Class Book FS h / 3 A MW COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA BY HELEN ELLIOTT BANDINI ILLUSTRATED BY ROY J. WARREN NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI •:. CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 'ujei«.*.SY of OONi^RESS? two Copies rtixv-ivii*. SEP 4 )yo8 0LA5*» VX. AAC, Wv., (;oPY Copyright, 1908, by HELEN ELLIOTT BANDINL Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. B. CAL. W. P. I PREFACE This book is an attempt to present the history of CaUfornia in so simple and interesting a way that chil- dren may read it with pleasure. It does not confine itself to the history of one section or period, but tells the story of all the principal events from the Indian occupancy through the Spanish and Mission days, the excitement of the gold discovery, the birth of the state, down to the latest events of yesterday and to-day. Several chapters, also, are devoted to the development of Cahfornia's great industries. The work is designed not only for children, but also for older people inter- ested in the story of California, including the tourists who visit the state by the thousand every year. For her information the writer has depended almost entirely upon source material, seldom making use of a secondary work. Her connection with the old Spanish families has opened to her unusual advantages for the study of old manuscripts and for the gathering of recol- lections of historical events which she has taken from the lips of aged Spanish residents, always verifying a statement before using it. She has, also, from long familiarity with the Spanish-speaking people, been able to interpret truly the life of the Spanish and Mission period. The illustrator of the history, Mr. Roy J. Warren, has made a careful study of the manuscript, chapter by 5 6 PREFACE chapter. He has also been a faithful student of Cali- fornia and her conditions ; his illustrations are, there- fore, in perfect touch with the text and are as true to facts as the history itself. The thanks of the author are due not only to a host of writers from whom she has gained valuable assist- ance, and some of whose names are among those in the references at the end of the book, but to others to whom further acknowledgment is due. First of these is Professor H. Morse Stephens, whose suggestions from the inception of the work until its completion have been of incalculable advantage, and whose generous offer to read the proof sheets crowns long months of friendly interest. Secondly, the author is indebted to the faith- ful and constant supervision of her sister, Miss Agnes Elliott of the Los Angeles State Normal School, with- out whose wide experience as a teacher of history and economics the work could never have reached its pres- ent plane. The author also offers her thanks to Mr. Charles F. Lummis, to whom not only she but all students of California history must ever be indebted; to Mrs. Mary M. Coman, Miss Isabel Frazee, to the ofificers of the various state departments, especially Mr. Lewis E. Aubrey, State Mineralogist, and Mr. Thomas J. Kirk and his assistant Mr. Job Wood of the educational department ; to Miss Nellie Rust, Librarian of the Pasadena City Library, and her corps of accom- modating and intelligent assistants, and to the librarians of the Los Angeles City Library and State Normal School. The passages from the Century Magazine quoted in PREFACE 7 Chapters V-IX are inserted by express permission of the publishers, the Century Company. Acknowledg- ment is due, also, to the publishers of the Overland MontJily for courtesy in permitting the use of copyright material ; and to D. Appleton & Co. for permission to insert selections from Sherman's Memoirs, CONTENTS CHAPTER I. The Land and the Name . 11. The Story of the Indians . III. "The Secret of the Strait'' . IV. The Cross of Santa Fe V. Pastoral Days . . VI. The Footsteps of the Stranger VII. At the Touch of King Midas . VIII. The Great Stampede . IX. The Birth of the Golden Baby X. The Signal Gun and the Steel Trail XI. That which followed a^ter XII. "The Groves were God'$ First Temples XIII. To All that sow the Time of Harvest should be given XIV. The Golden Apples of the Hesperides XV. California's Other Contributions to the World's Bill of Fare .... XVI. The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth XVII. From la Escuela of Spanish California to THE Schools of the Twentieth Century XVIII. Statistics « . Bibliography Index . HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA CHAPTER I THE LAND AND THE NAME NCE upon a time, about four hundred years ago, there was published in old Spain a novel which soon became unusually popular. The successful story of those da3^s was one which caught the fancy of the men, was read by them, dis- cussed at their gatherings, and often carried with them when they went to the wars or in search of adventures. This particular story would not interest readers of to-day save for this passage: ** Know that on the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very near the Terrestrial Paradise, and it is peopled by black women who live "^-^^ Jfi after the fashion of Amazons. This island ^^^^i-' is the strongest in the world, with its steep rocks, and great cliffs, and there is no metal in the island but gold." There is no doubt that some bold explorer, crossing over from Spain to Mexico and enlisting under the U^ y 12 THE LAND AND THE NAME leadership of the gallant Cortez, sailed the unknown South Sea (the Pacific) and gave to the new land dis- covered by one of Cortez's pilots the name of the golden island in this favorite story. This land, thought to be an island, is now known to us as the peninsula of Lower California. The name first appeared in 1 542 on the map of Domingo Castillo, and f^^ was soon applied to all the land claimed by Spain from .^. Cape San Lucas up the coast as far north as 44°, which "^" was probably a little higher than any Spanish explorer had ever sailed. " Sir Francis Drake," says the old chronicle, ** was the first Englishman to sail on the back side of America," and from that time until now California has been con- sidered the back door of the country. This was natural because the first settlements in the United States were along the Atlantic seacoast. The people who came from England kept their faces turned eastward, looking to the Mother Country for help, and watching Europe, and later England herself, as a quarter from which danger might come, as indeed it did in the war of the Revolution and that of 18 12. During the last few years, however, various events have happened to change this attitude. Through its suc- cess in the late Spanish war the United States gained confidence in its own powers, while the people of the old world began to realize that the voung republic of the western hemisphere, since it did not hesitate to make war in the interests of humanity, would not be apt to allow its own rights to be imposed upon. The coming of the PhiUppine and Hawaiian Islands under CALIFORNIA 13 the protection of the United States, the Russo-Japanese war, which opened the eyes of the world to the strength of Japan and the wisdom of securing its trade, and the action of the United States in undertaking the building of the Panama Canal, are indications that the Pacific will in the future support a commerce the greatness of which we of to-day cannot estimate. With danger from European interference no longer pressing closely upon the nation, President Roosevelt in 1907 took a decided step in recognizing the importance of the Pacific when he sent to that coast so large a number of the most modern vessels of the navy. In fact, the nation may now be said to have faced about, Cahfornia becoming the front door of our country. It is well, then, to ask ourselves what we know about the state which is to form part of the reception room of one of the leading nations of the world. It is a long strip of territory, bounded on one side by the ocean so well named Pacific, which gives freshness and moisture to the ever-blowing westerly winds, l ,^, On the other side is a mountain range, one ^^^^^^ jj thousand miles long, with many of its peaks f^r'^^ covered with perpetual snow, holding in its r lofty arms hundreds of ice-cold lakes, its sides tim- bered with the most wonderful forests of the world. Few regions of the same size have so great a range of altitude as California, some portions of its desert lands being below sea level, while several of its mountains are over ten thousand feet in height. In its climate, too, there are wide differences as regards heat and cold, although its coast lands, whether north or 14 THE LAND AND THE NAME IPS km south, are much more temperate than the corresponding latitudes on the Atlantic coast. The difference in the climate of the northern and southern portions of the state is more marked in the matter of moisture. Most of the storms of California have their beginning out in the North Pacific Ocean. They travel in a southeasterly- direction, striking the coast far to the north in summer, but in winter extending hundreds of miles farther south. During November, December, January, and February they often reach as far south as the Mexi- ^'^- ■ , can line. Then, only, does southern Cali- fornia have rain. The water necessary for use in the summer time is gained by irriga- tion from the mountain streams, which are \ supplied largely from the melting snows the Sierras. The home lands of the state may be divided into two portions : the beautiful border country rising from the Pacific in ' alternate valleys and low rolling foothills to the edge of the Coast Range ; and the great central valley or basin, which lies like a vast ^y pocket almost entirely encircled by mountains — ^^ the high Sierras on the east, on the west the low Coast Range. Two large rivers with their tributaries drain this valley : the San Joaquin, flowing from the south ; and the Sacramento, flowing from the north. Joining near the center of the state, they cut their way through the narrow passage, the Strait of Carquinez, and casting their waters into the beautiful Bay of San Fran- cisco, finally reach the ocean through the Golden Gate. RI-.LIHr MAP OF CALIFORNIA scALe OF Miu.es 20 40 60 80 100 o ^, COPVRtSHT. .r orake: l6 THE LAND AND THE NAME Down from the Sierras, mighty glaciers carried the soil for this central valley, grinding and pulverizing it as it was rolled slowly along. Many years this process # continued. The rain, washing the moun- tain sides, brought its tribute in the rich soil and decayed vegetation of the higher region, until a natural seed bed was formed, where there can be raised in abundance a wonderful variety of plants and trees. In the coast valleys the soil is alluvial, the fine washing of mountain rocks; this is mixed in some places with a warmer, firmer loam and in others _ with a gravelly soil, which is the best known for orange raising. t The state owes much to her mountains, for not only have they contributed to her fertile soil, but they hold in their rocky slopes the gold and silver mines which have transformed the whole region from an unknown wilderness to a land renowned for its riches and beauty. They lift their lofty peaks high in the air like mighty strongholds, and, shutting out the desert winds, catch the clouds as they sail in from the ocean, making them pay heavy tribute in fertilizing rain to the favored land below. The climate, which of all the precious possessions of California is the most valuable, is best described by Bret Harte in the lines, " Half a year of clouds and flowers ; half a year of dust and sky." Either half is enjoyable, for in the summer, or dry season, fogs or delightful westerly winds soon moderate a heated spell, and in nearly all parts of the state the nights are cool ; while THE CLIMATE 17 the rainy, or winter season, changes to balmy spring- time as soon as the storm is over. In a large portion of the state the cHmate is such that the inhabitants may spend much of their time out of doors. As a rule few duties are attended to in the house which can possibly be performed in the open air. It is growing to be more and more the custom to have, in connection with a Californian home, a tent bedroom where the year round one or more of the mem- bers of the family sleep, with only a wall of canvas between them and nature. The vacation time is spent largely in summer camps, at either mountain or seashore, or, quite often, a pleasant party of one or two families Hve together, very simply, under the greenwood tree beside some spring or stream, spending a few weeks in gypsy fashion. While the young folk grow sturdy and beautiful, the older members of the party be- come filled with strength and a joy of living which helps them through the cares and struggles of the rest of the year. This joy in outdoor life is not, however, a discovery of to-day. The old Spanish families spent as much time as possible in the courtyard, the house being deserted save at journeys, men, women, and children slept in the open air. Even the clothes-washing period was turned into a When upon i8 THE LAND AND THE NAME kind of merrymaking. Whole families joined together to spend days in the vicinity of some stream, where they picnicked while the linen was being cleansed in the running water and dried on the bushes near by. Once before, when the world was younger, there was a land similar to this, — sea-kissed, mountain-guarded, with such gentle climate and soft skies. Its people, who also lived much out of doors at peace with nature, became almost perfect in health and figure, with mental qualities which enabled them to give to the world the best it has known in literature and art. What the ancient Greeks were, the people of CaHfornia may become ; but with an advancement in knowledge and loving-kindness of man toward man which heathen Athens never knew. What will be the result of this outdoor hfe cannot yet be told ; climate has always had an active influ- ence in shaping the character and type ^^-/"'^J^X of a people. With a climate mild ll'*r"d ^ and healthful, yet bracing; with a ^Mi soil so rich that the touch of irrigation "'^ makes even the sandiest places bloom with the highest beauty of plant, tree, and vine ; with an ocean warm and gentle, and ^y— skies the kindliest in the world, — there '^''^ is, if we judge by the lesson history teaches, a promise of a future for California greater and more noble than the world has yet known. CHAPTER II THE STORY OF THE INDIANS UN, Cleeta, run, the waves will catch you." Cleeta scudded away, her naked little body shining like po ished mahogany. She was fleet of foot, but the incoming breakers from the bosom of the great Pacific ran faster still ; and the little Indian girl was caught in its foaming water, rolled over and over, and cast upon the sandy beach, half choked, yet laughing with the fun of it. " Foolish Cleeta, you might have been drowned ; that was a big wave. What made you go out so far ? " said Gesnip, the elder sister. " I found such a lot of mussels, great big ones, I wish I could go back and get them," said the little one, looking anxiously at the water. "The waves are coming in higher and higher and it is growing late," said Gesnip ; ** besides, I have more mussels already than you and I can well carry. The boys have gone toward the river mouth for clams. They will be sure to go home the other way." Cleeta ran to the basket and looked in. 19 20 THE STORY OF THE INDIANS '* I should think there were too many for us to carry," she said, as she tried with all her strength to lift it by the carry straps. '* What will you do with them ; throw some back into the water ? " " No, I don't like to do that," answered her sister, frowning, '* for it has been so long since we have had any. The wind and the waves have been too high for us to gather any. Look, Cleeta, look ; what are those out on the water ? I do believe they are boats." '* No," said the little girl ; " I see what you mean, but boats never go out so far as that." "Not tule boats," said Gesnip, "but big thick ones made out of trees ; that is the kind they have at Santa Catalina, the island where uncle Hves. It has been a long time since he came to see us, not since you were four years old, but mother is always looking for him." The children gazed earnestly seaward at a fleet of canoes which were making for the shore. " Do you think it is uncle .'' " asked Cleeta. "Yes," repHed her sister, uncertainly, "I think it may be." Then, as the sunlight struck full on the boats, " Yes, yes, I am sure of it, for one is red, and no one else has a boat of that color; all others are brown." "Mother said he would bring abalone when he came," cried Cleeta, dancing from one foot to the other ; " and she said they are better than mussels or anything else for soup." "He will bring fish," said Gesnip, "big shining fish with yellow tails." " Mother said he would bring big blue ones with hard little seams down their sides," said Cleeta. CLEETA AND GESNIP 21 Meantime the boats drew nearer. They were of logs hollowed out until they were fairly light, but still seem- ing too clumsy for safe seagoing craft. In each were several men. One sat in the stern and steered, the others knelt in pairs, each man helping propel the boat by means of a stick some four feet long, more like a pole than a paddle, which he worked with great energy over the gunwale. " I am afraid of them," said Cleeta, drawing close to her sister. " They do not look like the people I have seen. Their faces are the color of the kah-hoom mother weaves in her baskets. There are only three like us, and they all have such strange clothes." " Do not be afraid," said Gesnip. " I see uncle; he is one of the dark ones like ourselves. The island people have yellow skins." The time was the year 1540, and the people, the Cali- fornians of that day. The men in the boat were mostly from the island of Santa Catalina, and were fairer, with more regular features, than the inhabitants of the main- land, who in southern California were a short, thick-set race, with thick lips, dark brown skin, coarse black hair, and eyes small and shining like jet-black beads. They were poorly clothed in winter; in summer a loin cloth was often all that the men wore, while the children went naked a large part of the year. With wonderful skill the badly shaped boats were guided safely over the breakers until their bows touched the sand. Then the men leaped out and, half wading, half swimming, pulled them from the water and ran them up on the beach. B. CAL. — 2 22 THE STORY OF THE INDIANS / The little girls drew near and stood quietly by, wait- ing to be spoken to. Presently the leading man, who ^—^ was short, dark, and handsomely dressed in " "v \ a suit of sealskin ornamented with abalone shell, turned to them. "Who are these little people.?" he asked, in a kind voice. " We are the children of Cuchuma and Macana," rephed Gesnip, working her toes in and out of the soft sand, too shy to look her uncle in the face. *' Children of my sister, Sholoc is glad to see you," said the chief, laying his hand gently on Cleeta's head. " Your mother, is she well ? " " She is well and looking for you these many moons," said Gesnip. The men at once began unloading the boats. The children watched the process with great interest. Abalone in their shells, a dainty prized then as well as now, fish, yellowtail and bonito, filled to the brim the large baskets which the men slung to their backs, carrying them by means of a strap over the forehead. On their heads they placed ollas, or water jars, of serpentine from quarries which may be seen in Santa Catalina to-day, the marks of the tools of workmen of that time still in the rocks. There were also strings of bits of abalone shell which had been punctured and then poHshed, and these Sholoc hung around his neck. " Uncle," exclaimed Gesnip, touching one of these THE VISIT OF SHOLOC 23 strings, " how much money ! You have grown rich at Santa CataHna. What will you buy ? " " Buy me a wife, perhaps," was the reply. *' I will give two strings for a good wife. Do you know any worth so much ? " *' No," said the girl, stoutly. '' I don't know any worth two whole strings of abalone. You can get a good wife for much less." The men, who had succeeded in loading the contents of the boats on their heads and backs, now marched away, in single file, crossing the heavy sand dunes slowly, then mounting the range of foothills beyond. The children followed. Gesnip had her basket bound to her head by a strap round her forehead ; but, though her uncle had taken out part of the contents, it was a heavy load for the child. As they neared the top of the hill, Sholoc, who was ahead, lifted his hand and motioned them to stop. "Hush," he said softly, "elk." Swiftly the men sHpped off their loads and with bows in hand each one 'b/2« crept flat on his belly over the hill crest. Gesnip and Cleeta peeped through the high grass. Below them 24 THP: story of the INDIANS was a wide plain, dotted with clumps of bushes, and scattered over it they could see a great herd of elk, whose broad, shining antlers waved above the grass and bushes upon which they were feeding. ** Are those elk too ? " asked Cleeta, presently, point- ing toward the foothills at their left. " No," replied her sister, '* I think those are antelope. I like to see them run. How funny their tails shake. But watch the men; they are going to shoot." As she spoke, four of the hunters, who had crept well up toward the game, rose to their feet, holding their bows horizontally, not perpendicularly. These weapons, which were made of cedar wood, were about four feet in length, painted at the ends black or dark blue, the middle, which was almost two inches broad, being wrapped with elk sinew. The strings also were of sinew. The quiver which each man carried at his side was made from the skin of a wild cat or of a coyote. A great hunter like Sholoc might make his quiver from the tails of lions he had killed. Projecting from the quiver were the bright-feathered ends of the arrows, which were of reed and were two or three feet long, with points of bone, flint, or obsidian. The hunters, knowing how hard it was to kill large game, had chosen their arrows carefully, taking those that had obsidian points. Almost at the same moment they let fly their shafts. Three elk leaped into the air. One tumbled over in a somersault which broke one of its antlers, and then lay dead, shot through the heart by Sholoc. Another took a few leaps, but a second arrow- brought it to its knees. Then it sank slowly over upon THE HUNT 25 its side ; but it struck so fiercely at the hunter who ran up to kill it with his horn knife that he drew back and shot it again. " Where is the third elk ? " asked Cleeta, looking around. ''Over there," said Gesnip, pointing across the plain. " Then they have lost it," said the child, with disap- pointment. " No, I think not. It is wounded. I saw the blood on its side,"' said the sister. " See, one of the men is following it, and it is half a mile behind the herd. I am sure he will get it." " This has been a lucky day," said Gesnip. " So much food. Our stomachs will not ache with hunger for a long time." " That is because mother wove a game basket to Chinigchinich so he would send food," said Cleeta. By the time the party had traveled two miles, Gesnip, with her load, and Cleeta, whose bare brown legs were growing very tired, lagged behind. " O dear," said the elder sister, " we shall surely be too late to go into camp with uncle." Just then a whoop sounded behind them, and a boy of thirteen, dressed in a rabbit-skin shirt, carrying a bow in his hand, came panting up to them. " Payuchi," said Gesnip, eagerly, "carry my basket for me and I will tell you some good news." " No," replied Payuchi, shaking his head, " it is a girl's place to carry the basket." 26 THE STORY OF THE INDIANS "Just this little way, and it is such good news," urged Gesnip. " It will make your heart glad." *' Very well, then, tell it quickly," said the boy, chang- ing the basket of mussels to his own broad back. '' Sholoc has come from Santa Catalina with baskets of abalone and fish, and with ollas all speckled, and strings of money. He is near the top of the grade now." Upon hearing the good news the lad darted away at a great pace, his sisters following as fast as they could. Sholoc . and his party had stopped to rearrange their loads, U|/r/ so the children overtook them at the head of the trail leading to their home. Below them was a valley dotted with live oaks, and along the banks of the stream that ran through it was a thick growth of alders, '"'(;■ I'L sycamores, and willows. At the foot of the trail, near the water, was a cluster of what looked like low, round straw stacks. No straw stacks were they, however, but houses, the only kind of homes known in southern California at that time. It was the Indian settlement where Gesnip, Cleeta, and Payuchi lived, and of which their father, Cuchuma, was chief. The jacals, or wigwams, were made of long willow boughs, driven into the ground closely in a circle, the ends bent over and tied together with deer sinews. They were covered with a thatching of grass that, when dry, made them look like straw stacks. Sholoc stepped to the edge of the bluff and gave a long, quavering cry which could be heard far in the still evening air. Instantly out of the group of jacals came a crowd of men and boys, who gave answering cries. THE VISIT OF SHOLOC 27 " I am glad they have a fire," said Cleeta, as she saw the big blaze in the middle of the settlement, ** I am so cold." ''Take my hand and let's run," said Gesnip, and partly running and partly sliding, they followed the *4|^^ AN Aj^ ^ "^^..^s \ '\ !(■ men of the party, who, notwithstanding their heavy loads, were trotting down the steep trail. They were met at the foot of the grade by a crowd which surrounded them, all chattering at once. Sholoc told of the elk, and a number of men started off on the run to bring in the big game. As the visitors entered camp, Macana, a kind-faced woman, better dressed than most of her tribe, came forward. She placed her hand on Sholoc's shoulder, her face lighting up with love and happiness. 28 THE STORY OF THE INDIANS " You are welcome, brother," she said. " The sight of you is good to my eyes, sister," an- swered Sholoc. That was all the greeting, although the two loved each other well. Macana took the basket from Payuchi's back. " Come," she called to Gesnip, " and help me wash the mussels." Then, as she saw the younger girl shivering as she crouched over the fire, " Cleeta, you need not be cold any longer; your rabbit-skin dress is done. Go into the jacal and put it on." Cleeta obeyed with danc- ing eyes. Gesnip followed her mother to the stream. *' Take this," said Macana, handing her an openwork net or bag, " and hold it while I empty in some of the mussels. Now lift them up and down in the water to wash out the sand. That will do ; put them into this basket, and I will give you some more." Meantime some of the women had taken a dozen or more fish from Sholoc's baskets, and removing their entrails with bone knives, wrapped them in many thick- nesses of damp grass and laid them in the hot ashes and coals to bake. When the mussels were all cleaned, Macana emptied them into a large basket half filled with water, and threw in a little acorn meal and a handful of herbs. Then, using two green sticks for tongs, she drew out from among the coals some smooth gray stones which had become very hot. Brushing these off with a bunch of tules, she lifted them by means of a green stick having a loop in the end which fitted round the stones, flinging them one by one into the basket in which were the mussels and water. FOOD 29 Immediately the water, heated by the stones, began to boil, and when the soup was ready, she set the basket down beside her own jacal and called her children to her. Payuchi, Gesnip, Cleeta, and their little four-year- old brother, Nakin, gathered about the basket, helping themselves with abalone shells, the small holes of which their mother had plugged with wood. "Isn't father going to have some first?" asked Pa- yuchi, before they began the meal. ** Not this time ; he will eat with Sholoc and the men when the fish are ready," replied his mother. " This is good soup," said Gesnip. '' I am glad I worked hard before the water came up. But, Payuchi, didn't you and Nopal get any clams ? " *' Yes," said her brother, making a face ; he had dipped down where the stones were hottest and the soup thick- est, and had taken a mouthful that burned him. ''Yes, we got some clams, more than I could carry ; but Nopal was running races with the other boys and would not come, so I left him to bring them. He will lose his fish dinner if he doesn't hurry." " Mother," said Cleeta, ** may we stay up to the fish bake.?" " No," answered her mother. '' You and Nakin must go to bed, but I will save some for your breakfast. You are tired, Cleeta." " Yes, I am tired," said the little girl, leaning her head against her mother's shoulder, " but I am warm in my rabbit-skin dress. We all have warm dresses now. Please tell me a good-night story," she begged. "We have been good and brought in much food." 30 THE STORY OF THE INDIANS " Yes, tell us how the hawk and coyote made the sun," said Gesnip. " Very well," said the mother, " only you must be quite still. ** It was in the beginning of all things, and a bowl of darkness, blacker than the pitch Hning of our water basket, covered the earth. Man, when he would go abroad, fell against man, against trees, against wild animals, even against Lollah, the bear, who would, in turn, hug the unhappy one to death. Birds flying in the ^^ air came together and fell struggling to ^ ~ ^ the earth. All was confusion. " Once the hawk, by chance, flew in the face of the coyote. Instead of fighting about it as naughty children might, they, like people of good \^ manners, apologized many times. Then ^ they talked over the unhappy state of things and determined to remedy the evil. The ^' coyote first gathered a great heap of dried tules, rolled them together into a ball, and gave them to the hawk, with some pieces of flint. The hawk, taking them in his talons, flew straight up into the sky, where he struck fire with his flints, lit the ball of reeds, and left it there whirling along with a bright yellow light, as it con- tinues to whirl to-day; for it, children, is our sun, ruler of the day. '' The hawk next flew back for another ball to rule the night, but the coyote had no tule gathered, and the hawk hurried him so that some damp stems were mixed ? BED TIME 31 in. The hawk flew with this ball into the sky and set it afire, but because of the green tules it burned with only a silver light ; and this, children, is our moon, ruler of the night." *' That is a fine story," said Payuchi. " I am glad I did not live when there was no light." *'Tell us how the coyote danced with the star," said Gesnip. '* No," replied the mother, ** another time we shall see. Now I shall sing to coax sleep to tired eyes, and the little ones will go to bed." And this was what she sang : " Pah-high-nui-veve, veve, veve, shumeh, veve, veve, veve, shumeh, Pah-high-nui-veve," and so on, repeating these words over and over until Cleeta and Nakin were sound asleep. Then she laid them on their tule mats, which were spread on the floor of the jacal, where baby Nahal, close wrapped in his cocoon-shaped cradle, had been a long time sleeping. *' Mother," said Gesnip, coming into the jacal, "they have brought in the elk. Don't you want something from them ? " " Yes," replied Macana, " I will go and see about it. I want one of the skins to make your father a warm hunting dress." The Indians who had gone after the elk had skinned and cut them up where they lay, as they were so large that the burden had to be distributed among a number of carriers. Macana found Sholoc busy portioning out parts of the elk. As he had a fine seal-skin suit him- self, he gladly gave her the skin of the deer which he had shot. 32 THE STORY OF THE INDIANS ** Isn't that a big one?" said Payuchi. "It will make father a fine hunting suit, it is so thick." Gesnip was loaded down with some of the best cuts of the meat to take to her father's jacal. Cuchuma himself began removing the tendons from the legs, to cure for bow- strings, and to wrap a new bow he was going to make. " Here, Nopal," said Sholoc to his oldest nephew, a lad of fifteen, " I will give you a piece of the antler and you can grind it down and make yourself a hunting knife. It is time you ceased to play and became a hunter. I had killed much game when I was your age." *' Will you give me some of the brains that I may finish tanning a deerskin } I have been waiting to finish it until I could get some brains, but it has been a long time since any one has brought in big game," said Macana. "Yes," answered Sholoc, "you shall have them. ^_ Payuchi, hand me my elk-horn ax /^'^^=^--' ^^^^^>^^=^' so that I can split open the head, #^ and you can take the brains to the jacal." cL=::a Soon not a piece of meat, a bit of skin, ^^^^'■^.rn,^.^-''^''^ tendon, or bone, was left. All was put to ^^.^^_^®w^ J ^^^ ^^ these people of the forest. Y