\y .e^/f3 7 /^3 THE Eucalyptus Hardwood Trees OF California By A. R. HEATH Published by the Author 5456 Lexington Avenue Chicago, III. Price, 50 Cents Copyright Applied for TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I.— THE VALUE OF FORETHOUGHT Table of Contents Indorsements and Preface Commercial Planting of Eucalyptus . . The Hardwood Famine and its Effect on Prices Great Rapidity of Growth of Eucalyptus Business Men in Action Extreme Statements to be Avoided . . Present and Prospective Hardwood Supply . . Statistics of Neglect . . . . . . The Broad Distinction in Cultivation . . Details of Modern Treatment . . The Lumberman's Point of View Advantage of Large Operations Californians Investing in Eucalyptus . . Credit to a Well-Equipped Expert . . Cover 1 11 3 7 7 7 9 9 11 11 13 17 17 17 PART II.-^AUTHORITIES The Timber Famine and its Uesults Rate of Growth Distinctive Points of Eucalyptus Overproduction Impossible Practical Uses of Eucalyptus . . Yield and Value of Eucalyptus Points about Profits Manufacturing and Seasoning . . Municipally Planted Forests . . The Business Point of View 19 21 23 23 23 25 25 27 29 31 y/ .'Cl. INDORSEMENTS We, residing in California, are thoroughly familiar with the Eucalyptus tree, its growth, uses and value. We have read the original matter produced by Mr. Heath, on the subject of Eucalyptus, together with the authorities he quotes, concerning all of which we have intimate knowledge. The ground he takes is approved by us, and we believe that his booklet is a fair, impartial and reasonable presentation of this important subject, and should be of service to those contemplating commercial planting of Eucalyptus. Professor of Horticulture, University California President "Leland Stanford" University Ex-State Forester of California (^rUz/^us- Ex-Asst. State Forester of California ^ ;^^/£ -^i'^^tZ^iZecZC- Euclayptus Planter— Director and Pioneer Eucalyptus Planter of California Ex-Pres. Drovers. Nat'l Bank, Chicago PREFACE The public interest in the commercial planting of Eucalyptus hardwood trees in California is such as might be called clamorous in its demand for more information of a reliable character upon this subject, especially from an invest- ment point of view. To partially meet this demand with a reasonable view of the possibilities inhering in this subject, as based upon what has actually been accomplished, this pamphlet has been compiled. It is offered, not as a complete treatise on the subject, but more as a classified compilation of authentic data, combined with the opinions of well recognized authorities — all in condensed form — and with refer- ence to the government's recent predictions of a coming timber famine and its results, together with the official reports concerning the growth, uses, value and profit of commercially produced Eucalyptus in California. One further aim has been to set forth, as forcefully as possible, before the prospective planter or investor the importance of the scientific, intensive twen- tieth century methods of planting and growing Eucalyptus, and the attending benefits. The results of these methods as seen in recent measurements, are unprecedented, and open up a new era in the cultivation for profit of this re- markable tree. Watering nursery stock ready for i)laiili "The first tree planted. Seed nurseries. EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA PART I— THE VALUE OF FORETHOUGHT. Nature is ever generous, but in this remarkable tree she surpasses herself. The commercial planting of Eucalyptus trees in California under correct conditions is a creative enterprise in which Nature produces an unfailing product of the soil (the source of all wealth) a product as staple as wheat, in which natural growth supplemented by scientific and intensive cultivation compounds earnings at such a ratio as to make possible a high return with safety on the capital invested. Quotations. Authorities quoted in support of Eucalyptus and its superior advantages as an investment, are complete and convincing. The statements are from men in a position to know, and having the highest standing. The figures are authentic, and arrived at after scientific and exhaustive study. The best way to learn about Eucalyptus is to study it for yourself. Eucalyptus (U-k-lip-tus) commonly known as "Australian Mahogany," has been grown in California for about sixty years, but the now known useful- ness and value of these trees has until quite recently been underestimated. We have only just found that we need them, and are destined to need them indis- pensably. They have come to our aid at a time when we are facing a grave crisis. Hardwood Famine. It is now well established that the supply of timber is very low. We cut 134 million board feet (approximately 30,000 acres) every day — three times the rate of production. With hardwoods alone, the situation is even more alarm- ing, the cut being ten times the rate of production. Thirty-one million board feet of hardwood is cut daily, and no less an authority than the Forestry Bureau of the United States Government is responsible for the statement that we now have less than fifteen years' supply. This is a most serious dilemma, as amongst all our industries the timber ranks fourth. Lumber manufacture employs approximately 1,000 millions of capital, with an annual product exceeding that amount. To cut off the raw ma- terial will be to deplete the pay envelopes of over 600,000 workingmen employed directly in industries dependent for their very existence on a continuous supply of hardwood. "A general failure in crops may affect industrial conditions for a few years — a failure in the hardwood supply would be a blight upon our industries through more than a generation." U. S. Forest Service Circular No. 116 adds: "We have apparently about fifteen years' supplv of hardwood lumber now ready to cut." 3 Preparing to plant 1,000 acres near Montery Bay, Cal. Deep plowing, preparatory to planting a Eucalyptus forest. 'r.l Planting crew setting out baby trees. EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 5 What this industrial disaster would mean in the loss of trade by merchants, manufacturers and farmers, and the consequent shrinkage in bank deposits, and the unbalancing of trade and finance, is only too evident. A single year_ of hard- wood famine will kill all our great wood-working industries and close their factory doors, with disastrous results to the whole country. Pinchot, Roosevelt, the several Conservation Associations, National and State Forestry Departments, corporations and individuals — men of keen business fore- sight and political economists have "sounded the warning of the coming hard- wood timber famine." Mathematicians have made miles of figures to show how fast timber is disappearing. But no power can halt the headlong destruction, for in this practical age men do not stop for sentiment nor for advance in cost, but pay the price and continue their building. The situation is so alarming as to have called for state legislation. It's a timely subject. It's in the air, and we. the nation and individuals, are waking up when it is now too late. The utmost we can do will afit'ord no relief in this generation. The American Lumberman (the leading journal of the timber trade j says: "If reforestation were now to be undertaken in the most broad and efficient way, the result could not be felt in the lumber markets for fifty years." We must begin reforestation now, for posterity's sake. But what can we do for our own sakes? The fact confronts us that we face a severe shortage in ten years, and an absolute famine in fifteen years, when commercial raw material can not be had for love nor money, nor for fifty years to follow. How can we bridge this gap ? Hardwood Prices. Meanwhile prices mount. One need go no further than the nearest lumber yard to realize how prices have advanced. They have risen over fifty per cent in the last ten years. With the return of normal business conditions, building and manufacturing operations will boom, and as the hardwood timber famine grips, prices must soar. In the American Review of Revieivs for May, 1908, page 590, Guy Elliott Mitchell, of the U. S. Geological Survey, says as follows: "The Nation's Worst-Abused Resource.— Oi all the country's natural resources, the forests have been the most shamefully treated, with the result that we are nearer the exhaustion of this asset than in the case of any other natural resource. At the present rate of timber consumption, the price of every class of lumber ten years hence will be about double the present figure." The plain business fact is that the demand will soon be desperate. This view is not pessimism. It is merely a statement of the truth. Wanted — A Remedy! An Escape! Eucalyptus a Complete Hardwood. The native sons of California who found it hard to cut and split the stub- born Eucalyptus for fuel, had a new revelation when these famine prospects were published by the Government. They got busy. They made tests. "Euca- lyptus" was thoroughly tried out, underground, under water, in the manufacture of furniture, vehicles, veneers, agricultural implements and machinery, of in- sulator pins (holding the thread perfectly), of telegraph, trolley and telephone poles, piling, fence posts, railroad ties, and succeeded in all these uses, demand- ing toughness under pressure, strength imder strain, resisting power under blows, and durability in weather, under ground, and in fresh and salt water. First clearing and plowing Planting: 3 months old, 2 to 3 feet high. Beans between rows to conserve moisture. Far hill planted but not in beans. EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 7 Eucalyptus has, moreover, a hard surface, a beautiful grain, and takes the finest piano polish, and in the interior finish of homes, office buildings, and palace cars, it has every quality of use or beauty of the ideal hardivood, and rivals the most costly. The authorities on all the above points are official, complete and impressive. Rapidity of Growth. The most notable quality of the Eucalyptus tree is its rapidity of growth. No other hardwood approaches it in this respect. It absolutely matures ready for use, under modern scientific intensive cultivation, within ten years. Authori- ties cite many plantations which measure up to this statement. How wonderfully this fits our need in the impending crisis ! Nature has kept her gracious boon hidden until now — at the very nick of time ! Why Business Men are Investing in Eucalyptus. American shrewdness and "gumption" are quick to see and act. Numerous clear-headed persons and chiefs of corporations who think ahead have already set out about twenty-five million Eucalyptus trees in California within the last few years. This, however, is but a drop in the bucket, hardly one-fourth of what should have been and ought to be done every year. The cut of 125,000 acres, 100,000 board feet to the acre, would be required annually, in order to provide for the time of need. The certainty of very large profits at a comparatively early date has been the motive of this activity. The American Lumberman says : "Timber investment, therefore, appeals to the intelligent citizen, whether he be a lumberman or not. The result has been that multitudes of individuals, bankers, mer- chants, men and women of all professions, and in all walks of life, having surplus capital, have been investing in timber." The same journal says, on page 30 of its issue of March 20, 1909 : "Under proper conditions a Eucalyptus plantation should begin to pay after five or six years, and within ten or twelve years should be yielding enormous profits, exceed- ing anything that can be secured from a citrus crop, any horticultural crop, or even truck gardening. The probabilities thus expressed seem like a dream, so tremendous are the figures of yield and almost certain profit." This latter quotation has been widely circulated. It illustrates an unfor- tunate tendency among writers, especially during the introductory stages of any newly-discovered process or product, or values, to go to extremes as to results. While it is true that perhaps seven years will produce some values in posts, piling and the like, there are no facts to support the claim that any large per- centage of the ultimate yield is reached at that period. On the other hand, the records as herein quoted, are strong and clear as to the large values of the ten years' product. Of course, the correct soil and modern cultivation are understood. It is to be remembered, moreover, that even the Lumberman's optimistic views do not take into consideration the enormous rises in hardwood prices already begun in anticipation of the inevitable famine. Standing timber is always a staple asset at any stage of growth, and naturally prices depend upon supply and demand. America's needs for hardwood grow with the country's growth. Hardwood is a prime necessity of life! It is a call of our civilization at a thousand points. The shortage intensifies the demand, and sends prices upward. Foresightedness means fortune ! Shortsightedness means misfortune! Trees 5 months old — Man aliowu is 5 feet (J inches tall. Illustratinii uniform stand of trees. Planting: 16 months old, over 20 feet high. Side hill in distance planted with young trees. EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 9 The Natural Appeal to Forethought. The present supply of Eucalyptus is alarmingly small. There cannot be 10,000 acres now ready for cutting. The year's cut of all timber in 1907 was 40 billion board feet (U. S. Government Bulletin), while in 1910 it had grown to 55 billion board feet (Moody's, a leading statistical authority). If only one-fourth be cred- ited to hardwood, then there should be provision every year, outside of the fuel demand, for about 14 billion board feet of hardwood, on the present basis of demand — and that demand is growing. A great number of hardwood factories will undoubtedly move to California, for the necessity is to follow the base of supply. The season of 1909-10 saw less than 23,000 acres set out to Eucalyptus — "the only hope of a hardwood supply." The best commercial varieties of this tree are very intolerant of drought, heat and frosts, and to succeed they require special conditions. California is the only state where they prosper, and here in but a limited area. Instead of 23.000 acres, Ave should set out 125,000 to 150.000 acres of Eucalyptus in California every year! Lumber is a subject which de- mands a "long look." Is it right to sleep, because we have a small supply ahead just now? With every energy and available acre employed, the market cannot be fully supplied. Business men as well as state and national authorities see here a most serious and pressing call. Constructive action is the imperative need — and is already being richly rewarded. Conservation. Added to the above considerations, the claims of conservation require at- tention. To plant trees means the prevention of floods and drouths, the preser- vation of soil fertility, the modification of climate, the betterment of health, a fine increase in population and great prosperity alike to growers and manu- facturers. This is more than sentiment — it is intelligent self-interest. Evidence is clear that he who plants Eucalyptus properly now, and culti- vates well, can have mature trees in ten years to sell to an urgent and clamorous market, at top prices. The valuable by-products of Eucalyptus, as slabs, posts, fuel, oil, food for honey bees, etc., serve in many cases to meet all expense of operation. Most Important Factors. Little was expected of Eucalyptus under former conditions. It was dis- tinctly subordinate, grown merely for shade, fuel, or as windbreaks, and if it served these humble uses in fifteen, twenty or thirty years, no more was ex- pected. Naturally, this called for little or no cultivation; Cheap uses implied cheap treatment. But now, with an impending timber famine, and with the superiority of Eucalyptus proven, all is difi'erent. Eucalyptus has become king, and his busi- ness requires haste. The present-day method of scientific intensive cultivation, producing, as it does, over three times the result, is truly impressive. To be Borne in Mind. Here is a point to be remembered about statistics. Records of trees already mature are in almost every instance the statistics of neglect and of tree-starvation. This is necessarily true, because at the time these trees were set out (the critical 15 feet in 9 months — a State record at Chittenden, Cal. EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 11 time of youth when cultivation would have given the most benefit) no one knew of the hardwood famine, or that Eucalyptus would be proven a perfect substitute for oak, ash, hickory and mahogany, and for practically all commercial hard- woods. As already stated, no pains were taken in planting and care. These old trees simply struggled along, and had to take their chances. That they matured at all is proof of the tremendous vitality of the tree. No reasonable man will accept these "statistics of neglect" as a standard of the growing possibilities of an Eucalyptus tree. Right here is the pessimist's fatal error, and the average lumberman's error as well. It is a case of using false measures — of comparing things not alike, which any professor of logic will declare a crime against reason. It is natural, but still an error. Fo7' it is the broad distinction hetzveen the two systems of treatment — the old and the new — zvhich is the most vital factor in the Eucalyptus-growing situa- tion today. He zvho overlooks it, misleads himself. The New System. The New System is an economic necessity. The growers and manufacturers want more of these precious trees — and want them quickly. Every energy comes m play right here. In the first place, the best land is none too good, with good moisture conditions and sub-irrigation. A close examination of the soil, to avoid hostile chemical elements, is required. No more planting on waste land, or on hill-crests of shallow soil, with water draining away. Sheltered valleys and friendly fogs are sought. So much for location. Then, in the planting season, careful preparation is made to receive the seedling. The plow, the disk, the harrow, the roller are all to do their needful work, and shovels further pulverize the ground where the trees are to be planted. The soil is upturned from depth, cut, harrowed, cross-harrowed and rolled, until made the finest possible. Every obstacle to the quick growth of the rootlets is re- moved. Here, preparation is seen at its best. Next come men with skilful hands to transplant the seedlings to their new home. Every shock is avoided. The roots are still kept surrounded by their original soil and saved from exposure. The right distance for forest growth is observed. Then the seedlings are tucked up in their beds, and Nature nurses them. So much for transplanting. Then comes the watch-care. A weed is like a lamp wick, the sun being the flame. Millions of weeds are millions of wicks, sucking moisture and rob- bing the tender seedlings of their ,chief need. If the thieving weeds are rooted up, over and over, the ground is kept mellow and rich and the moisture is conserved by capillary attraction. This is intensive cultivation. It makes all the difference in the world — a great and profitable difference. Care pays better than neglect. The trees grow faster, simply because they must. Ten-year trees under such stimulus are many-fold more mature than older trees under neglect. Cultivation versus Old-Style Figures. Practically all the figures at our command are records under the "system of neglect." Nobody at that time realized the tree-value, as now understood. In fact, it is only within the last three or four years that the superior quality and beauty and marketing points of the timber have been proven and appreciated. Wjct, '\k>*t Accurate drawing of Eucalyptus ISj/, months of age; Vd'A feet in height; IS^ in- ches in circumference at base; tap root 16 >^ feet below surface. Scientific Intensive Treatment Stimu- lates Strong Root Growth. T>\i E. Globulus at Chittenden, 16 months old. 'Coppicing" or second growth — peculiar to Eucalyptus. EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 13 Yet, even under old conditions, the figures show, in favorable locations, a good maturity in ten years. Had these same trees been scientifically cultivated, it must be conceded that the showing would have been much greater. Hence the old figures, (which are necessarily the only existing statistics of today,) are to be taken subject to expansion, in order to give due credit to the new methods. It may be asked: — "Can you give examples of mature growth in, say, ten years, even though the grower did not know the tree's value at the time of plant- ing? " Fortunately, it is not only possible to do this, but also to show a vivid con- trast under conditions that are entirely fair. Mr. C. H. Sellers, of Sacra- mento, California, an expert who has been commended by the former State Forester as a well equipped forester of eight years' experience in direct contact with the growing Eucalyptus trees, while in the state and national Forest Service, cites a number of cases of this kind, and also emphasizes the great need of cultivation. The Bailey Groves at Santa Ana, California. Grove No. 1 has been left to shift for itself, with no cultivation whatever. At nine years of age, only 32 of its 666 trees reach 12 inches in diameter. The whole acre shows but 39,040 feet board measure. These are the statistics of neglect. Grove No. 2, 1,000 feet away, eight years old, 474 trees, has been cultivated five years, and shows no less than 270 trees exceeding 12 inches in diameter, as against 32 in No. 1, a year older. As a financial comparison; No. 1, with 39,040 feet, at $25 per M., the accepted stumpage value, shows $975 at nine years; while No. 2, with 87,960 feet, shows value of $2,199 at eight years. These measurements were taken over a year ago, and if measured when ten years old, Grove No. 2 will undoubtedly show largely in excess of 100,000 board feet and $2,500 value for the acre. Cultivation makes the difference ! These were fair average sample acres, as stated by Mr. Sellers on page 60 of his recent publication. Many other cases could be quoted along the same general lines, affording similar lessons. The Lumberman's Point of View. Lumbermen outside of California, are unaccustomed to think of hardwood stumpage running over 5,000 to 15,000 board feet per acre, as most native hard- woods grow largely in scattered clumps of more or less irregular and crooked trees. The contrast, therefore, with the same number of planted, cultivated acres, with trees in regular rows, of more uniform size, 8 or 10 feet apart, and with all the growing power of the tree concentrated in one straight bole (because of forest conditions), is very great. Under these conditions the production of 100,000 board feet per acre of the quick-growing Eucalyptus in ten years would be more natural than to reckon 5,000 or more feet stumpage of native hardwood of spon- taneous and crooked growth. The economy of lumbering such a condensed large body of 100 feet tall, straight timber with little waste, would more naturally command $25 stumpage and be actually cheaper at that figure than might be $5 or $10 stumpage for scattered, deformed growth of great waste, requiring lopping and piling (to VIEWvS OF YOUNG HEALTHY GROYES ON ONE OF THE MOST^lPROMINENT ESTATES IN CALIFORNIA 'm^^:^^'^ EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 15 conform to federal forestry laws) and the superfluous handling required of trees which seldom produce clear logs of over 10, 12, or 14 feet. Bear in mind that the $25 stumpage value does not take into consideration the enhanced value ten years hence. The Standard of Measurement. A further point is suggested by Mr. Sellers. In a recent letter to the writer he states : "The Doyle and Scribner Rules of measurement only apply to the southern pines or similar sized logs ; but the Eucalyptus is entirely different from any other tree grown, as it is a well known fact that the Eucalyptus forms long, clear boles anywhere from 40 to 60 feet on trees having a height of perhaps 90 feet. ... I have known trees to measure 15 inches in diameter at 4^ feet from the ground and have 12 to 13-inch diameter SO or 60 feet from the ground. This shows conclusively that the tree tapers very slowly, while all the other trees that the Scribner and Doyle rule applies to usually cut one to three logs and taper very rapidly after the second log is cut." In this attitude Mr Sellers would seem to be sustained not only by his own experience and observations, but also by the authority of Forest Service Bulletin No. 35, where at page 26 we are told : "In the majority of species the trunk diminishes in size upward very gradually, be- ing long and cylindrical. It is this characteristic that makes many of them so admirably adapted for masts, piles, bridge timbers and telegraph poles." The government joins with Mr. Sellers, also, in calling attention to the inaccuracies of both the Doyle scale and the Scribner scale, as seen in the following quotations from U. S. Forest Service Bulletin, No. 36, "Woodman's Handbook," page 20: "In sound logs the saw cut has been known to overrun the Scribner scale from 10 to 20 per cent." This is said concerning logs of timber in general. "In general the mill cut overruns the Doyle Rule log scale by about 25 per cent for short logs 12 to 20 inches in diameter; and for long logs with a small top diameter the overrun is very much higher." Here, again, the reference is to timber in general. The objections to the present statistics, as thus indicated, by the govern- ment and by this experienced forester, are : 1 : — They are statistics of neglect, and do not cover the modern methods of cultivation, 2 : — The measurements are applicable to an entirely different class of trees, and underestimate the tall, straight Eucalyptus trees of remarkably uniform diameter. 3 : — Even as applied to general timber they are confessedly inadequate. Security and Profit. With no known enemy nor disease, with no possibility of over-production, with the feasibility of every protection from loss by fire in these cultivated groves, of evergreen trees, and with every assurance of unprecedented high prices of hardwoods in a few years, who can doubt the security and profit of the busi- ness ? The worst that investors have to figure upon is the element of time. The longer held the greater the profit. Two years and nine months growth near Watsonville, Cal. E. Globuhis. V ..t cd u y ,2i O o -^-' u C 2 y -^ 2 o u ti o ^,1 EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 25 Yield and Value of Eucalyptus. The latest revision of Bulletin 5 of the Forestry Society of California says : $25 per M Stumpage is Fair: — "The product of one acre containing 500 trees of the rapid growing species averaging 12 inches in diameter and having the usual proportions of 14 inch, 16 inch and larger trees will not vary much from an average of 100,000 feet, board measure, of merchantable lumber. . . . "The stumpage price now being paid for standing timber varies in accordance with location and shipping facilities. Lumbermen concede that $25 per thousand feet is fair unless the timber be a long distance from the mills or inferior in size or shape. . . . Hardwood prices are constantly advancing and will undoubtedly be much higher in a few years, but at the present time $25 per thousand is a safe, fair average. The grower who by proper planting and care produces 100,000 feet of timber on an acre in ten years' time can safely expect a net return of $2,500. This is not unreasonable and may be accepted as the standard of stumpage value per acre of first class eucalyptus of marketable size." The Same Price as Oak Lumber: — "The Eucalyptus lumber is being used in every place where great strength is required, and the finished product is valued at the same price as oak lumber." — University of California, Coll. of Agr., Berkeley Bull. 196. High Rates for Oak Stumpage — The following information is condensed from a recent extended letter from Clark L. Poole & Co., Bankers, Chicago : Kentucky is now the leading state in the production of oak lumber, where white oak stumpage values of $9.62 e.xist in the western part of the state, * * * $16.30 in Indiana, * * * while nearness to ready markets caused the maximum price of $30 per M in New York. Eucalyptus Profits Merely as Fuel: Returns from Six Acres Near Los Angeles in 6^ Years Show $1,437 per Acre, or $221 per Acre per Annum: — Mr. L. Micheaux, of Compton, is one of the oldest growers of Eucalyptus in California. He says: — "\ have kept careful records of the proceeds of my various cuttings as a guide to future care and sale. Last year I cut six acres of cord wood (sprout growth) at six and one-half years of age, and sold the same for $3,726 net. I left 500 choice trees for telegraph poles stand- ing, and sold them to the Los Angeles and Redondo Ry. Co. for $2,800 cash ; they to do the cutting and hauling. This averaged me $5.60 per pole on the stump. In addition to the, foregoing, I cut about 300 cords from this six acres when thinning my trees, real- izing $7 per cord net." — Western Empire. Points About Profits. Better Than Orchards: — "The returns on investments in eucalyptus plantations have been generous, in many cases exceeding those received from equal areas under cultivation in orchards or agricultural crops." — Cal. Bd. 2; p. 37. Profits to be Derived: — "The profits to be derived from eucalyptus in the future will be found in hardwood lumber for wagon work, farm and other implements, railroad coach and house finishings, furniture, etc. ; ties, telephone poles, and bridge timber will also prove profitable." — U. S. 196; p. 31. Reaping the Rezuard: — "Hon. Ellwcod Cooper, of Santa Barbara, was one of the first AmericaiTS to recognize the prospective value of eucalyptus as forest trees. He acted upon his conviction, and has for a score of years been reaping the reward." — LI. S. 35 ; p. 31. California and Chicago Market Prices. 1909 Prices of Telegraph Poles: — Eucalyptus Poles, six inches across the top : — 35 feet long, $6.00 each 50 feet long $ 9.25 each 40 " " 7.00 " 55 " " 11.75 " 45 " " 8.00 " 60 " " 12.50 " People's Electric Co., of Los Angeles. 1911 Prices of Poles, Chicago Market; Idaho Cedar Poles, prices furnished Nov., 1911, by George P. Benton & Co., Chicago : — Yards, Hope, Idaho, and Newport, Wash., deliv- ered f. o. b. cars, Chicago, 111 : — 8-inch, 50's, $13 each; 8-inch, 60's, $17; 8-inch, 70's, $21.50 each. (It is understood that Chicago is the cheapest large market for poles on the continent. Eastern and European markets are higher, being more distant.) o X. Wrx" 5C . ctf oj p; ^ aj P ^ 5 > .5 5 (« rH ^, ^ JJ s 5 <= r^ El U -S-S o^ O (/) o s "^ tn xii j-i 3 JJ 0) jl-i - S too I I 3 .5 5 u - a ^-^ - .'Ha;'* 't; 1: "- tn ,s ^ >. ^ ^ o n 1? Q. ^ ^ ,^ " > ctf 1) 2 il . ."ti ^ a! tfl a; ;S .5 o •S^ o •- s «3 S ^- Ot; ai . OS t- CO C 03 (SCO o CQ fe .5 a f^ -4-J '13 ^ a; 0) P^ ;-i c n +-* aj ^ ^ a ;-. C/} s -w 4J x^z a ^ 9 w OJD •^ <*H 1—5 a; 'a ;-i 0) aj y • A aj 01 u n X.^ r- '^ U