 and while the author of this Supplement was only called 
 on to extend the stud-book in a manner to embrace the 
 pedigrees to which breeders and dealers might have 
 occasion to refer, he could not forego the opportunity 
 
 (5) 
 
Vi PREFACE. 
 
 to offer some such additional matter as, to him at least, 
 seems to be of sufficient value to render it acceptable 
 and useful. 
 
 In the introductory remarks on the relations existing 
 between Man and the animals destined for his use and 
 amusement, and the obligations these relations impose, 
 the writer has but expressed the sentiments he has ever 
 entertained, of duty on our part to respect the feelings 
 and comfort of the humblest among them ; and has 
 endeavoured to encourage continued exertions for their 
 melioration by showing how successful and progressive 
 such efforts have been, even up to the present time. 
 
 To these observations of his own are appended those of 
 "writers of acknowledged judgment and authority — 
 accompanied by such iiotes as appeared to be apposite and 
 well-founded ; and to these, again, have been superadded 
 a few tables and other items which might not elsewhere 
 be conveniently met with. His undertaking, kind reader, 
 << hath this extent, no more." All, then, that the author 
 of the ^^ Supplement to Mason's Farrier" has to ask 
 of you is that you will bear in mind that there has been 
 no engagement to write anything — much less a Book on 
 Farriery: for that there was no call or necessity. With 
 this intimation, the reader will please accept for what it 
 is worth and with all due allowances, the little that has 
 been volunteered — by one who may claim to have been 
 all his life an amateur if not a connoisseur of the Horse, 
 
 J. S. S. 
 
 Edit, Farmers^ Library, 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 On the relations between Man and the Domestic Animals, 
 
 especially the Horse, and the obligations they impose, Page 9 
 
 On the Form of Animals 18 
 
 The Chest 19 
 
 The Pelvis 20 
 
 The Head 20 
 
 The Muscles 21 
 
 The Bones 22 
 
 On the Improvement of Form 22 
 
 On the Character of Animals 25 
 
 Examples of the good and bad effects of crossing the breeds 26 
 On the importance of more attention to the Principles of 
 
 Breeding — the Stallion and the Brood Mare 31 
 
 An Essay on the Condition of a Stallion 41 
 
 Tables — Weights and Measures 49 
 
 List of Medicines 60 
 
 Apparatus for Compounding Medicines 50 
 
 Instruments 50 
 
 Calving Table 51 
 
 Lambing Table 51 
 
 Trotting 52 
 
 Best Trotting Time, at Mile Heats 53 
 
 At Two Mile Heats 53 
 
 At Three Mile Heats 53 
 
 At Four Mile Heats 53 
 
 Racing — Best Time on Record at Mile Heats 54 
 
 At Two Mile Heats 54 
 
 At Three Mile Heats 56 
 
 At Four Mile Heats 57 
 
 The St. Leger 58 
 
 Average Speed for the Doncaster St. Leger 59 
 
 Pedigrees of Winning Horses, since 1839 60 
 
 Celebrated Stallions and Brood Mares 89 
 
 20* 37 
 
 (7) 
 
SUPPLEMENT, ETC. 
 
 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND THE DO- 
 MESTIC ANIMALS — ESPECIALLY THE HORSE — AND 
 THE OBLIGATIONS THEY IMPOSE. 
 
 " La connaissance de la conformation exterieure du cheval est beau- 
 coup moins repandu qu'on ne le pense vulgairement : elle repose sur des 
 etudes d' anatomie de physiologic, de mecanique, et d' histoire naturello 
 dont peu de personnes se font une juste idee." 
 
 If animals were classified by naturalists in the order 
 of their intelligence, docility and usefulness, the Horse 
 and the Dog would occupy, in relation to Man, the jux- 
 taposition they have assigned — on the ground of physical 
 structure — to the impracticable baboon and the grotesque 
 and chattering monkey ; and in lieu of groping in the 
 darkness of antiquity for the period when they are sup- 
 posed to have been entrapped or subdued, by fraud or 
 violence, we should the rather conclude that Nature 
 placed all the domestic animals where we have ever found 
 them — in close association with Man, administering to 
 his pleasures and wants ; lightening his toils and sharing 
 his dangers ; and constantly advancing, like Man him- 
 self, under the improving influence of civilization and the 
 arts that belong to it. 
 
 In contemplating the whole animal kingdom, does not 
 Man — standing preeminently at the head of it, surrounded 
 by the domestic races — present everywhere the most 
 
10 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 
 
 lustrous spot on the varied map of living creation ? From 
 the everlasting snows of the north to the burning sands 
 of tropical deserts, his faithful dog follows at his foot ; 
 the horse is at his side — submissive to his will ; — the 
 patient ox bows his neck to the yoke ; and the sheep and 
 the hog are present to supply his clothing and his food. 
 Far otherwise is it with untameable and predatory birds 
 and beasts. Restricted to particular regions by an all- 
 wise Providence, the absence of food and climate con- 
 genial to their nature forbids them to roam beyond limits 
 comparatively circumscribed. And do not these arrange- 
 ments for our benefit, and which give us " dominion 
 over all the earth and every creeping thing that creepeth 
 upon the earth," enjoin on us the duty of studying their 
 habits, their economy, and all the laws of their existence 
 — with a view to their improvement for our advantage, 
 in every way consistent with kindness to them and with 
 gratitude to Him, 
 
 «' Who in his sovereign wisdom made them all ?" 
 
 And while these considerations teach us to be merciful 
 ourselves, do they not convey the admonition 
 
 « Ye therefore who love mercy, teach your sons 
 To love it too!" 
 
 The very fact that to them has been denied the power of 
 speech, and the necessity of uncomplaining submission 
 under every hardship, ought to put us constantly on our 
 guard against practising, or permitting to be practised, 
 any, the smallest measure of abuse or ill treatment. Thus 
 every man of common humanity will study their com- 
 fort in all things, consistently with the purposes for which 
 they were designed, and will never even mount his faith- 
 ful horse without seeing that whatever is needed has been 
 done to give an easy set to his saddle — and, still more, 
 that all is nght about his feet ! 
 
AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 11 
 
 Doctor Rush, in a beautiful and benevolent eulogy on 
 the Horse, in one of his lectures, related a touching anec- 
 dote of a highly intelligent and successful Pennsylvania 
 farmer, who, stricken down suddenly with apoplexy in 
 his barn-yard, expired on the instant — with this last di- 
 rection to his herdsman on his lips : " Take care of the 
 creatures /" And the biographer of an eminent English 
 Chancellor relates, as from himself, how his beloved son 
 had preferred to him, in his very last moments, a petition 
 in favour of his faithful terrier ; " And Father^ youHl 
 take care of poor Pilcher^ wonH youV Nevertheless, 
 after all the care that can be taken, we should probably 
 be amazed if w'e could know the amount of pain unwit- 
 tingly inflicted on animals dedicated to our service, and 
 some of whose bodies are at last consumed to afford us — 
 as some would contend — superfluous nourishment, refer- 
 ring back as they do to that golden age when 
 
 « Man walked with beast — ^joint tenant of the shade ; 
 The same his table and the same his bed — 
 No murder clothed him, and no murder fed." 
 
 Even all unnecessary harshness of reproof should be 
 avoided — for it is well known that some animals are even 
 more susceptible of painful and violent emotions, from 
 various causes, than some men, whose hardened nature 
 and familiarity with vice, render them as insensible to 
 the reproaches of others as to the stings of their own 
 conscience. Those, for instance, who have studied the 
 character and affections of the horse — with a view to his 
 diseases and moral susceptibilities — need not be told that 
 while sharp and threatening words will so disturb him as 
 to quicken his pulse some ten beats or more in a minute,* 
 
 * The natural constitution of different varieties of the same class of 
 animals is worthy of close attention. In small and thorough-bred horses, 
 for instance, the pulsations of the heart are about 40 to 42 — while in 
 the larger, cold-blooded cart-horse, they do not amount to more than 36. 
 But when ill-treated, as before suggested, their pulsations are increased, 
 
 37* 
 
12 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 
 
 he has in very memorable cases been known to fall dead 
 under the excitement of the sexual and other passions. 
 That he is sometimes animated by the strongest spirit of 
 rivalry, and a noble ambition to excel, has been occa- 
 sionally evinced by violent attacks on his passing rivals 
 on the turf— and very recently the case occurred with a 
 noble animal which fell dead at the very winning-post, 
 in vainly struggling for victory, on the Pharsalia course at 
 Natchez. The contest which had this melancholy issue 
 was between Col. Minor's Jenny Lind and Col. Bing- 
 aman's Black Dick : 
 
 " Dick was the favourite at odds. Some even bets 
 were made that he would win at three heats — and some, 
 if the heats were broken, would not win. Jenny drew 
 the track, and after some little manoevring, they got off 
 together, but Dick outfooted her and took the track on 
 the turn ; at the half-mile post she had got her head to 
 his hips, and they ran locked round the upper turn ; at 
 the head of the front stretch she began to draw clear of 
 him, and spurs were applied. <■ Then burst his mighty 
 heart,' for he soon was seen to reel, but he still struggled 
 on ; his jockey Mat, leaped unharmed from his back, and 
 the noble animal fell dead within ten feet of the winning- 
 post, which he had lelt not two minutes before in perfect 
 health and the finest condition. No shout of triumph 
 hailed the winner : all was sympathy and regret. Two 
 
 say, ten in a minute. The natural circulation of the sheep is about 70 
 per minute. The average pulse of a full-grown ox, in a state of health, 
 in England, is about 40 — but this increases in a climate of higher tem- 
 perature. Doctor James Smith (Journal of Agriculture, vol. ii. p. 92.) 
 finds that in the climate of Louisiana the pulse of the ox, in its natural 
 state, is from 68 to 75 — rising on the slightest excitement to 80. Every 
 one knows how destructive is the mora! influence of fright to a flock of 
 sheep — when, for instance, they have been badly scared by dogs. It 
 often happens that they never recover from its efi'ects. 
 
 For all farmers who have occasion to fatten animals, we must take 
 room for three words — warmth, cleanliness, and quietude. They are 
 the veni'Vidi'Vici, in their fields of action. 
 
AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 13 
 
 of our most talented medical gentlemen immediately 
 made a post-mortem examination, and came to the con- 
 clusion that the death of the horse was produced by apo- 
 plexy, caused by congestion of the heart, brought on by 
 over-excitement and violent exertion." 
 
 The annals of domestic animals abound in cases to 
 show how liable they are to acute affections and suffer- 
 ing, far beyond the apprehension of the most considerate 
 and humane. 
 
 Thus much, good reader, have w^e gladly seized the 
 opportunity, and even gone a little beyond the require- 
 ments of our publishers, to say in the way of appeal in 
 behalf of speechless creatures, as alive to pain as to a 
 sense of gratitude for generous treatment ; and having 
 already adverted to the obligation we are under to study 
 the laws of their existence, and the means of their meli- 
 oration, it may now, even be insisted that in the whole 
 range of the occupations and interests of breeders of 
 their own stock, there are few things that demand more 
 consideration and skill than does this very branch of 
 rural industry* 
 
 The study and the pride of every one should be, not 
 merely to maintain them at a point of excellence already 
 acquired, but to have them progressively improving in 
 whatever constitutes economy and value ; for why should 
 any man indolently conclude that his stock has already 
 attained the ne plus ultra in the way of amelioration, 
 however superior it may be ? Such is not the fact, nor, 
 it may safely be affirmed, would it be consonant with the 
 orders of Providence, or even with our own interests, 
 that it should be so. To man has been given dominion 
 over the beasts of the field — that, like the earth itself, he 
 should cultivate and improve them ; and for that, among 
 other purposes, was he endowed with the great, dis- 
 tinguishing, and godlike power to prosecute intellectual 
 
14 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 
 
 investigations into every department of nature and in- 
 dustry. Doubtless our ancestors, more than a century 
 ago, were ready to believe — what indolence is ever ready 
 to w^hisper — that the several races of domestic animals 
 most immediately under their care, had then already been 
 carried up to the maximum of improvability ; yet which 
 of them has not been vastly bettered in the meantime, in 
 all their valuable points — and that, too, not by any sud- 
 den or accidental accession of one or more good quali- 
 ties, but constantly and progressively ; by a closer study 
 and a better knowledge of the laws of animal and 
 vegetable physiology, and by the application of other 
 appropriate sciences. In the plain English of the motto 
 chosen for these reflections what is there said of the 
 Horse may apply to other animals : 
 
 "The knowledge of the external conformation of the 
 horse is much less extended than is generally supposed. 
 It reposes on the study of anatomy, of physiology, of 
 mechanics, and of natural history, in a manner of which 
 few persons have a just conception," 
 
 In 1710, by the estimate of Dr. Davenant, — a writer 
 of unquestioned candour and authority, — the weight of 
 << black cattle" (so called, because, at that day, most 
 cattle were of that colour) averaged but 370 pounds ; the 
 weight of the calf was estimated at 50 pounds; and the 
 average of sheep and lambs, taken promiscuously in the 
 London market, w^as only 28 pounds. After the lapse 
 of 120 years, — with far less of science applied to the 
 subject than at this time, — M'Culloch, in his dictionary, 
 so highly characterized by the accuracy of its statements, 
 puts the average of cattle at 556 ; sheep and lambs at 
 50 ; and -calves at 105. But the late accomplished Pro- 
 fessor Youatt, in his able w^ork on cattle, estimates the 
 average weight now at Smithfield at 656 ; that of sheep 
 and lambs at SO ; and calves at 144 j — the weight of 
 
AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 15 
 
 each having doubled in 130 years ; and that, as before 
 said, not by any accidental importation from abroad, or 
 fortunate cross at home, but by a course of careful, 
 systematic, and sagacious attention to the laws and prin- 
 ciples of breeding and feeding. The horse, standing at 
 the head of the list, — sharing and supporting man in all 
 his most pleasurable as well as toilsome and dangerous 
 enterprises, — naturally engaged his earliest attention and 
 most assiduous care, to cherish and improve to the high- 
 est pitch, his noble faculties of strength, speed, and 
 endurance ; and thus may have been already brought to 
 the zenith of his capabilities, if indeed he has not pass- 
 ed the culminating point ; but see what must have been 
 achieved by the stimulus of the turf, and art in the 
 breeding-stud, to raise the bred horse of England to a 
 height of perfection, even above the wonderful capacity 
 of his south-eastern ancestry, — the very "drinkers of 
 the wind" themselves ! — for we have the high authority 
 of Nimrod, the crack writer of England on all field- 
 sports, for saying that, on the best Indian authoritieSj 
 " the best Arab, on his own ground, has not a shadow 
 of a chance against an imported English racer, in any- 
 thing like a good form." The celebrated race on the 
 Calcutta Course, between Pyramus and Recruit^ — the 
 former the best Arab of his year ; the latter a second- 
 rate English race-horse, by Whalebone, the property of 
 the Marquis of Exeter, — settled this point, inasmuch as 
 allowance was made for the comparatively diminutive 
 size of the Arab, — it being what is termed a give-and- 
 take match, or weight for inches ; in which Recruit car- 
 ried 10 stone 12 (152) pounds ; and Pyramus only 8 
 stone 3 (115) pounds, an extra allowance of 7 pounds 
 having been given to him as an Arab. 
 
 Pyramus, says the reporter of this race, is as good 
 21 
 
16 ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN 
 
 an Arab (he had previously beaten all the best Arabs in 
 Calcutta for the gold cup) as has appeared for many years. 
 His condition was undeniable; the distance was all in 
 his favour, and he was ridden with superior judgment — 
 so that the result of his match with Recruit may be con- 
 sidered to have established this an axiom : that no allow- 
 ance of weight, within the bounds of moderation, can 
 bring the best Arab — even in a climate most congenial 
 to him — upon a par with an English thorough-bred horse 
 of moderate goodness. In addition to all these circum- 
 stances in favour of Pyramus, it must be remembered 
 that Recruit only landed on the 28th May, (the race was 
 run in January), after a voyage of five months." 
 
 In England, where the progress of improvement was 
 greatly accelerated by a seasonable infusion of Arabian 
 and 6ar6aric blood, the bi^ed-horse — standing, in respect 
 of the equine race, as the capital on the Corinthian pil- 
 lar — has reached a point of perfection that, if it can be 
 kept up, we can hardly dare hope will ever be excelled. 
 In that country, four-mile races are nearly abolished, and 
 it has been said with every show of reason, that early 
 training, light weights and short distances, are impairing 
 the stoutness of the English race-horse and hunter, and 
 their capacities to stand up and go the pace as in the 
 palmy days of the English turf. In our own country, 
 the annals of the course show, that our climate is highly 
 congenial to the constitution and physical development 
 of the horse — and that whenever the sport has been 
 fashionable and the rewards adequate, he has ever been 
 ready to meet all reasonable expectations — rather advan- 
 cing than falling back. 
 
 When Floretta won her race in Washington — winning 
 the 2d heat in 7.52, against such nags as Oscar, Top- 
 gallant* and First Consul, it was deemed a marvellous 
 
AND THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 17 
 
 performance ;* and sportsmen thought that the acme of 
 speed and bottom had been reached in our country in 
 the days of Sir Charles and Eclipse, yet have not their 
 best achievements been eclipsed by two illustrious and 
 yet living rivals of each other — Boston and Fashion ? 
 But what have we not to apprehend should what seems 
 to be threatened come soon to pass, and the turf — the 
 only sure test of speed and stoutness, be allowed to go 
 down 7 We remember once at a dinner-party at the 
 British Minister's in Washington, to have inquired of the 
 late John Randolph of Roanoke, whether the Old Domi- 
 nion maintained, unimpaired, her claim to a superior race 
 of horses? "No, Sir; no, Sir," was his shrill-toned 
 prompt reply ; " Since we gave up horse-racing and fox- 
 hunting, and turned up the whites of our eyes, our horses 
 as well as our men have sadly degenerated." 
 
 Finally — justice, truth, and a sense of obligation for 
 the assistance derived from his labours, in the small con- 
 tribution we are here making to the breeders and amateurs 
 of the Horse, demand of us to say, at the least, that if 
 the American Turf should decline, it wull not be for want 
 
 * This was one of the most memorable contests that ever came off 
 on the Washington Course. Horses were horses, and men were men, 
 in those days. Fair-top boots, powdered heads, and golden "guineas" 
 were all the go — and for fairness and honour, a « stain was felt like a 
 wound." 
 
 The horses were thus placed : 
 
 Dr. Edelin's c. m. Fluretta, by Spread Eagle, 6 years old, 5 11 
 
 Gen. Ridgely's b. h. O&car, by Gabriel, 6 yrs. old, 2 2 2 
 
 J. B. Bond's b. h. Fimt Consul, by Flag of Truce, aged 4 3 3 
 
 Col. Tayloe's b. h. Top-gallant, by old Diomed, 6 yrs. old, 14 4 
 
 M. Brown's b. m. Nancy, by Spread Eagle, 6 years old. 3 dr. 
 
 In this race Floretta was closely run by Oscar and First Consul — 
 
 each heat was run under 8 minutes, and ihe second in 7.52. Each horse 
 
 made play from the score, and the time was better than had been made 
 
 on that Course even up to 1829. Has such a field of men and horses 
 
 come to that post since 1 
 
 In another pace — the trot — it was deemed marvellous that « old Top '* 
 should go his mile with 150 pounds weight in 2,45. But Lady Suf- 
 folk — well dashed with the old Messenger blood — has done hers in 
 ?.28^, and is yet in full if not improving vigour. 
 
18 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 
 
 of an able, industrious, and tasteful advocate and illus- 
 trator of its advantages and uses, as long as W. T. Por- 
 ter shall continue to animate and guide the ^^ Spirit of 
 THE Times." Extensive acquaintance and coextensive 
 popularity — the just fruits of accomplished manners and 
 an obliging temper — have made him the focus of a most 
 varied and recherche correspondence : while his own 
 tact, scholarship and nice appreciation of what is good 
 in the literary and the sporting world, enable him to turn 
 all his rich resources to the best account, for the enjoy- 
 ment of his numerous and refined readers — for the most 
 part, gentlemen of hlood and mettle. 
 
 ON THE FORM OF ANIMALS, 
 
 BY HENRY CLINE, ESQ, SURGEON. 
 WITH NOTES BY J. S. SKINNER. 
 
 The form of domestic animals has been greatly im- 
 proved by selecting with much care, the best formed for 
 breeding — but the theory of improvement has not been 
 so well understood, that rules could be laid down for 
 directing the practice. There is one point particularly, 
 respecting which the opinions of breeders have much 
 varied, which is, whether crossing the breed be essential 
 to improvement. 
 
 It is the intention of this communication to ascertain 
 in what instances crossing is proper, and in what pre- 
 judicial ; and the principles, upon which the propriety 
 of it depends. 
 
 It has been generally supposed that the breed of ani- 
 mals is improved by the largest males. This opinion 
 has done considerable mischief, and would have done 
 more injury had it not been counteracted by the desire 
 of selecting animals of the best form and proportions, 
 which are rarely to be met with, in those of the largest size. 
 
THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 19 
 
 Experience has proved that crossing has only suc- 
 ceeded in an eminent degree, in those instances in which 
 the females were larger than in the usual proportion of 
 females to males ; and that it has generally failed when 
 the males are disproportionally large. I 
 
 The external form of domestic animals has been much 
 studied, and the proportions are well ascertained. But 
 the external form is an indication only of internal structure. 
 The principles of improving it must therefore be founded 
 on the knowledge of the structure and use of internal 
 parts. 
 
 The lungs are of the first importance. It is on their 
 size and soundness that the health of an animal princi- 
 pally depends. The power of converting food into 
 nourishment, is in proportion to their size. An animal 
 with large lungs, is capable of converting a given quantity 
 of food into more nourishment than one with smaller 
 lungs, and therefore has a greater aptitude to fatten.* 
 
 The Chest. 
 
 The external indication of the size of the lungs is the 
 form and size of the chest; the form of which should 
 
 * [In farther explanation of this principle, it may be added, from an au- 
 thor who had evidently read and relied on this able Essay of Surgeon 
 Cline, that muscular exertion facilitates the return of venous blood to 
 the right side of the heart, and in long continued and violent exertion, 
 the respiration being quickened, the lungs — if small — are unable to 
 arterialize and get rid of the blood as fast as it is pumped into them ; 
 consequently, if there is not room for the blood, congestion takes place, 
 and the horse becomes what is termed " blown" — the lungs being gorged 
 with blood, and sometimes the animal is destroyed by it. In England 
 it is said to be " well understood that a majority of horses that perish 
 under a hard press 'across the country,' are narrow-chested!" The 
 conical form, not of the body, but of the chest, as laid down in the next 
 paragraph, is very observable in the best paintings of Fashion. There, 
 and in her quarters and hocks, appear to us to lie the great sources of 
 her yet in this country unequalled speed and stoutness. — J. S. S.] 
 
 21* 38 
 
20 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 
 
 have the figure of a cone, having its apex situated between 
 the shoulders, and its base towards the loins. 
 
 The capacity of the chest depends upon its form more 
 than on the extent of the circumference ; for, where the 
 girth is equal in two animals, one may have much larger 
 lungs than the other. A deep chest therefore is not 
 capacious unless it is proportionally broad. 
 
 The Pelvis, 
 
 The pelvis is the cavity formed by the junction of the 
 haunch bones with the bones of the rump. It is essential 
 that this cavity should be large in the female, that she 
 may be enabled to bring forth her young with less diffi- 
 culty. When this cavity is small, the life of the mother 
 and of her offspring is endangered. 
 
 The size of the pelvis is chiefly indicated by the width 
 of the hips and the breadth of the twist, which is the 
 space between the thighs. 
 
 The breadth of the loins is always in proportion to that 
 of the chest and pelvis. 
 
 The Head. 
 
 The head should be small, by which the birth is facil- 
 itated. Its smallness affords other advantages, and gen- 
 erally indicates that the animal is of a good breed. 
 
 Horns are useless to domestic animals. It is not dif- 
 ficult to breed animals without them. The breeders of 
 horned cattle and horned sheep, sustain a loss more 
 extensive than they may conceive ; for it is not the horns 
 alone, but also much more bone in the skulls of such 
 animals to support their horns ; besides there is an addi- 
 tional quantity of ligament and muscle in the neck which 
 is of small value. 
 
 The skull of a ram with its horns, weighed five times 
 more than another skull which was hornless. Both these 
 skulls were taken from sheep of the same age, each being 
 
THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 21 
 
 four years old. The great difference in weight depended 
 chiefly on the horns ; for the lower jaws were nearly 
 equal, one weighing seven ounces, and the other six 
 ounces and three quarters ; which proves that the natural 
 size of the head was nearly the same in both, independent 
 of the horns and the thickness of the bone which supports 
 them.* 
 
 In a horned animal, the skull is extremely thick. In a 
 hornless animal it is much thinner ; especially in that 
 part where the horns usually grow. 
 
 To those who have not reflected on the subject, it may 
 appear of little consequence whether sheep and cattle 
 have horns — but on a very moderate calculation it will 
 be found, that the loss in farming stock, and also in the 
 diminution of animal food, is very considerable, from 
 the production of horns and their appendages. A mode 
 of breeding which would prevent the production of these, 
 would afford a considerable profit in an increase of meat 
 and wool, and other valuable parts. 
 
 The length of the neck should be proportioned to 
 the height of the animal, that it may collect its food 
 with ease. 
 
 The Muscles. 
 
 The muscles and tendons, which are their appendages, 
 should be large ; by which an animal is enabled to travel 
 with greater facility. 
 
 * [It is matter of surprise that among the varieties of cattle imported, no 
 one should bring the celebrated Suffolk polled or hornless cattle. Be- 
 sides the advantage here enumerated, valuable animals are sometimes 
 killed by being gored. In respect of this breed, Youatt speaks very 
 highly. He says they sometimes give 32 quarts of milk, and 24 is 
 not uncommon, in a day — and adds: — "There are fev^r short-horn 
 cows ; although far superior in size to the SufFolks, and consuming nearly 
 double the quantity of food ^ that will yield more milk than is usually 
 obtained from the smaller polled breed." Formerly the Suffolk polled 
 cattle were generally of a dun colour, and thence commonly called Suf- 
 folk duns, but that colour has of late been repudiated. — J. S. S.] 
 
22 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 
 
 The Bones. 
 
 The strength of an animal does not depend upon the 
 size of the bones, but on that of the muscles — Many 
 animals with large bones are weak, their muscles being 
 small. Animals that were imperfectly nourished during 
 growth, have their bones disproportionately large. If 
 such deficiency of nourishment originated from a con- 
 stitutional defect, which is the most frequent cause, they 
 remain weak during life. Large bones, therefore, gene- 
 rally indicate an imperfection in the organs of nutrition. 
 
 On the improvement of Form. 
 
 To obtain the most approved form, two modes of 
 breeding have been practised — one, by the selection of 
 individuals of the same family — called breeding in-and- 
 in. The other by selecting males and females from 
 different varieties of the same species ; which is called 
 crossing the breed. 
 
 When a particular variety approaches perfection in 
 form, breeding in-and-in may be the better practice — 
 especially for those not well acquainted with the princi- 
 ples on which improvement depends. * 
 
 * [Professor Youatt says, on this subject [breeding in-and-in]: "It is the 
 fact, however some may deny it, that strict confinement to X)\\e breed, 
 however valuable or perfect, produces deterioration." By what he after- 
 ward says, as will be seen, he must have meant confinement to one 
 family or strain of the same breed. The rule should be this; that 
 valuable qualities being once established, which it is desirable to keep up, 
 should thereafter be preserved by occasional crosses with the best animal 
 to be had of the same breed, but of a different family. This is the 
 secret which has maintained the bred Horse in his great superiority — 
 for although, as Nimrod avers, the immediate descendants of eastern 
 horses have, almost without an exception, proved so deficient of late 
 years that breeders will no more have recourse to them than the farmer 
 would go for immediate improvement to the natural or original oat ; yet 
 the breeder is glad to cross his stock with one of another strain or family 
 of the same blood, taking care never to depart from the blood of the south- 
 eastern courser which flows in the heart of all families of Horses of the 
 highest capabilities. 
 
THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 23 
 
 When the male is much larger than the female, the 
 offspring is generally of an imperfect form. If the female 
 be proportionally larger, the offspring is of an improved 
 form. For instance, if a well-formed large ram be put 
 to ewes proportionally smaller, the lambs will not be so 
 well shaped as their parents ; but if a small ram be put 
 to larger ewes, the lambs will be of an improved form. 
 
 It is here worthy of remark that Nicholas Hankey Smith, who resided 
 a long time among the Arabs, in a work entitled " Observations on 
 Breeding for the Turf," gives as his opinion that colts bred in-and-in 
 show more blood in their heads, are of better form, and fit to start with 
 fewer sweats than the English turf-horsc ; but when the incestuous 
 intercourse has continued a few generations, he says, the animal de- 
 generates. 
 
 This plan of breeding in-and-in, says Youatt farther, when speaking 
 of cattle : " has many advantages to a certain extent. It may be pursued 
 until the excellent form and qualities of the breed are developed and 
 established. It was the source whence sprung the cattle and the sheep 
 of Bakewell, and the superior cattle of Colling — and to it must be traced 
 the speedy degeneracy, the absolute disappearance, of the new Leicester 
 or Bakewell cattle ; and in the hands of many an agriculturist, the im- 
 pairment of constitution and decreased value of the new Leicester sheep 
 and the Short-Horn beasts. It has therefore become a kind of principle 
 with the agriculturist to effect some change in his stock every second or 
 third year — and that change is most conveniently effected by introducing 
 a new bull or ram. These should be as nearly as possible of the same 
 sort coming from a similar pasturage and climate, but possessing no 
 relationship, or at most a very distant one, to the stock to which he is 
 introduced" — and these remarks " apply to all descriptions of live-stock," 
 says Professor Johnston, author of the Farmer's Cyclopedia. 
 
 This is the secret whereby Mr. George Patterson, of Maryland, 
 has not only kept up but improved the size and beauty of his North De- 
 vons. Every "two or three years," a new bull the best to be had in 
 England, is introduced to his cows. The neglect of this precaution, and 
 breeding in-and-in too closely, are the true reasons why we so rarely see 
 the descendants of imported stock in this country equal to the originals. 
 Too clo§e breeding tells in Man as well as in beast ? hence the famous 
 lines of Lord Byron when speaking of the nobility : 
 
 " They breed in-and-in as might be known, 
 
 « Marrying their cousins, nay, their aunts and nieces, 
 " Which always spoils the breed, if it increases." 
 
 But, after all, we must look closely to i\\e form of the parents as well 
 in Horses as cattle — for, let the world dispute as it may, whether " blood 
 is everything," or " blood is nothing," — be the blood what it may, who 
 has ever seen, as Apperley asks, an instance of a misshapen horse and 
 ill-formed mare producing winners 1 — i. S. S.] 
 
 38* 
 
24 THE FOUM OF ANIMALS. 
 
 The proper method of improving the form of animals, 
 consists in selecting a well-formed female, proportionally 
 larger than the male. The improvement depends on this 
 principle, that the power of the female to supply her 
 offspring with nourishment is in proportion to her size, 
 and to the power of nourishing herself from the excel- 
 lence of her constitution. 
 
 The size of the foetus is generally in proportion to that 
 of the male parent; and therefore, when the female pa- 
 rent is disproportionately small, the quantity of nourish- 
 ment is deficient, and her offspring has all the dispro- 
 portions of a starveling. But when the female, from her 
 size and good constitution, is more than adequate to the 
 nourishment of a foetus of a smaller male than herself, 
 the growth must be proportionately greater. The larger 
 female has also a greater quantity of milk, and her off- 
 spring is more abundantly supplied with nourishment 
 after birth. 
 
 To produce the most perfect formed animal, abundant 
 nourishment is necessary from the earliest period of its 
 existence, until its growth is complete. 
 
 It has been observed, in the beginning of this paper, 
 that the power to prepare the greatest quantity of nour- 
 ishment, from a given quantity of food, depends princi- 
 pally upon the magnitude of the lungs, to which the 
 organs of digestion are subservient. 
 
 To obtain animals with large lungs, crossing is the 
 most expeditious method ; because well-formed females 
 may be selected from a variety of a large size, to be put 
 to a well-formed male of a variety that is rather smaller. 
 
 By such a method of crossing, the lungs and heart 
 become proportionately larger, in consequence of a pe- 
 culiarity in the circulation of the foetus, which causes a 
 larger proportion of the blood, under such circumstances, 
 to be distributed to the lungs than to the other parts of 
 
THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 25 
 
 the body ; and as the shape and size of the chest depend 
 upon that of the lungs, hence arises the remarkably large 
 chest, which is produced by crossing with females that 
 are larger than the males. 
 
 The practice according to this principle of improve- 
 ment, however, ought to be limited ; for, it may be car- 
 ried to such an extent, that the bulk of the body might 
 be so disproportioned to the size of the limbs as to pre- 
 vent the animal from moving with sufficient facility. 
 
 In animals where activity is required, this practice 
 should not be extended so far as in those w^hich are 
 required for the food of man. 
 
 On the Character of Animals. 
 
 By character in animals is here meant, those external 
 appearances by which the varieties of the same species 
 are distinguished. 
 
 The characters of both parents are observed in their off- 
 spring ; but that of the male more frequently predominates!* 
 
 ♦[To the contrary of this, as to Horses, T. B. Johnson, author of the 
 Shooter's Companion, and a writer of high authority, says : " although 
 it is a maxim universally admitted, that an equal degree of precaution 
 should be used in respect to the Horse, it is doubly and trebly necessary 
 with the mare — because strict observation has demonstrated that nearly 
 or full two out of every three foals, display in their appearance more of 
 the dant than the sire ,- and that there are more fillies than colts fallen 
 every year will not admit of a doubt." 
 
 This positively asserted predominance of females over males, may be 
 accounted for on the principle established by very numerous experiments 
 in France with sheep, if not with other animals — on the results of which 
 the experimenter, whose name is not remembered, based and confidently 
 asserted his theory, that the sex of the offspring, in all cases, depends 
 much on the comparative vigour of the parents. By putting old ewes 
 to young rams in the prime of life, he never failed to get a lar<re pro- 
 portion of ram lambs ; and, vice versa, when young ewes in their prime 
 were put to a ram lamb, which had not yet attained his full growth and 
 development, or to old ones far gone in the down-hill of life, then a very 
 large proportion were females. A great number of experiments were 
 given corroborative of the doctrine. Is it not reasonable to suppose that 
 an influence sufficient to control the sex, would have an effect on exter- 
 
26 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 
 
 This may be illustrated in the breeding of horned ani- 
 mals ; among which there are many varieties of sheep, 
 and some of cattle, that are hornless. 
 
 If a hornless ram be put to a horned ewe, almost all 
 the lambs will be hornless ; partaking of the character 
 of the male rather than of the female parent. 
 
 In some countries, as Norfolk, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, 
 most of the sheep have horns. In Norfolk the horns 
 may be got rid of by crossing with the Ryeland rams ; 
 which W'ould also improve the form of the chest and the 
 quality of the wool. In Wiltshire and Dorsetshire, the 
 same improvements might be made by crossing the sheep 
 with South Dow^n rams. 
 
 An offspring without horns might be obtained from the 
 Devonshire cattle, by crossing with hornless bulls of the 
 Galloway breed ; which would also improve the form of 
 the chest, in which, the Devonshire cattle are often de- 
 ficient. 
 
 Examples of the good effects of crossing the breeds. 
 
 The great improvement of the breed of horses in Eng- 
 land arose from crossing with those diminutive Stallions, 
 Barbs, and Arabians ; and the introduction of Flanders 
 mares into this country was the source of improvement 
 in the breed of cart-horses. 
 
 The form of the swine has also been greatly improved, 
 by crossing with the small Chinese boar. 
 
 Examples of the bad effects of crossing the breeds. 
 
 When it became the fashion in London to drive large 
 bay horses, the farmers in Yorkshire put their mares to 
 
 nal form and colour 1 It may be a reason why some of our very popu- 
 lar stallions, being overtasked, have had so few of their get to rival them 
 in power and fame. Every reader may cast about for himself, for in- 
 stances, to see how far and to what other animals the principle applies. 
 After all, in an economico-agricultural view, it is much more important 
 that the stallion should be all right because it is his blood that is to be 
 diffused far and wide. — ^J. S. S.] 
 
THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 27 
 
 much larger stallions than usual, and thus, did infinite 
 mischief to their breed, by producing a race of small 
 chested, long legged, large boned worthless animals.* 
 
 A similar project was adopted in Normandy, to en- 
 large the breed of Horses there by the use of stallions 
 from Holstein ; and, in consequence, the best breed of 
 Horses in France would have been spoiled, had not the 
 farmers discovered their mistake in time, by observing 
 the offspring much inferior in form, to that of the native 
 stallions. 
 
 Some graziers in the Island of Sheppey, conceived 
 that they could improve their sheep by large Lincoln- 
 shire rams, the produce of which, however, was much 
 inferior in the shape of the carcase, and the quality of 
 the wool ; and their flocks were greatly injured by this 
 attempt to improve them. 
 
 Attempts to improve the native animals of a country, 
 by any plan of crossing, should be made with the great- 
 est caution ; for, by a mistaken practice extensively pur- 
 sued, irreparable injury may be done. 
 
 * [This was the effect experienced in Maryland, by the use of Exile, a 
 Cleveland bay, of the highest breeding of his sort in England, imported 
 by the late Robert Patterson about the year 1820. At three years old, 
 he was advertised for sale, and stated to be then upward of 16 hands 
 high. 
 
 They may do very well, with their long legs, long backs and long 
 tails, for the heavy, lumbering slow coaches of millionaires, to drive to 
 church, and occasionally to make a swell in town, but they are not fitted 
 for the country — and especially not for this country. True, for the 
 coach-horse we want substance, but we want that substance well placed, 
 deep, well-proportioned body, rising in the withers, and slanting shoul- 
 ders, short back well ribbed home, and broad loins ; sound, flat, short 
 legs, with plenty of bone under the knee ; and sound, open, tough feet. 
 " In fact, coach-horses should be nothing more than large hackneys, 
 varying in height from 15 hands I inch to 16 hands 1 inch." Such 
 horses, of good colour, and well matched, will always command a high 
 figure from the swelled heads in our large cities — men who have grown 
 rich as the conduits of exchange, between the producer and the con- 
 sumer of Agriculture and Manufactures J. S. S.] 
 
 22 
 
28 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 
 
 In any country where a particular race of animals has 
 continued for centuries, it may be presumed that their 
 constitution is adapted to the food and climate. 
 
 The pliancy of the animal economy is such, as that an 
 animal will gradually accommodate itself to great vicis- 
 situdes in climate and alterations in food ; and by de- 
 grees undergo great changes in constitution ; but these 
 changes can be affected only by degrees, and may often 
 require a greater number of successive generations for 
 their accomplishment. 
 
 It may be proper to improve the form of a native race, 
 but at the same time it may be very injudicious to attempt 
 to enlarge their size. 
 
 The size of animals is commonly adapted to the soil 
 which they inhabit ; where produce is nutritive and abun- 
 dant, the animals are large, having grown proportionally 
 to the quantity of food which for generations they have 
 been accustomed to obtain. Where the produce is 
 scanty, the animals are small, being proportioned to the 
 quantity of food which they were able to procure. Of 
 these contrasts the sheep of Lincolnshire and of Wales 
 are examples. The sheep of Lincolnshire would starve 
 on the mountains of Wales. 
 
 Crossing the breed of animals may be attended with 
 bad effects in various ways ; and that, even when adopted 
 in the beginning on a good principle ; for instance, sup- 
 pose some larger ewes than those of the native breed 
 were taken to the mountains of Wales and put to the 
 rams of that country ; if these foreign ewes v^'ere fed in 
 proportion to their size, their lambs would be of an im- 
 proved form and larger in size than the native animals ; 
 but the males produced by this cross, though of a good 
 form, would be disproportionate in size to the native 
 ewes; and therefore, if permitted to mix with them, 
 would be productive of a standing ill-formed progeny. 
 
THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 29 
 
 Thus a cross which, at first, was an improvement, w^ould, 
 by giving occasion to a contrary cross, ultimately pre- 
 judice the breed. 
 
 The general mistake in crossing has arisen from an 
 attempt to increase the size of a native race of animals ; 
 being a fruitless effort to counteract the laws of nature. 
 
 The Arabian Horses are, in general, the most perfect 
 in the world ; which probably has arisen from great care 
 in selection, and also from being unmixed with any va- 
 riety of the same species, the males have therefore never 
 been disproportioned in size to the females. 
 
 The native Horses of India are small, but well propor- 
 tioned, and good of their kind. With the intention of 
 increasing their size, the India company have adopted a 
 plan of sending large stallions to India. If these stal- 
 lions should be extensively used, a disproportioned race 
 must be the result, and a valuable breed of Horses be 
 irretrievably spoiled. 
 
 From theory, from practice, and from extensive ob- 
 servation, whicn is more to be depended upon than either, 
 it is reasonable to form this conclusion, that it is wrong to 
 enlarge a native breed of animals ; for in proportion to 
 their increase of size, they become worse in form, less 
 hardy, and more liable to disease.* 
 
 * [For this plain reason, our farmers should have recourse to well-formed 
 bulls of a smaller or middling size, rather than to those of a larger breed 
 than the average size of their own cattle, and also why it is far better 
 to empl-iy compact, short-backed, well-formed, thorough-bred stallions, 
 than cold-blooded stallions of larger size. 
 
 Essential difference has been found, by analysis in France, between 
 the blood of the ordinary Horse and that of the aristocratic race de- 
 scended from the south-eastern courser. It is «tated to be less serous 
 than that of the common Horse. One cannot but admire the ardour 
 with which, in France, tliey are now applying the sciences to enlighten 
 all branches of agriculture, as it has been so much more and more suc- 
 cessfully applied to other industries. A society of the first men of 
 that country is devoted to the meliorufioii of the Horse, and they under- 
 take to predict the time not distant when " la science du cAa'a/," the 
 
30 THE FORM OF ANIMALS. 
 
 science of the anatomy and physiology of the Horse — will be as well 
 understood and agreed upon as any principles in Geometry. 
 
 The reason that, in our country, agriculture has benefited so much 
 less by the application of the sciences, is that the policy of the govern- 
 ment has a tendency to disperse them, while it concentrates other classes. 
 Instead of compelling the consumer — the shoemaker, the tailor, the 
 wheelwright, and all manufacturing consumers to come from abroad as 
 well as at home, and settle down nearest to them, the agriculturists 
 foster a policy which compels them — over bad roads — to expend half 
 the produce in carrying it to the fashioner and consumer. — J. S. S.j 
 
THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 31 
 
 ON THE IMPORTANCE OF MORE ATTENTION TO THE 
 PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING— THE STALLION AND 
 THE BROOD MARE. 
 
 To every lover of the Horse, possessed of a knowledge 
 of his fine points and capabilities, it must be lamentable 
 to perceive how miserably ignorant and careless the mass 
 of breeders of that noble animal appear to be, as to all 
 the precautions which are indispensable to maintain him 
 at the point of excellence which is known to be attainable 
 — much less by w^ell-digested and rational systems of 
 breeding and rearing throughout the country, to meliorate 
 his form and invigorate his constitution ; and on no one 
 point is there, seemingly, more pernicious indifference 
 displayed than in regard to the condition of the stallions 
 they employ, as set forth in the Essay which these re- 
 marks are intended to introduce. 
 
 Well has it been said, in the introduction to the "^n- 
 nales des Haras et de P Agriculture, ^^ that if the import- 
 ance of a question is to be measured by the number of 
 those who are occupied with it, that of the multiplication 
 and of the amelioration of the Horse ought to hold the 
 first rank in Political and Rural economy. The traditions 
 of antiquity — those of nations, whether barbarous or 
 enlightened — writings the most ancient as well as the 
 most modern — prove to us the estimation which Man, 
 in all times, has attached to this his most noble conquest^ 
 to use the expression of Buffon. The Horse, as there 
 alleged, is in truth the most fruitful source of the riches 
 of States, by his indispensable instrumentality in the 
 cultivation of the soil. He is one of the most direct 
 agents of their power by the use that is made of him in 
 armies, whether in peace or in war ; and has contributed 
 much more than is generally considered, to the civiliza- 
 22* 39 
 
32 THE IMPORTANCE OF ATTENTION 
 
 tion of communities, by facilitating intercourse between 
 them and the individuals of whom they are composed. 
 
 It is not, then, astonishing that in the abstract, so much 
 importance should be attached to the multiplication and 
 improvement of an animal so useful ; but is it not 
 amazing that this universal admission of his value, and 
 the general interest of society in cultivating his finest 
 qualities, should give rise to no association or system in 
 our country, based on reason, and guided by scientific 
 principles? On the contrary, everything is left to chance, 
 to ignorance, and to narrow and sordid calculations of 
 economy. True, we have societies that group the Horse 
 with every other animal and thing, and offer petty pre- 
 miums for the mere exhibition of the best that may 
 happen to be convenient to, or purchased for the show ; 
 but should not an object so important be made the sub- 
 ject of special associations, and of legislative encourage- 
 ment, directed to a thorough investigation of the princi- 
 ples to be followed in all enlarged and judicious plans 
 for the melioration of the whole race? Look at the 
 amount of capital involved in the whole Union — 4,365,669 
 horses. Value these at an average of $50, and we have 
 a capital of $218,283,450, which, with anything like 
 judgment or system, might be brought to an average 
 improvement of at least twenty per cent, in a few years. 
 "What is the number lost by exposure to sudden vicis- 
 situdes of weather — to bad shoeing — in short, to ill 
 treatment and ignorance of the management and the 
 remedies prescribed in this work, no one can venture to 
 estimate. Youatt sets down the loss of cattle by disease 
 annually in England at $50,000,000 !— and the loss of 
 sheep at one-tenth of the whole number; and though 
 there the veterinary art is taught as a science in the en- 
 dowed colleges, and regular professors practise it 
 throughout the kingdom, he says it is difficult to say 
 
TO THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 33 
 
 which is the greater source of this immense loss to the 
 agriculture of the country — '' the ignorance and obstinacy 
 of the servant and the cow-leech, or the ignorance and 
 supineness of the owner.'''' The Horse, in a state of 
 nature, even the colt — until subjected to ignorant hand- 
 ling and cruel management, is much healthier than after 
 he comes under the hands of him who ought to be his 
 kindest friend. 
 
 ! If such be the immense mortality in England, what 
 must it be among Horses in this country, where not one 
 farmer in a hundred knows how to tell the colic from 
 the botts, or the thrush from the scratches — ignorant 
 alike of symptoms and of treatment ? 
 
 Properly appreciating the importance of a constant 
 supply of Horses for their cavalry, as one of the most 
 efficient arms of her military power — the French Govern- 
 ment takes it upon itself to supply its thirty-six thousand 
 communes with stallions, whose services are put at the 
 lowest rate, the average being set down at 5 or 10 francs, 
 (one or two dollars,) and these stallions are required to 
 be not under a certain age — four at the least — nor under 
 a certain standard of height, according as they are tho- 
 rough-bred, half-bred, or slow^ draft: 1 m. 49 centimes, 
 or a fraction over 14.2 for thorough-bred ; 1 m. 55 c. 
 for half-bred ; and 1 m. 55 c. for heavy draft stallions — 
 and undergo every year rigid inspection, to guard not 
 only against palpable deformity of shape, but against 
 any latent or transmissible diseases. Opposed as is the 
 genius of our political institutions to regulations, too 
 minute, of individual industry and concerns, yet it is 
 hard to say why a planter's tobacco or his butter should 
 be subjected to rigid inspection, and condemned and 
 taken from him for bad quality or short weight, and yet 
 that any fat, lazy, lounging rapscallion should be allowed 
 to set up a public stallion without spirit or action, and 
 
34 THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 
 
 too often tainted with some hereditary disorder or defect 
 of body or temper — to deform and poison everything he 
 is allowed to touch. The Arabians, after having brought 
 their breed of Horses to the highest degree of perfection 
 of which they consider them capable, are said to have 
 preserved their splendid qualities of great endurance, 
 with highly organized matter and natural soundness of 
 limb, by prohibiting the use of stallions until approved 
 hy a public inspector. ^' Breeders of all kinds of Horses," 
 says Nimrod, "but of the race-horse above all others, 
 scarcely require to be cautioned against purchasing or 
 breeding from mares, or putting them to stallions, con- 
 stitutionally inferior. By constitutionally inferior is 
 chiefly implied, having a tendency to fail in the legs and 
 feet during their training, which too many of our present 
 racing breed are given to — although the severity of train- 
 ing is not equal to what it was some years back. It 
 would be invidious to particularize individual sorts ; but, 
 says he, we could name stallions and mares from which 
 the greatest expectations were raised, whose progeny 
 have sacrificed thousands of their owners' money, en- 
 tirely from this cause." After instancing numerous cases 
 to show the heritableness of diseases — glanders among 
 others — of horses, sheep, and cattle, "these conside- 
 rations," continues an eminent French writer. Professor 
 Dupuy, on the Veterinary art, " are to us of the greatest 
 moment, since we have it in our power by coupling and 
 crossing well-known breeds, to lessen the number of ani- 
 mals predisposed to these diseases. Acting up to these 
 ideas, our line of conduct is marked out. We must 
 banish from our establishments, designed to improve the 
 breed, such animals as show any signs of tuberculous 
 disease or any analogous affection." 
 
 Thus much have we felt called upon to say, introduc- 
 tory of the following able dissertation on the condition 
 
THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 35 
 
 of the stallion — anonymously written by some gentle- 
 man who has evidently observed the precaution too 
 often neglected ; to miderstand his subject, before he 
 began to speak upon it. It is taken from the " Farmers' 
 Library," for which it was written, and where, it 
 may be needless to say, such writers will always be truly 
 welcome. As against the assertion of Surgeon Cline, 
 with whom the author of this Essay agrees as to the pre- 
 dominant influence of the male in characterizing the 
 progeny, we have, in another place, arrayed the opinion 
 of Mr.' Johnson, it is but fair here to adduce, in support 
 of the affirmative side of the proposition, the all-power- 
 ful testimony of Mr. Apperly, who says: «' Virgil, in 
 his excellent remarks on breeding Horses, tells those of 
 his readers who wish to gain prizes to look at the dam ; 
 and until of very late years, it was the prevailing opinion 
 of Englishmen that in breeding a racer the mare is more 
 essential than the Horse, in the production of him in his 
 highest form ; and we know it to have been the notion 
 entertained by the late Earl of Grosvenor— the most ex- 
 tensive though not perhaps the most successful breeder 
 of thorough-bred stock that England ever saw. The 
 truth of this supposition, however, has not been confirmed 
 by the experience of the last half century, and much 
 more dependence is now placed on the stallion than on 
 the mare. The racing calendar, indeed, clearly proves 
 
 the fact. 
 
 " Notwithstanding the prodigious number of very highly 
 bred and equally good mares that are every year put to 
 the horse, it is from such as are put to our very best 
 stallions that the great winners are produced. This can 
 in no other way be accounted for than by such horses 
 having the faculty of imparting to their progeny the 
 peculiar external and internal formation absolutely essen- 
 tial to the first-rate race-horse ; or, if the term ^ blood' 
 
 39* 
 
36 THE STALLION AND BROOD MAItE. 
 
 be insisted on, that certain innate but not preternatural 
 virtue peculiarly belonging to some horses, but not to 
 others, which, when it meets with no opposition from the 
 mare — or, in the language of the stable, w here ' the cross 
 nicks' by the mare admit of a junction of good shapes- — 
 seldom fails in producing a race-horse in his very best 
 form." 
 
 After all, when the reader shall have carefully perused 
 the following disquisition, he will, we think, be apt to 
 concur with us in the belief that incalculable loss and 
 deterioration ensue from an almost universal want of 
 attention to the condition of the stallion, and from Igno- 
 rance in what true condition consists. The maxim of 
 the feeder of the ox may be embraced in the words 
 warmth^ cleanliness and quiet. Not so with the grazier 
 of 5^ocA:-cattle — for they may be kept too warm ; nor 
 wdth the owner of a Stallion ; yet too generally they 
 manage him as if he had nothing to do but to eat^ drinky 
 and sleep — except when suddenly aroused to go through 
 violent agitation to the opposite extreme. 
 
 — On the subject of the comparative agency of the 
 male and female parent in the modification of the progeny 
 in form and character, as sir Roger expressed it " much 
 may be said on both sides." There needs no citation 
 of instances to show the influence of the male progenitor 
 in modifying the exterior form and colour, of the off- 
 spring, and may we not infer It in regard to its internal 
 structure, its temper and character? Neither can we 
 deny the share of the female parent in the same influences 
 — see how often the calf, in its marks, exhibits an exact 
 copy of its dam. But there are cases of what is called 
 5Wjoerfcetation, which go to show some extraordinary 
 power of the male in transmitting his influence even to 
 the second and third generation on the fruits of subse- 
 quent conceptions from sexual intercourse betw-een the 
 
THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 37 
 
 same dam and other males. No fact in Natural History- 
 need to be better proved ; and circumstances lead us to 
 believe, though we are not aware that the question has 
 occurred to naturalists, that this always occurs with the 
 first or virgin conception ; and if so, it admonishes the 
 breeder to be especially particular in the selection of the 
 male to which is granted the high privilege of the first 
 access. Out of many cases that might be referred to, 
 the reader's memory may be here refreshed as to two that 
 are somewhat familiar. 
 
 Twenty-six years ago, in the London Farmer's Journal 
 was recorded the case w^hich had then lately appeared 
 in the Philosophical Transactions, on the authority of 
 Earl Moreton, stating that his lordship possessed a male 
 animal called Quagga by the Hottentots — in \vhose 
 mountains they abound. It closely resembles the Zebra, 
 but of a smaller size. He determined on obtaining a 
 foal by this animal, from a chestnut-coloured mare of 
 seven-eighths blood, which had never been bred from. 
 This gross prostitution — as we should call it — took place, 
 and accordingly a female hybrid progeny was produced, 
 which bore, in form and colour, decided indications of 
 mixed blood, but proved incapable of breeding — as is al- 
 most universally the case with mules ; but not quite, as the 
 writer has proved in his edition of Youatt on the Horse, 
 (Lea & Blanchard,) on the most unquestionable testimony. 
 
 This mare of seven-eighth Arabian blood was soon 
 after sold to Sir Gore Ousley, who afterward bred from 
 her, by a very fine black Arabian stallion, two colts. 
 These Lord Moreton w^ent to see and examine, — the one 
 a two-year old filly ; the other a yearling colt — both of 
 which were as strongly characterized by Arabian blood 
 as might be expected where there was fifteen-sixteenths 
 of it present — but both in their colour and hair of their 
 manes, they showed a striking resemblance to the quagga ! 
 
38 THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 
 
 The whole statement was fully verified to the Society by 
 Doctor Woolaston, a member of it, who examined both 
 the filly and colt, and who was " distinguished for his 
 very extensive knowledge." 
 
 Following the communication of Lord Moreton in the 
 Transactions, is one from Dr. Woolaston, relating the 
 case of a black and white sow, of Mr. Western's cele- 
 brated breed of hogs (she being the property of a Mr. 
 Giles) which was put to a wild boar, of a deep chestnut 
 colour, that was soon after by accident drowned. The 
 pigs produced, which were the sow's^z/'snitter — partook 
 in appearance of both boar and sow, but in some the 
 chestnut colour of the boar strongly prevailed. This 
 sow was afterward put to a boar of Mr. Western's breed. 
 The pigs produced were some of them stained and clearly 
 marked with the chestnut colour which had prevailed in 
 the former litter. Her next litter, by a boar of Mr. Wes- 
 tern's spotted, black and white breed, were also stained 
 with marks of the wild boar — although in no other di- 
 stance, with any other sow, had the least tinge of the 
 chestnut colour been observed. 
 
 Another very striking instance of the transmissible in- 
 fluence which survives the first and impresses itself on 
 subsequent conceptions, occurred under the observation 
 of the writer of this, and was, it is believed, related in a 
 small volume scribbled and published under the title of 
 <' The Sportsman and his Dog." The case was that of 
 a beautiful coach-dog bitch, Annette, presented to him 
 by that earnest and efficient promoter of agricultural im- 
 provement, GoRHAM Parsons of Massachusetts, along 
 with her full brother, Lubin. Though closely watched 
 for the first signs of sexual appetite, with a view to a 
 litter of the genuine breed for the great pleasure of giving 
 them to friends to whom they were promised, a stray 
 dog, of large size, of white colour, except his black ears. 
 
THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 39 
 
 contrived to steal the first access to the bitch, and in all 
 subsequent litters, by Lubin, one pup always appeared 
 to attest the indelible impression made in the enthusiasm 
 of a first embrace. It may gratify curiosity to note such 
 facts, and may serve, beyond all dispute, to show how 
 cautious every breeder should be in the choice of the 
 male— especially the one first employed. 
 
 But how vain to endeavour to account for these 
 things ! Nature invites us to study her ways, and science 
 is most efficiently applied to every art and every industry, 
 when it most closely conforms to her laws : but she has 
 certain arcana of her own, which she keeps in reserve, 
 and which defy the scrutiny of the most curious and im- 
 portunate inquirer. We see enough to know that her laws 
 are enacted by an All- Wise and Overruling Power; and 
 can never be too grateful for the faculties that enable us, 
 so much above other created beings, to study and under- 
 stand them, and yet more for that hopeful thirst for know- 
 ledge which is leading us on from one discovery to an- 
 other, until, in view of what science is revealing from 
 year to year, who shall say how near we may be per- 
 mitted to approach the Supreme Intelligence ? Oh that 
 our love of peace and of each other, may keep way with 
 our progress in knowledge ! — for of those to whom much 
 is given, much shall be required — else, has it been well 
 asked, 
 
 "why was Man thus eminently raised 
 
 Amid the vast creation'? Why empowered, 
 Through life and death, to cast his watchful eye 
 With thought beyond the limits of his frame — 
 But that the Omnipotent might send him forth 
 In sight of angels and approving worlds : 
 Might send him forth the sovereign good to learn ; 
 To chase each meaner passion from his breast, 
 And through the storms of passion and of sense 
 To hold straight on, with constant heart, and eye 
 Siill fixed upon Man's everlasting palm, 
 The approving smile of Heaven." 
 
 23 
 
40 THE STALLION AND BROOD MARE. 
 
 There is, as elsewhere intimated, if we consult Nature, 
 always acting for the best, — reason to conclude it was 
 intended, with domestic animals, that the male should 
 exert the greater influence over the form and qualities 
 of the progeny. Were it not so, how slow and inef- 
 fectual would be all attempts at amelioration, for it is 
 through one male that blood and form and qualities are 
 imparted to. great numbers — while, with the female, but 
 a solitary effect or result can be accomplished during a 
 whole period of gestation. In herds of wild Horses, 
 Nature allows troops of naares to be engrossed by the 
 stallion of most courage and strength, thus guarding 
 against the inevitable degeneracy of promiscuous inter- 
 course — and he again, after a season or two, is supplanted 
 by some rebellious young rival, stronger if not braver 
 than he, before time enough has elapsed to stamp the 
 whole race by that degeneracy which follows incestuous 
 intercourse long continued. Here again we are invited 
 to follow, and, as art may always do, improve upon, if 
 we do follow, the laws of Nature. But, alas, of breeders 
 of animals it may be said, "they have sought out many- 
 inventions" that violate her laws, and the consequence 
 is, a miserable race of ill-formed, decrepit garrans, fit 
 neither for harness nor saddle, for the road or the chase, 
 for peace nor for war, nor for anything but — dog's meat. 
 
THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 41 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 
 
 The word condition is used by horsemen in a different 
 sense from that in which it is understood as applied to 
 cattle by the mass of farmers. By condition the farmer 
 often means a high state of fatness ; the horseman, on 
 the contrary, makes use of the word to indicate the 
 greatest health and strength produced by reducing all 
 superfluous fat, bringing the mere flesh into clean, hard 
 and powerful muscle, and invigorating the lungs and 
 other internal organs, so that they may promptly discharge 
 their respective functions, and suffer no damage from 
 uncommon stress — the whole in order to the animal's 
 performing labours and sustaining a continuance of action 
 to which he would not be adequate without such especial 
 preparation. 
 
 By the Condition of a Stallion is meant the state of 
 the system in which the male horse should be kept, in 
 order to deriving from him the greatest excellence in the 
 progeny. 
 
 Too many persons are content to breed their mares to 
 a horse whose figure suits them, without regard to his 
 condition. The mention of one prominent instance alone 
 will be sufficient to show that good condition is essential 
 to the production of a valuable progeny. A remarkable 
 case occurred in England some years since, in so high 
 a quarter as to attract public attention, and consequently 
 the fact of the account's obtaining currency without con- 
 tradiction is a fair evidence of its correctness. The 
 Prince of Wales, who afterwards became George the 
 Fourth, owned, and was in the habit of riding as a hun- 
 ter, an entire horse of unequalled excellence. In conse- 
 quence of this horse's superior qualities. His Royal 
 Highness caused a few of his own mares to be bred to 
 
42 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 
 
 him in the spring, after he had been kept in the highest 
 condition as a hunter throughout the winter, and the 
 produce, on growing up, proved every way w^orthy of 
 their sire. When His Royal Highness, as Prince Regent, 
 became seriously engaged in the cares of Government, 
 and therefore relinquished the pleasures of the chase, 
 being desirous to perpetuate the fine qualities of this 
 stock, he ordered the horse to be kept at Windsor for 
 public covering, provided the mares should be of the 
 first quality; and in order to insure a sufficient number 
 of these, directed the head groom to keep him exclu- 
 sively for such, and to make no charge, with the ex- 
 ception of the customary groom's-fee of half a guinea 
 each. The groom, anxious to pocket as many half 
 guineas as possible, published His Royal Highness's 
 liberality, and vaunted the qualities of the horse, in order 
 to persuade all he could to avail themselves of the 
 benefit. The result was, the horse being kept without 
 his accustomed exercise and in a state of repletion, and 
 serving upward of a hundred mares yearly, that the stock, 
 although tolerably promising in their early age, shot up 
 into lank, weakly, awkward, leggy, good-for-nothing 
 creatures, to the entire ruin of the horse's character as a 
 sire — until some gentleman, aware of the cause, took 
 pains to explain it, proving the correctness of their state- 
 ments by reference to the first of the horse's get, produced 
 under a proper system of breeding, and which were then 
 in their prime, and among the best horses in England. 
 
 Almost every observing farmer in this country has 
 remarked that whenever, within his knowledge, an or- 
 dinary work-horse has, by chance, covered a tolerably 
 good mare, the foal thus produced has, at maturity, 
 almost invariably become a better animal than it was 
 expected to be, and in many cases proved quite superior 
 to the get of the high-priced and highly pampered stal- 
 
THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 43 
 
 lions of the neighbourhood. What was the cause of 
 this ? Condition. The work-horse, by constant and 
 severe exercise, was brought into heaUh and strength, 
 and his stock partook of the state of his system at the 
 time of copulation. Why is it that many experienced 
 farmers, after having tried the best stallion within their 
 knowledge, frequently resort to the keeping of one of 
 their own colts or farm-horses entire, for the service of 
 their mares, and actually obtain as large and as good 
 and saleable stock from such a one, as that from the 
 public stallions of far superior size, form, blood, and all 
 other qualities, except this indispensable condition 7 
 
 It may be stated that, generally, whenever the get of 
 a stallion has proved, at maturity, to be of remarkable 
 excellence comparatively with the sire, such horse has 
 been, at and previously to the time of getting such val- 
 uable stock, kept without pampering, without excessive 
 sexual service, and with a good share of exercise or 
 labour. 
 
 To show the effect of a peculiar state of the system in 
 the parents at the time of copulation, instances may be 
 cited from various sources. We will content ourselves 
 with two — and first take a lamentable case in the human 
 species as given in the valuable work on " The Consti- 
 tution of Man," by George Combe: 
 
 <'In the summer of 1827, the practitioner alluded to 
 was called upon to visit professionally a young woman 
 in the immediate neighbourhood, who was safely deliv- 
 ered of a male child. As the parties appeared to be 
 respectable, he made some inquiries regarding the ab- 
 sence of the child's father, when the old woman told him 
 that her daughter was still unmarried ; that the child's 
 father belonged to a regiment in Ireland ; that last autumn 
 he had obtained leave of absence to visit his friends in 
 this part of the country, and that, on the eve of his de- 
 23* 40 
 
44 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 
 
 parture to join his regiment, an entertainment was given, 
 at which her daughter attended. During the whole 
 evening she and the soldier danced and sang together; 
 w^hen heated by the toddy and the dance, they left the 
 cottage and after the lapse of an hour were found to- 
 gether in a glen, in a state of utter insensibility, from 
 the effects of their former festivity ; and the consequence 
 of this interview was the birth of an idiot. He is now 
 nearly six years of age, and his mother does not believe 
 that he is able to recognise either herself or any other 
 individual. He is quite incapable of making signs 
 whereby his wants can be made known, with this ex- 
 ception, that when hungry he gives a wild shriek. This 
 is a case upon which it would be painful to dwell, and 
 I shall only remark that the parents are both intelligent, 
 and that the fatal result cannot otherwise be accounted 
 for than by the almost total prostration or eclipse of the 
 intellect of both parties from intoxication." 
 
 For another instance of a peculiar constitution derived 
 from a parent at the time of copulation, and owing to a 
 temporary excitement of the animal, a respectable farmer 
 related to the writer of this Essay that he witnessed the 
 effect of pain and nervous agitation on a stallion just 
 before the moment of covering, in the production of a 
 wild, timid, violent and worthless colt. The sire was in 
 repute as one of the best horses ever kept in the dis- 
 trict ; and his stock afterward justified the opinion. The 
 groom became angry and beat him in his stall in a cruel 
 manner, and then led him out and* allowed him to cover 
 the mare, which was one of a perfectly quiet and orderly 
 temper. The consequence was the production of an 
 animal totally valueless, as above mentioned. 
 
 That the doctrine here held is no " new thing under 
 the sun" is evident from many venerated authors. Plu- 
 tarch says " The advice which I am now about to give. 
 
THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 45 
 
 is indeed no other than what hath been given by those 
 who have undertaken this argument before me. You 
 will ask me what is that ? 'Tis this, that no man keep 
 company with his wife for issue sake, but when he is 
 sober — as not having before either drunk any wine, or, 
 at least, not to such a quantity as to distemper him ; for 
 they usually prove wine-bibbers and drunkards whose 
 parents begot them when they were drunk ; wherefore, 
 Diogenes said to a stripling somewhat crack-brained and 
 half-witted, ^ Surely, young man, thy father begot thee 
 when he w^as drunk ?' " 
 
 Shakspeare intimates the same belief in making a hero 
 insult his enemies wdth the taunt 
 
 " For ye were got in fear." 
 
 On no other known principle than this condition^ or a 
 peculiar state of the system at and before the time of 
 copulation, can be explained the important fact which 
 forms at once a criterion of skill in the scientific breeder, 
 and a stumbling-block to the ignorant and unreasonable 
 one, W'ho would expect success without giving himself 
 the trouble of investigating the natural laws which govern 
 the subject of his operation : such a person is too apt to 
 argue within himself that because the same parents at 
 different times produce offspring of opposite character- 
 istics, there can be no certain rules by which to create 
 determinate qualities in the progeny : such a one would 
 maintain that, because all the children of one married 
 couple are usually some\vhat different in characteristics 
 from each other, there can be no means of predicting, 
 with an approach to certainty, the qualities to be pro- 
 duced in the offspring by a particular sexual intercourse. 
 Now this law of condition accounts for the difference 
 between individuals produced at several births from the 
 same parents. The case of tw^ins, in the human species, 
 serves to strengthen this argument, inasmuch as the two 
 
46 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 
 
 persons produced at one birth usually bear a close resem- 
 blance to each other, in all respects. 
 
 It is known that ideal impressions on the female 
 parent, subsequent to conception, frequently take per- 
 manent effect on the offspring. That such causes do not 
 usually give the leading characteristics to the progeny, 
 is evident from these considerations : 
 
 1st. The consequences of such impressions on the 
 female, are usually somewhat of an unnatural or mon- 
 strous order, being different from the traits of either 
 parent, and from the common nature of the variety to 
 which the animals belong. 
 
 2d. It is a settled point with breeders that the pro- 
 geny is more strongly characterized by the traits of the 
 male, than by those of the female parent. This fact is 
 well known ; and indeed it can hardly be expected other- 
 wise than that the sex which bears so much the stronger 
 impress of character, should impart the more visible re- 
 semblance to the offspring. 
 
 3d. It is an ascertained law of Nature, that peculiar- 
 ities of climate, food, occupation and most other circum- 
 stances affecting the well-being of an animal, produce in 
 its constitution a change such as is necessary for the wel- 
 fare of the species; and that this proceeds throughout 
 many generations, until the animal becomes completely 
 adapted to the circumstances of its existence. [The 
 same thing occurs in the vegetable kingdom.] 
 
 This last consideration, of the gradually altered state 
 of an animal through successive generations, is a strong 
 instance of the effect of condition ; and it is by a regard 
 to this invariable law of Nature, of self-adaptation to cir- 
 cumstances, that the cultivation or improvement of any 
 breed is to be effected. " Hence the most acid and 
 worthless grape is by skilful culture rendered sweet and 
 luscious ; flowers without attraction are gradually nurtured 
 
THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 47 
 
 into beauty and fragrance ; the cat may be made to pre- 
 sent all the rich colours of the tortoise-shell, and the 
 pigeon may be (■ bred to a feather.' " 
 
 Let us now endeavour to deduce a useful, practical 
 conclusion from the foregoing arguments. If our doc- 
 trine be correct, the horse-breeder will depend upon the 
 condition of the stallion, in order to the producing of 
 valuable stock from him, as well as upon his other qual- 
 ities of pedigree, speed, action, bottom, wind, temper, 
 spirit, form, style, size, colour, &c. 
 
 The next practical question is, how this condition is 
 to be attained, and how the animal is to be kept at the 
 required standard in this respect. The requisite condition 
 is only to be attained by training for health and strength 
 in a great measure according to the system of training 
 for races : supplying an abundant nourishment of the 
 best quality, allowing sufficient periods of repose for di- 
 gestion, and giving regular and strong exercise, the 
 whole with such variations as only experience and close 
 observation, under constant practice, can dictate. 
 
 The aptitude of an animal to benefit by training is 
 often inherited, like other qualities, from its parentage; 
 and judicious breeding alone can insure a continuance 
 of the desirable quality, or create a propensity for it by 
 proper crossing, when it does not exist in the parents. 
 
 The age at which the horse is best adapted to under- 
 go a course of training, is just at the close of his most 
 rapid period of growth, while the system is in its great- 
 est freshness and vigour. This period is at about five 
 years old. The powers of a horse will augment by suit- 
 able treatment in this respect until about the age of nine 
 years : and, in order to obtaining the most valuable 
 stock, a stallion should not be put to service before at- 
 taining a full development of his powers, nor kept at it 
 after his form or energies appear to be affected for the 
 
 40* 
 
48 THE CONDITION OF A STALLION. 
 
 •worse. He should be, then, between five and fifteen 
 years of age, if of an ordinary constitution ; but if of re- 
 markable energy and endurance, and exhibiting no symp- 
 tom of debility, may be continued until past twenty. 
 
 Trainers find their endeavours to produce the highest 
 state of strength, in an animal, greatly impeded by any 
 excitement of the sexual appetite. It is then the more 
 necessary to keep the horse in a state of training through- 
 out the year, impressing most forcibly a tone of health 
 and strength upon his system at the time when his nerves 
 are liable to the least distraction ; and continuing the 
 course carefully thoroughout the season of copulation ; 
 never allowing such excess of service, or of the excite- 
 ment of sexual appetite, as to induce a disturbance of 
 spirit or temper, or a relapse from the most thoroughly 
 strong, healthy and regular tone of the system. 
 
 G. B. 
 
TABLES. 
 
 The following- Tables may be so often useful to the classes of 
 persons for whom this work is intended, that it has been thought 
 expedient to give them a place. 
 
 The list of medicines embraces such as ought to be kept con- 
 stantly on hand, not only in every training and livery stable, but 
 by every farmer and breeder who aspires to good management, and 
 to deserve the praise of all men who happen to visit his establish- 
 ment, and who know, as the French say, what is comme il faut. 
 Some other medicines might well be added, but it is thought best 
 not to leave any excuse to the indolent and improvident to say that 
 too much is required — but we will begin with 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 Apothecaries' or Troy weight is most usually employed in medi- 
 cine. In this, a pound contains twelve ounces : 
 
 1 lb. is 5700 Troy grains. 
 
 9 oz. or three-quarters of a lb 4320 " " 
 
 6 « "a half lb 2880 « « 
 
 3 " « one-fourth of a lb 1440 « " 
 
 1 " "8 drachms 480 " « 
 
 7 drachms 420 " «« 
 
 6 « 360 « « 
 
 5 « 300 « «* 
 
 4 « or a half oz 240 « « 
 
 3 « 180 « " 
 
 2 " 120 " « 
 
 1 " 60 « « 
 
 1 scruple 20 " " 
 
 apothecaries' weight. 
 
 Twenty grains one scruple. 
 
 Three scruples one drachm. 
 
 Eight drachms one ounce. 
 
 Twelve ounces one pound. 
 
 HEASURE OF FLUIDS. 
 
 Sixty drops one fluid drachm. 
 
 Eight fluid drachms , one fluid ounce. 
 
 Four fluid ounces a measure or naggin. 
 
 Sixteen fluid ounces one fluid pint. 
 
 Eight fluid pints one gallon. 
 
 (49) 
 
50 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 LIST OF MEDICINES, 
 
 And other articles which ought to be at hand about every training and 
 livery stable, and every Farmer's and Breeder's establishment : 
 
 MEDICINES. 
 
 Aloes, Barbadoes, 
 
 Alum, 
 
 Arrow Root, 
 
 Basilicon, yellow, 
 
 Camphor, 
 
 Castile Soap, 
 
 Goulard's Extract, 
 
 Honey, 
 
 Hog's Lard, 
 
 Linseed Meal, 
 
 Nitre, 
 
 Oil of Caraway, 
 
 Oil, Castor, 
 
 Oil of Cloves, 
 
 Oil of Olives, 
 
 Hartshorn, 
 
 Resin, 
 
 Spanish Flies, 
 
 Sweet Spirit of Nitre, 
 
 Spirit of Turpentine, 
 
 Salt, common, 
 
 Soft Soap, 
 
 Tar, 
 
 Tartar Emetic, 
 
 Tincture of Myrrh, 
 
 Venus Turpentine, 
 
 Vinegar, 
 
 Vitriol, Blue, 
 
 Verdigris, 
 
 Wax, 
 
 "White Lead. 
 
 Apparatus for Compounding Medicines. 
 
 A box of small weights and scales, for the weighing of medicines 
 in small portions, as from a grain to two drachms — the weights 
 marked with English characters. 
 
 One pair of two-ounce scales ; one pair of pound scales ; one 
 pound of brass box-weights. 
 
 A graduated glass for the measure of fluids, marked with English 
 characters. 
 
 One large and one small pestle and mortar. 
 
 One marble slab, a foot and a half square, for mixing ointments. 
 
 One large and one small ladle. 
 
 One large and one small pallet knife — to mix and spread plasters. 
 
 Articles necessary to be kept for administering and applying Medicines. 
 
 Improved Ball Iron. 
 
 Drenching horn. 
 
 Flannel — for the applying of fomentations and poultices. 
 
 Woollen and linen bandages. 
 
 Tow, and broad coarse tape. 
 
 Instruments. 
 
 Stomach-pump, 
 
 Elastic tube. 
 
 Fleam and blood stick, 
 
 Abscess lancet, 
 
 Tooth rasp, with a guard, 
 
 Seton, and curved needles, 
 Improved casting hobbles, 
 Brushes, currycombs, &c., 
 course. 
 
 of 
 
TABLES. 
 
 51 
 
 CALVING TABLE. 
 
 Day Bui ed. 
 
 Will Calve. 
 
 Day Bulled. 
 
 Will Calve 
 
 Day Bulled. 
 
 July 1 
 
 Will Calve. 
 
 April 7: 
 
 Day Bul'ed. W.ll Ca've. 
 
 Jan'y 1 
 
 Oct'r 8 
 
 April 1 
 
 Jan'y 6 
 
 Oct'r 1 
 
 July 9 
 
 " 7 
 
 " 14 
 
 7 
 
 " 12 
 
 « 7 
 
 " 13, 
 
 " 7 
 
 " 15 
 
 " 14 
 
 " 21 
 
 " 14 
 
 « 19 
 
 u 14 
 
 " 20 
 
 " 14 
 
 " 22 
 
 " 21 
 
 " 28 
 
 « 21 
 
 " 26 
 
 " 21 
 
 " 28 
 
 « 21 
 
 » 29 
 
 " 28 
 
 Nov. 4 
 
 " 28 
 
 Feb'y 2 
 
 « 28 
 
 May 4: 
 
 " 28 
 
 Aug. 5 
 
 " 31 
 
 " 7 
 
 " 30 
 
 u 4 
 
 « 31 
 
 " 8' 
 
 « 31 
 
 " 8 
 
 Feby 1 
 
 « 8 
 
 May 1 
 
 « 5 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 " 9: 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 « 9 
 
 « 7 
 
 u 14 
 
 » 7 
 
 » 11 
 
 « 7 
 
 « 15 
 
 « 7 
 
 ■ « 15 
 
 « 14 
 
 " 21 
 
 " 14 
 
 « 18 
 
 « 14 
 
 « 22 
 « 29 
 
 " 14 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 21 
 
 " 28 
 
 " 21 
 
 « 25 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 29 
 
 « 28 
 
 Dec'r 5 
 
 « 28 
 
 Mar. 4 
 
 « 28 
 
 June 5 
 
 " 8 
 
 « 28 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 " 6 
 
 « 31 
 
 « 7 
 
 « 31 
 
 « 30 
 
 " 7 
 
 « 7 
 
 " 12 
 
 June 1 
 
 « 8 
 
 Sept. 1 
 
 « 9i 
 
 Dec'r 1 
 
 « 8 
 
 « 14 
 
 » 19 
 
 u 7 
 
 « 14 
 
 » 7 
 
 " 15 
 
 « 7 
 
 « 21 
 
 " 21 
 
 « 26 
 
 « 14 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 14 
 
 " 22 
 
 " 14 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 28 
 
 Jan'y 2 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 28 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 29 
 July 6 
 
 « 21 
 
 « 28 
 
 « 31 
 
 " 5 
 
 « 28 
 
 April 4 
 
 " 28 
 
 « 28 
 
 Oct'r 5 
 
 
 
 « 30 
 
 " 6 
 
 " 30 
 
 " 8 
 
 « 31 
 
 « 8 
 
 
 
 LAMBING TABLE. 
 
 When to 
 Ram. 
 
 Will Lamb, 
 
 When 10 
 Bam. 
 
 VVill Lamb. 
 
 When to 
 Ram. 
 
 Will Lamb. 
 
 When to 
 Ram. 
 
 Will Lamb. 
 
 Jan'y 1 
 
 May 27 
 
 April 1 
 
 Aug. 26 
 
 July 1 
 
 Nov. 25 
 
 Oct'r 1 
 
 Feb. 25 
 
 « 14 
 
 June 10 
 
 " 14 
 
 Sept. 8 
 
 u 14 
 
 Dec'r 9 
 
 « 14 
 
 Mar, 10 
 
 Feb'y 1 
 
 » 28 
 
 May 1 
 
 " 22 
 
 Aug. 1 
 
 « 26 
 
 Nov. 1 
 
 '■ 26 
 
 u 14 
 
 July 12 
 
 " 14 
 
 Oct'r 8 
 
 « 14 
 
 Jan'y 8 
 
 « 14 
 
 April 9 
 
 Mar. 1 
 
 " 26 
 
 June 1 
 
 " 25 
 
 Sept. 1 
 
 " 26 
 
 Dec'r 1 
 
 « 25 
 
 u 14 
 
 Aug. 8 
 
 " 14 
 
 Nov. 8 
 
 « 14 
 
 Feb'y 9 
 
 « 14 
 
 May 9 
 
 TO THE PUBLISHERS. 
 Should yon have anywhere a spare corner, please enter a protest 
 in my name, against the cruel practice recommended, of firing for 
 the lampas ; which takes its name from the brutal custom among 
 old farriers, but now abandoned in England, of burning the swell- 
 ing down with a red-hot lamp-iron. In most cases, it will soon 
 subside of itself, especially if a few mashes be given, aided by a 
 gentle alterative. If need be, a few moderate cuts may be made 
 across the bars with a pen-knife. 
 
 Founder may be cured, and the traveller pursue his journey the 
 next day, by giving a table-spoonful of alum ! This I got from Dr. 
 P. Thornton, of Montpelier, Rappahannoc county, Virginia, as 
 founded on his own observation in several cases. 
 
 J. S. S. 
 
 24 
 
TROTTING. 
 
 This is a gait held in high estimation in the northern parts of the 
 United States, and in Canada; especially when a horse can go his 
 mile within three minutes. Then, as he falls by seconds, his value 
 rises by guineas. In the south, gentlemen don't "cotton" to such 
 action; though a passion for this sort of equestrian display is travel- 
 ling towards the land of the magnolia granditiora, with some other 
 changes less compatible with their ancient high-born chivalry. 
 
 On the good old track at Charleston, among gentlemen who have 
 never let the old Huguenot fires go down, you rarely see a snaffle- 
 bridle^ or what is called a ^^ goer J''^ They have an eye and a heart 
 for a good horse; but choose to retain the power of throwing him 
 on his haunches when occasion may demand it. 
 
 It is, we believe, a rule on all courses in the United States, that 
 the jockey's weight, in a trotting race, whether in harness or saddle, 
 must be not under 145 pounds. 
 
 In harness, simply signifies a sulky, as light as the owner may 
 choose. They generally weigh from 75 to 125 lbs. The weight of 
 a trotting wagon is from 125 to 200 lbs. Hiram Woodrufl's weight 
 was about 160 lbs. 
 
 An interesting investigation is now going on in England to ascer- 
 tain whether Tom Thumb, the celebrated American trotter, ever 
 performed 20 rniles within the hour. Large bets are pending on 
 the result. If he has ever accomplished such a feat, it has not been, 
 within our knowledge, officially recorded. Many of the parties 
 betting on Tom Thumb having performed the above feat, failing 
 to procure satisfactory proof thereof, have paid their bets. 
 
 Fanny Jenks trotted 101 miles in harness, over the Bull's Head 
 course, Albany, in 9 hours, 42 minutes, 57 seconds, on the 5th of 
 May, 1845. 
 
 Fanny Murray trotted 100 miles, in harness, in 9 hours, 41 mi- 
 nutes, 26 seconds, on the 15th of May, 1846, over the Bull's Head 
 course, Albany. 
 
 (52) 
 
TROTTING. 
 
 53 
 
 BEST TROTTING TIME, AT MILE HEATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Saddle or 
 Harness. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Course. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Aggy Down 
 
 saddle 
 
 harness 
 saddle 
 
 I 2 27, 2 29i, 2 30, } 
 I 2 30, 2 31, 
 
 2 32i, 231i,2 33, } 
 ( 2 38, 
 
 2 35, 2 37, 2 36 .. . 
 
 2 35, 2 32, 2 :« . . . 
 ( 2 36, 2 35, 2 33, ) 
 I 2 33, 2 40, i 
 
 2 31i, 2 33 
 
 { 2 28i, 2 28, 2 28, ; 
 / 2 29, 2 32, \ 
 
 2 26i, 2 27, 2 27 . . 
 ( 2 38, 2 36i, 2 38, ) 
 I 2 39, 2 38, i- 
 
 Beacon Course, N. J. 
 
 Beacon Course, N. J. 
 
 Beacon Course, N. J. 
 Beacon Course, N. J. 
 
 Trenton, N.J 
 
 Centreville, L. I. . . . 
 
 Beacon Course, N. J. 
 
 Beacon Course, N. J 
 
 Trenton, N.J 
 
 Sep. 25, 1845 
 
 June 26, 1843 
 
 June — 1841 
 July — 1839 
 
 Sop. — 1836 
 
 May — 1834 
 
 July 4, 1843 
 
 July 12, 1843 
 
 June — 1836 
 
 Confidence 
 
 Dutchman 
 
 Dutchman 
 
 Edwin Forrest . . 
 
 Lady Suffolk. . . . 
 
 Lady Suffolk 
 
 Norman Leslie. . 
 
 1 
 
 
 TWO MILE HEATS. 
 
 Americus 
 
 Americus 
 
 Black Maria . . . 
 
 Confidence 
 
 D. D. Tompkins 
 
 Dutchman 
 
 Dutchman 
 
 Edwin Forrest . 
 Edwin Forrest . 
 
 Hector 
 
 James K. Polk . 
 Lady Suffolk. .. 
 Lady Suffolk... 
 Lady Suffolk. . . 
 
 Ripton 
 
 Ripton 
 
 Ripton 
 
 harness 
 
 saddle 
 harness 
 saddle 
 
 harness 
 • saddle 
 harness 
 
 saddle 
 harness 
 
 5 13, 5 11 
 
 5 17i, 5 17, 5 22 . . 
 
 5 Wh 5 12i 
 
 516A,516i,5 16, I 
 V 5 18,- 5 25, i 
 
 5 16i, 5 11 
 
 5 16, 5 09 
 
 5 11, 5 16 
 
 5 05, 5 06 
 
 5 17, 5 13, 5 17 . . . 
 5 24, 5 19, 5 17i . . 
 5 16, 5 KJi 
 
 4 59, 5 03i 
 
 5 10, 5 15 
 
 5 17, 5 19, 5 18 . . . 
 
 5 lOi. 5 r2i 
 
 5 07, 5 15 
 
 5 07, 5 15, 5 17 . . . 
 
 Union Course, L. I, 
 Hunting Park, Pa. . 
 Cambridge Park . . . 
 
 Centreville, L. I. . . . 
 
 Centreville, L. 
 Beacon Course, 
 Beacon Course 
 Hunting Park, 
 Hunting Park, 
 Hunting Park, 
 Union Course, 
 Centreville, L. 
 Centreville, L. 
 Beacon Course, 
 Beacon Course. 
 Hunting Park, 
 Hunting Park, 
 
 L ... 
 N.J 
 N.J 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Pa. . 
 L. I 
 
 I.... 
 
 I. ... 
 N.J 
 N.J 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 Pa. . 
 
 1 
 
 Oct. 8, 1846 
 
 Oct. 17, 1846 
 
 June 18, 1S45 
 
 May — 1841 
 
 Oct. — 1837 
 April— 1839 
 Oct. — 1839 
 May — 1840 
 Oct. — 1838 
 June 2, 1846 
 Nov. 18, 1846 
 Sep. — 1840 
 May — 1842 
 May 21, 1844 
 May — 1842 
 May — 1842 
 May — 1842 
 
 THREE MILE HEATS. 
 
 Columbus. . . 
 D itchman . . 
 D.itchman . . 
 
 Dutchman . . 
 
 Dutchman . . 
 Lady Suffolk 
 Ripton 
 
 saddle 
 
 harness 
 saddle 
 
 harness 
 
 7 58, 8 07 
 
 7 32t 
 
 7 41 
 
 7 54i, 7 50, 8 02, 
 
 8 24i, 
 7 51, 7 51 
 
 7 40i, 7 56 
 
 8 00, 7 56| 
 
 Hunting Park, Pa. . June — 1834 
 Beacon Course, N. J. Aug. — 1839 
 ^ July ~ 1839 
 
 Beacon Course, N.J. 
 
 Beacon Course, N. J. 
 
 Hunting Park, Pa. . 
 Hunting Park, Pa. . 
 Beacon Course, N. J. 
 
 Oct. — 1838 
 
 Mav — 1840 
 May — 1841 
 Aug. -'1842 
 
 FOUR MILE HEATS. 
 
 D'ltchmnn 
 
 saddle 
 
 11 19, 10 51 
 
 Centreville, Ti. I. . . . 
 
 Mav 
 
 — 1F36 
 
 T.adv Suffolk 
 
 " 
 
 11 1.5, 11 58 
 
 Oentreville. Ti. L . . 
 
 J ine 
 
 — VAO 
 
 T.adv Siffolk... 
 
 " 
 
 1122, 1134 
 
 Cambri \s'^ Park . . . 
 
 Nov. 
 
 — 1^39 
 
 Pir Petor 
 
 harness 
 
 1123, 1127 
 
 Hunti'i!! Park, Pa. 
 
 rtct. 
 
 — 1=29 
 
 Ellen Thompson, 
 
 saddle 
 
 1155, 11 33 
 
 Bsacon Course, N. J. 
 
 May 
 
 — 1842 
 
RACING. 
 
 BEST TIME ON RECORD AT MILE KEATS, 
 
 Name. 
 
 Adiiella 
 
 Aduella 
 
 Bendigo 
 
 Bendigo 
 
 Beta 
 
 Big Alick 
 
 Capt. Mc Heath. . 
 
 Cassandra 
 
 Colt by Levia- ) 
 
 than, D. F. J. 
 
 Kenner's, ) 
 
 1 48, 1 50, 1 49 
 
 1 50, 1 47, 1 52i 
 
 150, 1 48, 149 
 
 1 48, 1 50, 1 48, 1 49 . 
 1 45, 1 45, 1 57, 2 01 . 
 1 57, 1 47i, 1 50, 1 51 
 
 1 49, 148, 150 
 
 1 48, 1 49i 
 
 1 48, 1 47f , 1 50 
 
 Creath 
 
 Croton 
 
 Croton 
 
 Dan. Mclntyre 
 Fred. Kaye . . . 
 
 Fred. Kaye . . . 
 
 Gildersleeve . . 
 Harden'd Sinner. 
 Houri, (Imp.) . 
 Jane Adams . . 
 
 Jim Bell 
 
 John Hampden 
 Kilty Harris . . 
 
 Leda 
 
 Little Trick . . 
 Lucy c. (Buford's) 
 Mary Brennan . 
 
 Minstrel 
 
 Miss Footo .... 
 
 Music 
 
 Music 
 
 Nathan Rice. .. 
 
 Prospect 
 
 Sailor Boy 
 
 Serenade 
 
 St. Pierre 
 
 Sunbeam 
 
 Susan Hill 
 
 The Duke 
 
 CJncas 
 
 Victor 
 
 148, 148, 146 
 
 1 51, 1 544, I 49 
 
 1 49 
 
 150, 148, 151 
 
 1 50, 1 48i, 1 50, 1 53i, 1 52^, 
 
 ( 1 52, I 47i, 1 52, 1 48, J 
 1 57i, 1 56i, \ 
 
 1 51, 1 49, 1 53, 1 56 
 
 1 50, 1 48, 1 49A 
 
 1 47, 153 
 
 1 47i, 1 52 
 
 151, 146 
 
 1 48, 1 49, 1 53 
 
 148, 151, 2 02 
 
 148, 148 
 
 1 48 
 
 149, 148, 151 
 
 1 48, 1 49 
 
 1 48, 1 48 
 
 J 47, 1 49, 1 48, 1 50, 1 50 . 
 
 1 50, 1 48 
 
 1 48i, 1 46i, 148 
 
 1 45, 1 52 
 
 1 50, 1 48, 1 53 
 
 1 51, 1 49, 148 
 
 1 48, 1 55, 2 00 
 
 1 47, 1 50, 1 55 
 
 1 47, 1 48, 1 46i, 1 47, 1 47 
 
 1 55, 1 50, 1 48 
 
 1 48, 1 55i, 1 53i 
 
 1 45i, 1 48, 1 47t 
 
 I 50, 1 55, 1 48 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Lexington, Ky. . .. 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Nashville, Tenn.. . 
 Louisville, Ky. . . . 
 
 Columbus, Ga 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 New Orleans, La. , 
 New Orleans, La. 
 New Orleans, La. 
 Georgetown, Ky. 
 Louisville, Ky.. • . 
 
 Dec. 25, 
 Mar. 19, 
 
 Sep. 24, 
 Mar. 21, 
 May 22, 
 June 4, 
 May 4, 
 June 1, 
 
 1842 
 1843 
 1840 
 1811 
 1841 
 1842 
 1839 
 1841 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Versailles, Ky 
 
 Jackson, Miss 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Lexington, Kv. . .. 
 Orange C. H., Va. . 
 Baltimore, Md. . . . 
 Lexington, Ky. . .. 
 E, Feliciana, La. . 
 Bardstown, Ky. . . • 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. . 
 Louisville, Ky. . . . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Louisville, Ky. . . , 
 
 Trenton, N.J. 
 
 Cynthiana, Ky. . . . 
 Cynthiana, Ky. . . 
 Orange C. H., Va. 
 New ( )rleans. La. 
 
 Havana 
 
 Trenton, N. J. ... 
 E. Feliciana, liR. 
 Kanawha, Va. . . . 
 
 April 1, 1846 
 
 Mar. 27, 
 Dec. 20, 
 Mar. 15, 
 Apr. 28, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 1842 
 1846 
 1846 
 
 1842 
 1846 
 
 Dec. 6, 1846 
 
 Sep. 18, 
 Feb. 17, 
 Mar. 18, 
 Oct. 29, 
 May 21, 
 Sap. 18, 
 May 17, 
 May 19, 
 Apr. 24, 
 Oct. 12, 
 Oct. 19, 
 June 4, 
 Dec. 12, 
 Mar. 17, 
 Dec. 29, 
 Oct. 7, 
 May 25, 
 Oct. 25, 
 Oct. 25, 
 Sep. 15, 
 Mar. 24 
 Apr, 30. 
 May 31, 
 Apr. 27 
 June 7, 
 
 1846 
 1844 
 1840 
 1845 
 1841 
 1839 
 1842 
 1841 
 1844 
 1839 
 1839 
 1839 
 1841 
 1842 
 1844 
 1844 
 1841 
 1.-39 
 ]h39 
 1841 
 .1844 
 1843 
 1839 
 ,1844 
 1839 
 
 BEST TIME ON RECORD AT TWO MILE HEATS. 
 
 Name, 
 
 Alarick 
 
 Ann Hayes 
 
 Ann Stuart . . . . 
 
 Arraline 
 
 Attakapas 
 
 Balie Peytou . . 
 Bee's- Wing . . . . 
 Betsey Archy, 
 
 filly, 
 Black-Nose . . . . 
 Brown Kitty. . . 
 
 B c' -Eve 
 
 Butterfly filly . . 
 
 Time. 
 
 3 54, 3 39 
 
 3 43i, 3 42i 
 
 3 50, 3 44, 3 45 
 
 3 44t, 3 49, 3 49, 3 50 
 
 3 4o, 3 52 
 
 3 54, 3 45 
 
 3 44, 3 47 
 
 3 53, 3 44 
 
 3 491,345, 
 
 3 491, 3 44, 3 45 
 
 3 56, 3 40 3 47 
 
 . 3 48i, 3 50, 3 40 .... 
 
 Lexinj?ton, Ky . . . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Memphis, Tenn. . . 
 Louisville, Ky. . . . 
 
 Columbus Ga 
 
 Broad Rock, Va. . . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Georgetown, Ky. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orloans. La. . 
 Lexington, Ky. ■ . . 
 
 Dale. 
 
 Sep. 26, 1845 
 Nov. 21,1844 
 Nov. 14, 1843 
 June 7, 1843 
 May 2, 1839 
 Apr. 26, 1839 
 Mar. 26, 1839 
 
 May 31, 1841 
 
 Sep. 18, 1841 
 Dec. 1, 1846 
 Mar. 18, 1841 
 Sep. 27, 1845 
 
 ^5.) 
 
 Continued on page 55. 
 
RACING. 
 
 55 
 
 BEST TliVlE ON RECORD AT TWO MILE HEATS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Churchill 
 
 Consol Junior 
 Creath 
 
 Creath 
 
 Creath 
 
 Croton 
 
 Croton 
 
 Croton 
 
 Cub 
 
 Earl of Margrave.. . 
 
 Gazan 
 
 George W. Keudall . 
 Governor Butler . . . . 
 
 Grey Medoc 
 
 Grey Medoc 
 
 Hero 
 
 Hornblower 
 
 La Bacchante 
 
 Laiieville 
 
 Maid of Northampt'n 
 
 Midas 
 
 Miss Clash 
 
 Motto 
 
 Motto 
 
 Music 
 
 Music 
 
 Misic 
 
 Nancy Clark 
 
 Nannv Rogers 
 
 Oh See 
 
 Passenger, (Imp.) . . . 
 
 Purity 
 
 Ralph 
 
 Richard of York 
 
 Richard of York . .. . 
 
 Robert Bruce 
 
 Rocker 
 
 Ruffin 
 
 Ruffin 
 
 Sallv Shannon 
 
 Sally Ward 
 
 Sarah Rladen 
 
 Sarah Washington. . 
 
 Senator 
 
 Snag 
 
 Sorrow, (Imp.) 
 
 Stanley Eclipse 
 
 Sthreshl'^y 
 
 S isan Hill 
 
 Tai^lioni 
 
 Tarantula 
 
 The Colonel 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Vertner 
 
 Viola 
 
 Warfield's Too ) 
 Soon colt, p • • • 
 
 Wellineton 
 
 West Florida 
 
 Will-Go 
 
 Wilton Brown 
 
 Young Whig , 
 
 Time. 
 
 3 49, 
 3 4G, 
 3 41, 
 3 4t), 
 3 40, 
 3 50, 
 3 44i 
 3 47i 
 3 45i 
 3 4t), 
 3 45, 
 3 50, 
 3 57, 
 3 46, 
 3 45, 
 3 45, 
 3 40, 
 3 41, 
 3 50, 
 3 45 . 
 3 46, 
 3 46, 
 3 4?'i 
 3 46, 
 3 49, 
 3 51, 
 3 49, 
 3 46, 
 3 48, 
 
 3 49, 
 
 4 10, 
 3 50 
 3 51, 
 3 49, 
 3 46, 
 3 43, 
 3 48, 
 3 49, 
 3 49, 
 3 50, 
 3 50, 
 3 46 
 3 45 
 3 46, 
 3 48, 
 3 55, 
 3 44, 
 3 43, 
 3 45, 
 3 49. 
 3 48, 
 3 45, 
 3 47, 
 3 46, 
 3 46, 
 3 47, 
 
 3 46, 3 47 
 
 3 53, 3 47 
 
 3 41 
 
 3 4-2 
 
 3 45 
 
 3 44^i, 3 50 . . . . 
 , 3 43i, 3 43i . . 
 
 , 3 46 
 
 , 3 44 
 
 3 40i 
 
 3 45 
 
 3 47, 3 45, 4 07 
 
 3 46 
 
 3 49, 3 55 
 
 3 55 
 
 3 55 
 
 3 51 
 
 4 03 
 
 3 45, 3 51i .... 
 
 3 46 
 
 3 43 
 
 , 3 43 
 
 3 48i 
 
 3 46, 3 51 . . 
 3 46, 3 55 . . 
 
 3 45 
 
 3 46 
 
 3 46, 3 51 . . 
 
 3 46 
 
 3 53, 3 44 . . 
 
 3 44 
 
 3 45 
 
 3 46 
 
 3 44 
 
 3 43, 3 47 . 
 
 3 46 
 
 3 45i, 4 42i 
 
 3 46 
 
 3 43 
 
 3 41i 
 
 3 46 . 
 3 43 . 
 3 43 . 
 3 45i 
 3 45 . 
 3 51 . 
 3 46 . 
 3 46 . 
 3 50 . 
 3 45i 
 3 45 . 
 3 48 . 
 3 45 . 
 
 3 49, 3 45 
 
 3 56, 
 3 51. 
 3 46 
 3 52 
 3 53. 
 
 3 52, 3 43, 3 50 
 r, 3 46, 3 53 ... . 
 
 Course. 
 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Havana 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New Orleans La. . 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 Camden, S. C 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans. La. . 
 
 PineviUe, S.C 
 
 Union Course, L. I 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Fairfield, Va 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 Baltimore, Md. . .. 
 Louisville, Ky. ... 
 Lexington, Ky. ... 
 Bardstown, Ky. . . . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Augusta, Ga 
 
 Lexington, Ky. . .. 
 Richmond, Va. . .. 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Jackson, Miss 
 
 Louisville, Ky. . . . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. . 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Lexington, Ky. . .. 
 
 Natchez, Miss 
 
 Frankfort, Ky 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Orange C. H. Va. . 
 Baltimore, Md. • . . 
 Terre Haute, Ind. . 
 
 Springfield, III 
 
 Trenton. N. J 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Havana 
 
 Piueville,S. C 
 
 Nashville, Tenn. . . 
 Baltimore, Md. . .. 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Union Course, L. I. 
 Lexington, Ky. . 
 E. Feliciana, La. 
 
 3 45 
 3 44 
 
 Si- 
 May 8, 
 Sp. - 
 Apr. 24, 
 Oct. 30, 
 Mar. 19. 
 Apr. 28, 
 Jan. 30, 
 Oct. 4, 
 May 4, 
 May 28, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Sep. 21, 
 Apr. 25, 
 
 May 23, 
 
 Oct. 26, 
 Apr. 12, 
 Oct. 2, 
 June 5, 
 Oakley, Miss iDec. 7, 
 
 Lexington, Ky. . . 
 
 Camden, N. J. ... 
 Georgetown, Ky.. 
 Broad Rock, Va. . 
 Alexandria, D. C. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Sep. 20, 
 June 8, 
 Mar. 24, 
 June 1, 
 Apr. 26, 
 Apr. 13, 
 Apr. 2, 
 Apr. 16, 
 Oct. 1, 
 Mar. 23, 
 iMay 23, 
 Dec. 10, 
 Nov. 21, 
 Dec. 27, 
 Mar. 18, 
 Feb. — 
 May 8, 
 Apr. 3; 
 May 20, 
 Oct. 2, 
 May 9, 
 June 15, 
 Sep. 26, 
 Sep. - 
 Dec. 22, 
 Jan. 4, 
 Dec. 25, 
 Dec. 9, 
 May 22, 
 Apr. 16, 
 Oct. 25, 
 Jan. 28, 
 June 5, 
 Mar. 13, 
 Mar. 24, 
 Oct. 14, 
 May 29, 
 Sep. 21, 
 Nov. 19, 
 Sep. 7, 
 Dec. 3. 
 Mar. 17, 
 p. 16, 
 
 1843 
 1843 
 1842 
 1842 
 1843 
 1845 
 1846 
 1846 
 1839 
 1842 
 1840 
 1841 
 1840 
 1840 
 1839 
 1843 
 1839 
 1845 
 1841 
 1845 
 1844 
 1844 
 1844 
 1842 
 1842 
 1844 
 1844 
 1840 
 1846 
 1845 
 1839 
 1846 
 1839 
 1839 
 1839 
 1839 
 1839 
 1843 
 1845 
 1842 
 1846 
 1842 
 1841 
 1844 
 1844 
 1839 
 1845 
 1840 
 1843 
 1844 
 1844 
 1844 
 1840 
 18.39 
 1839 
 1844 
 
 1846 
 
 1841 
 1839 
 1839 
 1842 
 1844 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
56 
 
 RACING. 
 
 BEST TIME ON RECORD AT THREE MILE HEATS, 
 
 Name. 
 
 Ailsey Scroggins. .. 
 
 Aniirewetta 
 
 Argentile 
 
 Astor 
 
 Black-Nose 
 
 Black-Nose 
 
 Blue Dick 
 
 Blue Dick 
 
 Blue Dick 
 
 Bob Letcher 
 
 Boston 
 
 Clarion 
 
 Creath 
 
 Creath 
 
 Creath 
 
 Eliza Calvert 
 
 Fashion 
 
 George Martin 
 
 George Martin 
 
 Glorvina 
 
 Hard Cider 
 
 Isola 
 
 James F. Robinson 
 
 Jeannetton 
 
 Joe Chalmers 
 
 Kate Aubray 
 
 Liz Hewitt 
 
 Louisa Jordan 
 
 Maria 
 
 Mariner 
 
 Master Henry 
 
 Midas 
 
 Miss Foote 
 
 Polly Green 
 
 Q,ueon Mary 
 
 Red Bill 
 
 Register 
 
 Ripple 
 
 Rover 
 
 Ruffin 
 
 Sally Shannon 
 
 Santa Anna 
 
 Sarah Washington. 
 Sarah Washington. 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 Ten Broeck 
 
 The Colonel 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 Wilton Brown 
 
 Time. 
 
 5 46, 5 54i . . . . 
 
 5 42i 
 
 5 51 
 
 5 44 
 
 5 46 
 
 5 46 
 
 5 38i 
 
 5 39i 
 
 5 46 
 
 5 46, 6 12, 5 51 
 
 , 5 57 
 
 5 43 
 
 5 44i 
 
 5 53 
 
 , 5 59, 5 46 
 
 5 46 
 
 , 5 49, 5 52 
 
 5 52 
 
 6 14, 5 55, 5 50 . . 
 , 5 45, 6 02i, 6 44 
 
 5 55 
 
 5 38i 
 
 5 45 
 
 5 41 
 
 5 40 
 
 5 44 
 
 5 56 
 
 , 5 40, 5 56, 6 01 
 
 5 58 
 
 5 46 
 
 5 48 
 
 5 40, 5 40 
 
 5 48, 5 49 
 
 5 49 
 
 5 47, 5 44, 5 52 . 
 5 48, 5 46, 5 52 . 
 
 , 5 36 
 
 , 5 50, 5 57, 6 01 
 
 , 5 48 
 
 5 45 
 
 5 45 
 
 5 41, 5 49 
 5 54, 5 56 
 
 , 5 46 
 6 05 . 
 
 Course. 
 
 Bardstown,Ky 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Washington, D. C. . 
 
 Frankfort, Ky 
 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Alexandria, D. C. . 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 Broad Rock, Va. . . . 
 Union Course, L. I 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Havana 
 
 Camden, N. J 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 
 Natchez, Miss 
 
 Fredericksburg, Va 
 Lexington, Ky. ... 
 Lexington, Ky. ... 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Memphis, Tenn. . . , 
 fiew Orleans, La. . 
 
 Peoria, HI 
 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 E. Feliciana, La.. . , 
 
 Camden, N. J 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Mobile, Ala 
 
 Columbus, Ga 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio. . . 
 Lexington, Ky. • .. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Louisville, Ky. . . . 
 Lexington, Ky. ... 
 New Orleans, La. . 
 Lexington, Kv- ... 
 
 Pineville, S. C 
 
 Broad Rock, Va. . . . 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Rome, Ga 
 
 Louisville, Ky 
 
 Camden, N. J 
 
 Union Course, L. I 
 Union Course, L. I 
 Alexandria, D. C. . . 
 
 Date. 
 
 Sep. — 
 May 29, 
 June 6, 
 June 3, 
 Sep. 24, 
 Sep. 28, 
 May 19, 
 June 3, 
 May 6, 
 May 26, 
 Apr. 27, 
 Oct. 9, 
 Oct. 15, 
 Mar. 28, 
 Apr. 29, 
 Oct. 29. 
 Oct. 16, 
 Mar. 25, 
 Mar. 17, 
 Ai)r. 25, 
 May 28, 
 Sep. 19, 
 May 20, 
 Dec. 27, 
 Nov. 15, 
 Dec. 23, 
 Oct. 28, 
 Dec. 4, 
 Apr. 26, 
 Mav 21, 
 May 16, 
 May 16, 
 Mar. 10, 
 May 2, 
 Oct. 17, 
 Mav 22, 
 Oct. 20, 
 Oct. 8, 
 Sep. 24, 
 Mar. 22, 
 Sep. 21, 
 Feb. 8, 
 Apr. 21, 
 May 19, 
 Sep. 16, 
 June 2, 
 Nov. 27, 
 June 5, 
 Oct. 5, 
 June 4, 
 
 1842 
 1840 
 1844 
 1841 
 1840 
 1840 
 1842 
 1842 
 1844 
 1843 
 1839 
 1839 
 1841 
 1843 
 1843 
 1841 
 1846 
 1842 
 1843 
 1839 
 1840 
 1843 
 1841 
 1844 
 1843 
 1842 
 1843 
 1846 
 1844 
 1841 
 1839 
 1844 
 1842 
 1839 
 1839 
 1840 
 1842 
 1840 
 1844 
 1844 
 1842 
 1843: 
 1842; 
 
 1842; 
 
 1840 
 
 184-2; 
 1845 
 1840! 
 18421 
 1842 
 
RACING. 
 
 57 
 
 BEST TIME ON RECORD AT FOUR MILE HEATS. 
 
 Nairie. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Course. 
 
 nate» 
 
 Andrewetta 
 
 7 46 
 
 Raleigh N C ... 
 
 Nov. 7, 1839 
 Mar. 23, 1844 
 May 15, 1840 
 May 13, 1842 
 May 6, 1842 
 May 27, 1843 
 Oct. 28, 1841 
 May 10, 1842 
 Oct. 29, 1842 
 Nov. 4, 1842 
 Oct. 20, 1843 
 Oct. 23, 1845 
 May 14, 1846 
 Mar. 29, 1843 
 Sep. 23, 1843 
 Mar. 20, 1841 
 June 24, 1844 
 Apr, 5, 1845 
 Apr. 12, 1845 
 Oct. 21, 1846 
 Dec. 5, 1846 
 Mar. 19, 1842 
 Mar. 26, 1842 
 Sep. 25, 1842 
 Dec. 24, 1842 
 Dec. 11, 1840 
 Jan. 6, 1844 
 May 13, 1845 
 Dec. 11, 1841 
 Mar. 18, 1843 
 Dec. 28, 1844 
 Mar. 17, 1841 
 May 15, 1839 
 
 7 36 ' 7 42 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Union Course, L. I. 
 Washington, D. C. . 
 Union Course, L. I. 
 
 Camden, N. J 
 
 Union Course, L. I. 
 
 Camden, N. J 
 
 Trenton, N. J 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Union Course, L. I. 
 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 St. Louis, Mo 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 Lexington, Ky 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 
 Augusta, Ga 
 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 Union Course, L. I. 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 New Orleans, La. . . 
 Baltimore, Md 
 
 Bandit 
 
 8 02 7 44 
 
 
 8 13, 7 46, 7 58i 
 
 8 01 7 43 
 
 
 
 7 37i, 7 49, 8 24 
 
 7 42, 7 48 
 
 
 
 7 32', 7 45 
 
 
 7 38 7 52^ 
 
 
 7 36 7 49 
 
 
 7 35 1 
 
 
 7 43' 
 
 
 7 36 7 51 
 
 George Martin 
 
 Gre yliead 
 
 7 33 7 43 
 
 7 45' 7 50 
 
 Grey Medoc 
 
 Ia<To 
 
 7 35, 8 19, 7 42, 8 17 ... . 
 7 45 7 58 
 
 Jerry Lancaster 
 
 Jerry Lancaster 
 
 Jerry Lancaster 
 
 Jerry Lancaster 
 
 Jim Bell 
 
 7 43, 7 40 
 
 7 38 8 14 
 
 7 55 7 45 
 
 7 51, 7 43 8 08 
 
 7 37, 7 40 
 
 Miss Foote 
 
 8 02 7 35 
 
 Miss Foote 
 
 7 42, 7 40 
 
 Miss Foote 
 
 7 36i, 7 39, 7 5H 
 
 7 57 7 45 
 
 Omeo'a 
 
 Peytona 
 
 7 45 7 48 
 
 Peytona 
 
 7 3»J, 7 45' 
 
 Reel 
 
 7 40 7 43.t 
 
 Reel 
 
 7 43' 7 41 
 
 Rover 
 
 7 39, 7 39i, 7 51, 8 29 . . . 
 7 45, 7 40 
 
 Sarah Bladen 
 
 Vasliti 
 
 7 53 7 46 8 19 
 
 
 
58 RACING. 
 
 THE ST. LEGER. 
 
 The Doncaster St. Leger (in England pronounced Sellenger,) 
 is the most important stake in Great Britain, amounting to from 
 eighteen to twenty-four thousand dollars, and is run for, annually, 
 by three year old colts and fillies: the former carry 119 pounds, the 
 latter 114. 
 
 With these tables in view, a comparison of the speed of English 
 and American horses can easily be made, having due regard to 
 weight, age, and the distance run. The St. Leger is a race of one 
 straight heat, and the horse has only to do his best for that single run. 
 
 J. S. S. 
 
 The following table will show the reader the distance per second 
 averaged by horses running at any distance : — 
 
 Time of running Distance per second, 
 
 one mile. Yds. Ft. In. 
 
 140 17 1 9| 
 
 141 17 1 3J- 
 
 1 42 17 91. 
 
 1 43 .17 31 
 
 144 16 2 91 
 
 1 45 16 2 3? 
 
 1 46 16 1 9| 
 
 1 47 16 1 4\ 
 
 1 48 16 lOf 
 
 1 49 16 5| 
 
 1 50 16 
 
 151 15 2 6/y 
 
 152 15 2 If 
 
 153 15 1 8j% 
 
 1 54 15 1 3| 
 
 . 155 15 ■ 11 
 
 156 15 6^\ 
 
 1 57 15 If^ 
 
 158 14 2 8|| 
 
 159 14 2 4^\ 
 
 200 14 2 
 
KACING. 59 
 
 AVERAGE SPEED FOR THE DONCASTER ST. LEGER. 
 
 Distance 1 mile 6 furloDgs 132 yards. 
 
 Year. Name of Horse. '^^"^^- Yd^. in a 
 
 M. s. minute. 
 
 1818 Reveller 3 15 988 
 
 1846 Sir Tattoii Sykes 3 16 983 
 
 1838 Don John 3 17 978 
 
 1819 Antonio 3 18 973 
 
 1842 Blue Bonnet 3 19 9G8 
 
 1835 Queen of Trumps 3 20 963 
 
 1836 Elis 3 20 963 
 
 1840 Launcelot 3 20 963 
 
 1843 Nutwith 3 20 963 
 
 1847 VanTromp 3 20 963 
 
 1834 Touchstone 3 22 954 
 
 1841 Satirist 3 22 954 
 
 1837 Mango 3 23 949 
 
 1844 Faugh-a-ballagh 3 23 949 
 
 1823 Barefoot 3 231 948 
 
 1825 Memnon 3 23i 947 
 
 1827 Matilda 3 24 945 
 
 1826 Tarrare 3 25 940 
 
 1839 Charles XII 3 25 940 
 
 1845 The Baron 3 25 940 
 
 1820 St. Patrick 3 26 935 
 
 1822 Theodore 3 26 935 
 
 1824 Jerry 3 29 922 
 
 1810 Octavian 3 30 918 
 
 1812 Otterington 3 31 913 
 
 1833 Rockingham 3 38 884 
 
 Mean speed 3 24 945 
 
 41* 
 
PEDIGREES 
 
 OF 
 
 WINNING HORSES, 
 
 SINCE 1839. 
 Being an Appendix to Mason'^s Farrier. 
 
 A. 
 
 AARON, b, h. by Tennessee Citizen, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 ABBEVILLE, b. h. by Nullifier, dam by Gallatin. 
 
 ABNER HUNTER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
 
 ACALIA, b. m. by Luckless. 
 
 ACHILLES, gr. h. by Boxer. 
 
 ADELA, b. m. by The Colonel, dam [Imp.] Variella by Blacklock. 
 
 ADELAIDE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Napoleon. 
 
 ADELIA, b. m. by Mous. Tonson, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 ADRIAN, eh. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Phenomena, by Sir 
 Archy. 
 
 ADUELLA, ch. m. by [Lnp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess by [/mjs.] Le- 
 viathan. 
 
 .^SOP, ch. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Trumpetta by Mons. Tonson, 
 
 jS^TNA, b. m. by Volcano, dam Rebecca by Palafox. 
 
 AHIRA, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 
 
 AILSEY SCROGGINS, ch. m. by Giles Scroggins, dam by Pirate. 
 
 AJARRAH HARRISON, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Gallatin. 
 
 AJAX, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 A. J. LAWSON, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Kitty Fisher by 
 Gallatin. 
 
 ALAMODE, ch. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 ALARIC, b. h. by Mirabeau, dam by [Imp.] Tranby. 
 
 ALATOONA, b. m. by Argyle, dam Viola by Gallatin. 
 
 ALBION, [Imp.] bl. h. by Cain or Actgeon, dam by Comus or Black- 
 lock. 
 
 ALBORAC, b. h. by Telegraph, dam by Monday. 
 
 ALDERMAN, ch. g. by [Imp.] Langford, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 ALLEGRA, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 ALLEN BROWN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Eagle. 
 
 (60) 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 61 
 
 ALEXANDER CAMPBELL, b. h. by Collier, dam by Kosciusko. 
 ALEXANDER CHURCHILL, b. h. by [Imp.] Zinganee, dam by 
 
 Beitrand. 
 ALICE, b. m. by Conqueror, dam by Wild Medley. 
 
 b. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Rowena by Sumpter. 
 
 ALICE ANN, gr. m. by Director, dam by Gallatin. 
 ALMIRA, gr. m. by Eclipse, dam by Stockholder. 
 ALTORF, b. h. by [^Imp] Fylde, dam by Virginian. 
 ALWILDA, gr. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by John Richards. 
 AMBASSADOR, ch. h. by Plenipotentiary, dam [Imp.] Jenny Mills 
 
 by Whisker. 
 AMELIA, br. m. by Bluster, dam by Messenger. 
 AMERICA, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Democrat. 
 
 . b. m. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam Di Vernon by Florizel. 
 
 AMERICAN CITIZEN, b. h. by Marion, dam by Harwood. 
 
 EAGLE, gr. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Waxy. 
 
 . STAR, ch. h. by Cramp, datn by Pulaski. 
 
 AMY THE ORPHAN, ch. m. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam by Comet. 
 ANDREWANNA, b. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
 ANDRE WETTA, gr. m. by Andrew, dam by Oscar. 
 ANDREW HAMET, b. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam by Trumpator. 
 ANN BARROW, b. m. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Virginian. 
 ANN BELL, ch. m. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
 ANN BLAKE, b. m. by Lance, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
 ANN CALENDAR, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Grand Duchess by 
 
 [Imp.] Gracchus. 
 ANN GILLESPIE, br. m. by McCarty's Henry Clay, dam Susan by 
 
 Sir William. 
 ANN HARROD, ch. m. by Hickory John, dam by King William. 
 ANN HAYES, b. m. by [Mp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacific. 
 ANN INNIS, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam (the dam of Mary Morris) by 
 
 Sumpter. 
 ANN KING, b. m. by [Imp.] Sorrow, dam Lady of the Lake by 
 
 Henry Tonson. 
 ANN STEVENS, ch. m. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam (an imported mare) 
 
 by Muley. 
 ANN STEWART, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Kitty Hunter by Paragon. 
 ANNE ROY ALE, br. m. by Stockholder, dam Alice Lee by Sir 
 
 Henry Tonson. 
 ANTOINETTE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Multiflora by 
 
 Director. 
 ANTIPATOR, ch. h. by Tychicus, dam Club Foot by Napoleon. 
 ANVIL, b. h. by [Imp.] Contract, dam by Eclipse. 
 ARAB, b. h. by Arab, dam by Sir Archy. 
 ARABELLA, b. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 
 ARABIAN MARK, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Sir Charles. 
 ARGENTILE, b. ra. byBertrand, dam Allegrante by [Imp.] Truffle. 
 ARGYLE, br. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Thistle by Ogle's Oscar. 
 ARILLA, gr. m. by OKelly, dam by Medley. 
 AlxKALUKA, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Sally MoGehee, 
 
62 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 AROOSTOOK, h. h. by Wheeling Rodolph, darn by Moses. 
 
 ARRALINE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 ARRAH NEAL, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Martha Wash- 
 ington by Sir Charles. 
 
 ARSENIC, ch m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Mary Farmer by Con- 
 queror. 
 
 ASHLAND, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Jackson by Sumpter. 
 
 ASTOR, b. h. by Ivanhoe, dam Tripit by Mars. 
 
 ATTAKAPAS, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Arab. 
 
 ATTILA LECOMTE, b. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Extant by 
 [Imp.] Leviathan. 
 
 ATLANTIC, b. m. by Blood and Turf, dam Old Fly. 
 
 AUNT PONTYPOOL, ch. m. by Bertrand Junior, dam Gold Finder 
 by Virginius. 
 
 AUSTER, br. h. by Westwind, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan, 
 
 AUTHENTIC, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Timoura by Timo- 
 leon. 
 
 B. 
 
 BALD HORNET, ch. g. by Bald Hornet, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 BALIE PEYTON, b.h. by Andrew, dam (Master Henry's dam) by 
 Eclipse. 
 
 BALTIMORE, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Gohanna. 
 
 BAND BOX, gr. m. by 0"Kelly, dam Lucy Brooks by Bertrand. 
 
 BANDIT, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Virginian. 
 
 BANJO BILL, b.h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam byDarnaby's Diomed. 
 
 BAND OF MUSIC, ch. m. by O Kelly, dam by Oscar. 
 
 BARBARA ALLEN, ch. m. by Collier, dam Lady Jackson by 
 Sumpter. 
 
 BASSINGER, bl. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Randolph's Roanoke. 
 
 BAY WOOD, b. h. by Editor, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 BEACON LIGHT, ch. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess by [Imp.'] 
 Leviathan, 
 
 BEATRICE OF FERRARA, m. by Stockholder, dam by Duroc. 
 
 BEAU-CATCHER, ch. m. by Leopold, dam Cranberry. 
 
 BEE'S-WING, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Black Sophia by 
 Topgallant. 
 
 BELFIELD, b. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam [Imp.] Bustle by Whale- 
 bone. 
 
 BELLISSIMA, b. m. by [Imp.] Belshazzar, dam Wingfoot by Rat- 
 tler. 
 
 BELLE OF WINCHESTER, ch. m, by Stockholder, dam by Sir 
 Archy. 
 
 . , ch. m. by [Imp.] Shakspeare, dam 
 
 Cado by Sir Archy. 
 
 BELLE TAYLOR, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 BEN BARKLEY, b. h. by Push Pin, dam Miss Wakefield by Sir 
 Hal. 
 
 BEN BUSTER, b. h. by Cherokee, dam by Whip. 
 BEN FRANKLIN, ch. h. by Flagellator, dam Medora by Eclipse. 
 . ■ ■■■■■ ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Franklin Beauty. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 63 
 
 BEN FRANKLIN, cb. h. by [Imp ] Leviatban, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 BENDIGO, gr. h. by Timoleon, dam by Sir Cbarles. 
 
 • b. h. by Medoc, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 BENGAL, ch. h. by Gobanna, dam Sportsmistress (or Gulnare) by 
 Dnroc. 
 
 BERENICE, cb. m. by Skylark, dam Kathleen by [Imp.] Leviathan. 
 
 BETA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Kosciusko. 
 
 BETHESDA, b. m. by Pacific, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
 
 BETHUNE, br. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam Susette by Aratus. 
 
 BETSEY COLEMAN, ch. m, by Goliah, dam Melinda. 
 
 BETSEY COODEY, ch.m.hy [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 BETSEY HUNTER, ch. m. by Sir Clinton, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
 BETSEY LAUDERDALE, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir 
 Richard. 
 
 BETSEY MILLER, gr. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Jane Shore 
 by Oscar. 
 
 BETSEY RED, ch. m. by Red Rover, dam Betsey West by [Imp.] 
 Buzzard. 
 
 BETSEY SHELTON, b. m. by Jackson, dam Harriet Haxall by Sir 
 Hah 
 
 BETSEY WATSON, br. m. by Jefferson, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
 
 BETSEY WHITE, ch. m. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 BIG ALECK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 
 
 BIG ELLEN, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Old Whip. 
 
 BIG JOHN, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
 BIG NANCY, ch. m. by Jackson, dam by Gallatin. 
 
 BILLY AYNESWORTH, ch. h. by Traveller, dam Helen by Timo- 
 leon. 
 
 BILLY BLACK, b. h. by Volcano. 
 
 BILLY BOWIE, b. h. by Drone, dam Agility by Sir James. 
 
 BILLY GAY, b.' h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Mary Francis by Di- 
 rector. 
 
 BILLY TONSON, gr. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Cherokee. 
 
 BILLY TOWNES, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Virginian. 
 
 BILLY WALKER, ch.h. by [Imp.] Valparaiso, dam by Sir Richard. 
 
 BILLET, ch. h. by Mingo, dam by Mambrino. 
 
 BILOXE, ch. h. by Dick Chinn, dam Extio by [Imp.] Leviathan. 
 
 BLACK BOY, bl. h. by [Imp.] Chateau Margaux, dam by [Imp.] 
 Chance. 
 
 bl. h. by [Imp.] Chateau Margaux, dam Lady Mayo 
 
 by Van Tromp. 
 
 BLACK DICK, bl. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Pamunky. 
 
 BLACK FOOT, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, bl. h. by Industry. 
 
 . bl. h. by Mucklejohn. 
 
 BLACK JACK, bl. h. by Tom Fletcher, dam by Baronet. 
 
 BLACK LOCUST, bl. h. by [Lnp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 BLACK NOSE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lucy by Orphan. 
 
 BLACK PRINCE, bl. h. by limp.] Fylde, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 
 25 
 
64 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 BLACK RABBIT, bl.h. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam (Fair Ellen's dam) 
 
 by Virginius. 
 BLACK ROSE, bl. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Arab. 
 BLAZING STAR, b. h. by Henry, dam by Eclipse. 
 BLOODY NATHAN, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
 BLOOMFIELD RIDLEY, b. h. by Bell-Air, dam Cedar Snags. 
 BLOOMSBURY, ch. m. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Giles Scroggins. 
 BLUE BONNET, gr. m. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Grey Fanny by 
 
 Bertrand. 
 BLUE DICK, gr. h. by [Imp.] Margrave, dam by Lance. 
 BLUE JliM, ch. h. by Mucldejohn. 
 BLUE SKIN, h. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 
 BOB BUSH, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Bertrand. 
 BOB LETCHER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 
 BOB LOGIC, br. h. by [/?«j9.] Langford, dam by Mambrino. 
 BOB RUCKER, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Charles. 
 BOIS D'ARC, ch. h, by Eclipse, dam Hortensia by Contention. 
 BONNY BLACK, bl. m. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam Helen Mar by 
 
 Rattler. 
 BORAC, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Bagdad. 
 BOSTON, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam (Robin Brown's dam) by Ball's 
 
 Florizel. 
 BOSTON FILLY, m. by Boston, dam by [Imp.] Priam. 
 BOWDARK, b. h. by Anvil, dam by Bagdad. 
 BOXER, b. h. by Mingo, dam by Eclipse. 
 BOYD M'NAIRY, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Morgiana by 
 
 Pacolet. 
 BRACELET, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam [Jwj?.] Trinket. 
 BREAN, ch. h. by Goliah.. 
 
 BRILLIANT, b. h. by Sidi Hamet, dam Miss Lancess by Lance. 
 BRITANNIA, [Imp.] b. m. by Actseon, dam by Scandal. 
 BROCKLESBY, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Roanoke. 
 BROKER, b. h. by [/«»/).] Rovvton, dam Jane Bertrand by Bertrand. 
 BROTHER TO HORNBLOWER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam 
 
 Music bv John Richards. 
 BROTHER TO PEYTONA, ch. h. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam Giantess 
 
 by [Imp.] Levfathan. 
 BROTHER TO VICTOR, b. h. by [hnp.] Cetus, dam [Imp.] My 
 
 Lady by Comus. 
 BROWN ELK, b. h. by Buck Elk, dam by Whip. 
 BROWN GAL, br. m* by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
 BROWN KITTY, br. m. by Birmingham, dam by Tiger" 
 BROWN LOCK, br. h. by Pacific, dam by Sir Hal. 
 BROWN STOUT, br. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Feathers by Mons. 
 
 Ton son. 
 BROWNLOW, br. h. by [Imp.] Merman, dam (Glenare's dam) by 
 
 [Imp.] Leviathan. 
 BRUCE, ch. h. by [Imp.] Nonplus, dam Lamballe by Kosciusko. 
 BUBB, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Whig. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 65 
 
 BUCK-EYE, b. h. by Critic, dam Ann Page by Ogle's Oscar. 
 
 ■ b. h. by Lafayette Stockholder, dam Old Squaw by In.' 
 
 dian. 
 ' BELLE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter, 
 
 LAD, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by a Son of Spread Ea 
 
 gle. 
 BUCK RABBIT, b. h. by [frnp.] Nonplus, dam (Fair Ellen's dam) 
 
 by Virginius. 
 BULGER BROWN, b. h. by Lance, dam by Jenkins' Sir William: 
 BUNKUM, ch. g. by Hyazim, dam by Gallatin. 
 BURLEIGH, b. h. by Sir Archie Montorio, dam Mary Lee by Con 
 
 tention. 
 BUSTAMENTE, ch. h. by Whalebone, dam Sarah Dancy by Timo- 
 
 leon. 
 BUZ FUZ, gr. h. by Medley, dam by [Imp.] Luzborough. 
 
 C. 
 
 CADMUS, b. h. by Cadmus. 
 
 CALANTHE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Jackson. 
 
 CALANTHE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 CAMANCHE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Rattler. 
 
 CAMDEN, br. h. by Shark, dam [Imp.] Invalid by Whisker. 
 
 CAMEO, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam by Buzzard. 
 
 CAMEL, ch. h. by Birmingham, dam by Whip or Sumpter. 
 
 CAMILLA, br. m. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam (Picayune's dam) by Sir 
 William of Transport. 
 
 CAPTAIN BURTON, br. h. by Cherokee, dam by Green Oak. 
 
 CAPTAIN M'HEATH, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey 
 by [Imp.] Boaster. 
 
 CAPTAIN THOMAS HOSKINS, b. h. by [Imp.] Autocrat, dam by 
 Tom Tough. 
 
 CAPTAIN (The) b. h. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam Ophelia by Wild 
 Medlev. 
 
 CAPTAIN WHITE EYE, bl. h. by Chifney, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 CAROLINE MALONE, (Col. Thomas Watson's), ch. ra. by [Imp.] 
 Leviathan, dam Proser[)ine by Oscar. 
 
 (Col. J. C. Guild's), b. m. by [Imp.] Levia- 
 than, dam by Sir Richard. 
 
 (Col. Thomas Watson's), b. m. by [Imp.] Le- 
 
 viathan, dam by Jerry. 
 CASHIER, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
 CASKET, b. m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam by Constitution. 
 CASETTA CHIEF, ch. h. by Andrew, dam by Wildair. 
 CASSANDRA, b. m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Flirtilla Jr. by Sir Archy. 
 CASTIANIRA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 CATALPA, b. m. by Frank, dam by John Richards. 
 CATARACT, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by John Richards. 
 CATHERINE, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Black-eyed Susan by Tiger. 
 CATHERINE FEN WICK, gr. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Saxe- 
 
 Weimar. 
 
66 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 CATHERINE RECTOR, ch. m. by Pacific, dam Mary Tonson. 
 
 CAVALIER SERVANTE, gr. h. by Bertrand, dam by Andrew. 
 
 CEDRIC, b. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Countess Plater by Virginian. 
 
 CELERITY, ch.m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Patty Puff by Pacolet 
 
 CHAMPAGNE, b. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 CHARLES, b. h. by [^Imp.] Rowton, dam Leocadia. 
 
 CHARLES ARCHY, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Eclipse. 
 
 CHARLES MALCOLM, ch. h. by Malcolm, dam by Albert Gallatin. 
 
 CHARLEY ANDERSON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Mercury. 
 
 CHARLEY FOX, b. h. by Waxy, dam by Buckner's Leviathan. 
 
 CHARLEY NAYLOR, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 
 
 CHARLOTTE BARNES, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 CHARLOTTE CLAIBORNE, b. m. by Havoc, dam by Conqueror. 
 
 CHARLOTTE HILL, b. m. by Hephestion, dam by Cook's Whip. 
 
 CHARITY GIBSON, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 CHATEAU, [Imp.] b. m. by Chateau Margaux, dam Cuirass by 
 Oiseau. 
 
 CHEMISETTE, b. m. by [Imp.] Glencoe, dam by Arab. 
 
 CHEROKEE MAID, gr. m. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 
 
 CHESAPEAKE, b. or br. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Thaddeus. 
 
 CHICOMAH, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam White Feather by 
 Conqueror. 
 
 CHICOPA, ch. m. by Tuscahoma, dam Fortuna by Pacolet. 
 
 CHIEFTAIN, b. h. by Godolphin, dam Young Lottery by Sir Archy. 
 
 CHOTAUK, br. h. by Pamunky, dam by Arab. 
 
 CHURCHILL, b. h. by [Imp.] Zinganee, dam by Buzzard. 
 
 CINDERELLA, b. m. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 
 
 CLARA BOARDMAN, b. m. by [Imp.] Consol, dam Sally Bell by 
 Sir Archy. 
 
 CLARION, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 
 
 CLARISSA, ch. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam (Clarion's dam) by 
 Ogle's Oscar. 
 
 CLEAR THE TRACK, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam. by Stock- 
 holder. 
 
 CLEOPATRA, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 CLEVELAND, gr. h. by [Inip.] Emancipation, dam by [Imp.] Levia- 
 than. 
 
 COAL BLACK ROSE, bl. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Arab. 
 
 COLUMBUS, Junior, b. h. by Columbus, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 COMPROMISE, b. m. by Nullifier, dam by Anti-Tariff. 
 
 CONCHITA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey by [Imp.'] 
 Boaster. 
 
 CONSOL, Junior, br. h. by [Imp."] Consol, dam [Imp.] The Nun's 
 Daughter by Filho da Puta. 
 
 CORA, {^Imp.'] ch. m. by Muley Moloch, dam by Champion. 
 
 CORA MUNRO, ch. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Crusher. 
 
 CORDELIA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
 CORK, b. h. by ^Imp.] Leviathan, dam Caledonia by Jeny. 
 CORNELIA, b. m. by Skylark, dam by Arab. 
 CORONATION, ch. h. by Laplander, dam by Oscar, 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 67 
 
 COTTON PLANT, gr. m. by Bertrand, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 COWBOY, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Virginian. 
 
 CRACKAWAY, ch. h. by Marmaduke. 
 
 CRACOVIENNE, gr. m. by limp.] Glencoe, dam [Imp.] Gallopade 
 by Catton. 
 
 CREATH, b. h. by limp.] Tranby, dam by Sir Archy Montorio. 
 
 CRICHTON, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Phenomenon. 
 
 CRIPPLE, gr. m. by [Imp.] Philip, dam (Gamma's dam) by Sir Ri- 
 chard. 
 
 CROCKETT, b. h. by Crockett, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 CROTON, gr. h. by Chorister, dam by Mucklejohn. 
 
 CRUCIFIX, ch. ra. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Virginia by Sir Archy. 
 
 CUB, ch. m, by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 CUMBERLAND, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir William. 
 
 CURCULIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 CZARINA, gr. m. by [Imp.] Autocrat, dam Aurora by Arab. 
 
 D. 
 
 DANDRIDGE, b. h. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam by Walnut or La- 
 fayette. 
 
 DAN MARBLE, ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam (a sister to West Flo- 
 rida's dam) by Potomac. 
 
 DAN M'INTYRE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 DAN TUCKER, ch. h. by [Imp.] Belshazzar, dam by Pulaski. 
 
 DANIEL BUCK, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Pacolet. . 
 
 DARIUS, b. h. by Orphan Boy, dam by Cumberland. 
 
 DARKNESS, bl. m. by Wagner, dam (Sally Shannon's dam) by Sir 
 Richard. 
 
 DARNLEY, ch. h. by John Richards, dam Lady Gray by Sir Richard. 
 
 DART, b. h. by [Imp.] Doncaster, dam Jane Gray by Orphan Boy. 
 
 DAVE PATTON, ch. h. by Sumpter, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
 DAVID FYLDE, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam by Clay's Sir William. 
 
 DAY DREAM, br. m. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 DAYTON, ch. h. by Tormentor, dam by Tuckahoe. 
 
 DECATUR, ch. h. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 
 
 DECEPTION, b. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan. 
 
 DE LATTRE, br. h. by [Imp.] Consol, dam [Imp.] Design by Tramp. 
 
 DELAWARE, b. h. by Mingo, dam by John Richards. 
 
 DELPHINE, ch. m, by Sumpter. 
 
 DEMOCRAT, ch. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Eagle. 
 
 DENMARK, br. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Betsey Harrison by 
 Aratus. 
 
 DENIZEN, [Imp.] b. h. by Actaeon, dam Design by Tramp. 
 
 DEVIL JACK, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Lady Burton by 
 Timoleon. 
 
 DIANA CROW, bl. m. by Mark Antony, dam by Botts' Lafayette. 
 
 DIANA SYNTAX, br. m. by Doctor Syntax, dam [Imp.] Diana by 
 Catton. 
 
 DICK COLLIER, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Whip. 
 
 DICK MENIFEE, br. h. by Lance, dam by Sir William of Transport. 
 25 * 42 
 
68 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 DOCTOR DUDLEY, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Robin Gray. 
 
 DOCTOR DUNCAN, ch. h. by Cadmus, dam bv Old Court. 
 
 DOCTOR FRANKLIN, ch. h. by Frank, dam Althea by Big Archy. 
 
 DOCTOR WILSON, ch. h. by John Bascombe, dam Bolivia by Bo- 
 livar. 
 
 DOLLY DIXON, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam Sally House by Vir- 
 ginian. 
 
 DOLLY MILAM, b. m. by [Imp.'] Sarpedon, dam by Eclipse. 
 
 DONCASTER, [Imp.-] bl. h. by Longwaist, dam by Muley. 
 
 DONNA VIOLA, b. m. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam (Jack. Downing's 
 dam) by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 DUANNA, gr. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Goodloe Washington by 
 Washington. 
 
 DUBLIN, gr. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Jerry. 
 
 DUCKIE, b. m. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Mary Jones by Kosciusko. 
 
 DUKE SUMNER, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 
 
 DUNGANNON, b. h. by Mingo, dam by John Stanley. 
 
 DUNVEGAN, b. h. by [Imp.] Trustee, dam Jemima by Rattler. 
 
 E. 
 
 EARL OF MARGRAVE, b. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam Duchess 
 of Marlborough by Sir Archy. 
 
 ECLIPTIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam (Rodolph's dam) by Moses. 
 
 EDISTA, b. h. by [Imp.] Rowton, dam Empress. 
 
 EDWARD EAGLE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Director. 
 
 EFFIE, b. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 EL BOLERO, br. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Leviathan. 
 
 EL FURIOSO, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Rattlesnake by Ber- 
 trand. 
 
 ELIAS RECTOR, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Kate Blair. 
 
 ELI ODOM, br. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Chuckfahila by Ber- 
 trand. 
 
 ELIZA CULVERT (or Calvert), ch. m. by Cymon, dam Lady Sum- 
 ner by Shawnee. 
 
 ELIZA HUGHES, b. m. by Marmion, dam by Whip. 
 
 ELIZA JANE, b. m. by [Imp.] Monarch, dam Big Jinny by Rattler. 
 
 ELIZA ROSS, b. m. by Marmion, dam by Tiger or Whip (or Tiger 
 Whip). 
 
 ELIZABETH GREATHOUSE, b. m. by Masaniello, dam by Waxy. 
 
 ELIZABETH JONES, m. by Pacific, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 ELLA, ch. m. by Young Virginian, dam by Harwood. 
 
 ELLEN HUTCHINSON, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Ber- 
 trand. 
 
 ELLEN CARNELL, ch. m. by [Imp] Belshazzar, dam by [Imp.] 
 Leviathan. 
 
 ELLEN JORDAN, b. m. by (Imp.) Jordan, dam Ellen Tree by 
 Henry. 
 
 ELLEN PERCY, ch. m. by Godolphin, dam by (Imp.) Bedford. 
 
 ch. m. by Godolphin, dam by Financier. 
 
 ELLEN WALKER, b. m. by (Imp.) Consol, dam (Imp.) Plenty by 
 Emilius. 
 
 ELLISIF, b. m. by PlatofF, dam by Mucklejohn. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 69 
 
 ELLIPTIC, ch, h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Amanda by Revenge. 
 
 ELOISE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Mary Wasp by Doa 
 Quixotte. 
 
 ELVIRA, ch. m. by Red Gauntlet, dam by Rob Roy. 
 
 EMERALD, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Eliza by Ru- 
 bens. 
 
 EMIGRANT, gr. h. by Cadet, dam by {Imp.) Contract. 
 
 EMILY, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Spider by Almanzar. 
 
 br. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Tom Tough. 
 
 {Imp.) b. m. by Emilius, dam Elizabeth by Rainbow. 
 
 EMILY SPEED, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
 EMMET, b. h. by Bertrand. dam by Gallatin. 
 ESMERALDA, b. m. by Pressure, dam by Murat. 
 
 ESPER SYKES, {Imp.) br. h. by Belshazzar, dam Capsicum by 
 Emilius. 
 
 ESTA, gr. m. by Bolivar, dam by {Imp.) Barefoot. 
 
 ESTHER WAKE, gr. ra. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Stock- 
 holder. 
 
 ETHIOPIA, bl. m. by Dashall, dam by {Imp.) Expedition. 
 
 EUDORA, br. m. by Jefferson, dam by Oscar. 
 
 EUCLID, br. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 EUTAW, b. h. by {Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 EVERGREEN, ch. m. by Wild Bill, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 EXTIO, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Refugee by Wan- 
 derer. 
 
 F. 
 
 FANCY, br. m. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 FANDANGO, gr. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Gallopade 
 by Catton. 
 
 FANNY, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam Maria West by Marion. 
 
 (J. Guildersleeve's), bl. m. by Sidi Hamet, dam by Sump- 
 
 ter. 
 
 (Joseph Alston's), b. m. by Woodpecker, dam Fan by 
 
 Trumpator. 
 
 FANNY BAILEY, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 FANNY FORESTER, b. m. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam by In- 
 dustry. 
 
 FANNY GREEN, b. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Betsey Archy by 
 Sir Archy. 
 
 FANNY KING, b. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Mary Smith by Sir 
 Richard. 
 
 FANNY LIGHTFOOT, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 FANNY ROBERTSON, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Arietta by Vir- 
 ginian. 
 
 FANNY STRONG, ch. m. by '{Imp.) Leviathan, dam Sally Bell by 
 Sir Archy. 
 
 FANNY WYATT, ch. m. by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Hal. 
 
 FANTAIL, ch. m. by W^axy, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 FAIRLY FAIR, ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Peter Teazle. 
 
 FAITH, b. m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Painter by Lance. 
 
 FASHION, ch. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Bonnets 0' Blue by Sir 
 Charles. 
 
70 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 FEATHERS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam (George Kendall's 
 
 dam) by Stockholder. 
 FESTIVITY, b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Magnolia by Mons. 
 
 Tonson. 
 FIAT, b. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Lady Tompkins by Eclipse. 
 FIFER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John Richards. 
 FILE-LEADER, ch. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam Saluda by Timo- 
 
 leon. 
 FINANCE, b. m. by Davy Crocket, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
 FLASH, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 
 FLAXINELLA, gr. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
 FLEETFOOT, gr. m. by (/mjtj.) Barefoot, dam Dove by Duroc. 
 FLETA (James L. French's) br. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by 
 
 Rasselas. 
 ' (G. B. Williams's), ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Clay's 
 
 Sir William. 
 FLIGHT, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 
 FLORA HUNTER, gr. m. by Sir Charles, dam by Duroc. 
 FORDHAM, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Janette by Sir Archy. 
 FORTUNATUS, ch. h. by Carolinian, dam by Sir Charles. 
 FORTUNE, b. m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam by Maryland Eclipse. 
 FRANCES AMANDA, ch. m. by Pennoyer, dam Sally McGrath. 
 FRANCES TYRREL, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Rockingham. 
 FRED KAYE, b. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Moses. 
 FRESHET, ch. m. by Tom Fletcher, dam Caroline (or Catherine) 
 
 by Pacific. 
 FREE JACK, br. h. by {Imjy.) Luzborough, dam {Imp.) Tinsel by 
 
 Napoleon. 
 FROSTY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Martha Hollo way by Rattler. 
 FURY, bl. m. by Terror, dam by Smith's Bedford. 
 ■ (Col. Wade Hampton's), ch. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam {Imp.) 
 
 sister to Ainderby by Velocipede. 
 
 G. 
 
 GABRIEL, ch. h. by Napoleon, dam Harpalyce by Collier. 
 GALANTHA, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Jackson. 
 GAMMA, gr. m. by Pacific, dam (Melzare's dam) by Sir Richard. 
 GANO, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by Sir Archy. 
 GARRICK, gr. h. by {Imp.) Shakspeare, dam by Eaton's Columbus. 
 GARTER, b. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Trumpator. 
 GAS-LIGHT, br. h. by {Imp.) Merman, dam by Mercury. 
 GAZAN, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam Directress by Director. 
 GENERAL DEBUYS, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) 
 
 Nanny Kilham by Voltaire. 
 GENERAL RESULT, b. h. by {Lnp.) Consol, dam by Timoleon. 
 GENEVA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Arab. 
 GEORGE BURBRIDGE, b. h. by {Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam by 
 
 Mons. Tonson. 
 GEORGE ELLIOTT, br. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Lawrence. 
 GEORGE LIGHTFOOT, b. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam Mary 
 
 Logan by Arab. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 71 
 
 GEORGE MARTIN, b. h. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam Gabriella 
 by Sir Archy. 
 
 GEORGE W. KENDALL, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Jenny Devers by- 
 Stock holder. 
 
 GEROW, ch. h. by Henry, dam Vixen by Eclipse. 
 
 GERTRUDE, b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parasol by Napoleon. 
 
 GIFT, ch. rn. by Dick Chinn, dam Milch Cow. 
 
 GIPSEY, b. m. by Nullifier, dam by Anti-Tariff. 
 
 GLENARA, b. h. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Nell Gwynne by Tramp. 
 
 (Davis & Ragland's,) ch. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam 
 
 Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 
 
 (Dr. Thos. Payne's,) b. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam 
 
 Jane Shore by Sir Archy. 
 
 GLIDER, ch. h. by (Imp.) Valparaiso, dam by Clifton. 
 
 GLIMPSE, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 
 
 GLORVINA, ch. m. by Industry, dam by Bay Richmond. 
 
 GLOVER ANN, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Bolivar. 
 
 GOLD EAGLE, ch. h. by Grey Eagle, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir 
 William. 
 
 GOLD FRINGE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Gold Wire. 
 
 GONE AWAY, b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Virginian. 
 
 GOSPORT, br. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam Miss Valentine by {Imp.) 
 Valentine. 
 
 GOVERNOR BARBOUR, b. h. by {Imp.) Truffle, dam by Holmes' 
 Vampire. 
 
 GOVERNOR BUTLER, ch. h. by Argyle, dam Mary Frances by 
 Director. 
 
 GOVERNOR CLARK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Old Court. 
 
 GOVERNOR POINDEXTER, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Eliza 
 Clay (the dam of Giantess,) by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 GRACE DARLING, ch. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, da^n Celeste by 
 Henry. 
 
 GRAMPUS, b. h. by {Imp.) Whale, dam by Tiraoleon. 
 
 br. h. by Shark, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 GRATTAN, b. h. by {Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Flora by Mary- 
 land Eclipse. 
 
 GREY ELLA, (A. G. Reed,) gr. m. by Big Archy, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 (A. G. Reed,) gr. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 
 
 GREY FRANK, gr. h. by Frank, dam by Buzzard. 
 
 GREY-HEAD, (J. L. Bradley's,) b. h. by Chorister, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 (J L. Bradley's,) b. h. by Chorister, dam by Muckle- 
 
 john. 
 GREY MARY, gr. m. by Ben. Sutton, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 GREY MEDOC, gr. h. by Medoc, dam Grey Fanny by Bertrand. 
 GREY MOMUS, gr. h. by Hard Luck, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
 GUINEA-COCK, br. h. by Merlin, dam by Grey-tail Florizel. 
 GULNARE, b. rn. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Sir William of 
 
 Transport. 
 GUSTAVUS, b. h. by Sussex, dam by Thornton's Rattler. 
 GUY OF WARWICK, ch. h. by Frank, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
 42 « 
 
72 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 H. 
 
 HANNAH HARRIS, b. m. by Bertram!, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet. 
 
 HANNIBAL, b. h. by OKelly, dain Roxana by Sir Charles. 
 
 HA'-PENNY, b. m. by Birmingham, dam Picayune by Medoc. 
 
 HARDENED SINNER, b. h. by (Imp.) Philip, dam by (Imp.) 
 Bhister. 
 
 HARD CIDER, b. li. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 HARK-AWAY, ch. h. by Emilius, dam (Imp.) Trapes. 
 
 HARPALYCE, ch. m. by Collier, dam by Sea-Serpent. 
 
 HARRIET, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Shylock. 
 
 HARRY BLUFF, bl. h. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Pakenham. 
 
 HARRY CARGILL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam (Lnp.) Flo- 
 rentine by Whisker. 
 
 HARRY HILL, b. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam (Imp.) Anna 
 Maria by Trutile. 
 
 HARRY WHITEMAN, ch. h. by Orphan Boy, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 HAWK-EYE, ch. h. by Sir Lovell, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 HEAD 'EM, b, h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Itasca by Eclipse. 
 
 HEALER, ch. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy of 
 Transport. 
 
 HEBE, ch. m. by Collier, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 HECTOR BELL, gr. h. by Drone, dam Mary Randolph by Gohanna. 
 
 HEIRESS, (THE) ch. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam by Henry. 
 
 HELEN, (Imp.) b. m. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Malibran by Rubens. 
 
 HENRY A. WISE, br. h. by Dashall, dam by Hickory. 
 
 HENRY CLAY, br. h. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Virginian. 
 
 HENRY CROWELL, b. h. by Bertrand Junior, dam sister to Muckle- 
 john Junior. 
 
 HERALD, ch. h. by Plenipotentiary, dam (Imp.) Delphine by 
 Whisker. 
 
 HERMIONE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Non Plus, dam Leocadia by Virginian. 
 
 HERO, ch. h. by Bertrand .Tunior, dam (Imp.) Mania by Figaro. 
 
 HIT-OR-MfSS, b. m. by (Imp.) Somonocodrom, dam (Imp.) Baya- 
 dere. [These horses are owned in Canada.] 
 
 HOOSIER-GIRL, ch. m. by (Imp.) Langford. 
 
 HOPE, ch. h. by the Ace of Diamonds, dam (The Captain's dam,) 
 by Oscar. 
 
 HORNBLOWER, br. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John 
 Richards. 
 
 HOURI, (Imp.) ch. m. by Langar, dam Annot Lyle by Ashton. 
 
 HUGUENOT, ch. h. by Convention, dam (Imp.) Marigold. 
 
 HUMMING-BIRD, br. m. by Industry, dam Virginia by Thornton's 
 Rattler. 
 
 HUNTSMAN, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 HYDE PARK, ch. h. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam Saluda by Timoleon. 
 
 I. 
 
 lAGO, bl. h. by Othello, dam (Sartin's dam,) by Timoleon. 
 ICELAND, ch. h. by Medoc, datn Lady Jackson by Sumpter. 
 ILLINOIS, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Bertrand. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 73 
 
 IOWA, ch. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam {Imp.) Woodbine. 
 
 IRENE, ro. m. by Printer, dam McKinney's Roan. 
 
 ISEE TURNER, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 ISIDORA, b. m. by {Imp.) Blacklock. 
 
 ISOLA, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Susette. 
 
 J. 
 
 JACK DOWNING, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
 JACK PENDLETON, ch. h. by Goliah, dam (Pliilip's dam,) by Tra- 
 falgar. 
 JACK WALKER, ch. h. by Cymon, dam by {Imp ) Luzborough. 
 JAMES ALLEN, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Donna Maria by 
 
 Sir Hal. 
 JAMES CROWELL, br. h. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Charles. 
 JAMES JACKSON, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parasol by 
 
 Tiger. 
 JAMES F. ROBINSON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Potomac. 
 JAMES K. POLK, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Oleana by Tele. 
 
 graph. 
 
 .. b. h. by Telegraph, dam by Buzzard. 
 
 ch. h. by Buck-eye, dum by Medoc. 
 
 JANE ADAMS, b. m. by {Iwp.) Tranby. 
 
 JANE FRANCIS, b. m. by Granby, dam by Tecumseh. 
 
 JANE MITCHELL, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 
 
 JANE ROGflRS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 JANE SMITH, b. m. by John Dawson, dnm by Pacolet. 
 
 JANE SPLANE, gr. m. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Helen McGregor 
 
 by Mercury. 
 JEANETTE BERKELEY, ch. m. by Bertrand jr., dam Carolina by 
 
 Young Buzzard. 
 JEANNETTON, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 JENNY-ARE- YOU-THERE, ro. m. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam by 
 
 Potomac. 
 JENNY RICHMOND, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 JENNY ROBERTSON, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by IMarcus. 
 JEROME, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir Charles. 
 JERRY, gr. h. by Jerry, dam by Blackburn's Sir William. 
 JERRY LANCASTER, ch. g. by Mark Moore, dam Maid of Warsaw 
 
 by Gohanna. 
 JIM BELL, b. h. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
 JIM ROCK, ch. h. by Young Eclipse, dam by Potomac. 
 JOB, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Jemima by Rattler. 
 JOE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sir Areiiy Montorio. 
 JOE ALLEN, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Charles. 
 JOE CHALMERS, ch. h. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Rachel by 
 
 Partisan (or Whalebone). 
 JOE DAVIS, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Virginia Washington by Saxe 
 
 Weimar. 
 JOE GATES, ch. h. by Marlborough, dam by Eclipse. 
 JOE MURRAY, br. h. by Waxy, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 JOE STURGES, ch. h. by John Bascombe, dam by Thomas's Sir 
 
 Andrew. 
 JOE WINFIELD, b. h. by John Dawson, dam Sally Dillard. 
 
74 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 JOHN ANDERSON, b. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Bagdad. 
 ch. h. by Cadmus, dam (Kate Anderson's dam,) 
 
 by (Imp.) Eagle. 
 JOHN ARCHY, ch. h. by John Richards, dam by Old Whip. 
 JO[^N BELL, b. h. by Shark, dam Kate Kearney. 
 JOHN BENTON, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
 JOHN BLEVINS, ch. h. by The Cobnel, dam (hnp.) Trinket. 
 JOHN B. JONES, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Director. 
 JOHN BLUNT, b. h. by Marion, dam (Mary Blunt's dam,) by Alfred. 
 JOHN CAUSIN, b. h. by {Imp.) Zinganee, dam Attaway by Sir 
 
 James. 
 JOHN C. STEVENS, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 JOHN DUNKIN, b. h. by Mucklejohn, dam Coquette. 
 JOHN FRANCIS, ch. h. by Francis Marion, dam Mary Doubleday by 
 
 Sir Henry. 
 JOHN HAMPDEN, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Director. 
 JOHN HUNTER, b. h. by Shark, dam Coquette by Sir Archy. 
 JOHN KIRKMAN, ch. h. by Birmingham, dam by Sir Henry Tonson. 
 JOHN LEMON, ch. h. by Uncas, dam by Oscar. 
 JOHN MALONE, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Proserpine by 
 
 Tennessee Oscar. 
 JOHN MARSHALL, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Lady Bass 
 
 by Conqueror. 
 JOHN R. GRYMES, gr. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Alice Grey by 
 
 Pacolet. 
 — (Col. A. L. Bingaman's,) gr. h. by {Imp.) Levia- 
 than, dam Fanny Jarman by Mercury. 
 JOHN ROSS, bl. h. by Waxy, dam by Topgallant. 
 
 . ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Oscar. 
 
 JOHN VALIANT, bl. h. by Valiant, dam by King's Archer. 
 JOHN YOUNG, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Trumpator. 
 JOHNSON, br. h. by Star, dam Vanity by Grigsby's Potomac. 
 JOSHUA BELL, ch. h. by Frank, dam Jonquil by Little John. 
 JOYCE ALLEN, b. m. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam Leannah by 
 
 Seagull. 
 JULIA, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Roscius. 
 JULIA BURTON, ch. ni. by Gohanna, dam by Tom Tough. 
 JULIA DAVIE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Row^ton, dam by Kosciusko. 
 JULIA FISHER, ro, ni. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Polly Bellew by 
 
 Timoleon. 
 JULIUS, ch, h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Jackson. 
 JUMPER, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam Diana Vernon by Herod. 
 
 K. 
 
 KANAWA, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 
 
 KATE, b. f. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Shepherdess by Apollo. 
 
 KATE ANDERSON, b. m. by Columbus, dam Eaglet by [Imp.) 
 
 Eagle. 
 KATE AUBREY, gr. m. by Eclipse, dam Grey Fanny by Be-.trand. 
 KATE CONVERSE, b. m. by {Imp.) Non Plus, dam Daisy by 
 
 Kosciusko. 
 KATE COY, b. m. by Critic, dam Nancy Bone by Sussex. 
 KATE HAUN, br. m. by Stockholder, dam by Timoleon. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 75 
 
 KATE LUCKETT, b. m. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Shepherdess by 
 Apollo. 
 
 KATE NICKLEBY, br. m. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam by Teniers. 
 
 — b. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by {Imp.) Levia- 
 than. 
 
 KATE SEYTON, br. m. by Argyle, dam Pocahontas by Sir Archy. 
 
 KATE SHELBY, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Maria Shelby by 
 Stockholder. 
 
 KAVx\NAGH, b. or ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Director. 
 
 KEWANNA, b. m. by {Imp.) Cetus, dam {Im,p.) My Lady by Comus. 
 
 KITTY HARRIS, gr. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Ninon de i'Enclos by 
 Rattler. 
 
 KITTY THOMPSON, gr. m. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam Ninon de 
 I'Enclos by Rattler. 
 
 li. 
 
 LA BACCHANTE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 LA BELLA COMBS, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Director. 
 
 LADY CANTON, gr. m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Mary Randolph by 
 
 Gohanna. 
 LADY CAVA, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Betsey Echols by Archy 
 
 Montorio. 
 LADY FRANCIS, b. m, by Trumpator, dam (Pressure's grandam.) 
 LADY FRANKLIN, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sting by Con- 
 queror. 
 LADY HARRISON, b. m. by Sir Henry, dam by Mucklejohn. 
 LADY JACKSON, -. m. by Sumpter. 
 LADY JANE, gr. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Grey by Orphan 
 
 Boy. 
 LADY PLAQUEMINE, ch. m. by Little Red, dam by {Imp.) Eagle. 
 LADY PLYMOUTH, b. m. by Flagellator, dam Black Sophia by 
 
 Eclipse. 
 LADY SKIPETH, m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Truxton. 
 LADY SLIPPER, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, 
 LADY STOCK, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by Potomac. 
 LADY SUSAN, b. m. by Cramp, dam by Pantaloon. 
 LAFITTE, gr. h. by O'Kelly, dam Caroline Wilson by Timoleon. 
 LANDSCAPE, b. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam by Sir Archy. 
 LANGHAM, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Cumberland. 
 LANEVILLE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 
 LASSO, b. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Gallatin. 
 LAURA, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Moses. 
 LAURA LECOMTE, b. m. by Tarquin, dam Sarah by {Imp.) Sar- 
 
 pedon. 
 LAURETTE, ch, m. by Jerseyman, dam Maria Harrison. 
 LAVINIA PIPER, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Murphy's 
 
 Pacolet. 
 LAVOLTA, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Blackburne's Buzzard. 
 LAWYER McCAMPBELL, b. h. by Lord Byron, dam Warping 
 
 Bars by Rattle the Cash. 
 LEDA, ch. m. by Tiger, dam by Sumpter. 
 LEESBURG, ch, h. by Red Rover, dam by Tuckahoe. 
 LEG-BAIL, ch. h. by Jackson, dam by Marshal Ney. 
 LEG-TREASURER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Cumberland. 
 26 
 
"76 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 LEHIGH, ch. h. by (Imp.) Skylark, dam Nelly Webb by Industry. 
 
 LENNOX, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam {Imp.) Rosalind by Pawlowitz. 
 
 LESLIE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviatiian, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 LETT Y FLOYD, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Palmetto by Rob Roy. 
 
 LEVI, -. h. by Star, dam by Walnut. 
 
 LEVITHA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan. 
 
 LEXPIHILI, ch. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 LIATUNAH, ch. m. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam {Imp.) Jenny Mills by 
 
 Whisker. 
 LIBERALITY, ch. h. by Maryland Eclipse, dam by Sir Alfred. 
 LIBERTAvS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Director. 
 LIEUTENANT BASSINGER, br. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by 
 
 Roanoke. 
 LIKENESS, {Imp.) ch. m. by Sir Peter Lely, dam Worthless by- 
 Walnut. 
 LILY, gr. m. by Tychicus, dam Laura by Rob Roy. 
 LIMBER JOHN, ch. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Moses. 
 LINWOOD, ch. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Pacolet. 
 LITTLE BARTON, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 LITTLE BLUE, gr. h. by Marmion, dam by Tecumseh. 
 LITTLE iMISERY, b. m. by Anvil, dam {Imp.) Anna Maria by 
 
 Truffle. 
 LITTLE PRINCE, gr. h. by John Bascombe, dam Bolivia by Bolivar. 
 LITTLE RED, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 LITTLE TRICK, b. h. by {Imj).) Tranby, dam (Occident's dam,) by 
 
 Florizel. 
 LIVE OAK, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Pacific. 
 LIVINGSTON, gr. h. by Medley, dam by Van Tromp. 
 
 • b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam by Henry. 
 
 LIZ LONG, br. m. by {Imp.) Merman, dam by Alpheus. 
 
 LIZ TILLETT, ch. m, by Frank, dam by Medoc. 
 
 LIZZY HEWITT, b. m. by Ivanhoe, dam Princess Ann by Mons 
 
 Tonson. 
 LOG-CABIN, ch. h. by Frank, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 LONG TOM, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Jerry. 
 LORD OF LORN, br, h. by Argyle, dam Maria by Virginian. 
 
 • br. h. by Argyle, dam Duck Filly by Virginius. 
 
 LORD OF THE ISLES, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Jerry. 
 
 LORENZO, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Whip. 
 
 LORINDA, ch. m. by Havoc, dam by Conqueror. 
 
 LOUISA JORDAN, ch. m. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam Betsey Marshal 
 
 by John Richards. 
 LOUISA WINSTON, b. m. by Waxy. 
 LUCRETIA NOLAND, br. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Frances 
 
 Ann by Frank. 
 LUCY A. MEYER, b. m. by Pacific, dam by Sir Richard. 
 LUCY BENTON, br. m. by Hugh L. White, dam by Moloch. 
 LUCY DASHWOOD, gr. m. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey 
 
 by {Imp.) Boaster. 
 LUCY FULLER, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Pakenham. 
 LUCY LONG, m. by John Richards, dam by Diomed. 
 
 ■ b. m. by Latitude, dam by Whip. 
 
 LUCY W:EBB, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 77 
 
 LUDA, b. m. by Medoc, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir Archy. 
 LUNA DOE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Telle Doe by Pacific. 
 LYNDHURST, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Wonder. 
 LYNEDOCH, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Wonder. 
 
 M. 
 
 MABEL WYNNE, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 MADAME ARRALINE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Cadmus. 
 
 MAFFIT, b. h. by Frank, dam by Aratus. 
 
 MAGNATE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Cherry Elliott by Sumpter. 
 
 MAID OF ATHENS, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Arab. 
 
 MAID OF NORTHAMPTON, gr. m. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by 
 
 Rattler. 
 MAJOR BOOTS, br. h. by {Imp.) Merlin, dam by Alborak. 
 MANALOPAN, gr. h. by Medley, dam by John Richards. 
 MANGO, {Imp.) ch. m. by Taurus, dam Pickle by Emilius. 
 MARCHIONESS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam (Fancy's dam) by 
 
 Sir Archy. 
 MARCO, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam by Lance. 
 MARGARET CARTER, b. m. by Medoc, dam Lady Whip by Sir 
 
 Archy. 
 MARGARET BLUNT, b. m. by Eclipse, dam by Contention. 
 MARGARET WOOD, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Maria West by 
 
 Marion. 
 MARIA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam Polly Powell by Virginian. 
 MARIA BLACK, .{Imp.) br. m. by Filho da Puta, dam by Smolensko. 
 MARIA BROWN, br. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Brunette by Sir 
 
 Hal. 
 MARIA COLLIER, br. m. by Collier, dam by Gallatin. 
 MARIA MILLER, br. m. by Stockholder, dam by Madison. 
 MARIA PEYTON, ch. m. by Balie Peyton, dam by Tariff. 
 MARIA SHELTON, ch. m. by Andrew, dam (Ajarrah Harrison's 
 
 dam) by Gallatin. 
 MARIA SPEED, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacific. 
 MARIA WILLIAMS, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Napoleon. 
 MARINER, bl. h. by Shark, dam Bonnet's o' Blue by Sir Charles. 
 MARION, b. m. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Rob Roy. 
 MARTHA BICKERTON, b. m. by Pamunky, dam by Tariff. 
 MARTHA CARTER, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam Sally Naylor by Gal- 
 
 latin. 
 
 ch. m. by Bertrand, dam by Oscar. 
 
 MARTHA CALVIN, b. m. by Agrippa, dam by Walnut. 
 MARTHA MALONE, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Tatchecana 
 
 by Bertrand. 
 MARTHA RANEY, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sumpter. 
 MARTHA ROWTON, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Martha Griffin 
 
 by Phenomenon. 
 MARTHAVILLE, b. m. by Dick Singleton, dam Black-Eyed Susan. 
 MATCHEM, ch. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Blind Jackson. 
 MARTIN'S JUDY, br. m. by Young's Mercury, dam by Eclipse. 
 MARTIN VAN BUREN, b. h. by Lafayette Stockholder, dam by In- 
 dian. 
 MARY, gr. m. by Old Saul, dam by Free Mulatto. 
 
78 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 MARY, gr. m. by {Imp.) Consol, dam Sally Bell by Sir Archy. 
 MARY ANN FURMAN, br. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Eer- 
 
 trand. 
 MARY BEECHLAND, b. m. by Sir Leslie, dam by Potomac. 
 MARY BELL, b. m. by Seagull, dam (Vidocq's dam) by Stockholder. 
 MARY BRENNAN, b. m. by Richard Singleton, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 MARY BURNHAM, b, m. by Archy Montorio, dam by Stockholder. 
 MARY CHASE, b. m. by {Imp.) Felt, dam by Sir Archy. 
 MARY CHURCHILL, b. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot. 
 MARY DOUGLAS, gr. m. by Jerry, dam by Stockholder. 
 MARY ELIZABETH, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
 MARY ELLEN, b. m. by Woodpecker, dam by Sumpter. 
 MARY HEDGFORD, br. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Mary Francia 
 
 by Director. 
 MARY JONES, ch. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Eclipse. 
 MARY LEWIS, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Proserpine by Os 
 
 car. 
 MARY LONG, b. m. by (Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Pest by Carolinian. 
 MARY LUCKETT, ch. m. by Marion, dam (Charles Archy's dam) 
 
 by Eclipse. 
 MARY MASON, br. m. by Pirate, dam by (Lnp.) Consol. 
 MARY MEADOWS, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by Timoleon. 
 MARY MILLER, ch. m. by Arab, dam by Peacemaker. 
 MARY MORRIS, b. m. by Medoc, dam Miss Obstinate by Sumpter. 
 MARY OUSLEY, br. m. by King's Bertrand, dam by Pacolet. 
 MARY PORTER, ch. m. by Mucklejohn, dam by Printer. 
 Mary reed, br. m. by Industry, dam by Rattier. 
 MARY RODGERS, b. m. by (Imp.) Hibiscus, dam Ten Broeck's 
 
 dam, 
 MARY SCOTT, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Blackburn's Whip. 
 MARY SHERWOOD, b. m. by Stockholder, dam by (Imp.) Levia- 
 than. 
 MARY STEWART, b. m. by (Imp.) Valentine, dam by Henry. 
 MARY THOMAS, b. m. by (Imp.) Consol, dam Parrot by Roanoke. 
 MARY TRIFLE, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 MARY VAUGHAN, b. m. by Waxy, dam by (Imp.) Bluster. 
 MARY WALTON, ch. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Miss Bailey by 
 
 (Imp.) Boaster. 
 MARY WATSON, gr. m. by Robin Hood, dam Bolivia by Bolivar. 
 MARY WELLER, ch. m. by Sterling, dam Discord by (Imp.) Luzbo- 
 
 rough. 
 MARY WICKLIFFE, b. m. by Medoc. 
 
 MARY WYNNE, b. m. by Eclipse, dam Flirtilla Jr. by Sir Archy. 
 MASTER HENRY, b. h. by Henry, dam (Balie Peyton's dam) by 
 
 Eclipse. 
 MAT. MURPHY, ch. h. by Pete Whetstone, dam by Rattler. 
 MEDINA, b. m. by (Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Director. 
 MEDOCA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Doublehead. 
 MEDORA WINSTON, b. m, by Telegraph, dam by Pacolet. 
 MELISSE BYRON, b. m. by Cherokee, dam by Barnett's Diomed. 
 MELODY, ch, m. by Medoc, dam (Randolph's dam) by Haxall's 
 
 Moses. 
 MERCER, ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 79 
 
 MERIDIAN, ch. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam by Eclipse. 
 METARIE, ch. m. by Frank, dam (Musedora's dam) by Kosciusko. 
 METEOR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam (Baltimore's dam) by Go- 
 
 hanna. 
 McINTYRE, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Sumpter. 
 MIDNIGHT, bl. m. by Shark, dam Meg Dods, by Sir Archy. 
 MIDAS, b, h, by {Imp.) Rowlon, dam by Roanoke. 
 MILTON HARRISON, b. h, by Orange Boy, dam by Quicksilver. 
 MINERVA ANDERSON, ch. m, by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir 
 
 Charles. 
 MINERVA PROFFIT, ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sophia 
 
 Bess. 
 MINISTER, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Alexander. 
 MINSTREL, b. m. by Medoc, dam by Bedford's Alexander. 
 MINT JULEP, br. h. by Godolphin, dam Isora by Dockon. 
 MIRABEAU, b. h. by Medoc, dam Ann Merry by Sumpter. 
 MIRIAM, b. m. by (imp.) Autocrat, dam Laura by Rob Roy. 
 MIRTH, b. m. by Medoc, dam (Minstrel's dam) by Bedford's Alexan- 
 
 der. 
 MISKVVA, ch. m. by Dick Chinn, dam Linnet by {Imp.) Leviathan. 
 MISSISSIPPI, b. h. by John Dawson, dam by Partnership. 
 MISSOURI, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Director. 
 MISTAKE, b. m. by Eclipse, dam by Timoleon. 
 MISS ACCIDENT, {Imp.) b. m. by Tramp, dam Florestine by Whis- 
 
 ker. 
 MISS ANDREW, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Gallatin. 
 MISS BELL, b. m. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Amanda by Morisco, 
 MISS CHESTER, b. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam Delilah by Tiger. 
 MISS CLARK, ch. m. by Birmingham, dam by Cumberland. 
 MISS CLASH, ch. m. by Birmingham, dam by Stockholder. 
 MISS CLINKER, {Imp.) b. m. by Humphrey Clinker, dam Mania by 
 
 Maniac. 
 MISS FOOTE, b. m. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Gabriella by Oscar 
 
 (or Oiseau). 
 MISS JACKSON, ch. m. by Oakland, dam by Diomed. 
 MISS LETTY, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Patty Burton by Marion. 
 MISS MACARTY, b. m. by Waxy. 
 MISS RIDDLE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Riddlesworth, dam Lady Jackson 
 
 by Sumpter. 
 MISS WILLS, gr. m. by {Imp.) Zinganee, dam Sorrow by Rob Roy. 
 MOBILE, b. h. by {Imp.) Consol, dam {Imp.) Sessions by Whalebone. 
 MOLLY LONG, ch. m. by Tom Fletcher, dam by {Imp.) Janus. 
 MOLLY WARD, b. m. by {hnp.) Hedgford, dam by Bertrand. 
 MOLOCH, {Imp.) b. h. by Muley Moloch, dam Sister to Puss by Te- 
 
 niers. 
 MONARCH, {Imp.) b h. by Priam, dam Dclphine by Whisker. 
 MONGRELIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Brownlock by Tiger. 
 MONKEY DICK, b. h. by Dick Singleton, dam by Sumpter. 
 MORDAC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Whip. 
 MORGAN, ch. h, by John Bascombe, dam Amy Hamilton. 
 MORGIANA, ch. m. by Red Gauntlet, dam by Joe Kent. 
 MORTIMER, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 
 26* 43 
 
80 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 MOSELLE (Colonel Gavan's), b. m. by Telegraph, dam (Imp.) Jane 
 
 Shore. 
 MOSELLE (E. P. Dave's), b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam {Imp.) 
 
 Jane Shore. 
 MOTH, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Jessica by Velocipede. 
 MOTTO, ch. m. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam Lady Tompkins by Eclipse. 
 MOUNTAINEER, ch. h. by Yorkshire, dam by Rattler. 
 MOUNTJOY, b. h. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam by Sir Charles. 
 MUD, gr. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pacolet. 
 MUSEDORA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Kosciusko. 
 MUSE SANDFORD, b. h. by Hickory, dam by {hnp.) Contract. 
 MUSIC, gr. h. by {Imp.) Philip, dam Piano by Bertrand. 
 
 N. 
 
 NANCY BUFORD, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Thornton's Rattler. 
 NANCY CLARK, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Morocco Slipper by Timo- 
 
 leon. 
 NANCY DAWSON, ch. m. by Frank, dam by Voltaire. 
 NANCY O., ch. m. by Fia gg, dam Milly Ton son by Mons. Tonson. 
 NANCY ROWLAND, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Rob Roy. 
 NANNY, b. m. by {hnp.) Trustee, dam Miss Mattie by Sir Archy. 
 NARCISSA PARISH, ch. m. by Stockholder, dam by {Imp.) Eagle. 
 NARINE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam Louisianaise. 
 NAT BRADFORD, gr. h. by Bertrand, dam Morocco Slipper by Ti* 
 
 moleon. 
 NATHAN RICE, br. h. by Birmingham, dam by Whipster. 
 NED WELLS, b. h. by O'Connell, dam by Stockliolder. 
 NEPTUNE, ch. m. by {hnp.) Jordan, dan Louisianaise, 
 NIAGARA, ch. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Gipsey by Eclipse. 
 NICK BIDDLE, b. h. by Score Double, dam Highland Mary. 
 NICK DAVIS, ch.h. by {Imp.) Glencoe. 
 NICON, ch. h. by Pacific, dam by Jackson. 
 
 NOBLEMAN, ch. h. by {Imp.) Cetus, dam {Imp.) My Lady by Comus. 
 NORFOLK, br. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam Polly Peachem by John 
 
 Richards. 
 NORMA, ch. m. by Longvi^aist, dam {Imp.) Novelty by Blacklock. 
 NORTH STAR, ch. h. by Emilius, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 
 
 O. 
 
 OCTAVE, b. m. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam Polly Kennedy. 
 
 OGLENAH, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Maria by Hamiltonian. 
 
 OH SEE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Foreigner, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 OLD DOMINION, ch, h. by Eclipse, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 
 
 OLD MISTRESS, ch. m. by Count Badger, dam Timoura by Timo- 
 leon. 
 
 OLEAN, ch, m, by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Truxton. 
 
 OLEANDER, ch, m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Aranetta by Bertrand, 
 
 OLIVIA WAKEFIELD, gr. m. by Patrick Henry. 
 
 OLYMPUS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Flirtilla Junior, by Sir Archy. 
 
 OMEGA, gr. m, by Timoleon, dam Daisy Cropper by Ogle's Oscar. 
 
 OMOHONDRO, ch, h, by Robin Brown, dam by Mason's Rattler. 
 
 OREGON, b. h, by {Imp.) Philip, dam by {Imp.) Luzborough. 
 
 ORIANA, br. m. by {Imp.) Longwaist, dam {Imp.) Orleana by Bus- 
 tard. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 81 
 
 ORIFLAMME, ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Sir Hal. 
 ORIOLE, b. m. by (Imp) Leviathan, dam Object by Marshal Ney. 
 ORLEANS, ch. h. by Cock of the Rock, dam by Timoleon. 
 ORSON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Valentine, dam Ethelinda by Marshal Ber- 
 
 trand. 
 OSTRICH, ch. h. by Collier, dam by Shakspeare. 
 OSCAR, (Josiah Cliambers's), ch. h. by Ulysses, dam by Bertrand. 
 OSCEOLA, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Oliver H. Perry. 
 
 ch. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 ch. h. by Collier, dam by Sumpter. 
 
 OTHELLO, ch. h. by Waxy, dam by Hickory. 
 
 OUR MARY, br. m. by {Imp.) Langford, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 
 
 P. 
 
 PAIXHAN, b. h. by (Imp) Felt, dam Mary Hutton. 
 PALMERSTON, b. h. by (hnp.) Merman, dam {Imp.) by Cadmus. 
 PANIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Aggy-up by Timoleon. 
 PARIS, bl. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Water-Witch. 
 PARTNER, ch, h. by Medoc, dam by Doublehead. 
 PASSENGER, {Imp.) b. h. by Langar, dam My Lady by Comus. 
 
 b. h. by Balie Peyton, dam by Pamunky. 
 
 PASSAIC, {Imp.) ch. h. by Reveller, dam Rachel by Moses. 
 PATRICK H. GALWEY, ch. h. by {hnp.) Jordan, dam Duchess of 
 
 Ashland by Shakspeare. 
 PATSEY ANTHONY, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam (Josephus's dam) 
 
 by Virginian. 
 PATSEY BUFORD, b. m. by Mazeppa, dam by Rattler. 
 PATSEY CROWDER, gr. m. by Patrick Henry, dam Hillon by 
 
 Antelope, 
 PATSEY DAVIS, ch. m. by Count Badger, dam Timoura by Timo- 
 
 leon. 
 PATSEY STUART, b. m, by Bertrand, dam by Redgauntlet. 
 PEDLAR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Pizarro. 
 PEGGY HALE, ch. m. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam by Sir Charles. 
 PENELOPE, {Imp.) ch. m, by Plenipo, dam Brazil by Ivanhoe. 
 PENSEE, gr, m. by Lauderdale, dam by Lightning. 
 PEORIA, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Whip. 
 
 PETER PINDAR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Daghee, dam by {Imp.) Barefoot. 
 PETER SPYKE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by {Imp.) Jack Andrews. 
 PET WAY, b. h, by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 
 
 ■ br. h. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 PETWORTH, b. h. by {hnp.) Philip, dam (Kinlock's dam) by Shaw- 
 
 nee. 
 PEYTONA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Giantess by {Imp.) Levia- 
 than. 
 PHANTOM, b. h. by (Imp.) Contract, dam by Potomac. 
 PHIL. BROWN, {Imp.) ch.h. by Glaucus, dam Bustle by Whalebone. 
 PICKWICK, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Pacolet, 
 PICOLO, br. h. by Lord Byron, dam Highland Mary (Nick Biddle's 
 
 dam). 
 PILOT, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Oscar. 
 
 PLENIPO, {Imp.) h. h. by Plenipo, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 
 POKEROOT, gr. h. by William Tell, dam by Citizen. 
 
82 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 POLLARD BROWN, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam Hippy by Pacolet. 
 POLLY ELLIS, m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Rusulind by Ogle's Oscar. 
 POLLY GREEN, br. m. by Sir Charles, dam Polly Peachem by John 
 
 Richards, 
 POLLY HUNTER, ch. m. by Andrew, dam by Crusader. 
 POLLY MILAM, b. m. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam by Escape. 
 POLLY PILLOW, b. m..by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
 POLLY PIPER, ch. m. by Count Piper, dam by Consul or Sumpter. 
 PONEY, ch. h. by {hup.) Leviathtin, dam by Stockholder. 
 PONOLA, ch. h. by Hannibal, dam by Sir Archy. 
 PORTSMOUTH, br. h. by {htip.) Luzborough, dam Polly Peachem 
 
 by John Richards. 
 POSTMASTER, (The) b. h. by {Imp.) Consol, dam Country Maid by 
 
 Pacific. 
 POWELL, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Alexander or Virginian. 
 PRENTISS, (S. S.) b. Ii. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Wasliington. 
 PRESl'ON, br. h. by Telegraph, dam (Olivia's dam). 
 
 b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Parrot by Roanoke. 
 
 PRIMA DONNA, b. m. by {Imp.) Pnam, dam Lady Rowland by Ta- 
 
 rifF. 
 PRINCE ALBERT, ch. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam (Eutaw's dam) 
 
 by Sir Charles. 
 PRINCESS, ch. m. by {hnp.) Priam, dam Sally Hope by Sir Archy. 
 PRINCESS ANN, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 PRISCILLA MARTIN, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Arab. 
 PROMISE, ch. m. by Wagner, dam by Lance. 
 
 PROSPECT, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by {hnp.) Expedition. 
 ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Anvilina Smith by 
 
 Stockholder. 
 PRYOR, b. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Queen .of Clubs by Virginian. 
 PURITY, b. m. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam Betty Martin by Giles 
 
 Scroggins. 
 PUSS, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Virginian. 
 
 Q 
 
 QUEEN ANNE, {Imp.) bl, m. by Camel, dam by Langar. 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH, br. m. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
 QUEEN MARY, ch. m. by Bertrand, dam by Brimmer. 
 QUININE, ch. m. by Red Tom, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 R. 
 
 RAGLAND, ch. h. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 RALPH, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 
 
 RANCOPUS, ch. m. by Flagellator, dam Molly Longlcgs. 
 
 RAN PEYTON, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 RAPIDES, ch. h. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam Margaret May by Pacific. 
 
 RASP, gr. h. by {hnp.) Fylde, dam by Director. 
 
 REBECCA KENNER, b. m. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam Lady Halston 
 
 by Bertrand. 
 REBEL, ch. h. by Gohanna, dam (Ohio's dam). 
 RED BILL, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 
 RED BREAST, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Fanny Wyatt by Sir 
 
 Charles. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 85 
 
 RED BUCK, ch. h. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam Lidy Deerpond. 
 
 RED EAGLE, br. h. by Grey Eagle, dam by Moses. 
 
 RED FOX, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborou?h. 
 
 RED GAUNTLET, ch. h. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam (Imp.) Vaga. 
 
 RED HAWK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Siimpter. 
 
 RED HEAD, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Whipster. 
 
 RED MOROCCO, ch. m. by Medoc, dam Brownlock by Tiger. 
 
 RED ROSE, br. m. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by {Imp.) Btgdad. 
 
 RED TOM, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir 
 
 Archy. 
 REEL, gr. m. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Gallopade by Catton. 
 REGENT, b. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 
 REGISTER, gr. h. by (imp.) Priam, dam Maria Louisa by Mons. 
 
 Tonson. 
 RELIANCE, b. h. by {Imp) Autocrat, dam Lady Culpeper by Caroli. 
 
 nian. 
 RESCUE, br. h. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam Louisa Lee by Medley. 
 REVEILLE, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Sally Melville by Virginian. 
 
 b. or br. h. by Young Virginian, dam by Harwood. 
 
 REVERIE, b. or br. m. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam by Giles Scroggins. 
 RHYNODINO, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 RICHARD OF YORK, b. h. by Star, dam by Shy lock. 
 RICHARD ROWTON, b. h. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Falstaff. 
 RIENZI, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Sir Charles. 
 b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Peggy White by {Imp.) Sy- 
 
 phax (or Diomed). 
 RINGDOVE, b. m. by {Imp.) Merman. 
 
 RIPPLE, b. m, by Medoc, dam Belle Anderson by Sir William. 
 ROANNA, ro. m. by Archy Montorio, dam by Potomac. 
 ROBERT BRUCE, b. h. by Clinton, dam by Sir Archy. 
 ROBIN COBB, ch. h. by {Imp.) Felt, dam Polly Cobb. 
 ROCKER, b. h. by Eclipse, dam by Virginian. 
 ROCKETT, b. h. by Sir Leslie, dam Miss Lancess by Lance. 
 RODERICK DHU, gr. h. by Merlin, dam by {Imp.) Bagdad. 
 RODNEY, br. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Medora. 
 ROSABELLA, b. m. by {Imp.) Shakspeare, dam by Timoleon. 
 ROSA VERTNER, b. m. by Sir Leslie, dam Directress by Director. 
 ROSCOE, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 
 ROTHSCHILD, b. h. by {Imp.) Zinganee, dam by Tiger. 
 ROVER, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam Sally Miller by Cherokee. 
 ROWI'ONELLA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Sally Hopkins by 
 
 Kosciusko. 
 RUBY, b. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam Bay Maria by Eclipse. 
 
 • ch. m. by Duke of Wellington, dam Lively by Eclipse. 
 
 RUFFIN, b. h. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Duchess of Marlborough by 
 
 Sir Archy. 
 
 S. 
 
 SAILOR BOY, b. h. by Jim Cropper, dam by Marshal. 
 SALADIN, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Henry. 
 SALKAHATCHIE, b. m. by Vertumnus, dam Sally Richardson by 
 
 Kosciusko. 
 SAL STRICKLAND, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by PacoleU 
 
 43* 
 
84 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839, 
 
 SALLY BARTON, ch. m. by Jackson, dam by Gallatin. 
 
 SALLY BROWN, b. m. by Jackson, darn by Gallatin. 
 
 SALLY Cx\RR, b. in. by Stockholder, dam by 
 
 SALLY CRESSOP, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 
 
 SALLY BILLIARD (or HILLIARD), gr. m. by O'Kelly, dam by 
 Shawnee. 
 
 SALLY HARDIN, b. m. by Bertrand, dam Teggy Stewart by Whip. 
 
 SALLY HART, m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dmn Clear-the-Kitchen 
 by Shakspeare. 
 
 SALLY McGMEE, ch. m. by Gascoigne, dam Thisbe. 
 
 SALLY MORGAN, b. m. by (///<_/>.) Emancipation, dam Lady Mor- 
 gan by John Richards. 
 
 SALLY SHANNON, b. m. by Woodpecker, dam (Darnley's dam,) 
 by Sir Richard. 
 
 SALLY WARD, m. by John R. Grymes, dam by 
 
 SAMBO, ch. h. by Equinox, dam by Aratus. 
 
 SAM HOUSTON, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam by {Imp.) Major. 
 
 SANDY YOUNG, b. h. by Medoc, dam Natchez Bell by Seagull. 
 
 SANTA ANNA, ch. h, by Bertrand Junior, dam Daisy by Kosciusko. 
 
 SANTEE, ch. b. by Wild Bill, dam Sally McGhee by Timoleon. 
 
 SARAH BLADEN, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Morgiana by 
 Pacolet. 
 
 SARAH BURTON, m. by Pacific, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 SARAH CHANCE, ch. m. by Lafayette, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 SARAH JACKSON, JUNIOR, b. m. by Piaminao, dam by Arab. 
 
 SARAH MORTON, b. m. by Sidi Hamet, dam Rowena by Sumpter. 
 
 SARAH WASHINGTON, b. m. by Garrison's Zinganee, dam by 
 Contention. 
 
 SARTIN, br. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Julia Fisher by Timo- 
 leon. 
 
 SCARLET, ch. h. by Uncas, dam by Pacolet. 
 
 SENATOR, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Ariadne by Gohanna. 
 
 SERENADE, b. b. by Woodpecker, dam by Cook's Whip. 
 
 SEVEN-UP, b. m. by {Imp.) Cliateau Margaux, dam by Arab. 
 
 SHAMROCK, {Imp.) ch. h. by St. Patrick, dam Delight by Re- 
 veller. 
 
 SHARATOCK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Trumpator. 
 
 SHEPHERDESS, ch. m, by Lance, dam Amanda by Revenge. 
 
 SIGNAL, bl. h. by {Imp.) Margrave, dam by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 SIMON BENTON, ch. h. by Modoc, dam by Rattler. 
 
 SIMON GURTY, ch. h. by Mark Moore, dam by Tiger. 
 
 SIMON KEN'l'ON, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Rattler. 
 
 SIR ARISS, gr. h. by Trumpator, dam Ophelia by Wild Medley. 
 
 SIR ELLIOTT, b. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Frolic by Sir 
 Charles. 
 
 SIR JOSEPH BANKS, b. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Sir 
 Archy. 
 
 SIR WILLIAM, b. h. by Sir William, dam by Rattler. 
 
 SISSY, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam {Imp.) Gutty by Whalebone. 
 
 SISTER TO THORNHILL, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) 
 Pickle by Emilius. 
 
 SLEEPER, gr. h. by {Imp.) Sarpedon, dam Flora by Grand Seignor. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 85 
 
 SLEEPER (THE), gr. h. by {hnp.) Sarpedon, dam by Cooper's Mes- 
 senger. 
 
 SLEEPY JOHN, b. h. by John Dawson, dam Sally Dilliard by Vir- 
 g-inian, (or Phenomena). 
 
 SMOKE, eh. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Bianca by Medley. 
 
 SNAG, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by Rattler. 
 
 SNOWBIRD, gr. h. by [imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Forsaken Filly 
 by Jerry. 
 
 SOPHIA LOVELL, b. m. by Sir Lovell, dam Eliza Jenkins by Sir 
 William. 
 
 SORROW, {Imp.) ch. h. by Defence, dam Tears by Woful. 
 
 SPLINT, ch. m. by Hualpa, dam by Phenomenon. 
 
 STACKPOLE, ch. h. by [imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 STAGE-DRIVER, b. h. by Lance, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 STANHOPE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Helen Mar by Rattler. 
 
 STANLEY, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Aronetta by Bertrand. 
 
 ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Busiris. 
 
 ECLIPSE, ch. h. by Busiris, dam by John Stanley. 
 
 STAR, b. h. by {Imp.) Skylark, dam Betsey Epps by Timoleon. 
 
 STAR OF THE WEST, b. m. by Bertrand, dam by Whip. 
 
 _ ch. m. by {Imp.) Luzburough, dam by Ber- 
 
 trand. 
 
 STEEL, b. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam Dimont by Constitution. 
 
 STHRESHLEY, ch. b. by Medoc, dam by Paragon. 
 
 STRANGER, b. h. by Lance, dam by Whip. 
 
 STOCKBOROUGH, ch. h. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Stock- 
 holder. 
 
 ST. CHARLES, ch. h by {Imp.) Jordan, dam by Mercury. 
 
 ST. CLOUD, ch. h. by {Imp.) Belshazzar, dam by Old Partner. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, gr. h. by Altorf, dam Fleta by Jackson's (or Johnson's) 
 Medley. 
 
 ST. PIERRE, bl. h. by Pamunky, dam by Lafayette. 
 
 SUFFERER, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Meg Dods by Sir Archy. 
 
 SUFFOLK, b. h. by Andrew, dam Ostiich by Eclipse. 
 
 SUNBEAM, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Alice Grey by Mercury. 
 
 ch. h. by {Imp.) Langford, dam Gipsey, (sister to Medoc). 
 
 SUSAN HILL, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glcncoe, dam Susan Hill by Timo- 
 leon. 
 
 SUSAN TYLER, b. m. by {Imp.) Sarpedon. 
 
 SUSAN VANCE, ch. m. by Saladin, dam by Sir William. 
 
 SWALLOW, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Object by Marshal Ney. 
 
 SWEET HOME, ch. m. by Medoc, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
 SWISS BOY, br. h. by {Imp.) Swiss, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 SYLPHIDE, {Imp.) b. m. by Emilius, dam Polly Hopkins by Virgi- 
 nian. 
 
 SYMMETRY, b. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Phenomena by Sir Archy. 
 
 T. 
 
 TABITHA, ch. m. by Hualpa, dam by Phenomenon. 
 TAGLIONI, ch. m. by {Imp.) Priam, dam by Sir Charles. 
 TALLEY, ch. h. by Talleyrand, dam by Bertrand. 
 TALLULAH, ch. m. by Hyazim, dam by Gallatin. 
 TAMERLANE, ch. h. by Cowper, dam by Director. 
 
86 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 TAMMANY, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Camilla by Henry. 
 TARANTULA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Belshazzar, dam Mary Jane Davis 
 
 by Stockholder. 
 TARLTON, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Robin Grey. 
 TARQUIN, b. h. by {Imp.) Con sol, dam Jeannie Deans by Powhattan. 
 TATTERSALL, ch. h. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam (Volney's dam,) 
 
 by Sir Archy. 
 TAYLOE, b. h. by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Teggy White. 
 TAZEWELL, b. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Gallatin. 
 TEARAWAY, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Jemima by Thornlon's 
 
 Rattler. 
 TELAMON, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Cherry Elliott by Sumpter. 
 TELIE DOE, b. m. by Pacific, dam Matilda by Grey tail, 
 TELLULA, ch. m. by Eclipse, dam by Whip. 
 TEMPEST, ch. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Jeanette by Sir Archy. 
 TEMPLAR, b. h. by {Lnp.) Sarpedon, dam by Timoleon. 
 TEN BROECK, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Bertrand. 
 I'ENNESSEE, b. m. by {I?np.) Felt, dam Berenice by Archy Junior. 
 TEXANA, b. m. by {Imp.) Hedgford, dam Goodlee Washington by 
 
 Washington. 
 TEXAS, b. h. by {Imp.) Fylde, dam by Potomac. 
 THE COLONEL, ch. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam {Imp.) My Lady by 
 
 Com us. 
 THE COLONEL'S DAUGHTER, b. m. by The Colonel, dam {Imp.) 
 
 Variella by Blacklock. 
 THE DUKE, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by {Imp.) Expedition. 
 THE MAJOR, b. h. by Othello, dam by Citizen. 
 THE MERCER COLT, br. h. by {Imp.) Mercer, dam Miss Mattie 
 
 by Sir Archy. 
 THE PONEY, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 THE POSTMASTER, b. h. by {hnp.) Consol, dam Country Maid by 
 
 Pacific. 
 THE QUEEN, (Imp.) ch. m. by Priam, dam Delphine by Whisker. 
 THOMAS HOSKINS, b. h, by {Imp.) Autocrat, dam Minerva by Tom 
 
 Tough. 
 THOMAS R. ROOTS, b. h. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Eliza Jenkins by 
 
 Sir William of Transport. 
 THORNHILL, ch. h. by (Imp.) Glencoe, dam {Imp.) Pickle by Emilius. 
 TIBERIAS, b. h. by {Imp.) Priam, dam Fanny Wright by Silverheela. 
 TIPPECANOE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Rattler. 
 TISHANNA, b. m. by Benbow, dam Fidget by Eclipse. 
 TISHIMINGO, b. h. by {hnp.) Leviathan, dam Maria Shepherd by 
 
 Sir Archy. 
 TOBY, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Eagle. 
 
 TOM AND JERRY, ch. h. by Heart of Oak, dam by Lafayette. 
 TOM BENTON, b. h. by Wild Bill, dam by Pacolet. 
 TOM BUr^K, ro. h. by (Jm,p.) Glencoe, darn Lady Sykes by Timoleon. 
 TOM CHILTON, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Childers. 
 TOM CORWIN, b. h. by (hnp.) Emancipation, dam by Lottery. 
 TOM CRINGLE, ch. h. by Carolinian. 
 
 TOM DAY, b. h. by Bertrand, darn Sally Melville by Virginian. 
 TOM MARSHAL, (Col. Bingaman's,) gr. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam 
 
 Fanny Jarman by Mercury. 
 
WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 87 
 
 TOM MARSHAL, (Col. Buford's,) b. h. by Medoc, dam by Snmpter. 
 TOM PAINE, bl. h. by (Imp.) Margrave, dain (Emily Thomas's 
 
 dam) by Tom Tough. 
 TOM THURMAN, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam bv Citizen. 
 TOM WALKER, ch. h. by Marylander, dam by Rattler. 
 TOMMY WAKEFIELD, ch. h. by Drone, dam by Eclipse. 
 TORCH-LIGHT, ch. m. by {Imp.) Glencoe, dam Wax-light by {Imp.) 
 
 Leviathan. 
 TORNADO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 
 TRANBYANNA, m. by {Imp.) Tranby, dam Lady Tompkins by 
 
 Eclipse. 
 TRANSIT, b. h. by {Imp.) Hedgfovd, dam (Molly Ward's dam) by 
 
 Bertrand, 
 TREASURER, b. h. by {Imp.) Roman, dam Dove by Duroc. 
 TRENTON, b. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam by Tuckahoe. 
 TROUBADOUR, bl. h. by {Imp.) Luzborongh, dam by Stockholder. 
 TRUXTON, b. h. by {Imp.) Barefoot, dam Princess by Defiance. 
 TUSKENA, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Creeping Kate. 
 TYLER, b. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam Kate Kearney by Sir Archy. 
 
 U. 
 
 UNCAS, ch. h. by Diomed. 
 
 b. h. by {Imp.) Jordan, dam by Pacific. 
 
 UNITY, ch. f. by Genito, dam Lady Pest by Carolinian. 
 
 V. 
 
 VAGABOND, ch. h. by {Imp.) Ainderby, dam {Imp.) Vaga. 
 
 VAGRANT, ch. h. by {Imp.) Trustee, dam {Imp.) Vaga. 
 
 VANITY, b. m. by Traveller. 
 
 VAN TROMP, h. by Van Tromp, dam by Mucklejohn. 
 
 VASHTI, b. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan — Slazy by Bullock's Mucklejohn. 
 
 VELA SCO, b. h. by Shark, dam by Virginian. 
 
 VELOCITY, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Patty Puff by Pacolet. 
 
 VERTNER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Adams by Whipster. 
 
 VETO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Diomed. 
 
 h, by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Lady Washington by Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 VICTOR, br. h. by {Imp.) Cetus, dam {Imp.) My Lady by Comus. 
 
 VICTORIA, gr. m. by Sir Kirkland, dam by Tippoo Saib. 
 
 ■ b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 ROWTON, ch. m. by {Imp.) Rowton, dam by Pheno- 
 menon. 
 
 VICTRESS, b. rn. by Grey Eagle, dam by Royal Charley. 
 
 VIDOCQ, br. h. by Medoc, dam by Stockholder. 
 
 VIOLA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam Mary Longfit by Pacific. 
 
 VIRGINIA, ch. m. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Richd Tonson. 
 
 VIRGINIA ROBINSON, b. m. by {Imp.) Luzborough, dam Becky 
 by Marquis (or Marcus). 
 
 VOLTAIRE, ch. h. by {Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Bertrand. 
 
 W. 
 
 WACOUSTA, ch. h. by Jerseyman, dam Lady Vixen. 
 
 WADDY THOMPSON, ch. h. by {Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Tra- 
 falgar. 
 27 
 
88 WINNING HORSES SINCE 1839. 
 
 WAGNER, cb. h. by Sir Charles, dam Maria West by Marion. 
 WALK-IN-THE- WATER, b. h. by Collier, dam by Bertrand. 
 WALTER L.. b. h. by (Imp.) Fvlde, dam by Sir Charles. 
 WANTON WILL, b. h. by Brunswick, dam by Prince Edward. 
 WARSAW, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Arab. 
 WARWICK, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
 WASHENANGO, ch. h. by (Itnp) Sorrow, dam by (Imp.) Leviathan. 
 W ATKINS, ro. h. by John Richards, dam by Whip. 
 WAXETTA, br. m. by Waxy, dam by Kennedy's Diomed. 
 WEBSTER, b. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Fairy. 
 WELLINGTON, b. h. by (Imp.) Sarpedon, dam (Volney's dam) by 
 
 Sir Archy. 
 WESLEY MALONE, b. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam by Sir Richard. 
 WEST FLORIDA, b. m. by Bertram, dam by Potomac, 
 WEST- WIND, br. h. by (Imp.) Chateau Margaux, dam Mambrina 
 
 by Bertrand. 
 WHALEBONE, b. h. by (Imp.) Cetus, dam by Gohanna. 
 WHISKER, b. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Walnut. 
 WILL-GO, b. or br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Eclipse. 
 WILLIAM R., b. h. by Goliah, dam by Sir Alfred. 
 WILD BURK, ch. h. by Medoc, dam by (Imp.) Bluster. 
 WILLIS, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by (Itnp.) Merryfield. 
 WILLIS P. MANGUM, b. h. by Shark, dam Aggy Down. 
 WILTON BROWN, gr. h. by (Imp.) Priam, dam Ninon de rEnclos 
 
 by Rattler. 
 WINCHESTER, ch. h. by Clifton, dam by Contention. 
 WINFIELD (or WINFIELD SCOTT), ch. h. by Andrew, dam by 
 
 Eclipse. 
 WONDER, b. h. by Tychicus, dam Nancy Marlborough by Rob Roy. 
 WOODCOCK, b. h. by (Imp.) Emancipation, dam by Shylock. 
 WORKMAN, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YAZOO TRAPPER, ch. h. by Sir William. 
 YELLOW ROSE, ch. m. by Andrew, dam Tuberose by Arab. 
 YORKSHIRE, b. h. by St. Nicholas, dam Moss Rose by Tramp. 
 YOUNG DOVE, gr. m. by (Imp.) Trustee, dam Dove by Duroc. 
 YOUNG FRAXINELLA, gr. m. by (Imp.) Autocrat, dam by Virgi- 
 
 nian. 
 YOUNG MEDOC, ch. h. by Medoc. 
 
 Z. 
 
 ZAMPA, ch. h. b)"- (Imp.) Priam, dam Celeste by Henry. 
 ZEBA, ro. m. by Eclipse, dam Miss Walton by Mendoza. 
 ZEMMA (or Z AMOUR), ch. h. by Ulysses, dam by Stockholder. 
 ZENITH, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Belie Anderson by Sir William of 
 
 Transport. 
 ZENOBIA, ch. m. by (Imp.) Roman, dam Dove by Duroc. 
 ZOE, ch. m. by (Imp.) Rowton, dam (Little Venus's dam,) by Sir 
 
 William. 
 ZORAIDA, b. m. by Virginius, dam by Comet. 
 
CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD 
 MARES. 
 
 A. 
 
 ABD ALLAH, b. h. by Mambrino, dam Amazonia. 
 
 ABJER, [Imp.] got by Old Truffle, dam Briseis by Beningbrough, 
 gr. dam Lady Jane by Sir Peter Teazle — Paulina by Florizel, 
 &c. — foaled 1817, died 1828. — Alabama. James Jackson. 
 
 ADMIRAL, [Imp.] b. h. got by Florizel, dam the Spectator mare, 
 (who was also the dam of Old imp. Diomed) — foaled 1779.— 
 New York. J- Delancy. 
 
 AFRICAN, bl. h. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam by Marshal Bertrand. 
 
 ALLEN BROWN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam by [Imp.] Eagle. 
 
 ALL FOURS, [Imp.] got by All Fours, son of Regulus— Blank — 
 Bolton Starling — Miss Meynell by Partner — Greyhound — Cur- 
 win's Bay Barb, &c. imp. into Massachusetts or Connecticut. 
 
 ALONZO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 AINDERBY, [Imp.] ch. h. by Velocipede, dam Kate by Catton. 
 
 ALTORF, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam Countess Plater by Virginian. 
 
 AMBASSADOR, [hnp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam [Imp.] Trapes by 
 Tramp. 
 
 AMERICUS, [Imp.] b. h. got by Babraham — Creeping Molly by Se- 
 cond — General Evans' Arabian Cartouch — foaled 1775. 
 
 William Macklin. 
 
 ANDREW, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Herod. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON, b. h. by Timoleon, dam by [Imp.] Whip. 
 
 ANN PAGE, m. by Maryland Eclipse, dam by Tuckahoe. 
 
 ARAMINTA, b. m. by May-Day, dam Tripit by Mars. 
 
 ARGYLE, br. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Thistle by Ogle's Oscar. 
 
 AUTOCRAT, [Imp.] gr. c. got by Grand Duke, dam Olivetta by Sir 
 Oliver — Scotina by Delphi — Scota by Eclipse — foaled 1822. — 
 New York. William Jackson. 
 
 B. 
 
 BABRAHAM, [Imp.] b. h. got by Old Fearnought (son of Godolphin 
 Ar.) — Silver — imported into Virginia by William Evans of 
 Surrey county, and got by the Belsize Arabian in England, and 
 foaled 1759. — Va. 1765. William and George Evans. 
 
 .. [Imp.] b. h. got by Wildair — Babraham — Sloe — Bart 
 
 lett's Childers — Counsellor — Snake, &c. — foaled 1775.— Va 
 1783 Augustine Willis. 
 
 (89) 
 
90 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 
 
 BALIE PEYTON, b. b. by Andrew, dam Pocahontas by Eclipse. 
 
 BAY MIDDLETON, b. h. by [Imp] Fylde, dam by Potomac. 
 
 BELLE ANDERSON, m. by William of Transport, dam Butterfly. 
 
 BELSHAZZAR, limp.] ch. by Blacklock, dam Manuella by Dick 
 Andrews. 
 
 BERNERS COMUS, [Imp.] h. h. by Comus, dam Rotterdam by 
 Juniper. 
 
 BERTRAND Junior, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Transport by Virgi- 
 nius. 
 
 BETSEY MALONE, m. by Stockholder, dam by Potomac. 
 
 BIANCA, m. by Medley, dam Powancey by Sir Alfred. 
 
 BIG JOHN, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
 BILL AUSTIN, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM, br. h. by Stockholder, dam Black Sophia by Top- 
 gallant. 
 
 BLACK ARABIAN, [Imp.] — Presented by the Emperor of Morocco 
 to the United States' Government. 
 
 BLACK PRINCE, b. h. by [Imp.] Fylde, dam Fantail by Sir Archy. 
 
 «■ [Imp.] bl. h. got by Babraham — Riot by Regulus 
 
 ' — Blaze — Fox, &c. — foaled 1760, — New York. A. Ramsay. 
 
 BLOODY NATHAN, ch. h. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam Daphne by 
 Duroc. 
 
 BOHEMOTH, Junior, b. h. by Old Bohemoth. 
 
 BONNYFACE, [Imp.] (also called Master Stephen) dk. b. h. got by 
 a son of Regulus out of the Fen mare, got by Hutton's Royal 
 colt — Blunderbuss, &c. — foaled 1768. — Va. French. 
 
 BOSTON, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam (Robin Brown's dam) by Ball's 
 Florizel. 
 
 BRITANNIA, [Imp.] m. by Muley, dam Nancy by Dick Andrews. 
 
 BUFF COAT, [Imp.] dun h. got by Godolphin Arabian — Silver 
 Locks by the Bald Galloway — Ancaster Turk — Leeds Arabian, 
 &c. — foaled 1742. — Va. 1761. Joseph Wells. 
 
 BULLE ROCK, [Imp.] got by the Darley Arabian — Byerly Turk, 
 out of a natural Arabian mare, &c. — foaled 1718, — Virginia, 
 1735-6. Samuel Patton. 
 
 BUSIRIS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Grand Duchess by [Imp.] Grac- 
 chus. 
 
 BUSSORAH ARABIAN — Imported by Abraham Ogden, Esq., of 
 New York. 
 
 BUTTERFLY, m. by Sumpter, dam by [Imp.] Buzzard. 
 
 C. 
 
 CADMUS, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Di Vernon by Ball's Florizel. 
 CAMDEN, b. h. by [Imp.] Sarpedon, dam by Old Cherokee. 
 CAMILLA, m. by [Imp.] Philii:», dam Roxana by Timoleon. 
 CANNON, [Imp.] br. h. got by Dungannon — Miss Spindleshanks by 
 
 Omar — Starling, &c. — foaled 1789. — Boston. Gen. Lyman. 
 CAROLET, ch. m. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Peg Caruthers by 
 
 Arab. 
 CAROLINE, m. by Eclipse, dam Miss Mattie. 
 
CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 91 
 
 CARVER, [Imp.] b. h. got by Young Snap — Blank — Babrahain — 
 Ancasler [Starling — Grasshopper, &c. — foaled 1770. — Norfolk 
 county, Va. Dr. Charles Mayle. . 
 
 CETA, m. by [Imp.] Cetus, dam Harriet Heth by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 CETUS, [Imp.] b. h. by Whalebone, dam Lamea by Gohanna. 
 
 CHARLEY NAILOR, b. h. by Medoc, dam by Tiger. 
 
 CHARLOTTE PAGE, m. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Restless. 
 
 CHATEAU MARGAUX, [hnp.] dk. br. h. got by Whalebone, (best 
 son of Waxy,) dam Wasp by Gohanna — Highflyer — Eclipse, 
 &c.— foaled 1822.— Va. 1835. J. J. Avery & Co. 
 
 CHEROKEE, h. by Sir Archy, dam Roxana by Hephestion. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD, b. h. by Pacific, dam by Wilkes' Madison. 
 
 CHIFNEY, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 CHILTON, b. h. by Seagull, dam by Hazard. 
 
 CINDERELLA, b. m. by Saladin, dam by Aratus. 
 
 CIPPUS, bl. h. by Industry, dam by Randolph's Mark Antony. 
 
 CIVIL JOHN, gr. h. by Tarifl:; dam by Pakenham. 
 
 CLARET, [Imp.] got by Chateau Margaux, dam by Partisan — Silver 
 Tail by Gohanna — Orville, &c. — foaled 1830. — N. Carolina. 
 
 Wyatt Cardwell. 
 
 CLARINET, ch. m. by Kentucky Sir Charles, dam Mary Grindle Ly 
 Eclipse. 
 
 CLARION, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam by Ogle's Oscar. 
 
 COCK OF THE ROCK, b. h. by Duroc, dam by Romp. 
 
 COLORADO, h. by Eclipse, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 COMMENCEMENT, m. by Arab, dam by Francisco. 
 
 COMMODORE, b. h. by Mambrino, dam by True American. 
 
 CORONET, [Imp.] h. h. by Catton, dam by Paynator. 
 
 CORTES, h. by Old Rattler, dam by Jack Andrews. 
 
 COUNT BADGER, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Arabella by Hickory. 
 
 COUNT ZALDIVAR, ch. h. by Andrew, dam by Timoleon. 
 
 COUNTESS BERTRAND, m. by Bertrand, dam Nancy Dawson by 
 Platt's Alexander. 
 
 CRIPPLE, b. h. by Medoc, dam Grecian Princess by Whip. 
 
 CRITIC, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Eclipse Herod. 
 
 CUSSETA CHIEF, ch. h. by Andrew, dam Virago by Wildair or 
 Wonder. 
 
 CYMON, ch. h. by Marion, dam Fair Forester by [Imp.] Chance. 
 
 D. 
 
 DAGHEE, [Imp.] b. h. by Muley, dam by Arabian Sheik. 
 DAMASCUS, h. by [Imp.] Zileadi, dam Dido by [Imp.] Expedition. 
 DANCING MASTER, [hnp.] b.h. got by Woodpecker— Madcap by 
 
 Snap — Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 1788. — S. Carolina. 
 DANIEL O'CONNELL, gr. h. by Sir Henry Tonson, dam by [Imp.] 
 
 Sir Harry. 
 DAVY CROCKETT, h. by Constitution, dam by Sutton's Whip. 
 DEBASH, [Imp.] b. h. got by King Fergus — Highflyer — Madcap by 
 
 Snap— Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 1792. Imported 
 
 into Massachusetts. Jones. 
 
 27 « 44 
 
92 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 
 
 DECATUR, ch. b. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 
 
 DERBY, [/mjo.] dr. b. h. got by Peter Lely out of Urganda, formerly 
 Lady Eleanor, she by Milo, dam by Sorcerer out of Twins, &c. 
 —foaled 1831. R. D. Shepherd. 
 
 DIANA, m. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Conqueror. 
 
 DIANA, [/mj9.] m. by Catton, dam Trulla by Sorcerer. 
 
 DIANA, m. by Mercury, dam Rarity. 
 
 DONCASTER, [Imp.'\ b. h, by Longwaist, dam by Muley, grandam 
 Lady Em by Stamford. 
 
 DON QUIXOTE, [Imp.] ch. h. by O'Kelly's Eclipse— Grecian Prin- 
 cess by Forester — Coalition colt — Bustard, &c. — foaled 1784. 
 Imported into Va. 
 
 DORMOUSE, [Imp.] dk. b. h. got by Old Dormouse, dam by White- 
 foot — Silverlocks by Bald Galloway, &c. — foaled 1753. — Va. 
 1759. 
 
 DOSORIS, ch. h. by Henry, dam (Goliah's dam) by Mendoza. 
 
 DRONE, [/m/?.] b. h. got by King Herod — Lily by Blank — Peggy by 
 Cade — Croft's Partner — Bloody Buttocks, &c. — foaled 1777.— 
 Duchess county, New York. 
 
 ■ ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 
 
 DUANE, br. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam Goodloe Washington by 
 Washington. 
 
 DUCHESS, b. m. by [Imp.] Coronet, dam by Tariff. 
 
 DUCHESS OF YORK, [Imp.] ch. m. got by Catton, dam by Sancho 
 — Coriander — Highflyer, &c. — foaled 1821. — Va. 
 
 R. D. Shepherd. 
 
 DUKE SUMNER, gr. h. by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy. 
 
 DUN GANNON, ch. h. by Sumpter, dam by Duke of Bedford. 
 
 £. 
 
 ECLIPSE, (American,) ch. h. by Duroc, dam Miller's Damsel by 
 
 [Imp.] Messenger. 
 ECLIPSE THE SECOND, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Lady Nimble by 
 
 Sir William. 
 ELIZA ARMSTRONG, m. by Flying Childers, dam Gipsey by Flo- 
 
 rizel. 
 ELIZA MILLER, m. by Miller's Bertrand, dam Lucy Forester by 
 
 Marshal Ney. 
 ELLEN GRANVILLE, b. m. by [Imp.] Tranby, dam by Contention. 
 EMANCIPATION, [Imp.] br. h. by Whisker, dam by Ardrossan. 
 ENGLISHMAN, (Imp. by Mr. Walter Bell of Va., in his dam,) by 
 
 Eagle (also imported) — Pot8os — Pegasus — Small Bones by Jus- 
 tice, &c. — foaled 1812. 
 ENTERPRISE, h. by John Richards, dam by Don Quixote. 
 EUGENIUS, [Imp.] ch. h. by Chrysolite, dam Mixbury by Regulus 
 
 — Little Bowes by a brother to Mixbury — Hutton's Barb, &c.— • 
 
 foaled 1770. 
 EXILE, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam [Imp.] Refugee by Wanderer. 
 
CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 93 
 
 F. 
 
 FAIRFAX ROANE, [Imp.] (alias Strawberry Roan) ro. h. got by 
 
 Adolphus, dam by Smith's Tartar (a son of Croft's Partner) g. 
 
 dam by Midge (son of Snake) — Hip, &c. — foaled 1764 — Va. 
 
 — Fairfax. 
 FANNY WRIGHT, m. by Silverheels, dam Aurora by Governor 
 
 Wright's Vingtun. 
 FELT, [Imp.] b. h. by Langar, dam Steam by Waxy Pope. 
 FESTIVAL, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Timoleon. 
 FIFER, b. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John Richards. 
 FLATTERER, [Imp.] b. h. by Muley, dam Clari by Marmion. 
 FLORANTHE, m. by John Richards, dam Fanny Wright. 
 FOP, [Imp.] gr. h, by Stumps, dam by Fitz James. 
 FRANCIS MARION, ch. h. by Marion, dam Malvina by Sir Archy. 
 FRANK, ch. h, by Sir Charles, dam Betsey Archy by Sir Archy. 
 
 G. 
 
 GANDER, gr. h. by Wild Bill, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet. 
 
 GANO, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by Sir Archy. 
 
 GENERAL MABRY, h.by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Galen by Pacific. 
 
 GEROW, ch. h. by Henry, dam Vixen by Eclipse. 
 
 GIFT, [Imp.] h. h. got by Cadormus, dam by Old Crab — Second 
 Starling, &c. — foaled 1768. — New Kent county, Va. 
 
 Colonel Dangerfield. 
 
 GILES SCROGGINS, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bedford by 
 [Imp.] Bedford. 
 
 GLENCOE, [Imp.] ch. h. by Sultan, dam Trampoline by Tramp. 
 
 GLOSTER, b. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Alfred. 
 
 GOHANNA, h. by Sir Archy, dam Merino Ewe by [Imp.] Bedford. 
 
 GOLD BOY, b. h. by Industry, dam (Buck Eye's dam) by Medoc. 
 
 GOLDWIRE, [Imp.] br. m. by Whalebone, dam Y'oung Amazon by 
 Gohanna. 
 
 GOVERNOR HAMILTON, gr. h. by Sir Andrew, dam by Bonaparte. 
 
 GRANBY, [Imp.] b. h. got by Blank— Old Crab— Cyprus Ar.— Com- 
 moner — Makeless — Brimmer, &c. — foaled 1759. — Powhatan 
 county, Va. Samuel Watkins. 
 
 GRECIAN PRINCESS, m. by Virginian, dam Calypso by Bell-Air 
 — Dare Devil— Old Wildair — Piccadilla by Fearnought — Go- 
 dolphin — Hob or Nob, &c. 
 
 GREY EAGLE, gr. h. by Woodpecker, dam Ophelia by Wild Med- 
 ley. 
 
 GREY MEDOC, gr. h. by Medoc, dam Grey Fanny by Bertrand. 
 
 GROUSE, br. h. by Eclipse, dam by Erie. 
 
 GUM ELASTIC, b. h. by Waxy, dam by Read's Spread Eagle. 
 
 H. 
 
 HALO, h. by Sir Archy Montorio, dam Semiramis. 
 HARD LUCK, gr. h, by Randolph's Roanoke, dam Lady Washing 
 ton. 
 
94 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 
 
 HAYWOOD, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Black Sophia by Topgal- 
 lant. 
 
 HECTOR, [Imp.] h\. h. got by Lath — Childers — Basto — Cnrwin's 
 Bay Barb, &c foaled 1745. Colonel Marshall. 
 
 HEDGFORD, [Imp.] br. h. by Filho da Puta, dam Miss Craigie by 
 Orville. 
 
 . (Young) h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam by [Imp.] Ea- 
 
 gle. 
 
 HERCULES — a grey draft horse, imported into Louisville, Ky. 
 
 HERO, [Imp.] b. h. got by Blank— Godolphin Ar. &c.— foaled 1747. 
 — Va. John S. Wilson. 
 
 HIAZIM, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam Janey by [Imp.] Archduke. 
 
 HIBISCUS, [hnp.] b. h. by Sultan, dam Duchess of York by Waxy. 
 
 HICKORY JOHN, ch. h. by John Richards, dam Kitty Hickory by 
 Hickory, 
 
 HIGHLAND HENRY, ch. h. by Henry, dam Highland Mary by 
 Eclipse. 
 
 HORNBLOWER, br. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Music by John 
 Richards. 
 
 HUGH LUPUS, [Imp.] b. h. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Her Highness by 
 Moses. 
 
 I. 
 
 IBARRA, b. h. by [Imp.] Hedgford, dam by Virginian. 
 .IBRAHIM PACHA, [Imp.] — a pure Bedouin Arabian— imported by- 
 Captain James Riley. 
 
 J. 
 
 JACK OF DIAMONDS, [Imp.] dk. b. h. by CuUen's Arabian— Dar- 
 ley Ar. — Byerly Turk, &c. — Va. 1763. Imported by Colonel 
 Spottswood. Solomon Dunn. 
 
 JACK PENDLETON, ch. h. by Goliah, dam by Trafalgar. 
 
 JANE GRAY, m. by Orphan Boy, dam Rosalind by Ogle's Oscar. 
 
 JEROME, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sir Charles. 
 
 JESSICA, [Imp.] ch. m. by Velocipede, dam by Sancho. 
 
 JIM JACKSON, ch. h. by \_Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Conqueror. 
 
 JOB, b. h, by Eclipse, dam Jemima by Thornton's Rattler, 
 
 JOHN BASCOMBE, ch. h. byBertrand, dam Grey Goose by Pacolet. 
 
 JOHN BULL, [Imp.] b. h. by Chateau Margaux, dana by Woful. 
 
 JOHN DAWSON, b. h, by Pacific, dam by Grey Archy, 
 
 JOHN GASCOIGNE, h. by Randolph's Gascoigne, dam by Virgi- 
 nian. 
 
 JOHN RICHARDS, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, gr. dam by 
 [Imp.'] Medley. 
 
 JORDAN, [Imp."] ch. h. by Langar, dam Matilda by Comus. 
 
 JUNIUS, [Irnp.] bl. h. got by Old Starling — Old Crab — Monkey— 
 Curwin's Bay Barb— Spot, &c.— foaled 1754.— Va, 1759, 
 
 JUSTICE, [Imp.] b, h. got by Blank, dam Aura by Stamford Turk, 
 gr, dam by a brother to Conqueror — Childers, &c. — Va. 1780. 
 
 George Gould. 
 
CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 95 
 
 JUSTICE, [lmp.'\ got by Old Justice (son of King Herod) — Old 
 Squirt mare — Mogul — Camilla by Bay Bolton, &c. — foaled 
 1782.— S. Carolina. Major Butler. 
 
 K 
 
 KANGAROO, ch, h. by Uncas, dam by Orphan. 
 
 KATE NICKLEBY, m. by [Imp,] Trustee, dam Lady Mostyn by 
 Teniers. 
 
 KING WILLIAM, [Imp.] red sor. h. got by Florizel, dam Milliner 
 by Matchem— Cassandria by Blank, &c.— foaled 1781.— Ches- 
 ter county. Pa. Dr- Norriss. 
 
 . [Imp.] h. h. by King Herod, dam Madcap by 
 
 Snap — Miss Meredith by Old Cade, &c.— foaled 1777. — Con- 
 necticut. Skinner. 
 
 KITTY BRIM, b. m. by Old Conqueror, dam by Gallatin ; gr. dam 
 by Highflyer. 
 
 LADY CLIFDEN, m. by Sussex, dam Betsey Wilson. 
 
 LADY CULPEPER, m. by Carolinian, dam Flora by Ball's Florizel. 
 
 LADY MORGAN, m. by John Richards, dam Matchless by [Imp.] 
 Expedition. 
 
 LADY MOSTYN, [Imp.] m. by Teniers, dam Invalid by Whisker. 
 
 LADY NIMBLE, m. by Eclipse, dam Transport by Kosciusko. 
 
 LADY SCOTT, [Imp.] br. m. got by Ardrosson, dam Dido by Vis- 
 count—Brilliant by Whiskey, &c. R. D. Shepherd. 
 
 LADY WHIP, m. by Whip, dam by Alonzo, gr. dam by limp.] Buz- 
 zard. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, b. h. by Conqueror, dam Julia by Sir Arthur. 
 
 LANGFORD, [Imp.] br. h. got by Starch, out of Peri by Wanderer, 
 her dam Thalistris by Alexander, out of Rival by Sir Peter — 
 Home bv Drone — Manilla by Goldfinder — foaled 1833. 
 
 ^ F. P. Corbin. 
 
 LAPLANDER, ch. or br. h. by Flagellator, dam Medora. 
 
 LEOPARDESS, m. by Medoc, dam by Haxall's Moses. 
 
 LEVIATHAN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Muley, dam by Windle. 
 
 . Junior, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Young 
 
 Diomed. 
 
 LILY, m. by Eclipse, dam Garland by Duroc. 
 
 LIMBER JOHN, ch. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Moses. 
 
 LOFTY, [Imp.] h. h. by Godolphin Arabian— Croft's Partner- Bloody 
 Buttocks— Greyhound, &c.— foaled 1753.— Virginia, Chesterfield 
 county. Thomas Goode. 
 
 LOUISA, ch. m. by [Imp.] Bluster, dam by Hamiltonian. 
 
 LURCHER, [Imp.] gr. h by Grey Leg, dam Harpalyce by Gohanna. 
 
 LUZBOROUGH, [Imp.] br. h. by Williamson's Ditto, dam by Dick 
 Andrews. 
 
 . . . Junior, b. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam by Sump- 
 
 ter. 
 LYCURGUS, [Imp.] ch. h. by Blank— Snip— Lath, &c — foaled 1767 
 _.Va 1776 G®^ H. Harrison. 
 
96 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 
 
 LYNEDOCH, ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Rosetta by Wilkes' 
 Wonder. 
 
 M. 
 
 MAGNUM BONUM, [Imp.] to. h. by Matchem— Swift— Regulus—- 
 Dairy Maid by Bloody Buttocks, &c. — foaled 1774. — Hartford, 
 Conn. F. Kilborne. 
 
 MANALOPAN, gr. h. by Medley, dam by John Richards. 
 
 MARIA DAVIESS, ch. m. by Sir Charles, dam Mary Grindle by 
 Eclipse. 
 
 MARIA VAUGHAN, m. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 
 
 MARION, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Citizen. 
 
 MARGRAVE, [Imp.] ch. h. by Muley, dam by Election. 
 
 MARK MOORE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Lalla Rookh by Gabriel Os- 
 car. 
 
 MARMION, br. h. by [Imp.] Merman, dam by Crusader. 
 
 MARPLOT, [Imp.] by Highflyer—Omar— Godolphin Arabian, &c. 
 
 MARTHA BICKERTON, b. m. by Pamunky, dam by Tariff. 
 
 MARSHAL NEY, h. by Pacolet, dam Virginia by Dare Devil. 
 
 MARY BIDDLE, m. by [Imp.] Priam, dam Flora by Mons. Tonson. 
 
 MARY VAUGHAN, gr. m. by Old Pacolet, dam by Old Chanticleer. 
 
 MASTER ROBERT, [Imp.^ ch. h. by Star, dam a young Marske 
 mare — foaled 1793. 
 
 MASTER SOLOMON, b. h. by Reveller, dam by Lord Berners. 
 
 MATCHEM, [Imp.'] h. h. by Matchem — Lady by Sw^eepstakes — Pa- 
 triot — Old Crab, &c. — foaled 1773. — S. CaroUna. Gibbs. 
 
 MATCHLESS, [Imp.-] b. h. by Godolphin Arabian — Soreheel — 
 Makeless, &c. — S, Carolina. 
 
 MATILDA, gr. m. by Greytail Florizel, dam by [Imp."] Jonah, 
 
 MAXIMUS, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Miss Dance by [Imp.] Eagle. 
 
 MAYZOUBE — a gr. horse imported from Arabia by Captain James 
 Riley. 
 
 MELZARE, br. h. by Bertrand, dam by Sir Richard. 
 
 MENDOZA, [Lnp.] b. h. by JaveUn — Paymaster — Pamona by King 
 Herod. 
 
 MERMAN, [Imp."] br. h. by Whalebone, dam by Orville. 
 
 MERRY PINTLE, [Imp.-] gr. h. by Old England, dam by Old Merry 
 Pintle— Skipjack, &c.— foaled 1752.— Va. 1775. J. Strong. 
 
 MERRY TOM, [Imp.] b. h. by Regulus — Locust — a son of Flying 
 Childers— Croft's Old Partner, &c.— foaled 1758. 
 
 MERCER, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam Young Mouse by Godolphin. 
 
 MERWICK BALL, [Imp.] ch. h. by Regulus — dam a Traveller mare 
 — Hartley's blind horse — foaled 1762, 
 
 MINOR, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Topgallant. 
 
 MISS ANDREWS, [Imp.] b. m. by Catton, dam by Dick Andrews. 
 
 MISS MATTIE, m. by Sir Archy, dam Black Ghost by Pantaloon, 
 
 MISS ROSE, [Imp.] b. m. by Tramp, dam by Sancho, gr. dam by Co- 
 riander, &o.— foaled 1826. R. D. Shepherd. 
 
 MISS VALENTINE, m. by [Imp.] Valentine, dam by John Richards. 
 
 MONARCH, [Imp.] b. h.by Priam, dam Delphine by Whisker. 
 
 MONMOUTH, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Duroc. 
 
CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 97 
 
 MONMOUTH ECLIPSE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Honesty by iTmp.'] 
 Expedition. 
 
 MONS. TONSON, gr. h. by Pacolet, dam Madame Tonson by Top- 
 gallant. 
 
 MORDECAl, [Imp.] h. h. by Lottery, dam by Welbeck. 
 
 MORVEN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Rowton, dam Nanine by Selim. 
 
 MOSES MARE (Chas. Buford's) by Haxall's Moses, dam by Cook's 
 or Blackburn's Whip. 
 
 N. 
 
 NANCY THATCHER, m. by Medoc, dam by Archy of Transport. 
 
 NELL GWYNNE, [Imp.] m. by Tramp, dam by Beningbrough. 
 
 NETTY, [Imp.] ch. m. by Velocipede, dam Miss Rose. 
 
 NICHOLAS, [Imp.] h. by St. Nicholas, dam Miss Rose. 
 
 NIMROD, [Imp.] b. h. by King Fergus— O'Kelly's EcIipse — OId 
 Marske, &c.— Philadelphia, 1788. 
 
 NON PLUS, [Imp.] b. h. by Catton, dam Miss Garforth by Walton — 
 Hyacinthus, (fee. — foaled 1824.-— S. Carolina. R'd. Singleton. 
 
 NORTH BRITAIN, [Imp.] b. h. by Alcock's Arabian — Northumber- 
 land Arabian — Hartley's blind horse. — Philad. 1768. Crow. 
 
 NOVELTY, [Imp.] m. by Blacklock, dam Washerwoman by Walton. 
 
 O. 
 
 O'KELLY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam by Oscar. 
 
 OLIVER, h. by May-Day, dam Young Betsey Richards by John Ri- 
 chards. 
 
 ONUS, [Imp.] br. h. by Camel, dam The Etching by Rubens. 
 
 ORLEANA, [Imp.] m. by Bustard, dam Laureola by Orville. 
 
 OROONOKO, limp.] bl. h. by Old Crab, dam Miss Slammerkin by 
 Young True Blue — Bloody Shouldered Arabian, &c. — foaled 1745. 
 — S. Carolina. J. Mathews. 
 
 OTHELLO, br. h. by limp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 P. 
 
 PACIFIC, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Eliza by [Imp.] Bedford. 
 
 PACOLET, [Imp.] h. by Sparke, dam Queen Mab — Hampton Court 
 Childers — Harrison's Arabian, &c. — Va. 1791. Thos. Goode. 
 
 PACTOLUS, ch. h. by Pacific, dam Mary Vaughan by Pacolet. 
 
 Px^MUNKY, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Bellona by Sir Harry. 
 
 PAUL CLIFFORD, h. by Eclipse, dam Betsey Richards by John Ri- 
 chards. 
 
 PETE WHETSTONE, b. h. by [7/nj9.] Leviathan, dam by Stock- 
 holder. 
 
 TUARAOU, [Imp.] b. h. by Moses, dam by Godolphin Arabian — 
 Smockface by Old Snail, &c. — foaled 1753. — S. Carolina. 
 
 PHILIP, limp."] br. h. by Filho da Puta, dam Treasure by Camillus. 
 
 h. by Randolph's Janus, dam (Jack Pendleton's dam) by 
 
 Trafalgar. 
 
 PICTON, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Isabella by Sir Archy. 
 
 PLATOFF, b. h. by Kosciusko, dam by Hephestion. 
 
98 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 
 
 PONEY, (The) ch. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 PORTLAND, [Imp.] ch. h. by Recovery, dam by Walton. 
 PORTSMOUTH, br. h. by [Imp.] Luzborough, dam Polly Peachem 
 
 by John Richards. 
 POST BOY, ch. h. by Henry, dam Garland by Duroc. 
 PO WHATTAN, b. h. by Arab, dam by Whip. 
 PRESTO, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Stockholder. 
 PRIAM, [Imp.] b. h. by Emilius, dam Cressida by Whisker. 
 
 Junior, h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 PRINCE, [Imp.] b. h. by Herod, dam Helen by Blank— Crab, &c.^ 
 
 foaled 1773.— S. Carolina. 
 PRINCE FERDINAND, [Imp.] by Herod, dam by Matchem — gr. 
 
 dam the Squirt mare, &c. 
 PRUNELLA, [Imp.] m. by Comus, dam by Partisan, 
 PUZZLE, [Imp.] b. h. by Reveller, dam by Juniper. 
 
 Q. 
 
 QUEEN OF THE WEST, br. m. by Shark, out of Lady Mostyn by 
 Teniers, gr. dam Invalid by Whisker. 
 
 R. 
 
 BATTLER, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam by [Imp.] Robin Red Breast. 
 
 RED BILL, b. h. by Medoc, dam Brown Mary by Sumpter. 
 
 RED BUCK, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Sally Bell by Conten- 
 tion. 
 
 RED TOM, ch. h. by Bertrand, dam Duchess of Marlborough by Sir 
 Archy. 
 
 REINDEER, ch. h. by Henry, dam Sportsmistrcss by Hickory. 
 
 . ch. h. by Sussex, dam by Oscar. 
 
 REPUBLICAN, [Imp.] ch. h. by Wentworth's Ancaster — Old Royal 
 Changeling — Bethel's Arabian, &c. — Va. 1797. 
 
 Charles Young. 
 
 RICHARD SINGLETON, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Black-Eyed Susan 
 by Tiger. 
 
 RIDDLESWORTH, [Imp.] ch. h. by Emilius, dam Filagree by Sooth- 
 sayer. 
 
 ROANOKE, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Coeur de Lion. 
 
 ROBIN BROWN, ch. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam (Boston's dam) by 
 Ball's Florizel. 
 
 RODOLPH, b. h. by Archy of Transport, dam by Haxall's Moses, 
 
 RODERICK DHU, [Imp.] by Sir Peter Teazle, dam by Young Marske 
 — Matchem — Tarquin, &c. Imported into New York. 
 
 ROSALBA, m. by Old Trafalgar, dam Rosalba by Spread Eagle. 
 
 ROSIN THE BOW, b. h. by Bertrand, dam Lady Grey by Robin Grey. 
 
 RUBY, [Imp.] h. h. by Emilius, dam Ehza by Rubens. 
 
 RUSHLIGHT, ch. m. by Sir Archy, dam Pigeon by Pacolet. 
 
 S. 
 
 SALLY BARBOUR, m. by [Imp.] Truffle, dam by Ball's Florizel. 
 SALLY HYDE, m. by Sumner's Grey Archy, dam by Medley. 
 
CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 99 
 
 SAM HOUSTON, ch. h. by Barney O'Lynn, dam Judy Bakewell by 
 
 Ea£?Ie. 
 SANTEE, b. h. by Rob Roy, dam Betty by limp.] Buzzard. 
 SARACEN, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Sally Slouch by Virginian. 
 SARPEDON, [Imp.] br. h. by Emilius, dam Icaria by The Flyer 
 
 Parma by Dick Andrews, &c. 
 SCIPIO, b. h. by [Imp.] Leviathan, dam Kitty Clover by Sir Charles. 
 SCOUT, [Imp.] br. h. by St. Nicholas, dam by Blacklock. 
 SEAGULL, b. h, by Sir Archy, dam Nancy Air by [Imp.] Bedford. 
 SHADOW, bl. h. by Eclipse Lightfoot, dam Sally Slouch by Virginian. 
 SHADOW, [Imp.] b. h. got by Babraham — Bolton Starling — Cough- 
 ing Polly by Bartlett's Childers, &c. — foaled 1759 Va. 1771. 
 
 T. Burwell. 
 SHAKSPEARE, [Imp.] br. h. by Smolensko, dam Charming Molly by 
 
 Rubens. 
 SHARK, bl. h. by Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot by Sir Archy. 
 SHAMROCK, [Imp.] ch. h. St. Patrick, dam Delight by Reveller. 
 SHEPHERDESS, [Imp.] b. m. by Young Blacklock, dam Spermaceti 
 
 by Sligo Waxy. 
 SHERIFF PACHA, b. h. Nedji bred— imported by Com. Elliott. 
 SHOCK, [Imp.], got by Shock — Partner — Makeless — Brimmer, &c.— 
 
 Va. Caroline county. Jno. Baylor. 
 
 SIDI HAME T, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Princess by Defiance. 
 SIDNEY, b. h. by Sir Charles, dam Virginia by Thornton's Rattler. 
 SIR CHARLES, ch. h. by Saladin, dam by Cultivator. 
 SIR JOSEPH, br. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Sally Maclin by 
 
 Sir Archy. 
 SIR LESLIE, b. h. by Sir William, dam by (Imp.) Buzzard. 
 SIR MF:DLEY, ch. h. by Medley, dam by Sir Charles. 
 SIR PETER TEAZLE, (Imp.) ro. h. got by Sir Peter Teazle— Mer- 
 cury — ^Cythera by King Herod — Blank, «fcc. — foaled 1802. S. 
 
 Carolina. Gen. Jno. McPherson. 
 
 SIR ROBERT, (Imp.) b. h. by Bobadil, dam Fidalma by Waxy 
 
 Pope. 
 SIR WILLIAM, h. by Sir William, dam by Tiger. 
 SKYLARK, (Imp.) br. h. by Waxy Pope, dam Skylark by Musician. 
 SLOUCH, (Imp.) ch. h. by Cade, dam the little Hartley mare by 
 
 Bartlett's Childers — Flying Whig by Woodstock, &c. — foaled 
 
 1747._S. Carolina. 
 SOURKROUT, (Imp.) h. c. by Highflyer, dam Jewel by Squirrel, 
 
 Sophia by Blank, &c. — foaled 178G. 
 SOVEREIGN, (Imp.) b. h. by Emilius, dam Fleur de Lis by 
 
 Bourbon. 
 STARLING, (Imp.) by Young Starling— Regulus— Snake, Partner, 
 
 &c.— foaled 1756.— Va. 1762. Carlisle &, Dalton. 
 
 STANHOPE, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Helen Mar by Rattler. 
 STEEL, b. h. by (Imp.) Fylde, dam Diamond by Constitution. 
 STOCKHOLDER, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by (Lnp.) Citizen. 
 ST. LEGER, gr. h. by Eclipse, dam (Ariel's dam,) by Financier. 
 28 
 
100 CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 
 
 ST. PAUL, (Imp.) sor. h. by Old Saltram, dam Purity by Matchem, 
 Pratt's famous Squirt mare, &,c. — foaled 17S9. — Va. 1804. 
 
 Wm. Lightfoot. 
 STRAWBERRY ROAN, (see Fairfax Roan). 
 SWISS, (Imp.) b. h. by Whisker, dam by Shuttle. 
 SYMMETRY, oh. in. by (Imp.) Ainderby, dam Ellen Douglass by 
 Bertrand. 
 
 T. 
 
 TARGET, ch. h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Becky by Marquis. 
 
 TARLTON, b. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Robin Gray. 
 
 TARQUIN, br. h. by Henry, dam Ostrich by Eclipse. 
 
 , h. by (Imp.) Luzborough, dam Hackabout by Timoleon. 
 
 (Imp.) h. by the Hampton-Court Chesnut Ar. out of Fail 
 
 Rosamond by Cade — Traveller, &c. — foaled 1720. 
 
 TELIE DOE, m. by Pacific, dam Matilda by Grey-tail Florizel. 
 
 TENNESSEE CITIZEN, ch. h. by Stockholder, dam Patty Puff by 
 Pacolet. 
 
 THOMAS H. BENTON, br. h. by Waxy, dam Virginia by Matapone. 
 
 TITRY, (Imp.) ch. m. by Langar, dam Zephyrina by Middlethorpe. 
 
 TOBACCONIST, b. h. by Gohanna, dam Yankee Maid by Ball's 
 Florizel. 
 
 TOM MOORE, h. by Contention, dam Pocahontas by Virginian. 
 
 TORNADO, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Polly Hopkins by Virginian. 
 
 TRANBY, (Imp.) br. h. by Blacklock, dam by Orville — Miss Grim- 
 stone by Weazle — Ancaster, &c. — foaled 1826. — Va. 1835. 
 
 J. J. Avery & Co. 
 
 TRIPIT, br. m. by Mars, dam by Post Boy. 
 
 TRUFFLE, (Imp.) h. h. by Truffle, dam Helen by Whiskey. 
 
 TRUSTEE, (Imp.) ch. h. by Catton, dam Emma by Whisker. 
 
 V. 
 
 VALPARAISO, (Imp.) ch. h. by Velocipede, dam Julianna by Go- 
 hanna. 
 VERTNER, ch. h. by Medoc, dam Lady Adams by Whipster. 
 VERTUMNUS, b. h. by Eclipse, dam Princess by Defiance. 
 VICEROY, ch. h. by Eclipse, dam Saluda by Timoleon. 
 VOLCANO, b. h. by Stockholder, dam Forest Maid by Ratray. 
 VOLNEY, b. h. by Mons. Tonson, dam by Sir Archy. 
 
 (Imp.) b. h. by Velocipede, dam (Voltaire's dam,) by 
 
 Phantom. 
 
 W. 
 
 WACOUSTA, ch. h. by (Imp.) Leviathan, dam Lady Lightfoot by 
 
 Oscar. 
 WAGNER, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam Maria West by Marion. 
 WASHENANGO, ch. h. by Timoleon, dam Ariadne by (Imp.) 
 
 Citizen. 
 WHALE, (Imp.) by Whalebone, (who was by Waxy,) dam Rectory 
 
 by Octavius — Catharine by Woodpecker. — N. Carolina. 
 
 Edward Townes. 
 WHALEBONE, b. h. hy Sir Archy, dam by Pacolet. 
 
CELEBRATED STALLIONS AND BROOD MARES. 101 
 
 WILD BILL, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Maria by Gallatin. 
 WILLIAM H. HARRISON, gr. h. by Trumpator, dam by Double- 
 head. 
 WILLIS, ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by (Imp.) Merryfield. 
 WANDER, ch. h. by Monmouth Eclipse, dam Powancey by Alfred, 
 WOODPECKER, b. h. by Bertrand, dam by {Imp.) Buzzard. 
 
 Y. 
 
 YORKSHIRE, {Imp.) got by St. Nicholas, dam Miss Rose. 
 
 R. D, Shepherd. 
 YOUNG GOHANNA, h. by Gohanna, dam by Pacolet. 
 YOUNG MEDLEY, h. by Potomac, dam by Medley. 
 YOUNG TRAMP, (Imp.) h. by Barefoot, dam Isabella by Comus. 
 YOUNG WONDER, h. by Cock of the Rock, dam Nell Sanders. 
 
 Z. 
 
 ZINGANEE, (Imp.) b. h. by Tramp, dam Folly by Young Drone. 
 
 (Garrison's,) b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Atalanta by (Imp.) 
 
 Chance. 
 
 THE END. 
 
(u 
 
 ■C 8 ijv.9 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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