• #1 A . «■ ' » \0 v. tS^^ * o « < / ^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— BULLETIN No. 46. D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. ^1"/ THE MILK SUPPLY TWO HUNDRED CITIES AND TOWNS. HENRY E. ALVORD, C. E., CHIEF OF DAIRY DIVISION, R. A. PEARSON, M. S., ASSISTANT CHIEF OF DAIRY DIVISION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1903, o r ^ •> ^1 HTTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, ^Y^uUngton, D. C, May 15, 1903. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript dealing with ail phases of the milk supply of two hundred cities and towns in the United States, and recommend that it be published as Bulletin No. 46 of the series of this Bureau. Respectfulh-, D. E. Salmon, Chief of Bureau. Hon. jAMiis Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture. Dv.— l.S. ^^Si,,«« PREFATORY STATEMENT. This report upon "The milk supply of 200 cities and towns" is very largely the work of Mr. R. A. Pearson, the Assistant Chief of the Dairy Division prior to September last. If the full statistics of the market milk industry could be given, the importance of this form of dairying would be better appreciated. It is not known how many persons are actually engaged in the produc- tion, transportation, and sale of milk for market. Based upon the Twelfth Census of the United States, about 1,000,000,000 gallons of milk are sold annually by the owners of the producing cows, for con- sumption in the natural state or for household purposes. The value of this product, joined with the capital invested in production, trans- portation, distribution, a'nd delivery, constitutes an interest of great magnitude. The business is also one of interest and importance to a vast army of consumers. It is not surprising, therefore, to find so much atten- tion being given to the improvement of this branch of dairying. A knowledge of what has already been accomplished and what is now being done to promote this good work should contribute to further progress. It is with that view that the facts included in the accom- panying report have been collected and compiled. Henky E. Alvord, Chief of Dairy Division. CONTENTS Page. Introduction 9 Statistics and general information 11 Milk laws and ordinances 15 8ui)ervision of the production and handling of market milk 19 Suggestions for the improvement of market milk 24 Tal)les showing the statistics of milk supply and supervision 26 Short statements regarding the milk supply of cities and towns 44 App'ENnix I. Municipal laws and ordinances 105 II. A milk dealer's rules 181 III. Milk connnission rules - 182 IV. Blank forms - - 187 CATALOGUE OF CITIES. [Including all of the 161 cities in tlie United States having a population over 25,000 each, also 39 selected cities and towns of smaller size.] States and cities, population, and page reference to discussion of dairy data. [Populations are according to the Twelfth Census.] States and cities. Alabama: Mobile Birmingham Montgomery Arizona Arkansas: Little Rock California: San Francisco . . . Los Angeles Oakland Sacramento San .Jose Alameda Colorado: Denver Pueblo Colorado Springs Trinidad Co:inecticut: New Haven Hartford Bridgeport Waterbury New Britain Delaware: Wilmington District of Columbia: Washington Florida: Jacksonville Georgia: Atlanta Savannah Augusta Hawaii: Honolulu Idaho Illinois: Chicago Peoria Quincy 6 Popula- tion. 38, 469 38, 415 30, 346 38, 307 342, 782 102,479 66, 960 29, 282 21,500 16, 464 133,859 28, 157 21,085 5, 345 108, 027 79, 850 70, 996 45, 859 25, 998 76, 508 278, 718 28, 429 89, 872 64,244 39, 441 39, 306 , 698, .575 .56, 100 36, 252 Page. States and cities. Illinois— Continued Springfield Rockford East St. Louis. .. Joliet Aurora Evanston Moline Ottawa Indiana: Indianapolis ... Evansville Fort Wayne Terre Haute South Bend Richmond Iowa: Des Moines Dubuque Davenport Siou.x City Council Bluffs.. Cedar Rapids... Burlington Clinton Ottumwa Keokuk Marshalltown . . Kansas: Kansas City Topeka Kentucky: Louisville Covington Newport Le-xington Louisiana: New Orleans Maine: Portland Lewiston Waterville Beltast Popula- tion. 34, 31, 29, 29, 24, 19, 17, 10, 169, .59, 45, 36, 35, 18, 62, 36, 35, 33, 25, 25. 23, 22 18, 14, 11, 51, 33, 204, 42, 28, 26, CATALOGUE OF CITIES. 7 States mid cities, popidaiion, and page reference to di'icussion of dainj data — Continued. States and cities. Maryland: Baltimore Massachusetts: Boston Worcester Fall River , Lowell Cambridge Lynn Lawrence New Bedford Springfield Soraerville Holyoke Brockton Haverhill Salem Chelsea Maiden Kevvton Fitchburg Taunton Gloucester North Adams Woburn Melrose Wakefield North Attleboro . Michigan: Detroit Grand Rapids ... Saginaw Bay City Jackson Battlecreek Lansing Minne.sota: Minneapolis St. Paul Duluth Mississippi Missouri: St. Louis Kansas City o St. Joseph Joplin Montana: Butte Nebraska: Omaha Lincoln South Omaha . . . Nevada New Hampshire: Manchester Popula- tion. 508, 957 560, 892 118, 421 104,863 94, 659 91,886 68, 513 62, 559 62, 442 62, 059 61, 643 45,712 40, 063 37, 175 35, 956 34, 072 33, 664 33, 587 31, 531 31,036 26, 121 24, 200 14, 254 12, 962 9,290 7, 2.53 285, 704 87, 565 42, 345 27, 628 25, 180 18, 563 16, 485 202, 718 163,065 52, 909 575, 238 215, 170 102,979 26, 023 30,470 102,5.J5 40,109 26,001 56, 987 "Includ 100 101 101 101 102 102 103 103 104 105 106 106 107 108 108 109 110 110 HI 111 ing Kan States and cities. New Jersey: Newark Jersey City Paterson Camden Trenton Hoboken Elizabeth Bayonne Atlantic City . . Pas.saic New Brunswick Montclair New Mexico New York: New York BuflCalo Rochester Syracuse Albany Troy (and Lansingburg) Utica Yonkers Binghamton Elmira Schenectady Auburn Watertown Mount Vernon Lockport Rome North Carolina North Dakota Ohio: Cleveland Cincinnati Toledo Columbus .• . . Dayton Youngstown Akron Springfield Canton Hamilton Warren Fostoria Oklahoma Oregon: Portland Penn.sylvania: Philadelphia Pittsburg Allegheny Scran ton Reading sas City, Kans. Popula- tion. 246, 070 206, 433 105, 171 75, 935 73, 307 59, 364 52, 130 32, 772 27,838 27, 777 20, OOC) 13, 962 3, 437, 202 3.52, 387 162, 608 108, 374 94, 151 73, 246 56, 383 47,931 39, 647 35, 672 31,682 :30, 345 21,696 21,228 16,581 1.5,343 381,768 325, 902 131,822 125, 560 85, 333 44,885 42, 728 38, 253 30, 667 23, 914 8, 529 7.730 1,293,697 321,616 129,890 102,026 78,961 <5 CATALOGUE OF CITIES. Staii'fi and ciliex, popidatUm, efore the city council assembly I moved that such ordinances be enacted, and both times the matter was shelved for the alleged reason that it might offend the susceptibilities of some milk venders. The argument that the State should control the milk supply, because local regulations have no force beyond the city limits, has been shown by numerous cities to have little weight. In places which are not sufficiently protected 1)}^ the lavvs of the States in which they are situated or the laws of other States from which milk is received, the matter is thus managed: It is provided by local ordinance that no milk shall enter the corporate limits unless it comes from a dairy holding a permit, or license, from the cit}^ authorities. The city can make its own conditions for issuing permits. These are usually given only to dairies actually inspected or which furnish satisfactory evi- dence of being in approved condition. The jiermits may l)e canceled for cause. A thorough sj'stem of milk and dairy inspection on this^ basis affords ample protection to milk consumers, as the source of the milk supply can be held completely under local control. City ordinances relating to milk supply are similar to State laws, but generally more detailed and more clearly stated. They are often supplemented by regulations and rules of the local boards of health. The character of the city requirements, as well as those established by State authority, can best be ascertained by examining the abstracts of the laws, ordinances, etc., which are given elsewhere in separate statements for cities and towns. A few milk ordinances are printed in full in Appendix I (p. 165); also a number of sections taken from other ordinances which are of interest, because they show com- mendable ways for j)n\s('ribing different re({uirenients. MILK SUPPLY OB^ TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 17 The sul)ject.s of most frequent legislation in connection with the supervision of market milk are shown by the statement l)elow. The milk ordinances and regulations of 126 cities were examined with especial care, and the number of those having- similar requirements are given. The most popular subjects for legislation are thus readily seen: Snbjectft of most frequent legislation in connection with inarket milk. Subjects. Dairies: Lit'ensc or permit required . .* • Special authority for inspections Pure water supply Drainage of barnyards Stables: Proximity to other buildings Light Ventilation Floor space = Air space Cleanliness Removal of manure Drainage other than dairy animals to be ex- cluded Salnitary milk room Employees: Personal cleanliness Contagious disease (to be reported). If exposed to contagious disease Cows: Provisions for examination Diseased cows Unwholesome food forbidden Pure water supply cleaning cows Milk rejected at calving time Number of cities. Subjects. Care of milk: Milk vessels to be nonabsorbeiit Milk vessels to be thoroughly cleaned Milk to be promptly removed from the stable Straining Cooling and aerating Conditions of storage Sale of milk: Licenses, or permits Licenses to be publicly displayed . . . Source of supply to be posted General inspection in cities Signs on wagons Unsanitary milk prohibited Confiscation of impure milk Definite standard for composition. . Skimmed milk prohibited Skimmed milk permitted condition- ally Bottling at farm Storage of milk for sale Milk tickets to be used but once Milk wagons to be covered Milk wagons not to carry garbage . Sellers to register customers Number of cities. 11 9 1.5 23 92 24 14 75 79 109 30 67 12 61 8 23 16 12 6 Tn most places having ordinances the sale of unsanitary milk is prohibited, but not infrequently in such general terms that the pro- hibition is practically without force. The usual standard required for milk is 12 per cent total solids, including 3 per cent of fat. In a few cases higher standards are in force during all the year except the summer months. In some ordi- nances the standard is expressed in this peculiar manner: "Milk shall contain at least 12 per cent of milk solids, of which 3 per cent shall be fat.." This literally means that the milk must contain three one- hundredths of twelve one-hundredths, or much less than 1 per cent of fat; So much trouble has been experienced in some cities in regulating the sale of skimmed milk that in a few cases the sale of this cheap 25839— No. 4(5—03 2 18 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. and excellent food is prohibited. The difficulty arises from the fact that dealers are allowed to carry skimmed milk in the same vehicles with whole milk or keep it in the same refrigerators or chests. It is then a simple matter to substitute the one for the other in selling to customers who are incapable of detecting the difference or unable to get redress. Some cities require all skimmed milk to be sold from cans that are painted blue or another distinguishing color. In one place the vender must give to the consumer a printed slip on which it is stated in large type that the milk is skimmed. In one or two other places skimmed milk must be peddled in vehicles different from those used for whole milk. Such methods have been proved so simple and effective that they should be adopted in cities where skimmed milk is now excluded. A good supply of this article, sold honestly on its merits, is of so much benefit to consumers, and especiall}" to the poorer classes, that prohibition of its sale is inexcusable. Many different penalties are provided for the violation of milk laws. They are usually lines and imprisonment, but in a few towns it is required that the names of violators be published, thus notifying the public who have been convicted of selling poor milk. In many cases milk dealers have adopted the commendable practice of issuing rules and instructions to the producers supplj'ing them with milk. A copy of a set of these rules is shown in Appendix II (p. 181). Such rules are a most valuable supplement to the oi'dinances. The "Fifty dairy rules" issued by this Department, in suitable form for posting in stables and milk rooms, have been widel}^ distributed to dairymen through milk dealers and milk inspection officials, and by being published in various places. An excellent list of the conditions which should be found at a well- conducted dairy is given in Appendix III (p. 182). These requirements form the chief part of the contract between the Essex County (N. J.) milk commission and the dairyman whose milk receives the indorse- ment of this commission. No attempt is now made to offer what might be called an ideal milk law. Such would be suggestive in the many cities and towns where new legislation is being considered, but it is believed that suggestions as useful can 1)e had by a study of the laws which are already in force. An ordinance suitable in one city or town might be quite inapplicable in another. For example, the larger cities, where dealers purchase their milk in such a wa}' as to know practically nothing of its source, should have laws different in many respects from those in force in places where all the milk sold is produced by the persons who sell it. The regulations should be as clear and lu'ief as possible, and those relating to milk should l)e enacted togethci', so the}' can be printed separately for distribution. In many cases the distribution of ordi- MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 19 nances is rendered almost useless because they are long and cumber- jsonie, or because the milk regulations are mingled with those on other subjects. In one city requirements regarding the milk supply alternate with those regarding the burial of the dead. It is a serious mistake not to consult with reputable dairj^men and dealers when laws concerning them are being considered. Such per- sons welcome the enactment and rational enforcement of proper measures to regulate the production and sale of milk. The prohibi- tion of adulteration and unsanitary methods helps their business by driying out competitors whose false claims of excellence succeed in holding the trade of many customers. SUPERVISION OF THE PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF MARKET MILK. With yery few exceptions, there is some superyision of the milk supply in all cities in the United States haying a population oyer 50,000. Much less superyision is exercised in cities with a population between 50,000 and 25,000, and in smaller cities and towns superyision is the exception rather than the rule. It is easily seen that in small places, where persons are known or may soon become more or less known throughout the entire community, the same need for official attention to the milk suppl}^ does not exist as in more populous cen- ters. Yet this is not sufficient reason for ignoring the subject alto- gether, as is too often done. There is the widest yariation in the methods followed in different places and the character of the work performed. As stated, in many cities and towns this matter receiyes no attention, or almost none, and, in some of these, adulterations and general neglect of sanitary' meas- ures may be found on eyery hand, if the replies to inquiries from this office ma}' be relied upon. But it should be added that in some places, where there is little or no superyision. the quality of the milk is excellent. As has been explained, most of the States have more or less definite laws relating to the milk supply of cities and towns. In yery few of them, howeyer, is there any real effort at superyision by State officials. In Iowa and New York and one or two other States regular corps of milk inspectors are kept in the field. Some are located permanenth" in the larger cities and others make occasional unannounced yisits to smaller places. In general these officials plan their own routes, and respond promptly to calls from places where their presence is particularly desirable. Their duties are largely the examination of milk samples for adulteration. The lactometer is relied upon mainly to indicate suspicious samples, and these are later subjected to more accurate tests. The effect of a visit of the State milk inspector to one 20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. town, where he is apparently too .seldom seen, is shown })y this state- ment from the health officer: The only protection the citizens have had from impure milk is an occasional visit from a State milk inspector, who invariably caught an offender anv city dust, etc. Delivery of milk in cities at any hour of the day when it can be supplied in the best condition. Restrictions upon the sah^ of milk in markets, candy stores, etc. Delivery of milk from such stores in bottles only. Mixing of herd milk to get an article of uniform composition. Bottling of milk oidy at the dairy or place of general su})ply. Daily sterilization of milk utensils. More rigid inspections for preservatives in milk. Chemical and l)acteriological examinations of milk. Standards for cream and skinuned milk. The passage of no law that can not be reasonably well enforced. More pay and allowances and greater authority foi- milk and dairy inspectors. More severe penalties for violations of milk laws. Publication of reports t)n inspection of dairies. Education of milk producers ])y a li)»eral distribution of circulars, leaflets, etc., b(niring upon their work. TABLES SHOWING THE STATISTICS OF MILK SUPPLY AND SUPERVISION. For the purpose of enabling comparison to be made between cities and towns of aliout the same size, such data as can be tabulated from the reports have been arranged in the four tables which follow. 26 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table I. — Statistic>< of idHJc siipp/n and Kiipervlsimi in all States and cities. California: Los Angeles San Francisco... Colorado: Denver Connecticut: New Haven Dist. of Columbia: Washington Illinois: Chicago Indiana: Indianapolis Kentucky: Louisville Louisiana: New Orleans Maryland: Baltimore Massachusetts: Boston bo C ^ '■B =1 o c o o o Fall River Worcester Michigan: Detroit Minnesota: Minneapoli.s St. Paul Missouri: Kansas City, in- cluding Kansas City, Kans St. Joseph St. Louis Nebraska: Omaha New Jersey: Jersey City Newark Paterson No. 102, 479 342, 782 133,859 108,027 278, 718 1,(;98,575 1G9, 164 204, 731 287, 104 508, 957 560, 892 104,863 118,421 202, 718 163,065 215, 170 102, 979 575,238 102, 555 206, 433 246, 070 105,171 Average daily milk consumption. Galls. 4,500 25, 000 12, 110 8,750 12,500 169, 465 12, 000 10, 000 9,609 25, 000 82, 250 6,000 16, .500 15, 000 28, 000 12, 000 25, 000 8,562 26, 375 5, 740 12, 000 16, 000 Pints. 0.85 .58 .65 '■.65 .36 .57 .39 .39 ^1.17 .46 A. 11 1.11 .59 .93 .66 .37 .45 .47 ..52 .61 a. 2 "a Galls. 500 1,000 8,000 8,000 200 5, 000 4 200 335 1,500 4,290 200 Galls. 1.50 1,500 2,000 4,000 50 75 4,000 50 2.50 3,536 1,200 100 3,000 140 5U0 1,200 200 jVo. 173 200 400 114 2, 162 770 100 17 2, 5:30 2,900 327 400 400 400 400 30 1,987 146 4.50 , 800 225 No. 112 350 300 200 1.50 2,692 273 250 410 .525 320 350 230 500 325 420 125 1,109 250 279 3{iles. P.ct 20 5 40 10 92 123 40 .50 83 8,000 a L= Lactometer. B=Babcock test. G=Gravimetric analysis. ''Tu=Tubercle bacilli. Ty=Typhoid fever bacilli. P^Pns celh <• Portion used in manufacturing buttcrinc. ''Large portion consumed by nonresidents for noon lunch. 75 2.50 312 42 33 90(?) 60 16 Productifin of milk within city limits. W No. 25 196 No. No 500 5,880 136 1,127 30 420 180 100 1,000 440 105 340 40 68 400(?) 89 30 58 84 6, 686 3.50 4,036 2.50 ff 1,300 700 1,000 8,000 2, 000 275 874 42:i Pa = Pathogenic bacteria. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDKED CITIES. the [38) f.ilies uf 100,000 U 12 6 7 6 6 7 11.5 3.5 G. L.B. J 5 630 205 6-8 6-8 2 10-12 10-12 12.6 3.5 3 413 L.B.G. 6 ■1,000 11 .5-7 6-7 - 7-12 7-12 12 3 10, 000 7 19,053 L.B.G. 126 Tu. 7 250 >(V1 6 12 3 1,000 1 850 L. B. G. 14 8 100 25 5-6i 5-6i 4 6i-74 6i-74 12 3 3 475 G. 9 10 69 1,500 27 220 n 5-10 74 5-10 3 3 10 8-10 10 8-10 13 12 3.5 3 1,141 r 900 131,803 L.B.G. B. G. L. 2 1 300 Tu. 2,300 3 P. Tu. 11 5-S 5-8 20 5-8 5-8 fl3 ll2 3.7 3 13,000 6 15, 000 L.B.(;. n 240 240 5-6 6-7 6 7 7 12 3 1,250 1 257 B. 13 u 568 500 54 5 5i 6 25 3 7 8 8 1,000 1,000 3 2 1,400 1, 219 L.B.G. L. B. G. 200 12 12.5 3 Tu. Ty. Ify 99 5 5-6 13 3.5 5,000 5 3,022 B.G. Few. 16 5 13 3 5 2,000 500 L.B.G. 17 240 200 5 5i 3 6 6 12 3 2,500 2 2,500 B.G. 125 Tu. IS 19 119 18 5 5-8 6| 5-8 3 12 11.5 3 3 1,850 1 1 6 684 L. L.B. 72 124 124 Ty. 20 21 22 15 5 6-8 6 6 7-8 7 12 3 1,200 hS. 2,000 1 3 460 500 f 283 1 3,508 B. L. G. L. B. G. L. 1 » Few 500 8-12 S-12 12 23 1 0-8 6-8 2 10 12 '■ There are 506 licenses, but some persons run several wagons on one license. / Portion consumed by inhabitants of near-by towns and cities. (/Besides 1,200 cows kept by private families. ''State control. 'Tourists, etc., make average i)i>jiu!aticiu l-'iD.OOO. 28 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Tahle I. — Statistics of milk sapplij 5n 6 6 - 3,000 4 6,666 B. 300 Ta. 50 31 202 131 11 5 111.5 jl2 111.5 3 2.5 1,200 1,2.50 2 1 456 4.50 . L. B. G. Fe\y. 14 Tu. Ty. 1 8 10 Tn. 32 S3 90 2,ri00 6 6 S 2, 700 9,580 10 2,000 [ 95 l47, 023 L. B. G. L. G. L. 180 '390 Tn. Ty. 4(?) 12 3.5 Ty. P. 3U 35 6-.S G 8-10 7 4 10 10 3, 000 1,200 2 1 4,997 2,612 B. G. L. B. -100 12.5 3.5 3R 5-.S (!-8 ,. 6-8 6-8 12 •? 5 6,000 4 b3,178 B. G. 200 37 LSS 153 6 6 1 8 8 12 3 1,200 2 1,083 B. G. 36 Tu.Ty.P. 38 5 5-6 12 3 1,500 B. 686 114 5.8 6.5 8.2 8.6 2, 953 3 6, 834 77 b For live months. 30 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table II. — Statistics of milk supply and sUpermsion in all of the {40) States and citio California: Oakland Connecticut: Bridgeport Hartford Delaware: Wilmington... Georgia: Atlanta Savannah Illinois: Peoria Indiana: Evansville Iowa: Des Moines . . . Kansas: Kansas City... Maine: Portland Massachusetts: Cambridge Lawrence Lowell Lynn New Bedford . Somerville Springfield . . . Michigan: Grand Rapids. Minnesota: Duluth New Hampshire: Manchester . . . New Jersey: Camden Elizabeth Hoboken Trenton o c No. 66, 960 70, 996 79, 850 76, 508 Average daily milk consumption. Galls. 4,500 6, 250 9,000 3, 756 89,872 I <■ 1,500 54,244 3,000 56, 100 59,007 62, 139 51,418 50, 145 91, 886 62, 559 94, 969 68, 513 62, 442 61, 643 62, 059 87, 565 52, 969 56, 987 75, 935 52, 130 59, 364 5, 000 2,600 5,000 3, 000 3,000 h 9, 074 6, 000 7,700 6,000 7,000 7,640 4, 750 5,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 13,062 8,750 Pints 0.54 .13 .44 .71 .34 .64 .47 .48 .79 .76 .65 .70 .90 .99 .61 .46 .60 .50 .42 2.00 fcl.21 49 Galls. 100 600 250 300 202 500 200 600 500 100 125 250 115 25 101 116 200 50 125 200 225 No. 45 200 53 40 100 200 410 700 350 350 201 500 { 300 . . . . ! 103 51 45 100 128 25 243 25 73,307 4,500 S.=State control. L. = lactometer. G.=gravimetric analysis. A portion is consumed by nonresidents. Many. Besides 2,500 gallons of buttermilk. Nearly all. No. 80 250 195 341 350 80 00 125 75 75 156 200 166 75 170 185 133 228 95 115 75 50 24 130 Miles. 40 100 12 20 300 20 175 14 100 155 18 30 5 :o 5 1 Production of milk w'thin city limits. No. 45 No. 3, 500 300 85 100 446 60 1,000 1,000 134 234 130 100 350 700 62 (130 1,000 1,100 100 20 B. = Babcock test. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. ciiie.t (if over 50,000 and ander 100,000 population {Class II). 31 1 3 U 6 S '.) in 11 I-: 13 Ik 15 16 17 18 19 JO •:i 22 23 2k 95 Dairies beyond city lim- its' sup- plying milk. Retail price milk per quart. "Model" dairies Milk supplying milk, standard. Milk inspection. Examinations of milk samples past year. 5 o I ? OS 0^ a; c a> . a a CO Retail price per quart. 3 c 1 t o o ag a a) .2 "3- O For composition. For bacteria. . i *-* 0) a a a 3 oi 01 V B 3 "A a Ay). 35 No. 35 CTs. 5-10 7 6-7 6 5 10 5-0 5 5 6 4-8 6 5 4-7 6 6 6 5 5 5 8 6 3-6 6 Cts.\ 5-10 8 1 7-8 (rf) 8 Cts. as. P.cl. P.ct. 3 Dolls. 1,200 500 1,500 No. 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 250 B. 10 1 171 200 350 15 78 54 100 10 500 35 200 (/) 73 51 10 6-10 7-10 12.3 12 3.5 3 651 125 1,250 770 215 1,000 3,367 179 2,972 L.B. L.G. G. 125 6 10 5-7 6i 5 5 7 5-9 6 6 4-7 6 7 6 6 6 5-6 8 8 4-8 8 Few. 3 1 Few. Few. 1 Few. 7 1 7 10 9 10 1,500 900 S.300 1004- 1,500 350 2,329 2,500 1,600 500 100 1,600 S. 300 1,200 s. s. 12 3 B. L. B. G. B. 35 6i 6i 12 3 7 8 7 9 B.G. B. B.G. 7 7 7 7 800 900 575 1,500 400 140 550 L. B.G. L.B. B.G. B. L. L.G. L. 120 228 65 150 113 55 228 45 55 6-8 7 6-8 7 12. 5 3 150 30 3 6 8 100 L.G. (7 4,000 gallons in addition used by oleomargarine factories. A Also large quantities of cream and skim milk used by bakers and ice-cream manufacturers. i Be.sides 100 private cows. j Almost all. k Wholesalers and retailers report same milk, 32 BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table II. — Statislirs of milk ftupphj mid sv/n'rvisiitv. hi n/l nffln' (40) Population according to the 1900 cen.sus. Average daily milk consumption. S 0) ad a. 2 Si "3 a -DO < i c o o a o O '3 0) ic g ? < a a M 1 at Xi t. [2 1 £ S. ft s a o o Production of milk within city limits. States and cities. I '3. O u fL, U ZJ 1 New York: No. Galls. Pints. Galls. Gam. No. No. mirii. P.ct No. No. No. Albanv 94, 151 8, 022 0.68 1,468 213 105 188 62 ■JS 25 366 a« Troy (and Lan- 73,246 6,000 .66 750 120 50 12 27 sirigburg). Utica .')6, 3«3 5, 000 .71 300 1.50 60 210 10 5 50 1 5 2S Ohio: Dayton S.'S, 333 6, 500 .61 200 150 300 too 20 50 15 194 15 29 Oregon: Portland 90, 42(i 7, 500 .66 25 150 s 45 240 20 30 Pennsylvania: Erie 52, 733 3, 600 2,500 .54 250 1.50 123 78 15 o 25 3 f!1 Harrisburg 50, 167 .40 1,000 125 12 75 15 8 o 20 32 Reading 78, 961 4,200 .43 1,400 175 20 145 8 S3 Wilkesbarre 51,721 2,890 .45 40 60 130 50 SI, South Carolina: Charleston 55, 807 720 n.lO 8 1 6 5 35 Tennessee: Nashville 80, 865 6, 802 .67 13 198 IS 36 Texas: San Antonio 53, 321 37 Utah: Salt Lake ("itv ... 53, 531 2, 300 .34 20 57 35 25 '' 250 38 Virginia: Richmond 85, 050 4,000 .38 100 100 1.50 35 5 39 Washington: Seattle SO, 671 9,200 .91 400 700 142 87 44 66 21 400 21 40 A V (■ ra g e of 68, 048 5, 313 .03 423 186 128 133 48 25 21 444 18 those report- - ing. « Large number of private cows kept and no record of milk sold from these. ''1,000 gallons are x>roduced by private cows. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. cities of over 50,000 and under 100,000 population {Class II) — Continued. 83 20 28 29 SO 31 32 33 Dairies beyond city lim- its sup- plying milk. Retail price milk per quart. " Model" dairies supplying milk. Milk standard. Milk inspection. Kxam nations of milk supplies past year. 3 o 1 f— 1 u a a 3 CO a a 3 /5 Retail price per quart. o H i Estimated an- nual cost. a Oj >> .- o o For composition. For bacteria. a a V .a a '5 i a -a 150 200 125 50 100 90 145 53 i'.;3 No. 125 37 15 100 53 1 as. 6 6 5 5-6 5 5 5-6 6 6 8 Cts. 6 6 6 5-6 5-71 5 6 6 8 8 3 3 1 Cts. cts. P.ct. p.ct. DolU. No. S. !---- 12,000 L. B. G. Few. s. 5 7 6 7 12 3 600 s. 50 L.B.G. 1 27 C i 1 75 1,758 B. G. L. B. G. 7 7 185 121 350 2, .570 55 ( 2,400 I 117 L. L.B. Few. 6 8 ,X 12.5 G. 37 38 SO 1,0 8 5 6 5 10 5 6 7 1 1,200 1 5 5 12 3 L.B.G. 150 16 76 12 3 B. G. 167 64 5.9 6.6 6.9 7.4 685 1 1,076 7 25839— No. 46—03 3 34 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table III. — Staiistics of milk supply and supervision in {S3) States and cities. Alabama: Birmingliam Mobile Montgomery Arkansas: Little Rock California: Sacramento Colorado: Pneblo Connecticut: New Britain Waterbury Florida: Jacksonville Georgia: Augusta Hawaii: Honolulu Illinois: East St. Louis Joliet Quincy Rockford h Springfield Indiana: Fort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute Iowa: Cedar Rapids Council Bluffs . .. Davenport SS c3 Dubuque Sioux City Kansas: Topeka Kentucky: Covington Lexington Newport «S. = State control '>L. = Lactometer. <-Tu.=Tubercle baci Dip.=Diphtlieria. No. 38, 415 38, 469 30, 346 38, 307 29, 282 28, 157 25, 998 45, 859 28, 429 39,411 39, 306 29. 655 29, 353 36, 252 31,051 34, 1.59 45, 11.- 35, 99f 36, 678 25. 656 25, 802 35, 254 36,297 33, 111 42, 938 26, 369 28, 301 Average daily milk consumption Galls. 2,000 ''.540 1,300 3,000 5,000 1,.500 5,000 1,200 '1 600 rf 1,000 2,400 1,-500 2,500 2,480 1,000 1,000 1,500 1,600 Pints 0.42 .14 .26 .82 el. 42 .46 .87 .34 .12 .20 a. 2 So. a Galls. 50 3.50 200 50 2.50 10 2.50 Q 15 l,0f)O .500 40 . 47 400 .49 50 1,425 .31 4,. 500 » 1.09 i, 000 . 48 3, .500 2, 000 .65 .61 500 200 250 150 Few. 15 10 130 75 1 3 140 10 No. 100 35 25 40 55 40 30 125 106 35 25 40 31 50 Miles 50 6 8 P.ct 10 12 7 33 10; 9. 7 Production of milk within city limits. No. 20 No. 300 14 250 No 20 3,000 175 63 297 200 300 610 60 B. = Babcock test. li.=Gravi Ty. = Typlioid fever b metri( acilli. analysis. l'.=Pus cells. Pa. = Pathogenic bacteria. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDKED CITIES. citiea of over 26,000 and under 50,000 population {Class III). 35 1 3 U 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 U 15 n 15 16 17 IS 19 W 21 23 2U 25 26 27 28 Dairies beyond eity lim- its sup- plying- milk. Retail price milk per quart. "Model" dairies supplying milk. Milk standard. Milk inspection. Examinations of milk samples past year. "3 P. a t— ( a D 02 g Retail price per quart. 2 1 o i P a — . a> o For composition. For bacteria. s a in 'A a , c 2 90 35 19 40 36 17(?) 30 250 35 20 No. 40 19 Cts. 8 10 10 Ctn. s lU 10 2 Cts. 9 Cts. 10 P.ct. 12.5 p.ct. 3 Dolls. 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,000 1,000 No. 1 1 1 1 1 500 L.B.G. 12.5 3 864 L. B. G. Sev- eral. Tu. 36 17 250 35 7 6 6-7 5 10 4-6i 10-15 7 7 7-8 7 10 61-71 10-15 12 3.2 1,200 .f344 B. L.B.c;. t 1,000 185 /700 B.L.G. L.B. 2 Ty. 12 3 - 1,660 2 L.B.G. 40 20 40 5 5 5 5 3 300 L. 28 H4 25 34 5(?) 5L 4C 13 84 34 52 12 12 3 3.5 389 700 28 500 L.B. B. Preserv. B.preserv. B. B. B. G. B. B. B. L. B. 5 6 1 5 4-5 5 5 5 5 5 6-8 5 5 4-5 6 5 10 10 1,200 S. 150 1 3 1 " s. 1 f 1,000 1 5 5,000 720 400 372 ! 600 •> 5 . . S.144 S.144 1,000 1 1 1 6 5-6i 1 6-8 1 150 31 3. 31 8 8 12 3 6i t rf Large number of private cows kept and milk sold; no record. e Claim population is 47,9.55. /Samples examined in 9 months. (/Claim population is over 35,000. ft No inspector and no records; can get no facts. 36 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table III. — Statistics of milk supply and supervision in {83) States and cities. Massachusetts: Brockton Chelsea Fitchburj; Gloucester . . . Haverhill Holyoke Maiden Newton Salem Taunton Michigan: Bay City Jackson City. Saginaw Missouri: Joplin Montana: ■ Butte Nebraska: Lincoln South Omaha New Jersey: Atlantic City Bayonne Passaic New York: Auburn Binghamton . Elmira Schenectady . Yonkers Ohio: Akron Canton Springfield . . . Youngstown . Pennsylvania; Allentown . .. Altoona o Average daily milk consumption. No. 40, 063 34, 072 31,531 26, 121 37, 175 45, 712 33, 664 33, 687 35, 956 31,036 27, 628 25, 180 42, 345 26, 023 40, 169 26, 001 27, 838 32, 772 27, 777 30, 345 39, 647 35, 672 31,682 47,931 42, 728 30, 667 38, 253 44,885 35, 416 Galls. - 3,200 3,800 4, 541 2,300 3,290 4,373 3,000 5,275 4,200 2,532 3,000 1,745 3,000 1,108 1,800 3,000 2, .520 5, 000 2,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 38, 973 3, 500 . 72 Pints 0.64 .89 1.15 .70 .71 .77 .71 1.25 .93 .65 .87 .55 .79 .51 1.12 .51 .67 a. 2 Oalls. 50 100 488 1,000 2,000 30 50 215 Galls. 40 40 45 125 200 60 50 250 40 100 No. 150 179 99 124 120 172 95 140 80 26 8 60 30 130 Nu. 150 46 100 136 45 130 61 135 28 52 (?) 27 100 34 56 Miles. 16 50 40 100 P.ct 50 Production of milk within city limits. a No. 41 15 34 50 120 78 25 41 6 77 Q No. 584 140 404 700 1,000 858 183 1,170 185 810 40 55 125 122 170 20 648 o Nearly all. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. citieit of over 25,000 and under 50,000 population (Class III) — Continued. 37 Dairies beyond city lim- its sup- plying milk. Retail price milk per quart. " Model " dairies supplying milk. Milk standard. Milk inspection. Examination of milk past year.* samples 3 o u a a 02 a i a Retail price per quart. 2 "o o ^1 'S al ■■2 ^ to W a Is 3 ft o For composition. For bacteria. a a a 12; o 25 ?'9 No. 20 20 as. 6 4-7 6 6-7 6 5 C 7-8 6-7 6 6 5-8 6 6-7 6 6 7 7-8 7-8 6 1 Few. Cts. 6 6 P.ct. p.ct. Dolls. 100 225 300 (?) 150 150 500 300 601.39 S. .50 1 1 2 1 1 25 1,058 25 275 260 475 1,562 an Lacto- scope. L. 4 31 58 6 6 12 3 Ty.Dip. SS 125 300 39 Few. Few. 1 Few. 6 7 6 8 L.B. B. G. L.G. sr, .w sr, (53 20 .... 8 7-8 8 7-8 Tu. Ty. ,ST ss 1 7 bl68 220 L. B. B.G. a P. • 55 5fi 2 Few. 6 6 6 8 1 57 40 100 109 40 36 B. 12 nn 69 1 &. ' Samples examined in 9 months. 38 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table III. — Statistics of milk supplii a ml siipcrrlslou in {83) • o to SS |S a. Aver daily consnm age milk stion . i u O) Oh a. 2 3"S. ".§ "2 a •a o o il < a a o o i. II '3 •o 0) ho g < 1 c o 13 a o a a 1 OJ ft .2* a o 1 Production of milk within city limits. 60 61 62 63 6U 65 66 67 6S 69 70 71 73 73 7h 75 76 77 78 .79 80 81 82 83 states and cities. o IP Is Pennsylvania — Ctrl .Yo. 33, 988 •25,238 35, 936 41,459 34, 227 28, 339 28,757 33, 708 39, 231 28,204 30, 154 32. 637 42. 638 26,688 37, 789 44,633 46, 624 36,848 37, 714 38, 878 28,895 28,284 29, 102 31,091 Qalls. 1,625 Pints. 0.38 Galls. 600 Galh. No. 28 No. 59 Miles. 10 P.ct 6 No. No. No. Lancaster McKeesport 1,800 2,000 700 875 1,350 2,955 .35 .47 .20 .24 .32 .60 50 12 96 50 75 90 40 125 H 5 7 50 8 5 3 14 28 15 4 58 30 28 150 150 75 14 25 SO Williamsport York 25 4 150 75 25 Rhode Island: Pawtucket Tennessee: Chattanooga" — Texas: Dallas 5,250 .98 3 175 8 Fort Worth <« 29 6 10 10 19 50 269 8 19 Houston 3,800 .68 100 200 3 109 Virginia: Washington: Spokane 2,600 .54 200 8 45 50 6 200 6 West Virginia: Wheeling Wisconsin: 4,000 1,000 .82 .28 100 400 100 140 50 120 30 30 2 33 10 100 1,800 .49 100 50 20 2 40 40 8 140 27 Superior ......... 400 27 Average of those re- porting. 34,216 2,608 .58 265 118 46 64 20 12 21 355 31 a No inspectors and no records; can get no facts. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 39 citien of over 25,000 and under 50,000 j)opulation {Class III). — Continued. 60 61 62 63 61, 65 66 67 6S 69 70 71 7^2 73 7U 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 Dairies beyond city lim- its sup- plying milk. Retail price milk per quart. "Model" dairies supplying milk. Milk standard. Milk inspection. Examinations of milk samples past year. si O H a m a a 3 -2 c a 3 Retail price per quart. 1 3 o H ll a .So. o For composition. For bacteria. 0) a a m tH B a Lh' Xi a 1 a 4 5 No. 70 No. as. 6 Cts. 8 Cts. Cts. P.c<. P.rf. Dolls. 145 12 75 127 28 200 80 5-6 5-6 10 .5-6 5-6 8 505 73 300 L. B. 127 1 6 5 5 5-6 7 6 5 6-7 1 1 3 2 5 6 L. Or. gauge. 400 7 7 L. G. 150 150 4-5 4-5 L. 1 128 128 15 5 15 5- 960 4,775 12 3.2 L.B. 6 8 650 206 B. B. 125 16 6 5 S 5 1 6 6 50 5 5 10 L.B. 65 37 6.2 6.7 6.8 7 421 1 521 2 40 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. Table IV. — Statistics of milk supply and superifimon in {S9) States and cities. California: Alameda San Jose Colorado: Colorado Springs. Trinidad Illinois: Aurora Evanston Moline Ottawa Indiana: Richmond Iowa: Burlington Clinton Keokuk Marshalltown Ottumwa Maine: Belfast Lewiston Waterville Massachusetts: Melrose North Adams North Attleboro.. Wakefield Woburn Michigan: Battlecreek Lansing New Jersey: Montclair New Brunswick. . New York: Lockport Mount Vernon... Rome Watertown No. 16,464 21, 500 21, 085 5, 345 24, 147 19, 259 17, 248 10, 588 18, 226 23,201 22, 698 14, 641 11,544 18,197 4, 615 23, 761 9,477 12, 962 24. 208 7,253 9, 290 14, 254 18, 563 16,485 13, 962 20, 006 16, 581 21, 228 15, 343 21, 696 Average daily milk consumption Galls. 1,760 2,512 1,800 500 1,500 1,500 577 600 1,250 1,600 1,000 500 800 606 300 1,800 800 800 2, 000 885 800 1,032 1,.400 1,000 1,250 • 900 3,000 1,000 2,400 Pints. 0.86 d.93 .68 .75 .50 .62 .27 .45 .55 .55 .35 .27 .55 /.27 ..52 .61 .49 .66 .58 .60 .49 .49 .50 M.18 .52 a. 2 50 100 30 100 15 20 100 750 Galls. 100 150 No. 21 40 19 14 10 1 No. 38 100 28 10 43 40 34 15 Miles. 45 7 14 3 400 6 Production of milk within citv limits. W No. 11 3 1 2 7 1 3 No. 62 40 40 400 30 25 1,200 35 !;12 125 150 377 275 343 100 65 aS=State control. 6 L= Lactometer. B=Babcock test. G=Gravimetric analysis. cTu=Tubercle bacilli. Ty=Typhoid bacilli. B'd corp.=blood coipuscles. rf 3,768 gallons brought to city daily, but about one-third goes to suburbs not included in the popu. lation of San Jos6. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. cities and toums of less tluin 25,000 population {Class IV). 41 1 3 i 5 6 7 8 •J > Dairie.s beyond citv lim- it.^ sup- plying milk. Retail price milk per qtiart. " Model " dairies .supplying milk. Milk standard. Milk inspection. Kxaminations uf milk samples past year. "3 o p. 0) g. c a a . i a 3 Retail price per quart. 2 o o i a ■CM a 3 a -^^ O For compo-sition. For bacteria. a a 3 U2 a 3 ■d o x: 0) £> a 3 'A a 5 No. 23 127 17 No. 23 127 8 as. 61 5 ep 15-81 6| 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 .4-5 5 6 5 5-7 5 6 6 6 5 5 7-12 4-6 5 7-15 4 5 as. 6S 5 ep 5-8i 6| 5 7-10 5 6 (i 5 5-6 6 6 6 6 5-7 6 6 6 6 5 5 7-12 5-8 6 8-15 5 5 5 Few. 3 1 2 Few. 4 6 Few. Few. as. 7^ 5 6i as. 5 12.5 13 12 12 12 13 P.ct. 3i 3 3 3 3 Bolls. 1,200 600 No. 1 1 1 925 175 8 314 40 332 13 38 600 4,000 432 500 676 150 300 160 36 300 150 154 25 560 41 166 3,500 r 40 i 1,000 40 106 850 L.B.G. B. G. B.L.G. B.L. B. L. G. B. B.L. B. B. B. B. B. B. B. L. G. B. L. G. B.L. L.G. B. B. B.G. L.G. B.L. B.L. B.L.G. B. B. L. L.B.G. L.B. L.B.G. 20 3 15 1 4 166 } » 275 Bd. Corp. Ty. Tu. 100 37 30 13 36 12 30 1 25 24 11 36 12 8 12 10 300 1 2 Tu. 400 150 S. s. S.126 S.llO s. 50 200 100 100 100 200 150 100 130 900 300 s. s. 500 400 750 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 9. 5 5 , 1 ' li 15 16 17 IS 10 20 21 22 23 2k 12 20 30 50 39 25 75 8 1 30 10 39 75 Tv. 7 5 6 7 6 7 7 • 70 45 24 55 22 90 36 37 70 45 24 12 90 36 37 • 12. 5 3 Tu. 6 1 4 8-12 6 8-12 8 28 $0 8-15 8-15 12 3 Ty. « Pasteurized. / Large number of people keep private cows, and some sell milk to neighbors. (/There are also about 200 cows kept by private families. h Large amount used in institutions, population of which is not counted in the city. 42 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table IV. — Statistics of milk supply and supermsion in {39) 0) o be G ^ O C V 0) ■s 1 o Average daily milk consumption. a a. 2 3 P. M 3 a > < P. a i i o o 'S S 03 •6 p. p. p 1 1 1 1 .P -o a> P. P. a o o o Ph Production of milk within city limits. States and cities. o H ■p. '6 u .3 % 8 1 ll aj W Ohio: No. Galls. Pints. Galls. Galls. iVo. A'o. Miles. P.C< No. No. No. Fostoria 7,730 23, 914 8,529 400 1,027 .41 .34 25 10 10 46 8 32 3 6 1 21 125 73 1 13 31 ftf. 645 .60 20 20 1 11 15 3 1 24 1 3S Pennsylvania: 17, 628 10, 291 9,196 1,500 875 .68 .68 200 300 45 30 8 4 15 60 12 S5 Phoenixville 725 .63 30 10 3 37 5 7 60 36 Wisconsin: Green Bay 18, 684 600 a. 26 60 1 28 8 8 120 8 37 Marinette 16, 196 464 a. 23 12 3 23 96 10 8 bl05 8 38 Waukesha . 7,419 395 .43 15 3 2 40 39 Average of 15, 728 1,112 .57 109 68 15 34 25 6 12 136 11 those re- porting. a Large number of people keep private cows, and some sell milk to neighbors. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. citk'K and taints (>//e.s.s thwt. ^3,000 ]>opHlation {Class JV) — Continued. 43 Dairies beyond Retail city lim- price " Model " dairies Milk Milk Examinations of milk samples its sup- milk per supplying- milk. standard. inspection. past year. plying quart. milk. 1 Retail price per (jjiart. a MT3 For composition. For bacteria. 0) * u h '^ X 1 a a a o fl ? 0) a 3 a a 3 H a| — O o 1 55 a S ■ A'b. No. Cts. as. «s. Cfe. P. c<. P.ct. Dolls. iVo. 31 32 33 G 20 16 6 16 IG 5 6 5 6 5 2 5 C i 7 200 1 108 162 \ ' I 123 L.B.G. L.B.G. G. B. 3 2 } « Tu. 5 5 fif, GO G 6 100 70 B. S5 36 37 38 39 30 5.5 15 13 30 8 20 15 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 G 12.5 12.5 12 12 3.5 3 3 3 200 100 1 97G 49G 12 82 350 L.B. L. L. B. G. L.B. L.B. 3 , 150 1 1 Tu. 38 29 5.G G 7.1 7.G 282 1 471 16.4 ?< There are also about 200 cows kept by private families. 44 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Table V. — State standard.^ for milk, skimmed milk, and cream. Milk. Skimmed milk. Cream. States. Total solids. Solids not fat. Fat. Specific gravity. Total solids. Solids not fat. Fat. Specific gravity. Fat. District of Columbia Per ct. Per ct. 9 8.5 9 9.3 9 Per ct. 3.5 3.5 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3.7 3 3 3.5 3 3 3.5 3 Per ct. 9.3 Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. 20 Georgia 8.5- 3.5 Illinois a 12 &15 Indiana Iowa 12.6 12 12 12.5 13 12 12.5 13 12 15 Kentuekv 15 Maine Maryland Massachusetts 9.3 April-Septem- ber Michigan 1. 029-1. 033 1.032-1.037 Minnesota 20 Montana <• 1.025 Nebraska 15 New Hampshire 13 12 12 12 12 12 11.5 9.5 9 April-Septem- ber 9 New Jersev New York'i 3 3 3 North Dakota 15 Ohiod May-June Oregon 12 12.5 12 9 8.5 3 3 2.5 3 Pennsylvania e 1.029-1.033 /2.5 1.032-1.037 Rhode Island South Carolina Utah 9 Vermont 12.5 12 9.25 94 May-June Washington •. . . 8 3 3 18 Wisconsin 1 "Condensed milk shall be made from milk containing at least the legal standard of 3 per cent butter fat and evaporated to one-third or less of its original volume. ' 6 Coffee cream shall contain at least 15 per cent of fat, and whipping cream 22 per cent fat. c Applies to cities with a population over 5,000. din New York and Ohio the milk solids of conden.sed milk shall be in quantity the equivalent of 12 per cent of milk solids in crude milk, of which solids 25 per cent shall be fat. e Milk and skimmed milk standards refer to cities of second and third class. f Six per cent cream by volume. g As basis for payment at factories. SHORT STATEMENTS REGARDING THE MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. In the following pages are given briefly and in narrative form such statistical and other general information as it has been possible to collect in the course of this inquiry regarding the milk suppl}^ of every one of the 161 cities in the United States having a population of over 25,000, MILK SUPPLY OF TWp HUNDRED CITIES. 45 according to the census for 1900, and of 39 others selected fi'om the large number of smaller cities and towns. The data thus given show, therefore, the conditions as reported by 200 representative cities and towns in the United States. The cities and towns of each State are grouped together in the order of their size; and those in each group are preceded by a general account for the entire State whenever there are facts of interest which apply to the S^ate as a whole. This latter includes an abstract of State laws relating to milk, and a few words to show what has been done under these laws by the State authorities. The statement for each city and town includes the following infor- mation, or so much of it as has been obtainable: First, the name and title of the official most closely connected with the supervision of the milk suppl}^; second, general statistics — the amount of milk used, the way it is handled, the prices for which the producers and retailers sell it, and the number and location of herds supplying it; third, an abstract of the local ordinances, regulations, etc., relating to the milk supplj^ (care has been taken to give in considerable detail the require- ments of the milk ordinances in all cities of Class I, but in others many of the ordinar}^ requirements are omitted or barely referred to); fourth, a summar}^ of the work done by the authorities in the supervision of the milk suppl}'^ — the amount of money expended for this purpose, the number of officials employed, and numbers of inspections of dairies, and chemical and bacteriological examinations of milk; fifth, mention of a few ways in which recent improvement of the milk sup- ply has been shown, if at all, and suggestions for further improvement; and, sixth, additional matter of interest, whenever supplied, such as the results of special investigations. With very few exceptions, every statement is based wholly upon reports received from the official named in connection with it. ALABAMA. This 8tate has no milk law. Mobile. (Population, .38,469.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] D. T. Rogers, clerk of the board of health. Milk is sold from 8 stores and 35 wagons. A portion of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, which are filled at the farms. The retail price is 10 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no ' ' model dairies ' ' near the cit3^ Milk is supplied from 35 dairy farms, all within a radius of 6 miles. The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. Birmingham. (Population, 38,415.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] W. B. Fleming, chief inspector of meat and milk. The estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,000 gallons, or an average of 0.42 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 2 stores and 100 wagons. About 50 per cent of 46 BUREAU OF A]S:iMAL INDUSTRY. the milk is delivered in glass bottles, which are iisually filled at the farms. The retail price of milk is 8 cents per quart in summer and 9 cents in winter. The milk from 2 "model dairies" is sold for 9 cents per quart in summer and 10 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 20 herds, including 300 cows, and milk is sent in from 90 dairy farms. About 10 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 50 miles. An ordinance adopted in September, 1899, regulates the sale of milk in the city. License for supplying milk is as follows: For 10 or fewer cows, $5; over 10 cows, $10; but private families keeping not more than 2 cows may sell the surplus milk to their neighbors without license. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. Cows producing milk for the city must be tested with tuberculin. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and a specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. Skimmed milk must contain 9 per cent milk solids not fat. One thousand dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk sup- ply, one milk* inspector giving his entire time to this work. In the past three months 500 samples were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; all the city herds and 40 of the 90 dairy farms were inspected. The inspector states that better sanitary conditions should obtain at dairies, and more care should be exercised in feeding milch cows. Montgomery. (Population, 30,346.) [For comparison with otlicr cities in Class III, see p. 31.] W. L. Stewart, milk inspector. John L. Harley, clerk of the sanitary department. The amount of milk sold daily is estimated as 540 gallons, or 0.14 pint per capita, besides 20 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. In explanation of this low consumption of milk, it is stated that nearly half of the families in the city keep their own cows and sell milk. This milk is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold from no stores, but from 25 wagons. Only a limited quantity of milk is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farms. None is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 10 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers sell- ing direct to the consumers. No dairy near the city is conducted in an entirely sat- isfactory manner. ]\Iilk is supplied from one herd of 14 cows within the city limits, and 19 herds (537 cows) on farms within a radius of 8 miles. Milk ordinances adopted in September, 1896, regulate the sale of milk. All per- sons selling or supplying milk must take out an annual license, at the rate of $5 for 10 cows or under, and |10 for any number exceeding 10 cows, l)ut persons who keep not more than 2 cows for family use and sell the surplus milk to neighbors are exempt from license. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. Cows producing milk to be used in the city must be free from dangerous disease, and must be tested with tuberculin. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. Skimmed milk standard is 9 per cent milk solids not fat. One thousand dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. A milk chemist and inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the past year 864 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimet- ric analysis, besides tests for coloring matter and preservatives; several examinations were made for tubercle bacilli. The cows at 17 dairy farms were tested with tuber- culin, and all dairies were examined once a month as to sanitation, food, manner of handling milk, etc. Recently there has been an improvement in the »'haracter of the milk supply and in the sanitary condition of dairies. It is ))eliev('d that more sanitary dairy build- ings are needed. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 47 ARIZONA. This Territory has no milk law. ARKANSAS. This State has no milk law. Little Rock. (Population, .38,307.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] R. B. Christian, secretary of the State board of health. The amount of milk sold daily is about 1,300 gallons, or 0.26 pint per capita. In explanation of this small consumption of milk, it is stated that a large proportion of the city families keep their own milch cows, whose product is not included in the above figures. Milk is sold from a few stores and about 40 wagons. Within the city there are 25 herds, including 250 cows, and milk is sent in from 40 dairy farms, the most distant being 12 miles from the city. The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. CALIFORNIA. J. M. Thomas, agent and secretary of the State dairy bureau, San Francisco. Statutes of 1899 — chapter 136 refers to milk. No person shall sell impure milk or cream, or milk that is from cows fifteen days before or five days after parturition, or milk from cows that are diseased or fed unwholesome food. It is the duty of the State dairy bureau to inspect any dairy complained of as having diseased cows or being in an insanitary condition, and the bureau may require changes at places inspected. The State veterinarian may order the slaughter of diseased animals at the expense of owners. County district attorneys shall prosecute offenders. Statutes and amendments to the Codes, extra session, 1900-1901, page 324: The use of incorrect glassware, Babcock testers, etc., in determining the richness of milk or cream as a basis for payment therefor is prohibited. The State exercises no supervision over the milk sup]ily of cities. San Francisco. (Population, 342,782.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] Adolph Sutro, president of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 25,000 gallons, or 0.58 pint per capita. It is estimated, also, that the city consumes daily 500 gallons of skimmed milk and 1,500 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 173 stores and 350 wagons. Glass bottles are used by large dealers in the delivery of about one-fourth of the total milk supply; they are filled in the city. Practically no pasteurized milk is used. The retail price of milk is 5 to 7 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers receiving 2 to 3 cents. There are no dairies near the city which could be classed as "model dairies." Within the city there are 196 herds, including 5,880 cows, and milk is sent into the city from 300 dairy farms, the longest shipment being 60 miles. The milk ordinance of January, 1896, gives authority to the board of health to regulate the milk supply. Some of the princii^al requirements of the ordinance and regulations are as follows: Each person selling milk in the city must have a permit. This is issued without cost by the board of health only after certain detailed informa- tion regarding the source of the milk and the conduct of the proposed business has been filed; it is revocable for cause. A permit is required for every place where milk is sold. Each person holding a permit must file at least once a year a detailed statement containing data similar to that in the application. Permit number shall 48 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. be prominently displayed wherever milk is sold. The ordinance forbids the sale of impure, etc., milk, including milk from cows fifteen days before or five days after calving; milk from cows given unwholesome food or water, or kept in insanitary condition, or affected with disease; milk to which any water or other substance has been added, or from which any cream has been removed; milk that is drawn from cows or by milkers that are unclean; and milk containing less than 12 percent solids, or 3.2 per cent fat. Swill, garbage, or milk diluent must not be carried in delivery wagons. The board of health must oci-asiorially have inspected all dairies from which milk is brought into the city. Owners of dairies must report conditions which might render milk impure. The sale of condensed milk, buttermilk, or sour milk is permitted if from pure milk; the proportion of solids in condensed milk must be equivalent to 12 per cent solids in crude milk and 26.5 per cent of them nuist be fat. Market inspectors are required to visit, twice a month, all dairies in the city and county and they are requested to visit milk ranches at least once a month. In certain parts of the city no person may keep more than 2 cows. The ordinance section concerning carrying swill on milk-delivery vehicles is given in Appendix I (p. 180). The city makes no sj^ecial appropriation for the supervision of its milk supply, nor is any officer designated to give his entire time to this work. During the past year 464 samples of milk were examined for specific gravity and fat by lactometer and Babcock test, checks being occasionally made by the Westphal balance, butyro- refractometer, and gravimetric analysis; 3 samples were examined bacteriological ly — 2 for tubercle and 1 for typhoid bacilli; none of the city dairies or dairy farms sending milk to the city have been inspected. Jt is not stated that the milk supply has recently shown any marked improvement. Liberality in providing funds for the health department to carry on a thorough inspection of dairies is recommended. It is also urged that milk users be more particular as to the character of the milk delivered to them. Iios Angeles. (Population, 102,479.) [For comparison with otlier cities in Class I, see p. 26.] George W. Hood, milk inspector. The amount of milk sold daily is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 0.35 pint per capita, besides 150 gallons of cream and a very small amount of skimmed milk. These figures do not include the milk produced by town cows and not sold, hence the average daily consumption is greater than 0.35 jjint per capita. Milk is sold in nearly all grocery stores and in many of the fruit stores, and is served from 112 wagons. Glass bottles are used largely in the delivery of milk, being filled only at the dairies. It is estimated that about 1,000 gallons of milk is i)asteurized daily, the practice having increased since the use of formalin was stopped. The retail price of millcis 5 cents per quart, both summer and winter, and the price paid the producer is just half that amount. There is only one "model dairy," which receives 7^ cents per quart throughout the year for its product. Within the city limits there are 25 dairy herds, including about 500 head. Milk is sent into the city from 2,000 cows, on about 75 dairy farms. About 5 per cent of the i^iilk supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 20 miles. City milk ordinance (No. 6492), adojited in March, 1901, requires all milk or cream dealers to have an annual permit, granted by the board of health free of charge. Dairies, cows, cow sta])les, milk houses, milk vessels, and vehicles, whether within the city limits or not, must be subject to inspection by a board of health ofiicer. Milk must be reduced to 00° F. before it is put into closed cans or marketed, and delivery wagons must be covered during the months of May to September. Bottling nmst he done at the milk houses and not upon the delivery wagons. The MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 49 delivery of bottled milk to any dwelling where there is a contagious disease is pro- hibited. The milk standard is as follows: Specific gravity, 1.03; butter fat, 3.4 per cent; total solids, 12 per cent; cream by volume, 9 per cent. Cream standard, butter fat 20 per cent. Skimmed milk may be sold if plainly labeled. Milk is i)rohibited from cows fed on any garbage or other improper food, or kept in an unsanitary condition. In 1899 a resolution was adopted by the board of health prohibiting the delivery of milk in bottles. This resolution was passed because of the practice of refilling the glass jars in delivery wagons or elsewhere, without having the jars properlj- cleansed, thereby making it possible for contagious diseases to be conveyed and milk to be otherwise contaminated. The length of time this rule was in effect is not given. The annual expenditure for the supervision of the city milk supply is about |1,100, one inspector giving his entire time to this work. During the year 419 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and the Babcock test; a part of them also for for- malin. All dairy farms and all cows from which milk is used have been inspected. A detailed statement of the work performed by the milk inspector in the year end- ing November 30, 1899, is as follows: Inspections of dairies, ranches, and milk depots 1, 782 Samples of milk tested 765 Cows condemned ( tuberculosis ) 6 Cows tested (tuberculosis) 6 Complaints sworn to 10 Arrests 10 Convictions 8 Acquittals 1 Cases pending 1 The general average percentage of butter fat in samples tested this year was 3.6. Samples from hotels and restaurants averaged only 2.8, while those from dairy wagons averaged 3.7. The torm for dairyman's permit to sell milk, and stub for same, is shown in Appen- dix IV (p. 201). Recent improvements in the quality of milk are due to the decreased use of x^re- servatives and a better sanitary condition of the dairy premises. A more thorough inspection of the cattle, dairies, and milk, and a more rigid enforcement of the ordi- nances, would bring about further improvement. Oakland. ( Population, 66, 960. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] Fred E. Pierce, D. V. S., market, meat, and milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 0.54 pint per capita, besides about 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 75 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 45 stores and 80 wagons. Glass bottles, filled in the city depots, are used in the delivery of only a very small portion of the milk supply. The practice of pas- teurizing milk has been discontinued. The retail price of milk varies during the year from 5 cents to 10 cents per quart, producers receiving 3 to 3 J cents throughout the year. About 3,500 cows, in 45 city herds and 35 country herds, furnish the city with milk. A very small i^ortion of the milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 40 miles. Ordinance No. 1618, July, 1894, refers to milk. Persons selling milk muse be registered. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled. 25839— No. 46—03-^4 50 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDU8TEY. About 11,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one inspector giving the greater i^art of his time to this work. During the past year 250 sam})les of milk were examined by the Babcock test, 10 samples were examined bacteriologically, and all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Recent improvement has been made in the sanitary condition of the dairies. The enactment and enforcement of measures to require cleanliness in the production of milk is given as an important need. Sacramento. (Population, 29,282.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] H. L. Nichols, M. D., health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.82 pint per capita, besides 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 15 stores and 55 wagons. Glass bottles are used to a small extent (mostly for cream), and they are filled both in the city and at the farms. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increas- ing. The retail price of milk is 7 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no dairy herds within the city limits, but al^out 100 cows are kept by private fami- lies. Milk is brought to the city in wagons from 36 dairy farms, the longest haul being 7 miles. City ordinance No. 428 and board of health ordinances Nos. 48 and 49 refer to milk. Permits for the sale of milk are issued free of charge. The sale of impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Dairies supplying milk to the city must be kept clean, and all utensils used in handling milk must be sterilized with boiling water once a day. Garbage, etc., must not be carried in milk wagons. Condensed milk and butlermilk must be from pure milk. Condensed milk must have milk solids ecjuivalent to 12 per cent milk solids in crude milk; 26.5 per cent of the milk solids must be fat. About $1,300 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, one inspector giving liis entire time to this work. During the past year 1,200 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, and all the dairy farms were inspected. San Jose. (Population, 21,500.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] Roliert Caldwell, M. D., secretary and health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,512 gallons, or 0.93 pint per capita, besides small amounts of skimmed milk and cream. INIilk is sold from 40 stores aiKi 100 wagons. Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are in general use in the delivery of milk. The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents in the summer and 3i cents in the winter season. There are a few dairies near the city conducted on a more modern plan than others, but they receive no advance in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, including 40 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 127 dairy farms, all within 7 miles of the city. Ordinances Nos. 1650 and 1654 refer to milk. License for the sale of milk is free. Adulterated, impure, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 13 per cent solids, one-fourth of which shall be butter fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled. Wagons must l^ear license number. The board of health has passed a regulation requiring that all cows furnishing milk for the city be tested with tuberculin. Six hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, the milk and market inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year milk samples were examined by the Babc6ck test. No bacteriological esaniination§ were made. All the city herds and all the dairv farms were inspected. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 51 Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to greater cleanliness at the dairies and a veterinary inspection of cows. It is stated that there would be further improvement if a State board of veterinary inspectors should examine all cows and kill those found to be affected with tuberculosis. Alameda. (Population, 16,464.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] T. Carpenter, V. S., veterinary and food inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,760 gallons, or 0.86 pint per capita, besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 21 stores and 38 wagons, and about 30 per cent of it is delivered in glass Iwttles, which are filled in the city. Several consumers pasteurize their own supply. The retail price of milk is 6| cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents in summer and S\ cents in winter. The milk from 5 "model dairies" near the city is sold for 7^ cents per quart in summer and 8 J cents in winter. There are 11 herds, including 62 cows, within the city limits, and milk is sent in from 23 dairy farms. About 9 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 45 miles. Ordinances No. 318, June, 1896, and No. 368, October, 1898, and board of health regulations govern the milk supply. Permit is required for the sale of milk or cream. Impure or adulterated milk, or milk from cows within fifteen days before or ten days after calving, is prohibited. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids. Skimmed milk must contain 7.5 per cent milk solids and be plainly labeled. Cows must be free from dangerous disease and must not be fed upon wet brewers' grains, swill, etc., nor kept in an insanitary condition. Contagious disease among em- ployees must be reported. Wagons must bear owner's name, etc. Board of health rules and regulations for the handling of milk include a number of those published in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, pages 165-171. They are published on large cloth-backed cards, suitable for posting in stables, etc. Twelve hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 925 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; 20 bacteriological examinations were made "for milk ferments, blood corpuscles, etc.;" all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Recently there has been an improvement in the health of the cows and in the sanitary method of handling milk. Needed improvements, as given, include the stamping out of tuberculosis and regulations to control dairy herds and the trans- portation of milk. COLORADO. This State has no milk law. Denver. (Population, 133,859. i) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] Charles K. Cook, milk inspector. S. B. Newland, deputy State dairy commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 12,110 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita. It is also estimated that the city consumes daily about 1,000 gallons of skimmed i milk and 2,000 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from only 200 stores, the greater part of it being distributed from 300 wagons, many delivering twice a day. About 25 ^ Including average transient population, 150,000. • 52 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. per cent is delivered in glass jars, which are filled in the city or on the dairy farms. The entire product of one establishment, amounting to 4 per cent of the total milk supply, is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6\ cents per quart in sunmier and 64 to 8^ cents in winter, the producers receiving 2^ to 3 cents per quart through- out the year. Within the city limits there are 80 herds of 3 or more cows each, including 900 head, and about 1,500 separate or private cows. About 300 dairy farms send milk into the city. Of the total supply, about 10 per cent is received by rail, the longest shipment being 150 miles. Numerous milk regulations were ])ublished in the manual of the bureau of health in 1899. They are generally drawn up in considerable detail for the protection of milk consumers against the use of impure or adulterated milk, or milk produced in insanitary places or from cows suffering from tuberculosis or other disease. The sale of milk from cows two weeks before or two weeks after calving is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent total solids, 3 per cent fat; the cream standard, 25 percent total solids, two-thirds of which shall be butter fat. Skimmed or watered milk may be sold to any person for his own individual consumption, if he is informed of the character of the article. When milk below the legal standard is used in hotels, restaurants, etc., a sign must be displayed bearing the words "watered milk." License (fee |1 for one year) is required for each store or vehicle selling milk. A ."^et of 10 rules relating to the production of milk — cleanliness and ventilation of stables, cleanliness of employees, straining of milk twice, cooling of milk and use of ice dur- ing its delivery in warm weather, use of screens to exclude flies from milk rooms, prohibition of preservatives — are printed on cloth by the health commissioner to be posted in dairy staljles. Ordinance section regarding notice of use of watered milk is given in Appendix I (p. 180). The city expends annually $1,200 for the supervision of the milk supply. One milk and dairy inspector devotes his entire time to this work, and he is occasionally assisted by the city chemist. During INIay, June, July, and August 1,200 samples of milk and 1,000 samples of cream were examined by the Babcock test, 600 samples were analyzed gravimetrically, and a few samples of milk were examine*! l)acteri- ologically. All of the milch cows within the city limits and all the dairy herds outside which send milk to the city have been inspected. Pueblo. (Population, 28,157.) [For comparison with other cities in Chiss III, see p. 34.] H. R. Thompson, milk and dairy inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 1.42 pints per capita; also 350 gallons of skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 10 stores and 40 wagons. Thirty-three per cent of the milk is delivered in glass Vjottles, which are filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents ])er quart in summer and 7 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 20 herds, including 650 cows, and milk is sent in from 17 (?) dairy farms. Ten per cent of the cream is received by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. The city expends annually about $1,000 in the supervision of its milk supply, one dairy and milk inspector giving his entire time to this work. In the past nine months 344 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer, Babcock test, and by chemical tests for preservatives; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the country farms were inspected, 15 of the city herds being tested with tuberculin. Recently there have been a higher fat content and a marked decrease in the use of preservatives. Needed improvements, as given, include better methods for cooling and aerating milk, sterilizing cans, and better sanitary conditions at the dairies. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 53 Colorado Springs. (Population, 21,085.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] R. H. Custer, food inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,800 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita, besides 300 gallons of skimmed milk and 80 gallons of cream. This does not include the milk from about 200 cows kept by private families. Milk is sold from 19 stores and 28 wagons. None of the milk is shipped in glass bottles, but nearly all dairies use them and charge a higher price for the bottled product. Pasteurized milk is used by invalids, and at present many private families do their own pasteurizing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, bottled milk 6\ cents, and pasteurized milk 8J cents, producers receiving .3 cents to 3^ cents per quart. The milk from 3 "model dairies" is sold for 6| cents. AVithin the city there is 1 herd (60 cows), and milk is sent in from 17 dairy farms. The longest shipment of milk to the city is 14 miles. An ordinance adopted in December, 1897, refers to milk. License fees for the sale of milk or cream are $5 for each wagon and store; $5 for each shipper who does not send to a licensed dealer; but persons who keep not more than 2 cows, and stores which sell milk or cream from a regular registered dairyman, pay only $1. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited, except that skimmed or watered milk may be sold if the buyer is informed of its character. "Watered milk" sign must be dis- played in restaurants, etc., where milk is served that contains less than 3 per cent fat. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Cream standard is 25 per cent solids, 16 per cent fat. Those handling milk must not be suffering from or exposed to contagious disease. The food inspector (salary $1,020) gives a part of his time to the supervision of the milk supply. During the past year 175 samples of cream were analyzed gravimet- rically; 3 samples were examined bacteriologically for typhus and tubercle bacilli; and 8 (of the 18) dairy herds were inspected. Trinidad. (Population, 5,345.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] D. F. Dayton, health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 500 gallons, or 0.75 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 10 wagons, but no stores, and about two-thirds of it is delivered in glass bottles, which are filled at the farms. Dairies do not supply pasteurized milk. The retail price of milk is 6| cents per quart throughout the year. There are no "model dairies " near the city, and no herds within the city limits. Milk is supplied from dairy farms within a radius of 3 miles. The milk standard, as given by the health officer, is 12 per cent solids, one-fourth of which shall be butter fat. The cream standard is 25 per cent solids, two-thirds of which shall be butter fat. No specific amount is appropriated for the supervision of the milk supply. During the past year 8 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the dairy farms were inspected. The inspector states that the milk supply would be improved if dairymen were more particular al>out keeping the cows' udders clean, and cooling the milk immediately after milking. CONNECTICUT. J. B. Noble, dairy commissioner, Hartford. General Statutes, revision of 1887, sections 2660-2664, and Public Acts of 1899, chapter 209 refer to milk, etc. The warden and burgesses of any borough, or the mayor and common council of any city, may appoint a milk inspector, who may 54 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. supervise the milk supply, and is authorized to take samples (but in duplicate when requested); persons selling milk may be required to register with the city or borough clerk, the latter receiving 15 cents from the public treasury for each name registered. It is unlawful to sell impure or adulterated milk, or knowingly to sell milk from a cow that has been "adjudged, by the commissioners upon diseases of domestic animals, affected with tuberculosis or other blood disease." Skimmed milk shall be labeled as such when sold. Public Acts of 1895, chapter 235, sections 4 and 5, refer to food products, and for- bid the sale of articles that are adulterated or misbranded, these terms being defined at length. The State agricultural experiment station may fix standards of purity. The State dairy commissioner conducts prosecutions. The State exercises very little supervision over market milk. The commissioner has examined numerous samples in connection with the experiment station. New Haven. (Population, 108,027.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] Ward Bailey, clerk of the city board of health. The average amount of milk consumed daily is 8,750 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita. The amounts of skimmed milk and cream are not recorded. Milk is distributed from about 400 stores and 200 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of a large part of the milk supply, most of them being filled in the country. A little of the milk is pasteurized, and the quantity so treated does not seem to be increasing. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, producers realizing 3i cents and 4 cents in the two seasons. About half a dozen dairies near the city are conducted considerably better than others, but do not receive an extra price for their milk. There are no herds and only a few milch cows within the city limits. The average distance from which the milk supply is received is 10 miles. The milk ordinance requires that venders of milk shall be licensed by the board of health. License fee is 50 cents, and licenses expire the 1st of each May. They are revocable for cause. The license number must be shown on wagons. The sale of adulterated, etc., milk, which is defined at length, is prohibited. The milk standard is 11.5 per cent total solids, 3.5 per cent fat, and specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033. Skimmed milk may be sold if in vessels plainly labeled. No special appropriation is provided for the supervision of the milk supply, and the entire time of no officer is given to this work. During the past year 74 samples of milk were examined with the lactometer and the Babcock test, 25 being found below the standard for butter fat, and 12 dairy farms were inspected. There is less adulteration of milk now than formerly. There is need of a milk inspector, frequent inspection of dairy farms, and more cleanly methods where milk is produced and handled. Hartford. (Population, 79,850.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] Edmund D. Roberts, milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,000 gallons, or an average of 0.90 pint per capita, besides 600 gallons of skimmed milk, and 115 gallons of cream. It is explained that many nonresidents take their meals in the city, thus partly accounting for the apparently large average consumption. Milk is sold from 53 stores and 195 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of about one-fourth of the total milk supply, the greater part of them being filled at the farms.. The experience of three dairymen who have abandoned the practice of pasteurizing is proof that there is little or no demand for pasteurized milk in the city. The retail MILK -SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 55 price of milk is 6 to 7 cents per quart in summer and 7 to 8 cents in winter, tlie pro- ducers receiving 2^ to 3 cents j^er quart in summer and 3J to 4 cents in winter. There are numerous well-conducted daries in this locality, some of which receive as high as 10 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 20 herds of milch cows, including 300 head, and milk is sent into the city from 171 dairy farms averaging about 22 cows each. About 3 per cent of the supply is shipped in by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. Ordinance of Hartford, 1897, chapter 11, sections 15 to 23, refers to milk. Persons selling milk must be licensed; fee, 25 cents. The sale of adulterated or impure milk is prohibited. The milk inspector has made a standard for milk of 12.3 per cent solids, 3.5 per cent fat. About $500 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, one officer giving the greater part of his time to thi.s work. During the past year 651 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and the Babcock test; all of the city herds and 35 of the 171 dairy farms were inspected; inspections of places in private residences w^here milk is kept were made during the spring, summer, and fall months. Recent improvements are shown in the care of cows and cleanliness in handling the milk. The inspector believes that stringent milk laws may do more harm than good. Bridgeport. (Population, 70,996.) [For comparison with other citie.s in Class II, see p. 30.] E. A. McLellan, M. D., health officer. The daily consumption ot milk is estimated as 6.250 gallons, or 0.70 pint per capita, besides 250 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is sold. Milk is sold from 200 stores and 250 wagons. In the delivery of milk, 7 establishments use glass bot- tles, these being filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 7 cents per quart in the summer and 8 cents in the winter season, producers receiving 3 cents per quart in summer and 4 cents in winter. There are no " model dairies" near the city. There are 8 herds of milch cows in the city. About one- twelfth of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 75 miles. The city expends nothing in the supervision of its milk supply. Samples of milk are occasionally sent to the State experiment station for analysis. No dairy cattle have been inspected. Needed improvements, as given, include the inspection of dairy herds, greater cleanliness in handling milk, and proper cooling facilities during the hot season. Waterbury. (Population, 45,859.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] P. T. Keeley, M. D., milk inspector. The average daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 0.87 pint per capita; also 250 gallons of skimmed milk and 250 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 130 stores and 125 wagons. (Ilass bottles, filled in the city, are used in the delivery of 25 per cent of the milk supply. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, the producei-s receiving 3 cents in summer and 4J cents in winter. No dairies are conspicuous for being conducted in a better manner than others. ■ Within the "town" there are 200 herds, including 3,000 milch cows. Two hundred and fifty dairy farms send milk into the city. About 5 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. The city expends annually al)Out $1,000 in the supervision of its milk supply, one official giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 1 ,000 samples were 56 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRlf. examined by Babcock test, lactometer, and gravimetric analysis; two bacteriological examinations were made for typhus bacilli; all herds supplying the city with milk were inspected four times. Improvement has recently been shown in the sanitar}' condition of dairies. Fur- ther improvement would result if milk samples and sanitary conditions of dairies were studied by a trained bacteriologist. New Britain. ( Poj.ulation, 25,998. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] A. L. Thompson, city clerk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1 ,500 gallons, or 0.46 pint per capita, besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 10 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from about 30 wagons and no stores. Nearly all the dealers deliver milk in glass bottles, which are filled at the farms. C'onsiderable milk is jjasteurized, and this practice is increas- ing. The retail price of milk is 6 to 7 cents in summer and 7 to 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 5 and 6 cents per quart in the two seasons. There are no dairies near the city which are conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. One herd of 40 cows witliin the city limits and 28 herds outside produce the milk supply. Nothing is done to supervise the milk supply. DELAWARE. This State has no milk law. "Wilmington. (Population, ''6,508.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] AValter A. McEvillj-, inspector of milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,756 gallons, or 0.89 j^int per capita, besides 250 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. Milk is solil from 55 stores and 341 wagons. About one-half of the milk sui:)ply is delivered in gla.ss bot- tles, some of these being filled in the city and some at the producing farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 and 4 cents in the two seasons. There are no so-called model dairies in the vicinity. Within the city limits there are 9 herds, including 85 cows. Two hundred dairy farms send milk into the city. About one-half of the total supply is received i)y railway, the longest shipment being 40 miles. An ordinance ado])ted in December, 1901, ameny law, but the minimum obtained by numerous analyses is used for comparison in prosecutions. License fee for selling milk is |2.50. In the supervision of its milk supply the city expended last year $1,660 — $700 to the food commissioner, or one-third of his salary, $900 to the milk inspector, and $60 for laboratory expenses. The milk inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the past year 700 samples of milk were examined for composition by the lactometer and Babcock test, and in suspicious cases by gravimetric analyses (very few samples were examined in January and February on account of an epidemic of plague); no samples were examined bacteriologically; 10 herds were tested with tuberculin. Milk has l)een found to contain as high as 40 per cent of added water. In the year there were 11 prosecutions for the sale of adulterated milk, resulting in 9 convictions with fines from $25 to $100. The milk inspector's analyses of herd milk known to be pure showed an average of 12 per cent solids, 3.5 per cent butter fat, minimum solids 11 per cent, and minimum fat 2.5 per cent. Dairy work is often conducted in a very crude manner; many of the employees are Japanese or Portu- guese, and ignorant of modern methods. It is a common practice to allow the calves being raised to suckle the cows. The calf is usually allowed to take the last of the milk, which is the richest in fat. A number of analyses of herd milk, showing the results of allowing the calves to take the first or last portion of the milk in the udder, or none at all, are as follows: • Part of milk taken by calves. Butter fat. When the calves took the first part of the milk c . When the calves were allowed to have none When a few calves took the last part of the milk When a large number took the last part of the milk. 4.6 4.0 3.6 ■2.8 Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to less adulteration with water and better care of milk utensils, the latter resulting in less sour and ropy milk. It is stated that a milk standard should be fixed, and information regarding the care of cows and milk should be distributed to dairymen. IDAHO. Revised Statutes of 1897 — section 6918 refers to foods. The adulteration of any article of food or drink with fraudulent intent, or sale of same as unadulterated, is a misdemeanor. ILLINOIS. Alfred H. Jones, State food commissioner, Chicago. Laws of 1879, page 111, and 1897, page 268, refer to milk. Cows producing market milk must not be kept in an unhealthy condition, nor shall any person (knowingly) give them unwholesome food, which includes "distillery waste, usually called 'swill,' " and other substances in a state of putrefaction. It is unlawful to sell milk or cream adulterated by the addition of water or any foreign substance. The milk 62 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk shall be sold as such in any city and only from cans plainly labeled. Persons retailing milk in cities shall have plainly marked on each can and vehicle the name of the owner and the name of the locality wliere the milk is produced. Condensed milk shall be made from milk containing at least 3 per cent of butter fat and evaporated to one-third or less of original volume; the word "cream" on cans is evidence of fraud; condensed skim- med milk must be labeled. The addition of sugar to condensed milk is permitted. Canned goods must be labeled to show grade and name of manufacturer. Laws of 1899, page 368, refer to the State food commissioner. It is his duty to enforce all dairy laws, to inspect foods believed to be unhealthful or adulterated, and to prosecute for their sale. State's attorneys assist in prosecutions. This law forbids the sale of foods that are adulterated, which term is defined at length, and under its authority the commissioner has announced the following standards: Milk, 3 per cent fat; "coffee cream," 15 per cent fat; "whipping cream," 22 per cent fat. Chicago. (Population, 1,698,575.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] Thomas F. Grady, superintendent of milk inspection, board of health. Adolph Gehrmann, M. D., director of laboratory, board of health. It is estimated that 169,465 gallons of milk are used daily. This is equivalent to a supply of 0.8 pint per capita, but it is probable that this does not represent the aver- age per capita consumption because a considerable quantity of the milk is used in the manufacture of oleomargarine, and much is consumed daily in the city by per- sons not included in its stated population. The amounts of skimmed milk and cream are not known. There are 4,629 firms engaged in selling milk; 2,162 of these sell from licensed stores, 1,867 sell from 2,692 licensed wagons; and 600 parties sell milk from their own cows. About one-third of the milk peddlers use glass bottles for a part of their trade and only 49 of these sterilize'the bottles. Over 115,000 quarts of bottled milk come into the city each day, half of it being supplied by a single firm. Only two concerns fill all of their bottles in the country. Pasteurized milk is used ])ut little, and it is not gaining in favor. The retail price per quart of milk is 5 to 7 cents in the summer and 6 to 7 cents in the winter season, the producers on the farms being paid in the two seasons 2i cents and lU cents, respectively. « The milk from "The Milk News is responsible for the following table, which shows a considerable increase in the price paid to uiilk shippers. The figures were compiled from ship- pers' books and office records and represent the price prevailing the longest time in each month. Prices given are for 8-gallon cans delivered on the Chicago platform, freight prepaid: Month. May June July August September October... November December January . . February . March April 1894-95. 1895-96. 1896-97. 1897-98. 1898-99. SO. 60 SO. 65 80.65 SO. 65 .60 .65 .65 .65 .65 .75 .70 .75 .65 .75 .75 .85 .70 .75 .80 .90 .70 .80 .85 .90 .85 .85 1.00 1.15 .87 .80 1.00 1.10 .90 ■ .80 1.00 1.00 .90 .75 .80 1.00 .75 .70 .80 .90 .70 .70 .80 .90 SO. 75 . 75 .85 .85 .95 .95 1.15 1.15 1.10 1.10 .95 .90 MILK SUPPLY OF. TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 63 two dairies near Chicago, which are conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner, is sold throughout the year for from 7 to 12 cents per quart. Within the city limits there are 30 dairy herds, including 420 cows, besides 1,830 cows kept privately, 1, 2, or 3, in a place. The amount of milk produced by the city cows is 4,500 gallons daily. Milk is sent into the city from 4,000 dairy farms, and about 97 per cent of their product is shipped in over 16 railroads, the longest shipment being 123 miles. The charge for hauling an 8-gallon can of milk varies from 8 to about 22 cents. Sections 933-965 of the municipal code relate to the city milk supply. Among their provisions are the following: A milk and food division is created in the depart- ment of health, the chief officer being known as the superintendent. He and his first assi.^tant must each give bond for $5,000, and each inspei'tor must give bond for $;2,000. The officers are supplied with badges and are given neccs'^ary authority for making inspections. No inspector is allowed to serve in one district longer than four consecutive weeks, at the end of which time he can not again serve there until he has served in at least two other districts. Licenses, to be renewed the first of each May, must be obtained by milk or cream sellers (excepting persons owning 1 or 2 cows, and hotels, restaurants, etc., where milk or cream is furnished with meals) ; the fee is $10 for each store and each wagon. Licenses will be granted for a portion of the year at a proportionate rate. They must be displayed in stores, and delivery wagons must bear metal signs obtained from the city clerk showing that they have been licensed. The milk standard is 12 per cent total solids, 3 per cent butter fat; cream standard 15 per cent butter fat; skimmed milk may be sold if plainly labeled by means of a metallic tag; buttermilk is allowed if pure. Condensed milk must be made from pure milk and be in packages plainly labeled to show by whom condensed. The ordinance prohibits the sale of milk or cream for human food which is unclean, impure, adulterated by the addition of water or any foreign substance; milk or cream fi-om diseased cows, cows within fifteen days before and twelve days after parturition, cows kept in an unhealthy condition or fed distillery or brewery refuse or other fer- mented food; milk or cream exposed to infection from diseased persons or animals. Impure milk and cream, including the product of diseased cows or cows fed on refuse, etc., shall be confiscated when found. Cow stables (in the city?) shall be washed out and thoroughly cleaned each week. Milk vessels, refrigerators, and all places where milk is stored must be kept scrupulously clean. The ordinance sections regarding qualifications, requirements, and duties of milk- inspection officials are given in Appendix I (p. 177). The ordinance section referring to signs on delivery vehicles is given in Appejidix I (p. 177). The city expends annually in the supervision of its milk supply about $10,000, and 7 officials — 1 superintednent, 5 inspectors, and 1 milk tester — give their entire time to this work. During the past year 19,053 samples of milk and cream were exam- ined by the Babcock test and lactometer and some of them by gravimetric analysis, and 126 samples Avere examined, upon requests of citizens, for tubercle bacilli. "Of the 19,053 samples of milk and cream analyzed 4,926 were brought to the laboratory by private individuals (the remaining 14,127 were collected by the milk inspectors). Of the 14,127 inspectors' samples 1,813 where tagged skimmed milk and 7,970 were not tagged, therefore sold for whole milk; of these, 859 were found below grade. Out of 4.344 samples of cream, 154 were found below grade. Percentage of inspect- ors' samples of milk and cream below grade, 7.17. Of the 4,926 samples brought to the office by private individuals, 3,107 were milk, of which 328 were below grade, and 1,813 were cream, of which 104 were below grade. Percentage of samples of milk and cream brought to office found below grade, 8.77. Percentage below grade, 64 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. all sources, 7.58.« The numbers of examinations made each month, with their results, are shown in the table following. The daily records of the examinations of milk are kept on forms similar to this table: «In a report of the department of health it is shown that the percentage of milk samples found below grade in the last eight years has been as follows: Per cent. 45. 4 35. 7 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 27.7 5.2 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. Per cent. .... 5.8 .... 6.2 .... 7.9 .... 7.6 Commissioner Reynolds calls attention to the fact that in this period there has been a decided decrease in the mortality of infants. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES I OMI-OiOOOl^rt«l-1 r-l CO 00 1/5 1^ OOCjO-J't^l^tOO'MTI'ib-Spl ooooTf*coosiOOT)#COCO i-lr-irHi-l tOi-ICO i-l •joioo '^53SR^°°'='0'='c>oiM ■1T3J Ut dfl iSS2£r'''=^"*<'>OT»'«oco (NINTriO'^'^T^'^COrlt— ICM •^•BJUIAVOI •jaqniaM •:iBj lit da OCOiCCO'itini [^}ox '(saojnos [[I?) iat?ajo puB C0-O.-(--D00OC0(NS0Tj<'t'Q0 t-^CJOO(NCO'X>aiOI-^4COO'^ '- C-JiOOC'OoOGiOOil^r-Ht^,— I I'-O^i-^OsiOiCtDCCOCOiCCi 'M CO 3C CO O O O l> ^ O Oi ?l i-i^ '-T i-T c^" c^" - ~ " " (M 1-1 rH J5 0) a 1 QJ £ 01 a QJ 3 O ■§ 5 5. 5* 5 ^ ^- < S ~ 25839— No. 40—03- 3 JT =J O OJ . 34.] Frank N. Patterson, sanitary inspector. Estimated average daily consumption of milk is 2,500 gallons, or 0.59 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 4 stores and 48 wagons. Within the city limits there are 7 herds, including H3 cows, and milk is sent in from 28 dairy farms. About (> per cent is received by rail, the longest shipment being 20 miles. An ordinance adopted in July, 1897, regulates the milk supply. The health officer or sanitary inspector must make a thorough inspection of conditions existing at all i^remises where milk is sold. Annual license fee is $5, but "private persons" keeping 1 or more cows, and who sell to their customers by peddling same by hand, are exempt from license fee. Each milk wagon must bear a painted metal })late, furnished with the license. Adulterated milk or cream is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat; cream standard, 15 per cent fat. Skimmed-milk containers must be tagged with a metal plate, 3 by 5 inches in size. Hotel keepers, restaurant keepers, and boarding-house keepers are subject to the provisions of this ordinance, except the ol)taining of a license. During the past year 389 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Bab- cock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds, and 13 of the 28 dairy farms, were examined. Rockford. (Population, 31,051.) E. W. Brown, ma3^or. This city has no milk inspector, and there is no supervision of its milk sui)ply. East St. liOuis. (Population, 29,0.55.) M. M. Stephens, mayor. This city has no milk inspector, and information regarduig its milk suj)i)ly is not available. Joliet. (Po|)ulation, 29,353.) [For coinparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] John R. Casey, M. D., health commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,400 gallons, or 0.65 pint i)er cai)ita, besides 15 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is sold. Milk is sold from 8 stores and 55 wagons. Very little milk is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled, some at the farms and some in the city. Only two dealers pasteurize milk and the practice is not increasing. The retail price is 5 cents per quart tliroughout the year, producers receiving 2^ cents. There is no herd near the city conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. There are no city herds of milch cows. Milk is brought in wagons from 40 dairy farms within 5 miles of the city. A city ordinance. May, 1897, requires dairymen to furnish to the health commis- sioner a description of all their milch cows, a sample of milk obtained therefrom, and a sample of the water used in washing milk cans, etc. All the herds must be tested with tuberculin. The milk standard, as given by the health commissioner, is 3 per cent fat; specific gravity, not less than 1.028. 68 BUREAU OF ANTMAL INDUSTRY. Nothiiifr is apj)ropriated especially for tlie sni)ervision of tlie milk suppl^y. During the past year 300 samijles of milk were examined by the lactometer, and all the dairy farms were inspected. It is recommended that all cows should )»e sul»jected to the tuljerculin test. Aurora. (Population, 24,147.) [For t'omparison with other cities in Class IV, see \>. 40.] J. W. MacDonald, health otticer. The daily consumption or milk is estimated as 1 , 500 gallons, or 0.50 pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 14 stores and 43 wagons, and about three-fourths of it is delivered in glass l)ottles, which are filled in the city. About 10 per cent of the entire amount is pasteurized, and this practice is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart through- out the year, producers receiving 2i and 3 cents, summer and winter, respectively. The milk from one "model dairy" near the city is sold for 12 cents per quart. Within the city there are 2 herds, including 40 cows, and milk is sent in from about 100 dairy farms, the most distant being 8 miles from the city. An ordinance of November, 1897, consisting of 21 sections, refers especially to milk. Another ordinance, relating to food and drink, refers in general terms to milk. License for the sale of milk or cream is $5; each wagon after the first, $5; ])ut per- sons owning not more than 2 cows are exempt. Impure, adulterated, etc., jnilk is prohil)ited. The milk standard is 12 per cent milk solids, 3 per cent fat; cream standard, 15 per cent fat. Condensed milk must be from pure milk and contain the right proportion of milk solids and fat. 8kinnned milk must be labeled. But- termilk is permitted if made from pure milk. Milk premises, utensils, etc., nuist be kept clean. Milk wagons must bear metal sign. Cows must be girven pure food and water. About $300 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one offi- cial giving a part of his time to this work. During the ])ast year 314 samples were examined by lactometer and Babcock test; 15 samjjles were examined bacteriolog- ically for tul)ercle bacilli; the city herds, but none of the dairy farms, were inspected. Recent improvement is due to greater cleanliness obtaining at dairies and to the practice of pasteurizing. It is stated that all cows should be tested for tuberculosis and all dairies as to sanitary condition, and there should be a more frequent inspec- tion of the milk. Evanston. (Populaticm, lit, 259.) [For comparison with otlier cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] William R. Parkes, M. I)., health commissioner. The daily consumptioii of milk is estimated as 1 ,500 gallons, or 0.02 jiint per capita. Milk is sold from 10 stores and 40 wagons, there being 23 dealers. Glass bottles, filled in the city, are used almost universally in the delivery of milk. No tnilk is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents in summer and 7 to 10 cents in winter, i)ro- ducers receiving 4 cents and 5 cents in the two seasons. The milk from two dairies, conducted on a better plan than others, is sold for 8 cents per quart in summer and 10 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 7 herds, including 400 cows, and milk is sent in from 37 dairy farms. About 35 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 75 miles. City ordinances, C-hapter XLVI, sections 653-081, refer to milk. License fee for the sale of milk or cream is $5 for each store and wagon; each additional wagon, |2. This does not ai)ply to jiersons who own 1 or more cows and peddle milk to tlieir neighbors. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohil)ited. The milk standard is 13 per cent solids, 3 per cent butter fat; the cream standanl is 15 per cent butter fat. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 69 Skimmed milk must be labeled. Condensed milk and buttermilk must be from pure milk. Milk from diseased cows may be confiscated. Cow stables must be washed out at least once a week. The health officer and the sanitary inspector give a part of their time to the super- vision of the milk supply. During the pa.*t year 40 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis. No bacteriological examinations were made. All the city herds and 25 of the H7 dairy farms were inspected. Four herds were subjected to the tuberculin test and B cows were con- demned. It is stated that all tubercular cows should be disposed of, and the tul)erculin test should be used for their detection. Molina. (Population, 17,248. ) [For coiiiparison with dthiT cities in Cla.ss IV, see p. 40.] Ed. Kittilsen, city marshal and health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 577 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 1 store aad 34 wagons, and a part of it is delivered in glass bottles, filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart through- out the year, producers receiving 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there is 1 herd (30 cows), and milk is sent from 30 dairy farms. The longest shipment of milk by railway is 10 miles. The city has no milk ordinance. During the past year 332 samples of milk were examined by the Babcoi'k test, and 24 of the 30 dairy farms were inspected. Ottawa. (Population, 10,588.) [For <'omparison with other eities in Class IV, see p. 40.] \V. F. Weese, V. S., acting dairy inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 600 gallons, or 0.45 pint, per capita. Milk is sold from 15 wagons, but from no stores. About one-fourth of it is delivered in glass bottles, which are filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ and 3 cents in the two seasons. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, including 25 cows, and milk is supplied from 13 dairy farms, all within a radius of 4 miles. Revised ordinances adopted in June, 1899, and August, 1899, refer to milk. License fee for the sale of milk or cream is |l for each cow. Cows must be free from contagious and infectious disease. Provision is made for the use of the tuberculin test. Four hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one offi(;ial giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 13 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and 11 of the 13 dairy farms were inspected. Recent imi)vovements in the milk sup])ly include an increase in the butter fat con- tent, greater cleanliness in handling, and the removal of all tuberculous cows from dairy herds. Needed improvements stated include the enforcement of more strin- gent sanitary measures at the producing farms and the more frequent testing of milk. INDIANA. J. N. Ilurty, M. D., secretary of the board of health, Indianapolis. Horner's Revised Statutes, 1897 — section 2071 refers to milk. It is unlawful to knowingly sell milk that is adulterated or skimmed, or milk from a cow that is dis- eased or fed upon deleterious foods, including the refuse of a distillery or brewery. 70 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Acts of 1899 — chapter 121 refers to foods. Its enforcement is charged to the State l)oard of health. It forbids the sale of adulterated food, which is defined at length, and under its authority the State board of health has established the following standards and rules: Milk shall contain at least 3 per cent fat, 9 per cent other solids; no coloring matter or antiseptic is permitted; it shall not tie sold when taken less than twenty-one days before or four days after calving, nor when from a cow that is diseased or fed upon damaged food. The l)()ard of health has issued rules describing in detail c-onditions which sliould be foun. 26.] A. F. Zearing, clerk of the board of pul)lic health. The daily consumption of milk is esthnated as 12,000 gallons, or 0.57 pmt per capita. It is estimated also that 8,000 gallons of skimmed miik and 4,000 gallons of cream are consumed daily. Milk is sold from 770 stores and 273 wagons. Glass jars are used almost exclusively in its delivery, and these are filled both on the farms and in the city. A small amount of milk is jxisteurized and this treatment is increasing in favor. The retail price per quart is 5 cents in summer and 6 cents in winter, and the producers receive 2| and 3 cents in the two seasons. A large portion of the dairies are conducted in a very satisfactory manner. Twenty-five herds, including 180 milch cows, are within the city limits, and 250 dairy farms send milk into the city. Five per cent of the total supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 40 miles. Dairies must be licensed and observe certain regulations adopted by the board of public health and charities, January, 1896, under authority of ordinance No. 71, December, 1895. License fee for sale of milk is 50 cents. The regulations require that dairy stables be constructed and the work l)e conducted in a sanitary manner; the requirements are detailed, some of them being: All animals except dairy stock must l^e excluded from the stable or milk room; each cow nmstl)e allowed 5()0i'ul>ic feet air space; each cow must be ckancd daily and l)e properly fed and watered; cans must be scalded daily; milk mist be strained and cooled to 58° F. promptly after milking; no milk nuist be use(,l from cows sixty daj'S before or twelve days after calving; the board of health must be promptly notified of the discovery of disease; and the tuberculin test may be required on suspectereserva- tives were made. Work in 1900 was carried on under difficulties due to adverse court decisions which have since been reversed. The total time expended in their work by the 14 milk inspectors is equivalent to perhaps sixty days a month; they are paid $3 per day for their services. The form for application for milk license is shown in Appendix IV (p. 190). 74 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Des Moines. (Population, 02, 189. ) [For comparisou with other cities of Class II, see ]i. 30.] B. P. Norton, State dairy coiiimiseiioner. The dailj' consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 0.64 pint per capita. This is sold from 40 stores and 125 wagons. Ten per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, some of which are filled at the farms ani some in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, prodticers receiving 2 cents per quart in summer and 2h cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" in or near the city. There are 75 herds, including 1,000 cows, within the city, and 100 dairy farms send milk into the city. A portion of the cream shipped 1)y railway comes a distance of 40 miles. The city has no milk ordinance and provides no specific fund for the supervision of its milk supply, this work l)eing under State control with an ajipropriation of 1300. One State official gives eight H,297. ) [For coruparisoii witli other cities in Class III, see ]>. 34.] B. P. Norton, State dairy commissioner. The amount of milk sold daily is estimated as 1,425 gallons, or 0.31 pint per capita, besides 150 gallons of cream. The above estimate does not include the milk from cows kept by private families in the city. Milk is sold from 12 stores and 45 wagons. Very little milk is delivered in glass bottles, and none is pastt^urized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart tliroughout the year, jiroducers receiving 2 cents and 22 cents in the two seasons. Tliere are no dairies near the city conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. The milk from 40 dairy farms is brought to the city in wagons, the longest haul l)eing 10 miles. The city expends nothing in the supervision of its milk sup])ly. The State dairy commission expends annually about $144, one official giving four days of each month to this work. During the past year 5,000 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; none of the dairy farms were inspected. Davenport. (P()i)ulation, 35,254.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see ]>. 34.] ('. n. Preston, city physician. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,400 gallons, or 0.32 pint per capita, besides 500 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 3 stores and 64 wagons. • Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are used largely in the delivery of milk. Little if any milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, the jiroducers delivering their milk at the above price. Within the city limits there are 14 herds, including 239 cows, and milk is l)rought in wagons from 52 dairy farms within a radius of 6 miles from the city. An ordinance, passed in Deceml)er, 1S96, refers to milk. P^ach dairy and dairy herd must be inspected by an officer of the board of health jn-evious to tlie issuing of a license for the sale of milk therefrom. The tul)ercuiin test is authorized. Inspected animals are tagged. During the past year $()00 (city $400, State |200) was expended in llie supervision of the milk supply. One milk and health inspector and one food and dairy inspector MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 75 give a part of their time to this work. One thousand milk samples were examined by the Babcock test, and five samples by gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made. All city herds and dairy farms were inspected twi(«. Although there is no "model dairy" near the city, it is stated that all dairies "are conducted with care under inspection." Kecently dairies have improved in cleanliness, and the use of bottles has increased. It is stated that the milk supply might l)e further improved if examination of samples could 1)e made in district bacteriological and chemical laboratories established by the State. Sioux City. ( Population, 3:>, 111.) [For coiniwrisoii with other cities in Class III, see p. 'M.] O. P. McCray, agent of the dairy commission. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 1.09 pints per capita. Milk is sold from 10 stores and 46 wagons. Glass bottles, filled at the pro- ducing farms, are used to a limited extent in the delivery of milk, and this i)ractice is increasing. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per (piart in summer and 6 cents in winter. There are no "model daries" near the city. Within the city limits there are 41 herds, including 610 cows, and milk is l)rought in wagons from dairy farms within 6 miles of the city. The State expends annually about $144 in the supervision of the city milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During tlie jiast year 720 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; none of the city herds were inspected. Council Bluffs. (Population, 25,802.) [For coinparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 34.] W. A. Groneweg, city milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,600 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita, besides 50 gallons of skimmed milk and 250 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 6 stores and 31 wagons. About one-half of the dealers use glass bottles for delivering milk; these are filled both on the farms and in the city, and their use is increasing. Nearly one-third of the milk is pasteurized, but this practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the pro- ducers receiving 2 J cents throughout the year. There are no " model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 22 herds, incliuling 300 cows, and milk is sent in from 5 (?) dairy farms. One-third of the total supply comes in by railway, the longest shipment being 7 miles. One official of the State dairy commission gives a part of his time to the super- vision of the milk supply. During the past year milk samples were collected and examined by the Babcock test three or four times every month; no bacteriological examinations were made; none of the dairy herds were inspected. The greatest recent improvement has been in the increased use of glass bottles, which are both convenient and cleanly. It is suggested that all herds, barns, dairy buildings, etc., should be inspected once each month, and that all milk and cream be delivered in bottles, or small cans, so as to avoid unnecessary contamination by dust, etc. Cedar Rapids. (Population, 25,656.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, sec p. 34.] J. W. Griffith, V. S., city milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,500 gallons, or 0.47 pint per capita, besides 400 gallons of skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold 76 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. from 35 stores and 40 wagons. Glass bottles, tilled mostly at the farms, are used by one-half of the milkmen. Milk was pasteurized by one dealer, but, on account of the small demand for it, the practice has been discontinued. The retail price is 4 to 5 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers receiving 2 to 3 cents in sum- mer and 3 to 4 cents in w inter. There is no dairy near the city which is conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. Within the city limits there are 8 herds, includ- ing 200 cows. No milk is received by railway. The most distant source of snpjily is 12 miles from the city. The city expends nothing for milk inspection work, this being done by the State dairy commission, one official giving a part of his time to this work at a cost to the State of |150. During the past year milk samples were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made, and none of the dairy farms were inspected. Recently the milk supply has improved, due to greater cleanliness at the produc- ing farms. It is suggested that all milch cows he tested with tuberculin. Burlington. (Population, 23,201.) [For comparison witli utlu-r cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] W. C. Hummed, health officer and milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,600 gallons, or 0.55 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 1 store and 44 wagons. One firm delivers milk in sterilized glass bottles, which are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 50 herds, including 1,200 cows. Milk is sent in from 12 dairy farms, the most distant being 20 miles from the city. A city ordnance gives the health officer power to ]irosecute under State law and to prohibit the sale of impure or adulterated milk. Nothing is appropriated by the city for the supervision of its milk supply, this work being under State control. During the past year 600 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations w'ere made; 35 of the 50 city berds, but none of the dairy farms, were inspected. Needed improvements, as given, inclnde thorough inspections of milk and dairies, such inspections to be made often until the character of the supply is satisfactory. Clinton. (Population, 22,698.) [For comparisiin witli other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] B. P. Norton, State dairy connnissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1 ,000 gallons, or 0.35 pint per capita, besides 60 gallons of cream. In explanation of this apparently low consumption it is stated that many families keep their own cows and the milk from these is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold fi-om 10 stores and 30 wagons. Very little milk is delivered in glass bottles, filled at the farms and in the citj"; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 cents in sununer and 2 J cents in winter. There are no so-called " model dairies" near the city. Milk is sent in irom 30 dairy farms, the most distant lieing 10 miles from the city. The city milk supply is under State supervision. Din-ing the j>ast year 4,000 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test. Recent improvement is due to the decreased use of i)reservatives. MILK SUPPLY OB^ TWO HUNDRED CITIES, 77 Ottum^wa. (Population, 1S,197. ) [For I'oiuparisou witli dlher i-itiu.s in Class IV, see p. 40.] E. B. Hill, milk agent. The daily coiisunn)tioii of milk is estimated as 606 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita, besides 15 gallons of skimmed milk and 12 gallons of cream. In explanatioii of this small consumption, it is stated that there are 200 cows kept hy private families in the city, and the milk from these is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold from 1 store and 18 wagons. Only a few bottles are used in the delivery of milk, and these are filled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, proilucers receiving 2^ cents and 3 cents in the two seasons. There are no so-called "model dairies" near the city. Within the city there is one herd (12 cows), and milk is sent in from 20 dairy farms within a radius of 10 miles. About 8 per cent is received by railway. During the past year 576 samples of milk were examineil by the Babcock test; 1 bacteriological examination for typhoid bacilli; 1 of the 20 dairy farms was inspected. Keokuk. (Population, 14,641.) [For riiinpiirisoii with other eities in Chiss IV, see p. 40.] Frank Harshman, deputy State dairy c-ommissioner. The daily consumption of nulk is estimated as 500 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita, besides 30 gallons of skimmed nulk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 20 stores and restaurants and 16 wagons. Glass bottles are not used, and no milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per (juart in summer and 6;v cents in winter, producers receiving 4 and 5 cents in the two seasons. There are no " model dairies" near the city. About 500 cows in the city and on 16 dairy farms produce the milk supply. The most distant dairy farm is 4 miles from the city. About |126 ia expended annually as the salary of one State official, who gives a part of his time to this work. During the i>ast year 432 samples of milk were exam- ined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all city cows and all dairy farms were inspected. Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to a Ijetter grade of cows and more careful feeiling. It is stated that milk should be delivered in bottles tilled at the farms. MarshalltoAvn. (Population, 11,544.) [For comparison with other eities in Class IV, see p. 40.] E. INI. Singleton, M. D., city milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or 0.55 pint jier capita, besides 100 gallons of skinmied milk and 20 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 1 store and 14 wagons, and about one-half of it is delivered in glass l)otties fihed at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 4 to 5 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ cents per quart. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city there are 2 herds, including 35 cows, and milk is sent in from 12 dairy farms M'ithin a radius of 3 miles. About |110 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply as the salary of one State official, who gives a part of his time to this work. During the past year 500 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test. It is stated that dairies should be inspected, and that cleanly methods be required. 78 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. KANSAS. General Statutes, 1897, volume 2, sections 322 to 331, refer to milk and food. The sale of adulterated and skimmed milk with intent to defraud, or the sale (knowingly) of the product of diseased animals, is forbidden. It is unlawful to sell food which is adulterated, this term Ijeing defined at length. Kansas City. (Population, 51,418.) [For comparison with other cities of Class II, see p. 30. See also Kansas City, Mo.] Jat'ol) S. Heisey, inspector of licenses, weights, measures, and milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.47 ]iint per capita, besides Kio gallons of cream. In addition to the above, 4,000 gallons of milk is used daily by six oleomargarine manufacturers. Milk is sold from 100 stores and 75 wagons, (.ilass bottles are not used in delivering milk. During the summer months fully 80 per cent of the milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no "model daries" in this vicinity. Within the city limits there are 42 herds, including 1,000 head of cattle. A part of the city milk supply comes 40 miles by railway. Ordinance No. 3720, August, 1899, refers to milk. Persons selling milk must have permit. Adulterated, diseased, etc., milk is prohi))ited. Inspector nuist inspect all dairies and dairy cows within the city limits during the months of April and October, and he may inspect dairies beyond the city limits on payment of $2 each and 5 cents per mile. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Condensed milk, buttermilk, sour milk, or skimmed milk must be properly labeled and be from pure, wholesome milk. Besides exjjenses borne by the license depaitment, about $100 is ]iaid each year to a veterinary surgeon for assistance in examining herds. No milk samples were examined during the past year, but all the city herds and 10 dairy farms were inspected . The form for notice which must be sent to the inspector when cows are added to a dairy herd is shown in Appendix IV (p. 199). Recent improvement has been made in the quality of milk ))y the introduction of cows producing rich milk. Topeka. (Population, 33,608.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] J. P. Farnsworth, city food insj^ector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.48 pint per capita, besides 50 gallons o-f skimmed milk and 80 gallons of cream. This is sold from 20 stores and 50 wagons. Five per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, which are filled in the city; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 64 cents in winter, producers receiving 2J cents in sum- mer and 2h to 3 J cents in winter. The milk from one "model dairy" near the city is sold for 84 cents per quart and higher. Within the city limits there are 4 herds, including 00 cows, and milk is brought to the city in wagons from 150 dairy farms within a radius of 10 miles. Ordinances No. (520, of May, 1886, and No. 802, of April, 1888, refer to milk. The food inspector (salary |900) must inspect the milk supply. Persons selling milk must register with the board of health. Adulterated, etc., milk is proliibited. Milk from cows fed on refuse from starch factory, vinegar factory, or glucose factory is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 79 About $1,000 is expended annually in the supervision of foods, the inspector giv- ing a part of his time to the milk supply. During the past year about 400 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and nearly allthe dairy farms were inspected. It is stated that the milk supply would be very much improved if producers would not aerate their milk in or near )>arns. KENTTJCKY. Acts of 1891, 1892, and 1893, chapter 182, section 144, refer to milk. It is unlaw- ful to knowingly sell milk that is adulterated, or from a diseased cow or from a cow fed upon still slop, brewers' slop, or brewers' grains. Skimmed milk shall not be sold with intent to defraud. Acts of 1900, chapter 13, refers to foods. It forbids the sale of a food which is adulterated or contains an antiseptic or preservative, unless same is branded "adulter- ated," and sold for what it is. The State agricultural experiment station may inspect anroducts to be reported to the Connnonwealtli attor- ney of the distrit-t, or county attorney, or city attorney for prosecutions. The director of the agricultural experiment station is empowered to fix standards of purity, etc., and has published the following: Milk, 1 2 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat; cream, 15 per cent fat; both of these to be free from preservatives or coloring matter. Louisville. ( Po])u]ation, 204,731.) [Fur comi)aris(in with otluT cities in Class I, see p. 20.] • M. K. Allen, M. D., health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 10,000 gallons, or 0.39 jiint per capita, besides 8,000 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 100 stores and 250 wagons. Possibly one-fourth of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, which are filled on the producing farms. Only a small amount of milk is pasteurized, but the practice is increasing. The retail ])rice of milk is 5 to 6} cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents per quart in summer and 3-] cents in winter. There are three or four especially well-conducted dairies near the city which retail their product as high as Ti cents per (juart. Within the city limits there are about 100 herds, including 1,000 cows. There are also about 100 dairy farms sending milk into the city. It is estimated that one-half of the total millv supply is shipped by railway, the longest shiiiment being 50 miles. Ordinance No. 108, series 1898, adopted in May, regulates the milk supply. Each person sending milk into the city must iiaveai)ermit from the health officer, granted in January of each year, free of charge. Permit numbers must be shown on wagons, and names (jf dairymen supplying milk must be shown in vStores, etc., where it is sold. Permit holders must furnish, once every three months, a certificate from a veterinarian to the effect that all his milch cows are free from disease. The tuberculin test may be required in any herd suspected of infection with tuberculosis. J^ach cow must have 600 cubic feet air space, and all dairy buildings must be well con- structed and painted or whitewashed. The standard for milk is 12 per cent milk solids, 3 per cent fat, and a specific gravity not less than 1.029; cream must con- tain 20 per cent of l)utter fat. The sale of unwholesome or adulterated milk is pro- hibited, including milk from cows within fifteen days before or ten days after calving, from cows fed on distillery waste or any fermenting substance or given any unwholesome food or drink, or from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition, milk from which any part of the cream has been removed, and milk to which any foreign substance has been added. Skimmed milk may be sold, if plainly labeled, and if it contains the normal amount of casein and salts. Bottled milk must not be delivered to, nor empty bottles taken from, any dwelling where there is a contagious 80 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. disease, and no person who has been exjiosed to a contagious disease shall work in a dairy. Dairy employees must maintain strict cleanliness. Manure must be removed twice daily, one hour preceding each milking. The teats and, if necessary, the udders must l)e carefully cleaned before milking. All ajjparatus used in handling milk must be of nonabsorbent material and be kejit clean at all times. When milk vessels are filled they shall be promptly removed from the stable and not stored in a room where animals are kept. The health officer must be notified within twenty- four hours after the discovery of a contagious or infectious disease among the cows. Diseased cows must be isolated. The full text of the milk ordinance is shown in Appendix I (p. 169). The city does not provide a specific fund for the supervision of the milk sai)})ly. Three sanitary inspectors of the health department occasionally give attention to this part of the food supply. During the past year 475 samjiles of milk were analyzed, and al)out 25 of the 100 city herds and 25 of the 100 dairy farms were inspected; no bacteriological examinations were made. Marked improvement has been made in the sanitary condition of the dairies. Further needs, as given, include close attention to the sanitary condition of the dairies, the use of the tuberculin test, and bacteriological examinations of the milk. Covington. (Population, 42,988.) [For comparison with other cities in ('liiss III, see p. 34.] Charles W. Reynolds, health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,500 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita. This is sold from 140 stores and 36 wagons. Two firms deliver milk in glass bottles, these being filled at the producing farms. The same firms pasteurize milk and the demand for milk so treated is increasing. Milk is retailed at 6 to 8 cents per quart throughout the year; the milk from one "model dairy" is sold regularly at 8 cents. There are no dairy herds within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 31 dairy farms, all within 9 miles of the city. During the past year 372 samples of nnlk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were macie; all the dairy farms were inspected. Ne"wport. (Population, 28,301.) No reply to inquiries was received. Iiexing'ton. (Population, 26,369.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 34.] F. O. Young, M. D., president of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.(il pint per caj^ita, besides 258 gallons of skimmed milk and 178 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 10 stores and 48 wagons. Ninety per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bot- tles filled at the farms. About one-third of the supply is pasteurized, and this prac- tice is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6} cents in winter, producers receiving 3J cents and 3| cents, respectively. Milk is brought to the city in wagons from 39 dairy farms, the longest haul being 7 miles. The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. LOUISIANA. Acts of 1882, No. 82, refers to foods. It forbids the sale of adulterated fo(>d, whit-h term is defined at length. It is the duty of the State board of health to investigate foods. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 81 New Orleans. (Population, 287,104.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26. i Quitman Kohnke, M. D., health oflScer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,609 gallons, or 0.27 pint per capita, besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 75 gallons of cream. Milk is distributed from 17 stores and 410 wagons. A few venders use glass bottles in their trade. A small amount of milk is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing in favor. The retail price of milk is 7^ cents per quart both in summer and winter, producers receiving 2| cents. There are 3 ' ' model dairies ' ' in the vicinity which sell their product for 10 cents per quart during the entire year. There are 440 dairy herds, including 6,686 cows, within the city limits, producing 86 per cent of the total supply, and 69 dairy farms send milk into the city, the longest shipment being 83 miles. Several city ordinances relate to the milk supply. The principal one appears to be No. 16204, adopted in May, 1890; others are 4627 of 1890, 6596 of 1892, and 7581 of 1893. It is required that a permit be obtained for the production or sale of milk or other dairy product to be used as food in the city. This is issued by the board of health, free of charge, and only after certain detailed information regarding the source of the milk and the conduct of the proposed business has been filed; it is revocable for cause. Permit number and name of supplying dairy, etc., must appear on delivery wagons. The requirements for dairy stables and milk rooms are given in considera- ble detail, some of them being that all dairy buildings must be constructed in a sani- tary manner, jirojierly equipped, and well cared for; 600 cubic feet of air space must be allowed for each animal; milk appliances must be of nonabsorbent material; milk cans must be removed from the stable promptly when filled and be thoroughly scalded when cleaned; refrigerators must be constructed and located in a particular manner; milk must not be stored in a room where animals are kept; bottles nuist not be delivered to nor taken from any place where there is a contagious disease; bottles must not be filled on delivery wagons; stock must not be given impure water, nor fed on brewery grain or other unhealthy food; cows nmst be rejected if diseased and the tuberculin test nmst be used in their examination; healthy cows must be tagged; employees nmst be personally cleanly and healthy and not recently exposed to disease. The milk standard is 13 per cent solids, 9j j5er cent solids not fat, 3t per cent fat; specific gravity, at 60° F., 1.029. Adulterated milk, milk to which any foreign substance has been added*, or milk from unhealthy cows is prohibited. Skimmed milk may be sold if in plainly labeled vessels. No liquid other than milk or cream shall be carried in a milk wagon. The supervision of the milk supply is included in the work of the food inspection department and its expense to the city is not kept separately. In the department named there is one chief (a veterinarian), whose salary is $1,500, and 13 assistants paid $600 each. These oflicers inspect dairies and collect milk samples for the chemist, whose salary is $1,300. During the past year 1,141 .samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, pycnometer, or gravimetrically; 2 bacteriological examinations were made for tubercle bacilli; all the dairy herds within the city and 27 of the 69 dairy farms were inspected. Milk "runs" are made at frequent irregular intervals. The officer is supplied with a known number of bottles with perforated necks and the same number of per- forated lead seals, also short wires and a clamp. Samples must be sealed in the presence of the vender. The number of lead seals used and unused are checks on each other. The lead seals may be marked by venders if desired. (This method is explained here in detail because it differs from the one usually practiced by which samples are taken in duplicate, one being left with the vender for analysis or dispo- sition as he chooses.) It is said the average quality of the milk sold in the city has recently shown marked improvement. " 25839— No. 46—03 6 82 - BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. MAINE. Revised Statutes of 1883, chapter 38, sections 44 to 47, amended in 1887, 1893, and 1897, and Public Laws of 1895, chapter 144, section 1, refer to milk. Milk inspectors shall be appointed in towns of more than 3,000 inhabitants, and may be appointed in smaller towns. They are required to keep a record of the names and addresses of all milk dealers, and may inspect places and vehicles where milk is sold and take samples for analysis. It is unlawful knowingly to sell milk from cows having tuberculosis or other disease or fed upon the refuse of breweries or distilleries or other deleterious substance, or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk must not be sold for pure milk. IMilk must be sold by wine measure, and measures must be sealed annually. Public Laws of 1895 — chapter 169 requii'es that milk tests, for basis of payments, shall be accurate. Portland. (Population, 50,145.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] W. C. G. Carney, health inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.48 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 200 stores and 75 wagons. About one-fourth of the milk is deliv- ered in glass bottles which are filled in the city. Little or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, pro- ducers receiving 3 cents in summer and 4 cents in winter. A few dairies near the city, better conducted than others, receive a slight increase in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 19 herds of milch cows, including 134 head, and milk is sent into the cijty from 40 dairy farms. About three-fourths of the total milk sup- ply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 48 miles. The city has no milk ordinance and expends nothing in the supervision of its milk supply, therefore no inspection work has been done. Lewiston. (Poinilation, 23,761.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] James H. Goddard, milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,800 gallons, or 0.61 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 10 stores and 75 wagons. Glass bottles, used only to a small extent, are filled at the farms. About 500 gallons are pasteurized daily; the practice is not increasing. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the pro- ducers receiving 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 25 herds, and milk is sent in from 50 dairy farms within a radius of 5 miles. State statutes regulate the sale of milk. About $200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one ofiicial giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year about 300 milk samples were examined by gravimetric analysis; no l)acteriological examinations were made; 15 city herds and 10 of the 50 dairy farms were inspected. Waterville. (Poinilation, 9,477.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] A. Joly, D. V. S., milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 15 MILK SUPPLY OB^ TWO HUNDKED CITIES. 83 stores and 39 wagons, and a number of private families sell milk to their neighbors. About 75 per i-ent of the supply is delivered in glass bottles filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail ])rife is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. There are four dairies conducted on a considerably better plan than others, but they receive no advance in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 8 herds, including 75 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 39 dairy farms, the longest haul being 8 miles. State laws regulate the sale of milk. One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 160 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological exam- inations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. The milk inspector's report for 1899 shows that out of 201 samples examined 7 were found to be below the standard, and these were from grocery stores where the milk was not mixed before sales. Thirty-four dairies were inspected, the inspection consisting of a physical examination of each cow and an examination of the water supply, drainage, ventilation, etc. Two herds were tested with tuberculin and found to be free from tuberculosis. Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to better barns, cows, and sanitary conditions. Belfast. (Population 4,615. ) [For comparison with otlier cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] W. L. West, M. D., milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 300 gallons, or 0.52 pint per capita, besides 20 gallons of skimmed milk and 5 gallons of cream. Milk is sold froni 6 stores and 12 wagons. About one-half of it is delivered in glass l)ottles, filled at the farms, and the i)ortion thus served is increasing. No milk is pasteurized except by consumers after delivery. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 5 herds, including 125 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 30 dairy farms, the longest haul being 8 miles. About $50 is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 150 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; no bacterio- logical examinations were made; each dairy farm was inspected every month. Recent improvement is shown in the feeding of cows and the handling of milk. Needed improvements, as given, include the testing of all cows with tuberculin; compelling milk to be delivered in glass l)()ttles, and the dissemination of informa- tion regarding the care and handling of milk. MARYLAND. Laws of 1894 — chapter 53 refers to milk. The mayor and city council of Baltimore shall make regulations for the sale and provide by ordinance for the inspection of milk and food products; shall provide for and fix compensation of inspectors and analysts. Laws of 1898 — chapter 306 refers to cattle and dairies. Cows producing market milk shall be registered with the live stock sanitary board, and a certificate of health may be furnished for a herd which is kept as the law requires and has no visible sign of disease. Said board must inspect at least annually premises where cows are kept and enforce rules requiring l)uildings to be sanitary, well lighted and ventilated, clean, and painted or whitewashed; cows to be clean, properly fed, and watered; milk vessels to be clean, etc. 84 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Laws of 1890^ — chapter 604, sections 52 to 56, refer to milk and food. Diseased or unwholesome milk must not be sold. The State board of health is given power to enforce. Laws of 1900 — supplement, article 27, page 40, refers to milk and food. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent total solids, 3.5 per cent fat. The sale of adulterated milk, milk to which any foreign substance has been added, milk from diseased cows, and milk from cows fifteen da3's before or five days after parturition. Skimmed milk may be sold if properly labeled. Condensed milk must be from i^ure milk of stand- ard quality. Baltimore. (Population, 508,957. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] G. W. Lehmann, chemist of health department. Estimated average amount of milk used daily is 25,000 gallons, or 0.39 pint i)er capita; skimmed milk, 5,000 gallons; cream, 4,000 gallons. Milk is distributed from 2,530 stores and 525 wagons. In its delivery glass jars are used by about twenty different concerns, only one of which brings the milk in them from the country. Pasteurized milk is used very little and is not increasing in favor. The retail price of milk is 5 to 10 cents per quart, the producers on the farms being paid 3 to 4 cents. There are three "model dairies" near the city and their milk is sold at 8 to 10 cents per quart. Within the city limits there are 3,314 cows in 539 stables and sheds. About 1,500 dairy farms send milk into the city, some of them from a distance of 200 miles. Ordinance No. 87, 1894, ajjplies to milk and other food products. It requires that milk sold shall be the natural product of healthy cows, from which no cream has been removed and to which no liquid, solid, or preservative has been added; it shall con- tain 3 per cent fat and 12 per cent total solids, and at 60° F. have a specific gravity of at least 1.029. Skimmed milk or buttermilk may be sold if purchaser is advised of its character. The board of health enforces the ordinance and is authorized to make additional rules. Onlinance No. 130, 1894, provides for ])rompt confiscation of milk for violation. The city expends annually al)out $2,300 in the supervision of the milk supply. Two insi)ectors give their entire time and one chemist part of his time to this work. The year's work in 1900 included the exanunation of 31,803 lots of milk, aggre- gating 1,166,866 gallons, of which 11,226 gallons were spilled because shown by the lactometer or general appearance to be below the legal standard. The loss of his milk is practically the only penalty suffered by the offender; no arrests are made, on account of difficulty of prosecution before police justices. During the year 900 milk samples were examined for fat content by the centrifugal test and in a few cases by gravimetric analysis. The average of the analyses of 48 miscellaneous samples of milk taken during the twelve months, and which were considered good, showed total solids 13.96 per cent; fat, 4.58 per cent. It is suggested that some dealers use preservatives and some skillfully alter their milk with the aid of the lactometer, taking care not to bring it below the required standard. About 300 samples of, milk have been examined microscopically or bacteriologically for tubercle bacilli, pus cells, etc. An interesting study was made along this line: Milk from 11 dairy farms, after its arrival in the city, was found to contain from 5,160 to 383,200 bacteria per cubic centimeter, to 1.4 pus cells, and no tubercle bacilli. The clarifying of milk by means of a separator was not found to reduce its Ijacterial content. The milk of 11 unsanitary dairies near the city limits was found in all cases to have pus cells, varying in number from 0.1 to 9.5 per cul)ic centimeter, and tubercle bacilli were found in the milk of 3 of these dairies. Stables within the city limits and the sanitary condition of the stock are frequently inspected by a veterinarian. In one recent year the city inspector of cow stables issued over 1,100 notices to abate nui- MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 85 sances. Two hundred and twenty of the 1,500 dairy farms sending milk into the city have been inspected under the direction of the State Hve-stock sanitary board. The form to be attached to a can from which milk has been spilled is shown in Appendix IV (p. 206). There has recently been noticeable improvement in the quality of milk and the cleanliness of dairy stables, and increased care has been taken to exclude diseased animals from dairj^ herds. Suggested improvements include a standard of 13 per cent total solids and 4 per cent fat, and more milk inspectors and legislation to compel all milk shippers to submit to the regulations of the local health department. MASSACHUSETTS. George M. Whitaker, agent of State dairy bureau, Boston. Acts of 1901, chapters 202 and 360; 1900, chapters 300, 359, 368, and 369; and 1891, chapter 412, sections 7 to 11, provide for the protection of dairymen, sealing of glass bottles and measures, enforcement of State dairy laws by the dairy l)ureau, and refer to adulteration of milk and destruction of milk vessels. Public Statutes, chapter 57, sections 1 to 11, amended; and acts of 1899, chapter 169, section 1 ; 1896, chapter 264, sections 1 and 2; 1894, chapter 425, section 1; 1889, chapter 326, section 1; 1886, chapter 318, sections 3 and 4, amended; and 1885, chapter 352, section 8, refer to milk, milk inspectors, etc. The dairy bureau is empowered to investigate all dairy products. The mayor and aldermen of cities shall, and the selectmen of towns may, appoint milk inspectors. (Under authority of other acts the milk inspectors of Boston, Lynn, and Somerville are appointed by the boards of health of those cities.) Persons peddling milk in cities or towns having milk inspectors must be licensed annually in May; fee, 50 cents. License number and place of business must l)e shown on wagons, etc., and all changes of employees must be reported. Persons selling milk from stores, etc., must be registered; fee, 50 cents. Dealers in milk or cream may register in the office of the clerk of the city or town brands for bottles, cans, etc., including the word "registered," and cause the same to be published, and the use or destruction of such vessels or mutilation or destruction of marks thereon by other parties than the owner is prohibited, and it is unlawful to put into such vessels any unclean or foul sub.stance or matter. Inspectors may visit places where milk is sold and take samples for analysis. Duplicate samples must be given to owners when requested and report of analysis must be sent to them within ten days. It is unlawful to sell milk not of good standard quality, or adulterated milk, or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added, or milk from cows diseased or fed upon the refuse of dis- tilleries; and it is unlawful knowingly to feed garbage to a milch cow. The milk standard, October to March, is 9.3 per cent solids not fat, 3.7 per cent fat; April to September, 9 per cent solids not fat, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk nnist be plainly marked; its standard is 9.3 percent solids not fat. Cans, bottles, etc., of specified capacities used for distribution of milk or cream shall be sealed as measures. Glass- ware, etc., used in tests shall be tested for accuracy and marked by the director of the Hatch experiment station, and once each year he shall test centrifugal machines used in such tests. Milk tests must be accurate, and persons manipulating them shall hold a certificate of competency from said director. Said director shall test by the Babcock method samples of milk or cream for farmers, creameries, factories, or milk depots, the charge being for actual cost. Convictions for selling adulterated milk must be advertised in newspapers. Condensed milk must be labeled with the name of manufacturer; if in hermetically sealed packages, brand and contents must also be shown. The State board of health does more than the dairy bureau in the supervision of the milk supply of cities. Very few sanitary inspections are made. The dairy 86 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. bureau has no jurisdiction over local milk inspectors, but has broader power and to a limited extent cooperates with them. In most cities the chief work of the milk inspector consists of issuing licenses and keeping a lecord of certain statistical and other general information. In many cases their compensation is merely nominal. In several cities and towns the State laws relating to the milk supply are pub- lished and distributed by local authorities. Boston.« (Population, 560,892.) [For comparison with other cities in CImhs I, see p. 26.] Charles Harrington, M. D., inspector of milk. Alexandre Burr, health department. The daily receipts of milk are estimated at 82,250 gallons, or 1.17 pints per capita. In explanation of this apparently large per capita consumption, the insj)ector of milk states that a very large amount of milk is consumed each day at the quick-lunch places and elsewhere by the several thousand persons who live in neighboring cities and towns but spend the business hours in Boston. A single lunch room uses as high as 640 quarts daily. The milk supply is practically controlled by a few large con- tractors, who operate cars on the different railroads. The contractors will not sell skimmed milk. It is impracticable to estimate the amount of cream used, as a con- siderable part of it is shipped by express to retailers. Milk is sold in about 2,900 stores; the number of wagons employed in its delivery is not known. Licenses for the sale, etc., of milk have been issued to the number of 506. Some licensees do not operate wagons, while others may run as many as 30. It appears that milk stores from which the milk is not peddled are not required to have a license, but simply a permit. Glass bottles filled in the city are quite extensively used for delivering milk; they are used but little in its trans])ortation. Very little pasteurized milk is on the market, and it is not increasing in favor. The retail price of milk is from 5 to 8 cents per quart (32 fluid ounces) in summer and winter, and the producers are paid about 3 cents per quart in summer and 4 cents in winter. There are about 20 well-conducted dairies in the vicinity of Boston, but, with one or two exceptions, they receive no advance in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 126 dairy herds, including 739 head. The number of dairies sending milk into the city is not known; 75 per cent of the milk supply is received liy railway, the longest shipment being 140 miles. The regulations for the sale and care of milk adopted in December, 1898, are pub- lished in circular No. 8 of the board of health. Five sections of regulations adopted in 1892 appear to be also in force. Persons selling milk must obtain a license from the board of health annually, in May; it is revocable for cause. A statement of the conditions under which each cow is kept must be filed with the inspector of milk. No milk shall be sold from cows that have not, within one year, been examined and found to be free from dangerous disease. The tuberculin test is not required. License must be posted in a conspicuous place on premises, and wagons must bear owner's name and license number. All cans and vessels used in handling milk must be cleaned or sterilized before use, nor shall they be used for any other pm-pose. Rooms in which milk is stored, cooled, or mixed must have tight walls and floors and be kept clean, and must have proper appliances for washing or sterilizing all dairy utensils with boiling water or steam. Such room must not be connected with water-closet, urinal, etc., nor be used for stabling animals, nor shall milk be stored in a room used for domestic or sleeping purposes. Milk in stores, restaurants, etc., must be kept in a covered box or refrigerator properly drained and cared for. ^The milk sujiply of Boston is discussed at length in Bulletin No. 20, Bureau of Animal Industry. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 87 Every person engaged in handling milk must notify the board of health and stop the sale of milk when an infectious disease is discovered in his family or among his employees. All vessels handled by persons suffering from such diseases shall be thoroughly sterilized before being used to hold milk. Cow stables must have at least 1,000 cubic feet air space for each animal, be well lighted and ventilated, have tight roof and floors, be well drained, have a pure water supply, and be kept clean. Pastures must be clean. A copy of the instructions sent out by an enterprising Boston milk contractor to the dairymen from whom his milk is obtained is shown in Ap{)endix II (p. 181). About $13,000 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. An inspector, a chemist, a clerk, and three collectors of samples give their entire time to this work. During the past year about 15,000 samples of milk were exam- ined by lactometer and lactoscope, the Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis, all of them being tested for preservatives; no 1 bacteriological examinations were made; all of the city herds, and "many hundreds" of the dairy farms sending milk into the city, were inspected. A detailed description of the method of procuring samples of milk for inspection is given on page 22. The form for application to sell milk is shown in Appendix IV (p. 195). The form for reporting conditions at dairies is shown in Appendix IV (p. 196). The form for license to sell milk, receipt, and stub for same, are shown in Appen- dix IV (p. 202). Recent marked improvement has been made in the sanitary quality of the milk supply. Suggested improvements include the education of those who use milk, as well as those who produce it. The consumer wants his milk delivered early in the morning and insists that it must be iresh. He will not deal with one who would propose to deliver as late as 10 o'clock a. m., which is about the time the milk trains arrive. So the dealer is obliged to hold the milk, perhaps in his stable, through the day and over one night, in order that it may be delivered early in the morning. Worcester. (Population, 118,421.) [For t'ompiirisoii with otlier cities in Class I, see p. 26.] C. Herbert De Fosse, inspector of milk. The milk inspector's records show that there are received in the city daily about 16,500 gallons milk, 200 gallons skimmed milk, 250 gallons cream, and 400 cans of condensed milk. It would appear from these figures that the average consumption of milk is 1.1 pints per capita. But it is somewhat less than this, for the reason that considerable milk, cream, etc., is sent from Worcester to smaller towns within a radius of 30 to 40 miles. However, it is claimed that an unusually large amount of milk is consumed in the city, much of it being employed in cooking; bread made with milk is used to a large extent. It is estimated that the residents of the city pay annually for milk 11,095,000. Milk is distributed from 400 stores and 350 wagons. About 85 per cent of the supply is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farms. Only about one two-hundredth part of the milk is pasteurized, and this treatment does not seem to be increasing in favor. The retail price of milk is 5J cents per quart, both summer and winter, its producers receiving 3| cents per quart throughout the year. Twenty-five of the dairies which are conducted in the most satisfactory manner sell their product at 7 cents per quart in sinnmer and 8 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 340 dairy herds, including 4,036 head. Five hundred and sixty-eight dairy farms send milk into the city; about 1 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 25 miles. The city authorities appropriate $1,000 annually for the supervision of the milk supply. Three officers give a part of their time 6ach day to this work. During the past year 1,400 samples of milk were examined, 200 general bacteriological examina- tions were made, and 316 dairy herds within the city limits were inspected. 88 BUREAU OF AKIMAL INDUSTRY. The form for recording data regarding milk samples is shown in Appendix IV (p. 204.) The form for reporting analyses of milk samples is shown in Appendix IV (p. 206). Previous to April, 1899, little was done to govern the supply of milk in this city. Since that date facilities for examining milk samples have been provided by the equipment of a new laboratory. The recent introduction of a large number of cows giving rich milk has caused a marked improvement in the quality of the supply. An ordinance is needed to reg- ulate the sanitary condition of places where milk is kept. Fall River. (Population, 104,863.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 20.] Thomas F. Wiseman, secretary of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated at 6,000 gallons, or about 0.46 pint per capita. The estimated quantities of skimmed milk and cream used daily are 4 and 50 gallons, respectively. Milk is distributed from 327 stores and 320 wagons. About 10 per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, and the portion thus handled is increasing. The bottles are filled almost exclusively at the farms. Little, if any, milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6 cents per quart in sum- mer and 6 to 7 cents in winter. The producers on the farms realize 3J to 4J cents per quart in summer and 4 to 5^ cents in winter. The product of five well-conducted dairies is sold for 7 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 105 herds of milch cows, including 350 head. Two hundred and forty dairy farms send milk into the city. All these are within a radius of 10 miles, and the milk is brought in by teams. An ordinance adopted June, 1899, and milk regulation No. 71 refer to the milk supply. A license to sell milk in a store or from a wagon must be obtained from the board of health, and all dairy premises, vessels, and vehicles must be kept in a sani- tary condition satisfactory to said board. License must be posted in .stores and car- ried in delivery wagons, and wagons must bear owner's name and wagon and license numbers. Milk adulterated by watering, skimming, or by the addition of any for- eign substance, milk from diseased cows or cows fed on distillery waste or other fermented food, milk from cows within fifteen days before or five days after calving, or milk from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition is prohibited, and may be seized and destroyed. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Persons selling skimmed milk must obtain a special license from the board of health, and delivery wagons and vessels must be plainly marked "Skimmed milk," etc. Milk shall not be kept, nor bottles washed, in any room used for sleeping or any domestic purposes or in a room opening into the same, nor shall milk Ite stored in a stable, and a room separate from the stable and water-closet shall be provided on dairy farms for straining and cooling milk, the same to have tight floors and walls. Cows must be examined at least once a year for tuberculosis and other contagious diseases in a manner approved by the board of health. All dairies shall be insi>ected at least every June and December, and written report of their condition filed with the city clerk for public examination. Walls of cow stal)les must be cleaned and whitewashed at least once every six months. Milk in stores must be kept in a refrigerator or other tight receptacle separate from any food or contaminating prod- uct, and iced in warm weather. Milk in wagons shall be protected from dust, and on the streets it shall never be transferred from one vessel to another except when delivered to the consumer. Milk 'shall not be sold in bottles unless they are first washed with hot water cleaning solution and then with tdean hot water; thej' must not be filled except at the dairy or creamery, or in a room free from dust. Vessels handled by persons suffering from a contiiginus disease must be sterilized before MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 89 being used to hold milk. No attendant suffering from or suspected of a contagious disease is allowed to care for cows or handle milk. Every person engaged in han- dling milk must notify the board of health and stop the sale of milk when an infec- tious disease is discovered jn his family or among his employees. The section referring to skimmed milk is shown in Appendix I (p. 179). About $1,250 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. One milk inspector gives his entire time to this work. During the year 257 samples were examined by the Babcock test, 7 being found below standard; no bacteriological examinations were made. All the dairies within the city and all of the dairies and farms sending milk to the city were inspected. Since the appointment of a milk inspector there has been much improvement in the sanitary condition of dairies, milk utensils, etc. It is believed that to a certain extent the production of market milk should be under State authority. Frequent bacteriological examinations of the milk supply should be made. The form for recording inspection of stores, etc., is sho-(vn in Appendix IV (p. 207). The form for recoixling inspection of wagons, etc., is shown in Appendix IV (p. 208). Lowell. (Population, 94,969.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] Thomas O. Allen, inspector of milk and vinegar. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 7,700 gallons, or 0.65 pint per capita, besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 50 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from about 350 stores and 156 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of about one-fourth of the total supply, and are filled both in the city and at the dairy farms. Only about 8 i>er cent of the mik is pasteurized, and there is no increase in the practice. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in sum- mer and 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving 2.7 cents in summer and 3 cents in winter. The product of one "model dairy" near the city is sold for 7 cents per quart throughout the year. There are only about 100 cows within the city limits, and no data are available as to the number of dairy farms sending milk into the city. About 300 gallons is shipped into the city by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. State laws regulate the milk supply. The supervision of the milk and vinegar cost the city last year $2^329.97. Two officials — one inspector, who is also city analyst, and one collector of samples — give their entire time to this work. During the past year 2,972 samples of milk were examined by the Balx-ock test and by gravimetric analysis; only a few bacteriolog- ical examinations were made. The averages of total solids in samples of milk collected from wagons and stores, in different months of the year, are as follows: January . February March . . . April May June From wagons. Per cent. 12.80 12.92 13.16 13.11 12. 82 12. 92 From stores. Per cent. 12.16 12.41 12.98 13. 21 13. 20 12.05 July August September October . . . November December. From wagons. From stores. Per cent. Per cent. 12.70 ■ l2. 72 13.00 13.07 13.03 j.3.00 11.50 12.06 12.83 12.47 11.94 12. 77 It is stated tlpat a law is needed to regulate the sanitary condition of dairy barns, lots, pastures, etc., and that it would lie well to have a standard of cleanliness for dairies, those not coming up to it to be excluded fioui the privilege of selling milk in the city. 90 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Cambridge. (Population, 91,886.) [For conipari.son with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] Philip P. Sharpies, inspector of milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,074 gallons, or 0.79 pint per capita. In addition to what is used by ice-cream manufacturers and bakers, 202 gallons of skimmed milk and 116 gallons of cream are used in family trade. There are sold, daily, 4,324 gallons of milk from 410 stores, 4,639 gallons by 156 milkmen, and 111 gallons from "private cows." Three-fourths of the milk used in family trade is delivered in glass bottles, the greater part of them being filled in the city. Little or no milk is pasteurized; one concern tried it, but is now out of business. The retail price of milk is 4 to 8 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 9 cents in winter, the producers receiving 3^ cents in summer and 3h cents in winter. The milk (jf a few well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 8 cents per quart in summer and 9 cents in winter. Within 'the city limits there are 76 herds of milch cows, includ- ing 234 head. Five hundred or more dairy farms send milk into the city. The city herds produce, daily, 476 gallons of milk; wagons haul to the city 3,770 gallons, and railway trains bring 4,828 gallons. The longest shipment is 100 miles. The city has no milk ordinance, the milk supply l)eing regulatecV 1)y State laws. One thousand five hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. Two officials — an inspector and his deputy — give one-half of their time to this work. During the past year 3,367 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; suspected samples were tested for coloring and preservatives, and all the city herds were inspected. The form used when applying for milk license is shown in Appendix IV (2>. 188). Recent improvement in the quality of the milk supply is said to be due to the fact that it is now largely in the control of concerns that pay strict attention to the char- acter of the milk they handle. It is recommended that the license fee for stores be raised to $50. Lynn. (Population, 68,513.) [For comparison with otlier cities in Class II, see p. 30. William E. Welts, inspector of milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as6,000 gallons, or0.70 pint per capita, besides 600 gallons of skimmed milk and 125 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 350 stores and 75 wagons. Glass bottles are used to a limited extent in the delivery of milk, these being filled both in the city and at the producing farms. Only a very small (juantity of milk is pasteurized and the practice is decreasing. The retail price of milk is 4 to 7 cents per quart, ])oth summer and winter, the producers receiving 2 to 32 cents per quart throughout the year. A few especially well-conducted dairies near the city sell their product for 7 cents per quart the year round. Within the city limits there are 60 herds, including 350 cows, and milk is sent into the city from about 800 dairy farms. Two-thirds of the entire milk supply is shipped by railway, the longest shipment being about 300 miles. Regulations adopted in April, 1899, supplement the State laws referring to the milk supply. Cows which produce milk for the city must have been examined (within one year) and found free from dangerous disease. Rooms where milk is handled must be properly constructed and located; all dairy utensils must be kept clean and, when exposed where contagious disease exists, must be thoroughly steril- ized. Milk from places where there is any contagious disease is prohibited. The city expends $2,500 annually in the supervision of its milk supply. Two officiaLs — an inspector and a collector of samples — give their entire time to this work. The number of milk samples examined during the past year is not re'ported; all the MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 91 herds in the city and all the dairy farms within the State sending milk to the oity have been inspected. Recently the quality of the milk supply has improved, due to the enforcement of the milk regulations. It is recommended that tuberculin tests be made of cows out- side the State producing milk for the city. Lia-wrence. (Population, 62,559.) [For oompixrison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] Michael A. Scanlon, inspector of milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,000 gallons, or 0.76 pint per cap- ita, besides 500 gallons of skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 700 stores and 200 wagons. Glass bottles are used quite extensively in the delivery of milk. The increase in their use will be checked by the destruction of some bot- tles under an act of the State legislature requiring all bottles to be sealed by the sealer of weights and measures. The bottles are lilled mostly at the producing farms. Lit- tle or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is about 6 cents per quart throughout the year. The producers realize 2^ to 3 cents per quart in summer and 3j to 4 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 8 dairy herds, including 130 cows. The longest shipment of milk from the country is 12 miles. State laws regulate the city milk supply. Only about $350 is exj)en(led annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. The inspector (salary $J50 per year) gives one hour daily to this work, occasionally going out to collect samples. During the past year 179 samples were examined by the Babcock test, and all of the city herds were inspected. When milk samples are found by the Babcock test to be below the standard, they are submitted to chemical analysis, for which the city pays $2 per sample. Recently a more even quality of milk has been supplied, owing to mixing the milk of numerous herds of cows, and its quality has improved because of more sanitary conditions at dairies. It is stated that the license fee should be raised from 50 cents to $25 or more, and closer attention should be given to producing dairies. New Bedford. (Population, 62,442.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] Daniel C. Ashley, D. V. S., inspector of milk, provisions, and animals. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 7,000 gallons, or 0.90 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 201 stores and 170 wagons. A very small ]iart of the milk is deliv- ered in glass bottles, and these are tilled at the producing farms. No milk is i)asteur- ized. The retail price of milk is about 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 to 3^ cents in summer and 3j to 4 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 700 milch cows, kept 1 to 20 in a place. Milk is received from many of the adjacent towns. Only a small portion of the supply comes in by railway, the longest shipment being 20 miles. State laws regulate the milk supply. About $1,500 is expended annually for the inspection of milk, provisions, and animals. Two officials — an inspector and one assistant — give their entire time to this work. During the past year 900 sam})les of milk were examined by lactometer, lactoscope, etc.; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds were inspeqted. The inspector states that the most needed improvements are a more thorough inspection of milch cows with the aid of turberculin, and the enforcement of a requirement that dairy utensils be scalded after use. 92 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Spring-field. (Population, 62,059.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] James Kimball, inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4, 750 gallons, or 0.61 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 103 stores and 133 wagons. About 1,000 quarts of milk is delivered in glass bottles, which are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price « of milk is 6 cents jier quart, both summer and winter, except bottled milk, which sells for 7 cents per quart. The producers receive 3 cents per quart in summer and 3j cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" in or near the city. Within the city limits there are 20 herds of milch cows, including 130 head, besides al)out 100 cows kept in private stalls, 1 or 2 in a place. Milk is sent into the city from 420 dairy farms. All the milk is brought in by teams, the longest haul being 14 miles. A cooperative milk association controls a large i)art of the trade in Springfield. This association was organized in 1884. According to the fifteenth annual re])ort (1899), the receipts of milk during that yearwere 2,911,218 quarts, which was 38,000 quarts less than the receipts of the previous year. There was paid to the farmers 168,751.29, which was $1,373.08 more than in the previous year. The report showed 150 patrons, 86 of whom were stockholders. There is no city milk ordinance. The city expends annually $100 in the supervision of its milk supply. During the past year a number of samples were examined l>y the lactometer and the Bal)cock test. Recent imi^rovement has been made in the milk supply, by an organized effort on the part of dealers requiring the producers to adopt better sanitary methods in hand- ling milk. There is need for a thorough inspection of all premises where milk is handled. Somerville. (Population, 61,643.) [For comparison witli other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] J. E. Richardson, ins])ector of milk and vinegar. The quantity of milk sold daily is reported as 7,640 gallons, or an average of 0.99 pint per capita, besides 400 gallons of skimmed milk and 500 gallons of cream. In explanation of the apjmrently large consumption of milk it is stated that a part of the milk reported is prolmbly sold in adjacent towns. Milk is sold from 300 stores and 185 wagons. In addition to the above, there were 5 cream teams, 1 condensed milk, and 1 modi(ied-milk team licensed. Glass liottles, filled in the city, are used in the delivery of about one-half of the milk supply. Only a limited amount of milk is pasteurized, with no increase in the ])ractice. The retail price of milk is 6 cents i)er (|uart in summer and 7 cents in winter, the producers receiving 3 cents in summer and 4 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the the city limits there are 2 herds, including 62 milch cows, besides 222 cows kept 1 or "The retail prices establisheil by the local milk dealers' association are as follows: Cents per ector giving a part of his time to this work. During the i)ast year all of the city cows were inspected; no samples of milk were examined for composition. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 97 North Adams. (Population, 24,200.) [For comparison witli other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] Albert G. Nichols, inspector of milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.66 pint per capita, besides 75 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons oi cream. Milk is sold from 10 stores and 50 wagons. About one-fourth of it is delivered in glass bottles filled at the farms; little or none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents per quart in sum- mer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 cents throughout the year. There are a few dairies conducted better than others, but they do not receive an advance in price for their product. Within the city limits there are 27 herds, including 377 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 75 dairy farms, the longest haul being 9 miles. An ordinance adopted in February, 1900, refers to milk. It requires that dairies, etc., be inspected in June and December, and premises and apparatus be kept clean; that cows be free from tuberculosis, and stables be whitewashed; that milk rooms be properly located and constructed; and that persons handling milk be free from contagious disease. One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, but this does not include a portion of the salary of the inspector of animals. During the past year about 300 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Recent improvement in the city milk supply is due to an increased use of bottles. Further improvement would result from the pasteurization of milk and the steriliza- tion of utensils. "Woburn. (Population, 14,254.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see page 40.] Gorden Parker, inspector of milk and vinegar. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,032 gallons, or an average of 0.58 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 16 stores and 30 wagons. Glass bottles are in general use in the delivery of milk and are filled in the city and at the farms. Little or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3^ cents and 3| cents in summer and winter, respectively. There are no "model dairies" near the city. The longest distance milk is supplied to the city is 5 miles. One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. During the past year 25 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and gravi- metric analysis. Cattle are inspected by the local inspector of cattle and provisions under the direction of the State board of health. Improvement of the milk supply might be brought about by frequent inspection of herds and barns, and by educating consumers as to what good milk is, so that they will demand it. ,^«-— -*««,r Melrose. (Population, 12,962.) ' [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, eae p. 40.] William S. Briry, inspector of milk and vinegar. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita, besides 25 gallons of skimmed milk and 20 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 49 stores and 69 wagons. Nearly all milkmen deliver milk in ^\mn bottles filled in the city. Some cream is pasteurized, and the practice is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 to 7 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 4 cents. Six 25839— No. 46—03 7 " ^ V8 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. dairies, better conducted than others, receive 7 cents per quart for their product. Within the city Hmits there are 40 herds, inckiding 150 cows, and milk is sent in from 25 dairy farms. About 5 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 10 miles. The city prints State laws I'elating to the inspection and sale of milk. One hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 36 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made. Wakefield. (Population, i>,290.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] Josiah S. Bonney, inspector of milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 800 gallons, or an average of 0.68 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 93 stores and 54 wagons. A large amount of milk is delivered in glass l)ottles filled at the farms; little if any is pasteurized. The retail jjrice is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, i:)roducers receiving 3^ cents in summer and 4 cents in winter. A few well-conducted dairies receive 7 cents per quart for their product. Within the city limits there are 83 herds, including 343 cows. About 12 per cent of the milk is received by railway, the longest shipment being 35 miles. There is allowed annually the sum of $150 as salaries of milk inspector and i-ollec- tor. During the past year 154 samples of milk were examined by the Babcoc-k test and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds were inspected; $150 was collected as fines, and $40 as license fees. The inspector believes that better sanitary conditions should obtain at dairies, and that all the milk should be pasteurized. North. Attleboro. (Population, 7,253.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.]. W. Henry Kling, inspector of milk, provisions, and cattle. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 885 gallons, or 0.98 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 6 stores and 34 wagons. Four dealers deliver milk in glass Ixtttles tilled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, i^roducers receiving 3 to 35 cents in summer and 4 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 24 herds, including 275 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 8 dairy farms, the longest haul being 4 miles. About $200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 150 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; 535 cows were inspected, and 3 condemned for tuberculosis. A copy of the form used for placing a cow or cows in quarantine when suspected of having tuberculosis is shown in Appendix IV (p. 199). Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to cleaner barns and cows and to more care in handling milk. It is recommended that employees wear special clothes while milking; that milk be removed from the stable immediately after milking; that cows be fed pure feeds and curried daily, and that iidders be washed before milking. MICHIGAN. • W. B. Snow, dairy and food commissioner, Lansing. Public acts of 1893 — No. 211, amended, provides that the dairy and food connnis- eioner shall inquire into the quality of dairy productg sold in the State, and gives him MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 99 authority to take samples for analysis. Prosecuting attorneys shall assist in enforc- ing the food laws. Monthly bulletins shall be issued showing results of inspections. Public acts of 1887, No. 246, amended; 1899, No. 106, and 1873, No. 26, refer to milk and milk inspectors. The police commissioners of Detroit appoint a milk inspector, with rank of captain, sergeant, or roundsman. He is given authority and required to make inspections in Detroit and Wayne County. Conmion councils of cities and boards of trustees or councils of villages may appoint milk inspectors with similar powers. It is unlawful to sell unwholesome, adulterated, or impure milk; or swill milk; or colostrum; or milk from cows kept on garbage, swill, or any ferment- ing or deleterious substance; or milk from cows kept in connection with a family where there is an infectious disease; or milk, skimmed milk, buttermilk, or cream to which water, preservatives, or any foreign substance has been added; or know- ingly to sell milk from diseased cows or cows fed on the refuse of a distillery or a brewery. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent milk solids, 3 per cent fat, and a spe- cific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. Skinnued milk must 1)e plainly marked and have a specific gravity between 1.0.32 and 1.037. Public acts of 1895 — No. 193 forbids the sale of adulterated food, which term is defined at length. The dairy and food commissioner issues a monthly report showing in considerable detail the amount and character of the work- performed. Each report contains brief statements regarding the conditions of dairies visited during the month in the vicinity of cities and towns throughout the State. The character of the statements concerning dairies can best be shown by quoting one, which refers to an ajjparently well-managed place, and another referring to one in much need of imiiroveinent; they are as follows: (a) Condition of cows, very good and clean; feed, corn fodder, hay, and ground corn and oats; stables, very neat and clean and whitewashed; yard, clean and dry; ventilation, good; water, well; milk room, neat and clean, has cement floor; uses an aerator. (6) Condition of cows, good; feed, fodder, corn, and chops; stables, dirty and dark; yard, muddy and filthy; ventilation, none; water, well. This system of inspection is said to have had a very beneficial effect upon the milk supply of cities and villages. During the past year 447 dairies supplying milk to 48 cities and villages were reported upon, in the different months, as follows; Month of inspec- tion. Cities aucl villages. No. of inspec- tions. Month of inspec- tion, Cities and villages. No. of inspetv tions. Lansing 40 8 45 57 16 3 1 6 6 4 5 5 2 6 6 1 5 68 September.". October November November Flint 16 February Yypsilanti Holly , 2 Battle Creek Mount Pleasant , St, Clair , 1 March Jackson Adrian 3 April , Marine Citv , , 5 Hudson Algonac 1 Waldron Mount Clemens Reading 9 Hillsdale 2 Jonesville Hillsdale 3 May Eaton Rapids 8 Charlotte 2 Wayne Three Rivers 4 Northville Cassapoiis 2 Albion Kalamazoo 6 Marshall 2 Grass Lake Benton Harbor St. Joseph 4 Chelsea 7 June Saginaw Monroe 3 100 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Month of inspec- tion. Cities and villajfes. No. of inspec- tions. Month of inspec- tion. Cities and villages. No. of inspec- tions. SummerfieldTownsliip Niles ■- 2 4 25 10 2 12 4 2 1 1 6 December 1 Albion 3 Port Huron . . Jonesville 3 Pontiac Manistee 1 Lapeer Big Rapids 4 Wyandotte Eaton Rapids 2 Alma Total inspections in 48 cities and villages Ithaca Hart Frankfort Cadillac The departtnent has waged a vigorous campaign against the use of preservatives, and reports 49 prosecutions. Detroit. { Population, 285, 704. ) [For comparison with other cities in Cla.ss I, see p. 26.] M. B. Fauykner, milk inspector. C. L. Stewart, M. D., milk insjiector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 15,000 gallons, or 0.42 pint per capita. While the daily receipts of milk are 25,000 gallons, a considerable portion of this is delivered to suburban places and used in the manufacture of ice cream, butter, and cheese. It is also estimated that 2,000 gallons of skimmed nulk and 700 gallons of cream are consumed daily. IMilk is sold from 700 stores and 230 wagons. Glass bottles are u«ed in the delivery of about half the total supply. Pasteurized milk is used only to a sinall extent, but its use is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving 2 cents in summer and 2 J cents in winter. Three "model dairies" near the city sell their product for 7 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 50 dairy herds, including 250 head. About 500 dairy farms send milk into the city. A city ordinance of twelve sections, adopted and amended in 1897, regulates the city milk supply. Any person selling milk must have a license for each establish- ment or vehicle. Every person delivering milk by hand "in quantities less than 1 gallon to each customer" shall wear upon his vest a small shield bearing the number of his license. Licenses are issued annually by the mayor and cost it^l each. Adulter- ated milk, milk from cows fed on fermented or other unhealthy food, milk produced in places where any contagious disease is known to exist, or any milk that does not come up to the legal standard of 12.5 per cent total solids, 3 per cent fats, and a specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033 at 60° F., is prohibited. Skimmed milk may be sold if the packages are plainly labeled and if it has a specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.032 and 1.037. The city expends $1,000 annually in connection with the supervision of its milk supply. One officer, an inspector, gives his entire attention to the work and one chemist part of his time. During the past year 1,219 samples of milk were exam- ined by lactometer and the Babcock test, a part of them being analyzed gravimetric- ally and 850 of them being examined for preservatives; 12 liacteriological examinations were made for typhoid and tubercle bacilli; and one.-half the city herds were inspected. In the two years ended June 30, 1900, 681 samples of milk were exam- ined for preservatives and 43 of them were found to contain formaldehyde and 9 boracic acid. The milk inspector reports the results of the examination for fat and specific gravity of several samples of milk from different breeds and a few samples of fore milk and strippings. MILK SUPPLY OP TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 101 The greatest recent improvement has been in the composition of the milk. There should be more thorough inspection of dairies, veterinary examination of all milch cows, and more care in the handling of the milk supply by producer, middleman, and retailer. Care should be taken not to license a dairy that is not capable of pro- ducing good milk. Grand Rapids. (Population, 87,565.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] George F. Kichardson, milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or 0.46 pint per capita, besides 500 gallons skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 51 licensed stores and 228 wagons. About 20 per cent of the retail trade is supplied in glass bottles, and these are filled mostly at the producing farms. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the pro- ducers on the farms receiving 2 cents in summer and 2 to 3 cents in winter. The milk from 7 well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 6 to 8 cents per quart throughout the year. There are about 1,000 milch cows within the city limits, and milk is sent in from 228 licensed dairy farms. About 5 per cent of the supply is shipped into the city by railway, the longest shipment being 100 miles. An ordinance adopted in October, 1897, and amended in November, 1897, refers to milk. Licenses for the sale of milk, issued annually, cost as follows: One wagon, $5; each additional wagon, $2; hand carts, $1; cans carried by hand, 50 cents; dairies and creameries, $5; private house, restaurant, etc., $1. But any farmer selling only the milk from his own cows is licensed free. Dairies and dairy herds furnishing milk must be inspected before license is granted. The use of the tuberculin test is authorized. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent total solids, 3 percent fat, specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.033. Skimmed milk must be plainly labeled. Ordinance section regarding milk license fees is given in Apjaehdix I (p. 178). About |1,600 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. Two oflficials — an inspector at $800 and an assistant at |600 — give their entire time to this work. During the past year 1,500 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test for butter fat, and the Westphal balance for specific gravity; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city cows and all the dairy farms were inspected. Recent improvements include better methods in the care of cows; greater cleanli- ness in dairies, and proper aeration and cooling of milk. It is l)elieved an organiza- tion of milk producers and dealers should be effected to promote the common interest^i — encourage better methods, etc. Saginaw. (Population, 42,345.) Nf) reply tij inquiries was received. Bay City. (Population, 27,628.) [For comparisun with other cities in Class III, see p. 3G.] W. H. Gilbert, milk inspector. Daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.87 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 8 stores and 28 wagons. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, including 40 cows, besides private cows kept for family use, 1 to 3 in a place. Milk is sent in from about 27 dairy farms within 6 miles of the city. An ordinance adopted in May, 1898, regulates the sale of milk. Dairies and dairy herds supplying milk must l>e inspected previous to the issuing of licenses. License fee for the sale of milk is as follows: From wagons, $10 each; hand carts, $3; hand peddlers, |2; dairies or creameries, |5; restaurants, etc., |2; private houses, |1 for 102 BUREAU OV AmUAl. InIDUSTRY. each cow. Dairymen outside the city furnishing milk for city peddlers pay no license fee. The sale of adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. Bottles used in the delivery of milk or cream must be sterilized, and the milk and cream aerated and cooled pre- vious to bottling. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and specific gravity at 60° F. between 1.029 and 1.0.33. Skimmed milk containers must be labeled. During nine months in 1900, 168 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Jackson. (Population, 25,180.) [For eomparisou with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] J. C. Harter, food and sanitary inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,745 gallons, or 0.55 pint per capita. This is sold from 60 stores and 52 wagons. Nearly all the milk is delivered in glass bottles which are filled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 cents in summer and 2^ cents in winter. About one-half the dairies are said to be con- ducted in a satisfactory manner, and one to be a "model." Within the city limits there are 8 herds, including 55 cows, and milk is brought to the city in wagons from 59 dairy farms, the longest haul being 6^ miles. The city milk supply is under the supervision of the food and sanitary inspector. During the past year 220 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Battlecreek. (Population, 18,563.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] E. Cunningham, assistant milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,400 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 4 stores and 26 wagons. All milk dealers deliver milk more or less in glass bottles, filled some at the farms and some in the city. A small amount of milk is pasteurized and the practice is increasing. The retail price is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 cents. Within the city there are 6 herds, and milk is l)rought in from 70 dairy farms within a radius of 9 miles. , An ordinance adopted in Jime, 1898, refers to milk. License fee for retailing loilk is as follows: Milk wagons, $5; hand carts, hand peddlers, stores, etc., $2; each wagon after the first, $3. Persons having one cow are exempt from license fee. The tuberculin test is authorized in the inspection of cows. Cows must be kept in good sanitary condition and be given wholesome food. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohil)ited. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, and sjjecific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033. Special license is required for the sale of skimmed milk and buttermilk, and their containers must be labeled. One hundred and thirty dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 560 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Recent im)>rovement in the quality of the supply is due to greater cleanliness at dairies and thQ aeration of the milk. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 108 Lansing'. (Poimlation, 16,485.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] V. W. Crum, M. D., health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,000 gallons, or an avearge of 0.49 pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. Milk i.s sold from 3 stores and 22 wagons. About one-third of it is delivered in glass bot- tles filled on the farms. Only a very small amount of milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 and 2k cents per quart in the two seasons. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, including 32 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 45 dairy farms, the longest haul being 4 miles. Nine hundred dollars is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 41 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test; 4 samples were examined for tubercle bacilli; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. MINNESOTA. W. W. P. McConnell, State dairy commissioner, St. Paul. General laws of 1899, chapter 257, amended, and chapter 295; and 1895, chapter 202 and chapter 203, refer to milk, etc. It is the duty of the State dairy and food commissioner to enforce all laws relating to dairy products. Persons peddling milk in cities and towns having 1,000 or more population must, every May, procure a license from the State commissioner at a cost of $1 for each vehicle; and license number, name, and business address shall be shown on vehicles. Stores, booths, etc., are licensed at the same fee. Changes of drivers or other employees must !)e reported. It is unlawful to sell milk or cream from milk that is unclean, unwholesome, or adulterated, or that has not been cooled or aerated, or to which preservatives or other substances have been added; or milk from cows kept in crowded, filthy, or poorly ventilated stables; or milk from cows having tuberculosis, ulcers, or other disease, or fed upon distillery waste or brewery grains, etc. ; or milk from cows less than 15 days before or 5 days after parturition. The milk standard is 13 per cent solids, 3^ per cent fat. The cream standard is 20 per cent fat. Skinmied milk must be plainly labeled. Cans, bottles, etc., used in the transporta- tion of milk over any railway or boat line must be emptied before the milk sours, and then promptly cleaned. Ordinances not conflicting with State laws may be passed by the council of any city, providing for the inspection of milk, dairies, and dairy herds within the city limits, and may require licenses (without fee) for selling milk; and inspectors, experts, etc., may be appointed for their enforcement. The Penal Code, section 331 amended, provides that whoever adulterates milk with the intent of selling it as miadulte rated, or knowingly makes such a sale, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Dairies numbering 1,025 have been inspected in 129 cities; between 200 and 300 dailies shipping milk to these cities are not inspected. Forms for recording data regarding milk samples are shown in Appendix IV (p. 203). Minneapolis. (Population, 202,718.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] W. D. McCall, milk and bread inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 28,000 gallons, or 1.11 pints per capita. This large amount is explained by the common use of milk by the Scandi- navian element. It is estimated also that 335 gallons of skimmed milk, 3,536 gallons 104 BUREAIT OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY. of cream, and 200 gallons of buttermilk are consumed daily. Milk is s»ld from about 400 stores and 500 wagons. Only a small percentage of the milk is delivered in glass bottles and these are filled in the city. The trade in pasteurized milk is as yet unimportant. About half of the cream is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in sunnner and 5 to 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving 2^ cents in summer and 3 cents in winter. Within the city limit»s there are about 2,500 cows, and perhaps half of them are kept by persons who have only 1 or 2; the total within a radius of 10 miles is 10,000, included in 450 herds. Outside the 10-mile radius there are 50 dairy farms sending milk into the city. One-fifth of the total supply of milk is received by rail, the longest shi{)ment being 75 miles. An ordinance to regulate the city milk supply was passed by the city council in 1895 and has since been amended three times (twelve sections). A license is required for the sale of milk; applicant must give detailed information regarding the manage- ment of the dairy whence his supply. The dairy must be inspected by a veterinarian acceptable to the health commission, and the animals must be examined for tuber- culosis and other diseases. For the detection of tuberculosis the use of tuberculin is authorized f; this is furnished by the health department free of charge. All inspected animals are tagged to show the presence or absence of infectious disease. Investiga- tion of dairies is reported to the city council before decision as to issuing a license is made. The license is issued without charge; it extends until the first of the following May, but can be revoked for cause. The sale of impure milk or milk from unhealthy animals is prohibited. Cows within the city must be kept clean, and they must not be fed on brewery grains or other food which will cause the milk to be unhealthy, and their drinking water must be pure. No foreign matter shall be added to milk, nor shall any constituent be removed; it must contain 13 per cent solids and 35 per cent fat. Skimmed milk may be sold if in a vessel plainly labeled. About 15,000 is expended annually for the supervision of the city milk supply. Three officers give their entire time and 2 part of their time to this work; these include 1 veterinarian, 1 chemist, 1 milk inspector, and 2 dairy inspectors. During the past year 3,022 samples of milk were analyzed by the Babcock test and by gravimetric analysis; a few samples were examined bacteriologically; 92 of the city herds and 99 dairy farms were inspected; 1,516 milk dealers were warned that their milk must be improved, 5 were convicted and fined for watering their milk, 1 was convicted for selling without a license, and 1 firm was convicted and fined for selling a preservative. In the year 1900, 4,450 cows were tested with tuberculin and only 79 were con- demned; this was 1.78 per cent as compared with 9 per cent in 1895, when the use of tuberculin was inaugurated. During the year 43 cows were retested; 33 of them reacted and were condemned. The form for notice to milk dealers to disj)luy licensee number on delivery wagons is shown in Appendix IV (p. 00). The most marked recent improvement is sliown by the increased willingness on the part of dairymen to have their herds inspected. More well-trained insjjectors are needed for the proper enforcement of the law. St. Paul. (Population, 163,065.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] W. W. P. McConnell, State dairy and food commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 12,000 gallons, or 0.59 pint per capita, besides about 1,500 gallons of skimmed milk and 1,200 gallons of cream. Milk is distributed froin 400 stores and 325 wagons. (Jlass bottles are used in the «The right to use tuberculm was confirmed by the supreme court of Minnesota. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 105 delivery of al)Out one-seventh of the supi)ly, and these are filled in the city. Ten per cent of the milk is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per (jnart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the producers receiving If to 2 cents in summer and 2J to 4 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies " in the vicinity. Within the city limits and within a radius of 10 miles there are 300 dairy herds, including 6,600 head; 80 other dairy farms send milk into the city. About 20 per cent of the Biilk supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 75 miles. City ordinance No. 2042, April, 1899, regulates the milk supply. Every person selling milk is required to hold a license, application for which must be accompanied by a statement giving certain information regarding location, source of milk supply, etc. Sale may commence after applfcation is filed and may continue unless license is refused. The dairy must be examined by an inspector, special attention being given to the health of the cattle, each one being tagged to show its condition. A charge of 50 cents per animal is made for inspection. If the inspector's report is favorable, the license is issued, to be effective one year; license number must appear in milk stores and upon delivery wagons. The use of the tuberculin test is author- ized. The sale of adulterated or unwholesome milk, milk taken from diseased or unclean cows, or cows fed on fermented brewery grains or distillery waste, or given impure water, milk kept in unclean vessels or in unsanitary surroundings, or milk containing a preservative, is .prohibited. The milk standard is 13 per cent solids, 3i per cent fat. Skimmed milk may be sold if in vessels plainly labeled. Cows within the city limits must not be overcrowded or kept in badly ventilated stables. The city expends annually about |2,000 for the improvement of its milk supply. No one official gives his entire time to this work, but various employees of the health department are detailed from time to time. During the past year more than 500 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, and those that did not come up to the required standard were subjected to gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all of the producing dairies were inspected, many cows being examined for tuberculosis. Lately special attention has been given to the better feeding of the cows, and proi)er aeration and refrigeration of the milk. Needed improvements include better sani- tary conditions, greater care in handling milk, and the sterilization of all milk utensils. It is proposed to have the State provide for the payment for milch cows condemned by the city authorities on account of tuberculosis or other diseases. Duluth. (Population, 52,969.) [For comparison with otlier cities iu Class II, see p. 30.] W. W. P. McConnell, State dairy and food commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of skimmed milk and 225 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 45 stores and 95 wagons. About 3 per cent of the total supi)ly is delivered in glass jars which are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving about 1| cents in summer and 2f cents in winter. The product of one small "model dairy " is sold for 7 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are about 100 dairy herds, including 1,100 cows, and milk is sent in from about 45 dairy farms in Minnesota and 20 in Wisconsin. About 33 per cent of the total supjily is received by railway, the longest shipment being 155 miles. The milk supply is regulated by State laws. One official is detailed from the State dairy and food commission to Duluth and vicinity to inspect dairies, dairy cattle, milk, and other food supplies. For this work an annual salary of $1,200 is paid. During the past year 400 samples of milk 106 BUREAU OB^ ANIMAL INDUSTRY. were exainiued Vjy the Babeock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the herds in the city and all the dairy farms except those in the adjoining State were inspected. Recently there has been a marked improvement in the character of the milk supply, due to an increased interest on the part of producers in furnishing a pure article. Suggested improvements, as given, are the refrigeration of milk during railway transportation and the inspection of milk and cream shipped from the farms out of the State. MISSISSIPPI. This State has no milk law. MISSOURI. Laws of 1891, page 163, empowers cities and towns "to license and regulate milk dairies and the sale of milk, and provide for the inspection tliereof." The supervision of market milk is left entirely to local authorities. St. Louis. (Population, 575,238.) [For comparison with other cities in Class 1, see p. 20.] Henry J. Helwig, M. D., milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 26,375 gallons, or 0.37 pint per capita, besides 3,000 gallons of cream. No skimmed milk is used. Milk is sold from 1,987 stores and 1,109 wagons. In the delivery of milk, glass liottles are generally used, the greater part of them being filled in the city. Very little milk is pasteurized and there is no increased demand for this treatment. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart when delivered from the can and as high as 8 cents when in glass bottles, the producers receiving 2 to 2| cents, the price per quart varying according to the percentage of butter fat. Three dairies in the vicinity conduct their business in an especially satisfactory manner, and are paid as high as 12^ cents per quart for their product. Within the city limits there are 400 herds, including about 8,000 cows, and milk is sent into the city from 119 dairy farms. Ordinance No. 2(^808, August, 1902, regulates the city milk supplw License to sell milk and cream at retail is $\, in addition to a semiannual license of 12.50 for each delivery vehicle; license to sell at whole.sale is $25. The sale of imi)ure, adul- terated milk, milk from diseased cows, milk containing any foreign substance, or milk from cows within tifteen days before or twelve days after calving is {)rohibited. The milk standard is solids, 11.5 per cent; fat, 3 per cent. Cream must not contain less than 12 per cent fat. Skimmed milk (all milk containing less than 10.5 per cent total solids and 1.5 per cent fat) may be sold if in properly labeled containers and if the "Skimmed Milk" sign is displayed on wagons and in stores front which it is sold. Condensed milk must be made from i)ure milk. Dairies where milk is produced for use in the city must be inspected at least once a month under the direction of the city chemist. Milch cows must be free from disease. Cases of sick- ness of persons or anintals on dairy farms must be reported. Milk must not be exposed to contagious disease, and must be cooled down to 45° F. and maintained at or below 50° F. until delivered to customers. The inspectors must give bonds to faithfully perform their duties and are given the usual authority to enter dairy premises to make inspection. The city expends annually for the supervision of the milk supply $1,850, and 1 inspector gives his entire time to the duties of the office. During the year, 684 sam- ples of milk were examined b\' lactometer and the Babeock test, and 72 bacteriolog- ical examinations were made for typhoid bacilli. About seven-eighths of the herds MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 107 within the city Uinits were inspected. It is admitted tliat the law is not well enforced. Many of the city dairies are said to use brewers' grains and to ])e kept in an insanitary condition, and a considerable portion of their cows are believed to be tuberculous. The composition of the milk has recently improved. There is great need for a State sanitary officer to inspect dairies and dairy herds and to see that they are kept in good sanitary condition. Kansas City (including- Kansas City, Kans. ). (Population, 215,170.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 2C.] R. H. Hodges, meat and milk inspector. Population: Kansas City, Mo., 163,752; Kansas City, Kans., 51,418 — total, 215,170. The daily consumption of milk in the two cities is estimated as 25,000 gallons, or 0.93 pint per capita, besides some skimmed milk and cream. Milk is sold from 400 stores and 420 wagons, (^lass bottles are used by one large concern and they are filled in the city. Trade in pasteurized milk is unimportant. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 5J cents in winter, the producers on the farms receiving 2h cents per quart in sunnner and 3 cents in winter. Two or three specially well-conducted dairies near the city sell their product for 6 <'ents per quart throughout the year. There are 40 herds, including 700 cows, within the city limits, and about 240 dairy farms send milk into the city. One-fifth of the total milk sup- ply is received by railway. Sections of the " Revised ordinances of Kansas City of 1898," referring to the milk supply, are Nos. 1015 to 1020, 1023, 1029 (amended by ordinance 11,179, March, 1899), and 1030 to 1035. License is required for the sale of milk or cream, and its number and date of expiration must be shown upon delivery wagon. Persons selling milk must furnisli to the l)oard of health a list of their supplying dairies, with a statement showing the location of stables, pastures, etc. The sale of milk or cream that is impure, adulterated, or preserved, or from a cow condemned by the health officer, is prohibited. Required standards are, for milk, 3 per cent fat; buttermilk, 9 per cent solids not fat; skimmed milk, 9 per cent solids not fat. Skimmed milk must be in a vessel plainly labeled, and when sold at retail a gummed label bearing the words "Skimmed milk" must be attached to each vessel into which it is placed. Special attention must be given to milk, cream, and buttermilk served at hotels, etc. A thorough inspection nuist Ije made every two months or oftener at all places where milk is produced for sale in the city, careful attention being given to the pastures, feeds, health of the cows, and sanitary conditions. If nnprovements directed are not made the sale of the milk is stopped. The manufacture, sale, or use in milk of any compound for the purpose of adulteration or preservation is prohibited. Inform- ers are entitled to one-third of fines collected. Ordinance section regarding inspections of dairies, etc., is given in Appendix I, (p. 179). About $2,500 is appropriated annually for the supervision of the inilK supply. One inspector and one chemist give their entire time to this work. During the past year 2,500 samples of niilk were examined by the Babcock test, and deficient sam- ples by gravimetric analysis; 125 bacteriological examinations were made for tubercle bacilli; and all the dairy herds within the city and 200 of the 240 dairy farms were inspected. Recent improvements in the milk supply are due to the almost entire abolishment of preservatives, to an increase in the percentage of butter fat, and to better refrig- eration of milk in transit, Needed improvements include advancement in the price of pure niilk, enforcement of the law, and legislation regulating the equipment and conduct of dairies. 108 BUREAU OF ATflMAL IKDUSTRY. St. Joseph. (Population, 102,979.) [F'or coniiparison willi otlier cities in Class I, see p. 26.] H. N. Keener, M. D., clerk of board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 8,562 gallons, or 0.66 pint per capita, besides 4,290 gallons skimmed milk and 100 gallons t-ream. Milk is sold from 30 stores and 125 wagons. Little if any milk is delivered in glass jars. A small amount is pasteurized under the directions of physicians for special cases. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and G§ cents in winter, the producers receiving 2j cents per quart in summer and 2| cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" in this vicinity. Within the city limits there are 68 dairy herds, including about 1,000 head, and just outside there are 25 dairies; l)ut the exact number of dairy farms sending milk into the city is unknown. One-eightli of the total milk supply is received ])y rail, the longest sliipment being 50 miles. The ordinance regulating the milk supply requires every milk and cream dealer to have a license, costing $15 per year, and every person selling milk from only 1 cow to have a license costing $2.50. Every milk dealer must register his license, together with the names and addresses of persons supplying him with milk. The legal standard for milk is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk is per- mitted if purchasers know its character. Informers are entitled to one-third of the fines collected. No definite fund is appropriated for the supervision of the milk supply, small amounts being set aside at intervals for this purpose. There is no official milk inspector, the little work performed being done by an officer of the board of health. During tlie past year only 6 samples of milk were examined by lactometer; no exam- inations were maile for bacteria; 12 of the 68 city herds and 18 dairy farms Avere inspected. Demand for a l)etter milk supply is responsible for some recent improvement. Needed improvements include thorough inspection of all dairy herds supjilying milk and the enforcement of the milk ordinances. Joplin. (Population, 26,023.) [For comparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 3f).] J. II. Spencer, mayor. It is claimed that 50,000 peojile in and near the city are supplied with milk. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,500 gallons, besides 50 gallons of skimined milk and 25 gallons of cream. On the basis of the larger population the average con- sumption of milk would be 0.56 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 21 stores and 32 wagons. Glass bottles filled at the farm are used by one concern in the delivery of milk. The retail ])rice is 5 cents per per eeiit): Percentage of samples Average per cent of total'solids , .Vverage per cent of fat Second class (total solids between 12.5 and 12 per cent): Percentage of samples Average per cent of total solids .\ verage per cent of fat Third class (total solids below 12 per cent): Percentage of samples .\ verage per cent of total .solids \ verage per cent of fat General average per cent of total solids General average per cent of fat 1897 69. 12 13.24 21.32 12.23 9. ."ili 11.61 12. 87 12. 82 70. 22 13. 24 14.15 12. 35 15. 73 11. 5S 1899 72. 40 13.06 3.95 15.38 12. 27 3.60 12.22 11.48 3.11 12. 75 3.80 1900 65?37 18. 24 4.06 21.55 12.25 3.56 13.07 11. 56 3. 25 12. 77 3. 85 (•illy two samples of milk were found to contain formaldehyile. The details of the work perforiiu'd in 1897 in connection with the supervision of the milk supply were reported as follows: Number. Wagons halted for inspection 1, 456 Cans of milk inspected on same 3, 039 Lactometer tests 1, 287 Stores visited 1 , 472 Depots visited 13 Cans of milk inspected from ."ame 1, 385 Lactometer tests 647 Samples submitted to chemi.'^ts for analysis 135 Samples of ice taken 1 Samples of milk delivered to bacteriologist for analysis 4 Cow-stable inspections 271 Animal permits issued 350 Animals licen.sed 1 , 1 76 The health officer calls attention to the fact that there has been great improvement in the composition of milk since ten years ago, when samples below standard were frequently found to have less than 11 per cent total solids and sometimes as low as 7 per cent. ■ 25839— No. 46— (»3 8 114 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The forms for recording data regarding milk samples and the form for notification of the taking of a sample are shown in Appendix IV (pp. 205 and 206). Needed improvements include the enactment of a law requiring dealers to be licensed, and a more thorough and systematic inspection of dairies and dairy products. Reference is made to a few dairies which ]>n)duce milk of extra good quality and receive an extra price for it. Special mention should l)e made of one of these, which for several years lias been operated in accordance with an agreement with a milk commission in Essex County. This commission and its work are referred to on pages 173 and 174 of the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Undoubtedly it deserves credit for the high quality of much of the milk sold in the vicinity of Newark, and much credit also for the establishment of milk commissions working along similar lines elsewhere. The contract between the milk commission and the dairyman is shown in Appendix III (p. 182). Jersey City. (Population, 206,4:^3.) [For comparison Avith othor cties in Class I, see p. 26.] D. AV. Benjamin, M. I)., health inspector. John C. Tracy, assistant State dairy connnissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 12,000 gallons, or 0.47 pint per cap- ita. No skimmed milk is used, but it is estimated that there are 500 gallons of cream consumed daily. Milk is sold from 450 stores and 250 wagons. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of about one-half of the total supply, and these are filled, sonie on the farms, some at the stores, and some on the wagons. Only a little pasteurized milk is used. The retail price of milk is 6 to 8 cents per quart in summer and 7 to 8 cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" supplying milk to the city. Within the city limits there are 30 herds, including 275 cows; no data is available as to the number of dairy farms sending milk into the city. The greater part of the total milk supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 250 miles. The city authorities have made no jirovisions for the regulation of the milk supply, its sujiervision being left to the State. During the past year about 500 samples of milk were examined Ijy lactometer, and some of them by gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds were inspected. It is urged that a competent milk insjiector should ]>e apjwinted to work under the direction of the city board of health. Paterson. (Population, 105,171.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 26.] James P. McNair, secretary of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 8,000 gallons, or 0.61 pint i)er capita, besides 200 gallons of cream. The use of skimmed milk is not known to the author- ities. Milk is distributed from 225 stores; the number of wagons is not known. About one-eighth of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, being the output of four dairy estal)Iishments, two in the city and two in the country. Very little milk is l)asteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 to 8 cents per quart both in summer and winter, the producers receiving 3 to 4 cents per quart in summer and 3 to 5 cents in winter. There are two establishments near the city, managed in an up-to-date man- ner, which sell their entire product for 10 cents ])er quart in summer and 12 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 84 herds, including 423 cows; the number MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 115 of the dairy fariiis sending milk into the city is uniinown. It is estimated tliat 16 per cent of the milk is brought into the city by rail, the longest shipment being 42 miles. The city has no milk ordinances or regulations. Nothing has been exjiended in the supervision of the milk supply, and no exam- inations of milk samples or inspections of country dairies have been made. The dairies in the city have been inspected. Needed improvements include the appointment of milk inspectors, the re(iuire- ment that all milk dealers be licensed by the board of health, and an ordinance establishing a standard for milk and regulating its sale and delivery. Camden. (Population, 75,935.) [For comparinoii with otliLT cities in Class II, see p. 30.] J. ( ). George, D. V. S. , food and milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or 0.42 pint per capita, besides 125 gallons of skinnned milk and 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 128 stores and 75 wagons. Two dairymen supply milk in glass jars, using about 700 bottles daily; one fills his bottles in tlie city, the other at the producing farm. No milk is pasteurized. The retail jirice of milk is 8 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 to 32 cents in summer and Si to 4 cents in winter. There are no herds of milch cows in the city, the milk being sent in from 113 dairy farms. Almost the total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 30 miles. About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. One milk and food inspector and one chemist give a part of their time to this work. During the past year 550 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and by gravimetric analysis; a large number of tests were made for formaldehyde; no bac- teriological examinations were made; and no dairy farms were inspected. Recent improvement is due to the introduction of cows giv^ing richer milk; better feeding; and a more careful handling of the milk. Needed improvements, as given, include a thorough inspection of all milch cows for tuberculosis and better care of the milk. Treuton. (Population, 73,307. ) [For comparison with other cities iu Class II, see p. 30.] A. 8. Fell, M. I)., health officer. George W. McGuire, State dairy commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,500 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 25 stores and 130 wagons. Fifty per cent of the total supply is delivered in glass bottles, some of them being filled in the city and some in the country. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, the producers on the farm being paid 3 cents in sum- mer and 4 cents in winter. There are 3 well-conducted dairies near tlie city which re<;eive the regular retail price for their jiroduct. There is only one herd of cows in the city, and it includes 20 head. One hundred and fifty dairy farms send milk into the city. About 5 per cent of the total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment l)eing 20 miles. Nothing is expended jjy tlie city in the supervision of its milk supply, this work being under State control. During the past year 100 samples were examined by lactometer and gravimetric analysis; no bacteriological examinations were made; about 20 per cent of the dairy farms were inspected. Recently the milk supply has been found to be practically free from preservatives, and has shown general improvement otherwise. 116 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Hoboken. (Population, 59,364.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] Antonio Granelli, health inspector. The daily sales of milk are estimated to be 8,750 gallons, but these include some duplications, recording the same milk sold both at wholesale and retail. Conse- quently the average daily per capita consumption is actually less than 1.21 pints, as would appear from the reports. Milk is sold from 243 stores and 24 wagons. The retail price of milk varies from 3 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 4 to 8 cents in winter. An ordinance passed September, 1897, refers to milk. A permit costing |1 i.s required for the sale of milk. Milk vessels must be kept clean. Adulterated, impure, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply. The inspector recommends that milk be shipped from the farms in sealed packages. Elizabeth.. (Population, 52,130.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 30.] John C. Tracy, assistant State dairy inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 13,062 gallons, or 2 pints per capita. No explanation of this apparently very large consumption of milk is given ; it may be due to the fact that some milk is forwarded to other cities. No skimmed milk is used. Milk is sold from 25 stores and 50 wagons. Only a small quantity is delivered in glass bottles and these are filled at the jaroduciug farms, and none is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, pro- ducers receiving 3 and 4 cents in the two seasons. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 10 herds of milch cows, including 100 head, and milk is sent in from 55 dairy farms. A very small jjortion of the total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment l)eing 5 miles. An ordinance ado])ted in March, 1899, sui»plements tiie State laws. City cow stables must be kept in a good sanitary condition and be provided with underground manure vaults. Unwholesome milk is prohibited. Milk, when offered for sale, must not be misrepresented. Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, this work being under State control. During the past year a number of milk samples were examined l»y the lactometer; no bacteriologial examinations were made; all the city milch cows and all the dairy farms sending milk into the city were inspected. Bayonne. (Population, 32,772.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II f, see p. 36.] A. C. Torman, health inspector. About 1 ,800 gallonsof milk is used daily, which is an average i)er capita consumption of 0.50 pint. Milk is sold from 130 stores and 35 wagons. Tlie farthest distance from which it is supplied is 40 miles. Four herds are in the city, including about 125 cows. The sanitary code of the board of health adopted in March, 1899, refers to milk. Milk venders must obtain a permit costing $2. The sale of adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. There is no milk inspector and no samples of milk have been examined for composition, but all the city herds have been inspected. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 117 Atlantic City. (Population, 27,838.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 30.] H. C. Beck, health inspector. Milk is sold from .SO stores and 50 wagons. Glass bottles, filled mostly in the city, are used extensively in the delivery of milk. Little or no milk is ])asteurized. The retail price of milk is 8 cents per quart throughout the year, ])roducers receiving 4 cents per quart. There are a few well-conducted dairies near the city, but their prod- uct is not sold at an advani'e in ])rice. The total inilk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment l)eing 50 miles. Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, this work being under State officials. Passaic. (Population, 27,777.) [For comparison with other cities in Class HI, see ]>. :?6.] J. Payne Lowe, D. V. S., veterinary inspector. The retail price of milk is 5 to 8 cents per quart throughout the year. The milk from one "model dairy" is sold at an advanced price. Within the city limits there are 43 herds, including 122 cows. Over two-thirds of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest' shipment being 100 miles. The veterinary inspector gives a part of his time to the supervision of the milk supply. During the past year samples of milk were examined by the lactometer; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds were inspected, but none of the dairy farms. It is urged that some provisions be made by which health authorities in the dis- tricts where milk is produced would re]iort upon (conditions of henls, methods of handling milk, etc. New Brunswick. (Population, 20,006.) [For oomimrisoii with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] Henry R. Baldwin, M. D., president of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,250 gallons, or an average of 0.50 pint per capita. Milk is sold from about 30 stores and 30 wagons. About one-fifth is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farm. Pasteurized milk is used only to a limited extent. The retail price of milk is 4 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 cents and 3J cents in the two seasons. The milk from one "model dairy" is sold for 6 cents in summer and 8 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 5 herds, including 70 cows, and milk is sent in from about 55 dairy farms, all within 6 miles of the city. The city has no milk ordinance. Nothing is appropriated by tlie city for the supervision of its milk supply. During the past year 3,500 samples were examined by the Babcock test, and 2 of the 60 dairy herds were inspected. The sale of milk from the well-conducted dairy belong- ing to the State agricultural college has had a marked effect in bringing about improvement in the city supply. Recent improvement in the milk supply is due to better care and feeding of cows and to greater cleanliness of dairies. Montclair. (Population, 13,962.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 40.] M. O. Leighton, health inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 860 gallons, or 0.49 pint per capita. Little or no skimmetl milk is sold. Milk is sold from 12 stores and 32 wagons. All the milk is delivered in glass l)ottles and almost all of these are filled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 7 to 12 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 to 31 cents. The miik from 6 "model dairies" is sold 118 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. for 8 to 12 cents per quart. Within the city limits there are 4 herds, including 35 cows, and milk is sent in from 24 dairy farms. About 20 per cent is received b}' railway, the longest shipment being 400 miles. Quite a large part of the suj^ply comes from Chenango County, N. Y. An ordinance adopted in March, 1898, refers to milk. Persons selling milk must register with the board of health. Cow stables must be properly located and con- structed and be kept clean. Cows must be free from dangerous disease, be kept clean, and their udders washed and wiped before each milking. Attendants must personally be clean and not exposed to contagious disease. Milk must he removed to separate room at once after milking and be cooled in water. Milk utensils must be washed in pure water and soda or soap, and be sterilized. The milk ordinance is given in full in Appendix I (p. 175). About $300 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, two officials giving a part of their time to this work. During the past year 166 samples of milk were examined by lactometer, Babcock test, and gravimetric analysis; the same number was examined for bacterial content; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected each month. The results of chemical and bacteriological examinations of milk and accounts of conditions found at dairies are published in the annual rejjorts of the board of health, together with the names and addresses of the dairymen whose j^roducts and places are referred to. The reports are widely distributed, and read by many citizens. The statement of the conditions found at one dairy is as follows: Large, light stable; good drainage, and kept in excellent con- dition. Cement floors and drops. About 20 cattle, regularly attended by a veteri- narian. Milk cooled over patent cooler and bottled innnediately. Utensils sterilized with steam. The supervision by the milk commission, referred to in the statement under Newark, extends to a portion of the milk sold in Montclair, and has had considerable effect in raising the standard of the supply of this city. Recent improvements are due to the observance of better methods at producing dairies. Further improvement would undoubtedly follow if the actual facts in connection with different dairies were published in the newspapers. In a paper upon "The importance of bacterial counts in the sanitary sujiervision of milk supplies " the health inspector presents, in an interesting manner, the results of his study of the subject. His investigations extended over a period of two or three years, and proved to his satisfaction that the sanitary condition of dairies can be safely judged by the number of bacteria in the product. All the samples of milk which he examined in this connection had been bottled at the dairies, and so far as possible they were taken from the evening milking, their age, when examined, being twelve to fifteen hours; in some cases they were older. Regarding his experi- ments and conttlusions he writes as follows: "The time covered by tht^ work is three successive years from September to June. The bacteria were grown upon gelatin, and each culture was allowed to grow nearly to the point of Hquefaction so that the slow-growing colonies would have all the time possible to increase to the counting sizei Table 1. — Average result.^. No. of apeeimen. Number of bacteria. No. of specimen. Number of bacteria. No. of specimen. Number of bacteria. 1 5,006 8,770 9,900 13, 7(32 14,250 21,012 28, 654 41,629 50, 320 r,9 -XM 13 182,012 ■) 8 9 14 15 257, 004 3 4 10 If.... 17 5 11 t\h r.:w 6 12 69, 973 MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 119 "Table No. 1 contains the average results of the determinations for each dairy during the whole term. p]xamination shows that the figures range from 5,006 in No. 1 to uncountable in the last three; also that the list divides itself into three classes: Nos. 1-5, or those having a count below 15,000; Nos. 8-12, or those running from 40,000 to 70,000; and, after a long interval, those dairies having an average of 180,000 and upward. Nos. 6 and 7 do not appear to be in any class, having a posi- tion intermediate between the first and second classes. A possible reason for the eccentric position of these two dairies may be drawn from considerations which are to follow. "Table No. 2 includes the results of the examinations which, taken together, make the averages for the dairies in the first class above described. "The numljer of the dairy according to its succession is set at the top of the record of determinations, while the average in each case is set at the bottom. Table 2. — First class; individual results. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. 2,366 5,800 6,800 5,000 3,600 2,800 8,000 •1,000 3,400 3,500 6,700 5, 800 5,800 5,450 6,600 4,600 5, 100 9,500 1,900 11,600 22,500 4,300 6,300 16,800 9,600 13, 500 8,000 13,300 17,600 600 700 3,620 3, 620 11,560 9, 840 4,300 5, 300 6,800 6,400 3,500 2,200 34,700 2,800 12, 000 30,300 10,9C0 7,600 1,600 3,800 7,300 8,700 2,000 4,200 6,200 12,700 11,200 8,800 34,600 29,600 %.700 7,700 25,250 12,900 8,300 2,000 3, 600 1,500 2,800 21,200 18,400 7,300 6,300 6,100 16,800 6,800 8,600 5,006 8,770 9,900 13,762 14,250 "Representing dairy No. 1 are the results of seventeen examinations, ranging from 2,366 to 8,000, and showing a remarkable degree of uniformity throughout. It is evident that whatever may be the conditions to produce these results, those condi- tions are uniform. This seems to be exemplified, though less imperfectly, in tlie remaining columns of the table. Note in No. 2 that some of the determinations are lower than any in No. 1, but there is a wider range of figures, and some of the determinations are above the 15,000 limit which marks this class. Nos. 3 and 4 are similar. No. 5 starts with the abnormally high count of 96,7(0, but does not approach it again in the remainder of the list. It is evident that a remarkable change took place in the conditions within and surrounding this dairy after the first examination. "Inspection of the dairies which these diagrams represent would show that Nos. 1, 2, and 4 are very similar, and are of the highest type of dairy excellence. The stables are built upon elevated situations, where good drainage can be secured. Inside the stables tiiere is ample provision for light and ventilation, while the floors and manure troughs are built in such a manner and of such materials as will facili- 120 BFREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. tate cleaning. The cattle in these staliles are carefully groomed, fed upon wholesome food, and regularly attended l)y a veterinarian. The attendants employed are kept personally clean, and are provided with every facility for maintaining their cleanly condition throughout the milking period. Of highest importance are the dairy houses in connection with these first three establishments. In them are provided tight steam chests, in which all utensils necessary in the preparation of the product for the market are exposed to steam under pressure and thoroughly sterilized. The other principal features in connecrtion with the dairy houses are the coolers over which the milk flows as soon as it is drawn from the cows, from whence it goes to the bottler and is bottled immediately. "Dairy No. :^ differs from the first two and the fourth only in this respect: The milk is raised by different farmers in a district, who sell it to a com^jany which takes charge of the bottling and final delivery to the consumer. The condition of all branches of the process is, however, in no wise different in its sanitary and hygienic features from Nos. 1, 2, and 4. ' ' Dairy No. 5 differs from the first four in that the latter are the results of the expenditure of a large amount of money. There have been installed within them numerous devices to produce facility and economy, as well as cleanliness in handling the product. From this it might be suppo.sed that it is only in dairies of this char- acter that we are able to procure low counts. Such, however, is not the case. Of course, it is easier to keep clean in a palace than in a hovel, yet it must ba admitted that cleanliness is not an impossibility even in the latter place. Dairy No. 5 consists of low, old-fashioned stables, which at first glance exhibit nothing favorable, but within which close inspection will reveal the vigilance of the owner. In spite of the rough projections, innumerable cracks, and all the disadvantages common to country stables, there are evidences of care and attention everywhere. The explanation to him of the first high results noted at the Ijeginning of the record brought about all the alterations suggested. The owner is an ideal dairyman in .spite of his poverty. Tablk 3. — Individual resulty. No. 6. No. 7. No. G. No. 7. 59, GOO 20, 500 1,290 10,300 2, 800 2, GOO 22, SOO l(i,000 37, 600 G, 100 G, GOO 1,100 1,750 12,300 25, 300 10, 300 13, .500 35, GOO 38, 000 15, 001) •IS, 000 12,100 13,, 500 2, 900 3,400 41,900 81, GOO 101,500 21,012 28, 664 "Considering, now, the two dairies which were intermediate between the first and second classes, it will be seen that for dairy No. 6, in the table immediately above, there are widely varying results, generally high and spasmodically low; a column of figures without uniformity and with extremes which are bewildering when com- pared with the table of the fir.st class of dairies. "It has been observed that costly stables and expensive equii)ment are not indis- pensable for procuring clean milk and lo\v Ijacterial counts. It is also true that the possession of all these does not insure the best results. Number 6 is a dairy which should belong to the first class, having clean, light, well-made stables and carefullj'^ chosen cattle, and a complete sterilizing and bottling equipment. At first thought it contradicts what lias gone before, but if one should watch the dairy in operation MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 121 for several days he would learii that the proprietors have many interests outside of the dairy inclosure, and are fond of many diversions. Consequently, the Avork is too often left without their care, and the employees, being possessed of their full complement of human frailties, are not in good form at those times. Milking is done carelessly, cooling and bottling deferred, and cattle go ungroomed. Vigilance there comes only in spasmodical waves. "Ill dairy No. 7, Table 3, the list starts out very evenly, with low counts, which would, if continued, have placed the dairy well within the first class. The premises at first i)resented a neat, wholesome appearance, quite in keeping with the record made at that time. Those who are acquainted with the owner know that he has ex]ierienced sorrow in his family and adversity in his worldly affairs; a man who has, under the stress of this condition, become careless and indifferent. The ready-made sound which this statement has is quite appreciable to the writer, yet these con- ditior.s do actually exist and are well known in the neighborhood in which he lives. The stables, once a model of neatness, have gradually assumed a meaner aspect, and the cattle, once so well-rounded, have become rough, ill-kempt, and angular. The man's condition is stamped upon his features, is evident in his personal appearance, and can be seen even in his driveway and door-yard. From the foregoing it there- fore becomes plain that low results, coincident with prosperous times and the high ones which followed adversity, make an average which conforms neither to the one condition nor to the other. Table 4. — Second dn.^is; individual restdts. No. 8. 16, 600 16,100 61,800 04, 350 19,000 14,000 120,000 80, 000 50, 400 48, 300 41,0C0 43, 000 No. 9. No. 10. No.ll. No. 12. 36, 750 72,600 7,800 299, 450 16,200 39, 000 10,700 16,000 20, 800 13,500 7,800 9,000 30, 100 99,000 86, 100 390, 000 9,a50 7,600 7,700 81,700 9,600 8,800 82, 900 72,600 15,700 19, 937 126,300 107, 500 85,500 83,200 125,400 93, 600 42,000 43,300 16, 900 17,800 33, 300 35,100 23, 000 44,350 400, 000 40,000 42,400 60,000 55, 000 70, 300 81,200 12, 900 6,100 41, 629 50, 320 62, 269 65, 633 69,973 ''Passing to the second class of ilairies, it is seen from Table No. 4 that the aver- ages extend from 41,629 to 69,97S. Those who have been engaged in dairy inspec- tion, even to a small extent, know that dairy farmers as a class are poor in money but wonderfully rich in good intentions. There are manj' old stables which are kept very clean with shovel and liroom, and in which cattle are treated according to the golden rule. There are sup])lied no sterilizer, no imiaroved cooler, no chert ''' floors, but the farmer is always doing his best with the means at his disposal. He cools his milk by standing the can containing it in a tub of water; he washes his utensils as clean as possible with water and soap, and he keeps himself and his employees personally clean. Such cases are coinmon, where a man tries to compen- « Chert floor is a smooth cement floor. 122 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. sate with muscle la1)or for that which he has not mone}^ to purchase. Such instances are represented in the second class. In the re.«ults there is little uniformity; f)cca- sionally there is a low count which seems to he the result of a happy combination of good effort and good fortune. And so it is that there is lacking in the records of these dairies the uniformity which appeared so distinctively in Table No. 2. Favor- able conditions come and go in the dairy business, just as in other vocations, and with no devices with which to overcome the numerous dithculties which arise before one who attempts to protluce an honest product, there can not be placed any great dependence upon the uniform excellence of the milk. "A comparLson between these dairies and dairy No. r> is instructive. Structurally, the former are generally no poorer than the latter, yet if we look closely into the existing conditions we will find that in these stal)les of the second class the whole atmosphere is inferior. The cattle look rougher and dirtier, accumulations of manure will more often collect upon the sides of the stables, the milk bottles, when ready for filling, shine less brightly, and the owners themselves appear not as tidy as the owner of No. 5. The matter of personal appearance in a dairyman is extremely significant in indicating the quality of that man's product. If the owners of the dairies here described should be arranged in a line according to their personal appearance the order of succession would very closely follow the bacterial order here given : Table 5. — Third class; individual results. No. 13. No. 14. No. 15. No. 16. No. 17. 72,600 59,400 404, 700 455,000 37,600 33,800 25,300 67,700 48,000 299,000 178,000 583,000 720,000 800,000 120,000 160, 000 22,000 25, 600 31,500 96,000 Uncountable. 80,000 62,400 120,800 60,000 Uncountable. Uncountable. 431,900 275,500 17,300 12,500 Uncountable. 19,900 20, 500 130,000 114,300 - 19,550 22, 800 156,000 53,000 Uncountable. Uncountable. 17,000 182,012 257, 004 "The con.sideration of the third class of dairies introduces the discussion of the two factors which lie at the bottom of conditions in dairies totally bad. The first is dense ignorance and total unfitness of the man for the business; men who, per- chance, have failed in every other capacity by which they have been measured dur- ing life; men of foul habits and disgusting personality, whom we would not tolerate in the meanest capacity about our homes or in our places of business. Such are the men who take a part in the production of one of our most important food sup- plies. The second factor responsible for bad results in a dairy is viciou.s indifference and sordid opposition to decency on the part of producers who are really intelligent and capable. With these it is considered meritorious to violate, as far as is legally safe, the ordinance and wishes of the sanitary authorities. To such ])eoi)le the voice of an instructor of hygienic dairying is ever the \oice of a meddlesome oppressor, and is to be met only by opposition. "A good example of the results obtained by the totally ignorant dairj'man may MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 128 be seen in the record of No. 14. The owner of this dairy is good natured, stupid, and lazy, and is therefore a hard man to manage. He seems perfectly willing to lie down and l)e kicked at any time, and then, bearing you no ill will, and doubting not the wisdom of your procedure, he will go on just as before. The improvement that is noted in the latter part of his record is the result of extensive structural improvements in the staVjIe. But as the effect of renovation gradually wore away, and the man relapsed into ]ong-iml)ued habits, the record took a corresponding trend toward the old high average. "In conclusion it may be .said, that the correspondence which exists between the results of the mnnerical pers from neighboring towns and states number about 50,000 jx'T day; there are many publico institutions where milk is used largely in the daily diet; persons of some nationalities use much milk on account of its cheapness; and a large amount is taken out of the city by dining cars and vessels. Milk is sold from about 12,000 stores and 4,000 wagons. About one-sixth of the supply come-t to the city in bottles which are filled in creameries and bottling plants in the country, and which are generally shipped in boxes holding 12 quarts each. Probably as nuuh more milk is bottled in the city. Perhaps 5 per cent of the total amount is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing in favor. The retail price of milk is f> cents ]>er (juart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 2\ to MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 125 3 cents in summer and 3 to 3| cents in winter. « The milk from a few "model dairies" is sold throughout the year for 12 to 15 cents per quart. There are within the city limits 5,500 " herds," including 23,200 milch cows; 3,500 dairy farms send milk into the city. Eighty-five per cent or more of the total supply is received by rail over a dozen different lines, the longest shipment being 350 miles. Section 59, and 63 to 67, inclusive, from the sanitary code of laws, govern the sale of milk. In addition to these, regulations and rules have been adopted. No milk shall be received or sold without a permit from the board of health. Permits must be conspicuously posted in stores and carried in wagons, which latter must show wagon number and permit number preceded by the words " Department of health." Unwholesome or adulterated milk; "swill milk;" milk withany added foreign sub- stance; milk from animals kept for the most part in stables, or fed on distillery waste; and milk from diseased cows, from cows within fifteen days before or five days after calving, or from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition, is prohib- ited, and may be seized and destroyed. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk or milk from which any part of its cream has been removed is prohibited. Condensed milk nuist be made fi'om pure milk, 25 per cent of the milk solids must be fat, and no foreign substance except sugar can be added. Cream must be from pure milk and contain no foreign substance. Milk must not be trans- ferred from cans to other vessels on the streets, or ferries, or in depots, except when "transferred to vessel of purchaser at time of delivery." Vessels in which milk is kept must be covered so as to exclude dust and other impurities. Milk must not be kept for sale, nor bottled in a room used for sleeping or domestic purposes, nor in a room opening into the same. Before use, milk bottles must be washed with a hot- water cleaning solution and then with hot water; they iiiay be filled only at the dairy or creamery or in a room in the city properly protected to prevent contamina- tion from dust. Eight rules published with the ordinance and regulations refer to certain miscellaneous details, such as the storage of the milk, the construction and care of the ice box, the use of ice in milk, etc. In a short circular intended to be sent to milk dealers whenever occasion arises, the health department calls special attention to a few important requirements of the law, principally in reference to adulteration. "The following statistics are taken irom the Milk Reporter: Total nunibcr of cans of milk, (ream, and condensed milk received in, the New York market monthly during 1902, and the average price of milk per quart each month. 1902. Cans of milk (40 quarts). Cans cream and con- densed milk (40 quarts). Average price of milk per quart. January February March April May June July August September October November December iQ(,2/Total . . . '^^"'^tAverage iqoi /Total ... ^^"^\Average iqoo/Total . . . ^^""tAverage 796, 128 720, 723 835, 240 826, 475 917, 438 924, 101 927, 825 874, 488 852, 461 S69, 318 831,766 821,424 10, 197, 387 27,938 9,757,835 26, 734 9, 388, 947 25, 741 29, 285 30, 405 36, 009 38, 654 54,303 59, 020 57, 533 50, 318 40, 368 35, 143 31,820 30, 849 493, 707 1,352 460, 334 1,261 422, 754 1,156 Cents. 3.38 3.25 3.04 2.87 2.63 2. 25 2. 25 2.42 2. 50 3.00 3.25 3.75 2.62 "2.'74 126 BUREAU UF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Rules and regulations governing the sale of milk are given in full in Appendix I (p. 165). The amount expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply is included in the general appropriation to the department of health and can not be stated sepa- rately. Twelve officials — inspectors, chemists, and assistant chemists — give their entire time to this work. During the last year of record 78,34-1 specimens of milk were examined; 1,313 samples were collected for analysis; 448 (juarts of adulterated milk were destroyed; 560 of the 5,500 city dairy herds were inspected; 6,843 cows were examined; and 127 cows were condemned. Published reports for other recent years show much more work along these lines; for example, the report for 1899 (pp. 63 and 71) contains the following: Milk iiispectiontt. Number. Inspections 51, 498 Specimens examined 50, 457 Samples of milk 945 Citizens' complaints received 286 Original complaints by inspectors 81 Citizens' complaints returned for orders 37 Citizens' complaints returned as negative 225 Citizens' complaints tinder observation 2 Days at court or department 2, 757 Special day inspections 10, 310 Early morning inspections 335 Nights of special work 48 Quarts of adulterated milk destroyed 95 Days in country or at laboratory 559 Arrests 193 Held on bail 185 Discharged 20 Trials at special or general sessions 180 Amount of fines $4, 285 I)if8 Citizens' complaints under observation 1 Original complaints by inspectors 3 Days at court or department i»57 Nights special work 594 Analyses 5, 115 Experimental analyses ,764 Lactometers tested 71 Thermometers tested 15 Days at court or department 1 , 422 MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 127 The form for application to aell uiilk and the special -info riuatioii form for milk sellers ai'e shown in Appendix IV (p. 192). The forms for milk-store permit and milk-wagon permit are shown in Appendix IV (p. 200). The department of health has issned two instructive circulars regarding the pro- duction of pure milk and the proper manner of handling it. Mention should he made al^o of the milk commission of the medical society of the county of New York, which has undertaken to increase the supply and demand for high-grade milk. The work of this commission has already shown very satisfactory results. It is referred to at length in an article entitled "Market milk: A plan for its improve- ment," which was published in the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research early declared one of its purposes to he attention to matters of ])uhlic hj'giene and a study was made by it, in 1901, of some of the questions relating to the milk supply of New York City. A partial report has been pu])lislK'd of the work accomplished. (Special attention was paid to the bacteria in the milk sujjply of the city, with reference to the number and character of these germs at different times and the changes which occur between the milking of the cows and the delivery to consumers. An attempt was made to examine the conditions prevailing at producing farms, but the number visited was so manifestly inadequate and the inspections n^ade were of such a character, judged from the report, that this branch of the investigation was merely suggestive in its result, and somewhat misleading. Much more practical in plan, more efficient in execution, and more effective in result was a systematic investigation of the manner in which infants living in tenement houses in the city were fed upon milk during the hot months. The reporters for the institute concluded that the most hopeful work in improving the nulk supply of this city was being done through the milk connnission already mentioned and by the efforts of a few milk-supply companies and some enterprising individual dealers. There has been recent decided improvement in the composition and cleanliness of the milk sujiply. Needed proposed improvements include regular inspections of farms and dairies, especially at milking time; animals to be kei>t under more sani- tary conditions; stables to be cleaner; milk to be shipped as soon as possible after milking. Buffalo. (Population, 352,387.) [For coiiijiarisDii witli other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] Edward Clark, M. I)., and William B. May, M. D., milk inspectors. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 31,000 gallons, or 0.70 pint jier capita. The daily consumption of skimmed milk is estimated as 10,000 gallons. Milk is sold from 1,200 stores and 529 wagons. About one-third of the supply is delivered in glass bottles, and these are tilled in the city stores. A limited amount of pasteurized milk is used. It seems to be gaining in favor. The retail jirice of milk is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers receiving on the farm 2^ and 3 cents, respectively, in the summer and winter seasons. The product of a few dairies in the vicinity of the city which are conducted in an up-to-date manner is sold for 7 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 22 herds of milch cows, including 340 head. Milk is sent into the city from 656 dairy farms. The city ordinances relating to the supjsly and distribution of milk are quite lengthy. The sections on this subject, as published by the department of health in 1897, are NOs. 9, 87-97, 100, 237, and 238. A permit must be obtained from the department of health (fee, |1) for keeping cows within the city limits, but no person can keep more than 1 cow unless his "premises are in proportion of 1 acre of land 128 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. to each and every cow above the number of 1." No person can bring milk into the city for Hale without a written permit from the health department (fee, $3); permit will not be issued until a satisfactory statement showing applicant's residence, num- ber of cows, etc., has been filed. A license from the mayor is required for selling milk; the fee for each vehicle is $2. Licenses and permits must be renewed each May; they are revocable for cause. Retail dealers, grocers, and bakers must display a sign showing from whom their milk is obtained. Milk wagons must show license numbers, etc., and in sununer months must be covered. The law prohibits the sale of impure or adulterated milk, including the product of diseased cows and "cows that for the most part are kept tied up in the stables," and cows fed on garl:»age or other improper food. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, 1.029 specific gravity. Skimmed milk may be sold if in a plainly marked vessel and does not con- tain a less percentage of casein and salts than is contained in whole milk. The con- struction of milk rooms and milk boxes must conform to prescribed regulations. Milk cans must be cleaned Ijefore being returned to the dairy. The removal of milk bottles from a house where a contagious disease exists and the filling of l)ottles on a delivery wagon are prohibited. About $2,000 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. Two inspectors give all of their time to this work, and the city chemist a part of his time. During the last y^ar 1,022 samples of milk were examined by lactometer; 64 by Babcock test and gravimetric analysis; bacteriological examination was made of 3 sam- ples; and all of the herds within the city limits were twice inspected. A medical milk commission has exercised considerable influence toward the improvement of the city's milk supply by giving special encouragement to those interested in the production and sale of the highest grade of milk. Among the recent improvements in the milk supply of the city the following is named: Better sanitary conditions where milk is produced and handled, including the practice of cleaning cans before they are returned to the dairy farms. Needed improvements, as given, include thorough inspection of all dairy farms sending milk into the city, the requirement that milk shall he cooled immediately after milking, refrigerator cars for shij^ment, and provision to protect milk from the heat when it is standing on the railroad platforms awaiting trains. Rochester. (Population, 162,608.) [For comparison with other cities in tUa.ss I, sve \>. 2.S.] V\ O. Marshall, meat and milk inspector. Estimated average amount of milk used daily, 17,000 gallons, or 0.83 pint per capita, besides some skimmed milk and cream. The milk is distributed from 75 stores and 275 wagons. There seems to be little interest manifested in pasteuriza- tion. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, the producer receiving one-half these amounts; skinuned milk is sold for 2.^ cents per quart. The milk of 10 well-conducted dairies in the vicinity is sold for 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter. Six herds, including 90 cows, are within the city limits, and milk is sent in from 200 dairy farms. Two-thirds of the total supply is shipped by rail, the farthest distance being 45 miles. Ordinances Nos. 16, 17, and 18 (date?) refer to the milk supply. A license from the health department is required for the sale of milk, and its number must be shown wherever milk is sold. Its cost is |3 per year, and it is revocable for cause. Special care is required in the selection of persons licensed. Adulterated or unwhole- some milk, milk from cows diseased or "confined for the most part" in stal)les, or fed on swill, brewery grains, distillery waste, or fermented food, or milk from cows fifteen days before or five days after calving, is forbidden. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk is allowed if plainly labeled. Within MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRP:D CITIES. 129 the built-up i^ortion of the city no one can keep more than 1 cow to a city lot 33 by 150 feet, and in the outlying portions of the city not more than 15 cows for each acre of land, except by special permission of the health department. Stables within the city must be kept clean, be well ventilated, and have 800 cubic feet of air space for each cow; the floor must be well drained; cows must be well l>edded and kept clean; and every cow must be allowed to go out doors at least two hours every day. Ordinance section regulating the number of cows to he kept in the city is given in Appendix I (p. 180). The city expends annually about $4,000 for the supervision of the milk supply. Two officials — a milk inspector and chemist — give their entire time to this work. They examined during the past year 4,254 samples by lactometer and Babcock test; 204 samples by gravimetric analysis; and 335 samples for bacterial content; and inspected all of the herds in the city, and 175 of the 200 dairy farms. The average butter-fat content of samples examined in 1900 was 3.91 per cent. In a study of the dirt content of milk as shown by the number of bacteria, it was found there were relatively fewer bacteria in summer than in the cold season, the relation being 1:3.5. This is explained by the increased care necessarily given to milk in the warm weather to prevent its souring. In connection with some other work, the numbers oi bacteria per cubic centimeter in 24 samples of milk are given; four times they exceeded 5,000,000 and in four samples they were fewer than 100,000, the lowest number being 15,000. The most marked improvement recently made in the quality of the milk supply is due to increased cleanliness in its production. It is recommended that the use of swill feed be stopped; that milk be mixed so that all cans from one dairy will test alike; and that greater cleanliness be observed. Syracuse. (Population, 108,374.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] F. E. Engelhardt, milk inspector and chemist. The estimated average amount of milk used daily is 10,200 gallons, or 0.75 pint per capita, besides 800 gallons of skimmed milk and 250 gallons of cream. Milk is dis- tributed from 340 stores and 195 wagons. While the j^ractice of using glass l)ottles has greatly decreased during the past two years, there are yet about 2,500 in daily use, and these are filled on the farms and in one large milk-handling establishment in the city. About 200 gallons of milk is pasteurized daily, and its use is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart, and the producers are paid 2^ cents per quart throughout the year. About 40 dairies are said to be conducted in a satisfactory manner. Only 1 of them, however, Avhich guarantees its milk to contain 4.5 per cent of fat, receives more than the market price; its milk is sold for 8 cents. There are 14 dairy herds in the city, including 176 cows; 217 dairies send milk into the city; only about 1 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 8 miles. Articles VI and XVII, sections 4, 19, and 20, and the special. milk laws of the san- itary code of the department of health, 1901, refer to milk. The milk inspector must, twice a year, visit all farms producing milk for sale in the city and inspect cans, water supply, feeds, and the sanitary condition of stables. License fee for the sale of milk is S'lOC.'). Before license is granted, persons sending milk to the city must file a cer- tificate from a competent veterinarian, showing that his cows are free from disease. Impui'e or adulterated milk; milk from cows within five days after calving; milk from cows fed on unwholesome food, or milk with any added foreign substance, is prohibited. Persons working in a dairy shall not come in contact with persons hav- ing a contagious disease. Milk cans on milk wagons, used in retailing skimmed milk, sour milk, buttermilk, or "left" milk, shall l)e painted reddish lirown. Permit must be obtained for the sale of bottled milk. No bottles shall be filled with milk except 25839— No. 46—03 9 130 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. at a dairy, and all bottles must be properly sterilized before being again used. An ordinance has been passed requiring that all cows supplying the city with milk be submitted to the tuberculin test. The health officer, in a circular letter dated No- vember 12, 1900, requires special care in the production and handling of milk; cleanly practices which should be observed in dairies are described. The animal appropriation for the supervision of the city milk supply is $1,400; |300 of this is for laboratory expenses, and $1,100 is for the salary of one officer — the milk inspector and chemist. During the year 1902, 10,630 samples of milk were examined, all by lactometer, and doubtful cases by the Babcock test and gravimetric analysis, 120 analyses being made; 12 milk samples were found to be below the legal standard; 4 cans of milk were condemned and returned to the farms; 19 milk cans, 41 can covers, and 30 dippers were also condemned. All the dairy herds and farms furnishing the city with milk were inspected during the year, and 1 was put under quarantine; 3,410 cows on 200 farms were examined for tuberculosis, use being made of the tuberculin test; 20 were found to be diseased. A recent annual report of tlie milk inspector shows in detail the amount of work accomplished. It contains, also, much interesting information regarding the ways that milk becomes contaminated, and shows what methods should be followed to insure its purity. Such a report must be of much value in the hands of producers and dealers. The milk association has done much to improve the supply and distribution of milk in this city. It has made it possible for the milk depots to have on hand at all times properly pasteurized and unpasteurized milk and cream, skimmed milk, but- termilk, cottage cheese, and fresh butter. These products are fresh and clean. Whenever outside peddlers are short of milk they are usually supplied by the asso- ciation. The details of the work are conducted on hygienic principles. Recent marked improvements in the milk supply are due to better care of the stables and greater cleanliness in handling milk. The need of rigid restrictions against the use of adulterants and the much-advertised preservatives is emphasized. A compe- tent person should occasionally inspect the dairy farms and impart information as to the best methods of producing and handling milk. Albany. ( Population, 94, 151. ) [For comparison with other cities in Cla.ss II, see p. 32.] George L. Flanders, assistant State commissioner of agriculture. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 8,022 gallons, or an average of 0.68 Ijint per capita, besides 1,468 gallons of skimmed milk and 213 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 105 stores and 188 wagons. Only a small part of the milk supply is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled in the city. One firni pasteurizes milk, but this practice is not gaining in favor. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" in the vicinity. Within the city limits there are 25 herds, including from 4 to 40 cows each, or a total of 366 cows, and milk is sent in from 150 dairy farms. One-fourth of the total supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 62 miles. Rules and regulations adopted by the health department in March, 1897, sup- plement the State laws regarding the city milk supply. License for the sale of milk is issued free of charge. Cows must not be watered from wells in barnyards. Hands of milkers and milk utensils must be thoroughly cleaned. Milk shall not be handled by persons exposed to or suffering from a contagious disease. Bottles must not be filled in the street, in cars, at railroad stations, or in any place where dust may get into the milk. Nor can milk lie stored (ir Ixittied in living rooms, except at the residence of customer. The supervision of the city milk supply comes iiiider State authority. During MILK SUPPLY OF TWU HUNDKED CITIES. 131 the past year 12,000 samples of milk were examined in the streets by the lactome- ter, and occasional samples were examined by the Baljcock test and by gravimetric analysis; a few bacteriological examinations were made; farms are inspected when there is special cause showing that this is necessary. The establishment of a milk commission is under consideration by the county medical society. The object of such a commission would be the encouragement of the production of pure milk. A member of the committee of the medical society inquiring into this subject is quoted as saying: "This is being done for our own pro- tection, as we doctors are frequently asked what milk dealers we would recommend, and, without data of our own, our recommendation can be little more than a sug- gestion. It is the design of this committee to ascertain who sells the best milk and have that used by the families where we are called. In this waj'^ we believe the public will soon find out where the best milk can be obtained, and there will then be a general demand for it." The committee "vvill point out to dairymen what improvements can be made and encourage such improvements. Troy and Xiansing'burg'. ( Populati(jn, 73,248.) [For comparison with other cities in <^lass II, see p. 3'2.] The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,000 gallons, or an average of 0.66 pint per capita, besides 750 gallons of skimmed milk. Milk is sold from nearly all of the small grocery stores and also from 120 wagons. About 15 per cent of the retail trade is supplied in glass bottles, filled in the city. About 12 per cent of the milk is pasteurized, and this treatment is increasing in favor. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the producer receiving 2| cents in summer and Sj cents in winter. There are no '' model dairies " near the city. Milk is received from 200 dairy farms, 12 per cent coming by railway, the longest ship- ment being 50 miles. State authorities supervise the milk supj)ly. The need is felt of a closer examina- tion of cows, farms, and water supply. TJtica. (I'opulation, 56,383.) [Fur comparison with otluT cities in Class II, see p. ;W.] Wallace Clarke, health otticer. George C. Hodges, chemist, New Hartford. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 5,000 gallons, or an average of 0.71 pint per capita, besides 800 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 60 stores and 210 wagons. About one-fourth of the total supply is delivered in glass bottles, which are filled at the producing farms. No milk is pas- teurized. The retail jirice of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 2 and 2.2 cents summer and winter, respectively. There are 2 or 3 especially well-conducted dairies near the city, but their milk is not sold for an extra price. There are 5 herds, including 50 cows, within the city limits, and milk i^ brought to the city in wagons, from 125 dairy farms, the longest haul being 10 miles. Board of health regulations Nos. 18, 19, 20, and 50 refer to milk. Persons selling milk must register with the city clerk. Adulterated, etc., milk or cream is prohib- ited. Milk cans m delivery wagons must be protected from the sun. Bottles must l)e filled only at the dairy or place of general supply. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. Regulation No. 50, consisting of 21 rules for the conduct of dairies, is printed e unfit for producing milk. There has recently been a decrease in the sale of adulterated, skimmed, or pre- served milk. Government inspectors should have supervision of dairies jiroducing market milk. The application for permit to sell milk, l^pon the back of which the milk ordi- nance is printed, calls for the following information: Name of applicant and resi- dence; location of dairy or dairies from which applicant obtains his milk and name of owner of such dairy or dairies; number of cows in dairy from which applicant obtains his milk; manner of disposing of milk. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 139 Columbus. (Population, 125,560.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] W. D. Deuschle, M. D., superintendent of the division of health. The daily consumption of milk is CvStimated as 6,397 gallons, or 0.41 pint per capita. The amounts of skimmed milk and cream are not known. Milk is sold from 134 stores and 286 wagons. Glass bottles filled at the producing farms are used quite extensively in the delivery of milk. The practice of pasteurizing is just beginning and is growing in favor. The retail price of milk is 6 cents and the wholesale 4 cents per quart throughout the year. There are several dairies near the city conducted on a better plan than others, but their milk is not sold at an extra price. There are only a few milch cows kept within the city limits, the greater part of the milk sup- ply coming from 191 dairy farms. Only a small portion of the milk supply is shipped into the city by rail, the longest shipment being 40 miles. Sections 109, 114-118, 120 (amended), and 133 of ordinance No. 6169 refer to the milk supply. A permit to sell milk must be obtained from the board of health. It is issued free and on cpndition that only pure milk will be handled. Permit num- ber and location of dairy nmst be shown on wagons, and names of dairymen supply- ing milk must be posted in stores. The sale of adiilterated milk — milk from diseased cows or cows fed upon swill, etc. — is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat, except in May and June, when it is II per cent solids, 2.5 per cent fat. Milk below the standard, including skimmed milk, may be sold if plainly marked. Cows in the city must be kept in buildings having good floors, and from April to September they must not be confined any other time than from 6 p. m. to 6 a. m. City cow stables must be thoroughly cleaned daily from April to October, and twice a week from November to March, and stables yards must be kept clean. About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. One milk inspector and one bacteriologist give their entire time to this work. During the past year 456 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and the Babcock test, and a few examinations were made for typhoid and tubercle bacilli. No inspec- tion of the few herds in the city or of the dairy farms is reported. (Seventy-eight herds were inspected the year previous. ) Recent marked improvements have been shown in the purity and quality of the milk. Suggested improvements include the inspection by a competent veterinarian of all herds for tuberculosis, the licensing of all milk dealers, the more frequent san- itary inspection of dairies, and more chemical and bacteriological examinations of milk. Dayton. (Population, 85,333.) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 32.] Nelson Emmons, sr., clerk of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,500 gallons, or an average of 0.61 pint per capita, besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from about 300 stores and 100 wagons. A large amount of the milk supply is delivered in glass bottles which are filled at the farms. Little or no milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 to 6 cents per quart throughout the year, the producers receiving 3| cents. The milk from 3 especially well-conducted dairies near the city is sold for 7 cents per quart. There are 194 milch cows, in 15 herds, within the city limits. Fifty dairy farms send in milk; about one-half is received by railway (steam and electric), the longest shipment being 20 miles. The city has no milk ordinance. No appropriation is made by the city for the supervision of its milk supply. The sanitary police and meat inspector has given a part of liis time to the work. During 140 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. the past year 5 milk samples were examined for preservatives; all the city herds and 37 of the 50 dairy farms were inspected. It is proposed that the city should have a veterinary surgeon as a dairy inspector, and an ordinance requiring milk dealers to be licensed. Young'stown. (Population, 44,885. ) [For comparison with other eitit's in Class III, see p. 'M.] W. A. Banks, food inspector. Estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,000 gallons, or 0..S6 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 45 stores and 60 wagons. Two-thirds of it is delivered in glass bottles filled at the producing farms. A small quantity of milk is pasteurized; this practice is increasing. Milk is retailed at 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 and 4 cents in the two seasons. There are a few spe- cially well-conducted dairies near the city, but they do not receive an extra price for their milk. There are no dairy herda within the city limits. Forty dairy farms send in milk. Only a small portion is received by railway, tlie longest shipment being 15 miles. About $100 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply, the food inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 109 samples of milk were examined by the centrifugal method; 12 Ijacteriological examinations were made; no farms were inspected. It is said that formaldehyde is used exten- sively during the hot weather to prevent souring. A needed improvement is the licensing of all milk dealers. Akron. (Population, 42,728.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36. J M. W. Hoye, milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 3,000 gallons, or 0.56 pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 75 stores and 88 wagons. One-sixth of the total supply is delivered in glass bottles, most of which are filled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. Milk is retailed at 5 cents per quart in summer and cents in winter. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 2 herds, including 25 cows, and milk is sent in from 60 dairy farms. Four hundred gallons of milk is received by railway daily, the longest shipment being 20 miles. There is expended annually $300 in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 580 samples were examined by lactometer and lactoscope; no bacteriological examinations were made; the city herds and 54 of the 60 dairy farms were inspected. Springfield. (Population, 38,253.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see ji. Sfi.] Henry H. Seys, M. D., health officer. This city has no milk ordinance, and there is no inspection of the milk supply. Milk is sold for 5 to 6 cents per quart throughout the year. Two dairies, better con- ducted than others, receive 6 cents per quart for their jjroduct. The longest distance milk is sent to the city is 8 miles. Canton. (Population, 30,667. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] James Sell, milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,000 gallons, or 0.52 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 70 wagons. About 10 per cent of the milk is delivered in glass MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 141 « bottles, tilled mo.stly at the farms. One tirm pasteurizes milk, and the practice is increasing very slowly. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents. Within the city limits there are 3 herds, includ- ing 41 cows, and milk is sent in from dairy farms within a radius of 10 miles. State laws supplemented by board of health rules govern the sale of milk. Per- sons selling milk must have a permit. There is expended annually $700 by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, two officials — a food and dairy inspector and a milk inspector — giving a part of their time to this work. During the past year milk samples were examined by the lac- tometer. The city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Hamilton. (Population, 23,914.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] A. L. Smedley, M. D , health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,027 gallons, or 0.34 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 46 stores and 32 wagons. About 3.5 per cent is delivered in glass bottles, half of these being tilled at the farms, the rest in the city. About 5 per cent of the total supply is pasteurized; the practice is not increasing. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no " model dairies " near the city. Within the city there are 21 herds, including 73 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 26 dairy farms, the longest haul being 6 miles. The health department, with an appropriation of $1,500 for all its work, has supervision over the milk supply. During the past year 162 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test, and by chemical tests for preserva- tives; two examinations were made for tubercle bacilli; 13 city herds and 16 of the 26 f lieaith and display same prominently. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 147 All milk cans must be numbered, and cans containing skimmed milk nmst be plainly labeled. Delivery wagons shall show the name of owner and number of license. About 11,200 per year is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply. One food and milk inspector gives his entire time to this work. In the past year 2,612 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer and the Babcock test; no bac- teriological examinations were made. None of the dairies, either within or outside the city, have been inspected. There has recently been a decrease in the practice of adulterating milk l)y the addition of water. Needed improvements as given include the extension of the inspector's authority to dairies beyond the city limits, frequent inspection of those dairies, and regulations as to the use of ensilage and brewers' grains. Reading. (Population, 78,961.) [For ('oinparisou with other citios in Chiss II, see p. 32.] Peter Texter, market commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,200 gallons, or an average of 0.43 pint per capita, besides 1,400 gallons of skimmed milk and 175 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from about 20 stores and 145 wagons. A very small amount of milk is delivered in glass bottles, and these are tilled at the farms. One-seventh of the milk is pasteurized, and the practice is gaining in favor. The consumers pay 6 cents and the producers receive 3 cents per ([uart for milk throughout the year. There are no herds within the city limits. IVIilk is brought to the city in wagons from 145 dairy farms, the longest haul being 8 miles. The city prints State laws regulating the milk supply. There is expended annually $185 in the supervision of the milk supply. The market commissioner gives a part of his time to this work. During the past year 121 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer; no bacteriological examina- tions were made. Erie. (Population, 52,733.) [For eomparisoii with other cities in Class II, see \>. 32.] J. K. Hallock, secretary of the board of health. The daily consumption of inilk is estimated as 3,600 gallons, or an average of 0.54 pint per capita, besides 250 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 123 stores and 78 wagons. A very limited amount of milk is delivered in glass bottles which are filled at the producing farms and in the city. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 21 and 2| cents in summer and winter, respectively. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city there are 3 herds, including 25 cows. Wagons bring in milk from 100 dairy farms, the longest haul being 15 miles. Rules and regulations (17 sections) of the board of health refer to the city milk supply. Permits for the sale of milk (ir cream are issued free of charge. Adulter- ated, etc., milk is prohibited. Cows supplying milk must be examined by a veteri- narian (not necessarily with the tuberculin test) within one year. Cow stables must be clean and, like milk rooms, must be properly located and constructed. From June to September milk and cream vehicles nmst be equipped with ice l)oxes. Milk bottles, etc., must be properly cleaned after use, and must not l)e taken from a (juar- antined house without the permission of the board of health. Persons exposed to or suffering from contagious disease nuist not handle milk or creant for sale. The food inspector must inspect, at least once a month, all stores and wagons from wiiich milk i.-i sold and take samples therefrom for analysis. For the full text of the rules and regulations of the board of liealtli coniierning the milk sui)ply, see Appendix I (p. 174). 148 BUREAU OF ANITMAL INDUSTRY. During the past year 1,758 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, and by gravimetric analysis, the lactometer being used in a few instances. No bac- teriological examinations were made. All the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. The large number of samples examined shows that the law requir- ing the inspection of each dealer's milk once a month is well observed. The form used for application for milk license is shown in Appendix IV (p. 189). The form for report upon inspection of dairies is shown in Appendix IV (p. 196). Wilkesbarre. (Population, 51,721. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. 32.] Walter Davis, M. D., water and milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,890 gallons, or an average of 0.45 pint per capita. This is sold from about 40 stores and 60 wagons. Only one dealer supplies milk in glass bottles, and these are tilled some in the city and some in the country. A very small quantity of milk is pasteurized; and the practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 2i cents and SJ cents in the two seasons. A few dairies are conducted in a very satisfactory manner, but receive no advance in price for their product. There are no city herds. Fifty-three dairy farms near the city furnish about one-half of the total supply; the balance is received 1\v railway, the longest shipment be^ng 130 milet>. An ordinance adopted in October, 1896, supplements the State laws in regard to the milk supply. Persons selling milk must register with the water and milk inspector and report to him the location of dairy farms. The water and milk inspector (salary, $600) gives a part of his time to the super- vision of the milk supply. During the past year 350 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer, and suspected samples by the Babcock test; and the 53 nearby dairy farms were inspected. On 15 farms conditions were found to be satisfactory, on 21 fairly satisfactory, and on the remainder unsatisfactory. A milk lal)oratory and a dairy inspectoi- are much needed. ' Harrisburg. (Population, 50,167. ) [For comparison with otlier cities iu Class II, see p. '.i'l.] The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,500 gallons, or an average of 0.40 pint per capita; al.so 1,000 gallons of skinnned milk and 125 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 12 stores and 75 wagons. About 5 per cent of the total supply is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 cents and 4 cents in the two seasons. The milk from one especially well-conducted dairy is sold for 7 cents jier quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 2 dairy herds, including 20 head, and milk is sent in from 90 dairy farms. Only about 8 per cent of the milk supi)ly i< received by railway, the longest shipment being 15 miles. The city exercises practically no supervision over its milk supply. It has been suggested that the best way to improve the quality of the milk is to bring to the attention of the public the advantages of pure milk and encourage those who produce it; and that flagrant violations of the milk laws should be promptly prosecuted. Lancaster. (Population, 41,459.) [For comparison with otlicr cities in Class III, see p. 38.] M. W. Raub, secretary and physician of tlie board of health. The estimated daily consumption of milk is 1,800 gallons, or 0.35 pint per capita, besides 50 gallons of cream. ]Milk is sold from 12 stores, 96 wagons, and 50 private MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDKED CITIES. 149 houses. Three-fourths of the milk is-deUvered in glass bottles, half of these being filled on the farms and the rest in the city. About 150 gallons of milk is pasteurized daily, which practice is increasing very slowly. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 21 to 3 cents. About 10 dairies are conducted in a satisfactory manner, their milk being sold at the regular price. Within the city limits there are 58 milch cows, kept in 28 stables, and milk is sent in from 145 dairy farms. Only 58 gallons of milk is received daily by rail- way, the longest shipment being 14 miles. State laws, supplemented by city ordinances, govern the milk supply. The milk inspector is authorized to destroy all impure and adulterated milk. License fee for the sale of milk is $1, and |1 for each wagon after the first. During the past year only $8 was expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply; 505 milk samples Avere examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; all the city herds and 80 of the 145 dairy farms were inspected. The secretary of the board of health in 1898 made a thorough inspection of all the dairies producing milk for use in the city. His annual report gives an interesting account of the conditions under which the milk supply is produced, and includes the following statement: Number. Places inspec;ted outside of city limits 76 Cows seen 950 Cows in first-class condition 700 Cows in middling condition 100 Cows in poor (unsanitary) condition 150 Cows died during the year 5 Acres farm land (3, 024 Acres pasture 700 Stables inspected 76 ' Stables in good condition 50 Stables unsanitary 20 Quarts of milk furnished daily 6, 000 Quarts of cream furnished daily 200 Food used. Corn, chop, bran, ship stuff, malt, and pasture: Places using malt with other food 22 Places using malt alone 2 Places using pasturage alone 2 Total milk houses inspected 68 Total milk houses, sanitary and best condition 55 Total milk houses, good (ventilation wanting) 13 Cans and ve.ssels for milking and storing almost all neat, clean, and well cared for. Recent improvement has been shown in the cleanliness of stables and care in handling milk. A law regulating the sanitary condition of dairies is said to be much needed. Altoona. (Population, 38,973.) [For comparison with other cities in (Uass III, see p. 36.] J. D. Miller, health officer. Estimated daily consumption of milk is 3,500 gallons, or 0.72 jiint per ca^Mta. Milk is sold from 25 stores and 40 wagons. Four dairies deliver milk in glass bottles, and these are filled both in the city and at the farms. Little or no milk is pasteur- ized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents i^er quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, producers receiving 4 and 5 cents in the two seasons. Within the city limits there are 2 herds, including 20 cows. About 50 per cent of the milk is received by rail- way, the longest shipment being 15 miles. 150 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Nothing is expended by the city in the supervision of its milk supply. During the past year 36 samples of milk were analyzed by the State ehemist, Jmd no bacterio- logical examinations were made. A recent improvement in the quality of the milk is due to a decrease in the use of formaldehyde. Jolinstowii. (Population, 35,936.) No reply to inquiries was received. Allentown. (Poi^ulation, 35,416. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 36.] Morris F. Cawley, health officer. Milk retails at 6 cents per quart throughout the year. The city does practically no inspection work, and no record of the milk supply is kept. During the past year 40 milk samples were examined by Marchand's test. McKeesport. ( Population, 34,227. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] A. C. Wallace, secretary of the board of health. The estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,000 gallons, or 0.47 pint per capita. Milk is sold from a number of stores and 50 wagons. Within the city limits there are 15 herds, including 30 cows, and about 12 dairy farms send milk into the t-ity, the longest distance being 5 miles. During the past year no inspection work has been done. Chester. (Population, 33,988.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, sec p. 38.] W. G. Monroe, secretary of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,625 gallons, or 0.38 pint per capita, besides 600 gallons of skimmed milk. Milk is sold from 28 stores and 59 wagons. Retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 and 4 cents, respectively. Milk is supplied from 70 dairy farms. One hundred gallons is received by railway daily, the longest shipment })eing 10 miles. The city has no milk inspector. York. (Population, 33,708.) [Ff)r comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] Francis X. Weil, M. D., health officer. Estimated daily consumption of milk is 1,350 gallons, or 0.32 pint per capita, besides 150 gallons of skimmed milk and 25 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from about 25 stores and 40 wagons. Three-fourths of the milk supply is delivered in glass bottles filled in the city. Pasteurized milk is delivered by only 1 wagon, and its use is not increasing. Milk is retailed at 5 cents per quart throughout the year, pro- ducers being paid 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" near the city, and no dairy herds within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 28 dairy farms, all within 8 miles of the city; none is received by railway. The city has an ordinance forbidding the sale of adulterated milk, l)ut exercises no supervision over its milk supply. '^ MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 151 Williamsport. (Population, 28,757.) [For comparison witli other cities in Class III, sue p. da.] C. W. Youngman, M.D., health officer. Estimated daily consumjjtion of milk is 875 gallons, or 0.24 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 14 stores and 90 wagons. About one-half is delivered in glass bottles tilled at the farms. No milk is pasteurized. Retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producer^ receiving 2^ and 3 cents, resjjectively. The milk from 8 well-conducted dairies near the city is sold at the regular price. Within the city limits there are 4 herds, including 25 cows, and milk is sent in from 127 dairy farms. About one-seventh is received by railway, the longest shipment being 50 miles. The health officer (salary $1,000) gives a part of his time to the supervision of the city milk supply. During the past year 73 milk samples were examined by lactometer and cream gauge; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. A report of the conditions obtaining at the dairy farms is published annually in the daily papers by the l)oard of health. The dairies are divided into three classes: The first includes those having everything necessary for the production of good milk, the second those less well equipped, and the third includes dairies having the poorest equipment. Newcastle. (Population, 28,339.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] W. H. Vance, health officer. The estimated daily consumption of milk is 700 gallons, or 0.20 pint per capita, besides 150 gallons of skimmed milk and 150 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from about 75 stores and 75 wagons, and is retailed at 6 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter. There are no dairy herd.s within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 75 dairy farms, all within a radius of 7 miles of the city. The city has no milk ordinance and exercises no supervision over its milk supply. Easton. (Population, 25,238.) No reply '.o inquiries was received. liebanon. (Population, 17,628.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] W^. L. Brunner, secretary of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 1,500 gallons, or an average of 0.68 pint per capita, besides 200 gallons of skimmed milk and 300 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 45 wagons, a large amount being delivered in glass bottles filled both at the farms and in the city. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2 cents and 3 cents in the two seasons. There are no " model dairies " near the city. Within the city limits there are 15 herds, including about 60 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 60 dairy farms, the longest haul being 8 miles. The city has no milk ordinance. About $100 is expended annually in the supervision of the milk supply. During the past year 70 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test, no bacterio- logical examinations were made; 12 of the 15 city herds, but none of the dairy farms, were inspected. 152 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Meadville. (Population, 10.291.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] C. Courtney McLean, Y. 8., milk inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 875 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 2 stores and 30 wagons. Perhai^s one-fifth of it is delivered in glass bottles, most of these being filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3 cents. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Milk is brought in wagon from 30 dairy farms (489 cows), the longest haul being 4 miles. There is no herd within the city. Board of health rules Nos. 9, 36, 50, and 56-66 -refer to milk. Any person wish- ing to sell milk must apply for an inspection of his cattle, appointments, etc., and agree to observe certain regulations. The milk inspector must, previous to the issuing of permits, and annually, inspect all dairies, cows, and appointments for supplying milk for sale in the city. Milk from diseased cows, adulterated milk, etc., is prohibited. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent solids, 3.5 per cent fat, specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033. Milk exposed to infection by contagious disease shall not be sold. There is expended annually $200 in the supervision of the milk supply, one official giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year 976 samples were examined by lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the dairy farms were inspected. The milk inspector has published, in a little pamphlet, the milk regulations, together with practical suggestions for the guidance of dairymen. These cover the stabling, feeding, and care of cattle, and the care of milk. The form used for making application for inspection is shown in Appendix IV (p. 189). Recently more care in cooling and cleaner methods have obtained at dairies. It is stated that inspections should be more frequent and that the rules should be enforced requiring the exclusion of unhealthy cows from dairy herds, the proper care and handling of milk, etc. Phcenixville. ( Population, 9,196. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] E. 31. Massinger, V. S., veterinary inspector. The daily consumi^tion of milk is estimated as 725 gallons, or 0.63 pint per capita, besides 30 gallons (if skimmed milk and 10 gallons of cream. Milk is sold fi'om S stores and 37 wagons. Alxout one-third of the dealers deliver milk in gla.-s bottles filled at the farms; none is pasteurized. The retail price is 5 cents i^er quart through- out the year, producers receiving 2 to'2j cents in summer and 3 to 31 cents in winter. Within the city limits there are 7 herds, including about 60 cows, and milk is brought in wagons from 55 dairy farms, the longest haul being 5 miles. An ordinance in effect July, 1894, refers to milk. License is required for the sale of milk. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is i)rohibited, and may be destroyed. The milk standard is 12.5 percent solids, 3 per cent fat, specific gravity not less than 1.029. Skimmed milk must be labeled and contain 2.5 per cent fat, 6 per cent of cream by volume. About $100 is expended in the supervision of the milk supply. During the past year 496 sami)l('s were examined by the lactometer, and S of the 55 dairy farms were inspected. The insi)ector recommends an ordinance excluding all tuberculous cows from dairy herds. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 153 RHODE ISLAND. General laws of 1896, chapter 147; and laws of 1896, chapter 333; and 1900, chap- ter 785, refer to milk, etc. The mayor and aldermen of any city and the council of any town may select milk inspectors; in Providence this is compulsory. Notice of the selection shall be published. Inspectors shall record names and addresses of persons selling milk, take samples of milk supposed to be impure, etc. They may appoint sample collectors. Chiefs of police, milk inspectors, special constables, etc., may prosecute. The sale of milk from cows fed upon distillery refuse or other dele- terious substance, or milk from diseased cows or milk to which water or any foreign substance has been added, is forbidden. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 2.5 per cent fat. Skimmed milk must be plainly labeled. The name and address of any person convicted shall be jiublished in his town or county. Milk is required to be sold by wine measure, and measures used in its sale must he sealed. Providence. ( I'opulation, 175,597.) [For comijarison with citlicr cities in dass I, see p. 28.] Walter O. Scott, inspector of milk. The daily receipts of milk is estimated as 22,000 gallons, or 1 pint per capita, besides a small amount of skimmed milk and quite a large amount of cream. The amount of milk consumed as such can not be definitely stated because a large por- tion of the receipts is used in the butterine factories located in the city; also the official records are kept in such a maimer that milk which is wholesaled may be recorded more than once. Milk is sold from 1,200 shops and 500 wagons, (jtlass bottles are used in the delivery of 3 per cent of the milk and 99 per cent of the cream, the former being bottled at the producing farms and the latter in the city. Little or no attention is given to the pasteurization of milk. The retail price of milk is 5 to 8 cents per quart in summer and 6 to 8 cents in winter. There are 6 or 8 dairies in this locality conducted in a satisfactory manner, but not receiving an extra jirice for their milk. The number of cows in the city is not known. It is estimated that one-third of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 60 miles. State laws are depended upon to regulate the milk supply. The supervision of the milk supply costs the city about $6,000 annually. Four officials — an inspector, two collectors of samples, and one clerk — give their entire time to the WKDrk. During less than half of the past year 3,178 samples of milk were examined either by the Babcock test or gravimetric analysis, or both. During the year examinations were made of 200 samples to determine bacterial content. According to the milk inspector, the percentage of milk — that is, adulterated — found forsale in stores has fallen from 28.67 in 1898 to 11.79 in 1901, and in the same period the percentage of adulterated milk found on wagons has fallen from 17.12 to 7.34. During this time the jirosecutions averaged in number about 6 per month. The city milk inspector appears at prosecutions only as a witness. Milkmen are prosecuted without warning if their milk contains less than 11.50 per cent total solids, and storekeepers are prosecuted without warning when their milk shows less than 11 per cent total solids, and after warning if below 11.5 per cent. The milk inspector's report contains much interesting matter regarding the production and handling of milk, and quite a full discussion of the work performed in his office. Forms for keeping the records of the milk inspector's office by the "card system" are shown in Appendix IV (p. 210). Needed improvements as given include the raising of the legal standard for milk to 3.5 per cent fat; the adoption of standards for cream and skimmed milk; the licensing of dealers so that dishonest persons can be kept out of the business; the 154 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. delivery of milk to the consumer just as it is put up at the dairy or store, there) )y preventing its l)eing turned from one vessel to another on wagons in ojien air; the establishment of a State dairy bureau to have supervision of all the dairy interests of the State. Pawtucket. (Population, 39,231.) [For compaTison with f)ther cities in Class III, see p. 38.] A. J. Johnson, jr., inspector of milk. Estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,955 gallons, or 0.60 pint per capita, besides 75 gallons of skimmed milk. This is sold from 80 stores and 125 wagons. Glass bottles, filled at the farms, are used largely in the delivery of milk. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 5 to 6 cents per quart in summer and 6 to 7 cents in winter, producers Ijeing paid 3 cents and 3J cents, respectively. The milk from two "model dairies" is sold at 7 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no dairy herds in the city. Milk is sent in from 200 dairy farms. Only about 2 per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment l)eing 5 miles. About $400 is expended annually by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, the milk inspector giving a part of his time to this work. During the past year .300 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and gravimetric analysis; no bacterio- logical examinations were made; one dairy farm was inspected. Recently the milk has improved in composition. It is reconnnended that milk dealers be licensed, so that the privilege to sell milk can be denied those who evade the law. "Woonsocket. (Population, 28,204.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see ji. 3S.] William C. Mason, city clerk. This city has no ordinance regulating its milk supply, and information on this su))ject is not olitainable. SOUTH CAROLINA. Acts of 1896, No. 96, sections 1 and 2, refer to milk. It is unlawful for any person knowingly to sell impure or adulterated milk or milk from animals diseased or hav- ing ulcers, etc. The milk standard is 8.5 per cent solids not fat, 3 per cent fat. Skimmed milk and buttermilk, when sold, nuist not 1)e misre])resented. Charleston. ( P()])ulation, 55,807.) [VoT coiniiarison with other cities in Class II, see p. ;{2.] • J. Mercier Green, M. D., health otticer. The daily consumption of milk is given as 720 gallons, or an average of 0.10 pint per capita, besides 8 gallons of skimmed milk and 1 gallon of cream. In explanation of this apparently low consumption, it is stated that many private families keep from 1 to 12 cows and dispose of milk and cream. Tlie (luantity of milk produced by these cows is unknown, and is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold from 6 wagons. Only a very small quantity of milk is delivered in glass l)ottles, and little or none is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 8 cents per cjuart throughout the year. There are no "model dairies" near the city. No milk is shipped in by railway, the greater part of it being brought in Ijoats from the near-by islands. The city expends nothing for milk inspection. During the past year the board of health made bacteriological exannnations of 27 samples of milk ; none of the herds within the city was inspected and only 1 dairy farm outside the city was inspected. The passage and enforcement of an ordinance regulating the jiroduction and hand- Img of milk is said to be nuich needed. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 155 SOUTH DAKOTA. C. P. Sherwood, State foot! and dairy coinuiisisioner, Desmet. Laws of 1897, chapter 65, amended, and 1899, cliapter 89, sections 23 to 29, and an act approved March 7, 1901, refer to foods and inilk. The food and dairy commis- sioner shall enforce food and dairy laws, and may take samples for analysis, etc. Chemists at State institutions shall analyze samples. Cows for production of market milk shall not be kept in an unhealthy condition or fed upon food that will produce impure or unwholesome milk. It is unlawful to sell, without fully informinfj; the buyer, any food that is adulterated, which term is defined at length. TENNESSEE. Public acts of 1897, chapter 45, refers to foods, and prohibits the sale of any food that is adulterated, which term is defined at length. Memphis. (Population, 102,.'?20.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. '2.H.] Felix Paquin, chemist and bacteriologist. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,400 gallons, or 0.05 jiint per- capita. Milk is sold from 40 stores (including hotels, etc.) and 168 wagons. There are no large milk depots in the city. Glass bottles are used in the delivery of about one-third of the milk, and they are filled at the producing farms. The entire product of one dairy is pasteurized, and finds ready sale. Consumers pay 6 cents per quart for milk throughout the year. There is one comparatively extra well conducted dairy in the locality which receives 8 cents per quart for its i^roduct. One hundred and eighty-eight dairy farms, having 3,554 cows, send milk into the city, quite a large amount of which is received by railway, the longest shipment being 527 miles. According to reports there were within the city limits in the year 1899, 105 herds, including 891 cows; 55 of these "herds" consisted of from 1 to 3 cows each, which were kept for private use, and there were 115 dairy farms, having 1,723 cows, send- ing milk into the city. The longest distance milk was then sent to the city was 212 miles. An ordinance passed in July, 1898, regulates the milk supply. Permit from the board of health is required for the sale of milk or any other dairy product. The permit number and name of dairyman must be shown on delivery wagons. The ordinance prohibits the sale of adulterated or unwholesome milk, including milk from animals diseased or kept under crowded or uncleanly conditions, or fed on distillery waste or other unhealthy food, or watered with polluted water; milk drawn from cows fifteen days before or five days after calving; milk which has l)een in containers that were dirty or were washed with polluted water; milk from which cream has been removed; and milk containing an antiseptic. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. A copy of the milk ordinance is shown in Aj^pendix I (p. 173). About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply. One chemist and bacteriologist and 1 inspector of dairies and collector of milk sam- ples give a part of their time to this work. During the year 1,083 samples wei*e examined by the Babcock test, chemical analysis, microscopically, and bacterio- logically; 36 examinations were made for pus cells and the bacilli of tuberculosis and typhoid fever; and 153 dairy farms were inspected. For the adulteration of milk 46 warrants were issued, and fines to the amount of $710 were imposed; 13 cows were destroyed on account of tuberculosis. In the previous year 1,529 samples of milk were tested for fat by th*^ Babcock test 15fi BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. and 486 samples were examined for water and total solid content, preservatives, and microscopically for foreign substances; 11 Ijacteriological examinations were made; all of the city herds and 13 of the 188 dairies outside of the city, about which com- plaints had been made, were inspected; 49 warrants were issued for adulterating, use of preservatives, etc. ; $505 in fines were imposed. There has been great improvement in the quality of milk since the city inspection commenced about three years ago. It was then common to find 50 per cent added water and the free use of preservatives. Needed improvements include more fre- quent inspection of dairy farms and herds, the use of tuberculin where tuberculosis is suspected, more severe penalties for violation oi the milk laws, and l^etter methods of handling milk from its production to its sale. Nashville. (Population, 80,865.) [For fomparisoii with other cities in Class II, see p. 152.] Larkin Smith, M. D., city healtli officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 6,802 gallons, or an average of 0.67 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 18 stores and 198 wagons. There are no herds of milch cows within the city limits. Milk is sent in from 193 dairy farms, includ- ing 3,401 cows. Only a very small portion is shi])ped in by railway, the longest shipment being 18 miles. An ordinance regulates the milk supply. Permits for the sale of pure milk are issued free of charge. Adulterated, impure, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12.5 percent total solids. Skimmed milk must be plainly labeled. But- termilk may be sold. During the past year 2,570 samples were examined for total solids and preserva- tives; no bacteriological examinations were made, and none of the dairy farms were inspected. The permit for selling milk has printed upon it a full copy of the milk ordinance. Knoxville. (Population, 32,637.) No reply to inquiries was received. Chattanooga. (Population, 30,154.) [For eomparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] C. A. Baker, clerk of the board of health. This city has no milk inspector, and information regarding its milk supply is not available. TEXAS. Penal Code, 1895, page 80, chapter 2, article 433, defines the milk from a diseased cow as adulterated. San Antonio. (Population, 53,321.) [For eomparison with other cities in ('lass II, see p. 32. | F. Pascal, M. D., health officer. The retail price of milk is 8 cents per quart in summer and 10 cents in winter. One dairy near the city is said to be conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. An ordinance adopted in July, 1901, refers to milk. Milk dealers nmst have a permit; fee, $1. Each milk vehicle must bear a metal tag or plate furnished by the city clerk. The sale of adulterated milk is prohibited. There is practically no supervision of the milk supply. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 167 Houston. (Population, 44,633.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] J. B. Massie, M. D., city health officer. The estimated daily consumption of milk is 3,800 gallons, or 0.68 pint per capita, besides 100 gallons skimmed milk and 200 gallons of cream. This is sold from 3 stores and 109 wagons. Glass bottles are not used in the delivery of milk. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year. There are no dairies near the city conducted in an entirely satisfactory manner. Within the city limits there are 19 herds, including 269 cows, and milk is brought to the city in wagons from 128 dairy farms, the longest haul being 6 miles. An ordinance adopted in May, 1900, governs the sale of milk. Separate permits are issued free for each place of general sale or storage. The sale of impure, adulter- ated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 3.2 per cent fat. Carrying swill, garbage, etc., upon milk wagons is forbidden. Milk coming from outside the city must be exposed for inspection. Condensed milk and butter- milk must be from pure milk. In condensed milk the milk solids shall be equiva- lent to 12 per cent solids* in crude milk, and 26.5 per cent of the solids shall be fat. About $960 is expended annually by the city in the supervision of its milk supply, one milk and dairy inspector giving his entire time to this work. During the past year 4,775 samples of milk were examined by the lactometer and Babcock test; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Ordinance sections defining the terms adulterated, etc., and referring to milk brought into the city are given in Appendix I (p. 178). There has been an improvement in the grade of cattle feed used and in the care of cattle. Dallas. (Population, 42,638.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] J. H. Florence, health officer. The estimated daily consumption of milk is 5,250 gallons, or 0.98 pint per capita. Milk is sold from 3 stores and 175 wagons. Ten per cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, some filled at the farms, others in the city. One establishment in the city pasteurizes milk and the practice is increasing. Milk is retailed at 4 to 5 cents per quart througliout the year. There are no dairy herds within the city. Milk is brought to the city in wagons from 150 dairy farms, within a radius of 8 miles. The amount expended in the supervision of the city milk supply is not kept sep- arate from the other expenditures of the board of health. During the past year milk samples were examined by the lactometer; all the dairy farms were inspected. The watering of milk and use of boric acid are common forms of adulteration. Galveston. (Population, 37,789.) [For comparison with other cities in Class HI, see p. 38.] C. H. Wilkinson, health physician. About 5 i)er cent of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, but none is pasteurized. Milk retails for as high as 15 cents per quart throughout the year. W^ithin the city limits there are 10 herds, including 50 cows. About 10 per cent of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 29 miles. The city has no milk ordinances, and exercises no supervision over its milk sup- ply, but 8 of the city herds were examined during the past year. As a means of improving the milk supply consumers are urged to patronize honest dairymen whose methods are cleanly. 158 BUREAU OF ANTMAL INDUSTRY. Fort Wortli. (Population, 26,688.) [For comparison with otlier cities in Class III, see p. 88.] H. C. Whitehead, M. D., city health officer. The city has no milk inspector and no regulation.s regarding the milk siJi)ply, except a general provision referring to milk exposed for sale. UTAH. Moroni Heiner, State dairy and food commissioner, Morgan City. Laws of 1896, chapter 60, sections 1 to 5, and laws 1897, chapter 54, refer to milk, etc. The dairy commissioner is charged with the enforcement of all laws concern- ing dairy products. County attorneys shall assist. It is unlawful to sell as pure any milk that is adulterated, skimmed, or impure, which includes milk from a cow within 20 days before and 5 days after parturition or from a cow that has a disease, ulcers, etc. Skimmed milk nuist be plainly marked; its standard is 9 per cent solids not fat. Standard tests and lactometers may be used to determine quality. Preservatives are prohibited. Salt Lake City. ( r()})nlation, 53,581. ) [For conii>arison witli other cities in ('lass II, see p. 32.] Horace H. Smith, clerk of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 2,300 gallons, or an average of 0.34 pint per capita. This is sold from 20 .stores and 57 wagons. Seventy dairymen hold permits from the board of health. About two-thirds of the milk is delivered in glass bottles filled in the city. Fifty jjer cent of the total supply is i^asteurized and the practice is increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 2^ to 2^ cents in summer and 2j cents in winter. The milk from two especially well-(!onducted dairies is sold at the regular price. About 1,000 gallons of milk is jiroduced by cows kept by private families. In addition to these there are within the city limits 25 herds, including 250 cows. The longest shipment of milk to the city by railway is 35 miles. An ordinance adopted in August, 1894, amends a previous milk ordinance. Per- mits for the sale of pure milk are granted after the premises, cows, and milk vessels have been inspected and a sample of the milk has l)een analyzed. Yearly license fee shall be paid as follows: On daily sales of not more than 2 gallons, |1; on daily sales of 2 gallons and not more than 5 gallons, $3; on each additional 5 gallons or part thereof sold daily, $2.50. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohibited. The milk standard is total solids, 12 ]^er cent; fat, 3 per cent; solids not fat, 9 per cent; ash, 0.68 per cent. During the past year the office of food inspector was abolished, and there has since been very little supervision of the milk supply. Forty samples of milk were exam- ined by the lactometer and Babcock test, and 15 were tested for preservatives. The form for report upon inspection of dairies is shown in Appendix IV (p. 196). Recent impro->^ements in the milk are attributed largely to the decrea.sed use of brewers' malt and the increase in the practice of pasteurization. The present need, as stated, is the instruction of milk producers in cleanly methods. VERMONT. Statutes of 1894, sections 4300, 4327 to 4331, and 4975; laws of 1898, Nos. 81 and 115, refer to milk, etc. No person shall sell milk that is diluted with water, adulterated, or skimmed. The milk standard is 12.5 per cent total solids, 9.25 |)er cent .solids not lat, except m May and June, when it is 12 per cent total solids. Results of analyses MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 159 at the State agricultural experiment station are competent evidence for prosecution. Milk tests for the basis of payments must be accurate, and persons making such tests must hold certificates. Wine measure is the standard measure. The State board of health is authorized to make chemical and bacteriological examinations of milk. VIRGINIA. Acts of 1899-1900 — page 694, chapter 655, refers to foods. It provides that the State board of a;;riculture shall examine samples of foods and may pul)lish results. It forbids the sale of any food that is adulterated, which term is defined at length. Richmond. (Population, 85,050.) [For comparison with other t-ities in Class II. suo ]«. 32.] John A. Haley, secretary of the board of health. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 4,000 gallons, or an average of 0.38 pint per capita, besides 100 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 100 stores and 150 wagons. Glass bottles, filled in the city, are used in the delivery of a small portion of the milk supply. No milk is pasteurized. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart throughout the year, producers receiving 3h cents. There are no "model dairies" near the city, nor are there any dairy herds within the city limits. Milk is supplied from 150 dairy farms. Five per cent is received by railway, the longest shipment being 35 miles. There is no inspection of milk or dairies. Norfolk. (Population, 46,624.) [For comparison witli other cities in Class III, see \>. 38.] A. P. Pannill, secretary of the board of health. This city has no milk ordinance and no milk inspector, and does not exercise supervision over the milk supply. WASHINGTON. E. A. McDonald, State dairy and food commissioner, Seattle. Laws of 1899 — chapter 43 refers to milk, etc. It is the duty of the State dairy com- missioner to enforce all laws relating to dairy products. Chemists at State institutions shall make analyses. Attorney-general and county attorneys shall give legal assist- ance. Persons selling milk in cities and towns must obtain a license annually in June, from the dairy commissioner, at a cost of $1. A separate license is required for each vehicle, and the latter must show license number and owner's name and busi- ness address. It is unlawful to sell as pure any milk that is impure, adulterated, or skimmed, including milk known to be from cows diseased or having ulcers, etc., or within fifteen days before and four days after parturition; milk from cows kept in an unhealthy condition or fed on distillery waste or other putrefying or imhealthful sub- stance; milk exposed to contamination by persons or animals, or milk to which pre- servatives have been added. And it is unlawful to sell cream from nnpure or diseased milk. The milk standard is 8 per cent solids not fat, 3 per cent fat. The cream standard is 18 per cent fat. Skimmed milk may be sold only when plainly marked. Proprietors of dairies and all milk venders must report to the dairy commissioner the amount of milk handled. Milk dealers must have their cans marked to show capacity. Laws of 1899— chapter 113 refers to foods. It forbids the sale of 1'(hkI that is adul- terated, and this term is defined at length. 160 • BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. There were 391 licenses issued by the dairy conaniHsioner in the past year. By counties they were as follows: Adams 1 Kittitas 3 j Stevens 1 Chehalis 16 Lewis 1 ' Thurston 1 Clallam 5 | Lincoln 7 Walla Walla 10 Clarke 5 i Mason 3 i Whatcom 11 Cowlitz 1 Okanogan 2 Whitman 10 Ferry 4 j Pacific 9 , Yakima 4 Franklin 2 1 Fierce 18 Island llSkagit 2 '^"^^^ ^^^ Jefferson 7 ' Snohomish 20 King 139 Spokane 78 Forty-four samples of milk have been analyzed and all of them fovmd to be unadulterated. Seattle. (Population, 80,67L ) [For comparison with other cities in Class II, see p. :V2.] M. E. A. McKechnie, M. D., health officer. L. M. Woodcock, milk and dairy inspector. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 9,200 gallons, or an average of 0.91 pint per capita, beside 400 gallons of skimmed milk and 700 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 142 stores and 87 wagons. A very limited amount of milk is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled in the city. Only one firm pasteurizes milk, and the practice is not increasing. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 7 cents in winter, producers receiving 2^ cents and 32 cento in the two seasons. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 21 herds, including 400 cows, and milk is sent in from 76 dairy farms. About two-thirds of the total milk supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 44 miles. The milk standard is said to be 3 per cent fat, 9 per cent other solids. About $1,200 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, one official — a milk and dairy inspector — giving his entire time to this work. During the pa^t year 2,400 milk samples were examined by the Babcock test; 117 samples were analyzed gravimetrically; no bacteriological examinations were made; all the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Recently there has been a marked decrease in the sale uf adulterated milk. Needed improvements, as given, include better dairy buildings ami greater care in the production and handling of milk. Tacoma. (Poi^ulation, 37,714. ) [For comparison witli other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] Harry H. Collier, deputy State dairy commissioner. The number of cows supplying milk to Tacoma is 1,100, and these are included in 21 herds. Two hundred and six milk samples were tested in six months in the ])ast year. Spokane. (Population, 36,848.) [For comparison with other cities in CMass III, see p. HS.] James Bullivant, V. S., deputy State dairy commissioner. The estimated daily consumption of milk is 2,500 gallons, or 0.54 pint per capita; also 200 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 8 stores and 15 wagons. AT^out one- fifth of the milk is delivered in glass bottles, filled in the city, by 3 or 4 dealers. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 161 One dairy during the hot months pasteurizes milk. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3f cents in the summer season. There are no "model dairies" near the city. AVithin the city limits there are 6 herds, including 200 cows. The longest shipment of milk to the city is 50 miles. During the past year 650 samples of milk were examined by the Babcock test; all of the city herds but none of the dairy farms were inspected; and 1 cow was exam- ined for tuberculosis. WEST VIRGINIA. Code of 1891, chapter 150, section 20, refers to foods. It is unlawful to sell any article of food or drink that is not what it is represented to be. "Wheeling. (Population, 38,878.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] S. L. Jepson, M. D., ex-health officer. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as -1,000 gallons, or 0.82 pint per capita, besides a small quantity of skimmed milk and 400 gallons of cream. Milk is sold from 140 stores and 120 wagons. Glass bottles are not used to a very great extent in the delivery of milk. They are filled some at the farms and some in the city. Milk is pasteurized only when prescribed by physicians. The retail price of milk is 6 cents per quart in summer and 8 cents in winter, producers receiving 3 and 4 cents, respectively. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city limits there are 10 herds, including 100 cows, and milk is sent in from 125 dairy farms. About one-third of the milk is received by railway, the longest shipment being 30 miles. The city has no milk ordinance, and no supervision is exercised over its milk supply. The health officer believes that all milk dealers should be licensed, a milk standard should be fixed, and dairies should be inspected by a city official. WISCONSIN. H. C. Adams, State dairy and food commissioner, Madison. Tlie dairy laws have been compiled and in 1899 they Avere published in 22 sections by the State dairy and food commissioner. It is the duty of that officer to enforce laws regarding dairy products. County district attorneys shall assist. Necessary authority is given for inspections, samples may be taken (duplicate to owner when requested) , etc. It is unlawful to sell as pure any milk that is impure, adulterated, or unwholesome, including diluted or skimmed milk, milk from a cow known to be within fifteen days before or four days after parturition, or having ulcers, etc. And it is unlawful to sell milk that was handled in unclean vessels, or milk from cows that are diseased, kept in unsanitary conditions, or fed on unwholesome food, or refuse or slops from a distillery or vinegar factory, unless such slop "be mixed with other dry sanitary grain or food to a consistency of a thick mush ; " or milk to which a preservative or any foreign substance has been added; but viscogen or sucrate of lime may be used to restore viscosity to pasteurized milk or cream if its use is made known. The milk standard is 3 per cent fat. The sale of any adulterated food is prohibited, such an article being defined at length. So far as its limited force permits, the dairy and food commission cooperates with local authorities in the supervision of the market milk supply. Last year State 25839— No. 46—03 11 162 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. authorities made examinations in Milwaukee, Wausau, Janesville, Madison, Water- town, Racine, Kenosha, and Merrill. A few years ago brief statements of condi- tions found at dairies were published in the commissioner's annual report. The statements relating to two dairies — a good one and a poor one (names of persons being here omitted) — are as follows: Number of cows, 32; condition of stock, good, clean; condition of stables, clean; utensils, clean; feed, brewers' grains, corn feed, clover hay; well water. A good, clean dairy. Inspected (second visit) April 7, 1898. Number of cows, 9; condition of stock, very dirty, manure on hips and belly; condition of stables, dirty; utensils not seen; feed, brewers' grains, middlings, and hay; city water. Sickness prevented proper care; so informed by proprietor. No improvement since March 29, 1898. Drainage poor. Inspected February 27, 1899. The commissioner's report shows, also, that a large number of samples of milk delivered to butter and cheese factories, as well as to cities and towns, have been examined for fat content. A few bacteriological examinations have been made by the bacteriologist of the State University. It is estimated that not 10 per cent of the milk sold is delivered in glass bottles and probably not more than 1 per cent of the total is pasteurized; this latter treat- ment is increasing. The average retail price of milk in cities and towns varies from 4 to 6 cents. Milwaukee is the only city in which any considerable portion of the milk supply is handled by middlemen, and the country producers supjilying that city receive an average of about 2J cents per quart for their milk. Recent improvements in the milk supply are due to better dairy cattle, producing a higher grade of milk, and improved methods of caring for cows and handling milk. Milwaukee. (Population, 285,315.) [For comparison with other cities in Class I, see p. 28.] W. C. Bennett, M. D., analyst. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 25,000 gallons, or 0.70 pint per capita, besides 600 gallons of cream and an unknown quantity of skimmed milk. Milk is sold from about 500 stores and 600 wagons. About one-tenth of the supply is delivered in glass bottles, and these are tilled in the city. Trade in pasteurized milk is unimportant. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 5 to 6 cents in winter, the pfoducers receiving 2 cents in summer and 2^ cents in Minter. There are no "model dairies" in or near the city. Within the city limits there are 117 dairy herds, including 643 head ; the number of dairy farms sending milk into the city is unknown. About one-fourth of the entire supply is received by rail, the longest shipment being 72 miles. An ordinance adopted by the city council October, 1891, requires that each person dealing in milk shall procure a license from the health commissioner who must first be satisfied with the sanitary condition of the dairy premises of the applicant; license fee, $1. Covered delivery wagons must be used during the entire year. Adulter- ated and skimmed milk, milk from cows fed on distillery waste or other unwhole- some food, milk from any place where there is a contagious disease, or milk from tuberculous cows, is prohibited. The use of wholesome brewers' grains is allowed. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 9 per cent solids not fat. Inspectors are authorized to pour illegal milk upon the ground. Skimmed milk may be sold, if in vessels plainly labeled; it must contain 9 per cent solids not fat. The ordinance section requiring covering on milk delivery vehicles is shown in Appendix I (p. 179). About $1,500 is expended annually in the supervision of the city milk supply, the entire time of no one officer Ijeing given to this work. During the past year a large number of samples of milk were examined for fat content by the Babcock test; no MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 163 samples were examined bacteriologically; 70 of the 117 herds within the city limits were inspected; none of those out of the city were inspected. There has been a sUght improvement in the composition and cleanliness of milk. Needed improvements include the application of the tuberculin test, so far as prac- ticable; a municijaal milk fann and laboratory to produce milk for infants' use; more perfect control of the sanitary conditions at the dairies outside of the city limits; more economical delivery, and an intelligent enforcement of the milk laws and ordinanceo. Superior. (Population, 31,091.) [For comparison with other cities in Class III, see p. 38.] J. M. Ruggles, secretary of the board of health. ]\Iilk is sold from 2 stores and about 40 wagons. About 27 herds, including over 400 cows, are within the city limits, and milk is sent in from dairy farms as far dis- tant as 140 miles form the city. Board of health ordinances, sections 47 to 52, refer to milk. License fee for sale of milk is 50 cents for each store and each wagon. Adulterated, etc., milk is prohib- ited. The milk standard shall from time to time be fixed by the board of health, but is subject to change by the common council. The meat and milk inspector's monthly report is published in the city papers, and shows the names of dairymen visited, the number of cows kept by them, the percent of fat in their milk, the kinds of feed used, the source rovement in the quality of the milk is due to a better grade of cows. Marinette. (Population, 16,195.) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] T. J. Redelings, health commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 464 gallons, or 0.23 pint per capita, besides 12 gallons of cream. In explanation of this low consumption of milk it is stated that about 200 cows are kept by private families, and the milk from these is not included in the above estimate. Milk is sold from 3 stores and 23 wagons. Very little of it is delivered in glass bottles, and these are filled at the farms. Some families pasteurize their own milk supply. The retail price of milk is 5 cents per quart in summer and 6 cents in winter, producers selling their own product. There are no "model dairies" near the city. Within the city there are 8 herds, including 105 cows, and milk is sent in from 15 dairy farms (237 cows). About one-tenth of the supply is received by railway, the longest shipment being 96 miles. Ordinance No. 117, July, 1901, having 26 sections, refers to milk. License fee for the sale of milk or cream is |1 for each wagon, store, etc. ; each wagon after the first, $1. Licenses are issued only after the health commissioner is satisfied with the sanitary conditions of the dairy premises. Impure, adulterated, etc., milk is prohib- ited. The milk standard is 12 per cent solids, 9 per cent solids not fat. Skimmed milk must be labeled and contain 9 per cent solids not fat. Sour milk must be labeled. Milk vehicles must be covered from April 1 to December 1. Stables must ])e whitewashed once a year. Cows must be fed upon wholesome food and be given pure water; be inspected in January, July, and September of each year; and every Apr'l they must be tested with tuberculin. The ordinance includes 15 rules regard- MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 165 ing the management of dairies. Milk tickets must not be taken from jilaces where there is a contagious disease, and the commutation, or punch, ticket must be used. The health commissioner supervises the milk suppl3^ During the past year 82 samples were examined by lactometer and Babcock test. No bacteriological exami- nations were made. All the city herds and all the dairy farms were inspected. Of 105 cows voluntarily subjected to the tuberculin test, 6 reacted and were killed by State officers. Recent improvement is due to cleanliness at stables and the prompt cooling of milk. Needed improvements as given include the establishment of sterilizing stations for all milk, the use of the tuberculin test for all cows, and the spreading of infor- mation relating to the care of dairies. Waukesha. (Population, 7,-419. ) [For comparison with other cities in Class IV, see p. 42.] Hugo Philler, M. D., health commissioner. The daily consumption of milk is estimated as 395 gallons, or an average of 0.43 pint per capita. Milk is ^old from 15 wagons, and about one-fifth of it is delivered in glass bottles. Very little milk is pasteurized, and the practice is not increasing. The retail price is 6 cents per quart throughout the year. Within the city limits there are 2 herds, including 40 cows, and milk is sent in from 13 dairy farms within 3 miles of the city limits. About $150 is expended annually toward the supervision of the milk supply as the salary to the health commissioner. During the past year 350 samples of milk were examined by lactometer and Babcock test, special attention being given to preserva- tives; and 3 samples were examined bacteriological ly for tubercle bacilli. WYOMING. Revised statutes, 1899, sections 2644, 5109, and 5110, refer to milk and foods. Milk is exempted from the list of articles that can not be sold on Sundays. The adultera- tion of any article of food or drink with fraudulent intent or sale of same or know- ingly selling any unwholesome article of food or drink is a misdemeanor. APPENDIX I. The following are the milk ordinances entire of six cities, and miscellaneous selected sections from numerous others: New York City. The following are sections from the Sanitary Code, and regulations and rules as published by the board of health of the city of New York: Extract from Sanitary Code of Laws Governing the Sale of Milk. Section 59. That no person shall have at any place where milk, butter, or cheese is kept for sale, nor shall at any place, sell, deliver, or offer, or have for sale, or keep for use, nor shall any person bring or send to said city any unwholesome, skimmed, watered, or adulterated milk, or milk known as "swill milk," or milk from cows or other animals that for the most part have been kept in stables t)r that have been fed in whole or in part on swill, or milk from sick or diseased cows or other animals, or any butter or cheese made from any such milk, or any unw:holesome butter or cheese. 166 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Sec. 63. No milk which has been watered, adulterated, reduced, or changed in any respect by the addition of water, or other substance, or by the removal of cream, shall be brought into, held, kept, or f>ffered for sale at any place in the city of New York, nor shall anyone keep, have, or offer for sale in the said city anj^ such milk. The term "adulterated," when so used in this section, means: First. Milk containing more than 88 per cent of water or fluids. Second. Milk containing less than 12 per cent of milk solids. : Third. Milk containing less than 3 per cent of fats. ■ Fourth. Milk drawn from animals within fifteen days before or five days after parturition. Fifth. Milk drawn from animals fed on distillery waste, or any substance in a state of fermentation or putrefaction, or on any unhealthy food. Sixth. Milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition. Seventh. Milk from which any part of the cream has been removed. Eighth. Milk which has been adulterated with water or any other fluid, or to which has been added, or into which has been introduced, any foreign substance whatever. Sec. 64. Any milk found to be adulterated, either by the addition of water or other substances, or by the removal of cream, or which has been brought into, or is held or offered for sale in the city of New York contrary to the provisions of section 63 of the Sanitary Code, may be seized and destroyed ])y any inspector, or other officer of this department authorized to inspect milk. Sec. 65. No condensed milk which is adulterated shall be brought into, held, kept, or offered for sale at any place in the city of New York, nor shall anyone have, keep, or offer for sale in said city any such condensed milk. The words " condensed milk " mean pure milk from which any part of the water has been removed, or pure milk from which any part of the water has been removed and to which sugars have been added. The term "adulterated," when used in this section, refers to condensed milk in which the amount of fat is less than 25 per cent of the milk solids contained therein, or to which any foreign substance whatever has been added, excepting sugars, as in preserved milks. Sec. 66. No milk shall be received, held, kept, offered for sale, or delivered in the city of New York without a permit in writing from the board of health and subject to the conditions thereof. Sec. 67. No cream that is adulterated shall be brought into, held, kept, or offered for sale in the city of New York, nor shall anyone keep, have, or offer for sale in said city any such cream. The term "cream" means the fatty portions of pure milk which rise to the surface when the milk is left at rest, or which is separated by other means. The term "adulterated," when used in this section, refers to cream to which any foreign substance whatever has been added. • Regulations. (1) Milk shall not be kept for sale or stored in any room used for sleeping or domestic purposes or opening into the same. (2) Milk must not be transferred from cans to bottles or other vessels on streets or on ferries or at depots, except when transferred to vessel of purchaser at time of delivery. (3) Milk shall not be sold in bottles except under the following rules: Bottles must be washed I'lean with a hot water solution of soap, or soda, or some other alkali, and then with hot water before filling with milk. Bottles must not be filled except at the dairy or creamery, and in the city only in rooms so situated as to prevent the contamination of the milk by dust from the streets or other impurities. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 167 Bottles must not be washed or filled with milk in any room used for sleeping or domestic purposes or opening into the same. (4) The vessel in which milk is kept for sale must be so protected by means of a suitable cover or covered receptacle and so placed in the store as to prevent dust from the street or other impurities falling into it. (5) Store permits must be posted in stores so that they can be easily seen at all times. (6) Wagon permits to be carried on the wagons at all times when engaged in the sale, transportation, or delivery of milk. (7) The number of wagon and the number of permit, the latter to be preceded by the words ' ' Dejiartment of Health Permit, ' ' must be painted on both sides of the wagon in letters 2 inches in length and one-half inch in width, and in some contrasting color to that of the wagon. (8) If any changes are made in the information given on application blank, the department must be immediately notified. Rules for Handling and Keeping Milk. (1) Milk should be kept iu some place where dust and other impurities can not fall into it, such as a box with tight-fitting cover — preferably an ice box. (2) The milk should be kept at as low a temperature as possible, not above 50° F. (3) After the day's sales are over, the measures and utensils used in the sale of milk should be thoroughly cleaned with boiling water, to which a small amount of soda has been added in the proportion of one tablespoonful of washing soda to a gallon of water. (4) The overflow pipe from the ice box in which the milk is kept must not be connected directly with the drainpipe or sewer, but must discharge into an open, water-supplied, properly-trapped, sewer-connected sink. (See section 41 of the Sanitary Code. ) (5) The ice box in which the milk is kept should be cleaned, by scrubbing out with hot soda solution made as in No. 3, at least twice a week. (6) In selling milk, stir up the contents of the can thoroughly before measuring out the amount desired. This will prevent unintentional skimming. In this way the last quart of milk sold from the can will contain as much cream as the first quart sold. (7) It sometimes happens that in cold weather the milk may be delivered to the dealer more or less frozen. If such is the case, detach the ice from the side of the can and gently heat the contents until the ice is all melted. If there is much ice in the can it is absolutely necessary to do this before selling the milk, otherwise the liijuid part dipped out and sold at first will contain more of the solid part of the milk and cream, while the ice remaining and consisting principally of water will after a time melt, and the result will be milk containing more water than pure milk, and this might be enough to appear as though the milk had been adulterated with water. (8) Do not place ice in the milk if it is desired to cool it or keep it cold, as the ice will melt and you will then have adulterated the milk with water. City of Washington, D. C. Regulations for the Government of Dairies and Dairy Farms. Office Commissioners of the District of Columbia, Washington, July 31, 1897. Ordered, That the following regulations made by the health officer of the District of Columbia, pursuant to the requirements of section 11 of "An act to regulate the sale of milk in the District of Columbia, and for other purposes, " approved March 2, 168 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1895, in lieu of the regulations on the same subject made and approved June 26, 1895, are hereby approved : Section 1. No building or space shall Ije used for dairy purposes which is not well lighted and ventilated, which is not provided with a suitable floor, and, if such room or space be a cellar or subcellar, or be located in a cellar or subcellar, which is not properly concreted, guttered, and drained. Sec. 2. No dairy shall be located or maintained within any kitchen, wash room, work shop, or inhabited room, nor in proximity to any water-closet, privy, cesspool or urinal, nor in any room or space which is not of such size and construction as to permit the entire separation of all milk and milk products, both in the process of handling and storing the same, from all probable sources of contamination, either by dirt, noxious gases, infective organisms, or substances or anything liable to alter unnecessarily the quality of such milk or milk products. Sec. 3. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof, and shall use, a sufficient number of receptacles, made of nonabsorbent material, for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times; and having delivered any such receptacle to a consumer shall not again use the same for the reception, storage, or delivery of milk or creani in any form until it has been, to his personal knowledge, properly cleaned after such use. Sec. 4. Every person maintaining a dairy shall provide for the use thereof a sup- ply of pure and suitable water, sufficient for the proper washing of all cans, bottles, and appliances. Sec. 5. Every person maintaining a dairy shall keep the same and all appurte- nances thereto clean and wholesome at all times, and shall change the water in the coolers at least once each day. Sec. 6. No building shall he used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not well lighted, ventilated, drained, and constructed, or which is not provided with stalls or with proper stanchions for anchoring the cows so arranged as to allow not less than three and one-half feet width of space for each milch cow; or which is not provided with good and sufficient facilities for feeding the animals in a cleanly man- ner; or which contains less than six hundred cubic feet clear space for each cow, unless the use of such building for stabling cows for dairy purposes has been author- ized prior to the promulgation of these regulations, in which case it shall contain not less than five hundred cubic feet clear air space for each cow. Sec. 7. No room shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which contains any water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, or manure pit; nor shall any fowl, hog, horse, sheep, or goat be kept in any room used therefor. Sec. 8. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall, when so directed by the health officer, erect and maintain in the stable, stall, shed, or yard connected therewith one or more proper receptacles for drinking water for such cows, and shall keep the same supplied with clean, fresh water and none other. Sec. 9. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall keep the entire premises clean and in good repair and the buildings well painted or whitewashed. Sec. 10. Every person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall cause the dung to be removed from the stables at least twice daily, and always within one hour preceding every milking of the cows; and shall not allow any accu- mulation of dung within the building occupied by the cows, but shall, whenever in the opinion of the health officer it is required by local conditions and surroundings, provide temporary storage for the same and for other refuse in a separate place, which shall be covered, and which, when so ordered by said health officer, shall be a water-tight receptacle. Sec. 11. Every person keeping cows for dairy ])urposes within the city of Wash- MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 169 ington or its more densely populated suburbs, or elsewhere in the District of Columbia, if, in the opinion of the health officer, local conditions require it, shall cause the inclosure in which such cows are kept to be graded and drained so as to keep the surface reasonably dry and to j^revent the accumulation of water therein, except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drinking water; and shall not permit any garbage, urine, fecal matter or similar substance to be placed or to remain in such inclosure, nor any open drain to run through it. Sec. 12. Every person keeping cows for the production of milk for sale shall cause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times, and shall cause the teats, and, if necessary,. the udder, to be carefully cleaned by brushing, washing, or wiping before milking, and shall cause each such cow to be properly fed and watered. Sec. 13. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall provide and use a sufficient number of receptacles, of nonabsorbent material, for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall keep them clean and wholesome at all times, and at milking time shall remove each receptacle, as soon as filled, from the stable or room in which the cows are kept; nor shall any milk or cream be stored or kept within any room used for stabling cows or other domestic animals. Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any premises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer of the District of Columbia of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among such cows, by letter delivered or mailed, within twenty-four hours after the discovery thereof, and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows so diseased or which may reasonably be believed to be infected, and to exercise such other precautions as may be directed, in writing, by said health officer. Sec. 15. Milkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall main- tain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking and while so engaged. It shall be the duty of every person holding a permit to maintain a dairy or dairy farm to enforce this regulation in reference to such persons as may assist them in the maintenance thereof. Sec. 16. That any person violating any of the foregoing regulations shall, on conviction thereof in the police court, be punished by a fine of not more than ten dollars for each and every such offense, to be collected as other fines and penalties are collected. Sec 17. That the regulations for the government of dairies or dairy farms in the District of Columbia promulgated June 26, 1895, are hereby repealed." IiOtiisville, Ky. • Be it ordained by the general council of the city of Louisville: Section 1 . That no person shall bring or send into the city for sale any milk without a permit to do so from the health officer, said permit to be furnished gratuitously by the health officer to all applicants, and to be renewed in the month of January of each year to be valid. Sec. 2. All milk wagons shall have the name of the owner and the number of the wagon or vehicle painted thereon plainly and legibly. Sec 3. All grocers, bakers, and other persons having or offering for sale milk shall at all times keep the name or names of the dairyman or dairy company from whom the milk for sale was obtained posted up in a conspicuous place wherever such milk may be sold or kept tor sale. Sec 4. No milk which is unwholesome or which has been watered, adulterated, reduced, or changed in any respect by the addition of water or other substance, or by the removal of cream, shall be brought into, held, kept, or offered for sale at any a The milk and food laws of the District of Columbia are published in full on pages 576-581 of the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 170 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. place in the city of Louisville, nor shall anyone keep, have, or offer for sale in the said city any such milk, except as provided for in this ordinance. Sec. 5. The terms "adulterated or unwholesome," as used in this ordinance, are held to mean in tliis ordinance: First. Milk containing more than 88 per centum of water or fluids. Second. Milk containing less than 12 per centum of milk solids. Third. Milk containing less than 3 per centum of fats or having a specific gra\aty of less than 1.029. Fourth. Milk drawn from animals within fifteen days before or ten days after |)arturition. Fifth. Milk drawn from animals fed on distillery waste, or any substance in a state of fermentation or putrefaction, or on any unhealthy food or drink. Sixth. Milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition. Seventh. Milk from which any part of the cream has been removed. Eighth. Milk which has been adulterated with water, or any other fluid, or to which has been added, or into which has been introduced, any foreign substance whatever. Ninth. Cream sold or offered or kept for sale as such must contain at least 20 per centum butter fat. Sec. 6. No dealer in milk, by himself or his agents, shall sell, or have in his pos- session with ,ntent to sell, milk from which cream has been removed in part or in whole, unless sold as skimmed milk, and unless there shall appear in a conspicuous place on both sides of the vehicle from which such milk is sold the words "Skimmed milk," distinctly and legibly made in letters not less than 1 inch in height; nor shall any dealer in milk, nor his agent or agents, sell as skimmed milk any milk which has a less percentage of casein and salts than that contained in unskimmed milk. Sec. 7. Every dealer in milk selling such skimmed milk shall, on each and every vessel from which he sells, have attached in front and side a notice stating in legible letters that such skimmed milk is for sale. Sec. 8. Any person who offers for sale milk, skimmed or unskimmed, in the city of Louisville, whether a resident or nonresident, shall furnish a sample of such milk to any officer representing the health department of the city of Louisville who may request the same for the purpose of examination or analysis. Sec. 9. No dealer in milk, or his agents, shall serve milk in bottles to any dwelling or other house that has in it any contagious disease or diseases, or that is placarded by the health officer for contagious disease or diseases, until said placard has been removed by the proper authorities; nor shall any person remove from such dwelling or house any bottle or receptacle which has been or is used for the purpose df receiving or storing milk. No person suffering from, or who has knowingly, withi«i a period of twenty days, been exposed to, diphtheria, scarlet fever, erysipelas, small- pox, or other dangerous contagious disease, shall work or assist in or about any dairy or dairy farm; bo proprietor, manager, or superintendent of any dairy or dairy farm who supplies milk to the citizens of Louisville, Ky., shall knowingly permit any person suffering, or exposed as aforesaid, to work or assist in or about said dairy or dairy iarm. Sec. 10. The health ofiicer shall not issue a permit to any person to sell milk in the city of Louisville who does not furnish once in every three months the health department with a certificate from a duly qualified veterinary surgeon to the effect that the cattle from which the milk he j)roposes to sell is obtained are entirely free from disease, and said certificates shall be kept on file in the health department, and shall embrace a descriptive enumeration of the cattle examined. The health oflBcer may require the tuberculin test if any herd is suspected of infection with tuberculosis. Sec 11. Every person maintaining a dairy shall keep the same and all appurte- MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CIIIES. I7l nances thereto clean and wholesome at all times, and shall change the water in the coolers at least once in each day, and no building or space shall be used for dairy purposes which is not well lighted and ventilated and which is not provided with a suitable floor and properly drained, or which contains less than 600 cubic feet clear space for each cow. Sec. 12. Every person using premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall keep the entire premises clean and in good repair and the buildings well painted or whitewashed, and no accumulation of dung shall be allowed, l)ut shall be removed at least twice daily, and one hour preceding every milking of the cows. Sec. 13. INIilkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream shall main- tain strict cleanliness of their hands and persons while milking or while so engaged. Sec. 14. Every person keei^ing cows for the production of milk for sale shall cause them to be kept clean and wholesome at all times, and shall cause the teats, and, if necessary, the udder, to be carefully cleaned by brushing, washing, or wiping before milking, and sha'.l cause each of such cows to be properly fed and watered. Sec. 15. Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall l)rovide and use a sufiicient number of receptacles of nonal)sorbent material for the reception, storage, and deHvcry of milk, and shall keep them clean and wholesome at all times, and at milking time shall remove each receptacle as soon as filled from the stable or room in which the cows are kept; nor shall anj' milk or cream be stored or kept within any room used for stabling cows or other domestic animals. Sec. 16. It shall be the duty of every person having charge or control of any prem- ises upon which cows are kept to notify the health officer of the city of Louisville, of the existence of any contagious or infectious disease among such cows, by letter delivered or mailed within twenty-four hours after the discovery thereof, and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows so diseased, or which he may reasonably believe to 1)6 infected, and to exercise such other precautions as may be directed, in writing, by said health officer. Sec. 17. All dairies from which milk is offered for sale in the city of Louisville shall be open at all times to the inspection of the health officer of the city of Louis- ville, or any officer representing him. Sec. 18. That any person, firm, company, or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be fined for each offense not less than $20 nor exceeding $;100. Sec. 19. This ordinance sliall take effect from and after its passage. Indianapolis, Ind. Rules and Regulations for the Care and Management of Dairies Adopted by THE Board of Public Health and Charities. (1) No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purjioses which is not well lighted, ventilated, drained, and constructed. (2) No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purjwses which is not provided with a suitable floor, laid with proper grades and channels to carry off all drainage. If a pubHc sewer abuts the premises upon which such buildings are situ- ated, they shall be connected therewith and furnished with proper sanitary traps. (3) No building shall be used for stabling cows for dairy purposes which is not provided with good and sufficient feeding troughs or boxes, and with a covered water- tight receptacle outside the building for the reception of dung or other refuse. (4) No water-closet, privy, cesspool, urinal, inhabited room, or workshop shall be located within any building or shed used for stabling cows for dairy purposes or for the storage of milk or cream; nor shall any fowl, hog, horse, sheep, or goat be kept in any room used for such purpose. (5) No space in buildings or sheds used for stabling cows shall be less than 500 cubic feet for each cow, and the stalls therefor shall not be less than 4 feet in width. 172 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. (6) It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes to keep such premises thoroughly clean and in good repair and well painted or whitewashed at all times. (7) It shall be the duty of each person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes to cause the building in which cows are kept to be thoroughly cleaned and to remove all dung from the premises, so as to prevent its accumulation in great quantities. (8) Every j^erson keeping cows for the production of milk for sale shall cause every cow to be cleaned every day and to be properly fed and watered. (9) Every person using any premises for keeping cows shall cause the yard used in connection therewith to be provided with a proper receptacle for drinking water for such cows; none but fresh, clean water to be used in such receptacle. (10) Any inclosure in which cows are kept shall be graded and drained so as to keep the surface reasonably dry and to prevent the accumulation of water therein, except as may be permitted for the purpose of supplying drinking water; no garbage, urine, fecal matter, or similar substances shall be placed or allowed to remain in such inclosure, and no open drain shall be allowed to run through it. (11) Any person using any premises for keeping cows for dairy purposes shall pro- vide and use a sufficient number of receptacles, made of nonabsorbent materials, for the reception, storage, and delivery of milk, and shall cause all milk to be removed without delay from the room in which the cows are kept. (12) No milk shall be kept in ice boxes or refrigerators which are in any way con- nected with sewers or cesspools, nor shall any milk be kept in the same compart- ment of any ice box or refrigerator in which meats or other articles of food are kept. (13) All cans, measures, and other receptacles for milk shall be scalded with boil- ing water or live steam daily; they must not be rinsed in cold water before using, for the water may not be pure, and some of it remaining in the vessels may contaminate the milk. All milk cans coming from dairies to dealers must be properly cleaned as above before returning to j^roducer, thoroughly aired, and kept turned uj^side down in a cool place. (14) All milk shall be strained through wire-cloth strainers and shall be cooled to 58° within forty-five minutes after it is drawn from the cow. In winter weather said cooler shall be guarded against freezing. The milk shall not exceed 60° when delivered to the consumer or dealer. (15) All milk cans delivered to creameries or dealers in the city shall be covered with air-tight lids, and when conveyed in open wagons shall be covered with canvas while being so conveyed; said canvas to be kept clean by frequent washing. (16) All stripping, as well as first part of milk, shall be delivered. The night's and morning's milk shall not be mixed. No milk shall be delivered that is taken from a cow that has calved within twelve days or from a cow that will come in 6r calve inside of sixty days. (17) Cows shall not be fed on feed which will impart a disagreeable flavor to milk or upon any food which will not produce milk of a standard richness, or any sour, damaged feed or ensilage. (18) It shall be the duty of any person having charge or control of any premises upon which cows are kept to notify the secretary of the board of health of the exist- ence of any contagious or infectious disease among such cows immediately upon the discovery thereof, and to thoroughly isolate any cow or cows affected, and to exercise such other precautions as may be directed, in writing, by the said secretary. (19) It shall be the dut}' of any person owning or having control of cows used for the production of milk for sale or exchange to submit said cows to the tuberculin test for tuberculosis on the written order of the secretary of the board of health. (20) It shall be the duty of any person having charge or control of any premises upon which milk or cream is produced, handled, stored, or distributed to notify the secretary of the board of health immediately upon the discovery of any case of MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 173 Asiatic cholera, croup, diphtheria, measles, membranous croup, scarlet fever, small- pox, typhoid fever, typhus fever, or any other contagious or infectious diseases upon such premises. No milk or cream shall be sold, exchanged, given away, or in any other manner distributed from such infectious premises until all danger of spread of disease shall be removed and the secretary certifies to that effect. No person who attends cows or milks them, or who has the care or handling of vessels for the sale, storage, or distribution of milk or cream, shall enter any place or premises wherein exists any of the diseases mentioned herein; nor shall any such have any communi- cation, direct or indirect, with any jierson who resides in or is an occupant of such infected jjlace. Strict cleanliness of the hands and person of milkers and those engaged in the handling of milk or cream, and of the bodies of cows, especially of the udders and teats, must be enforced at all times, to the end that no impurity or foreign substance may be added to the milk or cream, such addition being declared adulteration by the statute. (21) No person shall add water or any other foreign substances to milk or cream offered or intended for sale or exchange. Milk offered for sale as whole milk or sold as such which contains more than 87 per cent of watery fluid or less than 13 per cent of milk solids, including 3.7 per cent of butter fat,« is prima facie watered, and such watering is declared an adulteration by the ordinance, the punishment for which is a fine of not less than $25 for each and every offense. Mempliis, Tenn. Milk Ordinance. & Be it ordained by the legislative council of the city of Memphis, That — Section 1. No milk, buttermilk, or cream, or other dairy products shall be received, held, kept, offered for sale, or delivered in the city of jNIemphis without [the dealer] first obtaining a permit in writing from the board of health, and subject to the conditions thereof. Sec. 2. No person shall have at any place, sell, deliver, or offer for sale, or keep for use, or bring or send to said city, milk or other dairy products which are unwholesome or adulterated with any substance, or from diseased animals, or from animals which are kept in uncleanly and unsanitary stables or stable yards, or from animals which are fed on distillery waste or other unwholesome food, or watered with polluted water, or from dairy farms or other places where attendants are affected with or exposed to contagious or infectious diseases. Sec. 3. Milk shall be termed unwholesome — (a) When drawn from animals within fifteen days before or five days after par- turition. {b) When drawn from animals fed on distillery or other unhealthy food or watered with polluted water. (c) When drawn from animals kept in a crowded or in unhealthy conditions. {d) When obtained from dairy farms or other places where attendants are affected with or exposed to contagious or infectious diseases. Sec. 4. Milk shall be termed adulterated — (a) When it contains more than 88 per cent of water or other fluid. {b) When it contains less than 12 per cent of milk solids. (c) When it contains less than 3 per cent of fats. (d) When water, or antiseptic, or other substance has been added. (e) When any part of the cream has been removed. (/) When placed in containers which are dirty or have been washed with pol- luted water. «The milk standard has been lowered by a State law to 12 per cent solids, 3 per cent fat. — H. E. A. & This ordinance is jjrinted on the reverse side of the milk license. 174 BUKEAtJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the sanitary officers to obtain samples of milk, buttermilk, or cream from milk dealers whenever requested to by any citizen or ordered to do so by the board of health; said samples, together with name and address of dealers or drivers, are to be sent to the city chemist for analysis. Sec. 6. All wagons shall have i^ainted thereon, in plain, legible manner, the name of the dairy or owner thereof and the number of the wagon; and anyone selling or offering for sale milk, cream, or buttermilk without having a permit, as provided for herein, or selling or offering for sale milk, cream, or buttermilk, or other dairy product which is unwholesome or adulterated, or in any way violating, as a whole or in part, the provisions of this ordinance within said city, shall be guilty of misde- meanor and subject the offenders to a fine of not less than |5 nor more than |50 for each and every offense. This ordinance shall take effect from and after its passage. Passed July 13, 1898. Erie, Pa. Rules and Regulations of the Board of Health Concerning the Milk Supply. Section 1. No person or persons shall sell milk or cream in the cdty of Erie without first, annually l)efore the 1st day of July, registering with the board of health his or their name or names, together with the location of their route or place of business and the name of the owner of and the location of the dairy from which they obtain said milk or cream, and obtaining from the board a permit to carry on such business, which permit shall be issued without charge and shall be displayed in every store or wagon from which said milk or cream is sold. Sec 2. Every person or persons peddling milk or cream in the city of Erie shall have the wagon or other vehicle from which milk is sold inclosed and conspicuously marked with his, her, or their names and the locality from which said milk or cream is obtained. Sec. 3. No milk shall be sold, offered for sale, or distributed in the city of Erie unless the cows from which it is obtained have within one year been examined by a competent veterinarian and shown to the satisfaction of the board of health to be free from disease; but this does not necessarily mean that the tuberculin test must be employed. Sec. 4. The quality of milk or cream offered for sale in this city shall be the same as is provided for by act of assembly, and skimmed milk shall not be sold except in the manner prescribed by such act. Sec 5. No milk or cream shall be sold by any person or persons in whose family or residence there is a case of contagious or infectious disease or from any dairy in the vicinity of which there is such disease, except l)y permission of and in the man- ner prescribed by the board. Sec 6. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the city of Erie excejit milk sold from cows stabled under light, dry, and well- ventilated conditions, and in all other respects conforming to the requirements set forth in the following rules: Rule 1. Each cow shall have at least 3 feet in width of floor space when fastened in stanchions, and, in all cases where no adequate artificial means for ventilation are provided, each animal shall have an air space of at least 500 cubic feet. Rnk 2. All stables for shelter of said cattle shall be provided with a tight, dry floor. The manure drop shall be water-tight, and if constructed of wood shall be asphalted, tarred, or otherwise made nonabsorbent. Rule. 3. The walls and ceilings of said stables shall be whitewashed whenever it may be deemed necessary by the board of health. Rule 4- Manure shall not be allowed to accumulate in large quantities in stable yards nor near the buildings where the cattle are kept, and when stored temporarily in such places it shall be removed at least once a month to a distance of at least 10 MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 175 feet from said stable. The stable yards shall be drained and kept in a clean, dry condition, and no accumulation of household garbage, vegetables, or other putrescible matter shall be allowed to remain or decay in said stable yards. Rule 5. Cattle shall at all times be kept in a clean condition, and udde*-" shall be washed, hand-rubbed or wiped with a clean, damp cloth before each milking. Rule 6. No milk shall be sold or offered for sale or distributed in the city of Erie obtained from any cow that has calved within five days, or from a cow which will come in or calve within sixty days. Sec. 7. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the city of Erie except milk obtained from cattle fed and watered under the following conditions: All food given to such cattle shall be good and wholesome. Water supplied to cattle shall be pure and free from all contamination by stable or household drainage. Sec. 8. All milkers and other attendants employed in any dairy the milk from which is to be sold or offered for sale or delivered in the city of Erie shall be per- sonally clean. Before milking or caring for the milk hands shall be washed and clothes changed or brushed, and no milk shall be delivered or sold or exposed for sale in said city produced from dairies wherein the foregoing regulations are not observed. Sec. 9. No milk shall be kept for sale or distribution or handled, transferred from can, or stored in any stable or similar place, or in any room used wholly or in pai-t for domestic or sleeping purposes. Sec. 10. Milk shall be stored or regularly mixed, cooled, or poured from can to can only m a room not directly connected with a stable or stables, provided with a tight floor, and kept constantly neat and clean, the walls of the room being of such a nature as to allow easy and thorough cleaning. Sec. 11. No animal, water-closet, or privy shall be in the aforesaid room or in any room connected directly therewith. Sec. 12. Whenever milk is filtered or strained, cooled, or stored in a room, said room shall be such as is described in sections 9 and 10. Sec. 13. Milk kept for sale in any store, shop, market, bakery, or other establish- ment shall be always kept in a covered cooler, box, or refrigerator, properly drained and cared for; and while therein shall be tightly corked or closed, and only in such location and under such conditions as shall be approved by the board of health. Sec. 14. All vehicles from which milk or cream is sold in this city shall, during the months of June, July, iVugust, and September, be equipped with ice boxes, which shall be kept clean and whi(;h shall be of sufficient size. Sec. 15. All cans, bottles, or vessels of any sort used in the sale, delivery, or dis- tribution of milk to the consumer must be cleaned and sterilized (boiled, baked, scalded, or steamed) by the milk dealer before they are again used for the same purpose. Sec. 16. No metallic or card ticket shall be used in connection with the sale or dis- tribution of milk in the city of Erie, but instead thereof a coupon ticket shall be employed, and such ticket shall be canceled and destroyed after being once used. Sec. 17. Under no circumstances shall a milk dealer in the city of Erie, or his or her employee, take from a quarantined house any money, can, bottle, etc., or enter such a house for any purpose whatever without written permission from the board of health, Montclair, N. J. An Ordinance Concerning the Production of Milk and Regulating Its Sale. Be it ordained by the board of health of the town of Montclair, in the county of Essex, as follows: Section 1. Every person, corporation, or association of persons who now is or who hereafter shall be engaged in the sale or exposure for sale of milk within the town 176 BUREAU OF AmMAL INDUSTBY. of Montclair, before selling or exposing the same for sale, shall furnish the board of health of the town of Montclair a true and complete statement as to the locality from which the milk so sold or exposed for sale is produced; also a full and complete list of the names and addresses of persons from whom the said milk is purchased, and the names and addresses of all {)ersons to whom they are regularly selling or deliv- ering milk wdthin said town; said lists shall be furnished to the said board on the first days of January, April, July, and October of each calendar year, and at all other times when requested by the said board. Sec. 2. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the town of Montclair except milk from cows stabled under light, dry, and well-ventilated conditions, and in all other respects conforming to the requirements hereinafter set forth, viz: (a) Each cow shall have at least 3 feet in width of floor space when fastened in stanchions, and in all cases where no adequate artificial means for ventilation are provided, each animal shall have an air space of at least 500 cubic feet. {b) All stables for the shelter of said cattle shall be provided with a tight dry floor. The manure drop shall be water-tight, and if constructed of wood shall be asphalted, tarred, or otherwise made nonabsorbent. (c) The walls and ceilings of said stables shall be whitewashed whenever it may be deemed necessary by this board of health. (d) Manure shall not be allowed to accumulate in large quantities in stable yards nor near the buildings where the cattle are kept, and when stored temporarily in such places it shall be removed at least once per month. The said stable yards shall be drained and kept in a clean dry condition, and no accumulation of household garbage, vegetable, or other putrescible matter shall be allowed to remain or decay in said stable yards. (e) Cattle shall at all times be kept in a clean condition, and udders shall be washed, hand rubbed, or wiped with a clean damp cloth before each milking. (/) No milk shall be sold or offered for sale or distribution in the town of Mont- clair unless the cows from which it is obtained have within one year been examined by a competent veterinarian, and are free from diseases dangerous to the public health. But this shall not be construed as forbidding the sale or use of milk from cows not tested with tuberculin. (g) No milk shall be sold or offered for sale or distributed in the town of Mont- clair obtained from any cow that has calved within ten days or from a cow which will come in or calve within sixty days. Sec. 3. No milk shall be sold or exposed for sale in the town of Montclair except milk produced from cattle fed and watered under the following conditions: All food given to such cattle shall be fresh, sweet, and wholesome. The use of either distillery slops or fermented brewers' grains is prohibited, and their presence on any dairy premises will be considered sufficient cause for the exclusion of the milk from sucli dairy from sale or delivery in said town. Water supplied to cattle shall be pure and free from all contamination by stable or household drainage, and no well or spring in or adjoining any stable j'ard shall be used for watering said cattle. Sec. 4. All milkers and other attendants employed in any dairy, the milk from which is to be sold or offered for sale or delivered in said town, shall be personally clean. Before entering upon their duties connected with the dairy, hands shall be washed, and clothes changed or brushed, and no milk shall be delivered or sold or exposed for sale in said town produced from dairies wherein the foregoing regulations are not enforced. Sec. 5. Utensils used for the collection and transportation of milk shall, before being used, be thoroughly washed with pure water and soda or soap, and then steril- ized by boiling or steaming. Sec. 6. Milk which is to be delivered or sold or offered for sale in said town shall, immediately upon being drawn from the cow, be removed from the stable to a room MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. l77 separate and apart from the said stable, and immediately cooled by submerging the vessel in which the milk is contained in cool water to a depth equal to that of the said milk in the vessel. The above-mentioned room shall be properly ventilated and lighted and shall be used for no other purpose than that indicated above, and shall at all times be kept in a clean condition. Sec. 7. The said milk shall be delivered in bottles unless permission for delivery in another manner shall be granted by said board. No tickets shall be used in con- nection with delivery of milk. Sec. 8. If at any time any person or persons having any connection with a dairy from which milk is delivered or sold or offered for sale in the town of Montclair, or any resident member of the family of any person so situated, shall be stricken with cholera, smallpox (including varioloid), diphtheria, membranous croup, yellow, typhus, typhoid, or scarlet fever, measles, or any other communicable disease that may hereafter be declared by this board to be dangerous to the public health, notice shall be given to said board immediately by the owner or owners of such dairy, and no milk produced from the dairy of any corj^oration, person, or association of persons failing to give the notice herein required shall hereafter be sold or exposed for sale or delivered in the town of ]\Iontclair until special permission therefor has been granted by said board. Sec. 9. Any person, corporation, or association of persons violating any of the pi'O- visions of this ordinance shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to a penalty of not less than |10 nor more than $100. Sec. 10. All ordinances or parts of ordinances inconsistent with the provisions of this ordinance are hereby repealed. Passed March 24, 1898. Chicago, 111. Ordinance Sections Regarding Qualifications, Requirements, and Duties of Milk Inspection Officials. Sec. 934. There shall be appointed by the commissioner of health a superintendent and an assistant superintendent of the milk and food division. They shall be per- sons skilled in the science of analytical chemistry and bacteriology, and, before entering upon their duties, shall each execute a bond to the city of Chicago in the sum of $5,000, with good and sufficient sureties to be approved by the mayor, con- ditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of their respective offices. Sec. 936. There shall also be employed in the milk and food division of the depart- ment of health hereby created such assistants, employees, and inspectors as shall be deemed necessary by the commissioner of health, and they shall be under the direction of the superintendent and shall perform such duties as are in this article provided and as the said superintendent may additionally direct. The inspectors employed under this article shall give a good and sufficient bond to the city of Chicago in the sum of $2,000, to be approved by the mayor, and conditioned for the faithful performance of their duties. Ordinance Section Referring to Signs on Delivery Vehicles. Sec 943. No milk or cream shall be sold, offered for sale, exposed for sale, exchanged, delivered, transported, conveyed, or carried on any Avagon, carriage, or other vehicle unless the owner or owners thereof shall first obtain from the city clerk two painted metal plates 8 inches long and 4 inches wide, on which shall be stamped the number corresponding to the license, and also the words "Chicago Milk Peddler," together with the year for which the license is issued, which plates the said licensed owner or owners shall cause to be securely fastened on the outside of each side of the box of his vehicle so licensed, or in a conspicuous place so that the same can be easily seen. 25839— No. 46—03 12 178 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Grand Rapids, Mich. Ordinance Section Regarding Milk Licenke Fees. Sec. 2. Any person or persons desiring to sell, barter, or traflac in milk within the city of Grand Rapids, on his or their application to the city clerk of said city shall be licensed to do the same aa hereinafter provided, and shall be granted a permit therefor upon the payment of the following license fee: For the selling of milk from wagons, $5 per year; from milk carts propelled by hand, |1 per year; from cans carried by hand, 50 cents per year; for selling from dairies or creameries, $5 per year; and for selling from private houses or restaurants and all other places, $1 per year: Provided, however, That where more than one milk wagon is owned, operated, and controlled by the same person or firm, that a license fee of $2 shall be charged for each additional wagon, which said sum shall be paid to the city clerk and by him paid to the city treasurer. Said license shall continue and be operative until the first Monday in May ne^Jt ensuing the issuance of the same, unless sooner revoked as here- inafter provided, and the license fees above provided shall be the same for a full year or for any part thereof: Provided, liowever, That no fee shall l)e charged any farmer for such license or i^ermit who does not sell any milk whatever except such as he produces from his own cows on his own farm. Houston, Tex. Ordinance Sections Defining the Terms Adulterated, etc., and Referring to Milk Brought into the City. Sec. 15. The terms adulterated, impure, unhealthy, and unwholesome, applied to milk or dairy products, and as used in this ordinance, mean — (1) Milk containing less than 12 per centum of milk solids. (2) Milk containing more than 88 per centum of water or fluids. (3) Milk containing less than 3.2 per centum of fats. (4) Milk drawn from cows within fifteen days before or within five days afte/ l)arturition. (5) Milk drawn from cows fed on any unhealthy or unwholesome food. (6) Milk drawn from cows kept in an unhealthy or unsanitary condition, or from cows affected with any form of disease, or from cows which are supplied with water which is impure or unwholesome. (7) Milk from which any part of the cream has been removed. (8) Milk which has been diluted with water or with any other fluid, or to which has been added or into which has been introduced any foreign substance whatever. (9) Milk drawn from cows, or by milkers that are themselves, in a condition of filth or uncleanliness. (10) Any milk which is shown by analysis to contain any substance or substances of any character whatsoever not natural or normal constituents of milk, or to have been deprived either wholly or in part of any constituent naturally or normally con- tained in milk. Sec. 24. It shall be the duty of the owner or consignee of milk brought into the city of Houston by land over any road or railroad leading into the city of Houston to cause the same to be tendered and exposed for inspection according to the require- ments of said health officer: Provided, That said milk shall not be detained for inspec- tion for a longer period than one hour. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 179 Fall River, Mass. Regulation 71, Referring to Skimmed Milk. Sec. 4. Skimmed milk sliall not be sold, exchanged, or delivered within the city of Fall River unless a special license therefor shall have been first obtained from the board of health, which will be granted only on conditions that the provisions of the public statutes shall be observed and that the words "Skimmed Milk," the name of the licensee, and the number of the special license sliall be painted on both sides of the wagon or other vehicle or can or vessel used to convey or hold the milk, in let- ters and figures 2 inches in length and one-half inch in width and in some contrast- ing color to that of the wagon or can. Fort "Wayne, Ind. Ordinance Section Regarding Delivery of Skimmed Milk. Sec. 6. No skimmed milk stall be sold, offered for sale, exchanged, delivered, transported, or carried in any wagOn, carriage, or other vehicle unless the same is carried and contained in a can or vessel painted red, on which are conspicuously painted or printed the words "Skimmed Milk" in large, plain roman letters not lees than 2 inches long. Mil-waukee, Wis. Ordinance Section Requiring Covering on Milk Delivery Vehicles. Sec. 4. No person or persons shall bring to or deliver milk in the city of Milwaukee for the purpose of retailing the same to consumers in the city of Milwaukee in any open or uncovered wagon, cart, or conveyance of any kind; and all milk hereafter to be brought to the city of Milwaukee to be retailed to consumers, or for that pur- pose to be delivered in the city of Milwaukee, shall be brought to said city and delivered in cars, wagons, or carts so constructed that the covering hereinbefore pro- vided for shall not come in contact with the cans or vessels containing the milk, and shall protect such milk and the cans or vessels containing the same from the sun and rain, and, as far as practicable, from the dust and all the impurities of the air. Kansas City, Mo. Ordinance Section Regardinc; Dairy Inspections. Sec. 1033. Examination of stables, lots, etc. It shall be the duty of the sanitary sergeant and the policemen and city chemist to at least once every two months, and as much oftener as they think necessary and proper, inspect and examine all stables, lots, and pastures where cows are kept and fed whose milk or cream therefrom is sold in the city; as also the food guch cows are fed, and the health and condition of such cows, and make report thereof to the sanitary superintendent. If in their opinion any such cows are not fed on good and wholesome food or are kept in an unhealthy and bad condition, or such stables and pastures are not properly cleaned and kept so, then they shall so notify, verbally or in writing, the owner or keeper of such cows, stables, and pastures and also the persons who sell or offer for sale the milk or cream therefrom in the city. And if any such owner, keeper, or person shall not at once cease to milk any cow in an unhealthy and bad condition, or shall refuse or neglect to at once proceed to clean such stables and pastures, the milk therefrom shall not be sold or offered for sale in the city until every objection thereto is abated and removed and kept so. Every person violating any provision in this section con- tained shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $500. 180 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Rocliester, N. Y. Ordinance Section Regulating the Number of Cows to be Kept in the City. Section 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall keep or allow to be kept in any building or on any grounds or premises of which such person, firm, or corporation shall be the owner, lessee, or occupant, when such buildings, grounds, or premises are situated within the built-up portion of the city of Rochester, more cows than 1 to a city lot of 33 feet by 150 feet, or space equal thereto, and no person, firm, or corpo- ration shall keep or allow to be kept in any building or on any premises, of which such person, firm, or corporation shall be the owner, lessee, or occupant, where such buildings or premises are situated in the outlying portions of the city, and where such premises are not subdivided into city lots or actually occupied as such, more than 15 cows to each acre of land owned or occupied by such person, firm, or corpo- ration, without a permit from this department. Every permit issued under this ordinance shall be subject to the jules, regulations, or ordinances of this depart- ment and may be revoked at pleasure of the department. San Francisco, Cal. Ordinance Section Concerning Carrying Swill on Milk Delivery' Vehicles. Sec. 9. It shall be unlawful for any person or persons, firm, or corporation to have or carry on any wagon or vehicle upon or from which milk or cream is being or is brought, carried, stored, deposited, sold, exchanged, delivered, or distributed or offered or exposed for sale or distribution as food for any human being, any swill, garbage, refuse, or any decaying or fermenting, putrefying, foul, unwholesome, nox- ious, or filthy matter, or any cans or receptacles containing any material or substance with which cream or milk might be diluted, adulterated, or rendered impure, unwholesome, or unhealthy. Denver, Colo. Ordinance Section Regarding Notice of Use of Watered Milk. Sec. 489. All pure milk shall be deemed to contain 12 per cent of milk solids, and any hotel, boarding house, or restaurant furnishing milk to their boarders, guests, or customers, or any of them, containing a less quantity of milk solids than 12 per cent, or a greater quantity of water than 88 per cent, shall cause to be posted and kept in a conspicuous place in the dining room where such milk is furnished for ^se a card with the words "Watered Milk" plainly printed thereon in large letters not less than 3 inches in length, so that the same may be plainly read from all parts of the room. Maiden, Mass. Ordinance Section Requiring the Publication of Names of Violators. Sec 5. The inspector shall cause the name and place of business of every person convicted of selling adultered milk or vinegar, or of having the same in his posses- sion with intent to sell, to be published m two newspapers in the city or county. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 181 APPENDIX II. The following is a copy of instructions sent out by an enterprising Boston milk contractor to the dairymen from whom his milk is obtained. Such an effort on the part of milk dealers to induce the observance of proper methods in the production and handling of milk is most commendable. Numerous dealers throughout the country have adopted the same plan, using short original circulars similar to this one. In some cases, upon special request, the United States Department of Agricul- ture has mailed appropriate Farmers' Bulletins to list of names of milk producers furnished for this purpose by those who are receiving and selling milk in cities. Suggestions and Rules tor Dairyjien Supplying Milk for Boston, Mass. Recent investigations of our milk supply have shown us the need of greater care on the j)art of the dairymen in the production of a cleaner and more sanitary milk. The following suggestions are .those most necessary, and we earnestly hope will be carried out by you: A. WHITEWASHING COW STABLES OR " TIE-UPS." Whitewash acts as a mild antiseptic and adds greatly to the general cleanliness and healthfulness of the stable. It should be applied both fall and spring, and it is thought by the associated boards of health of Massachusetts that it should be required of all dairymen. It is gratifying to note that when whitewashing has been done in this way the farmers are very much pleased with the result. B. ENSILAGE. While ensilage is a very good food when fed in moderate quantities, there is a great tendency to feed too much of it and in that way injure the quality and flavor of the milk. It may be fed to the extent of one-half bushel per cow once a day directly after milking without injury to the milk. Silos in the barn are unsanitary and fill the air with a very disagreeable odor. This is breathed by the cows, and is also absorbed by the milk, in that way injuring it permanently. C. MILKING AND CARE OP MILK. We call special attention to the fact that the cow's udder should be thoroughly cleansed by rubbing with a damp cloth previous to milking, as any loose dirt falling into the pail causes the milk to spoil quickly, even though it is strained out imme- diately afterwards, as half of it dissolves in the milk, and therefore can not be removed by straining. The milker's hands should also be washed and dried just previous to milking, and should never be wet with the milk, as is the custom at present in some dairies. Milk will keep better if the first teaspoonful or two from each teat be milked on the floor or otherwise rejected, as this milk always contains the germs that cause quick souring. If we could imagine a portion of the milk removed directly from the cow's udder into an absolutely clean can, and covered with absolutely clean cotton batting one-fourth inch thick or more, this milk not having come in contact with the dust of the air or dairy utensils, it would keep in this way in perfect condition for weeks. Milk should be removed from the cow stable as soon as drawn, and should then be strained preferably through clean flan- nel and cooled as soon as possible to 40° F. and held at that temperature, covered with a clean cloth until collected. We again call attention to the fact that milk must be artificially cooled in winter 182 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. as well as summer by placing the cans in cold water. Metal strainers soldered into the pail are objectionable, as it is almost impossible to keep them clean. Flannel for straining should be wrung out of hot water just before using. D. PAILS, CANS, AND STOPPLES. We have found that, while a dairy in general may be clean and care taken with the milk, the latter sometimes fails to keep well. We have traced this trouble to pails, cans, and stopples. Milk pails should have all seams filled up flush with solder and .should be thoroughly scalded, washed in strong suds both morning and night, and kept inverted until used for milking. Cans must be cleaned with boiling sal soda solution and rinsed with clean boiling water. Rinsing water from one can must not be used in rinsing another. If means are at hand they had also better be thoroughly steamed for ten minutes. This may be done by putting a quart of clean water in the can and placing on the stove to boil. Do not attempt to wipe out the cans or pails, but let them dry in an inverted position. Wooden stopples should be boiled in sal soda or soap powder solution for fifteen minutes and then rinsed thoroughly. E. INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Any disease of an infectious or contagious nature (typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria, etc.), whether of the person handling the milk or in his family, must be reported to us at once, as several cases have occurred in Somerville, Cambridge, and East Boston, where neglect to do this has resulted disastrously to the dealers. Keep this for future reference. APPENDIX III. The following is a copy of an agreement made between the Medical Milk Com- mission of Essex County, N. J., and the party supplying milk according to its requirements and receiving its indorsement (names of persons being here omitted): Copy of the Agreement between the Medical Milk Commission of Essex County, N. J., and , Caldwell, N. J. [Dated May 19, 1S93.] The following agreement, made this 19th day of May, 1893, between .., parties of the first part, and , New Jersey, party of the second part, wit"^ esseth as follows: That the party of the second part doth hereby bind himself to a fulfillment of the provisions of this contract for and in consideration of the benefits hereinafter named by the parties of the first part. Furthermore the following-named persons, , New Jersey, all acquaint- ances of the party of the second part, hereby affix their signatures to this agreement, • attest to the honor of the party of the second part, and become sureties for the exe- cution of this agreement. (1) The party of the second part doth hereby agree to conduct such parts of his dairy as may be hereinafter named, collect, and handle its products in conformity with the following code of requirements, for and in consideration of the promised indorsement of the parties of the first part, as hereinafter indicated. The milk thus produced shall be known as certified milk, shall be designed especially for clinical purposes, and when at any time the demand shall be greater than the supply, and MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 183 is required by a physician, either for infant feeding or the diet of the sick, it is hereby agreed that such shall be the preferred purchaser. (2) The party of the second part further agrees to pay for chemical and bacterio- logical examinations of the aforesaid certified milk at such times as in the judgment of the parties of the first part is desirable. (3) He also agrees to defray the cost of a bimonthly inspection of his dairy stock or oftener, if necessary, by a competent and approved veterinarian, all of which per- sons — namely, the chemist, the bacteriologist, the veterinary surgeon — shall be chosen by the parties of the first part, to whom they shall render their reports in writing. (4) It is expressly understood and agreed that the party of the second part shall not pay more than the sum of $500 in any one year for the services of chemist, bacte- riologist, and veterinary surgeon, and the party of the first part shall limit the exj^ense of such service to that amoimt. It is furthermore agreed that the party of the second part, on receipt of a certified copy of the reports of the experts, shall mail to the per- sons indicated by the parties of the first part, and not to others, a duplicate printed copy of the foresaid reports, bearing the signatures of the experts and the names of the physicians. The same to.be issued at such intervals as in the judgment of the parties of the first part is desirable; also that the necessary expenditures for printing and circulation be met in the same way as herein provided for expert examinations. LOCATION OF LANDS. (5) It is hereby understood and agreed that the lands used by the owners, agents, or assigns of the dairy conducted by the party of the second part, and employed for pasturage, or any lands that may hereafter be acquired for such purposes, or such lands as may be used for the cultivation of hay or fodder, shall be subject to the approval of the parties of the first part. BUILDINGS. (6) It is also understood and agreed that the buildings, such as stables, creamery, dairy house, and spring house, shall be constructed after the most approved style of architecture, in so far as construction may affect the health of the dairy stock or the character and conditions of the milk. (7) That the buildings used for the housing of the animals shall be situated on elevated ground and capable of being properly drained. (8) Said buildings to be sheltei'ed from cold winds, lighted, and ventilated accord- ing to approved hygienic methods. The buildings shall be constructed so as to favor the prompt and easy removal of waste products. (9) The apartments used for the storage of either feed or fodder shall be removed from possible contamination by stable waste or animal odors. (10) All buildings shall, in addition to healthy location, approved construction, and proper ventilation, be kept free from animal or vegetable matter in a state or process of decomposition or decay, and always free from accumulations of dust or mold. THE WATER SUPPLY. (11) The dairy shall be supplied with an abundance of jxire water. (12) No water from shallow wells or springs holding surface drainage shall be used for watering stock, cooling milk, or cleaning vessels. (13) Nor shall any well or spring be located within 300 feet of the stable. SURROUNDINGS. (14) It is further understood and agreed that the immediate surroundings of the buildings shall be kept in a condition of cleanliness and order. There shall not be 184 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. allowed to accumulate in the vicinity any loose dirt, rubbiwh, or decayed vegetable or animal matter or animal waste. (15) Nor shall there be within 300 yards of any building any constantly wet or marshy ground or stagnant pools of water. (16) Nor shall there be kept within 300 yards of any building used for dairy purposes any fowl, hogs, horses, or other live stock. (17) It is hereby understood and agreed that the following unhealthy conditions shall be a sufficient reason to exclude any animal from the herd used for any purpose in the aforesaid dairy: Any animal that is judged by a competent observer to suffer from tuberculosis, even though the disease be localized in a part distant from the vital organs. (18) Any animal with fever. Any animal suffering from septic absorption or other disease following or associated with parturition. (19) Any animal suffering either from mammitis or mammary abscess. (20) Any animal with persistent diarrhea or any other abnormal physical condi- tion which could in any way be detrimental to the character of the milk. (21) It is furthermore agreed that when an animal shall be found by a competent observer to be in a state of ill health, prejudicial either to the other animals in the herd or to human health, the same shall be removed immediately, and if necessary shall be killed. (22) It is also understood and agreed that the party of the second part shall exclude from the herd used for producing certified milk, immediately after discovery, any animal subject to the following conditions: Any animal that was bred through consanguinity within a i^eriod of three generations. (23) And from this time forth any animal of those bred by the party of the second part, used for producing certified milk, that was not, as a heifer, kept sterile during its first twenty-seven months. (24) Any phenomenal milker, except that glandular disease or tuberculosis has first been excluded by a competent observer. (25) It is furthermore agreed that if at any time it is desired by the parties of the first part that a different breed of milch cows should be substituted for the one in use, in order that the standards of quality in the milk may be raised, the party of the second part will endeavor to carry the same into effect. HOUSING AND CARE. (26) It is furthermore agreed that the dairy stock employed in the production of certified milk shall be properly sheltered from the influence of weather and climate prejudicial to their health; also that the animals shall be kept clean, groomed every day, and treated kindly at all times. (27) The waste products of the stable shall be removed so frequently, and the stable floor so thoroughly cleaned, that the same shall be as free as possible from animal odors. (28) It is also agreed that no milch cow shall be used for dairy purposes while in a state of excitement, either as a result, or during the period of, estrux, or which has been made nervous either by beating, whipping, kicking, prodding, or running. (29) It is hereby understood and agreed that the methods of feeding the cows fur- nishing the certified milk shall be subject to the approval of the parties of the first part. The feed and fodder shall consist only of nutritious and wholesome materials, such as grass, clover and timothy hay, whole grain, or the entire result of the grist. No materials shall be employed which are or may become injurious to the health of the animals. There shall not be fed at any time or in any quantity, either alone or mixed with other feed or fodder, hulls, screenings, wet or dry brewers' grains, oil MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 185 cake, sour ensilage, the refuse from distilleries, glucose of starch factories, any waste by-product in the treatment of grain, low marsh grass, or any of the questionable or exhausted feeds or fodders employed either to increase the milking capacity of the animal, or that will produce an impoverished milk, or that will in^part to it unnat- ural odors or flavors. Nor shall the cows be allowed to eat green or worm-eaten fruit, poisonous weeds, or to drink poisonous or stagnant water. COLLECTING AND HANDLING. (30) It is furthermore understood and agreed that the cows from which is obtained certified milk shall be milked only in a clean building, and not in an illy ventilated stable containing foul odors and bad air. (31) No animal furnishing certified milk shall be milked until the udder shall first have been cleaned in a manner approved by the parties of the first part. (32) No person shall be allowed to draw the milk that has not, within fifteen min- utes of the milking, first washed his or her hands, using soap and nail brush, and afterwards thoroughly rinsing the hands in clean water. (33) The person or persons engaged in milking shall also be dressed in clean over- clothes. (34) No person shall be allowed to draw the milk who has been engaged with the care of horses in the same clothing or without first washing his hands. (35) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that is not received from the udder into vessels, and from these into cooling cans, both of which are perfectly clean and dry, having been cleansed and heated at a temperature adequate to effect complete sterilization since the last milking and have been kept inverted in a clean, dry, and odorless atmosphere. (36) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has not been passed through a sieve of wire or other cloth, either while milking or immediately there- after, having not less than 100 meshes to the linear inch. (37) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that does not consist of the entire contents of the udder at each milking, including the foremilk, middlings, and strippings. (38) No milk shall be represented as certified milk that has been drawn from the animal at abnormal hours, such as midnight or noon, nor from any animal for a period of nine weeks before calving, or that has not been separated for nine days after parturition. (39) No milk shall be represented as certified milk which has been exposed to the emanation or infection of any form of communicable disease, either in the person or persons handling the milk or by accidental contamination in cleaning milk con- tainers, or by the association of any person engaged in handling the milk, with per- son or persons sick of contagious disease. PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT. (40) It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk represented as certified milk shall receive every known detail of care that will promote its keeping qualities and favor its safe transportation. (41) That the milk on being drawn from the cow shall be treated by ice or clean, cold water in motion, and proper aeration, in order, first, to remove its animal heat, and, second, to reduce its temperature to a point not above 50° nor below 40° F.; said temperature to be acquired within forty-five minutes after milking and main- tained within the above limits while held for shipment, during its transportation, and until it is delivered to the purchaser. (42) That the cooling of the milk shall not be conducted in the same l>uilding in which it is drawn, nor in an atmosphere containing dust or tainted with animal odors. 186 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. (43) That all the foregoing provisions concerning the cleansing and condition of vessels or utensils shall be complied with in the said cooling process. (44) It is fui'thermore agreed that no milk shall be represented as certified milk that has been changed or reduced in any way by the addition of water or any solid or liquid substance in or out of solution, or the subtraction or removal, in any man- ner, of any part thereof. (45) It is hereby understood and agreed that all milk to be represented as certified milk shall be packed in flint glass quart jars immediately after it is cooled. (46) Said jars to be of a pattern approved by the parties of the first jDart. (47) It is furthermore agreed that the bottles or jars, before being used, shall be cleaned by hand, separately, with the aid of hot water, alkaline soaps, rotating brush and steam, and that they shall be rinsed in two separate baths of clean, hot M'ater and then thoroughly dried and kept inverted until used, without covers, in a clean dry atmosphere free from odors. (48) It is agreed that the jars shall be filled by a method approved by the parties of the first part. (49) That they shall be sealed, after all air has been excluded, by the most approved device for closing them. (50) The bottles after being tilled shall be labeled across the cap, bearing the words " Certified milk," with the name of the dairyman, together with the date of milking. (51) It is furthermore agreed that no milk shall be sold as certified milk that is more than three hours old when bottled nor more than twenty-four hours old when delivered. TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY. (52) It is hereby understood and agreed that the transportation and distribution of all milk represented as certified milk shall be conducted by the party of the sec- ond part, either in person or by persons employed by him. (53) That in transit the milk shall not be exposed to any of the foregoing prohib- itory conditions. (54) That it shall not be subjected to agitation. (55) That it shall not be exposed to the heat of the sun. (56) That the delivery wagons shall be so constructed that the required tempera- ture of the milk may be maintained during transit. (57) That before the wagons are filled for shipment the body, the trays, and com- partments shall be flushed with boiling water. (58) It is furthermore agreed that the distributing agents shall, during the transfer of the milk from the dairy to the purchaser, be subject to the following restric- tions, namely, that they shall use no tobacco. (59) That they shall take no intoxicating drinks. (60) That they shall not collect the empty containers, nor receive money or milk checks from houses in which an infectious or contagious disease is known to exist. (61 ) It is also hereby agreed that the collection of empty bottles from places where infectious or contagious disease is known to exist shall be made by other persons than those employed to deliver the milk. (62) That these collections be made with wagons not employed in the distribution of the milk. (63) That before these empty bottles shall be returned to the dairy they shall be carried to a separate building and first be subjected to the process of cleaning bottles indicated in a former clause of this contract. (64) It is hereby understood and agreed that if any further precautions or changes in method calculated to improve the quality of milk or guard the same from impuri- ties or dangers is desired, that the party of the second part will cheerfully be gov- MILK StJPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 187 emed by such additional rules and regulations as may be laid down by the parties of the first part. (65) It is understood and agreed by the party of the second part, the same bind- ing the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that the product known as certified milk shall be under the following restrictions in its sale, namely: That until the amount required within the boundaries of Essex County shall first be supplied, it shall not be sold beyond these limits, except that the parties of the first part shall give their consent. (66) It is furthermore agreed by the party of the second part, the same binding the owners, agents, or assigns of the aforesaid dairy, that in the event of a failure to comply with any or all of the requirements of the foregoing contract, the party of the first part shall reserve the right to withdraw from the contract and publish the fact in such manner as they deem best. (67) Finally, it is understood and agreed that nothing in this contract shall pre- vent the abrogation of any of the provisions of the same by the parties of the first part, provided that it shall be done for the purpose of substituting other provisions designed to promote the objeots of their organization. (68) It is further understood and agreed by and between the parties hereto that the party of the second part shall be at liberty to cancel this agreement by giving two months' notice in writing of his desire to do so, in case of inability for any rea- son to comply with the terms of the same. In witness whereof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands the day and vear first above written. Parties of First Part. Party of Second Part. Sureties. At frequent intervals reports upon the conditions of the dairy and qualit}^ of the milk are rendered to the commission by experts appointed for this purpose. APPENDIX IV. Following are cojiies of blank forms used in the supervision of market milk. For brief discussion of them see page 22. A suitable space for the answer to each ques- tion is always provided, but in the longer forms the spaces are here shortened. 188 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. ■ Form for application for milk license, Cambridge, Mass. City of Cambridge. Office of Inspector op Milk, City Hall. Application for Milk License. Date of application Present license No Name (if a firm, give firm name and also individual members' names in full): Address : No. of teams: Driver. Eesidence. 1 2 3 4 5 No. of cans of milk sold per day in Cambridge | Jeta/r^^^' Cream, quarts, Skimmed milk, cans, Source of milk (if from a contractor, give name of contractor; if from farms, give the town or towns where they are located ; if from your own farm, give location of dairy and number of cows kept. ) Signature of applicant : Form, for application for milk license, Chicago, 111. Department of Health, City of Chicago. Division op Milk Inspection. Application for Milk License. STORE license. ,189.. Name, Location of business place or places, Number of wagons, Number of cows, Description of wagon or wagons (number, inscrip- tion, and color), Your attention is called to the section of the milk ordinance relating to applica- tions for milk licenses: "Sec 17. (License, issue of, application for.) Licenses shall be issued in the names of the applicants therefor. Before the issuance of the license every vendor of milk or cream shall make written application therefor on a printed form provided for that . purpose, on which shall be stated: ' ' First. The name, residence, and location of the business place or places of the appli- cant. "Second. The number of cows, if any, owned or controlled by the applicant. "Third. The number and description of each and every wagon, carriage, or other vehicle used in the milk or cream business. "Fourth. If, after the issuance and delivery of the license, any change be made in the location of the place of business of such licensee, notice thereof must forthwith be given to the chief of milk inspection." Signed: To the City Collector: The above application is ap})roved and issue of license is hereby recommended. , Co))imissloner of -Health. License No Note. — The form used in applying for wagon license is the same in all respects, except it is a different color. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 189 Form for application for milk license, Erie, Pa. Application fob Milk License. Board of Health, Erie, Pa., , I hereby make application for permission to sell milk in the city of Erie, from a , subject to your rules and regulations. The dairies from which I obtain milk are located in township, and are owned by There are no injured or diseased cattle in the herd or herds from which said milk is obtained; and there are no cases of typhoid fever, consumption, diphtheria, scarlatina, or other contagious or infectious diseases in my house, family, or among my employees or in the house, family, or among the employees of the owner of said dairy or dairies. In case of the appearance of any of the above-men- tioned diseases I will immediately make report thereof to the board of health. Name : Residence: Sworn and subscribed before me this day of , , Secretary Board of Health. Form for application for inspection, Meadville, Pa. Application for Inspection. To , Inspector of Food and Milk for the Citij of Meadville, Pa.: Desiring to sell milk to the citizens of Meadville, Pa., I make application to you to inspect my cattle and appointments for the supply of milk, under the rules and regulations of the board of health of said city, and I hereby agree to observe strictly the following regulations regarding the milk which 1 supply to all my customers: No milk shall be delivered — (1) From cows that are unhealthy; from cows receiving any kind of medicine; from cows with inflamed udder or with udder or any part thereof in an abnormal condition from any cause; from cows while in heat, unless such cows are kept from the rest of the herd during that time; from cows within 60 days before or six days after calving. (2) From cows that are fed partially or wholly on turnips, cabbage, ensilage, brewery, or distillery malt, rancid foods, or any other kind of food that would deteriorate or taint the quality of the milk; from cows supplied with bad or impure drinking water. (3) Nor shall any milk be delivered which has been drawn from the cow more than fifteen hours, nor from which any part of the cream has been removed, or from which strippings have been kept back; nor will I sell during the summer any milk which was milked prior to 5 o'clock in the afternoon, nor milk which differs in any way from fresh, sound, pure, unadulterated cow's milk. (4) I also agree that I will not furnish milk from any cows unless they have been inspected by milk inspector for Meadville board of health, and that my cows are to be milked in the cleanest possible manner, without moistening the teats; that milkers' hands shall be kept clean, and udders wiped with a clean damp cloth just before milking. 1 also agree that all my milkers shall wear a clean outer garment, to be used for no other purpose than for milking, and to be worn at each milking. I agree to remove each cow's milk immediately after milking from the stable and to strain, cool, and aerate all of my milk until the temperature is reduced to 58° F. in less than 45 minutes by placing the cans in a tub or vat, said tub or vat to hold 190 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. three times as much water as the quantity of milk to be cooled, water in said tub or vat to be renewed daily. I agree that special care shall be taken to remove daily all manure from the stables and anything of a foul or unclean nature, and to keep my stables clean, and white- wash the same each fall and spring every year. I agree to keep my cow yards reasonably free from mud or manure, and that I will not stack manure against my cow stables at any time. I agree should any member of my family or employee become sick with any con- tagious disease that I will immediately notify the health officer and milk inspector of the Meadville board of health. I agree to notifj^ the milk inspector of any dwelling placarded for contagious disease, if said building is occupied by persons to whom I sell milk. I also agree that the Meadville board of health, or any member thereof, or any person in the employ of said board, shall have the right to visit at any time my premises for the purpose of inspecting the cows, stables, milk house, food and water supply, and take samples of milk at any time from my dairy or on my route, in order to see that the foregoing rules are observed. Having read the above, I hereby agree to all the provisions contained therein and hereby agree that the Meadville board of health may revoke my i^ermit for non- compliance of said provisions at any time. Signed : , 19... Form for application for milk license, Iowa. City Milk Dealer's Report for Year Ending July 4, 1901. The law requires that the permit be taken out before selling milk or cream. Any one selling milk without having the permit is subject to the penalties named in the law. See below. This department will not hold itself under obligations to send further notice, and action will begun at the discretion of the dairy commissioner after the 4th day of July, 1901, without further notice. READ THE LAW. Sec. 2525. Permits. — Any person or corporation who shall sell milk or cream from a wagon, depot, or store, or sell or deliver milk or cream to a hotel or restaurant or boarding house, or any public place in any such city, shall be considered a city milk dealer. No such city milk dealer shall sell milk or cream from a wagon, depot, or store in any such city without a written permit from the commissioner for each wagon, depot, or store operated by him, for which he shall pay annually one dol- lar. All permits shall expire on the fourth day of July of each year, and no per- mits shall be issued for less than one dollar. Sec. 2527. Penalties. — Whoever shall violate any provisions of this chapter shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court. Name of dealer, firm, or company. (Please write all names and addresses plainly.) City, Street and number or P. O. box, Do you sell whole milk? Cream? Skimmed milk? How many months in the year do you conduct your business? How many families, hotels, etc., do you suppl)'? Private families, - Hotels, Restaurants and lunch counters, Boarding houses, Ice-cream parlors and soda fountains, MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 191 State average number of gallons milk sold per mouth gallons. State average number of gallons cream sold per month gallons. State average number of gallons skimmed milk sold per month gallons. Is the milk and cream which you sell delivered to you? If so, give name of person from whom you receive the same Is he a retailer of milk? If you produce your own milk, state average number of cows in your herd State number of Jerseys Grade Jerseys Number of Holsteins Grade Holsteins Number of Shorthorns Grade Shorthorns Number of Eed Polled Grade Red Polled Number of cows of other breeds or common stock What is the number of persons employed in your dairy business? Do you wholesale milk to others? If so, give the names of all to whom you sell milk or cream Name, Street or P. 0. address, Name, Street or P. O. address, Name, Street or P. O. address, Name, Street or P. O. address, APPLICATION FOR PERMIT. Note. — When more than one Avagon, dei^ot, or store is operated, each should be numbered from one up to the number used. 1901. , State Dairy Commissioner, Des Moines, Iowa: hereby make application for permit., to sell milk in the city of , Iowa, for the year ending July 4, 1902. The following is a memoranda of each depot, store, or wagon under the management of the undersigned : street. i Wagon No. 2 starts from No street. Store or shop located at No street. Wagon No. 3 starts from No street. Wagon No. 1 starts from No street. I Wagon No. 4 starts from No street. Herewith find inclosed a draft, postal money order, or express money order to the amount of dollars, for which please forward the number of permits enumer- ated above. Signature: Note. — In all cases |1 must accompany the application. This department will not assume or recognize any loss arising from remittances by cash or postage stamps. All permits expire July 4 of each year. Form to accompany application for milk license, Haverhill, Mass. City of Haverhill, Office of Inspector of Milk. To the Milk Dealers of Haverhill: Owing to the insanitary manner in which a great number of milk cows are kept and cared for, and the unwholesome and careless methods of some producers in obtaining and caring for milk at the time of milking and immediately thereafter, it becomes the duty of the inspector of milk to hereby notify you that all applicants for milk licenses to sell milk within the limits of the city of Haverhill for the year beginning May 1, 1900, are requested to have the producer from whom such milk is obtained fill out the following form: Producer's name To what dealer do you sell your milk? How many cows in your possession? Have they been inspected within the last six months? 192 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. By whom? Give length of stable Give width of stable Give width from manger or "tie ups" to wall behind animals Give average height from floor to ceiling Number of windows facing north not obstructed Size Number of windows facing south not obstructed Size Number of windows facing east not obstructed Size Number of windows facing west not obstructed Size Is the stable open or closed in front of animals? Is the stable well lighted? Is the stable in Ijasement or cellar? When is the stable cleaned? What is done with the manui'e? Is there a cellar under barn? Is the cellar open or closed? Does the air in the stable seem good? or is it heavy or bad smelling? How is the stock watered? If from well, give its location in regard to barn cellar, manure yard, sink drain, privy vault, cesspool, or other source of possible con- tamination When is stock cleaned? What do you bed your milk cows on? Are they milked by clean and healthy attendants? Do you mix the milk from all your cows? How and where do you mix your milk? Are any of your cows sick or diseased at the present time? Form for application to sell milk, New York City, N. Y. 38 G, 1899. No Borough of Manhattan. Application (Store) No. 1. To THE Board of Health of the Department of Health op the City of New York: The undersigned hereby applies for a permit to sell fresh and condensed milk in the city of New York, and makes the following statement in accordance with the laws, rules, and regulations of the board of health of the department of health of the city of New York: FRESH MILK. Name, Business, Location, Quarts sold per day From whom purchased « Location, Time of delivery, Marks on can, CONDENSED MILK. From whom purchased," Location, Quarts sold per day, Time of delivery, Where is fresh or condensed milk kept during sale? How is ice box connected with sewer? Where located, Signed, Address Dated New York ....... 189.. This form to accompany preceding- blank when applicable, New York City, N. Y. Form 123 C— 1896. No Special Information Blank No. 3. Milk i^urchased or obtained from farmer, milk agent, creamery, condensary, or from farm belonging to applicant. Name of milk agent, Residence, Name of farmer, owner of cream- ery or condensary, Town, County, . . State, Shipping « If purchased or obtained from farmer, milk agent, creamery, condensary, or from farm belonging to applicant, fill in special information blank No. 3. MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDEED CITIES. 198 station,, Railroad, County, State, No. of cans per day, ^larks on cans, Time shipped, What milking shipped, Time in transit, No. of cows, Breed, Condition, Food, Housing, If in the city, Permit No Water supply for cows and where obtained, Signed, Add ress, Dated New York, , 189. . Form for application to bring milk into the District of Columbia. Health Department, Distkict op Coiatmbia, Washhigiori, , Sir: The act to regulate the sale of milk iu tlie District of Columbia provides that "no person shall bring or send into the District of Columbia for sale any milk with- out a permit so to do from thp health officer of said District, and that such permits shall be issued subject to the following conditions: That none but pure and unadulterated milk shall l)e, with knowledge of its impu- rity, brought into said District. That in the management of the dairy farm upon which the milk is produced, or of the dairy at which the milk is collected and stored prior to shipment, the applicant shall be governed by the regulatif)ns of the health office of the District of Columbia, approved by the Commissioners of said District, issued for dairies and dairy farms in said District, when said regulations do not conflict with the law of the State in which said dairy or dairy farm is located. The said dairy or dairy farm may be inspected at any time without notice by the health officer of the District of Columbia or his duly appointed representatives. The veterinarian' s certificate must be from one irJio /i«.s regularJij (jraduatecl from a veter- inary medical college, or irho practiceH under a license from a State examining hoard. If unable to secure the ser rices of such, so state on your application blank, and all other condi- tions being satisfactory, action mil be suspended until this requirement is met, thus enabling you to send or bring milh into the District without violation of existing law. If you desire to bring or send milk into the District of Columbia for sale, please fill out and sign the application below and forward it to the health officer without delay. Permits will be issued, without cost, as soon as possi])le after the receipt of the application. The application for and acceptance of a permit necessarily carries with it the accept- ance of the conditions specified above. A copy of the regulations referred to is inclosed herewith. Respectfully, Wm. C. A\'oc)1)\vakd, M. D., IleaWi Officer. To Application for Permit to Send or Bring Milk into the District of Coli'mbia. To the Health Officer, D. C. Sir: In compliance with "An act to regulate the sale of milk iu the District of Columbia, and for other purposes," I hereby make application for a permit to send or bring milk into said District, from the premises described below, located Number of shipments per day, . . Total number of gallons, whole milk, skimmed milk, cream. Shipped in wagon, ; boat, ; B. and O. R. R., ; B. and P. R. R , Time of delivery, Place of delivery, Consigned to ii583y— No. 46—08 13 194 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. Di.3CRiPTioN OF Premises. BUILDING. Brick, Frame, stories high. Condition, Is any part of it used for any other than dairy purposes? If so, specify, in the space for remarks, what parts of it are so used, and the purposes for which used. Room for caUle. — Size, long, wide, high. Floor, kind, ; condition, Is it properly sloped and guttered? "What disposition is made of the drainage? Ventilation and lighting. How accomplished? Windows. How many? Location, Size, Are windows glazed? Ventilators. How many? Kind, Loca- tion, Size, Doors. How many? Location, Stalls. Where located? How many? Size of each? wide, long, wide, long. Are animals of any kind other than cattle kept in this room? If so, specify how many and what kind Feeding troughs or boxes. — How many? Kind, Location, Condition, Water troughs. — How many? Kind, Location, Condition, If water troughs are not used, how are cattle watered? . . Source of water supply. — If from well, state location Appr(.)ximate depth feet, and construction Location of well with reference to nearest privy. State distance and slope of ground Location of well with reference to place where dung is deposited. State distance and slope of ground Has water any jjerceptible odor, color, or taste? . . If so, describe Receptacles for dung and other refuse. — How many? Kind Location Condition Receptacles for mill: — How many? Kind Condition AVhat provision is made for cleaning? Is milk cooled immediately after milking? If so, how? BARNYARD. Size long wide Is it properly graded? and drained? Is it paved? What disposition is made of the drainage? What is its condition as to cleanliness, at time of inspection? Size of Condition of Is it supplied with drinking water for the cattle? If so, from what source? CATTLE. How many milch cows are usually kept? How many other cattle, if any, are kept in the same stable? Kind of milch cows used Condition of cows at time of inspection. General condition Cleanliness, etc Char- acter of feed I'KIV Y ACCOMMODATIONS. How is human excreta from the jiremises disposed of? Location of privy, if any? Construction of privy Signature of apx)licant: Post-office address : MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 195 The above covers three pages of a four-page circular. On the last page provision is made for the certificate of the veterinarian who has examined the herd and prem- ises described; also memoranda to appear on the outside fold when ready for filing. It is as follows: 189 To THE Health Officer, D. C. Sir: I have carefully examined the cattle upon the premises above referred to, and their condition is as follows : Signature : Address: Personally appeared before me this day of 189. , the subscriber, who, being duly sworn, deposes and says that he is a veterinary surgeon, practicing in accordance with the laws of the State in which he resides, and that he has per- sonally examined the cattle referred to In the above statement and knows them to be tlie same as are referred to in the application to which the certificate is appended, and that their condition is correctly described without evasion or concealment. Signature: Address : Forms containing all the above (piestions under "Description of ])remises" are used Vjy inspectors for reporting conditions found on their visits. Form for application to sell milk, Boston, Mass. Application for License to Sell Milk in the City of Boston during the Year ENDINC4 May 31, 1900. Name of applicant, Residence (street and number, town), Place of business, Number of wagons used in delivery of milk, Number of drivers employed, Names of drivers. Residences. Section supplied, Amount <>f milk raised (quarts), Number of cows kept, (If any, fill out Form 3. ) Amount of milk bought (quarts), Of whom bought, Where delivered by him, Hour delivered, a. m. ; p. m. Where stored and handled after delivery, Whether mixed, handled, or stored where cows, horses, or other animals are kept, or where manure is stored, Whether mixed, handled, or stored in rooms used for domestic pur- poses or sleeping rooms, Location of milk room, How drained, Whether walls are tight and easily cleaned, Whether floor is tight and easily cleaned, Whether appliances are at hand for washing or sterilizing all uten- sils, Whether any water-closet, urinal, or privy is located in the room, Whether ice-])ox or refrigerator drained, and how, The above is a correct statement. Signature Witness Boston License issued Number of license ...... 196 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Form for report upon dairy and herd inspection in North Dakota. State of North Dakota, Office of Assistant Dairy Commissioner, Official Dairy and Herd Inspection, Date, City, County, Location, Dairyman's name, 1*. O. address, No cows, No. license, Condition of cows (flesh), Condition of cows, sanitary, Condition of cows, apparent health, Condition of barn, Ventilation of barn, Condition of uten- sils, Kind of feed, Water, Where milk is kept, Method of delivery, Breed of cows, Tuberculin test, Remarks, , Inspector. Form for report upon inspection of dairies, Erie, Pa. Inspection of Dairy. Date, Owner, Residence, Name of tenant, Loca- tion of dairy, No. of wagons, Section of city supplied, Exam- ination of cows: No. clean, No. unclean, No. healthy, No. unhealthy, No. suspected, How fed in summer, How fed in winter, How watered, Disposition of at night, Stable; Material, size, how ventilated, drainage, No. of stalls, Disposition of manure: Temjiorary, permanent, Water sup- ply: Source, distance from house, from stable, .. . from privy, from manure pile, Milkers: No. male, No. female, No. healthy, No. unhealthy, Sickness in family, in neighborhood Milk: Where stored, how long, in what, how cooled, Remarks : Insjiector. Form for report upon inspection for dairies, Salt Lake City, Utah. Dairy and Milk Report. ,189.. 1. Name of dairy, 2. Permit No 3. Location, 4. Name of proprietor, 5. Post-office address, 0. Date of inspectioii, 7. Average quantity of milk sold per day, 8. No. wagons, 9. No. coM's, 10. Grade of cows, 11. No. acres of pasturage, 12. Condition of cows, 13. Condition of milking utensils and how cleaned, 14. General appearance of milkers and other employes, 15. Water supply, 16. General sanitary condition, 17. Quantity and kinds of food: Hay — alfalfa, pounds per day; mixed, i>ounds per day. Bran, pounds pel' day. Shorts, pounds per day. Malts, pounds per day. Grains, pounds per day. Beet pulp, pounds per day. 18. Quality of milk, 19. Remarks , Meal (1 11(1 }[>Il: Iitsjicrtor. Form for reporting- conditions of dairies, Boston, Mass. Statement of con^ 0> 2 •3 S '^ ^ o ^ s P 3 o -T O:' tQ § ^ t3 "3 » -< J 00 +3 'x 3 X H S 03 c u ^ &, +3 X 3 X p o c < « '3 < "o O .2 rH 3 to o rD 2 D '-+3 01 3 > 0) X .23 O ^ a 0; ^ ^ "2 X X '5 "o n - r^ !E „ o i ."S .rt 0! ^ z ■—■ be G <1 -c ^ 2 X C -r ~ 0) >^ CD ^ "S ^ r4~ 5: ^ o ■fl H •: be rH 03 g 3 ^ S o; o cq' +j X p O >> ^ c3 01 0) ^ ^ .^ S v^ -u oi -u X X cS Oi ^ jH [o 03 ce 6 X 'o ^ a •2 T3 S 2 G c3 2 o ^ O 3 C ^ ^ 03 O ;^ O 3^G -s a; 2 > G fc, G O o Pm 00 r^ o rt ^ .2 o Oi i5 a> 'C 'a: "& ^ n^ '? -i-i O oT c o g 'Ti ■^ CD c 0) 00 3 a> ^ 53 o a o 'U a; 0) a; r- 0; c« oc !-i j o bX) t^ w r2 73 'rt S in ^ ^-1 a; M • F^ , bo •1 1 C o r^ c rt tu cu r^» K OJ : p ,^ c^ ,|Ih o a P rt^ LJ ^ 6 2^5 Ch =^ »- .- ^ C j^ S § 8 .2 o o o c^^^!^ MILK SUPPLY OF TWO HUNDRED CITIES. 203 Form for notice to milk dealer to display license number on delivery wag-ons . Minneapolis, Minn. (original.) Mr. Minneapolis, Minn., , 190. You are hereby notified that the law requires your name and location of dairy, with number of your city license, upon each vehicle used by you in selling milk. Ten days' notice is hereby given you to comply with the law. , Commissioner of Health. , Inspector. Forms for recording data regarding- milk samples in Minnesota. [Front.] [Baek.] STATE DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSION. Analysis. Analysis No Milk from Wagon. Specific gravity Date, , 189... Milk solids Time a. m p. m. Not fat Name on wagon Fat Ash Driver in charge Milk sugar Locality Casein, etc Whether marked skimmed milk Water.' No. of cans on wagon Water added Samples taken from qt. can. Color License No REMARKS. No. on sample I5ABCOCK TEST. Temp Specific gravity Fat Sample delivered chemist 189. .. Class , Inspector. ., Chemist. Note.— White cards are used for samples collected from wagons and yellow cards for samples collected from stores. 204 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTKY. Form for recording data regarding- milk samples. — ^Worcester, Mass [This is printed (iii the two sides of n taR, to he attafherr>h-nt. , Milk Iiisjttctur. Form for notification of violation of the la-w, Washington, D. C. -Any Dhjt'i'tion to this nolici' slmiild In- i\\v<\ with the health otlic-er bolori' tlic cxiiiration ul' tlic time allowcil lor iiiakiiiir the changes si)oi'itu'd. No IIkai.th Department, District op Coli'mima. Dairy axd Dairy Farm Inspection. Washington ISll... Mr Sir: Your attention is called to the following violations of the regulations for the government of dairies and ilairy farms, which have been found to exist upon your jn-emises: You are here))y notifieil to correct tlie same within days from the date of service of this notice. Bv order of the healtli otticcr. Inspector of Dttiriif ami Dniri/ Fe followed l\v ])rosecution according to law. Respectfully, yours, , IiKxpfclur. 25839— No. 4f)— OP, 14 210 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY Forms for keeping- the records of the milk inspector's office by the "card system," Providence, R. I. Time, l>ate, MILK I'ROM STOKE. Propnotor's name No street. Milkman Sample from Clerk No. on sample can Can marked skimmed milk .Seal Sample sealed and delivered to Whether measure marked Collector Whether at all frozen Remarks Name, Date, Address Anal. No. . . Milkman Taken from . . Sp. !:'• ^lilk sugar. . Fat Casein . . Total Acidity. . S. N. F Color, etc . . Ash Remarks No Name Place of l)nsiness Store Uakery Restaurant Lunch cart . Milkmen Quantity Aveek day Sunday Time delivered Whether cream is sold Whether skimmed milk is sold The undersigned hereby makes application that his name be recordeil in the inspector of milk's book as a milk dealer in the city of Providence, for the year ending February 1, 1901. Signed By ... o H34 «5 LEFe'OT .^ ..-•. -^c 'oK ,0' - \,^^ - ; "^0^ 0> ^ m • »* A <* *'^.'* aCt ^-*°«» v ^^i:^'^ <^ aO^ -*• *\>. ' • • *