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 STAFF MANUAL 
 
 UNITED STATES ARMY 
 
 V 
 
 1917 
 
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 WASHINGTON 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1917 
 
War Department. 
 
 Document No. 644. 
 
 Office of The Adjutant General. 
 
 D, of S. 
 JUL 24 1918 
 

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 CONTEXTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Staff Manual 5 
 
 Staff principles 7 
 
 Staffs of various commands 8 
 
 The General Staff 9 
 
 The Chief of Staff, duties and functions 9 
 
 Operations section 10 
 
 Intelligence section 1 11 
 
 Technical and administrative staff 12 
 
 Record section 13 
 
 Inspection section 13 
 
 Law section 14 
 
 Supply section 14 
 
 Sanitary section 14 
 
 Engineer section in 
 
 Ordnance section 15 
 
 Signal section 15 
 
 Aides 16 
 
 Headquarters' troop 16 
 
 Orders 16 
 
 Messages 17 
 
 Message center 18 
 
 Press representatives and censorship 18 
 
 Foreign attaches 18 
 
 Coordination and cooperation 19 
 
 Brigade adjutant 20 
 
 Staff intercourse, tact, manners, etc 20 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 Diagram, distribution of duties 21 
 
 Diagram, intelligence, source, and course of information- 21 
 
 War diary, forms, and instructions 21 
 
 3 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 AVAR DEPAFvT:MENT. 
 Washington, August 1. 1911. 
 
 1. The following Staff Manual, prepared by the General Staff 
 of the Army, has been approved by the Secretary of AVar and is 
 published for the information and government of the Army 
 of the United States. 
 
 2. The subject of staff service in our Army is nowhere treated 
 in a single compact publication. Effort by officers to familiarize 
 themselves with the higher staff duties and the I'elations of our 
 staff departments to each other and of the General Staff to all 
 of them necessitates research through the Array Regulations. 
 Field Service Regulations, and the manuals of the several staff' 
 departments and the study of foreign classics on the subject. 
 The subject is nowhere epitomized in our tongue for our service. 
 
 3. Recent interviews with officers of the French and British 
 Armies liave shown their reliance and dependence on the staff' 
 manuals of their respective services. These manuals are de- 
 signed primarily to define the mutual relations of the several 
 branches of the staff, and particularly those that should exist 
 between the General Staff and the administrative aud technical 
 services in the field. 
 
 4. The essential and specific function of the General Staff 
 with troops in tliese armies is to assist the commanding general 
 in arrangements for military operations. This includes the su- 
 pervision of the training that must precede military operations 
 and the collection and collation of the information upon which 
 the plans of operations are based. The principal defect of our 
 existing regulations is that responsibility for these duties is 
 not clearly assigned to the General Staff or to any other agency 
 mider the commanding general. It is believed that the efficiency 
 of our forces in the present war demands an authoritativ'e as- 
 signment of tliese duties to competent staff officers and a clear 
 
 5 
 
6 STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 iinderstancling as to the relations that should exist between 
 this operations staff and the administrative and technical serv- 
 ices. Our regulations provide that the staff service of a com- 
 mand shall be coordinated by the senior general staff officer, 
 who is designated as Chief of Staff. But the goal of coordina- 
 tion, that is, successful military operations, is not emphasized 
 as in other services by a clear definition of the special duties 
 and functions of the General Staff with troops. 
 
 5. It is believed that for commands outside the War Depart- 
 ment such staff service should follow broadly the lines practiced 
 in Great Britain and France, freeing the Chief of Staff and 
 General Staff from administrative routine, primarily charging 
 them with General Staff duty proper, retaining for the Chief 
 of Staff of a command only the minimum of supervision and 
 coordination of the administrative and technical staff necessary 
 to enable him to assist his commander in undertaking opera- 
 tions free from anxiety as to failure or lack of cooperation by 
 supply and technical services. In the British and French prac- 
 tice this is accomplished by a chief of technical and supply 
 service, junior in rank to the Chief of Staff and, in the lust 
 analysis, necessarily subordinate to him as the chief staff 
 officer of the commander, but in technical and administrative 
 matters taking from the connnauder and Chief of Staff the 
 burden of supervision and coordination of those services. In 
 our Army that staff officer, by ti'adition and custom marked for 
 this supervision of the administrative service is the adjutant, 
 the medium of communication between the commander and his 
 subordinate individuals and organizations and the custodian 
 of his principal records. An adjustment of staff relations on 
 this line will do no violence to existing regulations, except in 
 the single paragraph 261, Field Service Regulations, where the 
 administrative section of the General Staff would pi'operly be 
 omitted. The readjustment will come about naturally, without 
 a swelling of the volume of military correspondence or the delay 
 of official business. It will permit that strong specialization 
 in general staff duty believed to be essential to our success 
 in war. 
 
 (062.11, A. G. O.) 
 
 By order of the Secretary of War : 
 
 TASKER H. BLISS, 
 Major General, Acting Chief of f^taff. 
 
 Official : 
 
 H. P. McCAIN, 
 
 The Afljvtant General. 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 (Prepared in War College Division, General Staff, 1917.) 
 
 I. STAFF PRINCIPLES. 
 
 1. All military units larger than a company have head- 
 quarters and staffs. The headquarters of battalions and bri- 
 gades have no administrative functions. When such units 
 operate independently their headquarters have for the time 
 administrative functions, and an administrative staff is tempo- 
 rarily assigned. The commander of an army concerns himself 
 with broad questions of strategy and military policy. Adminis- 
 trative functions in the field are exercised principally within the 
 division. A commander is assigned such general, administrative, 
 and technical staff as is necessary for the discharge of his 
 duties. 
 
 Staff functions of units larger than brigades divide into two 
 groups, viz : 
 
 (a) General staff. 
 
 {!)) Technical and administrative staff, comprising record, 
 inspection, law, supply, sanitary, engineer, ordnance, and signal. 
 
 The commander is within his rights in supplementing such 
 staff as is assigned to him by details of assistants from his com- 
 mand, generally in the capacity of learners and understudies, 
 to insure a continuity of staff service in time of frequent 
 casualties. However, " a bulky staff implies a division of re- 
 ponsibility, slowness of action, and indecision, whereas a small 
 staff implies activity and concentration of purpose." (Memoirs 
 of Gen. W. T. Sherman.) 
 
 No matter how numerous the individuals in the several staff 
 groups, there is but one staff, and it has but the one purpose — 
 to assist the commander in his mission. The highest useful- 
 ness of staff officers of all kinds to commander and troops lies 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 in the efficient performance uf tlaeir staff duty. The success of 
 the command as a team, led by the commander, attended by the 
 minimum of friction, discomfort, misunderstanding, and loss 
 for the units of the team is the very acme of staff service. 
 
 Untiring industry, helpfulness, self-sacrifice, and self-efface- 
 ment are the foundation stones of efficient staff' service. The 
 staff officer, as such, gives no orders in his own name. He seeks 
 no credit for success gained by his ccnmuander on his advice; 
 and conceals his nonconcurrence in plans that have brought 
 disaster. He foregoes opportunities for peri3onal distinction to 
 devote himself to the interests of his connnander and comrades, 
 yet, when exposure is demanded, so bears himself that his 
 motives in the former case are beyond question. Tact, good 
 temper, forbearance, alertness, willingness to accept responsi- 
 bility, reserve, good judgment, and straight thinking, not to 
 mention personal valor, would be the conspicuous characteristics 
 of tl:3 perfect staff officer. 
 
 II. STAFFS OF VARIOUS COMMANDS. 
 
 2. The senior officer of each staff department represented in 
 the command is its chief, the others are his assistants. 
 
 Commander. 
 
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 Brigade 
 
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 Lines of communications 
 
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 1 A Chief of Staff and such other staff as the commander deems necessary. 
 
 The functions of chief of artillery and chief engineer on the staff of tlie division 
 commander will be performed by the commander of the di^nsional artillery and the 
 commander of the engineer troops, respectively. 
 
 A division is accompanied by an agent of the Post Office De- 
 partment for the prompt dispatch and distribution of mails. 
 The Postal Service in the theater of operations in time of war 
 is directed by an official of the Post Office Department stationed 
 at the base of the line of communications. 
 
 Independent commands may be accompanied by press corre- 
 spondents with the sanction of the War Department. 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 9 
 
 Au official photographer accompanies Army corps or otlier 
 important independent field force. Sucli persons are detailed 
 by the War Department. 
 
 Note. — See Appendix A, Diagram of General Organization 
 and Functions of the Staff. Tliis diagram is correct in detail 
 for a division.- It applies in principle to other commands. 
 
 III. THE GENERAL STAFF. 
 
 3. The General Staff service of a command is performed by 
 the Chief of Staff and such assistants as are necessary. It 
 comprises the special functions of the Chief of Staff and the 
 two general branches of combat or operations and intelligence 
 or information, each branch with its related subjects. 
 
 (See diagram, Appendix A.) 
 
 4. The Cliief of Staff. — No other member of the staff reaches 
 the official level of the Chief of Staff in the importance of his 
 duties. He assists his commanding general in supervision and 
 coordination of the command, but his primary duty in war has 
 to do with operations ; and in peace with the training of the 
 command and its preparation for war. He is present at all 
 important conferences of the commander and accompanies him 
 on all occasions involving operations, or is represented with hi)n 
 by a General Staff officer, and is his principal adviser. 
 
 The Chief of Staff is the dependence of his commander for 
 accurate information as to the position, strength, and move- 
 ments of any part of the command ; the state of supply and am- 
 munition and the facilities for their renewal; the losses that 
 have been suffered and gains that are expected; the fatigue 
 and hardships that have been undergone; and the effective 
 strength of the command in morale and numbers. 
 
 He relieves the commander of much that is unimportant, and 
 for the proper performance of his duties must be permitted much 
 independence of action. In the name of the commander he co- 
 ordinates and controls the operations of the troops, and the tech- 
 nical and administrative services, exacting responsibility for the 
 latter from the adjutant. He is responsible for the whole work- 
 ing of the staff; that it functions without friction and according 
 to the regulations ; and his powers of supervision and control in 
 the commander's name are coextensive with this duty, and will 
 6582°— 17 2 
 
10 STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 be exercised to the extent he may deem necessary to carry out 
 the same. 
 
 The Chief of Staff bears in mind the plans and policies of his 
 commander and guards against neglects and omissions. He pre- 
 pares matters for the decision of the commander laying his views 
 frankly before him but without insistence that they be accepted 
 or resentment if they are rejected. He should know no other 
 attitude than that of entire loyalty to his commander's decision, 
 once announced, whether or not in accord with his personal 
 views. 
 
 When absent the commander is represented by the Chief of 
 Staff, pending the formal assumption of command by the next 
 senior line officer present. His functions in such instance are 
 technical. He is not competent in such case to censure officers 
 or organizations, and in the absence of knowledge as to the com- 
 mander's wishes, the next senior line officer present with the 
 command must be consulted before orders are issued. In the 
 absence of both commander and Chief of Staff the chief of opera- 
 tions of the General Staff succeeds to the routine duties of the 
 latter, but if any orders are necessary must consult the senior 
 line officer present with the command. 
 
 5. The operations section. — This branch of General Staff 
 work will be normally under the immediate charge of the Gen- 
 eral Staff officer next in rank after the Chief of Staff. Such 
 assistants will be detailed as are necessary, if not assigned to 
 the command from the General Staff. While the Chief of Staff 
 is intimately concerned with the work of this section, and will 
 give its efficiency his close personal attention, it must be so 
 conducted that he will not be bound to its routine. Likewise, 
 the officer in charge of the section must be free to accompany the 
 comrpander when designated by the Chief of Staff. Normally 
 the signal officer of a command is given duty in this section of 
 the General Staff, having to do with the efficiency of the several 
 methods of communication, radio, visual, and wire ; the receipt 
 and transmission of messages ; headquarters telephone and tele- 
 graph service ; wireless interceptions and listening-in ; carrier 
 pigeons, etc. 
 
 The operations section of the General Staff assists in planning 
 movements, maneuvers, and combat. It advises as to the as- 
 signment of reenforcements, and as to the units from which 
 detachments are made to other commands. It prepares for ap- 
 proval the tentative drafts of field orders and the final approved 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 11 
 
 field order for promulgation. It indicates the current status 
 on the daily situation map, Including what is known of the 
 enemy, and advises as to cooperation with adjacent commands, 
 being charged with the liaison therewith. The section deals 
 with the general subjects of organization and materiel as they 
 effect readiness for operations; and considers the quartering 
 or camping of the troops in relation to contemplated move- 
 ments. It prepares the war diary for the headquarters of the 
 command. This section operates the message center, the point 
 mentioned in the final paragraph of the standard field order, to 
 which messages are to be sent, and from which they are dis- 
 patched at headquarters. 
 
 Through Chief Signal Officer it concerns itself with the effi- 
 cient working of the radio, telegraph, telephone, cable, and vis- 
 ual communications; and with the coding, decoding, ciphering, 
 and deciphering of messages. The operations section is charged, 
 in peace and in the intervals of active operations in war, with 
 the preparation of plans for the instruction and training of the 
 command for war; the operation of schools for staff, artillery, 
 musketry, bombers, etc. ; the preparation of problems, sched- 
 ules, and critiques, and the conduct of maneuvers. It is a 
 training school for candidates for the General Staff in its 
 iitilization of carefully selected officers as learners, assistants, 
 etc. In both peace and war it watches over the fighting fitness 
 of the command and keeps touch with the state of efficiency 
 of all its organizations. 
 
 6. The intelligence section. — This branch of General Staff 
 work will be normally under the immediate charge of the General 
 iStaff officer second in rank after the Chief of Staff. Such assist- 
 ants will be detailed as are necessary, if not assigned to the 
 command from the General Staff. The Chief of Staff, while not 
 personally engaged on the routine work of this section, will give 
 it the personal attention necessary to assure himself of its 
 efficiency and to enable him at all times to advise the com- 
 mander in the light of all information available in it. 
 
 The intelligence section of the General Staff makes and 
 distributes a daily summary of information received regarding 
 the disposition and movements of the enemy. It supervises 
 exploring and reconnaissance of the theater of operations, col- 
 lecting and distributing topographical information regarding it. 
 ;ind secures, compiles, and distributes maps. It is the duty of 
 this section to examine and analyze captui*ed correspondence 
 
12 STAFF MANUAL 
 
 anfl documents and wireless interceptions, as well as to exam- 
 ine and interrogate prisoners of war and deserters. It analyzes 
 and collates information from aeroplane and other photographs, 
 and itself establishes and operates a photographic plant. In- 
 terpreters, guides, and translators are secured through this sec- 
 tion, which has general charge of relations with the civil a\i- 
 thorities and inhabitants of occupied territory. It establishes 
 the military secret service for the command and has charge of 
 the duty of counterespionage and the general supervision of the 
 intelligence work throughout the command. The section main- 
 tains close relations with the Aviation Corps, whose efficiency 
 in reconnaissance is interwoven with its own usefulness to the 
 command. The sending and receiving of flags of truce and of 
 any other communication with the enemy are conducted through 
 this section. It Is charged with the reception, quartering, mess- 
 ing, and movements of foreign attaches while with the command. 
 It regulates the movements of press representatives, magazine 
 Avritei's, photographers, and other civilians in the theater of 
 (>]:)erations. The matter of censorship of mail, cable, tele- 
 ;;raph, and telephone service, and of press censorship, under the 
 instructions of the Secretary of War, is under immediate charge 
 of the intelligence section. Its activities include scanning hos- 
 tile and neutral newspapers and the translation and proper dis- 
 position of such extracts as by their character justify it, includ- 
 ing not only information regarding the troops of the enemy but 
 economic and other vital conditions in his territory. It fur- 
 nishes historical and other pertinent information regarding 
 liostile regiments opposite the front of the command. The 
 section lieeps an intelligence diary. 
 
 IV. TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAEF. 
 (See diagi'am. Appendix A.) 
 
 7. This includes the representatives of the various staff corps 
 and departments who may be assigned to the headquarters. 
 The functions of the technical and administrative staff of a 
 division are so intimately connected with the maintenance of the 
 command as to preclude the separation of any of its personnel 
 for any extended period of time from its headquarters. These 
 staff officers are the technical advisei's of the division com- 
 mander, and control directly the operation of such portions of 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 13 
 
 their respective corps personnel as may be placed under their 
 immediate orders. 
 
 8. The record section. — The adjutant is the officer in 
 cliarge of the i-ecord section. As the medium of communication 
 between the commander and all other parts of the command, ex- 
 cept the General Staff, the adjutant is the head of the technical 
 and administrative staff. His office is charged with the custody 
 of all records of the command except confidential records of the 
 intelligence section of the General Staff and administrative 
 records pertaining to money and property accountability and 
 responsibility. The record section prepares and promulgates all 
 administrative and routine orders, circulars, memoranda, bulle- 
 tins, etc., and jointly ^^ith the heads of other staff departments 
 concerned the adjutant is present when operations orders are 
 decided upon, and prepares the paragraphs of such orders that 
 may touch administrative staff service. This section is charged 
 with the custody and distribution of War Department and other 
 orders, bulletins, regulations, etc., from outside sources. It cor- 
 rects headquarters copies of Army Regulations and service 
 manuals to conform to published changes. It handles consoli- 
 dated daily reports, camp returns, survey reports, requisitions, 
 and rosters. It prepares returns, checks returns from subordi- 
 nate organizations ; prepares, enters, and records papers ; keeps 
 records of prisoners and casuals. The routine business of the 
 command is conducted by this office, which prepares general 
 correspondence for signature ; checks it up and mails it. Tlie 
 duty of copying and mimeographing is performed by this sec- 
 tion. The adjutant, through the opportunities afforded by his 
 office as a channel, and otherwise, so informs himself as to the 
 administrative efficieucy of the command, including supply and 
 staff departments, as to enable him to furnish accurate informa- 
 tion regarding it to thegttiief of Staff or commander whenever 
 required. 
 
 9. Inspection section. — The inspector is the officer in cliarge 
 of the inspection section. This section concerns itself with all 
 classes of inspections of the command, except tactical, and the in- 
 spector should accompany the commander at his tactical inspec- 
 tions. Its inspections include organizations, their camps or quar- 
 ters, interior economy, transportation, equipment, arms, records, 
 messing, and morale. The inspector condemns unserviceable 
 property, verifies money accounts, and generally exercises a 
 comprehensive and general observation within the command 
 
 6582°— 17 3 
 
14 STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 over all that pertains to efficiency, condition, and state of sup- 
 plies, expenditure of public property and moneys, conduct, and 
 discipline of officers and troops, and reports witli impartiality 
 as to irregularities discovered, making suggestions as to the 
 correction of defects coming under his observation. This section 
 undertakes special investigations when required. 
 
 10. Law section. — The judge advocate is the officer in charuv 
 of the law section. This section concerns itself with the prepara- 
 tion and investigation of court-martial charges, the submitting of 
 legal opinions on questions referred to it, and the examination and 
 tentative review of all court-martial cases requiring the action 
 of the commander. It prepares all orders pertaining to court- 
 martial proceedings and renders such general assistance as may 
 be required of it. Its connection with the subject of coui-ts- 
 martial is extended in time of war to such tribunals as courts 
 of inquiry, military commissions, and provost courts. The judge 
 adA-ocate is the advisor of the commander in the general admin- 
 istration of military justice in the command. 
 
 11. The supply section. — The quai-termaster is the officer 
 in charge of the supply section. This section is charged broadly 
 Avith the supply of the command. It deals Avith questions of 
 quarters, subsistence, pay, transportation of personnel and sup- 
 plies, fuel, lights, Avater, clothing, quartermaster equipment, 
 forage, etc. It furnishes and repairs A-ehicles for transportation. 
 It is responsible for the supply of remounts to the mounted 
 troops, and Avith the replacement of all classes of public animals. 
 The supply section furnishes motor A-ehicles as authorized for 
 use of headquarters, troops, and trains. It considers and ad- 
 justs claims, and does general disbursing for the command. It 
 is charged Avith salA'age in the theater of operations; polices the 
 battle field and buries the dead ; locates and cares for cemeteries. 
 Laundries and baths for the command, except as to their medical 
 aspect, are established and operated by this section. 
 
 12. The sanitary section. — The surgeon is in charge of the 
 sanitary section. Normally his senior assistant is the sanitary 
 inspector for the command. One assistant performs the duty of 
 attending surgeon for the headquarters. The duties of this sec- 
 tion are advisory and administrative. It is charged Avith the 
 supervision of the sanitation of camps and quarters of the com- 
 mand and of the occupied ten-itory. It cares for the sick and 
 wounded, being responsible for the evacuation of the Avounded 
 from the battle field. This section procures the necessary medi- 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 16 
 
 cal and surgical «upplit's, and advises as to the assignmeut and 
 distribution of medical personnel. It performs similar duty 
 with regard to veterinary personnel and supplies. It provides 
 for the disinfection of clothing, and in their medical aspect is 
 responsible for the operation of baths and laundries. The sui'- 
 jxeon is expected to freely advise the commander on matters per- 
 taining to his responsibilities, which include training tlie com- 
 mand in matters of personal hygiene and military sanitation ; 
 the provision of facilities for maintaining good sanitary condi- 
 tions ; and, in so far as they have a bearing upon the physical 
 condition of the troops, the equipment of individuals and organi- 
 zations, the condition of buildings or other shelter occupied by 
 troops, the character and preparation of the food, the suitability 
 of clothing, and the disposal of waste. He recommends as ttj 
 action on requests for absences on account of sickness or wounds. 
 The surgeon's responsibilities for the health of the command and 
 its physical efficiency are so great that he should not hesitate to 
 prolTer recommendations on matters which he believes to be vital 
 to them. 
 
 13. The engineer section. — The chief enginetT of a com- 
 mand in charge of this section is normally the senior officer of 
 the engineer troops with it. A separate office at headquarters 
 will not generally be necessary. The activities of the engineer 
 section include the furnishing of labor and material for roads, 
 bridges, docks, mines, and for the construction, operation, and 
 maintenance of railways in the theater of operations. It con- 
 .structs field fortifications, makes surveys, sketch maps, etc. It 
 Is charged with furnishing engineer material for its variou'^ 
 constructions, as well as flares, searchlights, mines, asphyxiat- 
 ing gas, etc. 
 
 The chief engineer is the adviser of tlie commanding general 
 and of the Chief of Staff on all matters reqiiirlng engineering 
 skill and knowledge. 
 
 14. The ordnance section. — This section, imder the ord- 
 nance officer, is charged with furnishing ordnance supplies and 
 with repairs to the same. The chief ordnance officer is the 
 adviser of the commanding general and of the chief of staff 
 on all technical matters relating to ordnance. 
 
 15. The signal section. — The signal section is under the 
 signal officer whose staff duty, with regard to purely signal mat- 
 ters, is principally concerne<l with procuring supplies. His tech- 
 nical knowledge, however, made use of in the operation sec- 
 
16 STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 tion of the general staff, by detailing him, as an assistant in 
 matters of radio, visual, pigeon, and wire communications ; the 
 receipt and transmission of messages; the supervision of the 
 headquarters telephone and telegraph service, and the service 
 of wireless intercepting, listening-in, etc. 
 
 V. AIDES. 
 
 16. When not on duty directly under the commanding gen- 
 eral one aide will be detailed in the operations section and one 
 in the intelligence section of the general staff. 
 
 The aide in personal attendance on the commanding general 
 will inform the Chief of Staff, at the earliest practicable 
 moment, of any contemplated movement of the commanding 
 general. 
 
 If the commanding general issues any orders or instructions 
 when the Chief of Staff is not present, the aide in attendance 
 will make a written copy at the time of such orders or instruc- 
 tions and will send it without delay to the Chief of Staff. 
 
 An aide will be responsible to the supply officer for head- 
 quarters for the commanding general's horses, motor car, or 
 other property in his personal possession. 
 
 VI. HEADQUARTERS TROOP. 
 
 17. The troop commander is ex officio camp commander of 
 the headquarters camp. He is responsible for the security of 
 the commanding general and of headquarters, causes the neces- 
 sary .sentries to be posted, the proper flags and lights to be dis- 
 played, and maintains order and police in the vicinity of head- 
 quarters. 
 
 He issues orders for the movement of civilian and enlisted 
 personnel on receipt of instructions from the Chief of Staff, 
 details the necessary orderlies, causes the horses of the staff 
 to be cared for and delivered on order. 
 
 For messing, quartering, and muster all enlisted men at head- 
 quarters are part of the headquarters troop. 
 
 VII. ORDERS. 
 
 18. A verbal order is more likely to cause misunderstanding 
 than a written one. Ambiguous and badly worded orders are 
 a fruitful cause of mistakes. When definite action is i-equired 
 a definite order should be given. When it is necessary to place 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 17 
 
 a subordiimte in a position In whicli lie must act on his own 
 judsinient, the object to be attained must be made clear, and 
 he should be furnished with all available information likely to 
 be of use to him ; but definite orders as to methods of action 
 would be out of place. It must, however, be made clear whether 
 the attainment of the object iu view is to override all other con- 
 siderations, such as loss of life, or not. In considering this im- 
 portant point it must be remembered that great objects can not 
 be attained by half-hearted measures. 
 
 Whenever time permits, orders and other communications 
 should be typewritten or printed, because when issued In these 
 forms they are more easily read and grasped than when written. 
 
 Confidential orders must always be typed or written by a 
 staff officer. Orders having been issued, they should be repro- 
 duced and distributed without imdue delay, in order that sub- 
 ordinate commanders and troops may be relieved as far as pos- 
 sible from uncertainty and from the consequent necessity of 
 making hasty arrangements. It will be often possible to make 
 an early issue of jDreliminary instructions, stating at the same 
 time the hour when detailed orders will be circulated. 
 
 This course is especially advisable when orders can not be 
 issued until late at night. 
 
 All staff officers whose duties may require them to prepare 
 orders or messages should carry with them the necessary mate- 
 rials for drafting and copying orders and messages in the field. 
 
 Receipts must be obtained for all communications .sent from 
 headquarters. 
 
 VIII. MESSAGES. 
 
 19. The rules adopted to secure clearness in orders apply 
 equally to messages. 
 
 Urgent operation orders or messages shall take priority in 
 transmission of all othei's. 
 
 Subject to any instructions issued by the Chief of Staff, the 
 signal officer decides on the method by which a message, order, 
 or letter confided to the signal service is to be sent. 
 
 ilessages arriving will have the time of receipt noted on them, 
 will be receipted for if arriving by messenger, and will be at 
 once sent to the officer concerned. At night the officer on duty 
 will use his discretion as to whether the importance of a mes- 
 sage calls for its delivery before morning. 
 
13 STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 A receipt of all messages imist be acknowledged on the en- 
 velope or otherwise. 
 
 A register of messages sent or received will be kept at the 
 message center. 
 
 IX. MESSAGE CENTER. 
 
 20. This is the point mentioned in all field orders to which 
 messages are to be sent. It is the oflice for dispatching mes- 
 sages. It will be maintained whether the command is stationary 
 or in movement. It pertains to the operations section of the 
 General Staff and will normally be under charge of the signal 
 officer as assistant to the General Staff. 
 
 X. PRESS REPRESENTATIVES AND CENSORSHIP. 
 
 21. Tlie regulations governing cdrrespondents permilted to 
 accompany the armies in the field are contained in paragraphs 
 422 to 431, inclusive, Field Service Regulations. Press reiiresen- 
 tatives are under the control of the intelligence section of the 
 CJeneral Staff. They are under the direct control of the censor, 
 who will issue to them such additional instructions as may be 
 found necessary to amplify those contained in Field Service 
 Regulations. 
 
 XI. FOREIGN ATTACHES. 
 
 22. "When duly accredited attaches of foreign governments 
 are permitted to accompany the forces in the field, they will be 
 placed under the care of the Intelligence Section of the General 
 Staff. 
 
 One officer, Avith such assistants as may be necessary, will be 
 designated to receive and attend the foreign attaches and to 
 make the necessary arrangements for their comfort. Tlie offi- 
 cers designated for this duty will have charge of the movements 
 and correspondence of the attaches, and through these officers 
 will be transmitted all orders, communications, or information 
 that it may be deemed expedient to furnish them. No other per- 
 son will furnish attaches any information whatever. 
 
 The officer in charge of attaches is responsible for the censor- 
 ship, dispatch, and delivery of all their correspondence. 
 
 No cipher or code is permitted, and no telegram can be dis- 
 jvcitched except in the case of the most urgent necessity. 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 19 
 
 The officer in. charge of attaches will issue such subsidiary 
 resulations as may appear necessary, including instructions for 
 their servants or interpreters. 
 
 XII. COORDINATION AND COOPERATION. 
 
 23. Staff officers, as such, have no authority over the troops, 
 or services, or departments, and though they are responsible for 
 the issue of orders, it is essential that they should remember 
 that every order given by them is given by authority and on 
 the responsibility of the authorized commander. This must al- 
 ways be made clear io the recipient of the order. 
 
 Efficient performance of staff duties is far more difficult in 
 a new organization than in one that has existed for some time, 
 and in which commanders and staff know each other well and 
 are accustomed to work together. When this knowledge and 
 previous experience do not exist, it is more than ever essential 
 that the nature and importance of staff duties and the general 
 p?-'.nciples of their organizatio.x should be clearly understood by 
 commanders as well as by staff officers. 
 
 Secrecy as to plans and intentions is often advisable, and 
 few matters call for more judgment in war than to know how 
 much it is advantageous to make known and how much to 
 conceal. 
 
 Overconcealment tends to prevent intelligent cooperation, 
 A\hile if plans and intentions are allowed to be known prema- 
 turely the enemy may gain valuable information from pris- 
 oners or spies, or by other means. Staff officers should always 
 tMideavor to obtain instructions from their superiors as to what 
 information it is advisable to make known to subordinate com- 
 manders ; but at times they may have to use their own judg- 
 ment. As a general guide, they must remember that unity of 
 effort toward a common object can not be attained if subordi- 
 nates who may have to act on their own judgment are not 
 told all that which it is necessary for them to know. 
 
 Every staff officer who obtains any information likely to be 
 of use is responsible that it is passed on to the chief of staff 
 at once. 
 
 All staff officers must use their judgment in communicating 
 information to others likely to be affected by it. A staff officer 
 bringing information to headquarters should state to whom else 
 lio has communicated it. A subordinate commander to whom 
 
20 STAFF MANUAL, 
 
 information is given should be informed as to tlie other com- 
 manders to whom similar intelligence has been given. 
 
 XIII. BRIGADE ADJUTANT. 
 
 24. The headquarters of a brigade of Cavalry, Field Artil- 
 lery, or Infantry lias as stafC one major, bridgade adjutant, 
 and two aids. 
 
 To the brigade adjutant, assisted by the aids, naturally fall 
 all the staff duties. Q^he adjutant takes the place of the Chief 
 of Staff in liigher units. 
 
 Should troops, in addition to those which normally constitute 
 the brigade be attached to it, the commander ordering these 
 dispositions is responsible that any necessary increase is made 
 to the brigade staff. 
 
 XIV. STAFF INTERCOURSE, TACT, MANNERS, ETC. 
 
 25. It is essential that tlie officers of the staff should always 
 be in close touch ; everything must be done to coordinate tlie 
 work, avoid duplication, or other waste of effort. 
 
 A staff officer needs a broad outlook, modesty, and above all 
 manners. 
 
 A staff officer must never do a job slackly or make a mistalve ; 
 and if he does, he must confess it directly and malve it right. 
 
 A staff officer is the servant of all and must devote himself 
 to the whole command. 
 
 Although a servant, he must still have the resolution of a 
 raastei". He must be cheerful, sympathetic, loyal, and always 
 thinlc of the machine as a whole and not try to get advantages for 
 his own command. 
 
 He must never say " It is not my job." 
 
 Orders should be conveyed concisely and in good English. In 
 order to write orders a staff officer must visualize what is going 
 to happen. 
 
 He should always discuss orders with commanders of units, 
 if possible. 
 
 Staff officers must be careful to avoid errors in writing tlie 
 names of places. It frequently happens, for example, in France 
 that places in the same district have names px'actically identical. 
 
 He must learn to work quickly and to practice the dictation 
 of orders. Orders should be criticized from the point of view 
 of the reader, and if possible another staff officer should read 
 
tica 
 Sta 
 lear 
 
 Plans for o^'*''- 
 ments. ^^• 
 Detachmen<i?es. 
 Field Orde^struction. opera- 
 War Diarie"'"' ^^"^ mainte- 
 Organizatio"\"ce of railways. 
 
 Material. '^'^^• 
 Daily sitiia')^^; _^.„ ^. 
 Cooperation'*! fortjfisation. 
 mands. ■^'«'.^'^- . , , , 
 Defense schP makmg, sketch. 
 
 Reinforceid''''^-,. , , 
 Training aiFP^"gl^ts. 
 Quartering^meer supplies. 
 
 andmovf-'^^c- 
 Message Ce] 
 Liaison. 
 Signal, rad 
 
 cable con 
 Coding, del 
 
 phering, 
 Etc., etc., < 
 
 Ordnance supplies. 
 Repairs to ordnance. 
 
 SIGNAL 
 
 (SIGNAL OFFICER) 
 
 Signal supplies. 
 
 Assistant lo General 
 Staff in matters of 
 radio, visual, wire 
 communication; 
 message receipt and 
 transmission; Head- 
 , quarters. , telephone 
 and teregrapn Serv- 
 ice; pigeons. 
 
 Wireless interception, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 668S 
 
Appendix A. 
 
 GENERAL ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STAFF. 
 
 COMMANDING GENERAL. 
 
 Chief of Staff. 
 
 Primarily charged -nith responsibility for the elliciency of the 
 General StafI service, exercisint; under the CommanduiK 
 General such supervisory and coordinating power over the 
 remainder of the command, including administrativescrvire, 
 as will enable operations to be imdertalien with confidence 
 in the eniciency of all parts of the command. 
 
 GENERAL STAFF 
 
 Working out all arrangements necessary for camping, quar- 
 tering, security, movement, and battle. Freparing and 
 communicating field and tactical orders. Collection and 
 distribution of information from all sources, reconnaissances, 
 captured documents, agents, spies, prisoners of war, deser- 
 ters; organization and conduct of military secret service: 
 supervision or preparation and revision of maps, and dis- 
 tribution of same; censorship. Watching over fightini; con- 
 dition of troops, keeping touch with their efflciency m all 
 respects. Keeping journals and diaries of operations, 
 drawing up reports of engagements, and colleetmg and pre- 
 serving important military information for future use. 
 Preceding active operations, and during intervals in war 
 when active operations are not being prosecuted, the General 
 Staff concerns itself with training, instruction, schools tor 
 artillery, machine guns, bombing, etc., maneuvers, 
 problems, schedules, and critiques. Special attention is 
 given to the training of (Jeneral Staff ollicers, and to prac- 
 tical determination of eligibility or fitness for the C.eneral 
 Staff by the utilization of attached cfTicers, understudies, 
 learners, etc. , etc. . 
 
 ZL 
 
 OPERATIONS 
 (2D o. s. o.) 
 
 Plans for operations, combat, move- 
 ments. 
 Detachments. 
 Field Orders. 
 War Diaries. 
 Organization. 
 Material. 
 
 Daily situation maps. 
 Cooperation with adjacent com- 
 mands. 
 Defense schemes. 
 Reinforcements. 
 
 Training and Instniction Schools. 
 Quartering, in relation to security 
 
 and movements. 
 Message Center. 
 Liaison. 
 Signal, radio, telegraph, telephone, 
 
 cable communications. 
 Coding, decoding, cyphering, decy- 
 
 phcring. 
 Etc., etc., etc. 
 
 INTELI-IOENCE 
 (3D G. s. o.) 
 
 Summarizing, distributing informa- 
 tion received of the enemy, disposi- 
 tion, movements, etc. (dally). 
 
 Collecting, distributing topographical 
 information of the theater of openi- 
 tions. 
 
 Exploring, reconnaissance, etc. 
 
 Securing, compiling, distributing 
 maps. . 
 
 Analyzing captured correspondent e. 
 document*, and wireless intercep- 
 tions. J . _ 
 
 Analyzing enemy's codes and cyphei^. 
 
 Establishing, operating photograph- 
 ing plant. 
 
 AnaTvzing aeroplane photograptis. 
 
 Interpreters, guides, and translators. 
 
 Examining prisoners of war and de- 
 
 Rdatfol's with civil authorities aud 
 inhabitants of occupied territory. 
 
 Military secret service. 
 
 Counter-espionage. 
 
 Supervision of Intelligence work 
 throuchout the command. 
 
 Links with Aviation Corps. 
 
 Flags of truce. , , „ 
 
 Care and movements of foreujn 
 
 Movements of press and magMina 
 writers, ph.)tographers and othw 
 civilians (n the theater of operation-s. 
 
 Censorship of mail, cable, teleiJione. 
 and telegraph, etc. 
 
 Intelligence Diary. 
 -4'ress ttan.slations. 
 
 History of regiroeni.s opposite «i» 
 front. 
 
 Etc., etc., etc. 
 
 SUPPLY 
 
 (QUABTEBMASTEH) 
 
 Transportation of person- 
 nel and supplies. 
 Supply of transportation, 
 
 repairs, etc. 
 Clotning. 
 
 Quartermaster equip- 
 ment. 
 
 Subsistence. 
 
 Fuel. 
 
 Lights. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Camp sites. 
 
 Quarters and ofnces. 
 
 Pay of per.soiuiel . and gen- 
 eral disbursements. 
 
 I/auiidries and baths. 
 
 Remounts. 
 
 Claims. 
 
 Salvage. 
 
 Workshops. 
 
 Cemeteries. , , ,,. 
 
 Policing battle lieWs. 
 
 Burials. 
 
 Labor. 
 
 F.tc. 
 
 INSl'ECTION 
 
 (INSPECTOB) 
 
 Investigations as re- 
 quired. 
 
 Inspections of all 
 classes, except tac- 
 (ical, mclurtmg or- 
 ganizati.ins, camps, 
 quarters, interior 
 economy, transpor- 
 tation, morali;, mcss- 
 
 Condemnation ol 
 
 profierty. 
 Verification of money 
 
 accounts. 
 Etc., etc., etc 
 
 RECORD, PERSONmJL, ADSfimSTRATlOy 
 (ADJUTANT) 
 
 The Adjutant, as the medium of communication between 
 the Commander and all otlier parts of the command except 
 the (ieneral Staff, is the head of the technical and adminis- 
 trative staff. His olTice is charged with the custody of all 
 records of the Ileadtiuarters except the conndentiiil records 
 of the Intelligence Section of the General Staff, and admin- 
 istrative records pertauiiiig to money and properly accoimt- 
 ing. He issues all administrative and routine orders, 
 circulars, memoranda, etc.. and jointly with the stiitf depart- 
 ments concerned is present when operation orders are 
 decided upon and prepares paragraphs that may touch 
 administrali\e staff service. His othce keeps rosters; 
 prepares, enters, and records papers; distributes orders 
 from superior authority; conducts routine business of the 
 command, etc. 
 
 LAW 
 
 (JUDGE ADVOCATE) 
 
 Preparation and in- 
 vestigation of court- 
 martial charges. 
 
 Examination and ten- 
 tative review of 
 court-martial ca-ses 
 requiring action of 
 Commander. 
 
 Court-martial orders. 
 
 Supervision of admin- 
 istration of military 
 law. 
 
 Submission of legal 
 opinions on request. 
 
 Etc. 
 
 SANITAKV 
 (SUBOEON) 
 
 Sanitation of camps, 
 quarters, and occu- 
 pied territory. 
 
 Health of command. 
 
 Care of sick and 
 wounde<l. 
 
 Collection and evacu- 
 ation of sick and 
 ■wounded. 
 
 Medical personnel. 
 
 Medical supplies. 
 
 Veterinary personnel. 
 
 Veterinary supplies. 
 
 Laundries and baths, 
 (medical aspect). 
 
 Disinfection of clotb- 
 in?, etc 
 
 ENGINEERS 
 
 (ENOINEEE) 
 
 Labor. 
 
 Roads. 
 
 nridges. 
 
 Construction, opera- 
 tion, and mainte- 
 nance of railways. 
 
 Docks. 
 
 Mines. 
 
 Field fortilisation. 
 
 Survevs. 
 
 Map naaklng, sketch. 
 
 Flare-s. 
 
 Searchlights. 
 
 Engineer supplies. 
 
 Etc., etc. 
 
 ORDNANCE 
 
 (ORDNANCE) 
 
 Ordnance supplies. 
 Repairs to ordnance. 
 
 SKJNAL 
 
 (SIGNAL omCIB) 
 
 Signal supplies. 
 
 Assistant to General 
 Staff in matters of 
 radio, visual, wire 
 coin municatlon. 
 mcs.siige receipt and 
 traiLsniission; ilead- 
 quarlors tfltjiphone 
 and telegraph Serv- 
 ice: pigeons. 
 
 Wireless interoeptioD, 
 ete., etc. 
 
 6682°— 17. (To face page 20.) No. 1. 
 
'1 
 
 ■•i 1-1:1 -r '.. . . 
 
 ■'i:'6 
 
 \''H hue r*tii;ti.r 
 
 
 . .-3 ,^iA 
 
 •■.'<V.. '/I 
 l>!!l\1(L-;,t.f|- •■>lti ■..'>' \, ..•'■ -'I 
 
 ■.r<I.' f •.;-: ..--.fc, . ! : - 
 
 .MK..- -. .■ -'■;-•: , ■ 
 
 *.!..- .-.MM-r; 
 
 
 i.AU 'SMf '.-j-N oT) .Ti-- "i'i^ 
 
Appendix B. 
 
 Balloon Ot serving 
 Observers Officers 
 
 Aoroplano 
 Reconnaissance 
 
 Post: 
 
 'oan'.'ard 
 
 jocation 
 ^1 
 
 rvers 
 
 Forward Observing Officers 
 
 BATTERIES 
 
 Artillery Brigades 
 Through Whom Heports -are 
 sent 
 
 Divisional Arty. 
 
 Head (quarters 
 
 Flying Corps 
 ■aadron 
 
 tvy Artillery 
 
 Divisional 
 Headquarters 
 
I N T E L L I 
 
 G 
 
 E N C E. 
 
 SOURCES' AND COURSE 
 
 05 
 
 ^ INEORMATIO^f 
 
 EROM FRONT LINE 
 
 REARWARDS- 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 Sentries 
 
 Battalion Scouts Sentries 
 and Patrols 
 
 Battalion Scouts ^..Observing ?hotographing Kite ^ofV^T^ 
 
 Coinpanies in Companies in 
 Front Trenches Support Trenches 
 
 Battalion 
 
 Battalions in 
 Support and 
 Reserve 
 
 Divisional 
 Headquarters. 
 
 luai 
 
 6582° — 17. (To face pug"' 20.) No. 2. 
 
 and Patrol: 
 
 Companies in Coinpanies in 
 
 Front Trenches Support Trenches 
 
 Battalion 
 1 
 
 Regiment in 
 Front Line 
 System 
 
 Special Observers 
 In Rearward Observation Posts 
 (Occasional) 
 
 Divisional 
 Observajtion Posts 
 
 Brigade in 
 Front Line 
 
 Infantry Brigades 
 Through Whom Reports are sent 
 
 Tivisional 
 
 Headquarters_ 
 
 Aeroplane 
 Reconriaissance 
 
 Observers Officer 
 
 ne 
 
 Observation Posts 
 
 Behind 
 Front Line 
 
 Roanvard 
 Location 
 
 Brigade Observers 
 
 Brigades 
 Resting 
 
 Forward Observing Officers 
 
 BATTERIES 
 
 Artillery Brigades 
 Through Whom Reports are 
 
 sent 
 
 I 
 
 Divisional Arty- 
 Headijuarters 
 
 Flying Corps 
 .Souadron 
 
 Divisional 
 Headquarters 
 
 CORPS HEADQUARTERS 
 
 Corps Haavy Artillery 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 21 
 
 tlicm over. It is inexcusable in a staff officer to make a mistake 
 through carelessness. Ke must alwaj's study the human nature 
 of the men with whom he is brought in touch. 
 
 The members of the staff should be good friends m order to 
 A\'ork harmoniously together. It is upon perfect confidence and 
 close cooperation that success depends. 
 
 Appendix C. 
 
 war diaky. 
 
 1. A daily record of events, to be kept in campaign by each 
 battalion and higher organization, and by each ammunition, 
 supply, engineer, and sanitary train. 
 
 2. The day comprises the 24 hours covered by the date. 
 
 3. To be submitted to the next higher commander, and by 
 him forwarded, as soon as practicable, direct to the War De- 
 partment ; commanders of armies or of units not components of 
 a higher command, forward their diaries direct to the War 
 Department. 
 
 4. After an engagement the report of losses and captures will 
 be filled out, and a sketch will be appended showing the posi- 
 tion of the command at the most important phases. 
 
 5. Copies of orders and messages received will be appended, 
 or a synopsis of their contents will be entered in the diary ; it 
 is most important that the exact time and place of issue and 
 receipt be shown. 
 
 6. Each installment of the diary will begin on sheet No. 1 ; if 
 necessary, sheet No. 2 will be used for the additional leaves. 
 
 7. See paragraph 35, Field Service Regulations. 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 
 War diary of (see par. 35, F. S. E.) Date. 
 
 
 
 Organi- 
 zation. 
 
 From 
 
 Hr. 
 
 To 
 
 Hr. 
 
 Dist. 
 
 Combat train 
 
 
 OS 
 
 g-S 
 
 o 
 
 ■Ja 
 
 Am. train 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 With 
 troops. 
 
 Ration.s . 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Forage . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Supply 
 train. 
 
 Rations . 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Forage.. 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ .9 
 
 Eflectives 
 
 51 
 
 § s 
 
 
 
 Officers Men 
 
 ^ '!^ 
 
 Re 
 
 marks: 
 
 
 m g^ 
 
 
 We 
 
 ather 
 
 "d 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 Roads 
 
 o 
 
 
 ■g 
 
 Health 
 
 
 
 Camp 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 23 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Chronological record of events. 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 <! 
 
 ri 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g; ^ « 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 (Sheet No. 1, reverse.) 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 (>3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 S. 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note.— If moving, show place opposite hour. 
 
24 
 
 STAFF MANUAL. 
 
 
 Hour. 
 
 Chronological reoord of events. Organization Date 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 SHEET No. 
 War diary, 
 d paste nothing in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Note: If mo\'ing, show place opposite hoiur. 
 
STAFF MANTJAL. 
 
 25 
 
 Hour, j Chronological record of events. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 o 
 
 
 (Sheet No. 2, Reverse.) 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 cra_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
mZT°^^°^^ 
 
 °°1' 399 159 8