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 BALTIMORE 
 
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 COMPLIMENTS OF 
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OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS 
 
 OF 
 
 THE •• BUILDERS + EXCHANGE 
 
 OF THE CITY OF BALTIMORE, 
 
 AT THE TIME OF THE NINTH CONVENTION OF THE 
 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUILDERS. 
 
 President : 
 Samuel B. Sexton, Jk. 
 
 rst Vice-President: 2d Vice-President: 
 
 William Ferguson. Isaac S. Filbert. 
 
 3d I T ice- President : 
 Pembroke M. Womble, Jr. 
 
 Secretary : Treasurer : 
 
 Edward D. Miller. Benjamin F. Bennett. 
 
 Directors : 
 
 Noble H. Creager, Edward L. Bartlett, 
 
 James A. Smvser, George W. Starr, 
 
 William V. Wilson, Jr., John B. Sisson, 
 
 Herman H. Duker, Henry A. Seim, 
 
 foHN Trainor, E. Hall Haswell, 
 
 Edward D. Preston, William C. Wellener, 
 
6 
 STANDING COMMITTEES. 
 
 Committee on Membership : 
 W. V. Wilson, Jr. W. A. Gault. 
 
 Jos. H. Hellen. C. J. Stewart. 
 
 J. J. Walsh. C.H.Classen. 
 
 Thomas L.Jones. Albert Weber. 
 
 William E. McCailev. 
 
 Committee on Complaint : 
 Geo. J. Roche. H. B. Hanna. John H. Short. 
 
 Committee on Architects, Plans and Contracts: 
 
 E. L. Bartlett. Theo. F. Krug. 
 
 George Knipp. Arthur L. Shreve. 
 
 Henry Smith. 
 
 Committee on Printing Press and Publication : 
 John Trainor. W. F. Bevan. Thos. H. Mottu. 
 
 Committee on Finance : 
 N. H. Creager. N. W. James. J. F. Adams. 
 
^ 
 
 7 
 Committee on Entertainment : 
 E. L. Bartlett. John B. Sisson. 
 
 Jas. A. Sm.yser. Isaac S. Filbert. 
 
 P. M. Womble, Jr. 
 
 Committee on Manufactures : 
 
 John L. Lavvton. George W. Walther. 
 
 Francis P. K. Walsh. F. X. Donnelly. 
 
 George Mann. 
 
 Committee on Arbitration : 
 
 J. L. Gilbert. Joseph Lamb. 
 
 A. J. Denson Wm. Mohr. 
 
 J. T. Buckley. 
 
 Committee on Legislation : 
 
 J. Vernon Campbell. John S. Bullock. 
 
 F. F. Graham. 
 
 Committee on Rooms and Rules : 
 
 A. Frank Gilbert. James Maginnis. 
 
 Horace Noble. 
 
8 
 GENERAL COMMITTEE 
 
 The Builders Exchange 
 
 In charge of Entertainment of the 
 
 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUILDERS, 
 
 AT NINTH CONVENTION. 
 
 Edward L. Bartlett, Chairman. 
 
 Samuel B. Sexton, Jr. William Ferguson. 
 
 Isaac S. Filbert. Pembroke M. Womble, Jr. 
 
 Edward D. Miller. Bexj. F. Bexxett. 
 
 Noble H. Creager. James A. Smyser. 
 
 George \V. Starr. William V. Wilson, Jr. 
 
 John B. Sisson. Herman H. Dukek. 
 
 Henry A. Seim. John Trainor. 
 
 E. Hall Haswell. Edward D. Prestox. 
 
 Wm. C. Wellener. William F. Bevan. 
 
 John Hilt/.. J. Free Adams. 
 
 Jeff. J. Walsh. John P.Brady. 
 
 Israel Griffith. George Manx. 
 
 Alex. J. Denson. Theo. F. Krug. 
 
9 
 SPECIAL COMMITTEES. 
 
 Convention Hall . 
 
 Edward D. Miller, Chairman. 
 William C. Wellener. Edward D. Preston. 
 
 Excursion : 
 
 Edward L. Bartlett, Chairman. 
 Pembroke M. Womble, Jr. John B. Sisson. 
 
 James A. Smyser. Isaac S. Filbert. 
 
 Theatres : 
 
 P. M. Womble, Jr., Chairman. 
 Herman H. Duker. Francis X. Donnelly, 
 
 Souvenirs : 
 
 Noble H. Creager, Chairman. 
 John Trainor. William F. Bevan. 
 
IO 
 
 Hotels : 
 
 John B. Sisson, Chairman. 
 Louis A. Dieter. William Ferguson. 
 
 George Mann. John S. Bullock. 
 
 Carriages : 
 
 Isaac S. Filbert, Chairman. 
 Hugh Sisson. E. Hall Haswell, 
 
 George W. Starr. Frank F. Graham. 
 
 Music : 
 
 Jas. A. Smyser, Chairman. 
 William Y. Wilson, Jr. Joseph H. Hellen. 
 
 Entertainment of Ladies: 
 
 1). F. Bennett, Chairman. 
 Joseph H. Hellen. F. H. Davidson. 
 
 Theo. Mottu. William C. Stewart. 
 
 Jos. T. Lawton. John H. Short. 
 
 George J. Roche. S.Frank Bennett. 
 
Program of Entertainment 
 
 OF THE. DELEGATES AND VISITORS TO THE NINTH CON- 
 VENTION OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BLUN- 
 DERS, TO BE HELD IN BALTIMORE. 
 OCTOBER, 15th to 18th, inclusive, 
 1895. 
 
 Tuesday, October 15th, at 2.00 p. m. — Drive to 
 Druid Hill Park and prominent portions of the city. 
 
 Wednesday, October 16th, at 10.30 a. m. — Excursion 
 for the Ladies down the Chesapeake Bay to Annapo- 
 lis ; visit the State House and the Naval Academy. 
 Refreshments and Music on board of boat. 
 
 Thursday, October 17th, at 2.00 p. m. — Gentlemen's 
 Reception and Smoker on board of Steamer Colum- 
 bia, and a trip down the Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Thursday Evening, October 17th— Reception to the 
 Ladies, and a Musical and Literary Entertainment. 
 
 The Committee on Entertainment of Ladies will take 
 charge of the visiting ladies, and show them the diff- 
 erent places of interest during their stay. 
 
 The Committee on Theatres will provide tickets for 
 the guests, for such places of amusement as they may 
 desire to visit. 
 
 There has also been adopted for this occasion suita- 
 ble souvenir buttons (of silver), to which there will be 
 attached various colored ribbons to distinguish the 
 different delegations. Each Committee will wear 
 the same color of ribbon corresponding with the 
 delegation they have in charge. 
 
1 ! 
 
 ( OMMll Ills 
 
 fok 
 
 . 
 
 COLORS FOR G VESTS AND FOR MEM HERS OF < OMMH M I 
 W 111 CORRESPOND. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Boston. 
 
 - TON : 
 LIGHT BLUE. 
 
 ke M. \V airman. 
 
 E. D E 1. Reese Pitcher. 
 C. R N. V W. H. Anderson. 
 
 no. J. Kelly, 
 
 F. P. = Wm. McShane. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Buffalo. 
 
 RED ON LIGHT BLI 1 
 
 - i 
 
 . 1 
 
13 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Chicago. 
 
 COLORS FOR CHICAGO 
 OLIVE ON PINK. 
 
 George Mann, Chairman. 
 John McKnight, James A. Boyd, David M. Andrew 
 Edward R. Berry, Wm. Garthe, W. H. Morrow, 
 
 C. M. Rogers, L. A. Winder, Albert Weber, 
 
 C. Kratz, John Foos. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Cleveland. 
 
 COLOR FOR CLEVELAND : 
 PINK. 
 
 Israel Griffith, Chairman. 
 C. H. Classen, W. A. Gault, John T. Hill. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Detroit. 
 
 COLOR FOR DETROIT 
 VIOLET. 
 
 J. F. Adams, Chairman. 
 Geo. Knipp, W. N. Rothrock, Chas. H. Cromwel 
 
 Thos. W.Jenkins, J. C. Adams, Geo. M. Hay. 
 C. Fred. Hutchinson. 
 
14 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Indianapolis. 
 
 COLORS FOR INDIANAPOLIS : 
 LIGHT BLUE ON YELLOW. 
 
 John Cowan, Chairman. 
 Geo. S. Kirkley, Jas. T. Armstrong, Frank F. Knecht. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Lowel 
 
 COLOR FOR LOWELL 
 RED. 
 
 Win. F. Bevan, Chairman. 
 W. C. Ditman, Thos. L. Jones, A. Kohlhepp. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Lynn. 
 
 COLOR FOR LYNN. 
 PURPLE. 
 
 E. D. Preston, Chairman. 
 
 R. C. Boone, Charles E. Harker, Joseph Lamb, 
 
 Edmund Robinson. 
 
Committee to Entertain Delegates from Milwaukee. 
 
 COLORS FOR MILWAUKEE : 
 RED ON WHITE. 
 
 William V. Wilson, Jr., Chairman. 
 Chas. L. Hilgartner, Benj. Franklin, J. H. Thormann, 
 F. W. Garrettson, A. R. Shipley. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from New York. 
 
 COLOR FOR NEW YORK : 
 ORANGE. 
 
 George W. Starr, Chairman. 
 
 J. J. Walsh, H. R. Hanna, Wm. D. Gill, Jr. 
 
 Matthew Gault, C. H. Basshor, A. L. Shreve, 
 
 Geo. F. Sloan, Joseph Owens, Frank B. Sloan, 
 
 Alexander Russell. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Omaha. 
 
 COLORS FOR OMAHA : 
 RED ON DARK BLUE. 
 
 Thomas F. Fitzberger, Chairman. 
 G. W. Howser, J. W. Stallings, Hugh F. Kennedy. 
 
i6 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Philadelphia 
 
 COLOR FOR PHILADELPHIA 
 SILVER GRAY. 
 
 John B. Sisson, Chairman. 
 Wm. Ferguson, Isaac S. Filbert, Jos. R. Wilson, 
 Horace Noble, R. E. McClenahan, Geo. W. Hetzell, 
 
 N. M. Rittenhouse, Thos. Balderston, Geo. M. Bokee, 
 J. D. Cashner, Chas. H. Cowman, A. S. Norrish, 
 
 H. H. Font Le Roy. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Portland. 
 
 COLOR FOR PORTLAND 
 OLIVE. 
 
 William Wellener, Chairman. 
 Jas. E. Evans, W. H. Weaver. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Providence. 
 
 COLOR FOR PROVIDENCE: 
 DARK BLUE. 
 
 Henry Seim, Chairman. 
 J. H. Morrison, Jas. Maginnis, Columbus J. Stewart, 
 [no. B. Hanrahan, H. Dellehay, Thomas A. Swann. 
 
Committee to Entertain Delegates from Rochester. 
 
 COLOR FOR ROCHESTER : 
 BROWN. 
 
 A. Frank Gilbert, Chairman. 
 E.A.Donnelly, Edw. J. Hanrahan, Henry F. Duker, 
 C. W. Coggins, Alvin Coriell, W. E. McCaulley, 
 
 Wm. Schwartz. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from St. Louis. 
 
 COLORS FOR ST. LOUIS : 
 PURPLE ON WHITE. 
 
 James A. Smyser, Chairman. 
 John P. Brady, B. Wallis, Aug. J.Heise 
 
 W. J. Harker. M. F. Boring, Henry Smith. 
 
 James I. Ferguson. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from St. Paul. 
 
 COLORS FOR ST. PAUL : 
 WHITE ON ORANGE. 
 
 Henry Seim, Chairman. 
 Louis Brecht, Addison H. Clarke. 
 
iS 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Wilmington. 
 
 COLORS FOR WILMINGTON: 
 BROWN ON LIGHT BLUE. 
 
 E. Hall Haswell, Chairman. 
 F. F. Graham, J. J. Reg-ester, John C. Leonard, 
 
 F. X. Donnelly, Geo. J. Dufur, W. H. Johnson. 
 
 Committee to Entertain Delegates from Worcester. 
 
 COLORS FOR WORCESTER: 
 WHITE ON LIGHT BLUE. 
 
 H. H. I Hiker, Chairman. 
 J. L. Gilbert, Frank O. Phillips, J. Vernon Campbell 
 E. P. Lippincott, B. W r . Minor, A. J. Denson, 
 
 J. C. Doyle. 
 
 Committee on Entertainment of Ladies 
 
 Also the Committee of Ladies from the Baltimore 
 Exchange Colors of Ribbon will be 
 
 ORANGE AND BLACK. 
 
 The visiting Ladies Colors of Ribbon will be 
 RED, WHITE AND BLUE. 
 
Headquarters for Gentlemen. 
 
 The Cafe Clubroom of the Hotel Rennert (entrance 
 on Clay street) will be used by The Builders Ex- 
 change as headquarters for the delegates and visitors 
 throughout the convention. 
 
 Headquarters for the Ladies 
 Will be Main Parlor, (first floor) Hotel Rennert. 
 
 The rooms of The Builders Exchange, N. E. Cor. 
 Charles and Lexington streets, will also be open 
 during the day for the convenience of delegates and 
 visitors attending the convention. 
 
INDEX OF COLORS OF DISTINGUISHING BADGES. 
 
 Light Blue Boston 
 
 Red on Light Blue Buffalo 
 
 Olive on Pink Chicago 
 
 Pink Cleveland 
 
 Violet Detroit 
 
 Light Blue on Yellow Indianapolis 
 
 Red Low ell 
 
 Purple Lynn 
 
 Red on White Milwaukee 
 
 Orange. New York 
 
 Red on Dark Blue. Omaha 
 
 Silver Gray Philadelphia 
 
 Olive Portland 
 
 Dark Blue Providence 
 
 Brown Rochester 
 
 Purple on White St. Louis 
 
 White on Orange St. Paul 
 
 Brown on Light Blue Wilmington 
 
 White on Light Blue Worcester 
 
 Red White and Blue Visiting Ladies 
 
 Orange and Black Baltimore Ladies 
 
*:■'"■'■ 
 
23 
 
 THEATRES 
 
 and their attractions for the week of the Convention. 
 October 15th to 18th, 1895. 
 
 FORD'S GRAND OPERA HOUSE, 
 
 West Payette street, between Eutaw and Howard Streets, 
 A BLACK SHEEP. 
 
 ALBAUGHS LYCEUM THEATRE. 
 
 North Charles Street, between Biddle and Preston Streets, 
 
 FREDERICK WARD, (Tragedian.) 
 HARRIS' ACADEMY OF MUSIC, 
 
 North Howard street, north of Franklin Street, 
 HEART OF MARYLAND. 
 
 HOWARD AUDITORIUM. 
 
 North Howard Street, north of Franklin street. 
 SAM'L T. JACK'S CREOLE CO. 
 
 HOLLIDAY STREET, 
 
 Holliday street, opposite City Hall. 
 
 Davis, Heoug-hs' Sidewalks of New York. 
 
BALTIMORE. 
 
 The Old Town. 
 
 If George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, was unfortunate 
 in the first venture he made in establishing a colony 
 in the New World — we refer to his disastrous effort 
 in Newfoundland — he was more than fortunate in the 
 selection of the beautiful province, Maryland, called 
 after Henrietta Marie, daughter of Henry IV, King 
 of France and Navarre, sister of Louis XIII, and 
 Queen of Charles I. The King, before he signed the 
 charter, asked Lord Baltimore what he should call 
 the new province. "Call it something in honor of 
 your majesty's name," said he. The King, however, 
 preferred to call it in honor of his Queen, and Terra 
 Mariae was inserted in the bill. This peerless gentle- 
 man, however, never lived to see the planting of his 
 colony, but passed away "leaving a name against 
 which the breath of calumny has hardly dared whisper 
 a reproach." He was buried in the chancel of St. 
 Dunstan's Church, Fleet street, London. It is to him 
 we owe the name of our proud city, he having been 
 created Baron of Baltimore, in the County of Long- 
 ford, Ireland, in 1625. To him also was accorded the 
 distinguished honor of receiving from the hands of 
 the King, the charter of Maryland, England's first 
 province, "eminently distinguished above all other 
 regions in that territory (America), and decorated 
 
26 
 
 with more ample titles." His untimely death did 
 not slop the founding of the colony, as his eldest son, 
 baptized Cecil but confirmed under the name Caeci- 
 lius, having succeeded to the title, and "treading in 
 the steps of his father," [we use the words of the King,] 
 took up the work, and clothing his brother Leonard 
 with the title of Lieutenant-General and Governor of the 
 province, started his colony of men "well horn," as 
 the charter recites, from ('owes in the Isle of Wight, 
 who, taking their departure on November 22nd, 1633, 
 stopping for a time at the Island ot St. Christopher's 
 and Barbadoes, at last arrived, and on March 25th, 
 [634, landed and took possession of the country "for 
 our Saviour, and for our soverign lord, the King of 
 England." On the 27th the whole party landed, 
 which date is regarded as the birthday of the prov- 
 ince. It is not expected, nor is it necessary, to 
 go further into the history of our beloved State, ex- 
 cept so far as is unavoidable in writing the history of 
 the City of Baltimore, which is the chief object of 
 this article. As the book now before us will treat 
 of the City ot' Baltimore, the foregoing historical 
 data was thought not to be inappropriate as a pre- 
 lude to the story of its rise and progress. The name 
 of the city is one ot' great antiquity, we give it in the 
 original Irish : 
 
 bA]le &i) Z)ie i\)0))\ 
 
 WHICH MEANS Till-; TOWN <>K THE GREAT HOUSE. 
 
 It has proven to be the "town of the great house, 
 and of mam great houses and of hundreds and thous- 
 ands of happy homes." 
 
* .«r* 
 
 
2 9 
 
 It is safe to say that the very first attempt to build 
 a town, on land now covered by the city, was by the 
 passage of an Act by the General Assembly of 1706, 
 which provided for a town at Whetstone Neck, on 
 the Patapsco river. The Act did not name the 
 town. Other Baltimores had, however, lived a pre- 
 carious existence for a short period, and then died, 
 the very localities where they existed being but mere 
 tradition; one of these was near the mouth of Bush 
 river, on the eastern side. This town is shown as 
 early as 1670 in the map made by Augustine Herrman. 
 Fourteen years after the founding of this city ( 1 744, y 
 another town to be called "Baltimore" was ordered 
 to be laid out on Indian river, in Worcester county. 
 The surveyor for the county, however, would not, for 
 some reason not explained, proceed with the work. 
 and even went -so far as to refuse, after the passage 
 of an Act the very next year (1745). Thus disap- 
 peared from view the puny rivals, if they may be 
 called such, of the present great city. Within the 
 present limits, however, land had been taken up at 
 an early period. Whetstone Point, the present site 
 of Fort McHenry, having been patented by Charles 
 Gorsuch, a Quaker, in 1662; and in 1663 Alexander 
 Mountenay took up the meadow land extending on 
 each side of the present Harford run, to the extent 
 of two hundred acres, giving it the name of "Mounte- 
 nay's Neck." John Howard located on the land 
 lying between the north and middle branches of the 
 Patapsco in the year 166S, and in the same year the 
 tract of land north of this was taken up by one 
 Thomas Cole— in fact the site of the original Balti- 
 more Town was part of Cole's land— and which he 
 called "Cole's Harbor." The Act of the General 
 
Assembly, which created the first Baltimore Town, 
 was passed on the Sth day of August, 1729, and was 
 entitled an "Act tor erecting a town on the north 
 side of Patapsco, in Baltimore County, and for laying- 
 out into lots, sixty acres of land in and about the 
 place whereon John Fleming now lives." This Act 
 was passed upon the application of the leading men 
 of Baltimore county. The John Fleming spoken of 
 above lived near what is now Filler's alley and south 
 Charles street, between Pratt and Lombard streets. 
 
 The Original Survey. 
 
 On December 1st, 1729, the Commissioners bought, 
 from Daniel and Charles Carroll, the sixty acres named 
 in the Act, for which they paid 40 shillings per acre, 
 or about #10.00. On January 1 2th, 1730, the Com- 
 missioners, consisting of Major Thomas Tolley, 
 William Hamilton, William Buckner, Doctor George 
 Walker, Richard (iist, Doctor George Buchanan and 
 Colonel William Hammond, with the assistance of 
 Philip Jones, the surveyor for the county, laid off the 
 town. The survey began at or near the north- 
 west corner of Pratt and Fight streets. The town 
 was divided by what is now Baltimore street, four 
 perches wide, but then called Long street, which was 
 intersected at right angles by a street also four 
 perches wide, now known as Calvert, and by Forrest 
 street (now Charles) three perches wide ; nine lanes 
 were also provided one perch wide. The property 
 was then divided into rectangular lots, of less than 
 an acre each, and numbered from one to sixty. Mr. 
 Carroll, from whom the purchase had been made, 
 took up the lot No. 49, east side of Calvert street, 
 
and which possibly commenced at the presenl Ger- 
 man street, and ran to the river, the water at the 
 time coming as far up as Lombard street at that 
 point. The agreement was that any lots not taken 
 up in seven years should revert to the original pro- 
 prietor. The form of the original plat, a copy of 
 which hangs in the City Hall, is singularly like an 
 Indian arrow point, and below we give a very much 
 reduced copy of this old plat, which is sure to be of 
 interest to our citizens. 
 
 LONG 
 
 STREET 
 
 /21 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 \28 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 31 
 
 35 
 36 
 
 TOWN PLAT 
 BALTIMORE 
 1730. 
 
 The position selected on which to plant the city 
 that was to be, could not be surpassed: a harbor 
 which offers the greatest security to shipping, a water 
 front extending for more than 20 miles if nerd be, 
 plenty of good water for the use of the inhabitants, 
 
32 
 
 and which, up to the present time, has not dimin- 
 ished in volume, and has never been tested to its 
 full capacity. Of this water system we will speak 
 later. It must be confessed that much of the land 
 embraced within the original plat was very rough, 
 and covered with heavy timber, while extensive 
 marshes extended over a large part. " Harrison's 
 Marsh," now occupied, in part, by the Centre Market 
 and Harrison street, and the streets and alleys in that 
 vicinity, was a very large one, and for a long time a 
 source of much trouble and expense. On the east 
 side of the creek which bears his name, Mr. David 
 Jones purchased some land and built himself a house. 
 About 1680, others joined him, and quite a considera- 
 ble cluster of houses were erected in the next fifty 
 years, so that in 1732, the Jones settlement was erect- 
 ed into a town by the name of Jonestown, consisting 
 of ten acres and separated from the newer Baltimore- 
 town by the creek and marsh mentioned above. 
 Sixty-three years afterwards, or in 1743, the two towns 
 were made one, and the name of Baltimore given to 
 both. Eighteen acres were added in the year 1747. 
 This part of Baltimore has always been known as 
 "Old Town," as it surely is the oldest settled section 
 ot the present great city. 
 
 Fell's Point. 
 
 In the same year that the Commissioners planted 
 Baltimoretown. 1730, William Fell, an English ship- 
 carpenter, made a settlement about a mile south- 
 east of the eastern limits of the town. This 
 settlement also prospered and extended, and was 
 the headquarters for all those "who go down to the 
 sea in ships," as it is to-day. For if there is a 
 
33 
 
 "Sailor Town" within our corporation limits, this 
 is the spot. In passing, it may be of interest to the 
 reader to know that just before this "Fell's Point" 
 town was incorporated with the other two, the last 
 Lord Baltimore, Frederick, died. His life was not 
 such as to reflect any credit on the illustrious family 
 from which he sprung; and in death, it does not ap- 
 pear that anyone was overcome with sorrow. His 
 death closed the direct line of the Calverts, and oc- 
 curred September 14th, 1771, at Naples, Italy. This 
 slight digression from the narrative before us will, we 
 are sure, be pardoned, as without it, a very important 
 event in the history of the city and State; i. e., the 
 end of the Baltimore family would have been omitted. 
 Up to this time our town has been rapidly growing, 
 and its merchants and manufactors have established 
 commercial relations with the most remote countries. 
 It was to be further augmented by the addition ot 
 " Fell's Point " in 1773, although a very bad marsh 
 and much vacant ground lay between the eastern 
 limits of one and the western line of the other. 
 
 Much of the "old salt" flavor, seasoned with pitch 
 and tar, clings like an "old coat" to this locality 
 to-day, but as the fashion of ships has changed, as 
 well as sailors, so is changing year by year the char- 
 acter of the people who live in the grand old homes 
 of Baltimore captains and mates, who were not only 
 gentlemen, but skilled in the laws of nations, and in 
 the arts of the merchant and the banker. 
 
 The Baltimore Clipper. 
 
 "The Baltimore clipper" has almost passed " like a 
 ship in the night," but the records made will never be 
 surpassed. One of the greatest compliments ever given 
 
34 
 
 to them, being the remark of Captain W. F. Wise, R. N., 
 of the British frigate Granicus, to Captain Coggeshall: 
 "In England we cannot build such vessels as your ' Balti- 
 more clippers;' we have no such models, and even if we 
 had them they would be of no service to us, for we 
 could never sail them as you do." This was in 1814. 
 Every street, lane and wharf of Fell's Point is full ©f 
 historical association. At such and such a ship-yard 
 some wonderful ship was built; some great frigate or 
 sloop of war left the ways and became the bride of the 
 sea, and a terror to the enemy. Many a long 9 or a short 
 24-pounder, taken from these ships, now grace the 
 corners of streets and alleys — a buffer for the wagon 
 and the cart. One of the finest streets of the city 
 ends at the water front near where William Fell built 
 his house — we refer to Broadway — and in a little side 
 street at right angles to it, sleep the mortal remains 
 of the pioneer. The citizens of Baltimore could not 
 do a more graceful thing than to erect a monument 
 to his memory, and place it in the centre of Broad- 
 way, in front of the Market Hall. 
 
 The Consolidation of the Three Towns. 
 
 We will now resume the narrative of the consolida- 
 tion of the three towns — "Baltimore," "Jones" and 
 " Fell's Point " — into one, which event took place in 
 1797, and the city of Baltimore was duly incorporated 
 with a Mayor and City Council. It had then a popu- 
 lation of about 15,000, and as much push and energy 
 as any similar number of people on earth — a happy 
 blending of the English, Irish, Scots, French and 
 German. Hundreds of the French had sought a 
 home here in 1756, refugees from Acadia (now Nova 
 Scotia), and all the older directories are full of French 
 
35 
 
 names; a very large accession having been made to 
 the original colony by the arrival, in 1793, of 3,000 
 more. This had a stimulating effect on the trade with 
 the West Indies. 
 
 The First Market. 
 
 The open market, in which the producer deals di- 
 rectly with the consumer is, and always has been, 
 one of the pleasant features of domestic life in our 
 city. The first was established at the northwest cor- 
 ner of Gay and Baltimore streets in 1763. We can 
 now boast of eleven, which feed at least 300,000 peo- 
 ple. Our system always excites lively interest in 
 strangers. 
 
 The First Court House. 
 
 As far back as 1768, it was thought best for the 
 interest of town and county to remove the Court 
 House from Joppa, on the Gunpowder, which had for 
 a long time been the County seat. Our first Court 
 House building was erected on the spot now occu- 
 pied by the Baltimore Monument, (called by common 
 consent to-day, the Battle Monument) — in front of this 
 structure was placed the whipping post, stocks and 
 pillory. 
 
 The Irksome Yoke. 
 
 England's policy, up to the time of the Revolution, 
 was to prevent, if possible, the people of the colonies 
 from setting up their own manufactories ; this was a 
 very great hardship to the people of this State, be- 
 cause their charter distinctly empowered them to do 
 so. Tobacco had become king at the period we 
 speak of, and in 1761 had reached 28,000 hhds. for ex- 
 portation. The value of this product amounted to 
 $700,000, while wheat, corn, flour, lumber, and iron in 
 
36 
 
 pigs and bars, skins and furs, only amounted to 
 $400,000. Under such restrictions as the Parliament 
 placed on the colonists, it was impossible to do any 
 business in native-built ships. Everything had to be 
 carried in English bottoms, so that while about 18,000 
 tons of English shipping was transporting our raw 
 material, the entire shipping of the colony only 
 amounted to 1,300 tons, and these only coasters. But 
 a time was coming when we sent our iron to England 
 in the form of balls from the mouths of cannons, in- 
 stead of in pigs and bars in peaceful shipping. 
 
 Burning- of the "Peggy Stewart." 
 The Stamp Act was passed by the English Parlia- 
 ment March, 1765, and the very next year the Stamp 
 Agent was driven away from Maryland, amid the 
 utmost indignation and contempt of the people, who 
 would, not permit a sheet of the stamped paper to be 
 landed. It will not be necessary in this sketch to go 
 over the events of the glorious Revolution. Every 
 school-boy is said to know it, but this is doubtful. 
 One or two events, one of which occurred at Annap- 
 olis, should never be forgotten, and that is the burning 
 of the Tea Ship, "Peggy Stewart," not throwing it 
 overboard, as the disguised Yankees did in Boston at 
 night, but, like brave sons of Maryland, they burned 
 the odious Tea Ship and all in broad daylight. 
 The first Southern Troops at Bunker Hill. 
 It is worthy of record that the very first Southern 
 troops to reach Boston were the two companies of expert 
 riflemen under the command of Michael Cresap, from 
 Western Maryland. They marched the 550 miles over 
 the terrible roads and trails of the period in twenty- 
 two days without the loss of a man. A gentleman 
 
who saw them, writes in 1775 to a friend : "J had the 
 happiness of seeing Captain Cresap marching at tin- 
 head of a formidable company of upwards of one 
 hundred and thirty men, painted like Indians, armed 
 with tomahawks and rifles, dressed in hunting-shirts 
 and moccasins, and, though some of them had travel- 
 ed near 800 miles, they seemed to walk light and 
 easy, and with no less spirit than at the first hour of 
 their march, joy and satisfaction were visible in the 
 crowd that met them. Had Lord North been present, 
 and been assured that the brave leader could raise 
 thousands of such like to defend his country, what 
 think you ; would not the hatchet and the block have 
 intruded upon his mind?" 
 
 In the evening they were drawn out to show the 
 gentlemen of the town their dexterity at shooting. 
 A clapboard, with a mark the size of a dollar, was 
 put up ; when they began to fire off-hand, few shots 
 being made that were not close to or in the paper, 
 what could a regular army of considerable strength in 
 the forests of America do with one thousand of these 
 men, who want nothing to preserve their health and 
 courage but water from the spring, a little partched 
 corn, and what they can procure in hunting? Thatcher, 
 in his military journal, says: "These men are re- 
 markable for the accuracy of their aim, striking a mark 
 with great certainty at 200 yards. They are now 
 stationed on our lines, and their shot have frequently 
 proved fatal to British officers and soldiers who expose 
 themselves to view, even at more than double the dis- 
 tance of common musket shot." Their captain, Mich- 
 ael Cresap, sleeps in Trinity church-yard, New York, 
 having died on his way home. We may well be par- 
 doned for saying so much of our first Revolutionary 
 
3§ 
 
 troops, but as they were the most formidable in the 
 American army, and appear to have been forgotten, 
 it is surely not out of place to revive memories of 
 their valor. 
 
 Events came quickly, one upon the other in those 
 days, and soon the citizens heard with the most un- 
 bounded joy and patriotism of the signing of the 
 Declaration of Independence, which was read for the 
 first time in this city at the spot now marked by a 
 bronze tablet, on the south side of the Battle 
 Monument. 
 
 The First Custom House. 
 
 During the revolution the business of the town 
 prospered and grew, and the West Indian trade 
 assumed large proportions, so that it soon became 
 necessary to afford some kind of relief from the vexa- 
 tious delays imposed on merchants and shippers by 
 having to enter and clear all their vessels at the 
 Annapolis Custom House. This relief was at last 
 accomplished by the establishment of a Custom House 
 in our city, in 1780. A period of commercial depres- 
 sion after the close of the revolution had a bad effect 
 on trade and commerce, but just as soon as the Fed- 
 eral Government was firmly established, and the 
 public debt, amounting to #44,000,000, funded, trade 
 at once felt the throbs of new life and energy, and a 
 season of great commercial prosperity followed. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Baltimore merchants had tor some time been trying 
 to consolidate the Tobacco trade at their port, but up 
 to the separation from England, had not been able to 
 accomplish much for the reason that all the trade had 
 been in the hands of English merchants, who had resi- 
 
39 
 
 dent agents at Annopolis, Upper Marlboro, Bladens- 
 burg and Elk Ridge Landing. The hogsheads of 
 tobacco were rolled along the roads from the planta- 
 tions, and shipped from the above places. Strange 
 to say, not one of the towns named has enough water 
 to float a ship's boat loaded to-day, except Annapolis. 
 The English attempted to regain the trade, but some 
 Dutch houses invested largely and purchased for direct 
 shipment to Holland, and our own merchants soon 
 took hold and made shipments for their own account in 
 their own vessels. Very soon the entire trade was 
 directed to Baltimore, and the English discontinued 
 their various agencies. 
 
 The First Port Wardens. 
 
 Of course all this maratime prosperity entailed ad- 
 ditional duties and responsibilities on the authorities 
 of the port, and the depth of water and general con- 
 dition of the harbor became a matter of serious con- 
 sideration, so that in 1783, a board of nine port 
 wardens was appointed and clothed with authority to 
 make a survey and chart of the upper basin harbor and 
 Patapsco, to make a full report of the depth of the 
 channel and its course, and the best means for clear- 
 ing the same. To provide means for this work, an 
 impost of one penny a ton was laid upon all vessels 
 entering or clearing the port. This tax was after- 
 wards increased to two-pence. 
 
 It will surprise many of our people to-day to know 
 that the harbor at that time extended to Exchange 
 Place and Water street on the north side, and almost 
 to Charles street on the west. 
 
4o 
 
 First Means of Transportation. 
 
 Business men began to look about for means 
 of transportation to our sister cities and towns, 
 and companies were organized to run stages on 
 land, and packet sloops on water. The sloops, 
 with spacious cabin accommodations, ran to Chester- 
 town, Annapolis and the head of the bay, all starting 
 from Bowley's wharf, at foot of South street. Most 
 of the stages started from the Old Fountain Inn, on 
 Light street, where the Carrollton Hotel now stands. 
 The journey to Philadelphia was made in twenty-six 
 to twenty-eight hours if everything went well, and 
 the charge was $S.oo; an allowance of fifteen pounds 
 of baggage was made to each person. 
 The First Canal. 
 
 The whole community felt the impetus of peace 
 and prosperity, and among the notable enterprises of 
 the time was the organization of the Susquehanna 
 Canal Company, said to be the first in the United 
 States. Then came the Potomac Canal Company. 
 The Chesapeake ec Delaware did not organize until 
 1799, but it had been talked about and virtually 
 originated by Augustine Herman (or Heermans) more 
 than a hundred years before, at his home on Bohemia 
 Manor, in Cecil county. 
 
 The First Steam Propeller. 
 
 By a strange coincidence the same Manor was the 
 birthplace of the first inventor who ever propelled 
 a vessel by the use of steam, lames Rumsey. The 
 assembly at Philadelphia, in March, 1785, gave him 
 the exclusive right for ten years "to navigate and 
 build boats calculated to work with greater ease and 
 rapidity against rapid rivers." In 1787 he was 
 
4i 
 
 granted the right to navigate the rivers of New 
 York, Maryland and Virginia, after his success in 
 running a steamboat on the Potomac river. He 
 made a successful trip on the river Thames, Eng- 
 land, in 1792. The Legislature of Kentucky, in 1S39, 
 presented a gold medal to his son " Commemorative 
 of his father's services and high agency in giving to 
 the world the benefits of the steamboat." 
 
 In 17S3 it was found that the first market was too 
 small, and three new ones were ordered to be 
 erected. The land for the Centre Market was given 
 by Mr. Thomas Harrison, and land for Fell's Point 
 Market was given by Mr. William Fell ; the Hanover 
 Market was erected to accommodate the western 
 part of the town. 
 
 The First Sugar Refinery 
 Was established in the year 17S4, and the glass 
 works which had been located on the Monocacy 
 river, in Frederick county, as early as 1784, were 
 removed to Baltimore in 17S8, the plant being located 
 on the south side of the basin. 
 
 The First Census. 
 
 The United States Government took the first 
 census in 1790, and it was then ascertained that our 
 growing town had a population of 13,503. In the ten 
 years which followed, and which were marked by 
 the most wonderful activity in commerce and manu- 
 factures, the increase was about 100 per cent., or 
 26,514. 
 
 Now we come to the period when our city was 
 mistress of the seas, so far as sailing vessels were 
 concerned, and which did the chief part of the carry- 
 ing-trade between the West Indies and Europe. For 
 
42 
 
 the former this was one of the principal markets of 
 the world. The products of the Islands, in large 
 part, first coming here and then re-shipped to the 
 port of final destination. Almost all the sales on the 
 wharves were made by cargo — this was the special 
 feature of the Baltimore market. 
 
 The First Marine Insurance Companies 
 
 Were established in 1795. before which time the 
 merchants took risks themselves, or some private 
 capitalists would take the risk on ship and cargo. 
 
 The Old Conestoga Wagons. 
 It was found difficult at this time to get rid of the 
 quantities of imported goods now coming to our 
 city. The old pack-horse, in large packs, had done 
 very well on the Indian trails, but the demand for 
 goods across the mountains in time became so urgenl 
 that other means of transportation had to be de- 
 vised; on the other hand outward cargoes were get- 
 ting harder to find, then there came to the evident 
 relief of trade the old canvas-covered wagon, which 
 helped to people the greal West later on, called in 
 these parts the "Conestoga." Howard street and 
 Pennsylvania avenue have been while with them in 
 days gone by, and the owners began, as soon as the 
 roads could be used at all, to bring in the products 
 of the back country as far wesl as the Ohio river, 
 and finally to Louisville, Kentucky; even bricks made 
 here were hauled to the latter place. 
 
 Federal Constitution. 
 In 1787, the year the Federal Constitution was 
 adopted, this city had 36,305 tons o! registered ves 
 sels, and 7,976 licensed and enrolled, and in eight 
 
43 
 
 years afterwards 48,007 tons of shipping and 24,470 
 licensed and enrolled. In that same year 109 ships, 
 162 brigs, 350 sloops and schooners, 5,464 hay-craft 
 and small coasters passed into the harbor. 
 
 While the fact of the final consolidation ot the 
 three small towns into the present corporation has 
 been mentioned, still we have, by the proper se- 
 quence of historical events, now come to that point 
 in the history of our city. This event, which will 
 soon be celebrated in a manner befitting its import- 
 ance, took place on December 31st, 1796, and the 
 full fledged Municipality, under the title of the 
 "Mayor and City Council of Baltimore," had at last 
 joined the great sisterhood of American cities, with 
 the right to sue and be sued. 
 
 Fort McHenry. 
 
 Fort McHenry, on the end of Whetstone Point, was 
 erected and named after the distinguished Irish gen- 
 tleman, James McHenry. 
 
 He studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin Rush, of 
 Philadelphia, and afterwards accompanied General 
 Washington to Cambridge as Assistant Surgeon. 
 
 Very soon he was appointed Medical Director, and 
 on May 15th, 177S, he became Secretary to Washing- 
 ton, and his relations with him continued through 
 life to be those of a trusted friend and adviser. He 
 filled almost every position in the gift of his fellow- 
 citizens. He defeated Luther Martin and Samuel 
 Chase in securing the ratification of the Constitution 
 by Maryland. He was made Secretary of War in 1796, 
 
44 
 
 The Milling of Flour. 
 The milling; of fine flour had been going on in the 
 vicinity of Baltimore since 1774, and twenty years 
 later a large number of mills — estimated at fifty — 
 were located in and about the city. The reputation 
 of this flour has remained to the present time, and a 
 virtual monopoly of the South American trade exist- 
 ed for many years. 
 
 The Old Court House 
 
 Now being removed to make way for one of the finest 
 structures of the kind in the republic, was erected 
 in 1809. 
 
 Baltimore Patriotism. 
 During the second war with England the city was 
 a perfect hot-bed of patriotism. The very large num- 
 ber of ships of all rigs owned here, the thousands of 
 experienced sailors of all ranks, made it easy to man 
 any number of ships. History will show that this 
 State and city did about one-third of the fighting for 
 the thirteen States. The United States Navy List for 
 1S16, published after the close of the war, shows that 
 Maryland furnished more officers to the Navy than 
 New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massa- 
 chusetts. Nine more than New York, twenty-four more 
 than New Jersey, eleven more than Pennsylvania. 
 Theodore Roosevelt, of New York says: " Maryland 
 furnished, both absolutely and proportionately, the 
 greatest number of officers, and in the matter of 
 fitting out privateers against the enemy," he says: 
 " Baltimore again headed the list." The first vessel 
 captured from the British was the schooner Whiting, 
 Lieutenant Maxey, in Hampton Roads, by the priva- 
 teer Dash, Captain Carroway, of Baltimore, twenty-two 
 
45 
 
 days after the declaration of war. We cannot 
 close this page without saying a word for Captain 
 Thomas Boyle, of the brig Chasseur, of Baltimore, 
 described by Captain George Coggeshall, a New Eng- 
 land man, as follows : " The Chasseur was called 'The 
 Pride of Baltimore.' She was indeed a line specimen 
 of Naval architecture, and perhaps the most beauti- 
 ful vessel that floated on the ocean. She captured 
 H. R. Majesty's schooner St. Lawrence, Lieutenant 
 J. C. Gordon, in fifteen minutes, exchanged broad- 
 sides with an English frigate in the English Channel, 
 and in the same waters was surrounded by two frig- 
 ates and two brigs of war, and made his escape by 
 out-maneuvering and out-sailing them all. The loss 
 inflicted on the British by this one vessel amounted 
 to $1,500,000, and this vessel was only one of hun- 
 dreds." Space forbids more extended remarks. A 
 word for the gallant soldiers and sailors who defend- 
 ed this city against the victorious veterans of Wel- 
 lington. Speaking of the conduct of the American 
 militia at the battle of North Point, an English 
 officer said: "As individuals, they were at least our 
 equals in the skill with which they used the weapon. 
 Our soldiers moved forward with their accustomed 
 fearlessness, and the Americans, with much coolness, 
 stood to receive them. The Americans were the first 
 to use their small arms; having rent the air with a 
 shout, they fired a volley, begun upon the right and 
 carried away regularly to the extreme left, and then 
 loading again, kept up an unintermitted discharge." 
 This was very gallant conduct for men who had never 
 been under fire before and reflects the highest credit 
 on the courage of our countrymen. 
 
46 
 
 Armistead ; Defender of the City. 
 We can hardly dismiss this subject without saying 
 something for the gallant soldier, Armistead, who 
 fought his guns so well in Fort McHenry, or Francis 
 Scott Key, who embalmed that noted tight in the im- 
 mortal song which will last as long as the American 
 Republic. Armistead was a regular officer — he and 
 four brothers all took an active part in the war. He 
 was promoted Major of the 3rd Artillery, March 3rd, 
 1813, and distinguished himself at the capture of Fort 
 George from the British, May 27th, 1813. His defence 
 of Baltimore against the conceited Admiral Sir Thomas 
 Cochrane, places him in the front rank of Ameri- 
 can soldiers, because it has been vouchsafed to few 
 men to defeat a British force in a fair fight. It is an 
 interesting fact that the name is derived from Hesse 
 Darmstadt, whence came the ancestor of the family. 
 He was breveted Lieutenant-Colonel for his steadfast 
 bravery in the light. He died here on April 25th, 1818. 
 
 Francis Scott Key. 
 Of Key, it may be said that his song has placed him 
 among the "Immortals." Written on the back of an 
 old letter, the song was placed in the hands of Cap- 
 tain Benjamin Eads, of the 27th Baltimore Regiment, 
 who, after it had been set up in type, hurried to the 
 old Tavern next to Holliday Street Theatre, and much 
 frequented by actors. Key had directed his friend to 
 have the song sung to the air "Anacreon in Heaven," 
 and an actor, Ferdinand Durang, mounted a chair and 
 sung the "Star Spangled Banner" for the first time. 
 A fund is now being raised in this State to place a 
 monument over his (Key's) grave, and James Lick, 
 of San Francisco, bequeathed the sum of $60,000 for 
 
ARMISTEAD MONUMENT. 
 
49 
 
 a monument to him in Golden Gate Park in that city. 
 This has been executed by William W. Story, in 
 Rome, 1S85-87. 
 
 Peace. 
 
 At last the war closed; dating from the Treaty of 
 Ghent, signed by James Lord Gambier, Admiral of 
 the Red; Henry Goulburn, and William Adams, Doc- 
 tor of Civil Laws, on the part of the English, and by 
 John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, 
 Jonathan Russel, and Albert Gallatin, on the part of 
 the United States, December 24th, 1814. This mem- 
 orable treaty was ratified the ittth of February, 1815. 
 The tremendous loss inflicted on the British by tin- 
 City of Baltimore had made them vindicative, and 
 anxious and eager for revenge; and while Boston, 
 New York and Philadelphia were passed by, they 
 kept a very large force in the Chesapeake and burned, 
 ravished and robbed the people of this State in a man- 
 ner which, as Mr. Niles says. Napoleon Bonaparte 
 would have blushed at the idea of being thought 
 capable of — our loss in killed and wounded being more 
 than all the other States together. This state of 
 affairs drove all commerce from us for a long time, 
 but like the waters of a flood damned up by some 
 obstruction, at last by sheer force bursts its bounds 
 and sweeps all before it; so it was in our case; the 
 merchants were eager again to do business with the 
 world. Peace had returned to Europe on the down- 
 fall of Napoleon, and they two were anxious to re- 
 sume business relations with the young republic. 
 
 Poverty and deep distress had overtaken the Eng- 
 lish agricultural classes, for in the years 1817, 1S1S 
 and 1819 the wheat crop had failed, and a strong de- 
 mand for our wheat sprung up, and soon the old 
 
5Q 
 
 West Indian and South American trade came back, 
 and trade with the far East and to China commenced 
 with renewed vigor. 
 
 It is worthy of remark that this China trade, after 
 remaining dormant for about forty years, has again 
 opened, and direct cargoes of China goods are now 
 being landed at our piers. 
 
 During the period between 1815 and 1S29, the 
 demand on the banks for money caused them to 
 suspend the payment of specie and to issue a paper 
 currency. This method of making ready capital was 
 at once simple and very attractive; however, pay- 
 day had to come, and did come, to the dismay of 
 all concerned. 
 
 Bank of the United States. 
 
 Alter reason in a measure had resumed her sway 
 it was proposed as a cure-all to make a uniform cur- 
 rency for the whole country by the re-establishment 
 of a National bank — we say re-establishment because 
 the original bank of the United States had expired 
 by limitation in 1811. So it came to pass that a new- 
 bank of the United States was established in the 
 year 1S16. The total capital stock was $28,000,000, 
 of which amount #4,014,100, or more than one- 
 seventh, was furnished by our merchants. While 
 this bank was founded on a specie basis it did not 
 prove an unalloyed blessing, because it proved a 
 very severe check on the people who had been 
 getting accommodation on a paper basis. Much dis- 
 tress among the trading class was the immediate 
 result. However, things adjusted themselves in the 
 course of years, and the general business of the city 
 kept pace with its increasing population. The last 
 
5i 
 
 bank failure in this city took place in [834, and was 
 caused by the removal of the Government deposits 
 from the United States Bank, by President Andrew- 
 Jackson— Roger 15. Taney being at tin- time Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury. Another very trying time was 
 the financial troubles of 1837, which brought on a 
 crisis that came near destroying the whole monetary 
 and commercial fabric on which the country de- 
 pended tor its very existence; but the remarkable 
 elasticity and nerve always displayed by the people 
 of this city partakes of the character of the willow. 
 bending to the blast of the storm and arising fresh 
 and strong after it has passed. 
 
 Extension of the City Limits. 
 
 The city had been much further increased by the 
 Act ot t S 1 6 , so that at the period we are writing 
 about it embraced about 10,000 acres; a first-class 
 school of medicine had been established in 1S20, and 
 in 1839 the College of Dental Surgery. This was the 
 first dental college in the world, and its diploma is 
 to-day recognized all over the civilized world as a 
 guarantee of professional skill, and the most eminent 
 dentists, with few exceptions, at home and abroad, 
 are graduates of this institution. 
 
 The .Merchants' Exchange had been started in [815, 
 and finished in 1820. This building is now used for 
 the Custom House, the beauties of the proportions 
 of tlie interior of the dome cannot be excelled. 
 
 Steamboats and. Railroads. 
 Steamboats had been doing business on our waters 
 as early as 1813. The first line running to Frenchtovvn, 
 and connecting with stages to Philadelphia and the 
 North and East. 
 
The charter of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 Company had been granted in February, 1827. 
 This was the first charter given in the United States. 
 A feverish desire appears to have animated onr fore- 
 fathers to be first in everything, and works of 
 internal improvement took hold of the people of the 
 period we speak of to such an extent that nothing 
 appeared too great for them to undertake. On the 
 same day that Charles Carroll, the last survivor of 
 the signers of the Declaration of Independence, laid 
 the corner-stone of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 
 July 4th, 1828, the President of the United States, 
 John Quincy Adams, laid the corner-stone of the 
 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, so to speak, by digging 
 the first spade full of earth from the spot selected for 
 its commencement. Of the capital stock, amounting 
 to $3, 609,400, Maryland subscribed $1,000,000. 
 
 First Canal. 
 
 The survey for the canal was made by General 
 Simon Bernard, who had a most romantic history. 
 Serving under Napoleon, he led the assault upon 
 Ivrea, in 1S00, fortified Antwerp and defended Torgau 
 during its terrible siege, for which Napoleon made 
 him Lieutenant-General of Engineers. He was at 
 Waterloo, then entered the service of Louis XVIII. 
 The most extensive work of a defensive character 
 executed by him in this country was Fortress Mon- 
 roe, at Old Point, Virginia. 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton. 
 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton, was born in Annapo- 
 lis, 1737. He came from a very ancient family in 
 Ireland, who were princes and lords of Ely from the 
 12th to the 16th century, and had intermarried with 
 
53 
 
 the great houses of Ormond and Desmond in Ireland, 
 and Argyle in Scotland. The late John H. B. La- 
 trobe, one of the most distinguished lawyers the 
 State has ever produced, and the biographer of 
 Carroll, said: "After I had finished my work I took 
 it to Mr. Carroll, whom I knew very well indeed, 
 and read it to him, as he was seated in his arm- 
 chair in his own room in his son-in-law's house in 
 Baltimore. He listened with marked attention and 
 without a comment until 1 had ceased t<> read, when, 
 after a pause, he said: 'Why, Latrobe, you have 
 made a much greater man of me than I ever thought 
 I was; and yet really you have said nothing in what 
 you have written that is not true.' " Mr. Latrobe 
 said further that "at the time ot this interview Mr. 
 Carroll was very old and feeble, but his manner and 
 speech were those of a refined and courteous gentle- 
 man." This forms a beautiful incident in the history 
 of the city, and links together, in the lives of two of 
 her most talented sons, the extreme past and the 
 mighty present. 
 
 Early Enterprises. 
 
 It appears almost superfluous to state in this article 
 that among the many things accomplished by our 
 forefathers was the adoption of illuminating gas for 
 lighting the streets, as early as i S 1 6 ; this is claimed 
 to be the foundation of its use in this country. 
 
 There can be no doubt in regard to the first char- 
 tered railroad in 1S27, the Baltimore & Ohio, nor has 
 it ever been denied that its successful completion, 
 driven as it was through rocks that appall to-day. 
 was up to that time the most gigantic engineering 
 work attempted on this continent. 
 
54 
 
 Again let us add the further distinction of being- 
 chosen by Professor Morse as the place from which 
 to send the spark which electrified the world. 
 
 In 1S29 the Susquehanna Railroad was commenced. 
 This occurred on the one hundredth anniversary of 
 the passage of the Act which created the Town of 
 Baltimore, August 8th. In 1837 the Philadelphia, 
 Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad was opened for 
 travel. 
 
 Thoroughly equipped now to do business with all 
 parts of the country by railroad lines, together with 
 the dauntless energy of her merchants, who by means 
 of fast sailing vessels, manned by the best sailors the 
 world has ever seen, there is little wonder that our 
 city made rapid progress in every direction, so that 
 the town of 1790, with its 13,503 inhabitants, had 
 grown to 169,054 in 1850. 
 
 Know-Nothingism. 
 
 The war with Mexico, had been fought and won, 
 and as usual the troops of Maryland had acquitted 
 themselves with honor, when a political party came 
 into existence, which for a time threatened to destroy 
 all freedom of speech and place in jeopardy the 
 lives, and what was dearer still, the elective fran- 
 chise of our citizens. Murder stalked abroad with a 
 bob-tailed musket. Justice removed the bandage 
 from her eyes, but could do nothing, and Liberty 
 wept bitter tears; but like all such movements born 
 in bigotry and raised in sin, its Waterloo came at 
 last, and the killing of a most worthy young mer- 
 chant, Adam B. Kyle, Jr., who lost his life in his 
 effort to deposit his vote, was the last straw. The 
 
55 
 
 people rose in their majesty and blotted out forever, 
 let us hope, the awful nightmare of Know-Nothing- 
 ism. 
 
 We had only emerged from this sad condition of 
 affairs when a still more dreadful one arose, and 
 soon the contending forces of the Union met in our 
 own city and spattered the stones of Pratt street 
 with the first blood of the great Civil War. .Mary- 
 land being a border State, its people were divided 
 in opinion on the questions at issue. Father and 
 son, brother and brother took opposite views, and 
 either enlisted in the army of the Union or of the 
 Confederacy, and the regiments of either side met 
 more than once on the field of battle, notably at 
 Gettysburg. But we prefer to draw a veil over the 
 sad and bloody conflict — it is past, let it rest ! The 
 strife ended with the actual fulfillment of Jackson's 
 toast, "Our Federal Union, it must be preserved." 
 
The Modern City. 
 
 The great city which to-day spreads over thirty-two 
 square miles of hill and plain strikes every visitor 
 within its gates as a most delightful one, and we can 
 all agree with "Fanny Fern" that it is the most ele- 
 gant of cities; every stranger at once feels the charm 
 of its bright streets, and its polite people of gentle 
 .speech. 
 
 So, with a sincere desire to present to our visitors 
 everything of interest which we have to show, we 
 must now ask them to accompany us to our parks, 
 squares, churches, monuments, hospitals, etc., etc. 
 
 Our City Hall. 
 
 Starting then at the City Hall, built upon the 
 square bounded by Holliday, Lexington, Fayette and 
 North streets, in the centre of the city, we find our- 
 selves at the font of municipal life. When it was 
 erected it was regarded as the most conspicuous, as it 
 was the most elegant building, ever erected in our 
 city, having a front of 238 feet on Holliday and North 
 streets, and 149 feet on Lexington and Fayette streets. 
 The building covers a superficial area of 30,552 square 
 feet. The material used in its construction was Balti- 
 more County marble, a white magnesia limestone. 
 
 The style of the architecture is the "renaissance. " 
 The general plan or division of the mass consists of 
 a centre structure four stories high, and two con- 
 nected lateral wings three stories hi°;li, the centre 
 
J^***?*-* *\^ 
 
 ■-H. * * » 
 
 
 CITY HALL. 
 
,' 
 
 V 
 
 •V 
 
 M _^ 
 
 1 
 
 » f f 
 
 jj«ti4i]iJj „Ui 
 
 ■ 
 r- ^ pi™ 
 
 ■^Pl 
 
 
 f*t:jif 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
6i 
 
 finished with pediments, the others with mansard 
 roofs. The architect lias preserved the simplicity and 
 dignity of the ancient, and has added sufficient of the 
 modern to adorn. This was accomplished by divid- 
 ing and relieving the extensive fronts and faces with 
 projecting pilasters, columns and arches over the open- 
 ings of each story, and graceful cornices, balustrades 
 and parapets, the columns to the portico being mon- 
 oliths, are worthy of notice. 
 
 The interior is in keeping with the exterior, and 
 has always been kept in the most perfect order. 
 
 Holliday Street Theatre. 
 
 Directly facing the City Hall stands the oldest 
 theatre in America, the "Holliday," embalmed in 
 the hearts of all Baltimoreans as the place where the 
 "Star Spangled Banner" was first sung. It has en- 
 tered the second century of its existence, having 
 been built in 1794. It is held in most affectionate 
 remembrance by the profession. 
 
 Our Post-Office. 
 
 Passing up Fayette street we are confronted by 
 another very conspicuous building, standing on the 
 block immediately west of the City Hall — the I nited 
 States Post-Office, a recent erection, built of granite 
 in the style known as Italian renaissance. There are 
 a number of towers, the central one being 1S9 feet 
 high, fronting on Monument Square. The building 
 is fitted with every modern improvement to facilitate 
 post-office work. The entire third floor is occupied 
 by the United States and Districts Courts. The 
 ground cost $553,000, the city gave two lots costing 
 $56,000, and the entire appropriation for the building 
 was $2,011,835. It was dedicated September 12, 1SS9. 
 
62 
 
 Battle Monument. 
 
 The west, and principal front, faces Monument 
 Square, in which stands the "Baltimore Monument," 
 but called by all our citizens the Battle Monument, 
 erected to the memory of tlu.se who fell at North 
 Point. It is the work of the celebrated sculptor 
 Maximilian Godefroy. It consists of an Egyptian base 
 raised to the height of tour feet from the pavement 
 of the street, is surmounted by a column represen- 
 ting a fasces, upon the bands of which are placed in 
 bronze letters the names of those who fell, (hi each 
 angle of the base are griffins, and the lower part ot 
 the column is ornamented with basso relievos, the 
 whole being crowned by a statue of the city by Cap- 
 ellano, with the eagle at her side, holding a laurel 
 wreath suspended in her uplifted hand. The entire 
 height of the monument is 52 feet. 2 inches. 
 
 Opposite the Post-Office is the Old Court House 
 built upon tin declivity ot a hill whose descent is 
 from west to east, while its principal front is to the 
 north. It fronts 145 feet on Lexington street, and is 
 65 leet deep. Finished in 1S09, at this moment it is 
 being taken down to make way for a splendid New 
 Court House which will cover the entire block boun- 
 ded by Lexington, Calvert, Fayette and St. Paul 
 streets. 
 
 Prominent Buildings. 
 
 On the southwest corner of the square has lately 
 been erected on the site of Old Barnum's Hotel, the 
 Equitable Building. The style of architecture is de- 
 scribed as Italian renaissance, admirably adapted to 
 a building of such size and importance. Its great 
 height, towering as it does over the loftiest of the 
 

 I 
 
 
 BATTLE MONUMENT. 
 
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 ran \ rm- 
 
 UlUUjjjH niii 
 
 BUILDERS EXCHANGE. 
 
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 downtown structures, together with the happy combi- 
 nation of material chosen, it stands a lasting monu- 
 ment to the business sagacity and enterprise of its 
 promoters. 
 
 Due south of this structure stands the imp. .sin- 
 Baltimore & Ohio Central Building, containing all 
 the offices of that Company. It was erected at a cost 
 of several millions of dollars. 
 
 Passing west on Fayette street, we are confronted 
 at the corner of St. Paul street by the beautiful new 
 building of the "Morning Herald," now approaching 
 completion. 
 
 Turning north on Charles street, at the corner of 
 Lexington street, we come to the Central Savings 
 Bank, the Fidelity Building, and on the northeast 
 corner we find the new home of the 
 
 Builders Exchange, 
 
 a handsome five-story marble structure, occupying a 
 lot 84 feet 4 inches on Charles street, and the entire 
 cost was about $200,000, including the ground. The 
 structure is not entirely new, but very little of the old 
 building was utilized except the outside walls. The 
 first Moor is taken up almost entirely with three stores 
 on Charles street, and the entrance on Lexington street 
 leading to the upper stories. The entrance communi- 
 cates with a vestibule, wainscoted with marble. The 
 meeting room of the Exchange is on the fifth floor, 
 and extends 72 feet on Lexington street and 49 feet on 
 Charles street. The other floors are divided into 
 offices. The interior finish is in quartered oak, ami 
 the walls and ceilings are tinted in oil. The building 
 is equipped with a rapid elevator, and is lighted by 
 
6S 
 
 gas and incandescent electric lamps. The building 
 is thoroughly heated and equipped in the most com- 
 plete manner. 
 
 The Building Committee was composed of Messrs. 
 E. L. Bartlett, P. M. Womble, Jr., S. B. Sexton, Jr., 
 N. H. Creager, and the late Hugh Sisson, and the 
 entire work was done by members of the Exchange. 
 
 Masonic Temple. 
 
 As we continue north the white marble mass of 
 the Masonic Temple attracts the eye on the east side 
 of the street. While the front presents some of the 
 characteristics of the Grecian and Romanesque styles, 
 they are so blended with modern principles of con- 
 struction as to contuse any but the most expert, but 
 none the less interesting on that account. The main 
 entrance to the building is through two broad doorways 
 into a vestibule or stairhall, extending through two 
 stories. The walls of this vestibule, up to the line of 
 the second floor, are faced with St. Beaume and Eschal- 
 lon marble, and the Double Stairs of beautiful marble 
 and oak presents an imposing appearance. 
 
 Ascending to the second floor, a corridor crosses 
 the building from north to south at the head of the 
 main stairways, giving entrance to the Grand Lodge 
 Room, the Roman Hall, the Grand Master's Room, 
 and the Library. 
 
 The Corinthian Hall, which is used for the Grand 
 Lodge, is 49 x 74 feet. Detached columns rise at inter- 
 vals along the walls, supporting the entablature, which 
 extends across the room, dividing the ceilings into 
 bays, lighted from the ceiling by innumerable electric 
 lamps. This room possesses as noble an interior as 
 can readily be found. 
 
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 HOTEL RENNERT. 
 
73 
 
 In the south front are the rooms of the Grand 
 Master and Grand Secretary, finished in mahogany 
 and hung- with tapestry, they are worthy executive 
 apartments for the heads of the fraternity. 
 
 Social Hall, 17 x 21 feet, is on the mezzonine floor, 
 over the vestibule. A hooded fire-place, supported by 
 carved and fluted columns, forms the central feature 
 of this department. The inscription "Here Let Good 
 Fellowship Reign Supreme," is carved in the frieze 
 of the mantel. A Banquet Hall, 31 x 20 feet opens 
 into the Social Hall, through sliding doors. 
 
 On this floor are located Oriental, Ionic, Doric, 
 Composite and Renaissance Halls. All the Lodge 
 Rooms in the building take their names from the 
 architectural style of their decorations. 
 
 The building is lighted with gas and electricity, 
 and the heating and ventilating apparatus is of the 
 most approved character. 
 
 Old St. Paul's 
 
 Next to the Masonic Temple, and north of it, is 
 St. Paul's P. E. Church. A good specimen of the 
 Romanesque. This was the site of the first church 
 erected in the city — 1731. In front, over the frieze 
 and architrave, two alto relievo figures, representing 
 Christ and Moses, sculptured by the great Italian 
 Capellano. 
 
 Opposite to St. Paul's Church, on the corner of Sara- 
 toga street, is the home of the Young Men's Christian 
 Association, built of pressed brick, trimmed with 
 Cleveland stone. 
 
 Hotel Rermert. 
 
 Looking up Saratoga street we get a fine view of 
 the front of Hotel Rermert, which is a fine specimen 
 of modern hotel architecture, occupying the block 
 
74 
 
 hounded by Saratoga, Liberty, Clay and Sharp streets. 
 Its dimensions are 90 feet front and 220 feet deep. 
 
 The style of architecture is the renaissance. The 
 front is of pressed brick, trimmed with brown-stone 
 and terra cotta, ornamented with pilasters and hand- 
 somely carved capitals, band courses, panels and cor- 
 bels, crowned with a very ornamental mansard roof, 
 high pitched gables and clustered chimney shafts, and 
 flanked at angles with a round tower and turrett. 
 
 The main tower, forming bays in the angle rooms, 
 is furnished with a highly enriched domed roof and 
 lantern over 100 feet above the street. The building- 
 contains three hundred rooms for the accommodation 
 of guests and is substantially fire-proof throughout. 
 
 Opposite the Hotel Rennert is the old parsonage 
 of St. Paul's Church, built in 1789. The lot on which 
 it stands was deeded to the vestry of St. Paul's Parish, 
 in Baltimore county, in 1786, for the purpose for 
 which it is now used. The home, which now forms 
 the centra] portion of the rectory, was finished in 
 17S9 — the wings, a little later. It is interesting to 
 know that the room on the second floor, over the 
 Hall, was used by the "House of Bishops of the 
 Protestant Episcopal Church" for its first sessions, 
 and it is almost certain its first session. 
 
 On the lot east of the parsonage stands the old 
 mansion of Johns Hopkins, who gave the city an Hos- 
 pital and University which will perpetuate his name 
 forever. 
 
 We have now reached the intersection of Saratoga 
 and Liberty streets. The latter, after passing Saratoga 
 and running north, is known as Cathedral street, 
 on the northwest corner of which and Saratoga 
 streets, stands the new "Odd Fellows Hall," a large 
 brick building. 
 
77 
 
 North of this, and almost joining it, is the Roman 
 Catholic school known as "Calvert Hall." This fine 
 building has lately been erected. 
 
 The Cathedral. 
 
 We have now reached one of the most interesting 
 localities in the city, the ground on which the French 
 General, Count De Rochambeau camped with his 
 army during' the Revolution, and on which stands 
 to-day one of the most imposing church buildings 
 in the United States— the first Metropolitan Catholic 
 Cathedral, fronting on Cathedral street at the corner of 
 Mulberry, and running east to Charles street. It was 
 commenced in iSco. Its outward length, including 
 the portico, is 200 feet; its width, including the arms 
 of the cross, is 177 feet, and its height, from the floor 
 of the nave to the summit of the cross which sur- 
 mounts the dome, is 127 feet. Its style and decora- 
 tions are of the Grecian-Ionic order. It is remarka- 
 ble throughout for the chaste simplicity of its design, 
 and the beautiful proportion of all its parts. The 
 great dome is 207 feet in circumference internally, and 
 231 feet externally. Circular panels, ornamented with 
 rosettes and decreasing as they approach the vertex, 
 and terminating at the opening in the centre, 72 feet in 
 circumference. Above this is the external dome, and 
 the flood of light is introduced in such a manner that 
 the means of its introduction are not seen from be- 
 low. Between each of the supports of the principal 
 dome springs an elliptical arch— the arch at tin- head 
 of the cross forming the outer line of a smaller dome— 
 which, supported by six Ionic pillars, covers the grand 
 altar. 
 
7S 
 
 The organ gallery rests on an Ionic colonnade, which 
 contains an organ which is said to be the largest, or 
 was up to a very recent period, in the United States. 
 It has six thousand pipes and thirty-six stops. 
 
 The side aisles are terminated by two pictures. 
 That on the right, is the "Descent from the Cross," 
 painted by Pauline Guerin — a present from Louis 
 XVI to the Archbishop— and that on the left, "St. 
 Louis burying his officers and soldiers slain before 
 Acre." This very valuable painting is the work of 
 the celebrated Steuben, and was presented by King 
 Charles X, of France. 
 
 This beautiful building was designed by the dis- 
 tinguished architect and civil engineer, B. H. Latrobe, 
 and built under his personal superintendence. 
 
 Passing down Mulberry street to Charles, we have 
 one of the pleasing glimpses of Old Town, which 
 one gets in passing up Charles street as you cross 
 Saratoga, Pleasant, Mulberry, Franklin and Monument 
 streets and look east. 
 
 The hill on which we now stand is about ioo feet 
 above tide; the singular topography of tiie city making 
 it possible to obtain panoramic views from the vari- 
 ous hills, while from the many bridges may be had 
 views of the sky-line of the city. These varying views 
 have a tendency to make the stranger remember Bal- 
 timore when the recollection of other places has 
 vanished. 
 
 The spacious mansion in the rear of the Cathedral, 
 fronting on Charles street, is the home of the Cardi- 
 nal Archbishop of Baltimore, and was built more for 
 comfort than for show. It contains many valuable 
 pictures and some mosaics. 
 
79 
 Athenseum Club. 
 
 Continuing our walk we reach Franklin street, 
 noted for the beautiful old homes of the merchants, 
 doctors and lawyers of the past, and in some instances, 
 of their descendents. A notable example stands in 
 front of us on the northeast corner — the mansion of 
 Dr. William Howard, the splendid portico of which 
 is an exact copy of the temple of Minerva Polias. It 
 is now the home of the Athenaeum Club. 
 
 Old Unitarian Church. 
 
 On the northwest corner is the old Unitarian 
 Church, designed and built under the superintendence 
 ol' the great architect, Maximilian Godefroy, and dedi- 
 cated on the 1 8th of October, 1818. The whole length 
 of the edifice, including the portico, is 10S feet, and 
 its breadth is 78 feet. The peristyle is formed by a 
 colonade of the Tuscan order. Four columns and two 
 pilasters, forming three arcades of about 12 feet open- 
 ing, support the grand Tuscan cornice which runs 
 round the exterior of the pediment. In the centre 
 there is a colossal figure of the "Angel of Truth " 
 surrounded by rays, and holding a scroll on which 
 is inscribed in Greek characters: "To the only 
 God." 
 
 Five doors of equal size open from the portico, 
 and are copied from those of the Vatican in Rome. 
 The nave of the church is a square, formed by four 
 equal arches, full semi-circles of 33 feet, 6 inches in 
 diameter, which support a dome of 55 feet, 4 inches in 
 diameter. The summit of the cupola is 80 feet high, 
 terminating with a glass star. The dome is a copy 
 of the Pantheon at Rome. 
 
So 
 
 The pulpit stands upon a double square base, the 
 first of which is of Verde Antique marble from Con- 
 necticut, the second is of white Carrara marble. The 
 pulpit rests on the second sock, and is constructed of 
 bird's eye maple. The organ is the most curious in 
 this country as it is constructed in the form of an 
 ancient lyre, the strings of which arc represented by 
 pipes. We have devoted some space to this old 
 church, because it is a most interesting one to archi- 
 tects and builders. 
 
 Academy of Sciences. 
 
 We will now walk up Franklin street pausing for a 
 moment to glance at the old colonial building at the 
 northeast corner of Cathedral, formerly the home of 
 the Hoffman family, then for many years of the cele- 
 brated Maryland Club. Through the liberality of 
 Mr. Enoch Pratt the building was purchased and 
 presented to the Academy of Sciences. This whole 
 neighborhood is filled with these comfortable old 
 homes on Franklin, Cathedral, Charles and Monu- 
 ment streets. 
 
 Washington Monument. 
 
 Turning north for two squares we come, all at 
 once, into the presence of one of the grandest monu- 
 ments in the world, and dedicated to the great patriot 
 and soldier, George Washington. 
 
 The erection of this monument was conceived in 
 the year 1809, when Messrs. John Comegys. James A. 
 Buchanan, and Daniel Winchester obtained from the 
 Legislature of the State permission to raise $100,000 
 for the purpose. Mr. Robert Mills furnished the 
 design, and on July 4th, 1815, the cornerstone was 
 laid. The monument is a Doric column, upon a 
 
v 
 
 WASHINGTON MONUMENT. 
 
83 
 
 square base, and surmounted by a pedestal upon 
 which is placed a colossal statue of Washington. 
 The base is 50 feet square, and elevated 20 feet. The 
 column to the feet of the statue is 160 feet, and the 
 statue is 13 feet in height, and is the work of Causici, 
 and represents Washington at the instant when he 
 resigned his commission at Annapolis. It may not 
 be inappropriate to give a short account of the laying 
 of the corner-stone of the monument by an eve- 
 witness: 
 
 "Agreeably to previous arrangements the managers 
 of the monument met in Howard's Park, at 12 
 o'clock on Tuesday, July 4th, 1S15, and in the pres- 
 ence of from twenty-five to thirty thousand of their 
 fellow-citizens, among whom were a number of the 
 reverend clergy, the President and members of the 
 Cincinnati of Maryland, his Excellency the Cxovernor, 
 R. W. G. M. and members of the Grand Lodge of 
 Maryland, and the subordinate Lodges of Baltimore ; 
 the Mayor and City Council, officers of the Army and 
 Navy, Major-General Robert Goodlow Harper and 
 Aids, and the third brigade of Maryland Militia, under 
 command of Brigadier-General Sterrett; they pro- 
 ceeded to perform the pleasing duty assigned them 
 by the Legislature of Maryland, of laying the first 
 cornerstone of a monument, to be erected in the 
 city of Baltimore, to the memory of General Wash- 
 ington, the Father of the Republic. The ceremonies 
 of the day were commenced by the playing of some 
 national airs, and a salute of thirty-nine guns was 
 fired. The oration was made by James A. Buchanan, 
 Esq., president of the board of managers. The archi- 
 tect, assisted by Messrs. William Steuart and Thomas 
 Towson, the operative masons, under the direction of 
 
8 4 
 
 the president, placed the stone in its proper position. 
 The secretary then deposited in the stone a copper 
 plate and a sealed glass bottle, containing a likeness 
 of General Washington; his valedictory address, the 
 several newspapers printed in this city, and the dif- 
 ferent coins of the United States. On the stone was 
 engraved the names of William Steuart and Thomas 
 Towson, stone cutters; Sater Stevenson, stone mason. 
 On the copper plate was engraved the following : 
 
 "'On the 4th of July, A. I). 1815, was laid this 
 Foundation Stone of a Monument to be erected to 
 the memory of George Washington.' 
 
 "On the reverse side of the plate the names of the 
 directors and Eli Simkins, Secretary. Robert Mills, 
 Architect. Edward Johnson, Mayor. 
 
 " 'The site presented by Colonel John Eager How- 
 ard.' 
 
 " Xo city or State has paid a greater or more last- 
 ing honor to the great American than the struggling 
 town of Baltimore, of not more than 35,000 popula- 
 tion. Cities of thirty times its population never even 
 made the attempt. Eong may we be charmed by its 
 graceful proportion and hold in grateful remembrance 
 the memory of- him, 'The glory of whose virtues did 
 not terminate with military command; it will continue 
 to animate the remotest ages.'" 
 
 Mount Vernon Place and Washington Place. 
 
 The squares running north and south are called 
 Washington Place, and those east and west Mount 
 Vernon Place. The square due west has been most 
 beautifully embellished by the late William T. Wal- 
 ters, by the placing of the P>arye bronzes representing 
 
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 War, Peace, Force and Order, and Military Courage, 
 by Dubois. At the east end of this square and facing 
 the monument sits the great Lion, also by Barye. 
 
 Peabody Institute and Walters Bronzes. 
 
 Mr. Walters has also presented the city with the 
 seated statue of the late Chief Justice Taney, which 
 has been placed in the square north of the monu- 
 ment. In the east square has been placed a seated 
 statue of George Peabody, the great philanthropist. 
 On the southeast corner of Monument and Charles 
 streets stands the imposing marble building of the 
 Peabody Institute, which consists of a great reference 
 library, and Academy of Music, to which has lately 
 been added a Gallery of Art. The building fronts 170 
 feet on Mount Vernon Place, and is 150 feet deep. 
 The Library room is 70x80 feet, and 55 feet high, 
 accommodating 300,000 volumes. There are seven 
 alcoves on each side, six floors high and beautifully 
 finished. On the left of the entrance is the reading 
 room, 72x36 feet. The basement contains three fine 
 Lecture rooms. 
 
 Mount Vernon M. E. Church. 
 
 Before leaving this charming locality we must pause 
 for a moment to look at the graceful outline of the 
 Mount Vernon M. E. Church, opposite the Peabody 
 Institute. The peculiar color of the stone used in the 
 construction, (a pale green) adds very much to the 
 beauty of the style of architecture, which is pointed 
 Gothic. 
 
 Everyone who has had the pleasure of visiting the 
 locality we are now in will freely acknowledge the 
 subtle charm of these beautiful squares, surrounded 
 
ss 
 
 on every side by the refined and immaculately clean 
 mansions, not a speck of dust being allowed on the 
 marble steps or the snowy lace curtains. 
 
 However, this everlasting washing of the windows 
 and steps of houses is common to all Baltimore house- 
 keepers, the enormous quantity of the city water sup- 
 ply, no doubt, having something to do with its very 
 generous use; our 525,000 people now using 60,000,000 
 of gallons per day. 
 
 Hotel Stafford. 
 
 We have now before us the towering Hotel Staf- 
 ford, on the west side of Washington Place near 
 Madison street, in the centre of the fashionable and 
 exclusive part of Baltimore — convenient to depots, 
 theatres, churches, street railways, and the business 
 portion of the city ; also to public institutions such as 
 libraries, colleges and hospitals. It is twelve stories 
 in height, and absolutely fire-proof throughout, all the 
 floors and partitions being of marble, terra-cotta and 
 iron — the staircase of iron and stone. 
 
 Each floor is provided with a two-inch fire-plug, not 
 more than 70 feet from the most remote point on the 
 floor. The roof is built of iron covered with terra- 
 cotta tiles. 
 
 Its isolated position, as regards surrounding build- 
 ings, is an additional security against fire, and affords 
 a superb view, in every direction, of the city, harbor 
 and surrounding country. As the house has no inter- 
 ior court, the apartments enjoy equal advantages as 
 regards light, sun and air. The exterior is of light- 
 brown Roman bricks and brown stone, and is very 
 handsome. The system of heating is that known as 
 direct-in-direct radiation, each radiator being supplied 
 
HOTEL STAFFORD. 
 
9i 
 
 with cold air through a duct controlled from the in- 
 side by a valve and opening under the window exter- 
 iorly ; this secures an abundant supply of fresh air, 
 and makes perfect ventilation. The house throughout 
 is lighted with electricity supplied by three dynamos 
 in the basement. The large ice manufacturing plant 
 has a capacity of two tons daily, and makes the 
 freezing mixture which cools the numerous store 
 rooms and refrigerators for wines, meats, fish, vegeta- 
 bles, butter, milk and the many perishable luxuries 
 necessary in a first-class restaurant. There is a tele- 
 phone in every room, placing it in communication 
 with the office, which can be connected with that of 
 any other room when desired. There is a mail chute 
 from each floor. The appointments of the restaurant, 
 silverware, linen, glassware and furniture are equal to 
 that of any hotel in America ; the service is of the 
 highest order. 
 
 "Walters Art Gallery. 
 
 No description of this locality would be complete 
 without a word about the William T. Walters Art 
 Galleries, No. 5 Mount Vernon Place. The collec- 
 tion of paintings is the finest and most valuable in 
 this country, and the Oriental Gallery is the most 
 valuable in the world. 
 
 First Presbyterian Church. 
 
 At the northwest corner of Madison street and Park 
 avenue stands one of the most graceful church build- 
 ings in the country, the First Presbyterian. The style 
 is pointed Gothic, and the material used is brown- 
 stone from the New Brunswick quarries. The per- 
 fect grace and symmetry of the numerous spires have 
 
9 2 
 
 always been a source of pleasure to men of refined 
 taste. The height of the three principal spires is 78, 
 128 and 268 feet. 
 
 Eutaw Place. 
 
 Walking west on Madison street to Dolphin, we 
 turn to the right and in a moment we are in Eutaw 
 Place. We do not realize the full beauty of this 
 mile of garden until we reach the apex of the hill at 
 Lanvale street. The Place is 125 feet wide, giving 
 ample room for the central Almeda, which continues 
 to North Avenue, filled with flowers and fountains. 
 
 Immediately before us is the beautiful white marble 
 synagogue, Oheb Shalom, oriental in its style — the 
 blending of marble, copper and glittering yellow tiles 
 takes us back at once to the mythical East. Close 
 by, on the same side of the street, stands the new 
 Phcenix Club. 
 
 Continuing our walk, we find charming residences 
 on either hand, and on reaching Wilson street we 
 get a view of the great Har Sinai Temple, on the 
 corner of Bolton street, of Romanesque design, 
 and built of Port Deposit granite. The portico, with 
 its Doric columns, is very imposing. Still going 
 west we have a most attractive view of the last of 
 the new Hebrew temples— the Byzantine Temple of 
 the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation on the corner 
 of Madison and Roberts streets. Its stately dome 
 and towers, together with its general appearance of 
 grandeur, make it one of the attractive buildings in 
 the city. Q n Qur wa y QUt t]l j s no ])i e avenue, and 
 very near the Park, we pass the splendid Italian Villa 
 of G. W. Gail, and a few hundred feet further, the 
 
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99 
 
 old mansion of the Brooks family, with its grand old 
 portico. We have now reached the Eutaw Place en- 
 trance to 
 
 Druid Hill Park. 
 
 While not so fine as the other entrances, still it 
 is admitted that the view of lake and forest, and the 
 embellishments of driveways and monuments is no- 
 where seen to better advantage. A noble park, surely, 
 and in natural beauty not surpassed by any in the 
 world. It is filled with springs of pure water, some of 
 which are medicinal, and everything has been done to 
 make it the people's pleasure ground. The grounds, 
 walks, drive-ways and bridle-paths have been laid out 
 by distinguished engineers and are all that could be 
 desired. Passing down to the lake-drive and going 
 around the head of the lake we are confronted by 
 the colossal statue of Wallace, erected by our fellow- 
 citizen, Wm. W. Spence. It is modeled after the one 
 which crowns the Abby Craig, near Sterling. 
 
 The pedestal is of Woodstock granite and meas- 
 ures 13 feet high, 10 feet square at the base and 6 
 feet, 4 inches at the top, and bears this inscription: 
 
 WALLACE, 
 
 PATRIOT AND MARTYR 
 
 FOR 
 
 SCOTTISH LIBERTY. 
 
 } 3 5- 
 
 The statue is 13 feet, 6 inches from the feet to the 
 top of the helmet, and 17 feet to the tip of the up- 
 lifted sword, and is the work of the great Scotch 
 sculptor, D. W. Stevenson, R. S. A. 
 
 At the intersection of two roads, almost in the 
 rear of the Wallace Monument is a beautiful full-length 
 statue of Washington, which was presented to the 
 
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, by the grand- 
 children of Noah Walker, deceased, through Presi- 
 dent B. F. Newcomer, trustee, of the Safe Deposit 
 and Trust Company. The statue was executed by 
 the American sculptor, Bartholomew. Within a i^w 
 hundred feet of these, and on the lake-drive, the 
 Italians of Baltimore have placed a costly and grace- 
 ful pedestal surmounted by a lite-size figure of Chris- 
 topher Columbus, by Achille Canessa, a replica of the 
 one at Genoa. 
 
 The Marble Bridge. 
 
 We will now pass out of the Park by the great 
 gatewav, the largest in the world, 133 feet, 10 inches, at 
 the head of Mount Royal entrance drive; we soon reach 
 the outer gateway, itself a work of art, the marble 
 columns at either side being single blocks and weigh- 
 ing twenty-one tons each. Within a stone's throw of 
 this entrance, which has let us out on West North 
 Avenue, we find work progressing on the marble 
 bridge spanning Jones' Falls — the last of the twenty- 
 one bridges that cross that stream. The material 
 used was brick and Beaver Dam marble. The entire 
 cost will not be far short of half a million dollars. 
 When completed, a hue view of the St. Paul and 
 Calvert streets and Guilford avenue bridges can be 
 had from this bridge; the three former cross the yard 
 and gardens of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. 
 
 Maryland School for the Blind. 
 
 After crossing the temporary bridge reaching North 
 Avenue by way of Oak street, we find ourselves in 
 front of another marble building of generous propor- 
 tions — The Maryland Institute for the Instruction of 
 
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the Blind, incorporated in 1853. The location is most 
 beautiful and the extensive grounds are always in per- 
 fect order. 
 
 The Woman's College. 
 
 Almost due north of the Blind Asylum stands, in 
 detached masses, the gray buildings of the Woman's 
 College, looking at the distance of a quarter of a 
 mile like the bold strokes of some water-color artist 
 who had exhausted every shade ol gray known to the 
 palette for the walls, and not content with that, had 
 laid on every tint from brown umber to claret in 
 treating the Spanish-looking tiling of the roofs; but 
 we will let Prof. Butler describe this gigantic mosaic. 
 
 He says: "They (the buildings) are throughout in 
 the Romanesque style, of the Lombard variety, with 
 adaptations from that order to which Vitruvius gave 
 the name Tuscan. They are built of dark, undressed 
 granite, and are surmounted by conspicuous roofs of 
 Roman-red tiles. Architecturally, a member of the 
 group is the First Methodist Episcopal Church stand- 
 ing farthest south, the tower of which is the most 
 conspicuous object in the northern part of the city. 
 This tower is almost an exact reproduction of a ca)>ipa- 
 nile to be seen just outside the ancient city of Ravenna. 
 The church itself owes some of the most distinctive fea- 
 tures of its architecture to suggestions taken from the 
 celebrated San Vitale in Ravenna, the church which, 
 built in 526, A. D., upon the general plan of St. 
 Sophia in Constantinople, became the model for 
 Charlemagne's Cathedral at Aix-la-Chapell. The beau- 
 tiful windows of the frieze, which serve to light the 
 interior from above, are copied from mosaics in San 
 Nazarioe Celso, the mausoleum of Galla Placidia, the 
 daughter of Theodosius the Great." 
 
ro6 
 
 The main college building, Goucher Hall, is built 
 
 in the same general style of architecture, the Lom- 
 bard. It is continued in Bennett Hall, the Latin 
 School and in every building to be added, which will 
 be a music and art building, a biological labratory, 
 and an astronomical observatory, which will finish 
 the central group of buildings. 
 
 One of the most beautiful adjuncts of college life, 
 is the dormitories. They stand some squares apart 
 at present, and are being added to as occasion re- 
 quires. Elegant structures of brick — no expense has 
 been spared in their interior arrangements to make 
 the girl student feel at home. All are in charge of 
 ladies of the highest character and attainments. 
 
 President Goucher is the directing and ruling spirit 
 which has brought to pass all that we see and admire 
 in this beautiful group of buildings, and better the 
 enlightened and cultured course of studies going on 
 within the walls — to every young woman, a protector 
 and friend — to the orphan, a father and counsellor — 
 to all, the christian gentleman, sans pair et sans 
 reprocht . 
 
 The Samuel R,eady Asylum. 
 
 Still going east we pass the great city of the 
 dead, Greenmount, and are soon attracted by the 
 beauty of the situation and grounds of the Samuel 
 Ready Orphan Asylum under the charge of ladies 
 who devote all their time to the little ones. It is at 
 once, a home and a playground. 
 
 The First Monument to Columbus. 
 
 A very remarkable object stands within this enclos- 
 ure, the first monument to Christopher Columbus, 
 erected by the Chevalier D'Amor, French Consul 
 
U3 
 
 General, October 12th, 1792— the three hundredth 
 anniversary of his landing. It is 50 feet in height 
 and quadrangular in form. Thirty years afterwards 
 his native city, Genoa, erected its first monument 
 to him. 
 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital. 
 
 Before going down the model city street, Broad- 
 way, we catch a glimpse of the new park, Clifton, 
 lying northeast of us, its hundreds of acres containing 
 some of the most valuable trees in the country. The 
 city is to be congratulated on securing this beautiful 
 addition to her diadem of parks. It was the former 
 home of the great citizen and philanthropist, Johns 
 Hopkins, whose hospital we are now approaching by 
 way of Broadway's endless gardens. 
 
 On the east side of the street, and opposite Jeffer- 
 son street, which it closes, stands the greatest hospital 
 in the world to-day. The grandeur of the situation, 
 overlooking the city and bay, is in perfect accord 
 with the noble purposes of its founder. The main 
 front of the hospital, and the principal entrance, is 
 on Broadway facing to the west. The buildings upon 
 the main front, and especially the administration, with 
 the two pay wards, may be said to embody the 
 architectural features of the hospital. All the other 
 buildings have comparatively plain exteriors. The 
 buildings having special relation to the educational 
 features of the institution — namely: the amphitheatre, 
 dispensary and pathological laboratory are located 
 on the northeast in proximity to grounds owned by 
 the Johns Hopkins University, on the northeast cor- 
 ner of Monument and Wolfe streets, upon which 
 grounds the buildings of the Medical Department of 
 the University are to be erected. All the buildings, 
 
ii4 
 
 except the gate-lodge, the pathological laboratory, the 
 laundry and the stable, are connected by a covered 
 corridor. The floor of the corridor is at the uniform 
 level of 114 feet above mean tide. The top of this 
 corridor is nearly flat, forming an open terrace walk 
 at the level of 124 feet above mean tide, being the 
 level of the ward floors. It is not possible to pass 
 to or from the octagon or either of the common 
 wards without going into the free external air, so 
 that there can be no communication between the air 
 of different wards. The entire cost was $2,250,000. 
 
 This is all the space that can be devoted to this 
 subject; 500 pages would be required to do it justice. 
 The full intent in the founder's mind may be gathered 
 from his oft-repeated injunction — that " in all your 
 arrangements in relation to this hospital, you will 
 bear constantly in mind that it is my wish and pur- 
 pose that the institution shall ultimately form a part 
 of the medical school of the University." 
 Thomas Wildey Monument. 
 
 With much reluctance we take our departure and 
 again walk south through the endless gardens of 
 Broadway until we reach the monument to Thomas 
 Wildey, founder of the Order of Odd Fellows of 
 America, dedicated on April 26th, 1865. The base is 
 surmounted by a Grecian Doric column, 52 feet in 
 height, on which stands a figure of Charity. 
 Church Home. 
 
 On the west side of the street, facing the monu- 
 ment, is the Episcopal Church Home in which the tal- 
 ented poet, Edgar Allen Poe, author of the "Raven," 
 died. He is buried at Westminster Presbyterian 
 Church, on the southeast corner of Green and Fayette 
 streets. 
 
ii 9 
 
 Patterson Park. 
 Turning down East Baltimore street we soon reach 
 Patterson Park, another emerald in the diadem of 
 the city. It is most beautifully adorned, has a very 
 fine observatory tower from which extensive views of 
 the city, harbor, and the Chesapeake bay can be 
 obtained. A fine Casino has lately been added to 
 the many attractions, and the Park Board has very 
 wisely retained the old entrenchments thrown up by 
 the American army during the war of 1812. 
 
 Wells and McComas' Monument. 
 Before leaving East Baltimore we must visit the 
 elegant marble monument erected to the memory of 
 the two apprentice boys, Daniel Wells and Henry 
 McComas, killed at the battle of North Point, both 
 members of Captain Aisquith's company of sharp- 
 shooters, and the same age, 18, friends and members 
 of the same trade, both fell at the first fire of the 
 English. Their deaths were so touching, and their 
 conduct so gallant, that a grateful community erected 
 this monument to them with every mark of respect. 
 The bodies of the boys rest under it. It stands at 
 the intersection of Aisquith, Gay and Monument 
 streets — Ashland Square. 
 
 McKim Free School. 
 
 Soon reaching Baltimore street, by way of Aisquith, 
 we pass the McKim Free School, an exact copy of 
 the temple of Theseus at Athens. The portico con- 
 sists of six fluted columns, the four central ones 
 being 3 feet, % inch in diameter, and what is most 
 singular the two external columns are thicker, be- 
 cause the best Greek architects claimed that this 
 
must be done to correct an imperfection of the sight 
 in judging of the magnitude of objects in similar 
 situations. 
 
 Maryland Institute 
 School of Art and Design. 
 
 A short distance west of the McKim Free School, 
 and on the south side of Baltimore street, is the 
 Maryland Institute for the Promotion of Mechanic 
 Arts. It contains a school of art and design, museum 
 of art and design, library and commercial school. 
 Over one thousand scholars attend the various classes, 
 day and night. In this building John C. Breckenridge 
 was nominated for President, April 23rd, 1S60. 
 
 A disposition to surround themselves with works 
 of art and literary treasures, and a desire to encour- 
 age the useful and beautiful, which lias always been 
 characteristic of the citizens of Baltimore, was duly 
 manifested in a substantial manner by the founding 
 of the Maryland Institute, organized in 1S25, and in- 
 corporated in 1S26. 
 
 Among its promoters were many of the most influ- 
 ential, learned and leading men of that time. In 1S35, 
 while occupying part of the Athenaeum building, it 
 was burnt out with all its properties, and after a sus- 
 pension of twelve years, was re -organized in 1847, an d 
 has enjoyed an un-interrupted career of success up to 
 the present time. 
 
 In 1851 the present imposing building was erected 
 at a cost of $102,000,00. It is centrally located, being 
 but a few hundred yards from the Custom House, 
 Post-Office, City Hall and the principal Hotels. It 
 fronts 60 feet on Baltimore Street, the principal street 
 of the city, and extends 355 feet to Water street. It 
 
*a£ 
 
 "llftl 
 
 
 MARYLAND INSTITUTE. 
 
is entirely isolated from other buildings, thus enjoy- 
 ing ample light and ventilation. The rooms occupied 
 for studios and galleries are commodious and liberally 
 supplied with all the accessories of an art and indus- 
 trial institution, in addition to which there is a Library 
 of 20,000 volumes, largely relating to the Arts and 
 Sciences. 
 
 The schools comprise a Day School devoted to the 
 fine arts, in which are taught free-hand drawing, design- 
 ing, painting in water-colors and in oil, modeling and 
 studies from lite, and a Night School devoted to 
 industrial drawing, in which are taught free-hand, 
 mechanical and architectural drawing. 
 
 In the Day School, students enter as "Special" in 
 any branch and for such period as they desire, a pre- 
 requisite, however, for the higher branches being a 
 sufficient knowledge of drawing, or as "Regular," 
 which comprehends a systematic training in all branches 
 extending through a course of four years. 
 
 In the Night School, students enter one branch 
 only as they may elect, the full course also covering 
 a period of four years. Those students who success- 
 fully pass through a full course in either Day or Night 
 School receive the diploma of the Institute, by author- 
 ity from the State of Maryland, which is prima facie 
 evidence of the ability of its possessor. 
 
 The faculty, headed by Professor Otto Fuchs, Prin- 
 cipal, formerly of the Boston Evening Drawing Schools, 
 Cooper Institute, New York, United States Naval 
 Academy and Director of the State Normal Art School 
 of Massachusetts, is equal to that of any similar 
 institution in the country. Twenty-three thousand, 
 three hundred and eighty-four students, among whom 
 may be named, Wm. H. Rinehart, H. Bolton Jones. 
 
124 
 
 C. V. Turner, H. D. A. Henning, Louis P. Dietrich, 
 Paul Hallwig, German H. Hunt, Wm. T. Howard, 
 Sam'l W. Regester, Chas. L. Carson, Wm. F. Weber, 
 J. Theo. Oster, Rich'd W. Preece, John D. Ford and 
 many others, have received instruction in these 
 schools since their organization, and many other of 
 the students and graduates, within the knowledge of 
 the Managers, have also risen to eminence as artists, 
 engineers, manufacturers, architects and builders, 
 and also as teachers, not only in our own city and 
 State, but elsewhere. 
 
 The outfit devoted to the interests of these Schools 
 represents an outlay of over $175,000,00 ; the equip- 
 ment of the Art and Industrial classes — which is 
 being constantly enlarged— includes a splendid collec- 
 tion of all the most important casts of antique figures 
 and heads, specimens of designs in wrought iron, 
 stained glass, terra cotta, etc., etc. Complete models 
 of stationary and marine engines, steam pumps and 
 other machinery, structural details of buildings, etc., 
 so that the most perfect facilities are provided for 
 studying from objects in every department. 
 
 The policy of the Managers is to keep these schools — 
 which have achieved a national reputation, and are 
 accorded position — second to none within their range, 
 among Art Educational Institutions, in all respects 
 abreast of the times. 
 
 That the excellence of these schools is recognized 
 and appreciated is evidenced by the number of stu- 
 dents, nearly one thousand, in attendance during the 
 past year, among whom were many who hailed from 
 other States of the Union. 
 
 A block or two further west again brings us to the 
 centre of the city, and the locality where the great 
 
125 
 
 daily newspapers have located, and the banks, safe 
 deposit companies, offices of steamship lines, the 
 Corn and Flour Exchange. 
 
 The Baltimore American. 
 
 Among the newspapers, in point of age, the Ameri- 
 can stands first; although it started under the title of 
 The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, on 
 August 20th, 1773. Previous to that time we had to 
 depend on Annapolis for our local news. 
 
 Wm. Goddard, the proprietor of The Maryland Jour- 
 nal, the first newspaper published in Baltimore, was 
 born in 1740. In May, 1773, he opened a printing 
 office at the corner of South and Baltimore streets, 
 and on July 15th, 1773, he issued his prospectus of The 
 Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, the first 
 number of which appeared on August 20th, 1773. It 
 was handsomely printed on stout paper, and con- 
 tained twelve broad columns. George Washington 
 was the largest advertiser in the first issue. All 
 through the Revolution it was one of the busiest 
 workers for liberty. Miss Katherine Goddard, who 
 was its editor in the absence of her brother, was the 
 first woman in American journalism. 
 
 George Henry Calvert, a descendent of Lord Bal- 
 timore, was editor of the American in 1826, and was 
 master of a pure and scholarly style in prose and 
 poetry. He was elected Mayor of Newport, R. I., 
 in 1853. 
 
 The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Universal 
 Advertiser was issued daily, except Sunday, and the 
 publication thus commenced January 1st, 1795, has 
 been regularly continued ever since. The anti-Federal 
 spirit which illustrated the early days of politics in 
 
126 
 
 Baltimore, attracted the attention of Alexander Mar- 
 tin of Boston, and induced him to visit the new, thriv- 
 ing city on the Patapsco and purchase, on May ist, 
 1799, the presses and material of The Maryland Jour- 
 nal, and on the same day to issue his prospectus. 
 The first number of the American was issued by Al- 
 exander Martin on May 4th, 1799, at 93 Bond street, 
 Fell's Point. Mr. Martin had also a branch office for 
 the receipt of subscriptions and advertisements at No. 
 15 Baltimore street. 
 
 While Mr. C. C. Fulton had long been practically 
 the manager of the American^ he did not become the 
 sole proprietor until 1S64. On the ist of July, 1S64, Mr. 
 Joseph T. Dobbin, administrator, sold to Charles C. 
 Fulton, the surviving partner of the firm of Dobbin & 
 Fulton, the entire half interest of his father's estate. 
 
 Finding its old quarters, 126 and 12S west Baltimore 
 street, inadequate to the transaction of its rapidly ex- 
 panding business, the America?! sought larger and 
 more modern accommodations. In 1873 Mr. Fulton 
 purchased the buildings and ground at the southwest 
 corner of Baltimore and South streets, where the 
 American Building now stands, and since his death 
 the prosperity of the paper has been assured by the able 
 management of its present editor, Gen. Felix Agnus. 
 
 The Sun. 
 
 The Sun was founded by Mr. A. S. Abell, May 17th, 
 1837. It was the first penny paper, and proved to be 
 a success from the first issue, gaining a wonderful 
 reputation for untiring energy in procuring the news 
 of the day, which was much extended by the estab- 
 lishment of the Pony Express at the commencement 
 of the Mexican war, by which means it gave to the 
 
127 
 
 world the earliest intelligence from the scat of war. 
 The tendency to exaggerate the most commonplace 
 events, which has become so popular with many of 
 our American journals, has not affected the Sun, as 
 the news which it presents is always in a concise and 
 attractive form. It is a noteworthy fact, that its build- 
 ing — "The Sun Iron Building" as it is called, was so 
 designated because of the fact that it was the first 
 metal building erected in America. 
 
 Mr. Abell was born in East Providence, Rhode 
 Island, August ioth, 1S06. He received the elements 
 of a plain education, and at the age of fourteen years 
 began life as a clerk. He subsequently learned the 
 printing trade as an apprentice in the office of the 
 Providence Patriot, a Democratic journal of the Jeffer- 
 sonian school. Mr. Abell came to Baltimore, where, 
 on the 17th of May, 1S37, he founded the Sun. Mr. 
 Abell identified himself with the conduct and manage- 
 ment of the Sun. He sold his interest in the Public 
 Ledger in Philadelphia in 1864, and four years later 
 became the sole proprietor of the Sun. In the man- 
 agement of the Sun and carrying out its objects he 
 concentrated his personal ambitions. It was his life- 
 work — the work to which he dedicated all his ener- 
 gies — to secure the completed fulfillment of the ideas 
 which he had announced in the beginning as control- 
 ling its policy — the furtherance of the common good. 
 No other occupation, dignity or honor had any 
 attractions for him. During his long and honorable 
 career in Baltimore he contributed greatly to the 
 growth and beautifying of the city. He was an intelli- 
 gent and earnest promotor of many important mechan- 
 ical inventions by which the art of printing has been 
 so much advanced and the field of newspaper enter- 
 prise widened. 
 
128 
 
 The first document of any length transmitted over 
 the experimental telegraph line between Washington 
 and Raltimore was the President's Message, which was 
 telegraphed to and published in the Sun with an 
 accuracy that excited general astonishment and estab- 
 lished all the claims which had been made for the 
 wonderful invention of Morse. 
 
 The German Correspondent. 
 
 Three years after the founding of the Sun, in 1840, 
 Col. Frederick Raine launched the German Corres- 
 pondent, which is the leading German paper of our 
 city. Originally a weekly, it became a daily in a few 
 years. Noted for the strong common sense of its 
 public utterances, it has the respect and confidence 
 of all classes, not only in our own State and city, 
 but all over the country. 
 
 The Morning Herald. 
 
 The Morning Herald, a young bright journal, is 
 making rapid progress, is very popular, and has now 
 under roof the finest newspaper building in the city, 
 on the northwest corner of Fayette and St. Paul 
 streets. 
 
 While in the central part of the city a look at the 
 banking institutions and trust companies seems not 
 out of place : 
 
 The Carrollton Hotel. 
 
 This fine house, with a capacity of three hundred 
 rooms, stands on the site of the "Old Fountain Inn." 
 It fronts on three streets — Light, German and Balti- 
 more, on which latter is located the ladies' entrance. 
 The central location and fine table has always made 
 it popular with business men. The elegant Exchange 
 
tjj i i ? 
 
 CARROLLTON HOTEL. 
 
room, and the Drawing room for ladies arc among 
 its many attractions. It is furnished throughout with 
 elevators and electric hells. 
 
 We present a very fine view of this famous hotel. 
 
 Merchants' National Bank. 
 
 First in importance is the Merchants' National 
 Bank; their building, lately erected, being on a scale 
 of magnificence seldom surpassed. The building oc- 
 cupies 52 feet on South street and 144 feet on Water 
 street. Modern renaissance is the style of architect- 
 ure, and as the building has three fronts it is very 
 effective. All work and material tised were the best 
 that could be procured. The character of the founda- 
 tions will be of interest to builders, and are the first 
 of the kind used in this city, being formed of four 
 layers of beams, giving a width of 22 feet, all bedded 
 in Portland cement, laid on solid gravel below tide 
 level. The entrance proper is through an archway, 
 10 feet wide, protected by an elaborate wrought tran- 
 som grille and solid bronze doors. The interior 
 wood work is all mahogany, and the book-keepers 
 and clerks are all enclosed by a richly designed 
 screen made of Jaune Lamartene marble and bronze. 
 
 The elegant building of the Safe Deposit and Trust 
 Company was, when built, regarded as the finest 
 in this country, and stands on South street near 
 German. 
 
 Antiquities. 
 
 Although the city has been in existence for almost 
 two centuries, it has very few antiquities. Fort 
 McHenry having been built in 1794, is possibly the 
 oldest United States fort ; and we have an interest- 
 ing old church, also in the southern portion of the 
 
city, on Conway street, near Sharp, the German E. 
 R. Church, otherwise known as the Otterbein. The 
 present church was built in 1785, taking the place of 
 a frame church built in 1771. 
 
 In the southwestern portion of the city we have an 
 interesting mansion, Mount Clare, built by Hon. 
 Charles Carroll, barrister, in 1765. He was next to 
 Daniel Dulaney, possibly, the greatest lawyer of the 
 Revolutionary period; was educated at the University 
 of Cambridge and at the Middle Temple, London, 
 and was a direct descendant of Daniel Carroll, of 
 Ely, who presented his twenty sons mounted, ac- 
 coutred and armed, to the Earl of Ormond, for the 
 service of King Charles I. It was a favorite resort 
 of Major George Washington, before the Revolution, 
 and the city has a copy of a picture showing the 
 Major and Mr. Carroll going on a hunting trip. 
 
 Federal Hill Park. 
 
 On the south of t'iie harbor, and overlooking the 
 entire city, is Eederal Hill Park. The Hill is noted 
 for its wonderful deposits of clay, iron and fossils of 
 all kinds. Here General B. E. Butler built iiis fort, 
 during the civil war, and gallant Armistead's memory 
 is kept green by the monument erected to him at the 
 northeast corner of the Park. 
 
 The Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 The great Johns Hopkins University makes no 
 pretentions in the way of architecture, McCoy Hall 
 being, probably, the most imposing edifice so far 
 erected; but the influence of the University, and the 
 refining and educating power it exerts, is all-per- 
 vading. 
 
While this great seat of learning luis not the hoar 
 of age upon it, it has clone in the ten years of its 
 existence such work as makes it famous the world 
 over, and in no land or country where modern science 
 is pursued is the fame of this school unknown, from 
 its very inception the effort of its directors seems to 
 have been not to follow, but to lead, and while at- 
 tracting the brighest minds among its instructors still 
 to offer great incentives for original research, by this 
 effort success has crowned endeavor, and far and wide 
 has flown the name of Johns Hopkins, who, by his 
 millions, has established a monument more enduring 
 than bronze or massive granite, or more beneficial to 
 his race and age than thrice the millions spent in 
 mean and petty ways. 
 
 Pratt Free Libraries. 
 
 The Enoch Pratt Free Libraries, of which the city 
 has six, were the free gift of Mr. Enoch Pratt. The 
 central library is located on west Mulberry street, 
 near Cathedral, and is a very beautiful white marble 
 building. 
 
 Endowed by its founder with ample revenues, so 
 secured that there is no risk of loss or diminution, 
 this great library is made free to all citizens. Its 
 spacious rooms, and its ever increasing store of pleas- 
 ure and learning, show how wisely and thoughtfully 
 the great benefactor planned. He planted this foun- 
 dation, and with his ripe business acumen looked after 
 it^ performance, so that when years shall have passed 
 away the name of Enoch Pratt will still be ever pres- 
 ent as one of our city's men of public worth. 
 
134 
 
 In closing this short history of the Modern City, 
 we but voice the sentiment of all true sons of Mary- 
 land, when we say that no better city exists to-day 
 on the American continent, or one in which more 
 real enterprise has had its rise. All true Balti- 
 moreans, no matter in what part of the world they 
 may live, always hope to be able to return within 
 her walls before "Old Time" shall claim them. 
 
 Mount Vernon Hotel. 
 
 As will be seen in the accompanying view this 
 Hotel has a decided advantage in its elegant location. 
 It is not large, and only caters for the most select 
 trade. Built of brown stone, fronting on West Monu- 
 ment street, in full view of the classic Mount Vernon 
 Place and the Washington Monument, it has long 
 been a favorite with refined people. The table and 
 appointments are all that could be desired. 
 
 The New Court House. 
 
 The building about to be erected, and which will 
 cover the entire lot bounded by Calvert, Lexington, 
 Fayette and St. Paul streets, will be a much-needed 
 addition to the many beautiful and artistic structures 
 that we have seen spring up in our Modern City within 
 a few years ; in fact this building will, when com- 
 pleted, entirely transform the western side of Monu- 
 ment Square as the Post Office does the eastern, and 
 will lend a grace and dignity to the locality which 
 has increased rather than diminished with advancing 
 years. 
 
 The exterior dimensions of the building will be 
 generous, its front being 200 feet and depth 325 feet. 
 
ENOCH PRATT FREE LIBRARY. 
 
139 
 
 The exterior walls of the building will be of Mary- 
 land marble on a basement story oi Maryland granite. 
 The architectural style is a free renaissance treat- 
 ment of the Ionic order. The most important feature 
 being the colonnade and the recessed loggia on the 
 Calvert street facade. The rest of the exterior is 
 created with Ionic pilasters supporting an enriched en- 
 tablature, crowning the whole ; the pilasters however 
 being omitted on the pavilions at the four corners for 
 the better result of contrast and solidity of effect. 
 
 Special features are made of the St. Paul street 
 entrance on this floor and the Criminal Court vesti- 
 bules, both of which are to be lined and have columns 
 of richly colored marbles. 
 
 The second floor contains the Superior Court, addi- 
 tional Superior Court and their offices, the two Courts 
 of Common Pleas and their offices, the two Circuit 
 Courts and their offices. On this floor the Superior 
 Court is the most elaborately treated room, being- 
 wainscoted to the height of doors with Italian marble 
 and having a richly ornamented plaster ceiling. 
 
 On the third floor is located the Supreme Bench, 
 a domed room about 40 feet in diameter, the dome 
 being carried on sixteen monolithic columns and six- 
 teen pilasters of a rich yellow brown veined vermillion 
 marble. This room is lighted almost solely by a 
 large eye, or window, in the centre of the dome. The 
 Supreme Bench occupies the centre of the Calvert 
 street facade. Opposite to it, at the other end of the 
 building, occupying the whole of the St. Paul street 
 facade, is the Bar Library, the larger room of which 
 is 35 feet in width by 105 feet in length, with a heavy 
 ribbed enriched vaulted ceiling. This room is lighted 
 from both sides — St. Paul street and the inner court. 
 
140 
 
 At either end of the Bar Library are three reading 
 and conversation rooms, finished in mahogany wain- 
 scot and doors. 
 
 There are in the building, running from basement 
 to top story, four staircases, one at each corner of the 
 building, and adjoining each staircase an elevator. 
 
 The heating and ventilating apparatus is entirely 
 located in the snb-basement, being lighted from the 
 large interior courts. 
 
 The prisoners' entrance is through the archway on 
 the Lexington street side, about where the entrance 
 to the old Criminal Court now is, the van driving 
 directly to the prisoners' entrance to the lower court 
 yard, through which the staircase leads direct to 
 Guard Room which is surrounded by the Lock-ups. 
 From the Guard Room another stair leads direct to 
 the two Criminal Courts. 
 
 The Guard Rooms are floored in marble and lined 
 throughout with enameled brick, so that they can be 
 kept perfectly clean by turning on the hose. All 
 passages and corridors through which the prisoners 
 are to come are lined with marble. 
 
 All Jury Rooms are in direct communication with 
 their court rooms and are only entered through the 
 court rooms, so that when the jury has gone to its 
 room for consultation there is no chance for outside 
 communication. 
 
 The Judges' Rooms, in every case, adjoin and com- 
 municate with the court rooms, and have also another 
 entrance leading to the public corridors. 
 
 The staircases from the Calvert street entrance to 
 the second story are entirely of marble, lighted by 
 domed skylights ; midway between the first and second 
 story are balconies on these staircases, overlooking 
 
•43 
 
 the Criminal Court vestibule, which is perhaps the 
 richest architectural feature in the building. 
 
 The building will be supplied with electricity in 
 every part, and private telephones communicating 
 with the different offices. 
 
 The heating will be by the forced indirect system, 
 steam coils being located in the cellar, and the air 
 forced into the rooms by registers. 
 
 So far as human foresight can go the building is to 
 be fire-proof throughout, the spans between the walls 
 or support are kept under twenty-five feet, so that 
 the most direct means of construction might be used, 
 the rooms for records are practically fire-proof vaults. 
 
 There are four entrances, one on the basement 
 level at the centre of the Calvert street facade, enter- 
 ing into the vestibule about 60 feet square, through 
 which two marble staircases extend to the first story 
 and the Criminal Court vestibule. 
 
 On Lexington and Fayette streets, in the centre of 
 each facade, is an entrance about midway between 
 the levels of the first and basement stories, with stair- 
 cases leading to each. 
 
 ( )n the St. Paul street side in the centre of the 
 facade is another entrance about as large as the Cal- 
 vert street entrance, at the level of the first floor. 
 These vestibules, as well as the corridors on the base- 
 ment floor and all other floors in the building, are 
 floored with marble mosaic and wainscoted with mar- 
 ble. All doors, trims and jambs being of the same 
 material. 
 
 Located in the basement are all the offices connect- 
 ed with the Sheriff's Office, all the offices connected 
 witli the Marshal's Office, Prisoners, Lock-ups and 
 Guard Rooms. 
 
M4 
 
 The grand and imposing- building will be without 
 dome, tower or spire of any kind, the charm of its 
 simple, yet grand and dignified exterior leaves noth- 
 ing to be desired, and the commission of gentlemen 
 who, without money and without price, have given 
 days, weeks and months of serious thought to its 
 planning and construction deserve and will receive the 
 unstinted thanks of this community. 
 
Architecture in Baltimore. 
 
 In preparing this brief account of Baltimore archi- 
 tecture, it was found that the same subject had a few 
 years ago been somewhat comprehensively treated in 
 a leading periodical, on very much the same lines 
 and by the same author, who, by request, contributes 
 this article, hence the following pages will quote 
 freely from the former contributions, with such various 
 changes and additions of new matter as the progress 
 of events and building development naturally would 
 require. And it may be noted at once that it is with 
 no intention of mere superlative or even positive com- 
 mendation alone that the architecture of any one city 
 should be treated. To approach the subject in such 
 a spirit, unfortunately too often adopted, would afford 
 little of either interest or useful information to the 
 ordinary reader, and would naturally be regarded as 
 the mere outcome of a desire for eulogistic self- 
 advertisement, and of a self-satisfaction often due to 
 ignorance of all beyond one's own narrow borders. 
 It is characteristic, perhaps, of the older eastern cities 
 of our land to take a calmer and more accurate com- 
 parative view of their respective merits and defi- 
 ciencies, and to feel that it is healthier and more 
 conducive to real progress to do so, and in no way 
 
i 4 6 
 
 incompatible with a spirit of loyalty and just pride 
 in one's own possessions. 
 
 Onr older cities have, so to speak, "arrived" where 
 they can naturally afford to take this position, as, in 
 a far greater degree, the cities of the old world have 
 long ago done. One does not "count heads" and 
 wrangle and boast over the addition of a few thous- 
 ands to the population in London or Paris or Berlin 
 or Vienna. They are known and felt to be the great 
 civic centres of wealth and culture and commerce and 
 art of the modern world, in all that is really great, 
 each according to its own particular resources and 
 conditions, in its own way with its own character, 
 and it matters little what their population may be, and 
 this is not only on account of a difference of nationality 
 or long distance apart, as some may suggest, for 
 in America our large cities lie often as far separated 
 by wide areas of territory and in the midst of climates 
 and conditions as varying as those created by any 
 more distinct geographical or political divisions. 
 
 The old story of the man who, when he came to 
 London, said he "could not see the town for the 
 houses" might have more truth than paradox about 
 it. A mere collection of houses, however extensive, 
 does not necessarily make a city, and it certainly 
 does not necessarily form architecture in any true 
 sense of the word; indeed the demolition of half the 
 houses of a town, might, in many cases, leave a much 
 better architectural result than what previously ex- 
 isted. Not, perhaps, from our typical American 
 method of confusing the bigness and the greatness 
 of our cities — many are big ; few are great — or of 
 resting all claim to rank on the statistics of popula- 
 tion and areas comprised within very arbitrary boun- 
 
Y. M. C. A. BUILDING. 
 
149 
 
 daries, often the virgin soil of a western prairie, 
 which even the mushroom growth of frame structures 
 has not yet covered. 
 
 It is doubtless somewhat trite to observe that in 
 architecture we find a continuous process of evolution, 
 perhaps in a more marked degree than in other art 
 or science, or, indeed, than in anything on the face 
 of the earth that bears the impress of man's mind 
 and hand, and which is not merely the result of a 
 simple action or Nature. True, from time to time, 
 and particularly in later days, there have appeared 
 here and there creations certainly striking, but appar- 
 ently the result of mere whim ; they were things born 
 without parentage, inheriting no character and leaving 
 no issue. Hence the true architectural status of any 
 given epoch or locality can hardly be intelligently 
 understood or criticised without a certain knowledge 
 of what has preceded it, under such influences as 
 changes in historic, social, commercial or climatic 
 conditions, and it is only with this preparation that 
 we should undertake any architectural description or 
 criticism, for so rapid have been the changes in 
 the conditions that have affected our city architecture 
 in the past hundred years, that what it is to-day is a 
 very different thing from what it was in the year 
 eighteen hundred, or even fifty, or indeed twenty-five 
 years ago ; a difference almost as great as what would 
 formerly mark a period of several centuries or two 
 distinct nationalities. 
 
 There is a certain amount of both profit and inter- 
 est in looking back some half century, more or less, 
 at what were the prevailing types in any one of our 
 eastern cities, and noting the several steps that have 
 led us (up or down) from then to now. New York, 
 
Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston, ranking in popu- 
 lation in this order, were then our only cities that 
 had rightly any claim to the name, the place of second 
 in importance being probably disputed between the 
 Puritan and the Quaker, while such respectable towns 
 as Albany, Richmond and Charleston were already 
 some distance in the rear, the National Capital little 
 more than a group of public buildings slowly rising 
 in distant view of each other, and our great Western 
 prodigies, at the best, merely precocious infants. 
 Fifty years ago, or more, the difference was rather 
 one of degree than of kind, that is (with some few 
 exceptions) the best things in and around Baltimore 
 were quite as good in their way, quite as substantial 
 and well-designed, as the best in and around New 
 York, and this notably the case in dwelling-house 
 architecture, and the dwelling is really the archi- 
 tectural type that tells the story of a people more 
 accurately than any other, being the clearer exponent 
 of their habits and tastes, in that it is more intimately 
 associated with their lives than any public building, 
 secular or religious. 
 
 While, then, we find the generation of our grand- 
 fathers living in the steep and narrow but well-paved 
 streets of Boston in houses usually built of brick, fre- 
 quently combined with granite and very solid in 
 construction, among whose characteristic features 
 were the deeply-recessed "stoops" (leaving no un- 
 protected steps projecting onto the side-walks) and 
 the rapidly-developing "swell front " — severely devoid 
 of any decoration, or else, in the more pretentious 
 examples, exhibiting very interesting bits of classical 
 and colonial detail, and all more or less the natural 
 result of local conditions — while we may note all this 
 
153 
 
 in the sturdy old New England city, we find a de- 
 cidedly different type of house prevailing in New 
 York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, but a much greater 
 similarity in the style of things between those three 
 cities themselves. Here the material was also gener- 
 ally brick and laid in "Flemish bond," but marble 
 as a rule taking the place of granite. Broad steps, 
 with iron rails, projected upon the sidewalks, or else 
 we had the low front door of the " English basement." 
 " Swell fronts " were rare exceptions — the houses here 
 were somewhat broader and lower than in Boston, 
 and there was more ornamental detail of good classi- 
 cal proportions, often expanding into very artistic bits 
 of decoration. In New York the distinctive feature has 
 always been that everything is perhaps a little bigger 
 and rather more of it than elsewhere, an element that 
 was largely developed with even less commendable 
 results in the succeeding " brownstone age." In Phila- 
 delphia, we have always had the almost unbroken flat- 
 ness of the entire city, the uniformly narrow streets 
 and prevailing sameness of the houses, with the 
 marked local characteristics of the solid white wooden 
 outside shutters. While in Baltimore we find a great 
 diversity of hill and level land, wider streets and more 
 variation in the treatment of the house-front. The 
 uniformly wide streets, and that rather in the drive- 
 way than in the sidewalk, were in some parts of the 
 city uncalled for by the amount of traffic passing 
 through them, often on the side of steep hills that 
 were not inviting to vehicles, and being but badly 
 paved with cobble stones (till within the last few 
 years) not infrequently gave good grounds, in some 
 spots at least, for the rumor that grass grew in their 
 midst. The difference in the class of houses, with 
 
154 
 
 conspicuous exceptions, was likewise rather that ot 
 degree than of kind, the more pretentious and ex- 
 pensive being simply larger, and that rather in the 
 number than in the size of their rooms, and contain- 
 ing richer details of interior finish. Baltimore, un- 
 like her more Northern sisters, had no suburbs of 
 pleasant towns about her, nothing to correspond to 
 Cambridge, Brookline, Roxbury and Charlestown, 
 that cling to the outskirts of Boston ; her streets 
 gradually lost themselves in the country, after degen- 
 erating into rather unattractive highways, chiefly 
 occupied by mechanics' houses and factories — some 
 dozen or so of the principal avenues suddenly con- 
 verting themselves into the old-time turnpike road, 
 and, to the North, South and West stretching them- 
 selves out through most attractive country toward 
 neighboring points of more or less importance, while 
 to the East lay the rather uninteresting and thinly 
 populated low-lands around the shores of the river 
 and bay. These main roads for many miles round 
 on three sides of the city, branched off into a perfect 
 network of picturesque lanes, recalling in many re- 
 spects the rural charms of their English prototype, 
 and led to innumerable country-seats of various de- 
 scriptions — "Colonial," "Italian," "Gothic" and 
 "vernacular" — from the simple country home of five 
 or ten acres, within sight of the city spires, to the 
 more distant farms of many hundreds, where many 
 of the citizens spent their summers, and many made 
 their homes for the entire year. Baltimore proper 
 never had, even long before the days of which we are 
 now speaking, anything of a rural town aspect, like, for 
 example, her very interesting neighbor, Annapolis, 
 who for many years had been regarding her rather in 
 
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157 
 
 the aspect of a commercial parvenue of somewhat 
 mushroom growth. Once you touched Baltimore's 
 boundaries you found yourself in streets that were 
 all paved with brick and cobble-stones, systemati- 
 cally laid out and closely built ; few and far between 
 were the houses that were surrounded by a garden, 
 though not uncommonly those of the better class had 
 reserved a side garden of the width of an adjacent 
 city lot, inclosed by a brick wall and usually with 
 the view to future building improvements ; in one or 
 two streets was to be found the arrangement of high 
 terrace as it still exists in Mt. Vernon street, Boston, 
 but what usually is known as the row of "Terraces" 
 or "Villas " was nowhere seen, and frame buildings, 
 except of very ancient date, did not exist within 
 the city limits. 
 
 Such was Baltimore half a century ago. She is 
 something very different to-day. Not that the trans- 
 formation is anything abnormal, or due to anything 
 more than the natural development of a prosperous 
 modern city ; indeed her progress has not been so 
 rapid as that of some of her sisters, and from the 
 rapid growth of Western towns and the all-embrac- 
 ing policy of Boston toward her surroundings, in 
 1880 she had fallen from the third to the sixth place 
 in the scale of population, and that, too, in regarding 
 the development of Brooklyn as only an outgrowth 
 of New York, but already her streets extend far out 
 into what was a few years ago picturesque and some- 
 times almost wild country, and various lines of steam 
 and electric cars connect her with her rapidly devel- 
 oping suburban towns. We need not follow the 
 changes that moved her centre of social fashion from 
 Battle Monument Square up to the now central Mt. 
 
158 
 
 Vernon Place and far beyond, that gave her the six 
 hundred acres of the beautiful Druid Hill Park for 
 her pleasure-ground and that has made her conspicu- 
 ous as a literary, musical and art centre in the new 
 light of her University, her libraries, her Peabody 
 Institute and her Walters Gallery ; but we must not 
 fail to consider these elements in a community as 
 important factors that necessarily influence its archi- 
 tecture, both directly and indirectly. Let us go back 
 for a moment for a little further retrospect of the 
 things of former days. 
 
 When one thinks of the " good old houses of fifty 
 years ago," or when we look upon the calm and 
 dignified faces of some of these worthy old citizens 
 of a former generation, now too often abandoned to 
 ignoble uses and neglect, patiently waiting their ruin 
 under the invading tide of impudent upstarts pressing 
 upon them from every side, when we walk through 
 their ample halls and rooms, and over their broad 
 and easy stairways, we cannot but dwell upon the 
 fact of how really genuine and good they were, in 
 the light of their own day and generation, and what 
 comfortable homes they made in all that the life of 
 refined and cultivated people then asked for. That 
 dark age of constructive and decorative immoralities 
 and abominations had not yet settled upon the world, 
 whose crying evils finally called forth such reforms 
 as " Eastlake " and "Queen Anne," and, alas! all 
 the later slanders and traductions that have been 
 done in their sacred names. Bricks and mortar, 
 stone and wood and iron were generally used, each 
 in its fitting place, and were not subjected to the 
 humiliating office of imitating each other. All this was 
 true even for the houses which, although about 25 or 30 
 
OBSERVATORY, PATTERSON PARK. 
 
i6i 
 
 feet broad, were in those days regarded as quite 
 modest and unassuming dwellings, renting at the 
 moderate rate of two or three hundred dollars a year. 
 But the type has entirely disappeared from among 
 the erections of recent years. Hundreds are still 
 standing all through the older parts of the town, and 
 most respectable and well-preserved specimens they 
 are too, but under the anathema of "old-fashioned" 
 their few frailties are derided and their many merits 
 overlooked. 
 
 Immediately succeeding this type, some forty odd 
 years ago or more, there appeared a very distinctly 
 different style of design in the house-front that quite 
 generally prevailed for the better class of dwellings 
 for a short period, and nearly all the examples of 
 which are still standing in unimpaired freshness, 
 scattered through the better streets near the centre 
 of the city still preserved for private residences. 
 The first change was by no means one of retrogres- 
 sion, but rather a renaissance of more strictly class- 
 ical and monumental proportions, as a reaction after 
 the somewhat ad libitum and attenuated use of colo- 
 nial details. These houses, usually separated from 
 their neighbors on either side by narrow spaces for 
 light and ventilation, had broad facades of brick 
 with simply treated and well-disposed openings — a 
 good classical cornice crowning the whole — and the 
 chief ornamental feature being an admirably pro- 
 portioned Doric or Ionic portico of white marble, 
 usually projecting — sometimes merely "in antis," and 
 rather of Greek than of Roman feeling in detail. 
 This portico, only over the main entrance and of the 
 same height as the principal story of the building, is 
 altogether a most effective and appropriate thing in 
 
162 
 
 its place, of just such degree of monumental dignity 
 as may fittingly belong to a private residence, with- 
 out being sufficiently obtrusive to suggest a public 
 building — and it is altogether a distinct thing from 
 that typical, ill-proportioned ante-bellum portico of 
 the South, extending through two or three stories 
 over the entire front of the house, and of which there 
 are a few examples here, as there are also in more 
 Northern towns. On the other hand, so good are 
 these bits of Greek reproduction in Baltimore that 
 their merits seldom fail to attract the attention of 
 the architectural connoisseurs from other cities, and, 
 indeed, we do not know of anything quite so good 
 of the kind and" of that period in New York, Phila- 
 delphia or Boston. One peculiar feature about these 
 successful designs is that usually the name of no 
 particular architect is connected with any of them, 
 and, perhaps, the name of architect was never con- 
 nected with the men who built them, but, be this as 
 it may, if the same knowledge of classical propor- 
 tions and details, and the ability to so intelligently 
 reproduce them were possessed by hall the men who 
 claim the name of architect to-day, the world would 
 be the better for it. 
 
 A word should be said here, in passing, in com- 
 mendation of some few of the quite excellent facades 
 to public buildings, somewhat antecedent to, or 
 about the same period of these houses. 
 
 First, the little granite building on East Baltimore 
 street, originally erected for a school, and which is a 
 complete little Greek Doric temple, barring the win- 
 dows on its side walls. About a mile west of this, 
 on the corner of St. Paul street and Court-house 
 
163 
 
 lane, is an admirable piece of refined Doric, forming 
 the front of an old Court building, a mere screen to 
 the totally insignificant structure behind it, but a 
 very beautiful screen for all that. So good in fact is 
 it, that when doomed to be taken down, as it now 
 is, to make room for the new Court-house which 
 will stand upon its ground, its classic beauty is to 
 be preserved, and it is to be erected as an orna- 
 mental arch-way, or fountain, or statuary framing in 
 one of the city parks. A ten minutes' walk farther 
 on brings us to the corner of Charles and Franklin 
 streets, and to that often-commended piece of Italian 
 classic, the Unitarian Church, a most agreeable bit 
 of architecture for the eye to rest upon at all times, 
 and never more so than on a clear summer day; its 
 round arches framed in by the thick dark-green vine 
 closely clinging to its red gray stucco walls, the 
 sharp square corner of its roof-line and the low- 
 dome above against a deep blue sky, with the tall 
 white marble columns of its opposite neighbor, the 
 Athenaeum Club, in the foreground. By moving a few 
 steps only, from this point, we obtain a view of the rear 
 of the Roman Catholic Cathedral, a building certainly 
 of very dignified and imposing effect, notwithstand- 
 ing the fact that it is a curiously composite structure, 
 a rather severe, Romanesque, round-arched building 
 of granite, to which has been added a huge Ionic 
 portico in brownstone, with columns reproduced 
 from those of the Erectheum, and the whole sur- 
 mounted by two small towers crowned with domes 
 of Moorish form. In spite of these seeming incon- 
 gruities, the Cathedral and its various dependent 
 buildings, including the Archbishop's residence, now 
 
164 
 
 known as the Cardinal's "Palace," form a group 
 which from some points of view is strikingly pic- 
 turesque and with a decided foreign suggestion 
 about it. 
 
 And now with the close of this period of the 
 "classic portico," about the middle of the century, 
 even the most friendly spirit of criticism must turn 
 to all that follows for the next twenty-five years 
 with shame, and acknowledge not only that it finds 
 no place for commendation, but rather that the 
 kindest charity might say, in all that was done, there 
 was really nothing to criticise. To a certain extent 
 this was true for the same period in all our cities ; 
 it was the most debased age of American archi- 
 tecture over the whole country, but in Baltimore the 
 fact seemed more glaringly emphasized than else- 
 where. All the good things that had gone before 
 seem to have left no results behind them in the taste 
 of the builder or of the public, beyond suggestions 
 for the most flagrant misuse of their weaker points 
 and entire neglect of the better ones. 
 The story is an old one, a well-worn theme with 
 slight variations in different cities. Like other ill 
 things that take quick root, grow apace and die 
 hard, these evil and unworthy things in brick and 
 mortar are still repeating themselves, all over the 
 city, often on the best streets where better things 
 should be. But the inevitable reaction is also here, 
 with strong evidence that its steps are at last turned 
 in the right direction, and already there is to be 
 seen in the streets of Baltimore not only a vast 
 amount of building, but also some architecture. 
 
 There are several conditions that should be noted as 
 somewhat peculiar to Baltimore which must inevitably 
 
i6 7 
 
 continue to influence the general appearance of the 
 city, the principles upon which it is laid out and 
 the manner in which its streets continue to he ex- 
 tended and developed. One of these is the ground- 
 rent system, both irredeemable and redeemable, a 
 system somewhat unique and complicated, with ad- 
 vocates who claim its advantages as safe investments, 
 etc.; but, on the other hand, without going further 
 into the much discussed question, it is enough to 
 state that as it exists in Baltimore at present, and in 
 the long past, it is evidently a great hindrance, for 
 several reasons, to a free growth of good architect- 
 ure on a large scale. Again the usual division of 
 the city blocks, with some three hundred and fifty 
 feet from street to street, intercepted by a network 
 of narrow alleys lying between, naturally leads to a 
 different style of house as regards many details from 
 what one finds, for example, where the blocks are 
 but two hundred feet deep with no intercepting alley 
 ways, as in New York. A third element that has no 
 little influence in deciding the character of a very 
 extensive portion of the city is the franchise and 
 foothold that has been obtained, not only by the two 
 great railroad corporations, with their tracks and 
 stations abruptly cutting off, here and there, what 
 should have been a natural line of handsomely im- 
 proved streets, but also the reckless occupation by 
 the various city rapid transit lines of nearly all the 
 principal streets and avenues, with no judicious res- 
 ervation of convenient thoroughfares as handsome 
 drive-ways and avenues inviting only a better class 
 of residences. Still one other condition has had an 
 indirect influence upon the general aspect of recent 
 buildings here, namely : the apparent doubt which 
 
1 68 
 
 arose in the public mind, some score of years ago, 
 as to just in what direction the tide of wealth and 
 fashion intended to flow for the future in building its 
 homes, which resulted for some years in tentative 
 incursions upon various lines and a lack of concen- 
 tration at any one point. Up to that time the move- 
 ment had been a perfectly legitimate and consistent 
 progress in a northwesterly direction, and exactly the 
 course, with little tendency to diversion, that was to 
 have been expected from the natural development of 
 the city, from the old days "over the bridge" to 
 Battle-Monument Square, and finally to Mt. Vernon 
 Place with Charles street and its immediate neigh- 
 borhood. But at that point there was a hesitancy, 
 and other quarters suggested possibilities. Madison 
 Avenue and Eutaw Place put in their claims as ap- 
 proaches to Druid Hill Park, and even the distant 
 Franklin and Lafayette squares, a long mile or more 
 away to the westward had a word in the matter. 
 Mt. Vernon Place began to look a little dingy and 
 neglected, and the statue of Washington might almost 
 have trembled, as, from the top of his tall marble 
 shaft, he watched the invading army of boarding 
 houses fast closing around his social stronghold, 
 heretofore held impregnable. This state of things 
 resulted in the best class of houses being for a long 
 period quite scattered, and with the city's growth, 
 no one street of special interest and local pride 
 developed into a prominent and handsome avenue. 
 A reaction of a few years ago, however, has now 
 most effectually redeemed Mt. Vernon Place, and 
 fashion has seemed to decree that, with the circle 
 almost swept by the shadow of the Washington 
 Monument as a nucleus, the streets spreading northerly 
 
169 
 
 from it should have the preference. While the 
 broad Eutaw Place, on the other hand, with the mile 
 stretch of parks down its centre and its somewhat 
 showy rows of houses, extending- to the very gates of 
 Druid Hill, is undoubtedly the most monumental 
 avenue in the city, though really possessing few 
 buildings of any special architectural merit. 
 
 It is quite obvious that three such positive condi- 
 tions as these — the irredeemable ground rent, the 
 alleys between the city blocks and the undecided 
 locality for the centre of fashion, must have a de- 
 cided effect upon the general aspect of any city and 
 distinguish it from others where the same conditions 
 do not exist. Such is undoubtedly a fact in regard 
 to Baltimore. The result is apparent, although the 
 causes may not be so readily recognized by the eye 
 of a stranger. As all misfortunes are made bearable 
 by some mitigating benefits, so it is claimed by 
 many that out of these very conditions accrue many 
 advantages relating to domestic comfort and economy, 
 but they are certainly not so visible upon the surface 
 as the few but more conspicuous evils. 
 
 Mount Vernon Place may justly be looked upon as 
 the typical centre and nucleus of the City of Balti- 
 more, both physically and morally, if one may use the 
 expression in such a connection — a sort of concen- 
 trated essence of what is best in both the social and 
 architectural spirit of the city. It is now very near the 
 actual geographical centre, and, having for many years 
 held undisputed sway from a fashionable and aristo- 
 cratic standpoint, after passing the crisis of imminent 
 danger of downfall, it has, in the last few years, under 
 a spirit of loyal reaction been substantially redeemed, 
 and once more, and for a long time to come, will 
 
i 7 o 
 
 continue to be the most prominent social centre also. 
 From its elevated position we may look eastward 
 over one-half of the city, and obtain a very fair idea 
 of its general aspect. Along the broad streets in 
 three other directions one may have a nearer view of 
 very nearly all of the several styles ot house-archi- 
 tecture that are characteristic of the place, and while 
 we stand there under the shadow of that column 
 which is one of the best bits of architecture in the 
 land, and notwithstanding the much-to-be-regretted 
 opportunities, and mistakes of treatment all about us, 
 we are forced to acknowledge that this is by far 
 the most effective and monumental spot in the city, 
 and among the few such to be found anywhere in the 
 United States. The Washington Monument itself, in 
 spite, perhaps, of admissible criticism as to some 
 details, or based on some theoretical standpoint, 
 rises above us nearly 200 feet in height, in all its 
 majestic white marble and Greek Doric inspiration, 
 calling forth universal admiration, and justly ranking 
 as second only to what is regarded as the most suc- 
 cessful of all commemorative shafts of modern times, 
 the column of the Bastile in Paris. The groups of 
 Barye and Dubois bronzes and the two colossal 
 portrait statues in bronze, that adorn the parkings 
 which lie around its base are undoubtedly incongru- 
 ous adjuncts to the classic scheme of which the 
 monument is the key note, but they are so good in 
 themselves, and such an exceptionable group to find 
 together in the open square of any city, that we 
 must point to them also with pride and admiration. 
 And hardly in less degree can we praise the merits 
 of the Battle Monument in the Postoffice square, 
 which, in spite also of the somewhat incongruous 
 
collection of " styles " of which it is composed, 
 gives a result almost unique in a certain elegant 
 beauty and grace of form and detail that we cannot 
 recall as equalled in any similar composition. 
 
 All this, one may say, refers to what Baltimore has 
 done in the past, are examples of a former period of 
 building and of architectural style. What is the city 
 doing to-day in the new method, the new conditions 
 to be met in the midst of the busy building activity 
 pervading all our American cities ; what and where 
 are her great new buildings ? While they must speak 
 for themselves, as they appear in their several kinds 
 and characters all through her streets, we will frankly 
 claim no great superiority for these, either in num- 
 ber or architectural merit, over those of other cities 
 of the same relative importance. We would perhaps 
 guide the stranger here and there through the town, 
 and point out to him what we consider as among 
 the best and most worthy things deserving his notice. 
 He would not need to be told to admire and enjoy 
 the beauty of our parks, however they may rank 
 with those of other cities. We would show him, 
 among other pleasant suburbs of very recent and 
 rapid growth, the attractions of Roland Park and 
 Walbrook. In the city proper we would ask him to 
 look at the City Hall and the Post-Office, the Equi- 
 table, the Fidelity, and the Herald buildings, the 
 Drovers & Mechanics' and the Merchants' National 
 Banks, the Mercantile Trust and Deposit Company's 
 building, the Synagogues on Eutaw Place and Madi- 
 son avenue, and the buildings of the Methodist Col. 
 lege and Church on St. Paul street, and at the same 
 time tell him how good, among the older edifices, 
 each in their own way, we thought the Episcopal 
 
i 7 4 
 
 churches of St. Luke, Grace and old St. Paul's to 
 be. We would point out to him the Rennert House 
 and the Stafford as two of our largest and most 
 important hotels, and the Arundel Flats as, so far, 
 the most complete development in the city of the 
 all-pervading apartment house scheme, which, till 
 lately, has not found approval in Baltimore — the city 
 of "small homes" — either as an investment or as a 
 favorite place of residence, and we would show him, 
 still only as a framed picture, the design for the 
 great new Court House about to he erected and 
 promised to he given to the people as a completed 
 reality in three years. 
 
 Though the spirit of high building has reached 
 Baltimore, with such lagging footstep did it approach, 
 and so long after it had already become a familiar 
 and essential feature in even much smaller cities, 
 did we not unfortunately fear that a lack of con- 
 fidence and enterprise had something to do with the 
 matter, we might almost feel that a sense of discre- 
 tion and fitness hesitated to thrust the new and 
 doubtful innovation upon us, with our unrestrained 
 capacity for lateral extension, and our old existing 
 types of low and broad architecture. However, it is 
 present with us now, in a mild form, comparatively 
 to the prevalence of the epidemic in other places, 
 but with most of its important features ; and while 
 the lateness of its arrival may bring the mitigating 
 circumstance that fewer of the abnormally high 
 buildings will be erected before a reaction of opinion 
 and restricting ordinances begin to control excessive 
 height, it may also have the unfortunate result that 
 those which have already sprung into existence will 
 stand isolated, conspicuous and hideous, destroying 
 
177 
 
 all symmetry and uniformity, and lacking even the 
 somewhat impressive effect of continuous and uniform 
 bigness that may be attained in the streets of some 
 other cities. 
 
 Let us award to these buildings — this "style," if 
 we must, faute de mieux — all possible merit that the 
 best of them can claim as actually good, because 
 actually representing the spirit of the age. Is this a 
 real architectural merit that we are recognizing, after 
 all, or is it not rather the fact that the spirit of the 
 age does not ask for architecture but only engineer- 
 ing, with the largest financial returns for the amount 
 expended and space occupied, and only such archi- 
 tectural features superficially applied as will satisfy 
 the popular desire for ornament and ostentation, 
 equally satisfactory to the majority of the public 
 when made by an ignorant draughtsman as when 
 designed by a cultivated and intelligent artist ? If 
 truth is the standard to judge by, then the best of 
 these tall buildings are those where these falsely 
 applied architectural proportions to the wall-surface 
 are frankly abandoned — as being no "outward and 
 visible sign of the inward and spiritual grace" of 
 real construction, and where the wall-surfaces that 
 fill in the spaces of the concealed metal structure 
 are simply pierced with openings that sufficiently 
 give access and light to the interior and tell the true 
 story of the building's purpose. We do not say that 
 some appropriate ornament may not be found to add 
 to the beauty of these wall-surfaces and openings, or 
 that the principal perpendicular and horizontal lines 
 of the structure beneath might not be, to a certain 
 extent, indicated on the exterior in the true spirit of 
 design. Nor do we say that this method of construe- 
 
r 7 8 
 
 tion is not, from many points of view, a very excel- 
 lent practical way of housing the people of the 
 nineteenth century, with a certain impressive effect 
 about it of mere bigness, but we must admit that if 
 all that which we have learned to call architecture, 
 from prehistoric times till to-day, and which attained 
 its epitome of perfect beauty of fitness and propor- 
 tion in Greece, is one thing, then the modern ten or 
 twenty-story building is another ; if Athens and 
 Rome and the Middle Ages and the renaissance and 
 modern Paris is one thing, in their monumental 
 dignity, symmetry and repose, then New York and 
 Chicago and the "spirit of the age" is something- 
 else which is not dignity, symmetry nor repose ; nor, 
 in spite of apparently vast new sources of knowledge, 
 can the average humanity of to-day claim any great 
 physical, intellectual or moral superiority, or greater 
 capacity for real happiness, or any nearer approach 
 to heaven on the top of the Eiffel Tower than in the 
 shadow of the Parthenon. 
 
PROG RHM 
 
 OP THE 
 
 Ninth Convention of the National 
 Sssociition of Builders. 
 
 TUESDAY, OCTOBER 15th, 1895. 
 Morning Session. 
 Address of Welcome, by Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Mayor 
 of Baltimore. 
 
 Address by President of the Builders Exchange of Baltimore. 
 Address by President of the National Association of Builders. 
 Appointment of Committee on Credentials. 
 Address of Mr. Robert D. Andrews, of Boston, member of 
 the American Institute of Architects. Subject : 
 
 "The Union of Building Trades Schools, with Schools 
 "of Architectural Design." 
 
 Afternoon. 
 
 There will be no regular session of the Convention 
 
 on Tuesday afternoon. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 16th, 1895. 
 Morning Session. 
 Report of Committee on Credentials. 
 Roll Call. 
 
 Appointment of Committee to report time and place of next 
 Convention, and to nominate Officers for 1896. 
 Report of Secretary. 
 Report of Treasurer. 
 Reports of Standing Committees. 
 Reports of Special Committees. 
 Submission and Reference of Resolutions. 
 
 Afternoon Session. 
 Consideration of the Amendment to the Constitution. 
 
 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 18th, 1895. 
 Morning Session. 
 Report of the Committee on Resolutions, and action on same. 
 Report of the Committee on Time and Place of next Conven- 
 tion, and nomination of Officers. 
 Election of Officers. 
 
 Naming and Election of Directors for 1896. 
 Unfinished Business. 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 ADJOURNMENT. 
 
DIRECTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 National Association of Builders, 
 
 l894-'95. 
 OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, COMMITTEES AND FILIAL BODIES. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Presidi n t : 
 Noble H. Creager, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 First Vice-President: Second Vice-President: 
 
 Charles A. Rupp, Buffalo, N. Y. James Meathe, Detroit, Mich 
 
 Si cretary : Tn asvrt r : 
 
 Wm II. Sayward, Boston, Mass. George Tapper, Chicago, 111 
 
 Directors: 
 
 Baltimore, Md E. L. Bartlett. 
 
 Boston, Mass., E. Noyce Whitcomb. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., W, D. CoTjlingwood. 
 
 Chicago, 111., William Grace. 
 
 Cleveland. Ohi< A. McAllister. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. Alexander Ohapaton. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind Geo. W. Stanley, 
 
 Lowell, Mass E. S. Foss. 
 
 Lynn, " J. S. Pool, 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis., II. J. Sullivan, 
 
 New York, N. Y Stephen M. Wright. 
 
 Omaha, Neb., J. Walter Phelps. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa Stacy Reeves. 
 
 Portland, Me Wm. X. Scott, 
 
 Providence. R. I Thomas B. Ross. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y N. X. Edgerton 
 
 St. Louis, Mo William J. Baker, 
 
 St. Paul. Minn George J. Grant. 
 
 Wilmington, Del A. R. Reed, 
 
 Worcester, Mass., Charles A. Vaugiian. 
 
Standing Committees, 
 
 Committee on Legislation : 
 
 E. L. Bartlett, Chairman Baltimore, Md. 
 
 W. D. Collingwood, Buffalo, X. V. 
 
 A. R. Reed Wilmington, Dei. 
 
 Committee on Statistics: 
 
 George W. Stanley, Chairman, Indianapolis. I ml. 
 
 Thomas B. Ross Pi'ovidence, R. T. 
 
 Charles A. Yaughan, Worcester, Mass. 
 
 Committee on Resolutions : 
 
 Stephen M. Wright, Chairman, New York, X. Y. 
 
 William J. Baker, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 H. J. Sullivan, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 committee on Uniform Contract: 
 
 John S. Stephens, Chairman Philadelphia. Pa. 
 
 Arthur McAllister, Cleveland. Ohio. 
 
 William Grace, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Committee on Building Law: 
 
 Warren A. Cononer, Chairman New York. N. Y. 
 
 Joseph Myles Detroit, Mich. 
 
 John P. Brady Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Committee on Trade Schools: 
 
 George Watson, Chairman, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 J. G. McCarthy, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Ira G. Hersey, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Anthony Ittner, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 John J. Roberts, New York, N.Y. 
 
 Special Committee on Builders Exchange Buildings: 
 
 Charles W. Gindele, Chairman Chicago, 111. 
 
 Henry Gurgo, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 S. B. Sexton, Jr., Baltimore, Md. 
 
 William N. Young , . . . . Boston, Mass. 
 
 W. S. P. Shields, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Alfred Lyth Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 J. J. Quinn, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 Isaac A. Hopper New York, N. Y. 
 
LIST OF EXCHANGES ENTITLED TO REPRESENTATION 
 AT THE NINTH CONVENTION, BALTIMORE, MD. 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, N. E. Cor. Charles and Lexington Sts. 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 The Master Builders Association, 166 Devonshire St. 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 The Builders Association Exchange, Court and Pearl Sts. 
 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 The Builders and Traders Exchange, 34 Clark St. 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, The Arcade. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 The Builders and Traders Exchange, 92 Fort St., West. 
 
 Indianapolis, Ind. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, 31 South Pennsylvania St. 
 
 Lowell, Mass. 
 
 The Master Builders Exchange. 
 
 Lynn, Mass. 
 
 The Master Builders Association, 18 Andrew St. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 The Builders and Traders Exchange, Grand Ave. and 5th St. 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 The Mechanics and Traders Exchange, 289 Fourth Ave. 
 
 Omaha, Neb. 
 
 The Builders and Traders Exchange, New York Life Building. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 The Master Builders Exchange, 18 to 24 South Seventh St. 
 
 Portland, Me. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, First National Bank Building. 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 
 The Builders and Traders Exchange, 9 and 11 Custom House St. 
 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 
 Builders and Building Supply Dealers Exchange, 27 East Main 
 Street. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, Telephone Building. 
 
 St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, Seventh and Cedar Sts. 
 
 Wilmington, Del. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, 607 Market St. 
 
 Worcester, Mass. 
 
 The Builders Exchange, Knowles Building. 
 
ROSTER 
 
 THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BUILDERS 
 
 First Convention at Chicago, 1887. 
 
 President: — George C. Trussing, Chicago. 
 Vice-President: — J. Milton BlxUr, Cincinnati. 
 Secretary and Treasurer : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 
 Second Convention at Cincinnati, 1888. 
 
 President: — J. Milton Blair, Cincinnati. 
 ist Vice-Preside?it : — John S. Stevens, Philadelphia. 
 2d " Edward E. Scribner, St. Paul. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 Treasurer : — John J. Ticker. New York, N. Y. 
 
 Third Convention at Philadelphia, 1889, 
 
 President: — John S. Stevens, Philadelphia. 
 
 1st Vice-President : -Enw akd E. Scribner, St. Paul. 
 
 2d " " John J. Tucker, New York, N. Y. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 
 Treasurer : — (gorge Tapper, Chicago. 
 
 Fourth Convention at St. Paul, 1890. 
 
 President: — Edward E. Scribner, St. Paul. 
 
 1st Vice-President : — John J. Tucker, New York, N. Y. 
 
 2d " Arthur McAllister, Cleveland. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 
 Treasurer : — George Tapper, Chicago. 
 
Fifth Convention at New York, N. Y. , 1891. 
 
 President : — John J. Tucker, New York, X. V. 
 
 rst I r ice<- President : — Arthu r McAllister, Cleveland. 
 
 2d " Anthony [ttner, St. Louis. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 
 Treasurer : — ( '. e< >r< ;h Tapper, Chicago. 
 
 Sixth Convention at Cleveland, 1892. 
 
 President : — Arthur McAllister, Cleveland. 
 rst J 'ice-President : — Anthony [ttner, St. Louis. 
 2d " " Ira G. H ersey, Be ston. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 Treasurer : — ( i e< irge Tapper, Chicago. 
 
 Seventh Convention at St. Louis, 1893. 
 
 President: — Anthony Ittner, St. Louis. 
 rst Vice-President :— Ira G. Hersey, Boston. 
 2d " Hugh Sisson, Baltimore. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 Treasurer : — Ge< irge Tapper, Chicago. 
 
 Eighth Convention at Boston, 1894. 
 
 President:— Ira G. Hersey, Boston. 
 rst Vice-President : — Noble H. Creager, Baltimore. 
 2d " " Charles A. Rupp, Buffalo. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 'Treasurer : — < \ E( >rge Tapper, Chicago. 
 
 Ninth Convention at Baltimore, 1895. 
 
 President: — Noble L Creager, Baltimore. 
 rst Vice-President: — Charles A. Rupp, Buffalo. 
 2d " " James Meathe, Detroit. 
 
 Secretary : — Wm. H. Sayward, Boston. 
 Treasurer : — < '. e< irge Tapper, Chicago. 
 
003 661 035 9 
 
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