v^^ •^^.. ,C^^' &''^-^-. .-^■ ^^ ^. ^^,, c^' sj5 -% - ^■'^. t^ >^^ vOo. %- v^'^ .^^^'^ CORRELATION OF HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY AND LITERATURE (TO ACCOMPANY THE GEOGRAPHIC' HISTORICAL SERIES) 1902 eOMGRESS, Two COPiit! Receves FEB. 10 ^902 ciLass «-XXc. n« C©PY B. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1902, By M. B. ASTON, In the OfBce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. A . PREFACE. In arranging this volume to accompany a series of maps, no effort has been made to write a new text- book or to give to the student the results of any new discoveries in history, geography or literature, but to present in a clear, accurate and attractive method the truths of those three branches of study as ac- cepted by the best authorities, without any claim to originality. This work is designed, in connection with a Geographic-Historical Series, to present the latest and best means of correlating History, Geography and Literature in our public schools, especially from the third to the eighth grades inclusive. With this end in view, the work has been divided into four periods: First, Discovery and Exploration; second Colonization; third, Revolutionary; fourth, National! In both Book and Series the periods occur in the order named. If any features have received special attention, territorial expansion and the growth of the Con^ stitution are the ones; the former exemplifying the material and external condition of the nation, while the inner struggles and development are embodied m the latter. Preface. The method of correlating different studies, his- tory, geography and literature especially, is too universally used and approved in the best schools and by the ablest instructors to require any defense for this effort to aid in its extension. It is believed that, while all successful teachers do more or less of correlation, this series presents the only full and convenient work now obtainable along this line, and will be welcomed as an invaluable aid in the school- room. Since the Literature of any period is the best expression of the thought and life of the people at the time, to History and Geography should be added the kindred literature. To make it readily accessi- ble, therefore, the best in Literature, illustrative of the History of the United States, has been embodied in the text-book. SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS REGARDING THE USE OF THIS BOOK IN CONNECTION WITH THE SERIES, Methods are as numerous as teachers. Every successful teacher eventually constructs his own methods and his own text-books; they necessarily grow out of his experience. But we here venture to offer a few suggestions to the inexperienced teacher. If in search of questions, either for the daily recitation or general review, they will be found at convenient places in the Series: if for the former, convert and adapt the outlines into interrogative form in each lesson ; if for the latter, handle the gen- eral reviews in a similar manner. The text itself usually suggests a sufficient number of questions for each lesson. For the more advanced grades, the topical method is always desirable for developing the pupil's power of grasping and holding each branch of a sub- ject in its entirety. But its use to the exclusion of questions and answers is apt to degenerate either into an inadequate statement or into the mere repe- tition of the words set forth in the text-book. Above all things, the habit of cultivating memory and sub- serviency to the text is to be guarded against. Teach the pupil to extract the essence, digest and assimi- late it into his own mental fibre. Suggestions to Teachers. Many teachers obtain good results by a com- bination of questions and study by topics; using questions in the daily recitation, and the topics for review. Mere chronological tables, with blank state- ment of fact, time and place, are deadening to the average pupil, and should not be employed until an interest is excited in the child's mind in those dry facts. This is best done by an apt anecdote. Of close kin to this last suggestion is the bio- graphical method. By encouraging the pupil to read, at first, short sketches of historical characters, and, later, more extended works, he gets suflBcient information about a single individual to fix the facts related indelibly on his mind, and in the reading of a single biographical sketch will incidentally learn something of the lives of the subject's contempo- raries. Teachers have been known in this way to group about Franklin, Washington, Jackson and Webster, sufficient history to make a connected nar- rative from the first to the last of the four. This plan is made feasible by the numerous and excellent historical leafiets and pamphlets now pub- lished and sold by several companies at a few cents each. The data thus available is original, sufficiently exhaustive, and possesses the merit of being com- plete within itself. No competent instructor will make a hobby of any one, or of any two methods, however good they may be. The greater the variety, the greater should be his success. But above all, the capable teacher is the one who investigates all methods and out of Suggestions to Teachers. ' vli their suggestions originates those peculiarly adapted to himself and pupils. He will change these from time to time. Special emphasis should be placed upon the correlation of these two studies — a harmonizing of the fact related and the place where. In this way History and Geography become, as it were, the oppo- site ends of the same stick. To tell where the one begins and the other ends, is a difficult matter. And in keeping with this idea, no occasion should be lost in associating in the strongest possible manner any historical or geographical matter with all avail- able and cognate literature. To put within this vol- ume all literature that should be used is not pos- sible, but with the beginning made, the pupil will follow it out with his own reading. Transitions should be made very clear, con- nected and attractive, otherwise the pupil loses con- tinuity of thought, and with it his interest. Close and logical transitions develop in him the habit of reasoning from cause to effect, and seeking out a cause for each historical result. As before hinted, both teacher and pupil must construct their own texts. The value of this text will depend upon the breadth, depth, and solidity of the concept of the subject. The habits formed in the class room will very largely determine one's mental equipment throughout life. To encourage the taking of notes, filling out of skeleton outlines, and gathering of data in a neat and convenient form, all pupils should be provided with suitable note Suggestions to Teachers. books of uniform size, and assisted in their arrange- ment. The success of this effort to make out of each child, as far as is possible, an original investigator, will depend very largely upon his instructor. In the use of the Geographic-Historical Series, we advise that it be kept closed except when in actual use before the class, as the constant sight of any apparatus must have the effect of deadening the pupil's interest in the subject, just as he comes in time to disregard the schoolroom clock, whose tick- ing originally held his attention. CONTENTS. FIRST PERIOD— DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. Page Sections The Earth 13 1-6 The Earth as Enoivn when Columbus Sailed 18 7-8 Columbus 20 Columbus' Voyages 24 10 Reception of Columbus 27 11 The Cabots 32 12 Location of Indian Tribes 34 13 Character of the Indian 36 14 The Song of Hiawatha 41 15 The Peace-Pipe 45 16 Hiawatha's Wooing 51 17 An Indian at the Burial Place of His Fathers 60 18 Spanish — Ponce de Leon and Balboa 63 19 De Soto's Route 67 20 Magellan's Voyages 71 21 Spanish America at the Close of the Six- teenth Century 72 22 French Explorers — Cartier and Verazzani . . 73 23 French Explorers — Champlain and De Monts 74 24 Evangeline 74 25 French Explorers— La Salle 85 26 English Explorers — Drake, Frobisher, Gos- nold 87 27 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 88 28 Contents. Page Sections Dutch Explorers— Hudson 90 29 Extracts from Irving's Knicker'bocker His- tory 91 30-32 Rip Van Winkle 113 33 Miscellaneous Review 118 34 SECOND PERIOD— COLONIZATION. Attempted Colony by Raleigh 119 35 Settlement of Virginia 120 36 Settlement of New York 112 37 Settlement of Massachusetts 122 38 Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers 123 39 Settlers of Massachusetts 125 40 The Courtship of Miles 8tandish 127 41 The Twenty-Second of December 132 42 Colonial Development - 133 43 Conflicting Grants 134 44 The Inter-Colonial Wars 135 45-49 Braddock's Defeat 139 50-51 Siege of Quebec 142 52-54 Elegy in a Country Church-Yard 146 55 English, French and Spanish Possessions. . . 152 56 British and Spanish Possessions 153 57 THIRD PERIOD— REVOLUTION. The Revolutionary War — Review 155 58-59 Patrick Henry's Speech 158 60 Lexington and Bunker Hill 162 61 The Battle of Lexington 169 62 Paul Revere's Ride 171 63 The Green Mountain Boys 174 64 The Declaration of Independence 175 65-66 Ben Franklin's Wharf 182 67 Contents. Page Sections Franklin's Entry Into Philadelphia 186 65 First Continental Congress and Bunker Hill 189 69 Siege of Boston 190 70 Campaign in New York 191 71 Burgoyne's Invasion 192 72 Greene's Retreat 193 73 Song of Marion's Men 195 74 Siege and Surrender of Yorktown 197 75 Yorktown 198 76 The Union 200 77 Washington 201 78 The American Flag 201 79 The United States After September 3, 1783— The Thirteen Original States— 1783 204 80 FOURTH PERIOD— NATIONAL. Organization and Development, I and II — Review 207 81-84 Old Ironsides 213 85 The Star-Spangled Banner 214 86 The Monroe Doctrine 216 87 Construction of Highways and Waterways. . 218 88 Andrew Jackson's Political Contests 219 89 Peopling of the West — Texas and Mexican War. 221 90-95 Slavery and Rise of the RepuMican Party. . 226 96-103 The Civil War 232 104 The Battle of Bull Run 233 105 The Union Plans of Operation 233 106 The First Attempt to Open the Mississippi. . 234 107 McClellan's First Advance on Richmond 235 108-109 Battle of Gettysburg 236 110 Lincoln's Address at the Dedication of Gettys'burg Cemetery 238 111 Contents. Page Sections Fall of Vicksburg 239 112-114 Sherman's March to the Sea 241 115 Grant's Advance on Richmond 241 116 Sheridan's Ride 242 117 Close of the Civil War 244 118 Reconstruction and Development — Pictures of Presidents 245 119-126 Centennial Hymn 254 127 "America" — National Hymn 256 128 Post Bellum Events 257 129-135 Spanish-American War — Battleship "Maine" 262 136 Dexvey, Eiyig of the Sea 262 137 Colorado's Advance on Manila 265 138 Territorial Growth— Table of Statistics 267 139-140 William McKinley 268 141 President Roosevelt and His First Message.. 269 142-144 The Schley Question and Other Recent Events 272 145-146 Colorado 277 147-151 APPENDIX. Compact of the Pilgrim Fathers 283 152 Plan of Perpetual Union 284 153 Declaration of Independence 288 154 Articles of Confederation 294 155 Constitution 308 156 Washington's Farewell Address 308 157 Emancipation Proclamation — Review 309 158 CORRELATION OF HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY AND LITERATURE FIRST PERIOD—DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. THE EARTH. 1. Whenever you learn from a parent, a teacher, a book, or from your own observation any- thing about the earth's size, movements, inhabitants, or facts relating to its surface, you are acquiring a knowledge of gcographij. For convenience in study, geography is divided into Mathematical, Physical, and Political. The first division relates to the size and shape of the earth and its relation to the other heavenly bodies, — its motions, seasons, and changes of day and night. 14 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. We are dealing with mathematical geography when studying the uses of our maps and globes with their circles and lines. Physical geography treats of the grass, trees, flowers, the water that supplies the moisture to make them grow, and the air they breathe, as well as the heat and light that give them leaves and color. Both physical and mathematical geography are natural divisions, dealing with things independent of man's work. Political geography has to do with govern- ments, cities, states, institutions, industries, and all else established by men. 2. While you are studying political geography, you are at the same time learning history. Indeed, it is difficult to separate the two. They are so closely associated that you cannot properly master the one without mastering the other. Compare the following definitions of history with your definitions of political geography: (a) ''History is a record of events which have occurred among mankind." (b) "History is a record of the progress of mankind in civilization." (c) ''History is a record of what man has done." (d) "History is a biography of the world's great men." The Earth. 15 (e) ^'History is a record of the rise and fall of nations, and of the progress of the civilization of the world." 3. As we have seen, physical geography treats of air, heat, light, water, and plants, and animals, and their growth, while mathematical geography relates to the change of seasons and th^ alternations of day and night. Without the seasons and the light, plants and animals could not exist, and man, who depends upon the vegetable and animal king- doms for his food and clothing, would perish. Thus c .n be seen the inter-dependence of these studies, and man's dependence upon his habitat or surround- ings. If we can now agree that the two subjects are close of kin, we shall be ready to study them to- gether with better advantage, and to realize that work done in geography is so much work done in history. As in the former you emphasize location, so in the latter you dwell on the act, or what was done in that place. 4. You have already learned that the best type of man has his home in the temperate zones, where food and clothing material are most plentiful. For, like the lower animals, "man moves along lines of least resistance" in selecting suitable surroundings for his home. In turn, those surroundings help to determine his customs, appearance, speech, and all his modes of life. Then bear in mind these facts in making your estimate of the individuals you are called upon to judge as students of history. It re- 16 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. quires that you be just, liberal, and broad in judg- ment. One thoughtful observer has divided into three groups the influences that go to make up a man's character: Heredity, or racial tendency; Epoch, or the age in which he lives; Environment, or his immediate surroundings. The first two are beyond one's control; the last may be bettered by placing one's self in more helpful surroundings. 5. You are now called upon to make estimates of the individuals of a race, epoch, and environ- ment totally different from your own. These facts borne in the mind will explain and strengthen the lifework of Columbus. Let us endeavor to put our- selves in his place. Columbus was an Italian, born in the fifteenth century, surrounded by arrogance, ignorance, intol- erance, and bigotry. What was not understood was ridiculed. Silly boys stood on the street corners and knowingly tapped their foreheads as the thoughtful sailor passed by. The kings of Portugal and England refused him the aid he sought and tardily obtained from the Spanish sovereigns. No wonder. The con- dition of all Europe was deplorable. Forces that were to create a new civilization were just begin- ning to work, and the efforts of Columbus were not to be the least of them. However, it must not be concluded that Columbus was alone in this struggle for better things. Great spirits had paved and made easier the way. It was an age of awakening, and he was but one of the many individuals contrib- The Earth. 17 uting to the final triumph. The following af- fords a good example of these connected influences: 6. About the middle of the fifteenth century, the Turks employed gunpowder as a new force in breaking down the great walls about Constantino- ple, in which had been stored the treasures of Greek literature. This scattered among the upper classes and the school-men of Europe the seeds of an in- tellectual revival, for the Greek was then the lan- guage used by polite society and in literature, as the French is to-day the courtly tongue. This revival of learning affected the court circles and privileged classes more than the masses of the people. But "necessity, the mother of invention," caused to be in- vented modern movable, metallic type, and the great art of printing soon multiplied books at prices within the reach of all, and reading became com- paratively common among the plain people. Eeading begets thought, and thought begets in- telligent action. The pent-up energy of the age found vent along the lines of travel and discovery for over-crowded Europe. Seamen were attacked by scurvy, while the continent was ravaged by the plague. Hence, in addition to their zeal for the church and the missionary spirit, the desire for per- sonal honor or gain sent adventurers into every nook and corner of the then known world. But how was the sailor to be guided when out on the water at night or a fog shut out the view of the land? Again an old but little used invention of the Chinese was improved to meet the need. As the 18 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. old bark type had served to suggest the metal type, so the simple magnetized needle, suspended by a thread, was boxed and the mariner's compass be- came the sailor's guide by night as by day. By its use great water roadways were found across the hitherto trackless ocean. By the use of this little instrument Columbus vras enabled to make his voyages of discovery. THE EARTH AS KNOWN WHEN COLUMBUS SAILED. 7. When Columbus began his life's work only the following parts of the world were known: Europe. Southwestern Asia. Northern and eastern Africa. Iceland and southern Greenland. Very erroneous ideas obtained as to the un- known parts, as : The sea about the equator was at the boiling temperature. The tropical West was bristling with fabulous monsters ready to devour the daring explorer. If one sailed to the other side of the earth, it would be up hill coming back, and as the propelling of their vessels depended upon the wind, this was impossible of accomplishment. But there were other conditions surrounding Columbus, which largely influenced his actions. His The Earth as Known When Columbus Sailed. 19 uncle had been a seaman, a circumstance favorable to the young sailor's gaining recognition. At that time, to be well connected was fortunate indeed. The hide-bound caste system of Europe regarded birth and social position of much more consequence than a young man's ability or merit. Thus it was that Chaucer, Spenser, and even Shakespeare must need find some powerful patron to whom they could dedicate their writings and under whom they found protection and fortune. Princes were found among these patrons. 8. As a result of this system of vassalage and patronage, bold and ambitious men were often led to seek aid or employment at foreign courts. Sol- diers sold their services and adventurers divided the fruits of their labors. So it was that the Cabots, Italian subjects, sailed under the British flag; Veraz- zani, a Florentine, under the French; Magellan, a Portuguese, under the Spanish; the English Hud- son, under the Dutch, and, last and greatest, the Italian Columbus, under the Spanish. To initiate any great undertaking required some such poAverful or royal influence. As a return for this protection, patrons did not scruple to share the rewards of their labors, commercial or otherwise. To understand all these influences, one should acquaint himself with at least a slight knowledge of the difl'erent governments as they then existed in Europe. The European rulers were: England, Henry VII.; Spain, Ferdinand, and his queen, Isa- bella; Portugal, King John; France, Francis I. And 20 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. it must not be forgotten that great changes take place with nations as with individuals. At the time of which we are speaking, The Netherlands and Por- tugal were powerful maritime people. Their ships visited all the sea ports of the world, to buy and to sell. For two centuries trade between the cities of Venice and Genoa and the East, Alexandria, Con- stantinople and other cities, had been flourishing, but it was now doomed to destruction. The Turks were cutting off the caravan routes, and the fall of Con- stantinople in 1453 showed the peoples of Western Europe that unless a new route could be found all trade with the Orient must cease. At this time men began to search for a new route. The Portuguese were pushing their way down the west coast of Africa, but they thought that this distance was too great. The shorter way, as they thought, was left for Columbus to search for, and this route, in his mind, led directly across the Atlantic, and for this voyage he prepared. COLUMBUS. 9. Columbus was a native of Genoa, in Italy. He began a seafaring life at fourteen, and in 1470 went to Portugal, which was then the center of nau- tical enterprise. While studying maps and charts obtained from his father-in-law, a Portuguese navi- gator, he conceived the idea of going westward to seek the Indies. After long effort he finally sue- Columhus. 21 ceeded in obtaining vessels through the help of the king and queen of Spain. It would be difficult to present a better estimate of the man than the following by an American au- thor: Vyashington Irving, a native of New York, was born in 1783, and died in 1859. He began his career as a writer with a series of essays for his brother's Morning Chronicle in 1802. His health being poor, he spent tvv'O years in Europe, and on his return in 1806, he was admitted to the bar, but he never gave his profession much attention. Among his best works are his History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker, The Sketch Book, The Life of Columbus, and The Life of Washington. His style as a writer is marked by grace and refinement. From 1842 to 184G, Mr. Irving held the office of United States minister to Spain. Columbus was a man of great inventive genius. The operations of his mind were energetic, but irreg- ular; bursting forth, at times, with that irresistible force which characterizes intellect of such an order. His ambition was lofty and noble, inspiring him with high thoughts and an anxiety to distinguish himself by great achievements. He aimed at dignity and wealth in the same elevated spirit with v/hich he sought renown; they were to rise from the terri- tories he should discover, and be commensurate in importance. His conduct was characterized by the grandeur of his views and the magnanimity of his spirit. In- stead of ravaging the newly-found countries, like many of his cotemporary discoverers, who were in- tent only on immediate gain, he regarded them with the eyes of a legislator; he sought to colonize and 22 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. cultivate tliem, to civilize the natives, to build cities, introduce the useful arts, subject every thing to the control of law, order, and religion, and thus to found regular and prosperous empires. That he failed in this w^as the fault of the dissolute rabble vi^hich it was his misfortune to command, with whom all law was tyranny and all order oppression. He was naturally irascible and impetuous, and keenly sensible to injury and injustice; yet the quick- ness of his temper Vv'as counteracted by the generos- ity and benevolence of his heart. The magnanimity of his nature shone forth through all the troubles of his stormy career. Though continually outraged in his dignity, braved in his authority, foiled in his plans, and endangered in his person by the seditions of turbulent and worthless men, and that, too, at tiuies when suffering under anguish of body and anxiety of mind enough to exasperate the most pa- tient, yet he restrained his valiant and indignant spirit, and brought himself to forbear, and reason, and even to supplicate. Nor can the reader of the story of his eventful life fail to notice how free he was from all feeling of revenge, how ready to for- give and forget on the least sign of repentance and atonement. He has been exalted for his skill in controlling others, but far greater praise is due to him for the firmness he displayed in governing him- self. His piety was genuine and fervent. Religion mingled with the whole course of his thoughts and actions, and shone forth in his most private and un- Columbus. 23 studied writings. Whenever be made any great dis- covery lie devoutly returned thanks to God. The voice of prayer and the melody of praise rose from his ships on discovering the New World, and his first action on landing v/as to prostrate himself upon the earth and offer up thanksgiving. All his great en- terprises were undertaken in the name of the Holy Trinity, and he partook of the holy sacrament pre- vious to embarkation. He observed the festivals of the church in the wildest situations. The Sabbath was to him a day of sacred rest, on which he would never sail from a port unless in case of extreme ne- cessity. The religion thus deeply seated in his soul diffused a sober dignity and a benign composure over his whole deportment; his very language was pure and guarded, and free from all gross or irrev- erent expressions. A peculiar trait in his rich and varied character remains to be noticed; namely, that ardent and en- tlmsiastic imagination which threw a magnificence over his whole course of thought. A poetical tem- perament is discernible throughout all his writings and in all his actions. We see it in all his descrip- tions of the beauties of the wild land he was dis- covering, in the enthusiasm with which he extolled the blandness of the temperature, the purity of the atmosphere, the fragrance of the air, "full of dew and sweetness," the verdure of the forests, the gran- deur of the mountains, and the crystal purity of the running streams. It spread a glorious and golden 24 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. world around him, and tinged every thing with its own gorgeous colors. With all the visionary fervor of his imagination, its fondest dreams fell short of the reality. He died in ignorance of the real grandeur of his discovery. Until his last breath, he entertained the idea that he had merely opened a new way to the old resorts of opulent commerce, and had discovered some of the wild regioiis of the East. What visions of glory would have broken upon his mind could he have known that he had indeed discovered a new con- tinent equal to the Old World in magnitude, and sep- arated by two vast oceans from all the earth hith- erto known by civilized man! How would his mag- nanimous spirit have been consoled amid the afflic- tions of age and the cares of penury, the neglect of a fickle public and the injustice of an ungrateful king, could he have anticipated the splendid empires which would arise in the beautiful world he had dis- covered, and the nations, and tongues, and languages which were to fill its land with his renown, and to revere and bless his name to the latest posterity! COLUMBUS' VOYAGES. 10. At length, after what was for that day vast preparation and a pompous leave-taking, Colum- bus set sail on August 8, 1492, from the town of Palos, situated on the southwestern coast of Spain. But he took his course in a southwesterly direction Coluvibus' Voyages. 25 to the Canary islands, -wlieie over a full month was consumed in taking on a fresh water supply and re- fitting. However, on the Gth of September the sec- ond and real start was made. For a time all went well, then a new and strange behavior of the com- pass was observed. It no longer pointed toward the North Star, but varied more and more to the west of north as they proceeded. It had probably been noticed before this voyage that the magnetic needle varied to the northeast. Now it was found that this variation varied, and that instead of point- ing toward the northeast, the needle had swung round to the northwest. Hence the fear engen- dered by this new and startling feature of the needle's behavior. Columbus was himself aston- ished, while the seamen became greatly alarmed. All began to think that they had entered a region where the ordinary laws of nature were suspended, and to continue their voyage meant their certain destruction. Columbus concealed his own astonish- ment in order to pacify their fears as best he could. To their entreaties to turn back he gave a deaf ear, though he afterward promised to do so if they should not see land in a few days. Up to this time his course had been due west, except when near mid-ocean the variations of the needle caused the vessels to describe three sides of a square. After this he had resumed his westerly course, when, on the 7th of October, an event occurred which led the admiral to change his direction to the southwest. This decision was 26 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. brought about on observing a number of land-birds flying in that direction. Turning the prow of his ship in the direction of his winged guides, land was sighted on the fifth day thereafter, or at 2 o'clock on the morning of October 12, 1492. This land proved to be a small island in the Bahama group, called by the natives Guanahani, but named by Columbus San Salvador, in gratitude for his deliverance and success. Although Colum- bus had discovered only a small island and was never permitted to see the mainland, yet he had made possible the certain discovery of North Amer- ica. In keeping with the character of weak natures, the companions of Columbus now prostrated them- selves about his feet, admitted their ill-judgment, and implored the forgiveness which he readily and generously granted. On his first voyage, Columbus discovered the Bahamas and the West India islands, including Cuba and San Domingo. Having lost his own ves- sel, which was the best of the fleet of three, by ship- wreck on the coast of Hispaniola, a fort was built with her timbers on that island. Leaving a small colony in the fort and sailing for Spain, he reached that country early in the spring of liOS, after an absence of seven months. His reception was made royal by his king and queen. Those who only a year before had laughed at him as crazy, now bowed lowest, cap in hand, in doing him honor. Columbus' Voyages. 27 Reception of Columbus. 11. W. H. Prescott (William Hickling), an American v/riter of history and biography, was born in Salem, Mass., in 179S, and died in 1859. He was a graduate of Harvard university, class of 1814. After graduating, he spent two years in Europe. His first work published was Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1837, which was so vrell received that the author at once rose to distinction. His first work was im- mediately reprinted in France, Germany, and Spain. Among his best works is the History of Philip the Second. Mr. Prescotfs style is a model, and admirably adapted to historical composition. In the spring of 1493, while the court was still at Barcelona, letters were received from Christopher Columbus, announcing his return to Spain, and the successful achievement of his great enterprise, by the discovery of land beyond the western ocean. The delight and astonishment raised by this intelli- gence were proportioned to the skepticism with which his project had originally been viewed. The sovereigns were now filled with a natural impatience to ascertain the extent and other particulars of the imjiortant discovery; and they transmitted instant instructions to the admiral to repair to Barcelona, as soon as he should have made the preliminary ar- rangements for the further prosecution of his enter- prise. The great navigator had succeeded, as is well known, after a voyage of natural difficulties, but which difficulties had been much augmented by the distrust and mutinous spirit of his followers, in de- scrying land on the 12th of October, 1492. After some months spent in exploring the delightful re- gions, now for the first time thrown open to the 28 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. eyes of a European, he embarked in the year 1493 for Spain. One of his vessels had been previously foundered, and another had deserted him; so that he was left alone to retrace his course across the At- lantic. After a most temi)estuous voyage he was com- pelled to take shelter in the Tagus, sorely against his inclination. He experienced, however, a most honorable reception from the Portuguese monarch, John II., who did ample justice to the great quali- ties of Columbus, although he had failed to profit by them. After a brief delay, the admiral resumed his voyage, and, crossing the bar of Saltes, entered the harbor of Palos about noon, on the 15th of March, 1493, being exactly seven months and eleven days since his departure from that port. Great was the commotion in the little commun- ity of Pajos, as they beheld the well known vessel of the admiral re-entering their harbor. Their de- sponding imaginations had long since consigned him to a watery grave; for, in addition to the preternat- ural horrors which hung over the voyage, they had experienced the most stormy and disastrous winter within the recollection of the oldest mariners. Most of them had relatives or friends on board. They thronged immediately to the shore, to assure them- selves, with their own eyes, of the truth of their re- turn. When they beheld their faces once more, and saw them accompanied by the numerous evidences which they brought back of the success of the ex- Columbus' Voyages. pedition, they burst forth in acclamations of joy and gratulation. They awaited the landing of Colum- bus, when the whole population of the place accom- panied him and his crew to the principal church, where solemn thanksgivings w^ere offered up for their return; while every bell in the village sent forth a joyous peal in honor of the happy event. The admiral was too desirous of presenting him- self before the sovereigns to protract his stay long at Palos. He took with him on his journey speci- mens of the multifarious products of the newly- discovered regions. He was accompanied by sev- eral of the native islanders, arrayed in their simple barbaric costume, and decorated, as he passed through the principal cities, with collars, bracelets, and other ornaments of gold, rudely fashioned; he exhibited also considerable quantities of the same metal in dust or in crude masses, numerous vegeta- ble exotics possessed of aromatic or medicinal vir- tue, and several kinds of quadrupeds unknown in Europe, and birds, whose variety of gaudy plumage gave a brilliant effect to the pageant. The admiral's progress through the country was everywhere impeded by the multitudes thronging forth to gaze at the extraordinary spectacle, and the more extraordinary man, who, in the emphatic lan- guage of that time, which has now lost its force from familiarity, first revealed the existence of a ''New World." As he passed through the busy, populous city of Seville, every window, balcony, and housetop 30 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. which could afford a glimi)se of him is described to have been crowded with spectators. It was the middle of April before Columbus reached Barcelona. The nobility and cavaliers in attendance on the court, together with the authori- ties of the city, came to the gates to receive him, and escorted him to the royal presence. Ferdinand and Isabella were seated, with their son. Prince John, under a superb canopy of state, awaiting his arrival. On his approach they rose from their seats, and, extending their hands to him to salute, caused him to be seated before them. These were unprece- dented marks of condescension, to a person of Co- lumbus' rank, in the haughty and ceremonious court of Castile. It was, indeed, the proudest moment in the life of Columbus. He had fully established the truth of his long-contested theory, in the face of argument, sophistry, sneer, skepticism, and contempt. He had achieved this not by chance, but by calculation, sup- ported through the most adverse circumstances by consummate conduct. The honors paid him, which had hitherto been reserved only for rank, or fortune, or military success, purchased by the blood and tears of thousands, were, in his case, a homage to intellectual power successfully exerted in behalf of the noblest interests of humanity. After a brief interval, the sovereigns requested of Columbus a recital of his adventures. His man- ner was sedate and dignified, but warmed by the glow of natural enthusiasm. He enumerated the Columbus' Voyages. 31 several islands he had visited, expatiated on the tem- perate character of the climate, and the capacity of the soil for every variety of production, appealing to the samples imported by him as evidence of their natural productiveness. He dwelt more at large on the precious metals to be found in these islands, which he inferred less from the specimens actually obtained than from the uniform testimony of the natives to their abundance in the unexplored regions of the interior. Lastly, he pointed out the wide scope afforded to Christian zeal in the illumination of a race of men whose minds, far from being wedded to any system of idolatry, were prepared, by their extreme sim- plicity, for the reception of pure and uncorrupted doctrine. The last consideration touched Isabella's heart most sensibly; and the whole audience, kindled with various emotions by the speaker's elo- quence, filled up the perspective with the gorgeous coloring of their own fancies, as ambition, or avar- ice, or devotional feeling predominated in their bosoms. When Columbus ceased, the king and queen, together with all present, prostrated them- selves on their knees in grateful thanksgivings, while the solemn strains of the Te Deum were poured forth by the choir of the royal chapel, as in commemoration of some glorious victory. Columbus made three more voyages to the New World. In the autumn of 1493 he set out on the second, discovering the islands of the Carib- bean Sea, besides Jamaica and Porto Rico. From 32 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. the Canary island his course was a little south of west to Hispaniola. On the third, in the spring of 1498, he sailed from the Canaries along the coast of Africa as far as the Cape Verde islands, and thence in a westerly direction to the coast of South America, near the mouth of the Orinoco river, dis- covering the island of Trinidad as well as the main- land. On the fourth and final voyage, in the spring of 1502, his route lay direct from the Canaries to Porto Rico and thence to the coast of Central Amer- ica and the Isthmus of Panama. After an absence of tw^o years, he returned in 1504 to Spain, where he died two years later. In 1500 a Portuguese fleet of thirteen vessels, commanded by Cabral, started from Portugal to the East. Cabral went so far westward as to touch Brazil. Six years before Spain and Portugal had made a treaty that all lands to the west of a line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde islands should be- long to Spain, all east to Portugal. The king of Portugal sent Americus Vespucius to explore this new land. He explored what is now Brazil and secured it for Portugal. A short time afterward a German professor published a book calling Brazil America, and later the name was applied to both continents. THE CABOTS. 12. As Columbus, an Italian, gave the New World to Spain, so the Cabots, also Italians, came forward, and by their discoveries gave England The Cabots. 33 claim to North America. While Columbus was voyaging under the Spanish flag, his fellow coun- tryman, John Cabot, was sailing under that of Eng- land. Influenced by the achievements of Columbus, and encouraged by Henry VII., the English king, Cabot sailed westward in the spring of 1497, hoping to find a northern passage to China and the Indies. Thus his object was the same as that of Columbus. The patrons of both the discoverers desired the gain of the East India spice trade. All the maritime nations were vying with each other in commercial enterprises. If a waterway could be discovered, by sailing directly west to the Indies, the country mak- ing the discovery would have made a long stride toward monopolizing the carrying trade between Europe and the Orient. Though Cabot failed to find what he sought, he did better, for he was the first civilized man to behold the New Continent. And upon this dis- covery England based her claim to the mainland of North America. John Cabot probably made this discovery near Cape Breton island, at the entrance to the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. So uncertain is the exact place that authorities differ among themselves, some fa- voring Labrador, some Newfoundland, and still others the island given. But the following year, 1498, his son, Sebastian Cabot, confirmed the dis- covery of his father by exploring the coast from Nova Scotia as far south as Cape Hatteras. The voyages of the Cabots were not followed up in the 34 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. same way that Spain followed up the voyages of Columbus, and for nearly eighty years the British flag was not seen in American waters. LOCATION OF INDIAN TRIBES— 1492. 13. Of all things, the strange inhabitants of this new country must have possessed the keenest interest for the discoverers and explorers. How they lived, whence they came, their habits, dress, food, sports, and general characteristics must have been an exciting study then, as it has been ever since. It was quite evident to the most casual ob- server that these inhabitants, called aborigines, were different from all other known people and were composed of many tribes, which differed very widely among themselves. By referring to the proper illustration and there observing their different locations, as indicated, you will notice that the dotted line, representing the southern boundary of the Eskimo country, does not run due east and west, but inclines abruptly south on the eastern coast, and on the Pacific ocean northwest and then southwest. By reference to your knowledge of physical geography, it will be shown that the line indicating the southern limit of their territory bends toward the north near Alaska, because the warm Japanese current tempers the climate; and its dropping toward the south in Lab- rador is due to the cold Arctic current flowing in that direction along the Atlantic coast. Location of Indian Tribes — ;//.92. 35 The Indians found in the territory now era- braced in the United States were a jjeople of a roving, restless disposition, following the vast herds of deer, elk, antelope, bison, and other game which constituted their chief food and supplied them with material for clothing, northv*'ard in the spring and southward in the fall. If 30U will seek out on your maps the locations of the Indians now living, and compare their old homes with their new, you will find them very distinct in most instances. Originally the red- man wandered at his own free will or within ill-de- fined and vast boundaries; now he is kept within prescribed and narrow limits. This change was wrought by the central government about the mid- dle of the last century, when the Indian was placed in reservations set apart for him. It must not be supposed, however, that the Indians were the first inhabitants of North America. In many parts of the Mississippi valley, especially in Ohio, are to be found vast earth-works in the form of mounds and peculiar structures resembling animals. The creators of these are called the Mound Builders. Whence they came and whither they have gone are mere matters of conjecture. Biblical students have been pleased to consider them the wandering tribes of Israel or the descendants of the builders of the Tower of Babel after the confusion of tongues. But as their history was not written and was left only in the indefinite form of these monu- ments, nothing certain can be known of them. 36 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. So unequal has been the contest between the native's naked helplessness and the thoroughly drilled European trespasser, that little account need be given of him, in estimating the influences that converted a wilderness into flourishing common- wealths, beyond making passing allusions to his inefi'ectual struggles. With rare exceptions, the once proud possessor of these vast domains has become a begging pensioner on the bounty of his conqueror. 14. Speaking of the savages of North America, Dr. Franklin has the following to say: Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Mass., Janu- ary 17, 1706. He was apprenticed to his brother, a printer in that city, but at the age of seventeen he left Boston and settled in Philadelphia, where he published the Pennsyl- vania Gazette, and became writer, statesman, and philos- opher. During Franklin's life, few enterprises of great merit in either his adopted city or state were undertaken without his influence and aid. He was a prominent signer of the Declaration of Independence, and was sent on mis- sions in behalf of the government to both England and France. He died April 17, 1790. Savages we call them, because their manners differ from ours, which we think the perfection of civility. They think the same of theirs. Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different na- tions, we should find no people so rude as to be with- out rules of politeness, nor any so polite as not to have some remains of rudeness. The Indian men, when young, are hunters and warriors; when old, counselors; for all their gov- ernment is by counsel of the sages; there is no force to compel obedience or to inflict punishment. Character of the Indian. 37 Hence, they generally study oratory, the best speaker having the most influence. The Indian v*'omen till the ground, dress the food, bring up the children, and preserve and hand down to posterity the memory of public transactions. These employments of men and women are accounted natural and honorable; having few artificial wants, they have abundance of leisure for improvement in conversation. Our laborious manner of life, compared with theirs, they esteem slavish and base; and the learn- ing for which we value ourselves, they regard as frivolous and useless. An instance of this occurred at the treaty of Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, A. D. 1744, between the government of Virginia and the Six Nations. After the principal business was settled, the commissioners from Virginia acquainted the In- dians, by a speech, that there was at Williamstown a college, with a fund for educating youth; and that, if the Six Nations would send half a dozen of their young lads to that college, the government would take care that they should be well provided for, and instructed in all the learning of the white people. It is one of the Indian rules of politeness not to answer a public proposition on the same day that it is made; they think it would be treating it as a light matter, and that they show it respect by tak- ing time to consider it as of a matter important. They therefore deferred their answer until the day following; when their speaker began by express- 88 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. ing their deep sense of the kindness of the Virginian government in making them that offer. *'For we know," says he, "that you highly esteem the kind of learning taught in those colleges, and that the maintenance of our young men would be very expensive to you. We are convinced, there- fore, that you mean to do us good by your proposal, and we thank you heartily. *'But you, who are wise, must know, that differ- ent nations have different conceptions of things; and you will therefore not take it amiss if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours. "We have had some experience of it: several of our young people were formerly brought up at the colleges of the northern provinces; they were instructed in all your sciences; but when they came back to us they were bad runners, ignorant of every means of living in the woods, unable to bear either cold or hunger, knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, nor kill an enemy; spoke our language imperfectly; were therefore neither fit for hunters, warriors, nor counselors; they were good for noth- ing. "We are, however, obliged by your kind offer, though, as our ideas differ from yours, we de- cline accepting it; and to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take great care of their education, instruct them in all we know, and make men of them." Character of the Indian. 39 Having frequent occasion to hold public coun- sels, they have acquired great order in conduct- ing them. The old men sit in the foremost ranks, the warriors in the next, and the women and the children in the hindermost. The business of the women is to notice what passes, imprint it in their memories (for they have no writing), and communicate it to their children. They are the records of the council; and they pre- serve traditions of the stipulations in treaties one hundred years back, which, when we compare with our writings, we always find exact. He that would speak, rises; the rest ob- serve a profound silence. When he has finished, and has taken his seat again, they allow him five or six minutes to recollect, so that if he has omitted anything he intended to say, or has anything to add, he may rise again and deliver it. To interrupt an- other, even in common conversation, is reckoned highly indecent. How different this is from the conduct of a British House of Commons, where scare a day passes without some confusion that makes the Speaker hoarse in calling to order; and how differ- ent from the mode of conversation in the polite com- panies of Europe, where, if you do not deliver your sentence with rapidity, you are cut off in the middle of it by the impatience of those with whom you con- verse, and never suffered to finish it! The politeness of these savages in conver- sation is, indeed, carried to excess, since it does not 40 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. permit them to contradict or deny the truth of what is asserted in their presence. By this means they avoid disputes, it is true; but then it becomes diffi- cult to know their minds, or what impression you make upon them. The missionaries who have attempted to con- vert them to Christianity all complain of this as one of the greatest difficulties of their mission. The Indians hear with patience the truths of the Gospel explained to them, and give their usual tokens of assent or approbation; you would think they were convinced. No such matter — it is mere civility. When any of them come into our towns, our people are apt to crowd round them, gaze upon them, and incommode them when they desire to be private; this they esteem great rudeness, and the effect of the want of instruction in the rules of civil- ity and good manners. Taciturn as they naturally are, this conduct provokes some comment upon their part. "We have," say they, "as much curiosity as you; and when you come into our towns, we wish for opportunities of looking at you; but for this purpose we hide ourselves behind bushes where you are to pass, and never intrude ourselves into your com- pany. "If a white man, in traveling through our country, enters one of our cabins, we all treat him kindly: we dry him if he is wet, we warm him if he is cold, we give him meat and drink that he may allay his thirst and hunger, and spread soft furs for The Song of Hiawatha. 41 him to rest and sleep on. We demand nothing in re- turn. But if one of us goes into a white man's house, and asks for victuals and drink, he says, 'Where is your money?' and, if I have none, he says, 'Get out, you Indian dog!' "You see the white men have not yet learned those good little things that we need no meet- ings to be instructed in, because our mothers taught them to us when we were children; and, therefore, it is impossible their meetings should be, as they say, for any such purpose, or have any such effect; they are only to contrive the cheating of In- dians in the price of beaver." THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. 15_ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the most eminent of American poets, was born in Portland, Maine, in 1807. He graduated at Bowdoin college, with Franklin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne as classmates, in 1825. In 1826 he was appointed professor of Modern Languages in this insti- tution, and was elected professor of Belles-Lettres in Har- vard university in 1835. Among his best poems is Evange- line. Mr. Longfellow died in 1882. As a writer, he was the representative of a school of which he was the founder. His writings are mainly poetical, and are distinguished for their simplicity, grace and refinement. INTRODUCTION. Should you ask me, whence these stories? Whence these legends and traditions. With the odors of the forest, With the dew and damp of meadows. With the curling smoke of wigwams, With the rushing of great rivers, 42 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. With their frequent repetitions, And their wild reverberations, As of thunder in the mountains? I should answer, I should tell you, "From the forests and the prairies, From the great lakes of the Northland, From the land of the Ojibways, From the land of the Dacotahs, From the mountains, moors, and fen-lands. Where the heron, the Shuli-shuh-gah, Feeds among the reeds and rushes. I repeat them as I heard them From the lips of Nawadaha, The musician, the sweet singer." Should you ask where Nawadaha Found these songs, so wild and wayward. Found these legends and traditions, I should answer, I should tell you: — "In the bird's-nests of the forest, In the lodges of the beaver, In the hoof-prints of the bison. In the eyry of the eagle! All the wild-fowl sang them to him, In the moorlands and the fen-lands, In the melancholy marches; Chetow^aik, the plover, sang them, Mahng, the loon, the wild goose, Wawa, The blue heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah, And the grouse, the Mushkodasa!" If still further you should ask me, Saying, "Who was Nawadaha? The Song of Hiawatha. Tell us of this Nawadaha," I should answer your inquiries Straightway in such words as follow: ''In the Vale of Tawasentha, In the green and silent valley, By the pleasant water-courses, Dwelt the singer Nawadaha. Round about the Indian village Spread the meadows and the corn-fields. And beyond them stood the forest, Stood the groves of singing pine-trees, Green in Summer, white in Winter, Ever sighing, ever singing. "And the pleasant water-courses, You could trace them through the valley By the rushing in the Spring-time, By the alders in the Summer, By the white fog in the Autumn, By the black line in the Winter; And beside them dwelt the singer. In the Vale of Tawasentha, In the green and silent valley. "There he sang of Hiawatha, Sang the Song of Hiawatha, Sang his wondrous birth and being. How he prayed and how he fasted. How he lived, and toiled, and suffered, That the tribes of men might prosper. That he might advance his people!" Ye who love the haunts of Nature, Love the sunshine of the meadow. 44 Correlation of History, GeograpJiy and Literature. Love the shadow of the forest, Love the wind among the branches, And the rain-shower and the snow-storm, And the rushing of great rivers Through their palisades of pine-trees, And the thunder in the mountains, Whose innumerable echoes Flap like eagles in their eyries; — Listen to these wild traditions, To this Song of Hiawatha! Ye who love a nation's legends, Love the ballads of a people. That like voices from afar off Call to us to pause and listen, Speak in tones so plain and childlike. Scarcely can the ear distinguish Whether they are sung or spoken ; — Listen to this Indian Legend, To this Song of Hiawatha! Ye whose hearts are fresh and simple, Who have faith in God and Nature, Who believe, that in all ages Every human heart is human, That in even savage bosoms There are longings, yearnings, strivings For the good they comprehend not. That the feeble hands and helpless. Groping blindly in the darkness. Touch God's right hand in that darkness And are lifted up and strengthened ; — The Song of Hiawatha. 45 Listen to this simple story, To this Song of Hiawatha! Ye, who sometimes, in your rambles Through the green lanes of the country Where the tangled barberry-bushes Hang their tufts of crimson berries Over stone walls gray with mosses, Pause by some neglected graveyard, For a while to muse, and ponder On a half-effaced inscription. Written with little skill of song-craft, Homely phrases, but each letter Full of hope and yet of heart-break. Full of all the tender pathos Of the Here and the Hereafter; — Stay and read this rude inscription, Read this Song of Hiawatha! The Peace-Pipe. 16. On the Mountains of the Prairie, On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the mighty, He the Master of Life, descending. On the red crags of the quarry Stood erect, and called the nations, Called the tribes of men together. From his footprints flowed a river, Leaped into the light of morning. O'er the precipice plunging downward Gleamed like Ishkoodah, the comet. 46 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. And the Spirit, stooping earthward, With his finger on the meadow Traced a winding pathway for it, Saying to it, "Run in this way!" From the red stone of the quarry With his hand he brolce a fragment, Moulded it into a pipe-head. Shaped and fashioned it with figures; From the margin of the river Took a long reed for a pipe stem, With its dark green leaves upon it; Filled the pipe with bark of willow, With the bark of the red willow; Breathed upon the neighboring forest. Made its great boughs chafe together. Till in flame they burst and kindled; And erect upon the mountains, Gitche Manito, the mighty. Smoked the calumet, the Peace-Pipe, As a signal to the nations. And the smoke rose slowly, slowly, Through the tranquil air of morning, First a single line of darkness, Then a denser, bluer vapor. Then a snovz-white cloud unfolding, Like the tree-tops of the forest, Ever rising, rising, rising, Till it touched the top of heaven, Till it broke against the heaven. And rolled outward all around it. The Song of Hiairatha. From the Vale of Tawasentha, From the Valley of Wyoming, From the groves of Tuscaloosa, From the far-off Rocky Mountains, From the Northern lakes and rivers All the tribes beheld the signal, Saw the distant smoke ascending, The Pukwana of the Peace-Pipe. And the Prophets of the nations Said: ''Behold it, the Pukwana! By this signal from afar off, Bending like a wand of willow, Waving like a hand that beckons, Gitche Manito, the mighty. Calls the tribes of men together. Calls the warriors to his council I" Down the rivers, o'er the prairies, Came the warriors of the nations. Came the Delawares and Mohawks, Came the Choctaws and Camanches, Came the Shoshonies and Blackfeet, Came the Pawnees and Omawhaws, Came the Mandans and Dacotahs, Came the Hurons and Ojibways, All the warriors drawn together By the signal of the Peace-Pipe, To the Mountains of the Prairie, To the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry. And they stood there on the meadow. With their weapons and their war gear. Painted like the leaves of Autumn, 48 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Painted like the sky of morning, Wildly glaring at each other; In their faces stern defiance, In their hearts the fends of ages, The hereditary hatred, The ancestral thirst of vengeance. Gitche Manito, the mighty, The creator of the nations. Looked upon them with compassion, With paternal love and pity; Looked upon their wrath and wrangling But as quarrels among children. But as feuds and fights of children! Over them he stretched his right hand. To subdue their stubborn natures, To allay their thirst and fever, By the shadow of his right hand; Spake to them with voice majestic As the sound of far-off waters. Falling into deep abysses, Yv^arning, chiding, spake in this wise: — "O my children ! my poor children ! Listen to the words of wisdom, Listen to the words of warning, From the lips of the Great Spirit, From the Master of Life, who made you! "I have given you lands to hunt in, I have given you streams to fish in, I have given you bear and bison, I have given you roe and reindeer, I have given you brant and beaver. The Song of Hiawatha. Filled the marshes full of wild-fowl, Filled the rivers full of fishes; Why then are you not contented? Why then will you hunt each other? "I am weary of your quarrels, Weary of your wars and bloodshed, Weary of your prayers for Tengeance, Of your wranglings and dissensions; All your strength is in your union, All your danger is in discord; Therefore be at peace henceforward. And as brothers live together, *'I will send a Prophet to you, A Deliverer of the nations, Who shall guide you and shall teach you, Who shall toil and suffer with you. If you listen to his counsels, You will multiply and prosper; If his warnings pass unheeded. You will fade away and perish! "Bathe now in the stream before you. Wash the war-paint from your faces. Wash the blood-stains from your fingers, Bury 3'our war-clubs and your weapons, Break the red stone from this quarry, Mould and make it into Peace-Pipes, Take the reeds that grow beside you. Deck them with your brightest feathers, Smoke the calumet together, And as brothers live henceforward!" 50 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Then upon the ground the warriors Threw their cloaks and shirts of deer-skin, Threw their weapons and their war-gear, Leaped into the rushing river, Washed the war-paint from their faces, Clear above them flowed the water, Clear and limpid from the footprints Of the Master of Life descending; Dark below them flowed the water, Soiled and stained with streaks of crimson. As if blood were mingled with it! From the river came the warriors, Clean and washed from all their war-paint; On the banks their clubs they buried, Buried all their warlike weapons. Gitche Manito, the mighty, The Great Spirit, the creator. Smiled upon his helpless children! And in silence all the warriors Broke the red stone of the quarry. Smoothed and formed it into Peace-Pipes, Broke the long reeds by the river, Decked them with their brightest feathers, And departed each one homeward, While the Master of Life, ascending, Through the opening of cloud-curtains. Through the doorways of the heaven. Vanished from before their faces. In the smoke that rolled around him. The Pukwana of the Peace-Pipe! The Song of Hiawatha. 51 Hiawatha's Wooing. 17. "As unto the bow the cord is, So unto the man is woman, Though she bends him, she obeys him, Though she draws him, yet she follows. Useless each without the other!" Thus the youthful Hiawatha Said within himself and pondered. Much perplexed by various feelings. Listless, longing, hoping, fearing, Dreaming still of Minnehaha, Of the lovely Laughing Water, In the land of the Dacotahs. "Wed a maiden of your people," Warning said the old Nokomis; "Go not eastward, go not westward. For a stranger, whom we know not! Like a fire upon the hearth-stone Is a neighbor's homely daughter. Like the starlight or the moonlight Is the handsomest of strangers!" Thus dissuading spake Nokomis, And my Hiawatha answered Only this: "Dear old Nokomis, Very pleasant is the firelight, But I like the starlight better. Better do I like the moonlight!" Gravely then said old Nokomis: "Bring not here an idle maiden. Bring not here a useless woman. Hands unskilful, feet unwilling; 52 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Bring a wife with nimble fingers, Heart and hand that move together, Feet that run on willing errands!" Smiling answered Hiawatha: "In the land of the Dacotahs Lives the Arrow-maker's daughter, Minnehaha, Laughing Water, Handsomest of all the women. I will bring her to your wigwam. She shall run upon your errands. Be your starlight, moonlight, firelight. Be the sunlight of my people! Still dissuading said Nokomis: "Bring not to my lodge a stranger From the land of the Dacotahs! Very fierce are the Dacotahs, Often is there war between us. There are feuds yet unforgotten. Wounds that ache and still may open!" Laughing answered Hiawatha: "For that reason, if no other, Would I wed the fair Dacotah, That our tribes might be united, That old feuds might be forgotten, And old wounds be healed for ever!" Thus departed Hiawatha To the land of the Dacotahs, To the land of handsome women; Striding over moor and meadow. Through interminable forests, Through uninterrupted silence. The Song of Hiawatha. 53 With bis moccasins of magic, At each stride a mile he measured; Yet the way seemed long before him, And his heart outrun his footsteps; And he journeyed without resting, Till he heard the cataract's laughter, Heard the Falls of Minnehaha Calling to him through the silence. "Pleasant is the sound!'' he murmured, "Pleasant is the voice that calls me!" On the outskirts of the forest, 'Twixt the shadow and the sunshine, Herds of fallow deer were feeding. But they saw not Hiawatha; To his bow he whispered, "Fail not!" To his arrow whispered, "Swerve not!" Sent it singing on its errand. To the red heart of the roebuck; Threw the deer across his shoulder, And sped forward without pausing. At the doorway of his wigwam Sat the ancient Arrow-maker, In the land of the Dacotahs, Making arrow-heads of jasper. Arrow-heads of chalcedony. At his side, in all her beauty. Sat the lovely Minnehaha, Sat his daughter, Laughing Water, Plaiting mats of flags and rushes; 54 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Of the past the old man's thoughts were, And the maiden's of the future. He was thinking, as he sat there. Of the days when with such arrows He had struck the deer and bison, On the Muskoday, the Meadow; Shot the wild goose, flying southward, On the wing, the clamorous Wawa; Thinking of the great war-parties. How they came to buy his arrows, Could not fight without his arrows. Ah, no more such noble warriors Could be found on earth as they were! Now the men were all like women. Only used their tongues for weapon! She was thinking of a hunter. From another tribe and country. Young and tall and very handsome. Who one morning, in the Spring-time, Came to buy her father's arrows, Sat and rested in the wigwam, Lingered long about the doorway. Looking back as he departed. She had heard her father praise him, Praise his courage and his wisdom; Would he come again for arrows To the Falls of Minnehaha? On the mat her hands lay idle. And her eyes were very dreamy. Through their thoughts they heard a footstep, Heard a rustling in the branches, The Song of Hiawatha. 55 And with glowing cbeelc and forehead. With the deer upon his shoulders, Suddenly from out the woodlands Hiawatha stood before them. Straight the ancient Arrow-maker Looked up gravely from his labor, Laid aside the unfinished arrow, Bade him enter at the doorway, Saying, as he rose to meet him, "Hiawatha, you are welcome !'- At the feet of Laughing Water Hiawatha laid his burden. Threw the red deer from his shoulders; And the maiden looked up at him, Looked up from her mat of rushes, Said with gentle look and accent, ''You are w^elcome, Hiawatha'.'' Very spacious was the wigwam. Made of deer-skin dressed and whitened. With the Gods of the Dacotahs Drawn and painted on its curtains, And so tall the doorway, hardly Hiawatha stooped to enter. Hardly touched his eagle-feathers As he entered at the doorway. Then uprose the Laughing Water, From the ground fair Minnehaha, Laid aside her mat unfinished. Brought forth food and set before them, Water brought them from the brooklet. 56 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Gave them food in earthen vessels, Gave them drink in bowls of bass-wood, Listened while the guest was speaking, Listened while her father answered, But not once her lips she opened, Not a single word she uttered. Yes, as in a dream she listened To the words of Hiawatha, As he talked of old Nokomis, Who had nursed him in his childhood, As he told of his companions, Chibiabos, the musician. And the very strong man, Kwasind, And of happiness and plenty In the land of the Ojibways, In the pleasant land and peaceful. ''After many years of warfare. Many years of strife and bloodshed. There is peace between the Ojibways And the tribe of the Dacotahs." Thus continued Hiawatha, And then added, speaking slowly, "That this peace may last for ever, And our hands be clasped more closely, And our hearts be more united. Give me as my wife this maiden, Minnehaha, Laughing Water, Loveliest of Dacotah women!" And the ancient Arrow-maker Paused a moment ere he answered, Smoked a little while in silence, The Song of Hiawatha. 57 Looked at Hiawatha proudly, Fondly looked at Laiigbin'e love, and those who love us! Just when they have learned to help us, When we are old and lean upon them, Comes a youth with flaunting feathers; With his flute of reeds, a stranger Wanders piping through the village, Beckons to the fairest maiden, And she follows where he leads her. Leaving all thing for the stranger!" Pleasant was the journey homeward, Through interminable forests, Over meadow, over mountain. Over river, hill, and hollow. Short it seemed to Hiawatha, Though they journeyed very slowly. Though his pace he checked and slackened To the steps of Laughing Water. Over wide and rushing rivers In his arms he bore the maiden; Light he thought her as a feather, As the plume upon his head-gear; Cleared the tangled pathway for her, Bent aside the swaying branches, Made at night a lodge of branches, And a bed with boughs of hemlock. And a fire before the doorway With the dry cones of the pine-tree. All the travelling winds went with them. O'er the meadow, through the forest; r/ie Song of Hiawatha. 59 All the stars of night looked at them, Watched with sleepless eyes their slumber; From his ambush in the oak-tree Peeped the squirrel, Adjidaumo, Watched with eager eyes the lovers; And the rabbit, the Wabasso, Scampered from the path before them Peering, peeping from his burrow. Sat erect upon his haunches. Watched with curious eyes the lovers. Pleasant was the journey homeward! All the birds sang loud and sweetly Songs of happiness and heart's-ease; Sang the blue-bird, the Owaissa, ''Happy are you, Hiawatha, Having such a wife to love you!" Sang the robin, the Opechee, "Happy are you, Laughing W^ater, Having such a noble husband!" From the sky the sun benignant Looked upon them through the branches, Saying to them, "O my children, Love is sunshine, hate is shadow. Life is checkered shade and sunshine. Rule by love, O Hiawatha!" From the sky the moon looked at them, Filled the lodge with mystic splendors. Whispered to them, "O my children. Day is restless, night is quiet, Man imperious, woman feeble; 60 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Half is mine, although I follow; Rule hj patience, Laughing Water!" Thus it was they journeyed homeward; Thus it was that Hiawatha To the lodge of old Nokomis Brought the moonlight, starlight, firelight, Brought the sunshine of his people, Minnehaha, Laughing Water, Handsomest of all the women In the land of the Dacotahs, In the land of handsome women. An Indian at the Burial-Place of His Fathers. 18. W. C. Bryant (William Cullen), one of America's best poets, was a native of Cummington, Mass. He was born in 1784, ^,nd died on the 12th of June, 1878. As early as the age of ten, he made translations from the Latin poets, which were published. He received his education at Williams College, and then studied law, which profession he practiced for ten years. In 1826 he became connected with the New York Evening Post, and continued to be editor of that paper up to the time of his death, a continuous service of fifty-two years. It is the spot I came to seek, — My father's ancient burial-place. Ere from these vales, ashamed and weak, Withdrew our wasted race. It is a spot, — I know it well — Of which our old traditions tell. For here the upland bank sends out A ridge toward the river-side; An Indian at the Burial-Place of His Fathers. I know the shaggy hills about, The meadows smooth and wide, The plains, that, toward the southern sky. Fenced east and west by mountains lie. A white man, gazing on the scene, Would say a lovely spot was here, And praise the lawns, so fresh and green, Between the hills so sheer. I like it not — I would the plain Lay in its tall old groves again. The sheep are on the slopes around, The cattle in the meadows feed, And laborers turn the crumbling ground. Or drop the yellow seed, And prancing steeds, in trappings gay, Whirl the bright chariot o'er the way. Methinks it were a nobler sight To see these vales in woods arrayed. Their summits in the golden light. Their trunks in grateful shade, And herds of deer, that bounding go O'er fills and prostrate trees below. And then to mark the lord of all, The forest hero, trained to wars. Quivered and plumed, and lithe and tall, And seamed with glorious scars. Walk forth, amid his reign, to dare The wolf, and grapple with the bear 62 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. This bank, in which the dead were laid, Was sacred when its soil was ours; Hither the artless Indian maid Brought wreaths of beads and flowers, And the gray chief and gifted seer Worshiped the god of thunders here. But now the wheat is green and high On clods that hid the warrior's breast. And scattered in the furrows lie The weapons of his rest, And there, in the loose sand, is thrown Of his large arm the mouldering bone. Ah, little thought the strong and brave, Who bore the lifeless chieftain forth; Or the young wife, that weeping gave Her first-born to the earth, That the pale race, who wastes us nov;, Among their bones should guide the plough. They waste us — ay — like April snow In the warm noon, we shrink away; And fast they follow, as we go Toward the setting day, — Till they shall fill the land, and we Are driven into the western sea. But I behold a fearful sign, To which the white men's eyes are blind; Their race may vanish hence, like mine, And leave no trace behind. Ponce dc Leon and Balboa. 63 Save ruins o'er tlie region spread, And the white stones above tlie dead. Before these fields were shorn and tilled, Full to the brim our rivers flowed; The melody of waters filled The fresh and boundless wood; And torrents dashed and rivulets played, And fountains spouted in the shade. Those grateful sounds are heard no more,- The springs are silent in the sun. The rivers, by the blackened shore. With lessening current run; The realm our tribes are crushed to get May be a barren desert yet. SPANISH. Ponce de Leon and Balboa. 19. Up to this time the claims laid to the islands newly discovered were vague and timidly asserted. Since Columbus sailed under the Spanish flag, the priority of his discovery of islands and the South American coast gave that country a general claim to all the New World. The exception was in favor of England by reason of the Cabot voyage along the Atlantic coast. Instead of seeking for land-titles, the hardy adventurers saw quicker and larger gains in digging for the precious metals re- ported to abound in mines of fabulous wealth. 64 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Indeed it was not until many years after this time that traders, home-seekers, and a permanent class of settlers were induced to give up the pursuit of sudden wealth for the slower but surer means of gaining a competence by becoming land-holders. And it was in the natural course of things that exploration should follow discovery, and settle- ment follow the explorers that had searched out the most desirable locations. In the rush for the acquisition of new territory were four nations: Spanish, French, English, Dutch. Spanish — Ponce de Leon, the governor of Porto Rico, was the first of the Spanish chief- tains to start on an exploring expedition on the main-land. In 1512, feeling the weight of years and his blood stirred to rivalry by the exploits of his fellow-country men, he resolved to accomplish some- thing of at least equal note. His quest should be two-fold, — for gold, and a fabulous fountain, which could make the old young again, and which the Indians informed him lay in a land not very distant. He readily obtained full consent from the Spanish government. The royal charter conferring author- ity gave him power to search for that land, and, if found, to be its governor for life. Hence the old man's heart was in the undertaking; for once he Ponce de Leon and Balboa. 65 had bathed in this miraculous fountain, he should be young again, and a life long office-holder. After cruising among the Bahama islands for several weeks he came upon the mainland near where 8t. Augustine now stands. As he landed on Easter Sunday and wild flowers were growing everywhere about him, he named the new country Flowery Easter, which in the Spanish language is Pascua Florida, But he found neither gold nor the magical fountain. Disappointed in his search, he sailed back to Porto Eico. When a number of years later he returned to colonize Florida, he was fatally wounded by an Indian's arrow, and thus the old man found death where he had sought life and fortune. But this land was destined to be transferred many times. From 1513 to 1763 it was owned by Spain; from 1763 to 1783, by England; from 1783 to 1819, by Spain; from 1819 to the present time it has been a territory or state of the Union. Balboa — In the autumn of 1513 Balboa began his expedition over the Isthmus of Panama in search of the large body of water which the In- dians assured him could be seen from the summit of the mountains. After terrible hardships, some days making but seven or eight miles through the under-brush, Balboa and his companions gained the top of the range, and, looking down, were the first Europeans to behold what is now called the Pacific ocean. Not content with the conquest of land, this 66 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. daring nobleman took possession of the magnificent expanse of water lying at his feet. CoRTEZ — In 1519 Cortez landed in Mexico, conquered the natives, and in this way estab- lished Spanish sovereignty on the Pacific slope of North America. However, it must be remembered that the territory then embraced in Mexico was of immense extent and vague boundary. It included much if not all of the land as far east as the Missis- sippi river. We shall have occasion to refer to this again in connection with the Louisiana Purchase. Prescott's Conquest of Mexico gives a charming ac- count of his exploit. In 1528 Narvaez set forth from Cuba with 400 men to conquer the north coast of the Gulf of Mex- ico. He landed at Apalache Bay, and went inland, but on returning missed his ships, built five small vessels after traveling a month westward, and put to sea. In six weeks they reached the mouth of the Mississippi, where two boats were upset and Nar- vaez drowned. The rest went on westward, were cap- tured by Indians and carried over eastern Texas and western Louisiana. Led by Cabeza de Vaca, they wandered on westward to the Rio Grande, then on to the Gulf of California, thus crossing the con- tinent. The stories these men told of the cities they had seen led Mendoza, the Spanish governor of Mexico, to send Marcos to search for them, but he turned back on finding the Pueblos of New Mexico. The next year Coronado, with 1,100 men, marched Be Soto's Roiite. 67 against these cities, but not finding tbem as rich as he thought, pushed on eastward, crossing the state of Kansas twice. DE SOTO'S ROUTE. 20. In 1537 De Soto was appointed governor of Cuba, with instructions to conquer and hold all the country discovered by Narvaez. On this mission he set out in May, 1539, and landed at Tampa Bay, in Florida. He wandered over the swamps and marshes, the moss-grown jungles, and the forests of the Gulf states, and spent the winter of 1541 near the Yazoo river. Crossing the Mississippi in the spring of 1542, at the Chickasaw bluffs, he wan- dered about eastern Arkansas till he died of fever, and was buried in the Mississippi. His followers there built rude boats, floated down the river to the Gulf, steered along the coast of Texas, and in Sep- tember, 1543, reached Tanipico, in Mexico. DE SOTO AND HIS MEN. From "Pictures from American History." When Columbus returned to Spain with his wonderful story of lands beyond the great ocean, inhabited by strange races of human beings, an eager wish for new discoveries arose. The wild- est romances were greedily received; and the Old 68 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. World, with its familiar realities, seemed mean beside the glories of the New. To the Spaniard of that day America was a region of wonder and mystery, of vague and mag- nificent promise. Thither adventurers hastened, thirsting for glory and for gold. They roamed over land and sea; they climbed unknown mountains, surveyed unknown oceans, and pierced the depths of tropical forests; while from year to year and from day to day new marvels were unfolded — new islands and archipelagoes, new regions of gold and pearl, and barbaric empires of dazzling wealth. It is interesting to read the stirring adventures of Cortez, who conquered Mexico, and of Pizarro, who overcame Peru. But as these things do not strictly concern the story of our country, we will give an account of one of the most remarkable of the Spanish adventurers — Hernando de Soto, the discoverer of the Mississippi. De Soto was the companion of Pizarro in the conquest of Peru. He had come to America a needy adventurer, but returned to Spain enriched by his share of the plunder. Not doubting that in the north were cities as rich, and barbarians as confid- ing, he obtained permission from the Spanish sover- eign to conquer Florida. This name, as the Spaniards of that day under- stood it, included the whole country extending from the Atlantic on the east to New Mexico on the west, and from the Gulf of Mexico and the River of Palms indefinitely northward toward the Polar sea. De Soto and His Men. 69 The plans of De Soto were hailed with enthu- siasm. Nobles and gentlemen contended for the privilege of joining his standard. The youth of Spain were eager to be permitted to go, and they sold houses and lands to buy the needful equip- ment. From the crowd of applicants were chosen six hundred and twenty men; and in 1539 the expedi- tion sailed, high in courage, splendid in show, and boundless in expectation. They landed in Tampa bay, in the present state of Florida, and began their march into the wilderness. What a strangely brilliant spectacle the expedi- tion must have presented! How the clangor of trumpets, the neighing of horses, the fluttering of pennons, the glittering of helmet and lance, must have startled the ancient forest! The Spaniards had with them fetters for the Indians whom they meant to take captive, and bloodhounds lest these captives should escape. From the outset it was a toilsome and perilous enterprise; but to the Spaniard of that time danger was a joy. The Indians Vv^ere warlike and generally hostile. De Soto had battles to fight and heavy losses to bear. For month after month the proces- sion of cavaliers and priests, crossbow-men and In- dian captives, wandered on, lured hither and thither by the hope of finding some great city, the plunder of whose palaces and temples would enrich them all. But they found nothing better than here and there an Indian town composed of a few wretched 70 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. wigwams. In this way they traversed great por- tions of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, suffering terrible hardships, but never reaching el Dorado — the 'Uand of gold." At length, in the third year of their wander- ings, the Spaniards came to a magnificent river. European ej'es had seen no such river till now. It was the Mississippi! One of their number describes the great stream as almost half a league wide, deep, rapid, and constantly rolling down trees and drift- wood on its current. The Spaniards crossed over at a point above the mouth of the Arkansas. Here they resumed their journeying, for De Soto would not yet admit that he had failed. They advanced westward, but still found no treasures — nothing, indeed, but hard- ships, and an Indian enemy "furious as mad dogs," as one of their officers wrote. The Spaniards in their disappointment were cruel and pitiless. They amused themselves by in- flicting pain upon the prisoners: they cut off their hands, hunted them with bloodhounds, burned them at the stake. Hoping to awe the Indians, De Soto once claimed to be one of the gods. But the natives were not to be imposed upon; and a wise savage asked him, ''How can you pretend to be a god when you can not even get bread to eat?" And now the utter failure of the expedition could no longer be concealed: so De Soto, with his followers, returned to the banks of the Mississippi. Magellan's Voyages. 71 Here, soon afterwards, De Soto was attacked by a fever, and died miserably. His soldiers felled a tree, and scooped room within its trunk for the body of the ill-fated ad- venturer. They could not bury their chief on land, lest the Indians should dishonor his remains. In the silence of midnight the rude coffin was sunk in the Mississippi, and the discoverer of the great river slept beneath its waters. The Spaniards now resolved to make their way to Cuba. They had tools, and wood was abundant, so they built and launched seven small brigs to float them down the Mississippi. They slew their horses for flesh, they plundered the Indians for bread, they struck the fetters from their prisoners to secure their scanty supply of iron. Embarking in their frail vessels, the Spaniards descended the Mississippi, running the gauntlet be- tween hostile tribes who fiercely attacked them. After severe loss they reached the Gulf of Mexico, and then made their way to one of the Spanish settlements. Three hundred ragged and disheart- ened men were all that remained of the brilliant company whose hopes had been so high, and whose good fortune had been so much envied. MAGELLAN'S VOYAGES. 21. Though a Portuguese, Magellan sailed under the Spanish flag, and in this capacity was the first man to pass entirely around the earth, proving 72 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. that it is round. Leaving Spain, August the 10th, 1519, he solved the problem of a water route to the West Indies, but only when he had rounded Cape Horn, and approached the Philippine islands from the east, where he was slain by the natives in 1522. But his ship returned to Palos, Spain, whence it had sailed three years before, thus completing the circuit of the earth's surface. For this voyage five ships and 254 men left Spain, but only one ship and fifteen men returned. This voyage proved that the earth is round, and that there is no southwest passage to India. Next must begin the search for a northwest passage, and in this search the English took the lead. SPANISH AMERICA AT THE CLOSE OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 22. More than half a century passed, before the Spaniards had a single settlement in the pres- ent domain of the United States. In 1542 and 1561 missionaries attempted settlements in Florida, but were driven out by the Indians. Finally, in 1565, Malendez was sent to drive out the French, who were attempting to plant colonies there. Finding the French, he massacred all, and built the fort and town of St. Augustine. In 1582 Santa Fe was founded, and this was shortly followed by other mission stations in the ter- ritories of New Mexico and Arizona. At the close of French Explorers — Cartier and Yerazzani. 73 the sixteenth century, after nearly a hundred years of discovery, exploration, colonization, and settle- ment, Spain had at least four permanent settle- ments as her reward. Of these the two earliest were on Porto Rico and the Isthmus of Panama, while the two latter were on the mainland of the North American continent: Isabella, founded 1493, by Columbus. Darien, 1510, by Ojeda. St. Augustine, 1.505, by Malendez. Santa Fe, 1582, by Espejo. FRENCH EXPLORERS— CARTIER AND VERAZZANI. 23. France was the second country to establish permanent settlements in the New World. In 1506 Denys discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 1521, Verazzani, an Italian sailing under the French flag, crossed the Atlantic by way of the Cape Verdes and coasted from Florida as far north as Newfoundland, thus adding new claims to those already made for France by the voyage of Denys. James Cartier, in 1534, sailed almost directly west from France to the northernmost point of New- foundland and thence through the Gulf of St. Lawrence to a point near where Quebec now stands, thus discovering and navigating th'^ St. Lawrence river. By these three voyages of discovery, cover- ing a period of only twentj^-eight years, France had established a claim to the New World, to lie dor- mant and fruitless for almost a century. 74 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. FRENCH EXPLORERS— CHAMPLAIN AND DE MONTS. 24. It was now eighty years since Verazzani had denominated the country he had discovered "New France." In following up the claims laid by his fellow-countrymen, in 1603 Champlain as- cended the St. Lawrence, and after five years of preparation and search for a proper site founded Quebec, which was destined to become the French capital whence should radiate a series of most im- portant influences. But in 1605, Port Royal (now Annapolis in Nova Scotia), or Acadie, as it was then called, was founded by De Monts, who had made the voyage in 1604. This was the first per- manent French settlement. These are the colonists who were driven out of their homes and distributed among the southern settlements in 1755, while the French and Indian War was in progress. EVANGELINE. 25. A Tale of Acadie. This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks, Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indis- tinct in the twilight, Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and pro- phetic. Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms. Evangeline. 75 Loud from its rocky caverns, the deep-voiced neigh- boring ocean Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest. This is the forest primeval; but where are the hearts that beneath it Leaped like the roe, when he hears in the woodland the voice of the huntsman? Where is the thatch-roofed village, the home of Acadian farmers, — Men whose lives glided on like rivers that water the woodlands, Darkened by shadows of earth, but reflecting an image of heaven? Waste are those pleasant farms, and the farmers forever departed! Scattered like dust and leaves, when the mighty blasts of October Seize them, and whirl them aloft, and sprinkle them far o'er the ocean. Naught but tradition remains of the beautiful vil- lage of Grand-Pre. Ye who believe in affection that hopes, and en- dures, and is patient, Ye who believe in the beauty and strength of woman's devotion. List to the mournful tradition still sung by the pines of the forest; List to a Tale of Love in Acadie, home of the happy. 76 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. The Church Scene from Evangeline. Pleasantly rose next morn the sun on the village of Grand-Pre. Pleasantly gleamed in tlie soft, sweet air the Basin of Minas, Where the ships, with their wavering shadows, were riding at anchor. Life had long been astir in the village, and clamor- ous labor Knocked with its hundred hands at the golden gates of the morning. Now from the country around, from the farms and the neighboring hamlets. Came in their holiday dresses the blithe Acadian peasants. Many a glad good-morrow and jocund laugh from the young folk Made the bright air brighter, as up from the numer- ous meadows, Where no path could be seen but the track of wheels in the greensward, Group after group appeared, and joined, or passed on the highway. Long ere noon, in the village all sounds of labor w^ere silenced. Thronged were the streets with people; and noisy groups at the house-doors Sat in the cheerful sun, and rejoiced and gossiped together. Every house was an inn, where all were welcomed and feasted; Evangeline. 77 'or with this simple people, who lived like brothers together, Jl things were held in common, and what one had was another's. 'et under Benedict's roof hospitality seemed more abundant: 'or Evangeline stood among the guests of her father; {right was her face with smiles, and words of wel- come and gladness 'ell from her beautiful lips, and blessed the cup as she gave it. Under the open sky, in the odorous air of the orchard, {ending with golden fruit, was spread the feast of betrothal, 'here in the shade of the porch were the priest and the notary seated ; 'here good Benedict sat, and sturdy Basil the black- smith, fot far withdrawn from these, by the cider-press and the beehives, lichael the fiddler was placed, with the gayest of hearts and of waistcoats. Ihadow and light from the leaves alternately played on his snow-white lair, as it waved in the wind; and the jolly face of the fiddler xlowed like a living coal when the ashes are blown from the embers. 78 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Gayly the old man sang to the vibrant sound of his fiddle, Tons les Bourgeois de Chartres, and Le Carillon de Dunkerqiie, And anon with his wooden shoes beat time to the music. Merrily, merrily whirled the wheels of the dizzying dances Under the orchard-trees and down the path to the meadows; Old folk and young together, and children mingled among them. Fairest of all the maids was EA^angeline, Benedict's daughter! Noblest of all the youths was Gabriel, son of the blacksmith! So passed the morning away. And lo! with a summons sonorous Sounded the bell from its tower, and over the mea- dows a drum beat. Thronged ere long was the church with men. With- out, in the churchyard. Waited the women. They stood by the graves, and hung on the headstones Garlands of autumn leaves and evergreen fresh from the forest. Then came the guard from the ships, and marching proudly among them Entered the sacred portal. With loud and disson- ant clangor Evangeline. 79 Echoed the sound of their brazen drums from ceil- ing and casement, — Echoed a moment only, and slowly the ponderous portal Closed, and in silence the crowd awaited the will of the soldiers. Then up rose their commander, and spake from the steps of the altar. Holding aloft in his hands, with its seals, the royal commission, ''You are convened this day," he said, "by his Majesty's orders. Clement and kind has he been; but how you have answered his kindness, Let your own hearts reply! To my natural make and my temper Painful the task is I do, which to you I know must be grievous. Yet must I bow and obey, and deliver the will of our monarch; Namely, that all your lands, and dwellings, and cattle of all kinds Forfeited be to the crown; and that you yourselves from this province Be transported to other lands. God grant you may dwell there Ever as faithful subjects, a happy and peaceable people! Prisoners now I declare you; for such is his Maj- esty's pleasure!" 80 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. As, when the air is serene in the sultry solstice of summer, Suddenly gathers a storm, and the deadly sling of the hailstones Beats down the farmer's corn in the field and shat- ters his windows, Hiding the sun, and strewing the ground with thatch from the house-roofs, Bellowing fly the herds, and seek to break their in- closures; So on the hearts of the people descended the words of the speaker. Silent a moment they stood in speechless wonder, and then rose Louder and ever louder a wail of sorrow and anger, And, by one impulse moved, they madly rushed to the doorway. Vain was the hope of escape; and cries and fierce imprecations Rang through the house of prayer; and high o'er the heads of the others Rose, with his arms uplifted, the figure of Basil the blacksmith, As, on a stormy sea, a sj)ar is tossed by the billows. Flushed was his face and distorted with passion; and wildly he shouted, — "Down with the tyrants of England ! we never have sworn them allegiance! Death to these foreign soldiers, who seize on our homes and our harvests!" Evangeline. 81 More he fain would have said, but the merciless hand of a soldier Smote him upon the mouth, and dragged him down to the pavement. In the midst of the strife and tumult of angry contention, Lo! the door of the chancel opened, and Father Felician Entered, with serious mien, and ascended the steps of the altar. Raising his reverend hand, with a gesture he awed into silence All that clamorous throng; and thus he spake to his people; Deep were his tones and solemn; in accents meas- ured and mournful Spake he, as, after the tocsin's alarum, distinctly the clock strikes. "What is this that ye do, my children? What mad- ness has seized you? Forty years of my life have I labored among you and taught you, Not in word alone, but in deed, to love one another! Is this the fruit of my toils, of my vigils and pray- ers and privations? Have you so soon forgotten all lessons of love and forgiveness? This is the house of the Prince of Peace, and would you profane it 82 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Thus with violent deeds and hearts overflowing with hatred? Lo! where the crucified Christ from His cross is gaz- ing upon you See! in those sorrowful eyes what meekness and holy compassion! Hark! how those lips still repeat the prayer, 'O Father, forgive them!' Let us repeat that prayer in the hour when the wicked assail us, Let us repeat it now, and say, 'O Father, forgive them!'" Few were his words of rebuke, but deep in the hearts of his people Sank they, and sobs of contrition succeeded that passionate outbreak; And they repeated his prayer, and said, "O Father, forgive them !" Then came the evening service. The tapers gleamed from the altar. Fervent and deep was the voice of the priest, and the people responded, Not with their lips alone, but their hearts; and the Ave Maria Sang they, and fell on their knees, and their souls, with devotion translated. Rose on the ardor of prayer, like Elijah ascending to heaven. Meanwhile had spread in the village the tidings of ill, and on all sides Evangeline. Wandered, wailing, from house to house the women and children. Long at her father's door Evangeline stood, with her right hand Shielding her eyes from the level rays of the sun, that, descending, Lighted the village street with mysterious splendor, and roofed each Peasant's cottage with golden thatch, and embla- zoned its windows. Long within had been spread the snow-white cloth on the table; There stood the wheaten loaf, and the honey fra- grant with wild flowers; There stood the tankard of ale, and the cheese fresh brought from the dairy; And at the head of the board the great arm chair of the farmer. Thus did Evangeline wait at her father's door, as the sunset Threw the long shadows of trees o'er the broad am- brosial meadows. Ah! on her spirit within a deeper shadow had fallen, And from the fields of her soul a fragrance celes- tial ascended, — Charity, meekness, love and hope, and foregiveness, and patience! Then, all-forgetful of self, she wandered into the village, 84 Correlation of History, Oeography and Literature. Cheering with looks and words the disconsolate hearts of the women, As o'er the darkening fields with lingering steps they departed, Urged by their household cares, and the weary feet of their childen. Down sank the great red sun, and in golden, glim- mering vapors Veiled the light of his face, like the Prophet de- scending from Sinai. Sweetly over the village the bell of the Angelus sounded. Meanwhile, amid the gloom, by the church Evangeline lingered. All was silent within; and in vain at the door and the windows Stood she, and listened and looked, until, overcome by emotion, "Gabriel!" cried she aloud with tremulous voice; but no answer Came from the graves of the dead, nor the gloomier grave of the living. Slowly at length, she returned to the tenantless house of her father. Smouldered the fire on the hearth, on the board stood the supper untasted. Empty and drear was each room, and haunted with phantoms of terror. Sadly echoed her step on the stair and the floor of her chamber. French Explorers — La Salle. 85 In the dead of the night she heard the whispering rain fall Loud on the withered leaves of the sycamore-tree by the window. Keenly the lightning flashed; and the voice of the echoing thunder Told her that God was in heaven, and governed the world He created! Then she remembered the tale she had heard of the justice of heaven; Soothed was her troubled soul, and she peacefully slumbered till morning. — Longfellow. FRENCH EXPLORERS— LA SALLE. 26. The French began the fur trade with the Indians at this time, too, and this, together with their efforts to convert the Indians, led them on further westward. They pushed on up the Ottawa river into Georgian Bay, in sight of the Great Lakes. They soon explored the lakes and dotted them with trading stations and missions. In the course of these explorations the French heard accounts of a great river to the westward, and in 1672 Marquette and Joliet were sent by the governor of New France, as the territory occupied by the French was called, to search for it. In May, 1673, they set out from a mission at the foot of Lake Michigan, with six men and two birch-bark canoes, crossed Green bay, went up Fox river, then across 86 Correlation of History, OeograpTiy and Literature. to a river, the Wisconsin, tbat tlie Indians told them flowed into the Mississippi. They sailed down the Wisconsin into the Mississippi, and down the lat- ter as far as the mouth of the Arkansas, then made their way back to the Great Lakes. Five years later the French king authorized La Salle to continue these discoveries and con- quests for New France. In 1678 La Salle and his companions left Canada and went to Lake Erie. There they built a vessel in which they went to Green bay and up the Illinois river. Near the pres- ent site of Peoria, Illinois, he built a fort, and, leav- ing some men in it, went back to Canada. On his re- turn, finding them gone, he pushed down the Illinois to the Mississippi, wintering at St. Joseph river. In 1681 he set forth again, went by where Chicago now is across to the Illinois, then down the Mississippi in a canoe to the Gulf of Mexico. There La Salle took formal possession, for the French crown, of all the lands drained by the Mississippi, and named the territory Louisiana. La Salle went back up the river to build a fort at the mouth of the Illinois to overawe the Indians, and then went to bring a colony over to plant at that place. In 1685 he brought this colony over, but missing the mouth of the Mississippi river they landed at Matagorda bay, in Texas. There they built a fort, but soon left, starting to the Illinois river. Some reached it, but La Salle was murdered on the way by his own followers. English Explorers — Drake, FroMsher, Gosnold. 87 Later it will be seen how the French failed in their plans to hold the New World by controlling the valley of the St. Lawrence, the Mississippi and the Hudson, which they failed to get. In grasping at too much territory they became so scattered and weak that they could not withstand the more com- pact and permanent colonies of the English. ENGLISH EXPLORERS— DRAKE, FROBISHER, GOSNOLD. 27. England, like Spain and France, did not follow up for nearly one hundred years her claim made on the New World by Cabot in 1497. It took this time for the different claimants to give up their false ideas of the fabulous wealth to be ob- tained in seeking gold and precious stones, and in making their boundaries sufficiently definite for col- onization and settlement. Those of you who will undertake the pleasant task of reading Kingsley's "West-ward Ho," can readily understand enough of the history of that time to know that England was not wanting in bold spirits who would contend for the possession of the New World. In 1577 Sir Francis Drake sails from England in his good ship, the Golden Hind, followed by four other vessels, and after a three years' voyage completed the circuit of the earth very much as had been done by Magellan over half a century before. Among the many other daring English- men of that period, was the explorer Gosnold, who, 88 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. in 1602, visited the Massachusetts coast. This en- terprise meant less in its immediate results than in its bearing on commerce and navigation in general, for he had sailed directly across the Atlantic to Cape Cod, and thus shortened the old Spanish routes by 3,000 miles. This gave an impulse to colonization and trade. It was one of the factors to place England in the fore-front as a maritime power. It was another step of England in advance of Spain. In 1588 England made impossible further Spanish rivalry when she annihilated the great Armada. The two successes meant for England nothing less than the first place among the nations of the earth as a maritime power. Merchantmen should bring her wealth, and her navy, power. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 28. Southward with fleet of ice Sailed the corsair Death; Wild and fast blew the blast, And the east-wind was his breath. His lordly ships of ice Glistened in the sun; On each side, like pennons wide, Flashing crystal streamlets run. His sails of white sea-mist Dripped with silver rain; But where he passed there were cast Leaden shadows o'er the main. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Eastward from Campobello Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed; Three days or more seaward he bore, Then, alas! the land-wind failed. Alas! the land-wind failed, And ice-cold grew the night; And never more, on sea or shore. Should Sir Humphrey see the light. He sat upon the deck. The Book was in his hand; "Do not fear! Heaven is as near,'' He said, "by water as by land!" In the first watch of the night. Without a signal's sound, Out of the sea, mysteriously. The fleet of Death rose all around. The moon and the evening star Were hanging in the shrouds; Every mast, as it passed. Seemed to rake the passing clouds. They grappled with their prize. At midnight black and cold! As of a rock was the shock; Heavily the ground-swell rolled. Southward through day and dark. They drift in close embrace, With mist and rain, to the Spanish Main; Yet there seems no change of place. Correlation of History, OeograpJiy and Literature. Southward, forever southward, They drift through dark and day; And like a dream, in the Gulf-Stream Sinking, vanish all away. — Longfellow. BUTCH EXPLORERS— HUDSON. 29. This brings us to the discoveries under the auspices of the Dutch, or people of Holland, the fourth of the great maritime and colonizing nations of Europe at that time. It is a remarkable fact that everyone of these nations based its claim upon parts of the New World on discoveries made by a foreign subject sailing under its flag. The importance of these claims cannot be overestimated, since they were the bone of contention for over two hundred years among the nations concerned and have resulted in almost a complete ownership and possession for the English. By comparing the following, one will gain a fair general idea of these claims, and by trac- ing the history of each claim to its termination the vital points of American history are unfolded to the student. By the voyages of the Italian Columbus, Spain gained through his priority of discovery a general claim to the New World. The Cabots, also Italians, won for England its title to the Atlantic coast by sailing from Labrador to a point near the northern boundary of Florida, with land on the one hand. A Irving's Enickerhocker History — Chapter I. 91 similar service was performed for France by the Italian Verazzani, so that she lay claim to the St. Lawrence gulf region. It was for Sir Henry Hud- son, an Englishman, under the employ of the East India Company, and in a Dutch ship, to assert that nation's ownership of the Hudson river region by his voyage up that stream in 1G09. His dis- covery of the Hudson bay and cruise about its coast the two following years were less fruitful to the Dutch and of far greater moment to himself and son, for it was there, in June, IGll, on the mideast- ern coast of the bay, that his crew mutinied, and he and his son were set adrift in a boat with seven of his crew, and all perished. It is, perhaps, because of these facts that the many traditions written by Washington Irving have clung about the admiral and his famous ship, the Half Moon. EXTRACTS FROM IRVING'S KNICKERBOCKER HISTORY OF NEW YORK. CHAPTER I. 30. In the ever-memorable year of our Lord, 1609, on a Saturday morning, the five-and-twentieth day of March, old style, did that "worthy and irre- coverable discoverer (as he has justly been called), Master Henry Hudson," set sail from Holland in a stout vessel called the Half Moon, being employed by the Dutch East India Company, to seek a north- west passage to China. 92 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Henry (or, as the Dutch historians call him, Hendrick) Hudson, was a sea-faring man of renown, who had learned to smoke tobacco under Sir Walter Raleigh, and is said to have been the first to intro- duce it into Holland, which gained him much popu- larity in that country, and caused him to find great favor in the eyes of their high mightinesses, the Lords States General, and also of the honorable West India Company. He was a short, square, brawny old gentleman, with a double chin, a mastiff mouth, and a broad copper nose, which was sup- posed in those days to have acquired its fiery hue from the constant neighborhood of his tobacco pipe. He wore a true Andrea Ferrara, tucked in a leathern belt, and a commodore's cocked hat on one side of his head. He was remarkable for always jerking up his breeches when he gave out his orders; and his voice sounded not unlike the brattling of a tin trumpet — owing to the number of hard north- westers which he had swallowed in the course of his sea-faring. Such was Hendrick Hudson, of whom we have heard so much, and know so little: and I have been thus particular in his description, for the benefit of modern painters and statuaries, that they may rep- resent him as he was; and not, according to their common custom with modern heroes, make him look like Csesar, or Marcus Aurelius, or the Apollo of Belvidere. As chief mate and favorite companion, the com- modore chose Master Robert Juet, of Limehouse, in Irving's Knickerbocker History — Chapter I. 93 England. By some his name has been spelled Cheivit, and ascribed to the circumstance of his having been the first man that ever chewed tobacco; but this I believe to be a mere flippancy; more especially as certain of his progeny are living at this day, who write their name Juet. He was an old comrade and early schoolmate of the great Hudson, with whom he had often played truant and sailed chip boats in a neighboring pond, when they were little boys — from whence it is said the commodore first derived his bias towards a sea-faring life. Certain it is, that the old people about Limehouse declared Robert Juet to be an unlucky urchin, prone to mis- chief, that would one day or other come to the gal- lows. He grew up as boys of that kind often grow up, a rambling, heedless varlet, tossed about in all quar- ters of the world — meeting with more perils and wonders than did Sinbad the Sailor, without grow- ing a whit more wise, prudent, or ill-natured. Un- der every misfortune, he comforted himself with a quid of tobacco, and the truly philosophic maxim, that "it will be all the same thing a hundred years hence." He was skilled in the art of carving anchors and true-lovers' knots on the bulk-heads and quar- ter-railings, and was considered a great wit on board ship, in consequence of his playing pranks on every- body around, and now and then even making a wry face at old Hendrick, when his back was turned. To this universal genius are we indebted for many particulars concerning this voyage; of which 94 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. he wrote a history, at the request of the commodore, who had an unconquerable aversion to writing him- self, from having received so many floggings about it when at school. To supply the deficiencies of Master Juet's journal, which is written with true log-book brevity, I have availed myself of divers family traditions, handed down from my great-great- grandfather, who accompanied the expedition in the capacity of cabin-boy. From all that I can learn, few incidents worthy of remark happened in the voyage; and it mortifies me exceedingly that I have to admit so noted an expedition into my work, without making any more of it. Suffice it to say, the voyage was prosperous and tranquil — the crew being a patient people, much given to slumber and vacuity, and but little troubled with the disease of thinking — a malady of the mind, which is the sure breeder of discontent. Hudson had lain in abundance of gin and sauerkraut, and every man was allowed to sleep quietly at his post unless the wind blew. True it is, some slight dis- affection was shown on two or three occasions, at certain unreasonable conduct of Commodore Hud- son. Thus, for instance, he forbore to shorten sail when the wind was light, and the weather serene, which was considered, among the most experienced Dutch seamen, as certain tDeather-hreeders, or prog- nostics, that the weather would change for the worse. He acted, moreover, in direct contradiction to that ancient and sage rule of the Dutch navi- Irving's Knickerbocker History — Chapter I. 95 gators, who always took in sail at night — put the helm a-port, and turned in — by which precaution they had a good night's rest — were sure of know- ing where they were the next morning, and stood but little chance of running down a continent in the dark. He likewise prohibited the seamen from wear- ing more than five jackets and six pairs of breeches, under pretence of rendering them more alert; and no man was permitted to go aloft, and hand in sails, with a pipe in his mouth, as is the invariable Dutch custom at the present day. All these grievances, though they might ruffle for a moment the constitu- tional tranquillity of the honest Dutch tars, made but transient impression; they eat hugely, drank profusely, and slept immeasurably, and being under the especial guidance of Providence, the ship was safely conducted to the coast of America, where, after sundry unimportant touchings and standings off and on, she at length, on the fourth day of Sep- tember, entered that majestic bay, which at this day expands its ample bosom before the city of New York, and which had never before been visited by any European. It has been traditionary in our family, that when the great navigator was first blessed with a view of this enchanting island, he was observed, for the first and only time in his life, to exhibit strong symptoms of astonishment and admiration. He is said to have turned to Master Juet and uttered these remarkable words, while he pointed towards this paradise of the new world — "See! there!" — and 96 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. thereupon, as was always his way when he was uncommonly pleased, he did puff out such clouds of dense tobacco-smoke, that in one minute the vessel was out of sight of land, and master Juet was fain to wait until the winds dispersed this impenetrable fog. It was indeed — as my great-great-grandfather used to say — though in truth I never heard him, for he died, as might be expected, before I was born — ''it was indeed a spot on which the eye might have revelled forever, in ever-new and never-ending beau- ties." The island of Mannahata spread wide before them, like some sweet vision of fancy, or some fair creation of industrious magic. Its hills of smiling green swelled gently one above another, crowned with lofty trees of luxuriant growth ; some pointing their tapering foliage towards the clouds, which were gloriously transparent; and others loaded with a verdant burthen of clambering vines, bowing their branches to the earth, that was covered with flowers. On the gentle declivities of the hills were scattered, in gay profusion, the dog-wood, the sumach, and the wild brier, whose scarlet berries and white blossoms glowed brightly among the deep green of the sur- rounding foliage; and here and there a curling col- umn of smoke rising from the little glens that opened along the shore, seemed to promise the weary voyagers a welcome at the hands of their fellow-creatures. As they stood gazing with en- tranced attention on the scene before them, a red man, crowned with feathers, issued from one of Irving's Knickerbocker History — Chapter I. 97 these glens, and after contemplating in silent won- der the gallant ship, as she sat like a stately swan swimming on a silver lake, sounded the war-whoop, and bounded into the woods like a wild deer, to the utter astonishment of the phlegmatic Dutchmen, who had never heard such a noise, or witnessed such a caper, in their whole lives. Of the transactions of our adventurers with the savages, and how the latter smoked copper pipes, and ate dried currants; how they brought great store of tobacco and oysters; how they shot one of the ship's crew, and how he was buried, I shall say nothing; being that I consider them unimportant to my history. After tarrying a few days in the bay, in order to refresh themselves after their sea-faring, our voyagers weighed anchor, to explore a mighty river which emptied into the bay. This river, it is said, was known among the savages by the name of the Shatemuck; though we are assured, in an excel- lent little history published in 1674, by John Jos- selyn, Gent., that it was called the Mohegan, and master Richard Bloome, who wrote some time after- wards, asserts the same — so that I very much in- cline in favor of the opinion of these two honest gentlemen. Be this as it may, up this river did the adventurous Hendrick proceed, little doubting, but it would turn out to be the much-looked-for passage to China! The journal goes on to make mention of divers interviews between the crew and the natives, in the voyage up the river; but as they would be imperti- 98 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. nent to my history, I shall pass over them in silence, except the following dry joke, played off by the old commodore and his school-fellow, Robert Juet, which does such vast credit to their experimental philosophy, that I can not refrain from inserting it. "Our master and his mate determined to try some of the chiefe men of the countrey, whether they had any treacherie in them. So they tooke them downe into the cabin and gave them so much wine and aqua vitte, that they were all merrie; and one of them had his wife with him, which sate so modestly, as any of our countrey women would do in a strange place. In the end one of them was drunke, which had been aboarde of our ship all the time that we had been there, and that was strange to them, for they could not tell how to take it." Having satisfied himself by this ingenious ex- periment, that the natives were an honest, social race of jolly roysters, who had no objection to a drinking bout, and were very merry in their cups, the old commodore chuckled hugely to himself, and thrusting a double quid of tobacco in his cheek, directed Master Juet to have it carefully recorded, for the satisfaction of all the natural philosophers of the university of Leyden — which done, he pro- ceeded on his voyage, with great self-complacency. After sailing, however, about a hundred miles up the river, he found the watery world around him began to grow more shallow and confined, the cur- rent more rapid, and perfectly fresh — phenomena Irving's Knickerbocker History — Chapter I. 99 not uncommon in the ascent of rivers, but which puzzled the honest Dutchmen prodigiously. A con- sultation was therefore called, and having deliber- ated full six hours, they were brought to a determin- ation, by the ship's running aground — whereupon they unanimously concluded, that there was but little chance of getting to China in this direction. A boat, however, was dispatched to explore higher up the river, which, on its return, confirmed the opin- ion — upon this the ship was warped off and put about, with great difficulty, being, like most of her sex, exceedingly hard to govern; and the adventur- ous Hudson, according to the account of my great- great-grandfather, returned down the river — with a prodigious flea in his ear! Being satisfied that there was little likelihood of getting to China, unless, like the blind man, he returned from whence he set out, and took a fresh start, he forthwith recrossed the sea to Holland, where he was received with great welcome by the honorable East India Company, who very much re- joiced to see him come back safe — with their ship; and at a large and respectable meeting of the first merchants and burgomasters of Amsterdam, it was unanimously determined, that as a munificent re- ward for the eminent services he had performed, and the important discovery he had made, the great river Mohegan should be called after his name! — and it continues to be called Hudson river unto this very day. L.ofC. 100 Correlation of History, GeograpJiy and Literature. CHAPTER II. Containing an Account of a Mighty Ark, Which Floated, Under the Protection of St. Nicholas, from Holland to Gibbet Island — The Descent of the Strange Animals Therefrom — A Great Victory, and a Description of the Ancient Village of Communipaw. 31. The delectable accounts given by the great Hudson, and Master Juet, of the country they had discovered, excited not a little talk and speculation among the good people of Holland. Letters-patent were granted by government to an association of merchants, called the West India Company, for the exclusive trade on Hudson river, on which they erected a trading house called Fort Aurania, or Orange, from whence did spring the great city of Albany. But I forbear to dwell on the various com- mercial and colonizing enterprises which took place; among which was that of Mynheer Adrian Block, who discovered and gave a name to Block island, since famous for its cheese — and shall barely confine myself to that which gave birth to this renowned city. It was some three or four years after the return of the immortal Hendrick, that a crew of honest, Low Dutch colonists set sail from the city of Amsterdam for the shores of America. It is an irreparable loss to history, and a great proof of the darkness of the age, and the lamentable neglect of the noble art of book-making, since so industriously cultivated by knowing sea-captains, and learned supercargoes, that an expedition so interesting and Irving's Knickerbocker History— Chapter II. 101 important in its results, should be passed over in utter silence. To my great-great-grandfather am I again indebted for the few facts I am enabled to give concerning it — he having once more embarked for this country, with a full determination, as he said, of ending his days here — and of begetting a race of Knickerbockers, that should rise to be great men in the land. The ship in which these illustrious adventurers set sail was called the Oocde Vrouw, or good woman, in compliment to the wife of the President of the West India Company, who was allowed by every- body (except her husband) to be a sweet-tempered lady — when not in liquor. It was in truth a most gallant vessel, of the most approved Dutch con- struction, and made by the ablest ship-carpenters of Amsterdam, who, it is well known, always model their ships after the fair forms of their country- women. Accordingly, it had one hundred feet in the beam, one hundred feet in the keel, and one hundred feet from the bottom of the stern-post to the tafferel. Like the beauteous model, who was declared to be the greatest belle in Amsterdam, it was full in the bows, with a pair of enormous cat-heads, a copper bottom, and, withal, a most pro- digious poop! The architect, who was somewhat of a relig- ious man, far from decorating the ship with pagan idols, such as Jupiter, Neptune, or Hercules (which heathenish abominations, I have no doubt, occasion the misfortunes and shipwreck of many a noble ves- 102 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. sel), he, I say, on the contrary, did laudably erect for a head, a goodly image of St. Nicholas, equipped with a low, broad-brimmed hat, a huge pair of Flemish trunk-hose, and a pipe that reached to the end of the bowsprit. Thus gallantly furnished, the staunch ship floated sideways, like a majestic goose, out of the harbor of the great city of Amsterdam, and all the bells that were not otherwise engaged, rang a triple bobmajor on the joyful occasion. My great-great-grandfather remarks that the voyage was uncommonly prosperous, for, being un- der the especial care of the ever-revered St. Nicho- las, the Gocde Yrouw seemed to be endowed with qualities unknown to common vessels. Thus she made as much lee-way as head-v/ay, could get along very nearly as fast with the wind ahead, as when it was a-poop — and was particularly great in a calm; in consequence of which singular advantages, she made out to accomplish her voyage in a very few months, and came to anchor at the mouth of the Hudson, a little to ihe east of Gibbet island. Here lifting up their eyes, they beheld, on what is at present called the Jersey shore, a small Indian village, pleasantly embowered in a grove of spread- ing elms, and the natives all collected on the beach, gazing in stupid admiration at the Goede Vrouw. A boat was immediately despatched to enter into a treaty with them, and approaching the shore, hailed them through a trumpet in most friendly terms; but so horribly confounded were these poor savages at the tremendous and uncouth sound of Irving's Knickerbocker History — Chapter II. 103 the Low Dutch language, that they one and all took to their heels, and scampered over the Bergen hills; nor did they stop until they had buried themselves, head and ears, in the marshes on the other side, where they all miserably perished to a man — and their bones being collected and decently covered by the Tammany Society of that day, formed that singular mound called Rattlesnake hill, which rises out of the center of the salt marshes, a little to the east of the Newark Causeway. Animated by this unlooked-for victory, our valiant heroes sprang ashore in triumph, took pos- session of the soil as conquerors in the name of their High Mightinesses the Lords States General; and marching fearlessl}^ forward, carried the vil- lage of Communipaw by storm, notwithstanding that it was vigorously defended by some half-a-score of old squaws and pappooses. On looking about them, they were so transported with the excellen- cies of the place, that they had very little doubt the blessed St. Nicholas ha.d guided them thither, as the very spot whereon to settle their colony. The softness of the soil was Vi'onderfully adapted to the driving of piles; the swamps and marshes around them afforded ample opportunities for the con- structing of dikes and dams; the shallowness of the shore was peculiarly favorable to the building of docks — in a word, this spot abounded with all the requisites for the foundation of a great Dutch city. On making a faithful report, therefore, to the crew of the Goede Trouw, they one and all deter- 104 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. mined that this was the destined end of their voy- age. Accordingly they descended from the Goede Yrouiv, men, women, and children, in goodly groups, as did the animals of yore from the ark, and formed themselves into a thriving settlement, which they called by the Indian name Communi- paw. How Peter Stuyvesant Defended the City of New Amsterdam, for Several Days, by Dint of the Strength of His Head. 32. There is something exceedingly sublime and melancholy in the spectacle which the present crisis of our history presents. An illustrious and venerable little city — the metropolis of an immense extent of uninhabited country — garrisoned by a doughty host of orators, chairmen, committeemen, burgomasters, schepens, and old women — governed by a determined and strong-headed warrior, and fortified by mud batteries, palisadoes, and resolu- tions — blockaded by sea, beleagured by land, and threatened with direful desolation from without; while its very vitals are torn with internal faction and commotion! Never did historic pen record a page of more complicated distress, unless it be the strife that distracted the Israelites during the siege of Jerusalem — where discordant parties were cut- ting each other's throats, at the moment when the victorious legions of Titus had toppled down their bulwarks, and were carrying fire and sword into the very sanctum sanctorum of the temple. Irving's Knickerbocker History — Peter Stiiyvesant. 105 Governor Stiiyvesant, having triumphantly, as has been recorded, put his grand council to the rout, and thus delivered himself from a multitude of impertinent advisers, despatched a categorical reply to the commanders of the invading squadron; wherein he asserted the right and title of their High Mightinesses, the Lord States General to the prov- ince of New Netherlands, and, trusting in the right- eousness of his cause, set the whole British nation at defiance! My anxiety to extricate my readers and myself from these disastrous scenes, prevents me from giving the whole of this gallant letter, which concluded in these manly and affectionate terms : "As touching the threats in your conclusion, we have nothing to answer, only that we fear noth- ing but what God (who is as just as merciful) shall lay upon us; all things being in His gracious dis- posal, and we may as well be preserved by Him with small forces, as by a great army; which makes us to wish you all happiness and prosperity, and recommend you to his protection. — My lords, your thrice humble and affectionate servant and friend, "F. STUYVESANT." Thus having resolutely thrown his gauntlet, the brave Peter stuck a pair of horse pistols in his belt, girded an immense powder horn on his side — thrust a sound leg into a Hessian boot, and, clap- ping his fierce little war hat on the top of his head — paraded up and down in front of his house, deter- mined to defend his beloved citv to the last. 106 CGrrelation of History, Geography and Literature. While all tliese woeful struggles and dissen- sions were prevailing in tlie unhappy city of New Amsterdam, and while its worthy, but ill-starred governor was framing the above-quoted letter, the English commanders did not remain idle. They had agents secretly employed to foment the fears and clamors of the populace; and moreover circulated far and wide, through the adjacent country, a proc- lamation, repeating the terms they had already held out in their summons to surrender, and be- guiling the simple Nederlanders with the most crafty and conciliating professions. They promised that every man who voluntarily submitted to the authority of his British Majesty, should retain peaceable possession of his house, his vrouw, and his cabbage garden. That he should be suffered to smoke his pipe, speak Dutch, wear as many breeches as he pleased, and import bricks, tiles, and stone jugs from Holland, instead of manufac- turing them on the spot. That he should on no ac- count be compelled to learn the English language, or keep accounts in any other way than by casting them up on his fingers, and chalking them down upon the crown of his hat; as is still observed among the Dutch yeomanry at the present day. That every man should be allowed quietly to in- herit his father's hat, coat, shoe buckles, pipe, and every other personal appendage, and that no man should be obliged to conform to any improvements, inventions, or any other modern innovations; but, on the contrary, should be permitted to build his Irving's Knickerbocker History— Peter Stuyvesant. 107 house, follow liis trade, manaj^e his farm, rear his hogs, and educate his children, precisely as his an- cestors did before him since time immemorial. Finally, that he should have all the benefits of free trade, and should not be required to acknowledge any other saint in the calendar than St. Nicholas, who should thenceforward, as before, be consid- ered the tutelar saint of the city. These terms, as may be supposed, appeared very satisfactory to the people, who had a great disposition to enjoy their property unmolested, and a most singular aversion to engage in a contest where they could gain little more than honor and broken heads — the first of which they held in philo- sophic indifference, the latter in utter detestation. By these insidious means, therefore, did the Eng- lish succeed in alienating the confidence and affec- tions of the populace from their gallant old gov- ernor, whom they considered as obstinately bent upon running them into hideous misadventures; and did not hesitate to speak their minds freely, and abuse him most heartily — behind his back. Like as a mighty grampus, who, though as- sailed and butieted by roaring waves and brawling surges, still keeps on an undeviating course; and though overwhelmed by boisterous billows, still emerges from the troubled deep, spouting and blow- ing with tenfold Aiolence — so did the inflexible Peter pursue, unwavering, his determined career, and rise, contemptuous, above the clamors of the rabble. 108 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. But when the British warriors found, by the tenor of his reply, that he set their power at defi- ance, they forthwith despatched recruiting officers to Jamaica, and Jericho, and Nineveh, and Quag, and Patchog, and all those towns on Long island which had been subdued of yore by the immortal Stoffel Brinkerhoff, stirring up the valiant progeny of Preserved Irish, and Determined Cock, and those other illustrious squatters, to assail the city of New Amsterdam by land. In the meanwhile, the hostile ships made awful preparation to commence an as- sault by water. The streets of New Amsterdam now presented a scene of wild dismay and consternation. In vain did the gallant Stuyvesant order the citizens to arm, and assembly in the public square or market place. The whole party of Short Pipes in the course of a single night had changed into arrant old women — a metamorphosis only to be paralleled by the prodigies recorded by Livy as having happened at Kome on the approach of Hannibal, w^hen statues sweated in pure affright, goats were converted into sheep, and cocks turning into hens ran cackling about the streets. The harassed Peter, thus menaced from with- out, and tormented from within — baited by the bur- gomasters, and hooted at by the rabble, chafed and growled and raged like a furious bear, tied to a stake and worried by a legion of scoundrel curs. Finding, however, that all further attempts to de- fend the city were vain, and hearing that an irrup- Irving's Knickerbocker History — Peter Stuyvesant. 109 lion of borderers and mosstroopers was ready to deluge him from tbe east, he was at length com- pelled, in spite of his proud heart, which swelled in his throat until it had nearly chocked him, to consent to a treaty of surrender. Words can not express the transports of the people, on receiving this agreeable intelligence; had they obtained a conquest over their enemies, they could not have indulged greater delight. The streets resounded with their congratulations — they extolled their governor, as the father and deliverer of his country — they crowded to his house to testify their gratitude, and were ten times more noisy in their plaudits, than when he returned, with vic- tory perched upon his beaver, from the glorious capture of Fort Christina. But the indignant Peter shut his doors and windows, and took refuge in the innermost recesses of his mansion, that he might not hear the ignoble rejoicings of the rabble. In consequence of this consent of the governor, a parley was demanded of the besieging forces to treat of the terms of surrender. Accordingly, a deputation of six commissioners was appointed on both sides; and on the 27th of August, 1664, a capitulation highly favorable, to the province, and honorable to Peter Stuyvesant, was agreed to'by the enemy, who had conceived a high opinion of the valor of the Manhattoes, and the magnanimity and unbounded discretion of their governor. One thing alone remained, which was, that the articles of surrender should be ratified, and signed 110 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. by the governor. When the commissioners respect- fully waited upon him for this purpose, they were received by the hardy old warrior with the most grim and bitter courtesy. His warlike accoutre- ments were laid aside — an old India night gown was wrapped about his rugged limbs, a red night cap overshadowed his frowning brow, and an iron gray beard, of three days' growth, gave additional grimness to his visage. Thrice did he seize a little worn-out stump of a pen, and essay to sign the loathsome paper — thrice did he clinch his teeth, and make a most horrible countenance, as though a pes- tiferous dose of rhubarb, senna, and ipecacuanha, had been offered to his lips; at length, dashing it from him, he seized his brass-hilted sword, and, jerking it from the scabbard, swore by St. Nicholas, he'd sooner die than yield to any power under heaven. In vain was every attempt to shake this sturdy resolution — menaces, remonstrances, revilings, were exhausted to no purpose — for two whole days was the house of the valiant Peter besieged by the clam- orous rabble, and for two whole days did he betake himself to his arms, and persist in a magnanimous refusal to ratify the capitulation. At length the populace, finding that boisterous measures did but incense more determined opposi- tion, bethought themselves of an humble expedient, by which, happily, the governor's ire might be soothed, and his resolution undermined. And now a solemn and mournful procession, headed by the Irving's Knickerbocker History — Peter Stuyvesant. Ill burgomasters and scheperis, and followed by the populace, moves slowly to the governor's dwelling, bearing the capitulation. Here they found the stout old hero, drawn up like a giant in his castle, the doors strongly barricadoed, and himself in full regi- mentals, with his cocked hat on his head, firmly posted with a blunderbuss at the garret window. There was something in this formidable posi- tion that struck even the ignoble vulgar with awe and admiration. The brawling multitude could not but reflect with self-abasement upon their own pusillanimous conduct, when they beheld their hardy but deserted old governor, thus faithful to his post, like a forlorn hope, and fully prepared to defend his ungrateful city to the last. These com- punctions, however, were soon overwhelmed by the recurring tide of public apprehension. The popu- lace arranged themselves before the house, taking off their hats with most respectful humility. — Bur- gomaster Roerback, who was of that popular class of orators described by Sallust as being "talkative rather than eloquent," stepped forth and addressed the governor in a speech of three hours' length; de- tailing in the most pathetic terms the calamitous situation of the province, and urging him in a con- stant repetition of the same arguments and words to sign the capitulation. The mighty Peter eyed him from his little gar- ret window in grim silence — now and then his eye would glance over the surrounding rabble, and an indignant grin, like that of an angry mastiff, would 112 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. mark liis iron visage. But though he was a man of most undaunted mettle — though he had a heart as big as an ox, and a head that would have set ada- mant to scorn — yet, after all, he was a mere mor- tal : — wearied out by these repeated oppositions and this eternal haranguing, and perceiving that unless he complied, the inhabitants would follow their own inclinations, or rather their fears, without waiting for his consent, he testily ordered them to hand up the paper. It was accordingly hoisted to him on the end of a pole, and having scrawled his name at the bottom of it, he anathematized them all for a set of cowardly, mutinous, degenerate pol- troons — threw the capitulation at their heads, slammed down the window, and was heard stump- ing down stairs with the most vehement indigna- tion. The rabble incontinently took to their heels; even the burgomasters were not slow in evacuating the premises, fearing lest the sturdy Peter might issue from his den, and greet them with some un- welcome testimonial of his displeasure. Within three hours after the surrender, a le- gion of British beef-fed warriors poured into New Amsterdam, taking possession of the fort and bat- teries. And now might be heard from all quarters the sound of hammers, made by the old Dutch burghers, who were busily employed in nailing up their doors and windows, to protect their vrouws from these fierce barbarians, whom they contem- plated in silent sullenness from the garret v^'indows, as they paraded through the streets. Irving's Knickerbocker History — Rip Van Winkle. 113 Thus did Col. Richard Nichols, the commander of the British forces, enter into quiet possession of the conquered realm, as lociwi tenens for the Duke of York, The victory was attended with no other outrage than that of changing the name of the prov- ince and its metropolis, which thenceforth were de- nominated New York, and so have continued to be called unto the present day. The inhabitants, ac- cording to treaty, were allowed to maintain quiet possession of their property; but so inveterately did they retain their abhorrence of the British nation, that in a private meeting of the leading citizens, it was unanimously determined never to ask any of their conquerors to dinner. — Irving Rip Van Winkle. 33, The appearance of Rip, with his long, griz- zled beard, his rusty fowling-piece, his uncouth dress, and an army of women and children at his heels, soon attracted the attention of the tavern politicians. They crowded around him, eyeing him from head to foot with great curiosity. The orator bustled up to him, and, drawing him partly aside, inquired on which side he voted. Rip stared in vacant stupidity. Another short but busy little fellow pulled him by the arm, and, rising on tiptoe, inquired in his ear "whether he was Federal or Democrat." 114 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Rip was equally at a loss to comprehend the question; when a knowing, self-important old gentleman, in a sharp cocked hat, made his way through the crowd, putting them to the right and left with his elbows as he passed, and planting him- self before Van Winkle, with one arm akimbo, the other resting on his cane, his keen eyes and sharp hat penetrating, as it were, into his very soul, de- manded, in an austere tone, what brought him to the election with a gun on his shoulder, and a mob at his heels, and whether he meant to breed a riot in the village. "Alas! gentlemen," cried Rip, somewhat dis- mayed, ''I am a poor, quiet man, a native of the place, and a loyal subject of the king, God bless him!" Here a general shout burst from the by- standers: "A tory! a tory! a spy! a refugee! hustle him! away with him!" It was with great diflSculty that the self-important man in the cocked hat re- stored order; and, having a tenfold austerity of brow, demanded again of the unknown culprit, what he came there for, and whom he was seeking. The poor man humbly assured him that he meant no harm, but merely came there in search of some of his neighbors, who used to keep about the tavern. "Well, who are they? name them." Rip bethought himself a moment, and inquired, "Where's Nicholas Vedder?" There was a silence for a little while, when an old man replied, in a thin, piping voice, "Nicholas Vedder! why, he is dead and gone these eighteen years! There was a wooden Irving' s Knickerbocker History — Rip Va7i Winkle. 115 tombstone in the church-yard that used to tell all about him, but that's rotten and gone too." "Where's Brom Butcher?'' "Oh, he went off to the army in the beginning of the war. Some say he was killed at the storming of Stony Point; others say he was drowned in a squall at the foot of Anthony's Nose. I don't know; he never came back again." "Where's Van Bummel, the schoolmaster?" "He went off to the wars, too; was a great militia general, and is now in Congress." Rip's heart died away at hearing of these sad changes in his home and friends, and finding himself thus alone in the world. Every answer puzzled him, too, by treating of such enormous lapses of time, and of matters which he could not understand — war, Congress, Stony Point. He had no courage to ask after any more friends, but cried out in despair, "Does nobody here know Rip Van Winkle?" "Oh, Rip Van Winkle!" exclaimed two or three, "Oh, to be sure! That's Rip Van Winkle yonder, leaning against the tree." Rip looked, and beheld a precise counterpart of himself as he went up the mountain; apparently as lazy, and certainly as ragged. The poor fellow was now completely con- founded; he doubted his own identity, and whether he was himself or another man. In the midst of his bewilderment, the man in the cocked hat demanded who he was, and what was his name. "God knows!" exclaimed he, at his wit's end. "I'm not myself; I'm somebody else; that's me yon- der; no, that's somebody else got into my shoes. I 116 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. was myself last night; but I fell asleep on the moun- tain, and they've changed my gun, and everything's changed, and I'm changed, and I can't tell what's my name or who I am!" The bystanders began now to look at each other, nod, wink significantly, and tap their fingers against their foreheads. There was a whisper, also, about securing the gun, and keeping the old fellow from doing mischief, at the very suggestion of which the self-important man in the cocked hat retired with some precipitation. At this critical moment, a fresh, comely woman pressed through the throng to get a peep at the gray-bearded man. She had a chubby child in her arms, which, frightened at his looks, began to cry. "Hush, Rip!" cried she, "hush, you little fool! the old man won't hurt you." The name of the child, the air of the mother, the tone of her voice, all awakened a train of recol- lections in his mind. "What is your name, my good woman?" asked he. "Judith Gardenier." "And your father's name?" "Ah, poor man! Rip Van Winkle was his name; but it's twenty years since he went away from home with his gun, and never has been heard of since; his dog came home without him; but whether he shot himself, or was carried away by the Indians, nobody can tell. I was then but a little girl." Rip had but one question more to ask; but he put it with a faltering voice: "Where's your mother?" "Oh, she, too, died but a short time since; Irving's Knickerbocker History — Rip Van Winkle. 117 she broke a bloodvessel in a fit of passion at a New England peddler." There was a drop of comfort, at least, in this intelligence. The honest man could contain himself no longer. He caught his daughter and her child in his arms. "I am your father!" cried he. "Young Rip Van Winkle once, old Rip Van Winkle now! Does nobody know poor Rip Van Winkle?" All stood amazed, until an old woman, tottering out from among the crowd, put her hand to her brow, and, peering under it in his face for a moment, exclaimed, "Sure enough! it is Rip Van Winkle! it is himself! Welcome home again, old neighbor! Why, where have you been these twenty long years?" Rip's story was soon told, for the whole twenty years had been to him but as one night. To make a long story short, the company broke up and returned to the more important concerns of the election. Rip's daughter took him home to live with her. She had a snug, well-furnished house, and a stout, cheery farmer for a husband, whom Rip recollected for one of the urchins that used to climb upon his back. Rip now resumed his old walks and habits. He soon found many of his for- mer cronies, though all rather the worse for the wear and tear of time, and preferred making friends among the rising generation, with whom he soon grew into great favor. — Irving. 118 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. MISCELLANEOUS REVIEW. 34. A close connection should be made in a most thorough review between the periods of dis- covery and exploration just passed over and the fol- lowing period of colonization. The transition is well-nigh imperceptible. Frequently the explorer and colonist are one and the same. Do not fail to understand the significance of the four great oceanic passages, the result of so many voyages. The cut for miscellaneous review furnishes the best material here and should be studied carefully and all data given fixed in the mind. Attempted Colony ty Raleigh. 119 SECOND PERIOD— COLONIZATION. ATTEMPTED COLONY BY RALEIGH. 35. The first English attempt at planting a colony on the soil claimed by her in the New World was that of the Roanoke Island. This was under the direction of Sir Walter Raleigh, to whom Queen Elizabeth had granted a charter clothing him with all necessary authority for carrying out the project. With this end in view, an expedition was fitted out under the direction of Raleigh in 1584. Raleigh himself started with the fleet, but put back on account of rough weather. The colony, numbering 108 emigrants, under Ralph Lane, came over in 1585 and landed at Roanoke Island in North Caro- lina. These colonists were unsuited to a new coun- try, however, and would have starved had not Sir Francis Drake touched there and carried them home. They took back with them tobacco and the potato. In 1587, although discouraged, Raleigh sent forth a second band, consisting of men and women. John White was the leader and governor. This colony came to Roanoke Island and attempted a settlement. Here was born Virginia Dare, the 120 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. first child born of English parents in the New World. Governor White soon found it necessary to go back to England for supplies, and, owing to the Spanish war, he could not return to America for three years. When he did return, it was too late, for the colony had disappeared. The tradition has been that they were adopted by Indians. There is at the present day in that section a race of people of mixed descent, and they are regarded as the de- scendants of the last colony of Koanoke. Kaleigh's attempt to plant a colony aroused others, especially Gosnold. Gosnold sailed directly westward and touched Cape Cod. Southward then he sailed as far as Buzzard bay. Here he landed and built a house for colonists whom he intended to leave there. But when he had filled his ship with sassafras roots and cedar logs and prepared to sail, no one would stay and so no colony was established. SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 36. As a result of Gosnold's voyage he was more eager than ever to plant a colony in Virginia, the name given to the country known to Raleigh. In 160G King James I. created two companies to settle the new country, Virginia, which then stretched from Maine to Florida. The two companies began to make preparations, and on December 19, 1606, 143 colonists set sail for the coast of Carolina. They Settlement of Virginia. 121 entered the James river in 1607 and established the colony of Jamestown. It was the month of May. Houses were not needed; they built none; only made fortifications and tents. But food soon gave out and the Indians became hostile. Before September half the number had died of fever. Had it not been for Capt. John Smith the colony would have perished. Soon 500 more worthless people came over. In six months all but sixty of these were dead, and the colony would have perished utterly had not Lord Delaware came over in 1610. He came as governor and with a new charter, so that soon the colony was put on a sound basis of industry and good govern- ment. In a short time it numbered 4,000, and in 1619 at Jamestown was held the first representative as- sembly in America. At the same time slavery was introduced by the bringing of a number of negroes to work on the plantations. Because popular government had been es- tablished, the king annulled the charter of the com- pany in 1624 and it became a royal colony. A year later Charles I. gave part of the territory of Virginia to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catho- lic interested in planting colonies in the New World. He was given unlimited power over the territory granted, and in 1634 Maryland was settled under most liberal laws made by the lord proprietor and the people who came to his colony, which, though founded as a refuge for persecuted Catholics, was likewise a retreat for all denominations. 122 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. 37. The Dutch followed up their claims, made by the discoveries of Sir Henry Hudson, in estab- lishing trading posts along the Hudson river for the exchange of knives, axes, and trinkets for the valuable furs of the Indians. And now they took possession of the land on both banks of the Hudson river, calling it New Netherland, in memory of their own land, and naming the trading post on Manhat- tan island, New Amsterdam, after their European capital. In 1609 Hudson passed up New York bay, and in 1614 there were some rude huts at Manhattan island and a trading post at Albany. But the su- premacy of the Dutch was shortlived, lasting only from 1614 to 1664, when the Dutch possessions in America passed into the hands of the English. In the meanwhile the Dutch had sent out settlers to many points. Soon after the settlement of New Am- sterdam at Manhattan island, a rival company to the Dutch West India Company established a settlement of Swedes in Delaware. But these were absorbed by the New York colony. SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS. 38. Of all the early settlers, few equal and none surpass, both in personal worth and influence for good, the Filgrim Fathers, who, to the number of one hundred and one souls, crossed the ocean Settlement of Massachusetts. 123 aboard the little Mayflower in search of religious lib- erty. It would be difficult to find a stronger con- trast between two bodies of colonists than may be drawn between the Pilgrims, the settlers of Ply- mouth in 1G20 and of Boston ten years later, and the worthless followers of Captain Smith of James- town. Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. 39. Felicia Dorotliea Hemans, 1794-1835, was born in Liverpool, England. Her maiden name was Browne. Her childhood was spent in Wales. Her first volume of poems was published in 1808; her second in 1812. In 1812 she was married to Captain Hemans, but he left her about six years after their marriage, and they never again lived to- gether. She then went, with her five sons, to reside with her mother, then living near St. Asaph, in North Wales. Mrs. Hemans now resumed her literary pursuits, and wrote much and well. Her poetry is smooth and graceful, and she excels in description. Many of her poems are exceedingly beautiful. The breaking waves dashed high On a stern and rock-bound coast, And the woods against a stormy sky Their giant branches tossed; And the heavy night hung dark, The hills and waters o'er, When a band of exiles moored their bark On the wild New England shore. Not as the conqueror comes, They, the true-hearted, came; Not with the roll of the stirring drums, And the trumpet that sings of fame. 124 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Not as the flying come, In silence, and in fear; — They shook the depths of the desert gloom With their hymns of lofty cheer. Amidst the storm they sang, And the stars heard, and the sea; And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang To the anthem of the free! The ocean-eagle soared From his nest by the white wave's foam; And the rocking pines of the forest roared, — This was their welcome hojne. There were men with hoary hair Amidst the Pilgrim band: Why had they come to wither there. Away from their chilhood's land? There was woman's fearless eye, Lit by her deep love's truth; There was manhood's brow, serenely high, And the fiery heart of youth. What sought they thus afar? Bright jewels of the mine? The wealth of seas, the spoils of war? — They sought a faith's pure shrine! Ay, call it holy ground. The soil where first they trod; They have left unstained what there they found.- Freedom to worship God. Settlement of Massachusetts. 125 40. A better idea can not be given of their re- ligious fervor and love of liberty than by reading the social compact which was signed by forty-one men in the cabin of the Mayflower, November 11, 1620, while that vessel still lay in Cape Cod bay.* This is thought to be the earliest written con- stitution in all history, and was certainly the in- ceptive seed out of which has grown the Federal Constitution with all its civil liberty and bene- ficent influences. These two hundred words should be graven on the memory of every American citizen. In that day, teacher and preacher were fre- quently one and the same individual, instructing the youth five days out of the week, and in the same building exhorting the people on the Sabbath. How- ever dry may have been his discourses, his audi- ences knew no waning, for attendance was com- pulsory. And it was but natural that out of such a system should spring schools and colleges. Within fifteen years after their first arrival, and within five from the founding of Boston, provision was made for establishing a public school in that city. Twelve years later, or 1G47, a law was enacted providing in- struction for every white child in Massachusetts. This was the foundation of the common school sys- tem of the United States. In 1636 the General Court voted the equivalent of a full year's tax of the colony, or four hundred pounds, a sum equal to See Appendix. 126 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. $10,000 now, to found what has become Harvard University. During the reign of Elizabeth there arose a sect who insisted that certain changes and reforms should be made in the church. From this they were called Puritans. They soon separated from the church and began to be persecuted. In 1608 a num- ber of them went to Holland. From there, in 1620, Brewster, Bradford and Miles Standish set sail for the New World in the Blaij flower. On December 22, 1620, they came ashore at Plymouth and established that colony. Incredible hardships by weather and disease and Indians they suffered, but they were an heroic band and carved out for themselves a new state. In 1629 they obtained a charter or right of self- government. This led to the coming of thousands of Puritans, and soon Salem, Boston and other places were settled. Then colonies to the westward on the Connecticut and northward were planted. In 1633 a young minister from Plymouth, Roger Williams, becoming a dissenter from the established beliefs of the Puritans, was banished, and going southward among the Indians established the colony of Rhode Island. In 1638 New Haven was founded by people from Boston. Soon all the colonies in New England united for greater strength and protection. The Courtship of Miles Standish. 127 THE COURTSHIP OF MILES STANDISH. I. 41. MILES STANDISH. In the Old Colony days, in Plymoiith, the land of the Pilgrims, To and fro in a room of his simple and primitive dwelling, Clad in doublet and hose, and boots of Cordovan leather, Strode, with a martial air. Miles Standish, the Puri- tan Captain. Buried in thought he seemed, with his hands be- hind him, and pausing Ever and anon to behold his glittering weapons of warfare. Hanging in shining array along the walls of the chamber, — Cutlass and corslet of steel, and his trusty sword of Damascus, Curved at the point and inscribed with its mystical Arabic sentence, While underneath, in a corner, were fowling-piece, musket, and matchlock. Short of stature he was, but strongly built and ath- letic. Broad in the shoulders, deep-chested, with muscles and sinews of iron; Brown as a nut was his face, but his russet beard was already 128 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Flaked with patches of snow, as hedges sometimes in November. Near him was seated John Alden, his friend, and household companion. Writing with diligent speed at a table of pine by the window; Fair-haired, azure-eyed, with delicate Saxon com- plexion, Having the dew of his youth, and the beauty thereof, as the captives Whom Saint Gregory saw, and exclaimed, ''Not An- gles but Angels." Youngest of all was he of the men who came in the Mayflower. Suddenly breaking the silence, the diligent scribe interrupting. Spake, in the pride of his heart, Miles Standish, the Captain of Plymouth. "Look at these arms," he said, "the warlike weapons that hang here Burnished and bright and clean, as if for parade or inspection! This is the sword of Damascus I fought with in Flanders; this breastplate. Well I remember the day! once saved my life in a skirmish; Here in front you can see the very dint of the bullet Fired point-blank at my heart by a Spanish arca- bucero. Had it not been of sheer steel, the forgotten bones of Miles Standish The Courtship of Miles Standish. 129 Would at this moment be mould, in their grave in the Flemish morasses." Thereupon answered John Alden, but looked not up from his writing: "Truly the breath of the Lord hath slackened the speed of the bullet; He in his mercy preserved you, to be our shield and our weapon!" Still the Captain continued, unheeding the words of the stripling: ''See, how bright they are burnished, as if in an arsenal hanging; That is because I have done it myself, and not left it to others. Serve yourself, would you be well served, is an ex- cellent adage; So I take care of my arms, as you of your pens and your ink-horn. Then, too, there are my soldiers, my great, invinci- ble army, Twelve men, all equipped, having each his rest and his matchlock, Eighteen shilling a month, together with diet and pillage, And, like Caesar, I know the name of each of my soldiers!" This he said with a smile, that danced in his eyes, as the sunbeams Dance on the waves of the sea, and vanish again in a moment. 130 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Alden laughed as he wrote, and still the Captain continued: ''Look! you can see from this window my brazen howitzer planted High on the roof of the church, a preacher who speaks to the purpose, Steady, straight-forward, and strong, with irresisti- ble logic, Orthodox, flashing conviction right into the hearts of the heathen. Now we are ready, I think, for any assault of the Indians; Let them come, if they like, and the sooner they try it the better, — Let them come if they like, be it sagamore, sachem, or pow-wow, Aspinot, Samoset, Corbitant, Squanto or Tokama- homan!" Long at the window he stood, and wistfully gazed on the landscape. Washed with a cold grey mist, the vapory breath of the east wind, Forest and meadow and hill, and the steel-blue rim of the ocean. Lying silent and sad, in the afternoon shadows and sunshine. Over his countenance flitted a shadow like those on the landscape. Gloom intermingled with light; and his voice was subdued with emotion, The Courtship of Miles Standish. 131 Tenderness, pity, regret, as after a pause he pro- ceeded: "Yonder there, on the hill by the sea, lies buried Rose Standish; Beautiful rose of love, that bloomed for me by the wayside ! She was the first to die of all who came in the Maij- flowcr! Green above her is growing the field of wheat we have sown there, Better to hide from the Indian scouts the graves of our people, Lest they should count them and see how many al- ready have perished!" Sadly his face he averted, and strode up and down, and was thoughtful. Fixed to the opposite wall was a shelf of books, and among them Prominent three, distinguished alike for bulk and for binding; Bariffe's Artillery Guide, and the Commentaries of Caesar, Out of the Latin translated by Arthur Goldinge of London, And, as if guarded by these, between them was standing the Bible. Musing a moment before them, Miles Standish paused, as if doubtful Which of the three he should choose for his consola- tion and comfort, 132 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Whether the wars of the Hebrews, the famous cam- paigns of the Eomans, Or the Artillerj^ practice, designed for belligerent Christians. Finally down from its shelf he dragged the ponder- ous Roman, Seated himself at the window, and opened the book, and in silence Turned o'er the well-worn leaves, where thumb- marks thick on the margin, Like the trample of feet, proclaimed the battle was hottest. Nothing was heard in the room but the hurrying pen of the strippling, Busily writing epistles important, to go by the May- flower, Ready to sail on the morrow, or next day at latest, God willing! Homeward bound with the tidings of all that terri- ble winter, Letters written by Alden, and full of the name of Priscilla, Full of the name and the fame of the Puritan maiden Priscilla: —Longfellow. The Twenty-Second of December. 42. Wild was the day; the wintry sea Moaned sadly on New England's strand, When first, the thoughtful and the free, Our fathers, trod the desert land. The Twenty-second of December. 133 They little tlionglit how pure a light, With years, should gather round that day; How love should keep their memories bright, How wide a realm their sons should sway. Green are their bays; but greener still Shall round their spreading fame be wreathed. And regions, now untrod, shall thrill With reverence, when their names are breathed. Till where the sun, with softer fires, Looks on the vast Pacific sleep, The children of the pilgrim sires This hallowed day like us shall keep. — Brijant. 43. For a long period the colonies mentioned flourished without any important changes, and new ones were established. These new ones were mainly in the South. In 166.3 English settlements were made on the Cape Fear river in North Carolina, and soon set- tlements were planted by French Huguenots at Charleston. In 1729 the territory was divided, and what had been called Carolina became North and South Carolina. These colonies grew rapidly by influx of people from their neighbors and Europe. New Jersey was cut ofi' from New York and became a separate colony in 1661, under Lord Berk- eley and Sir George Carteret. A little later Penn 134 Correlation of History, QeograpTiy and Literature. bought part of it, but it all became one colony again. Pennsylvania was the land granted to Penn in 1681 by Charles II. In 1683 Penn made a treaty with the Indians and laid out the town of Phila- delphia. The growth of the colony under his wise and peaceable management and his successors was rapid and uneventful. Georgia was the last colony established in the New World. James Oglethorpe founded it in 1732 as a refuge for debtors from England. Savannah was the first settlement. Not all the colonists were poor debtors, but peoples from all over Europe came. CONFLICTING GRANTS. 44. By careful examination of the illustration on ''Conflicting Grants" it can readily be seen that land was granted the council of Plymouth that com- pletely covered the territory which had been granted to the Plymouth Company fourteen years previous, while in 1663 the Clarendon Company received a concession of a strip four degrees in width, two of which overlapped the grant made to the London Company in 1606. These grants gave rise to two sets of claimants, each tracing its origin to the same source, — the English sovereign. The contentions arising out of these grants and between these claimants added internal weakness to the colonists and drained them of a strength that should have Intercolonial Wars. 135 been used in a united effort against their external foes. Even until this day no small amount of un- certainty attaches to certain titles because of these conflicting grants. INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 45. In order to understand the significance of the four wars which we are now about to take up, it is necessary to bear in mind what has already been said of the French and their establishment of a line of forts and trading posts the entire length of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi rivers and along the shores of the lakes and Niagara river, which almost completed a water line dividing the North American continent. This was no accident, but the part of a gigantic and well-planned scheme. Hence we are not to be surprised at the sharp rivalry, bit- ter feeling and consequent wars between the French and English. When the Dutch along the Hudson had excited the envy of French and English alike, it was but a matter of time when the English should wipe them from the continent. But now the con- test is between two rivals more nearly equal; the stake is a continent. Who shall rule North America, the English- or the French-speaking world? Between 1689, the beginning of King William's War, and 176.3, the termination of the French and Indian War, a period of but seventy-four years, there were thirty years of actual war in the four strug- 136 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. gles between France and England, the Indians tak- ing sides first with one and then the other, but usuall}' with the French and against the English. Though frequent struggles with neighboring Indian tribes kept alive their military spirit, no conflict of sufficient magnitude and inter-colonial interest had up to this time made union of action among the English settlers necessary against a com- mon foe. But now begins the first of a series of wars which called for united support. 46. King William's War, 1689-1697— King James II., who was a Roman Catholic, had fled to the court of Louis XIV. of France, and that mon- arch espoused his cause. War between England and France commenced and the quarrel extended to their respective colonies. After eight years of strife King William's War was ended in 1697 by the treaty of Ryswick, Holland. 47. Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713— Al- though this treaty had been signed but five years be- fore, a second war now broke out. James II. had died in 1701 and Louis XIV., who had sheltered the exiled king, acknowledged his son. Prince James (the Pretender) to be the lawful heir to the English throne. The French monarch had also placed his grandso-n, Philip of Anjou, upon the Spanish throne, in the hope of extending the influ- ence of France among the European dynasties. This and other causes made England declare war against France. Because Philip of Anjou succeeded Intercolonial Wars. 137 to the Spanish throne, this conflict was known in Europe as the war of the Spanish Succession. 48. King George's War, 1744-1748— After a peace of thirty years another war was begun be- tween England and France, in Europe, and renewed between their colonists in the New World. George II. had succeeded to the English throne, when a contest arose between the Empress of Hungary and the Elector of Bavaria for the Austrian throne. The English king espoused her cause and the king of France took part with her opponent. This led France to declare war against England. In Europe it was called the War of the Austrian Succession, but in America, King George's AVar. 49. French and Indian War, 1754-1763 — It will be noticed that, in the three wars just de- scribed, the contention arose between England and France, in Europe, and the struggle was extended to the New World to be fought out between their respective American colonists. Indeed the four wars embraced within a period of seventy-five years was a chain of four links, and might be considered so many phases of one continuous struggle. But in taking up the fourth and last of these wars, known in the New World as the French and Indian War, but in the old as The Seven Years War, it must be borne in mind that, contrary to the estab- lished rule, it had its origin in America between the French and English colonists and led the mother countries into a European struggle. 138 Correlation of History, Qeograpfiy and Literature. France and England at that time were heirs to an ancient quarrel which had originated in the Feu- dal ages and been kept alive by subsequent colli- sions. It burned as vigorously in the bosoms of the colonists in America, fed as it was by frequent frontier hostilities, as in the breasts of the inhab- itants of the mother countries. Their jealousy now became extreme, because the prize before them was the supreme rule of the New World. At first the trading posts and missionary stations of the French in the distant northwest and in the depths of a dark wilderness, situated remote from the English set- tlements, attracted little attention, until their oper- ations began to be extended. But after the capture of Louisburg in 1745, the French became vigorous in opposing the extension of British power in America. This was shown by building vessels on Lake Ontario, making treaties with the Indian tribes, strengthening Fort Niagara, and by erecting a cordon of strongholds to the number of more than sixty, between New Orleans and Montreal. Up to this time the vastness of unoccupied territory and the fewness of colonists had made clashes between the French and English frontier settlements en- tirely needless. But the claims given the English in their old charters allowed them the territory westward to the Pacific ocean, south of the latitude north of Lake Erie, while the French claimed all territory watered by the Mississippi, and the streams emptying into it, under the plea that they first settled and explored it. This territorial ques- Intercolonial Wars. 139 tion was speedily brought to a decisive issue. Trad- ers and trappers of the Ohio Company were sent to explore and prepare the region about the Ohio river for settlement. They were seized and made prisoners by the French. In turn the French be- gan to erect forts to connect the Alleghany river and Lake Erie. In answer to the complaints of the Ohio Company because of these hostile move- ments, Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie, of Vir- ginia, in whose territory these intrusions occurred, sent George Washington with a letter of remon- strance to St. Pierre, the French commander. 50. St. Pierre returned by Washington a writ- ten and sealed reply in which he said he was act- ing under the orders of his superior, the Marquis of Du Quesne, at Montreal, and therefore refused to withdraw his troops from the disputed territory. Dinwiddie organized an expedition against the French, and called for a general colonial union to take action against a common enemy. And thus originated the first scheme for concerted action among all the colonists. Of the Virginia force, Washington was second in command, with the title of major. But while these military preparations were in progress, the Ohio Company had sent a party to construct a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela and Alle- ghany rivers, the present site of Pittsburg. Penn- sylvania. They had just begun when the French drove them off, completed the fort, and called it Du Quesne, in honor of the Canadian governor. 140 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Washington, who was on the march, hastened for- ward to the Monongahela, upon gaining this in- formation. Learning that a force superior to his own was marching to attack him, he returned to Great Meadows, and there erected Fort Necessity. With reinforcements Washington soon moved to- ward Fort Du Quesne, but upon learning that another strong force of Indians and Frenchmen was about to attack him, he retired to Fort Necessity, which he was forced to surrender and return to Virginia. England had always claimed the territory lying between the Atlantic ocean and the Missis- sippi river, limited north and south by certain parallels of latitude, while France considered herself proprietor of the land lying from the Mississippi east to the crest of the Alleghany mountains. Therefore, when the French formally asserted their right to this territory by planting a fort at the juncture of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, which unite to form the Ohio river, England considered it an encroach- ment and the long pending struggle was precipi- tated. Though this fort, called Du Quesne. stood where now stands the great iron, petroleum and manufacturing city of Pittsburg, it was then con- sidered to be located in a distant part of the little known west. It was within eight miles of this city that General Braddock mot defeat and death, July 9, 1755, and the battle is remarkable to the student of history for two events. After the fall of General Intercolonial Wars. 141 Braddock, young Washington, then acting upon that general's staff, showed such soldierly qualities that from that day, though but twenty-three years of age, he stood out as the logical leader of the colonial forces. Also, though the combatants in the wars between the English and French colonists had here- tofore been made up principally of colonial militia, it soon became apparent that the mother countries would become involved in an international w^ar. Such was the case. Not until 1815 were the issues closed that had been thus opened. Hence, the Fort Du Quesne campaign introduces George Washing- ton as a military leader and opens a struggle that closes only with Waterloo. 51. Four expeditions were planned for prose- cuting the war. 1. To go north from New York to Lake Cham- plain, take Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and move against Quebec. 2. To sail from New England and make such a demonstration against the French towns to the northeast as would prevent the French in that quar- ter from going to defend Quebec and Crown Point. 3. To start from Albany, go up the Mohawk and down the Oswego to Lake Ontario, and along its shores to the Niagara river. 4. To go from Fort Cumberland across Penn- sylvania to Fort Du Quesne. As already related, the fourth expedition was a failure because Braddock would not listen to Wash- ington's advice to fight the Indians in their own 142 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. way. The expedition against Niagara was a failure. The expedition against Crown Point was partially successful. In May, 1756, Great Britain formally declared war against France and both nations prepared for a desperate struggle by sending over their best men. The French sent over Montcalm, while Pitt, who was at the head of affairs in England, sent over Wolfe. At once the British began to succeed. Louis- burg and Du Quesne were captured and Wolfe was selected to lead an expedition against Quebec. SIEGE OF QUEBEC. 52. Four years had elapsed since the com- mencement of this struggle. Pitt conceived the scheme of conquering all Canada and destroying at a single blow French dominion in America. In preparation for this, Amherst succeeded Aber- crombie as commander-in-chief of the twenty thousand provincial troops now in service. Such a force plainly shows the alacrity of the colo- nists in responding to all military calls made upon them. They were strengthened by a co-operat- ing land and naval force sent from England. A combined land and naval force under General Wolfe was to ascend the St. Lawrence to attack Quebec. General Amherst was to drive the French from Lake Champlain, capture Montreal, and join Wolfe before Quebec, while a third expedition, com- Siege of Quebec. 143 manded by General Prideaux, was given the task of seizing Fort Niagara and thence hastening by way of Lake Ontario to Montreal. General Amherst, late in July, 1759, ap- peared before Ticonderoga with eleven thousand men to find the enemy had retired within the fort, whence three days later they fled to Crown Point. Pursuing them there, owing to the lateness of the season, he was unable to follow them in their flight thence across the St. Lawrence. Amherst went into winter quarters at Crown Point and occupied him- self in the construction of strong fortifications. In carrying out his part of the scheme, Prideaux sailed from Oswego to his attack at Niagara, and on the 17th of July commenced the siege. Slain on the same day, he was succeeded in command by Sir William Johnson. Though at- tacked on the 24th of July by a relief force of French regulars and Indians three thousand strong, after a severe conflict the column was completely routed and on the next day Fort Niagara was surrendered to the colonists with its garrison of seven hundred men. Thus the last connecting link of French mili- tary posts between Canada and Louisiana was broken, never to be united. Unable to procure a sufficient number of vessels for transporting his army and prisoners, General Johnson was unable to proceed to Montreal, to co-operate with Amherst and Wolfe on the St. Lawrence, as originally planned. Garrisoning Fort Niagara, he returned home. 144 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. All interest now centered about Wolfe at Quebec, whither he had gone from Louisburg with eight thousand troops and a suitable convoy of bat- tleships, commanded by Admirals Saunders and Holmes. On June the 27th the force was landed upon Orleans Island, a few miles below Quebec. As shown in the cut of this siege, the army of Montcalm, the French general in command, lay on the north bank of the St. Lawrence river, between the Montmorenci river on the east and the St. Charles on the west. The city consists of an Up- per and Lower Town, the former within fortified walls three hundred feet above the river; the latter lying upon the narrow beach between the edge of the water and the upper town. The level plateau is called the Plains of Abraham. 53. On the third day after their arrival, the English took possession of Point Levi, and, throw- ing hot balls thence from a battery, almost de- stroyed the Lower Town. With his small cannon, Wolfe was unable to damage the fortifications at so great a distance. Hence, on July the 10th, he landed Generals Townshend and Murray east of the Mont- morenci river and there formed his second camp. General Monckton crossed from Point Levi and landed at a point just above Montmorenci river on July 31. The plan was for Murray and Townshend to force a passage of the Montmorenci, while Monck- ton made an attack from the water front on Mont- calm's camp. He too eagerly rushed forward before Townshend and Murray could co-operate with him. Siege of Quebec. 145 In the midst of a heavy thunderstorm, at the rising of the tide and the coming of the night, Monckton was forced to re-embark on his boats and return to Point Levi with a loss of five hundred men. After two months of ineffectual maneuvering, the camp at Montmorenci was broken up and secret preparations were made, at Townshend's sug- gestion, to scale the Heights of Abraham, and attack the town from the southwest, its weakest side. Sick of a violent fever and unable to receive tidings from General Amherst, General Wolfe heartily approved of the design, and in his fevered condition deter- mined to lead the assault in person. 54. All preparations having been completed, the English proceeded to ascend the river several miles above the selected landing place. At midnight they left their ships, entered flatboats, and with muf- fled oars moved silently down to the mouth of a ra- vine, a mile and a half above the city, where they dis- embarked. At daybreak the ascent was begun and at sunrise the entire army stood in battle array upon the Plains of Abraham, with equal advantages of the French. The surprised Montcalm, perceiving the peril of the city, led his whole army from its encamp- ment across the St. Charles river and before 10 o'clock confronted the English. A fierce and bloody battle immediately ensued. The twice wounded Wolfe, at the moment he was leading his grenadiers to a fresh charge, received a bullet in his breast and was carried to the rear to die just as the battle closed, with a smile upon his lips as his ears caught 146 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. the victory shouts of his army. Montcalm was also carried from the field mortally wounded. It is a noteworthy fact that the French and Eng- lish people have united in erecting a monument to the linked memory of Montcalm and Wolfe, though the remains of the latter were later carried to Eng- land for burial. This victory, with a threatening of famine, caused the surrender of the city on September 18, 1759, which virtually ended the greatest struggle as yet on the American continent in its far-reaching result. Pitt's plan had succeeded and the question was forever settled that this continent should bo dominated by the English-speaking race. Elegy in a Country Church- Yard. 55. Thomas Gray, 1716-1771, was born in London and educated at Eton and Cambridge. He stands very high among English poets, not only for the finish and grace of his writings, but also for his profound learning and fas- tidious taste. His "Elegy" has been fitly termed "the cor- ner-stone of his glory." The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, And all the air a solemn stillness holds. Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds: Elegy in a Country Church-Yard. 147 Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tower. The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, Molest her ancient solitary reign. Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade, Where heaves the turf in many a moldering heap, Each in his narrow cell forever laid, The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed. The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, Or busy housewife ply her evening care; No children run to lisp their sire's return, Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share. Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield. Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke: How jocund did they drive their team afield! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke ! Let not Ambition mock their useful toil. Their homely joys, and destiny obscure; Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor. 148 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Await alike, the inevitable hour: The paths of glory lead but to the grave. Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault. If Memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise; Where, through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault, The pealing anthem swells the note of praise. Can storied urn, or animated bust. Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? Can Honor's voice provoke the silent dust. Or Flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of Death? Perhaps, in this neglected spot is laid Some heart once pregnant with celestial fire; Hands, that the rod of empire might have swayed, Or waked to ecstacy the living lyre: But Knowledge to their eyes her ample page. Rich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll; Chill Penury repressed their noble rage. And froze the genial current of the soul. Full many a gem of purest ray serene. The dark, unfathomed caves of ocean bear: Full many a flower is born to blush unseen. And waste its sweetness on the desert air. Elegy in a Country Church-Yard. 149 Some village Hampden, tliat, with dauntless breast, The little tyrant of his fields withstood, Some mute, inglorious Milton here may rest. Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood. The applause of listening senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise. To scatter plenty o'er a smiling laud, And read their history in a nation's eyes, Their lot forbade: nor, circumscribed alone Their glowing virtues, but their crimes confined; Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne, And shut the gates of mercy on mankind, The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide, To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame, Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride With incense kindled at the Muse's flame. Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife, Their sober wishes never learned to stray; Along the cool, sequestered vale of life. They kept the noiseless tenor of their way. Yet even these bones, from insult to protect. Some frail memorial still, erected nigh, With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture decked, Implores the passing tribute of a sigh. 150 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Their name, their years, spelt by the unlettered Muse, The place of fame and elegy supply; And many a holy text around she strews, Teaching the rustic moralist to die. For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey. This pleasing, anxious being e'er resigned. Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day, Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind? On some fond breath the parting soul relies. Some pious drops the closing eye requires; Even from the tomb the voice of Nature cries, Even in our ashes live their wonted fires. For thee, who, mindful of the unhonored dead, Dost in these lines their artless tale relate, If chance, by lonely contemplation led, Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate, — Haply some hoary-headed swain may say, ''Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn Brushing, with hasty step, the dews away. To meet the sun upon the upland lawn: "There, at the foot of yonder nodding beech, That wreathes its old, fantastic roots so high. His listless length at noontide would he stretch, And pore upon the brook that babbles by. Elegy in a Country Church-Yard. 151 ''Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn, Muttering his wayward fancies, lie would rove; Now, drooping, woeful-wan, like one forlorn. Or crazed with care, or crossed in hopeless love. "One morn, I missed him on the customed hill, Along the heath, and near his favorite tree: Another came; nor yet beside the rill, Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he: "The next, with dirges due, in sad array Slow through the church-way path we saw him borne : — Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay 'Graved on the stone beneath yon aged thorn." THE EPITAPH. Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth, A youth, to Fortune and to Fame unknown: Fair Science frowned not on his humble birth. And Melancholy marked him for her own. Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere, Heaven did a recompense as largely send: He gave to Misery (all he had) a tear; He gained from Heaven ('t was all he wished) a friend. No farther seek his merits to disclose. Or draw his frailties from their dread abode (There they alike in trembling hope repose). The bosom of his Father, and his God. 152 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. General Wolfe is said to have quoted a part of the above poem just before entering the battle, and asserted that he would rather be its author than the hero of Quebec, after closing the prophetic stanza: The boast of heraldry^ the poiwp of power, And all that beauty, all that ivealth e'er gave, Await alike, the inevitable hour: The paths of glory lead but to the grave. ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH POSSESSIONS. 56. Let us review the territorial claims of the Spanish, French, and English nations before the treaty of Paris, February 10, 1763, the result of this struggle. In 1512 Ponce De Leon sailed from Porto Rico and discovered Florida; in 1520 Cortez conquered Mexico, which extended to a boundary agreeing sub- stantially with the western limits of Louisiana, which afterward came to be known as the Louisiana Purchase; in 1498 Cabot had coasted from New- foundland as far south as the northern limit of Florida, thus giving the English title to the terri- tory from the Atlantic coast to the crest of the the Alleghanies and the unasserted right as far west as the Mississippi; through the discoveries and ex- plorations of many missionaries, but especially of Cartier and Champlain on the St. Lawrence and of La Salle on the Mississippi, France claimed the whole of the Louisiana Purchase and the eastern British and Spanish Possessions. 153 portion of the Mississippi valley. The Dutch ex- plorations on the Hudson are here disregarded be- cause they were early seized and assimilated by the English. Mathematically stated, at the middle of the eighteenth century, France claimed eighty per cent.; Spain sixteen per cent.; and England the re- maining four per cent, of the present United States territory on the American continent outside of Alaska. Thus were the respective national claims at 10 o'clock on the morning of September 17, 1769. In less than a half day's fighting, the French lost their eighty per cent., about half going to the Eng- lish and half to the Spanish, who took advantage of the English victory at Quebec to extend their bound- aries as far east as the Mississippi river, though the final treaty did not confirm these new claims until February 10, 1763. We should here note that the French in 1800 got this territory back from Spain by secret treaty, and transferred it to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. BRITISH AND SPANISH POSSESSIONS. 57. By the treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1863, there was a general re-adjustment of terri- torial claims, which have been shown roughly in the previous cut. These changes were very largely the result of the French and Indian War, which culminated in the siege and surrender of Quebec. By this treaty France ceases to be a factor in Ameri- 154 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. can affairs, just as the Dutch had gone out a hun- dred years before. In both cases England was the land-winner. Henceforth the rivalry for territory in the New World is between England and Spain. Indeed, by the terms of this treaty Spain ceded Florida to England, and received what was known as the territory of Louisiana from France. So the Mississippi river becomes the natural boundary line between the English and Spanish possessions. The Revolutionary War. 155 THIRD PERIOD— REVOLUTION. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 58. The acquisition of so much more territory, provisions for governing and protecting it, and for paying the expenses incurred in the French and In- dian war, made changes in the policy of England to- ward her colonies. At the same time the prepar- ation for the war and the lessons it taught the colon- ies led to the Revolution. The new territory gained by the British was divided into three provinces for government — the provinces of Quebec, East and West Florida. All west of the mountains was set apart for the Indians. Arrangements were made to bring over an army of 10,000 troops, scatter them over the entire coun- try, and maintain them partly at the expense of the colonies. The share to be paid by the colonies was to be raised — 1. By enforcing the old trade and navigation taxes. 2. By a tax on imported sugar and molasses. 3. By a stamp tax. 156 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. No money had been raised hitherto in the colo- nies by such taxes, but money for the use of the king had been raised by taxes imposed by the legisla- tures. The people were, therefore, much alarmed and protested against such a method for collecting taxes. In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, re- quiring all legal papers to be on stamped and taxed paper, but the colonies one and all refused to allow the paper to be sold. The question was whether Parliament should tax America, and on this issue was the matter settled. 59. But before this time the colonies had learned to act in harmony. It was one of the lessons taught by the wars. As early as 1754 all the colo- nies were invited to convene at Albany to form a plan of union. Franklin came forward with the Plan of Perpetual Union* which was adopted. But this plan was too aristocratic for the people and too democratic for the authorities in England, so it failed for the time being. Other conventions fol- lowed this one at Albany, and as the times became riper the results were greater. In 1774 the first Continental Congress met and passed the Bill of Rights. On May 10, 1775, the second Continental Congress met, and on July 4, 1776, gave out the Declaration of Independence.* The Stamp Act was soon repealed, as it was not possible to enforce it, but others equally griev- ous were passed. These the people were determined I *See Appendix. Patrick Henry Before the Virginia Convention. 157 to resist, as they had the stamp act. Soon troops came over for the defense of the colonies. These troops they refused to provide for, and there were conflicts between the American and British authori- ties. When the people refused to buy tea and other goods taxed, Parliament passed other and still more obnoxious bills. When the first Continental Con- gress met they presented addresses to the people and to the king, and set forth a declaration of rights. These rights were asserted to be — 1. Life, liberty and i^ropert}'. 2. To tax themselves. 3. To assemble peacefully to petition for the redress of grievances. 4. To enjoy the rights of Englishmen, and all the rights granted by the colonial charters. When the second Congress met in 1775 the people had ceased to petition and had begun to fight. General Gage, who had been appointed military gov- ernor of Massachusetts, attempted to prevent the assembly meeting at Boston, but they met at Salem and Cambridge. This assembly provided for 12,000 minute men ready for service. Arming and drilling went rapidly on in Massachusetts and other colonies and full preparation was being made. Patrick Henry's Speech Before the Virginia Convention. GO. Patrick Henry, 1736-1799, was born in Hanover county, Virginia. He received instruction in Latin and mathematics from his father, but seemed to develop a greater fondness for hunting, fishing, and playing the fiddle 158 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. than for study. Twice he was set up in business, and twice failed before he was twenty-four. He was then admitted to the bar after six weeks' study of the law. He got no busi- ness at first in his profession, but lived with his father- in-law. His wonderful powers of oratory first showed them- selves in a celebrated case which he argued in Hanover Court House, his own father being the presiding magis- trate. He began very awkwardly, but soon rose to a sur- prising height of eloquence, won his case against great odds, and was carried off in triumph by the delighted spec- tators. His fame was now established; business flowed in, and he was soon elected to the Virginia legislature. He was a delegate to the Congress of 1774, and in 1775 made the prophetic speech of which the following selection is a portion. It was on his own motion that the "colony be im- mediately put in a state of defense." During the Revolu- tion he was, for several years, governor of Virginia. In 1788 he earnestly opposed the adoption of the Federal Con- stitution. When he died, he left a large family and an ample fortune. In person, Mr. Henry was tall and rather awkward, with a face stern and grave. When he spoke on great occasions, his awkwardness forsook him, his face lighted up, and his eyes flashed with a wonderful fire. In his life, he was good-humored, honest, and temperate. His patriotism was of the noblest type; and few men in those stormy times did better service for their country than he. It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous strug- gle for liberty? Are we disposed to be of the num- ber of those, who, having eyes, see not, and having ears, hear not the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to provide for it. Patrick Henry Before the Virginia Convention. 159 I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past; and, judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace them- selves and the house? Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? Trust it not: it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves, how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shov»'n ourselves so un- willing to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive our- selves. These are the implements of war and sub- jugation, — the last arguments to which kings re- sort. I ask, gentlemen, what means this martial ar- ray, if its purpose be not to force us into submis- sion? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accu- mulation of navies and armies? No, she has none. They are meant for us: they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose 160 Correlation of History, Geography and, Literature. to them? Shall we try argument? We have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we any- thing new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light in which it was capable; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble sup- plication? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, deceive ourselves longer. We have done every thing that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have pros- trated ourselves at the foot of the throne, and im- plored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our peti- tions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our sup- plications disregarded; and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free; if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contend- ing; if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained — we must fight! I repeat it, we must fight! An appeal to arms and the God of Hosts, is all that is left us. Patrick Henry Before the Virginia Convention. 161 Tliej tell us that we are weak; unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year? Will it be when we are totally dis- armed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irreso- lution and inaction? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? We are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations; and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable; and, let it come! I repeat it, let it come! It is in vain to extenuate the matter. Gentle- men may cry peace, peace; but there is no peace. The war is actually begun. The next gale that 162 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding- arms! Our brethren are already- in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for- me, give me liberty, or give me death. LEXINGTON AND BUNKER HILL. From "Pictures From American History." 61. If we could have entered the town of Bos- ton in the autumn of the year 1774, we should soon have been made aware that we were in the midst of an extraordinary state of affairs. Across the ''Neck" we should have seen a line of carefully guarded earthworks. We should have observed cannon mounted on the heights, tents pitched on the Common, and companies of red-coated soldiers marching through the streets. In the harbor we should have descried British men-of-war, their great guns showing grimly through the portholes. On the other hand, we should have noticed an unwonted stillness in the usually busy town. We should have seen the wharves almost deserted, the work people mainly idle, and the poorer families fed by contributions sent from other towns or colo- nies. Lexington and Bunker Hill. 163 If now we bad stopped some grave citizen in cocked-liat and knee-breeches, and inquired of bim tbe explanation of tbese strange scenes, be migbt bare replied, — ''Stranger, I see plainly tbat von. bave not beard of a little 'tea party' wbicb we bad here last Decem- ber, wben a band of our Boston 'Indians,' unwilling to allow tbe landing of a cargo of taxed tea, swooped down on tbe sbip, and tumbled its tbree bundred and forty cbests into tbe barbor. Tbis act migbtily en- raged Parliament, wbicb tbree montbs back made a law, tbe 'port bill,' to close our barbor and starve us out; but truh' from our sister colonies we bave had much aid and sweet sympathy, and we still live. Tbis accounts, friend, for our deserted wharves. "As for these red-coats, and the batteries that frown from yonder bills, and tbe grim war- ships in the barbor, our good King George has de- clared tbat we are 'rebels,' and has appointed Gen- eral Gage governor of Massachusetts: he is seizing our stores and ammunition, and harassing our peo- ple. Alas! I much fear me tbat bloodshed will come of it yet!" If, to get more light as to what was going on in Boston, we bad resorted to one of tbe private meetings or "clubs" of patriotic citizens, held al- most nightly in garrets or lofts, we should bave learned something of tbe temper of the "rebels" whom George III. was trying to crush. We should have beard arguments on the necessity of being ready to resist oppression, and reports from tbe 164 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. musters of minute-men in the towns far and near. News, too, we should have heard of how the spirit of liberty was spreading in the other colonies, and cheering letters from members of the first Continen- tal Congress. One would rise and say, "John Adams writes that there is a great spirit in the Congress, and that we must furnish ourselves with arms and ammunition, but avoid war if possible!" Another would say, ''The great Virginia orator, Patrick Henry, on being told that Major Hawley of North- ampton said, 'We must fight!' answered, 'I am of that man's mind.' " This is the way the patriots talked in those days; ending, perhaps, with the words of the brave Dr. Warren, "The contest may be severe: the end will be glorious." The contest was to be severe in- deed, — a contest lasting through seven years of bloody war. About the middle of April, 1775, General Gage learned, through spies whom he had sent out, that a considerable supply of arms and ammunition had been collected at Concord, a towm eighteen miles from Boston. These he determined to seize in the king's name; so he secretly dispatched a body of eight hundred troops for this purpose. But the secrecy of Gage was no match for the vigilance of the patriots. The attempt had for several weeks been expected; and it had been ar- ranged that a special watch should be kept at Charlestown, opposite Boston, and that if at any Lexington and Bunker Hill. 165 time a large force was preparing to leave Boston two lanterns should be bung out from tbe Nortb cbureb by way of signal. Tbe night movement did not escape the sharp eyes of the patriots; and its object was at once divined by Dr. Warren, one of the patriot lead- ers, Warren at once sent stouthearted Paul Severe to give the alarm, and warn the people of Concord that the troops were coming to seize the military stores. Only waiting to ask a friend to hang out the lanterns from the steeple of the North church as a signal to the watchers on the other side of the Charles river. Revere crossed in a rowboat to Charlestown. Here mounting a horse, he galloped towards Concord. A little beyond Charlestown, Revere was stopped b}' two British officers on horseback; but, being himself well mounted, he turned suddenly, and leading one of them into a clay pond, escaped from the other. As he pressed on, he waked the captain of the minute-men of Medford, and continued to rouse almost every house on the way to Lexington. In a house in that town slept that night John Hancock and Samuel Adams, two of the patriot leaders. It was very important to rouse these men, and this he did with a loud call. "Do not make so much noise," said a minute- man on guard before the house. ''Noise!" replied Revere. "You'll have noise enough before long. The regulars are coming out." 166 Con-elation of History, Geography and Literature. And so they were. The British had crossed Charles river to what is now East Cambridge, and were marching silently along the marshes, when suddenly the bells of the country towns began to ring. It was plain that the alarm had been given, — that Paul Eevere and the other scouts had done their work well. It was a chilly morning, just before sunrise (April 19, 1775), when the British force, after march- ing all night, reached Lexington. On the village common were collected sixty or seventy minute-men, called together by beat of drum, and commanded by Captain John Parker. Biding up in front of his men, the British officer, Major Pitcairn, cried out, "Disperse, ye vil- lains; ye rebels, disperse; lay down your arms: why don't you lay down your arms and disperse?" Then the British soldiers fired; and the Americans fired in return, but did little damage. Eight of the Amer- icans were killed, and ten wounded. After this the British troops marched on to- wards Concord, where in the meantime the people were removing their military stores to the woods for safety. Then the minute-men, who had been hur- rying towards Concord, — to the number of about four hundred and fifty in all, — took up a position near what is called the "North Bridge," just out of the village. They could see the British soldiers moving about the streets, destroying military stores and provisions, cutting down the liberty pole, and setting Lexington and Bunker Hill. 167 the courthouse on fire. Then the officers of the min- ute-men decided to march down to the bridge, and at least drive away the British soldiers who were sta- tioned there. Captain Isaac Davis of Acton said proudly, "I haven't a man that is afraid to go;" and he and his company marched at the head. When they reached the bridge, the British soldiers fired; and Davis fell dead. Then Major Buttrick called, ''Fire! for God's sake, fire!" The Americans fired; and the regulars retreated in great disorder, one man being killed, and several wounded. But the Americans knew that they were too few to attack the main body, until it should have set out on its return. When the British troops had destroyed all the military stores at Concord, they prepared to return. But they were not to go back as easily as they came. The guns and bells had roused the whole country round; and men came hurrying from all directions, commonly in their shirt sleeves, with- out order or discipline, but with guns in their hands. A British officer wrote afterwards that it seemed as if men had "dropped from the clouds." Every mile that the tired English soldiers marched from Con- cord back to Lexington, they had more and more opponents who kept firing from behind walls and trees; so that men were constantly falling, wounded or killed. At last the British soldiers fairly ran. There was great confusion. Their ammunition was al- most gone; and they would have had to surrender. 168 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. had not Lord Percy met them with reinforcements and formed his troops into a hollow square at Lex- ington. Into this square the tired fugitives ran, and were safe. Lord Percy had now eighteen hundred men under him, and he retreated more slowly for the rest of the way: but the British were pursued to Bos- ton by greater and greater numbers; so that the troops were glad, at sunset, to get under protection of the guns of the men-of-war. The British had suf- fered nearly three times as much in "killed, wounded and missing," as the Americans. The actions at Lexington and Concord are sometimes spoken of as battles, but such they can not be called. Nor does their interest depend on their character as combats, but on what they showed of the spirit of the American people. "O, what a glorious morning is this!" ex- claimed John Adams when he heard the guns at Lexington; for he knew that the contest would end in the freedom of the colonies. Yes, it is the act and attitude of the little band, opposing force for the sake of freedom, that renders the green of Lexington historic, and makes a hallowed spot of the rude Con- cord bridge where, in Emerson's grand lines, — "The embattled farmers stood. And fired the shot heard round the world." The Battle of Lexington. 169 The Battle of Lexington. 62. Oliver Wendell Holmes, one of the wittiest of poets, is a native of Cambridge, Mass. He was born in 1809, and graduated at Harvard University in 1829. He first de- voted his attention to the study of law, but soon exchanged this for the study of medicine. After having spent several years abroad, he received his medical degree at Harvard in 1836, and in 1838 was elected a professor in Dartmouth Medical School. In 1847 he was elected Professor of Anat- omy in Harvard University. He was one of the most en- tertaining writers of both prose and poetry of the present age. He was also the author of several medical works of the highest merit. I. Slowly the mist o'er the meadow was creeping, Bright on the dewy buds glistened the sun, When from his couch, while his children were sleep- ing, Rose the bold rebel, and shouldered his gun. Waving her golden veil Over the silent dale, Blithe looked the morning on cottage and spire; Hushed was his parting sigh, While from his noble eye Flashed the last sparkle of liberty's fire. II. On the smooth green, where the fresh leaf is spring- ing, Calmly the first-born of glory have met. Hark! the death-volley around them is ringing! Look! with their life-blood the young grass is wet! Faint is the feeble breath, Murmuring low in death, — 170 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. ''Tell to our sons how their fathers have died;" Nerveless the iron hand, Kaised for its native land, Lies by the weapon that gleams at its side. III. Over the hillsides the wild knell is tolling. From their far hamlets the yeomanry come; As through the storm-clouds the thunder-burst roll- ing, Circles the beat of the mustering drum. Fast on the soldier's path Darken the waves of wrath: Long have they gathered, and loud shall they fall ; Red glares the musket's flash, Sharp rings the rifle's crash, Blazing and clanging from thicket and wall. IV. Gfayly the plume of the horseman was dancing. Never to shadow his cold brow again; Proudly at morning the war-steed was prancing; Reeking and panting he droops on the rein; Pale is the lip of scorn, Voiceless the trumpet horn. Torn is the silken-fringed red cross on high; Many a belted breast Low on the turf shall rest. Ere the dark hunters the herd have passed by. Paul Revere's Ride. 171 V. Snow-girdled crags where the hoarse wind is raving, Rocks where the weary floods murmur and wail, Wilds where the fern by the furrow is waving. Reeled with the echoes that rode on the gale; Far as the tempest thrills Over the darkened hills, Far as the sunshine streams over the plain. Roused by the tyrant band, Woke all the mighty land. Girded for battle, from mountain to main. VI. Green be the graves where her martyrs are lying! Shroudless and tombless they sank to their rest, — While o'er their ashes the starry fold flying Wraps the proud eagle they roused from his nest I Borne on her Northern pine. Long o'er the foaming brine. Spread her broad banner to storm and to sun : Heaven keep her ever free, Wide as o'er land and sea Floats the fair emblem her heroes have won! Paul Revere's Ride. 6.3. I. Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-Five: Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year. 172 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. II. He said to his friend, "If the British march By land or sea from the town to-night, Hang a lantern aloft in the belfry-arch Of the North church tower, as a signal-light,- One if by land, and two if by sea; And I on the opposite shore will be, Ready to ride and spread the alarm Through every Middlesex village and farm. For the country-folk to be up and to arm." III. Meanwhile his friend, through alley and street, Wanders and watches with eager ears, Till in the silence around him he hears The muster of men at the barrack-door. The sound of arms, and the tramp of feet, And the measured tread of the grenadiers Marching down to their boats on the shore. Then he climbed to the tower of the church. Up the wooden stairs, with stealthy tread, To the belfry-chamber overhead. IV. Meanwhile, impatient to mount and ride, Booted and spurred, with a heavy stride. On the opposite shore walked Paul Revere. Now he patted his horse's side. Now gazed on the landscape far and near. Then impetuous stamped the earth, And turned and tightened his saddle-girth; Paul Revere's Ride. 173 But mostly he watched with eager search The belfry-tower of the old North church, As it rose above the graves on the hill, Lonely, and spectral, and somber, and still. V. And lo! as he looks, on the belfry's height A glimmer, and then a gleam of light! He springs to the saddle, the bridle he turns, But lingers and gazes, till full on his sight A second lamp in the belfry burns! A hurry of hoofs in a village street, A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark. And beneath from the pebbles, in passing, a spark Struck out by a steed that flies fearless and fleet, — That was all! And yet, through the gloom and the light. The fate of a nation was riding that night; And the spark struck out by that steed, in his flight, Kindled the land into flame with its heat. VI. It was twelve by the village clock. When he crossed the bridge into Medford town. It was one by the village clock. When he rode into Lexington. He saw the gilded weathercock Swim in the moonlight as he passed. And the meeting-house windows, blank and bare. Gaze at him with a spectral glare, As if they already stood aghast At the bloody work they would look upon. 174 Correlation of History, Oeography and Literature. VII. You know the rest. In the books you have read How the British regulars fired and fled, — How the farmers gave them ball for ball, From behind each fence and farmyard-wall. Chasing the red-coats down the lane, Then crossing the fields to emerge again Under the trees at the turn of the road, And only pausing to fire and load. VIII. So through the night rode Paul Kevere; And so through the night went his cry of alarm To every Middlesex village and farm, — A cry of defiance, and not of fear, — A voice in the darkness, a knock at the door, And a word that shall echo for evermore! For, borne on the night-wind of the Past, Through all our history, to the last. In the hour of darkness and peril and need, The people will waken and listen to hear The hurrying hoof-beat of that steed. And the midnight message of Paul Revere. — Longfelloic. The Green Mountain Boys. 64. I. Here we halt our march, and pitch our tent, On the rugged forest ground, And light our fire with the branches rent. By winds from the beeches round. The Declaration of Independence. 175 Wild storms have torn this ancient wood, But a wilder is at hand, With hail of iron and rain of blood, To sweep and scath the land. II. How the dark waste rings with voices shrill, That startle the sleeping bird, To-morrow eve must the voice be still, And the step must fall unheard. The Briton lies by the blue Champlain, In Ticonderoga's towers, And ere the sun rise twice again, The towers and the lake are ours. III. Fill up the bowl from the brook that glides. Where the fireflies light the brake; A ruddier juice the Briton hides, In his fortress by the lake. Build high the fire, till the panther leap From his lofty perch in fright. And we'll strengthen our weary arms with sleep, For the deeds of to-morrow night. —W. G. Bryant. The Declaration of Independence. FROM "PICTURES FROM AMERICAN HISTORY.^" 65. In Chestnut street, in the city of Philadel- phia, stands a building known as Independence Hall, but which in the old colonial days was called 176 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. the "State House." This edifice is one of the shrines of American patriotism; for it was in one of its low- roofed, quaint old rooms, that the Declaration of Independence, which made the United States a nation, was debated and decided. In the month of May, 1775, the second Con- tinental Congress, which had the authority of a gen- eral government over the colonies, met in Phila- delphia. Lexington and Concord had been fought the previous April. In June, Congress chose as commander-in-chief of the American army, George Washington, who was present as a delegate from Virginia. Setting out in the latter part of that month to take command in Massachusetts, he heard of the battle of Bunker Hill on his way. There was thus war. But though the colon- ists were in arms, they were so, not for separation from the British government, but for their rights under that government. To a large portion of the American people, the idea of a final separation from England was at this time distasteful. Even after months of fighting, they clung to the hope of a friendly settlement of differences. Franklin was an ardent advocate of reconciliation, and so was Wash- ington, who at a later period wrote: "When I took command of the army, I abhorred the idea of inde- pendence." In revolutions things move rapidly, and all this fine feeling of loyalty was soon to be swept away. When the Americans saw their respectful petitions to the British government treated with The Declaration of Independence. 177 disdain, and fleets and armies sent to compel them to submit to unjust laws, their eyes were opened to the fact that submission was slavery. Washington, who in July, 1775, had "abhorred independence." wrote less than a year afterwards: "Reconciliation with Great Britain is now impossible, and I am fully convinced that nothing but independence will save us." Of course this feeling among the people soon found voice in Congress. On the 7th of June, Richard Henry Lee, one of the delegates from Vir- ginia, offered a resolution "that these united colon- ies are, and of right ought to be, free and independ- ent states." This resolution was at once seconded by John Adams of Massachusetts — "glorious old John Adams," as he was afterwards called. When, however, a vote was taken on this resolution, it was seen that Congress was not yet prepared for a measure so decisive. Seven of the thirteen colonies voted for the resolution; six voted against it. As greater unanimity than this was necessary, it was agreed that the matter should stand over for two or three weeks. In the meanwhile, it was thought, the peo- ple of the colonies would show whether they were ready for independence, or not. And show it very clearly they did. Before the end of that month the people of every colony but one had either held meet- ings and voted that they wished for independence, or else had instructed their delegates to vote for it. 178 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. During this time of delay, Congress had ap- pointe'H a committee to draw up a declaration of independence; for it was thought very important that Lee's resolution should be prefaced by what is called a preamble, that is, an introduction setting forth the reasons that led Congress to adopt the measure. The committee consisted of Thomas Jef- ferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sher- man of Connecticut, and Robert R. Livingston of New York. Jefferson, though comparatively young — he was then thirty-three years of age — was known as a very able man, and, as John Adams tells us, "had the reputation of a masterly pen." Accordingly he was requested by the committee, after discussing the topics, to make a draught of a declaration of independence. In a few days Jefferson was able to lay be- fore the committee a document which proved that he had indeed a "masterly pen." This was the im- mortal Declaration of Independence — the most fam- ous political paper ever written. With the excep- tion of two or three verbal changes suggested by Franklin and Adams (and which may be seen in their handwriting on the original document), the declaration was adopted by the committee just as Jefferson had written it; and on the 28th of June it was presented to Congress. On the 2d of July the resolution to declare the colonies independent, which had been intro- The Declaration of Independence. 179 duced by Ricliard Henry Lee, was adopted by Con- gress. The draught of the Declaration was at once taken up, and debate on it began. The discussion was long and animated, lasting through the 2d and 3d of July, and into the 4th. There was still some opposition to voting for independence at all; and the Declaration was considerably changed, or amended. Those who favored it, however, were the leading minds in Congress, and they urged its adoption with masterly eloquence and power. 66. Fortunately, while Congress was engaged in the discussion, an argument of another kind was brought to bear on the more timid members. For just at this time news came that a large British force under General Howe had arrived at the en- trance to New York harbor. Immediate and united action was now felt to be essential, and most of those who had hitherto faltered went over to the cause of independence. It was 2 o'clock in the afternoon of the 4th of July, 1776, when the final vote was taken; and deep silence pervaded the august assembly when Secretary Thompson arose and announced to Con- gress that the Declaration was adopted by the unani- mous voice of the thirteen states. By this solemn act the English colonies had ceased to exist, and a new nation was born. During the forenoon of the 4th, thousands of anxious citizens had gathered in the streets of Philadelphia, for it was known that the final deci- sion was to be made on that day. From the hour 180 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. when Congress met in the morning, the old bellman had been in the steeple ready to peal forth the joy- ful tidings. At the door below he had placed a boy to give him notice when the announcement should be made. As hour after hour passed by, however, and no word came, the gray-beard shook his head, and said, 'They will never do it! they will never do it!" Suddenly a loud shout came up from be- low; and there stood the blue-eyed lad, clapping his hands, and shouting, "Ring! ring! ring!" Grasping the iron tongue of the bell, the old man swung it backwards and forwards a hundred times; its loud voice proclaiming "liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof."* The Declaration was signed, on the day of its adoption, by every member present who voted for it. When the delegates came up to sign, Frank- lin was, as ever, ready with his cheerful wit. John Hancock, who as the presiding oflflcer of Congress headed the signers, said to the others, "We must be unanimous: there must be no pulling different ways; we must all hang together." "Yes," said Franklin, "we must all hang to- gether, or else we shall all hang separately." We can imagine the members smiling at Franklin's pun. *It is a curious fact that this bell, now known as the "Liberty Bell." which was cast twentv-three years before the Declaration of Independence was adopted, had round its crown the quotation from Scripture, "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof." The bell, though now cracked, still hangs above Independ- ence Hall. The Declaration of Independence. 181 Yet grave thoughts must have been uppermost in the minds of those who had just taken a step so momentous. For, what was this Declaration? It was the solemn announcement that the connection with Great Britain was and ought to be at an end, and that the colonies were free and independent states. "And for the support of this declaration," said the signers, "we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." The vigorous action of Congress nerved the colonists for their great enterprise. It was seen that the quarrel must now be fought out to the end, and gloriously won or shamefully lost. Every- where the Declaration was hailed with joy. It was read to the army amidst exulting shouts. It gave them the inspiration of a great cause, and sustained them in the dark days of the long Revolutionary struggle till that which was de- clared in Independence Hall in 1776 was acknowl- edged by all the world in 1783. Scholars, — children who are enjoying the priceless blessings of that liberty which cost our forefathers so much treasure and so much blood, — have you read the Declaration of Independence? If you have not, read it; if you have, read it again: study it; make its noble sentiments your own, and do not fail to grave deep in your memories these immortal lines: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are en- 182 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. dowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes de- structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such prin- ciples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." BEN FRANKLIN'S WHARF. 67. Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864, was born at Salem, Mass. He and Longfellow were classmates in Bow- doin College, Maine. He is the author of "Twice-Told Tales," "The Scarlet Letter," "The House of the Seven Gables," "The Marble Faun," etc. Hawthorne's stories are fascinating in every detail, and his style is so delightful in its polish and clearness that he is justly considered one of the finest of American prose writers. When Benjamin Franklin was a boy he was very fond of fishing; and in the story of his life written by himself in later years he gives an amus- ing account of an exploit that grew out of this sport. It seems that the place where Ben and his playmates used to fish was a marshy spot on the outskirts of the town of Boston. On the edge of the water there was a deep bed of clay, in which the Ben Franklin's Wharf. 183 boys were forced to stand while they caught their fish. "This is very uncomfortable," said Ben Frank- lin one day to his comrades, while they were all standing in the quagmire. "So it is," said the other boys. "What a pity we have no better place to stand on!" Now, it chanced that scattered round about lay a great many large stones which were to be used for the cellar and foundation of a new house. Ben mounted upon the highest of these stones. "Boys," said he, "I have thought of a plan. You know what a plague it is to have to stand in the quagmire yonder, — over shoes and stockings in mud and water. See, I am bedaubed to the knees, and you are all in the same plight. "Now I propose that we build a wharf. You see these stones? The workmen mean to use them for building a house here. My plan is to take these same stones, and carry them to the edge of the water, and build a wharf with them. What say you, lads? Shall we do it?" "Yes, yes," cried the boys: "that's the very thing!" So it was agreed that they should all be on the spot that evening as soon as the workmen had gone home. Promptly at the appointed time the boys met. They worked like beavers, sometimes two or three of them taking hold of one stone; and at last they had carried them all away, and built their little wharf. 184 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. "Now, boys," cried Ben, when the job was done, "let's give three cheers, and go home to bed. To-morrow we may catch fish at our ease." The cheers were given with a will, and the boys scam- pered off home and to bed, to dream of to-morrow's sport. The next morning the masons came to begin their work. But what was their surprise to find the stones all gone! The master-mason, looking carefully on the ground, saw the tracks of many little feet leading down to the waterside. Follow- ing these he soon found what had become of the missing building stones. ^'Ah! I see through it," said he: "those little rascals who were here yesterday have stolen the stones to build a wharf with. And I shouldn't won- der if Ben Franklin was the ringleader. I must see about this." He was so angry that he at once went to make a complaint before the magistrate; and his Honor wrote an order to "take the bodies of Benjamin Franklin, and other evil-disposed persons," who had stolen a heap of stones. If the owner of the stolen property had not been more merciful than the master-mason, it might have gone hard with our friend Benjamin and his comrades. But, luckily for them, the gen- tleman was amused at the smartness of the boys: so he let the culprits off easily. But the poor boys had to go through another trial, and receive sentence, and suffer punishment. Ben Franklin's Wharf. 185 too, from their own fathers. Many a rod was worn to the stumjj on that unlucky night. As for Ben, he was less afraid of a whipping than of his father's reproof. And indeed, his father was very much disturbed. "Benjamin, come hither," said the stern old man. The boy approached and stood before his father's chair. "Benjamin," said his father, "what could induce you to take property which did not belong to you?" "Why, Father," replied Ben, hanging his head at first, but then lifting his eyes to Mr. Franklin's face, "if it had been merely for my own benefit, I never should have dreamed of it. But I knew that wharf would be a public convenience. If the owner of the stones should build a house with them, no- body will enjoy any advantage but himself. Now, I made use of them in a way that was for the ad- vantage of many persons." "My son," said Mr. Franklin solemnly, "so far as it was in your power, you have done a greater harm to the public than to the owner of the stones. I do verily believe, Benjamin, that almost all the public and private misery of mankind arises from a neglect of this great truth, — that evil can pro- duce only evil, that good ends must be wrought out by good means." To the end of his life, Ben Franklin never for- got this conversation with his father; and we have 186 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. reason to suppose, that, in most of his public and private career, he sought to act upon the principles which that good and wise man then taught him. FRANKLIN'S ENTRY INTO PHILADELPHIA. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. 68. Walking in the evening by the side of the river, a boat came by, which I found was going to- wards Philadelphia, with several people in her. They took me in, and, as there was no wind, we rowed all the way; and about midnight, not havingyet seen the city, some of the company were confident we must have passed it, and would row no farther; the oth- ers knew not where we were; so we put toward the shore, got into a creek, landed near an old fence, with the rails of which we made a fire, the night being cold, in October, and there we remained till daylight. Then one of the company knew the place to be Cooper's creek, a little above Philadelphia, which we saw as soon as we got out of the creek, and ar- rived there about eight or nine o'clock on the Sun- day morning, and landed at the Market street wharf. I have been the more particular in this descrip- tion of my journey, and shall be so of my first entry into that city, that you may in your mind compare such unlikely beginnings with the figure I have since made there. Franklin's Entry Into Philadelphia. 187 I was in my working dress, my best clothes be- ing to come round by sea. I was dirty from my jour- ney; my pockets were stuffed out with shirts and stockings, and I knew no soul nor where to look for lodging. I was fatigued with traveling, rowing, and want of rest; I was very hungry; and my whole stock of cash consisted of a Dutch dollar, and about a shilling in copper. The latter I gave the people of the boat for my passage, who at first refused it on account of my rowing; but I insisted on their taking it, — a man being sometimes more generous when he has but a little money than when he has plenty, perhaps through fear of being thought to have but little. Then T walked up the street gazing about, till, near the market house, I met a boy with bread. I had made many a meal on bread, and, inquiring where he got it, I went immediately to the baker's he directed me to, in Second street, and asked for biscuit, intending such as we had in Boston: but they, it seems, were not made in Philadelphia. Then I asked for a three-penny loaf, and was told they had none such. So not considering or knowing the difference of money, and the greater cheapness nor the names of his bread, I bade him give me three- penny worth of any sort. He gave me, accordingly, three great puffy rolls. I was surprised at the quantity, but took it, and, having no room in my pockets, walked off with a roll under each arm, and eating the other. 188 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Thus I went up Market street as far as Fourth street, passing by the door of Mr. Read, my future wife's father: when she, standing at the door, saw me, and thought I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward, ridiculous appearance. Then I turned and went down Chestnut street and part of Walnut street, eating my roll all the way, and, coming round, found myself again at Market street wharf, near the boat I came in, to which I went for a draught of the river water; and, being filled with one of my rolls, gave the other two to a woman and her child that came down the river in the boat with us, and were waiting to go farther. Thus refreshed, I walked again up the street, which by this time had many clean-dressed people in it, who were all w^alking the same way. I joined them, and thereby was led into the great meeting house of the Quakers, near the market. I sat down among them, and, after looking round awhile and hearing nothing said, being very drowsy through labor and want of rest the preceding night, I fell fast asleep, and continued so till the meeting broke up, when one was kind enough to rouse me. This was, therefore, the first house I was in, or slept in, in Philadelphia. Walking down again toward the river, and looking in the faces of people, I met a young Quaker man, whose countenance I liked, and, accosting him, requested he would tell me where a stranger could get lodging. We were then near the sign of the Three Mariners. "Here," says he, "is one place that The First Continental Congress. 189 entertains strangers, but it is not a reputable house; if thee wilt walk with me, I'll show thee a better." He brought me to the Crooked Billet, in Water street. Here I got a dinner; and, while I was eat- ing it, several sly questions were asked me, as it seemed to be suspected from my youth and appear- ance that I might be some runaway. After dinner my sleepiness returned, and, being shown to a bed, I lay down without undressing, and slept till six in the evening; was called to supper, went to bed again very early, and slept soundly till next morn- ing. 69. The first Continental Congress, which met in 1774, set forth the views of the people and re- monstrated against the conduct of the king and Parliament. It also fixed May 10, 1775, for the This it did, after a month's delay; made it the Con- gress met Lexington and Concord had been fought; all New England was in arms and Congress was asked to adopt the army gathered around Boston. This it did. after a month's delay; made it the Con- tinental army, and put George Washington in com- mand. Washington at once started from Philadel- phia to Boston to assume his duties. On the way he heard of the battle at Bunker Hill. On a narrow peninsula separated from Boston by a sheet of water half a mile wide was Charlestown. Behind it were Breed's hill and Bun- ker hill. The two hills overlooked Boston and the 190 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. harbor, hence it was necessary for the British to hold these hills, or at least keep the Americans from fortifying them. The Americans, learning that the British ex- pected to fortify them, on the night of June 16, 1775, under Prescott, took possession of Breed's hill and threw up a redoubt. At daybreak the Brit- ish opened fire with their cannon. Then Howe sent 2,500 men over from Boston to charge up the hill and take the breastworks. At the first and second volleys from the Americans the British were driven back, but, powder being exhausted, at the third charge of the British the Americans retreated and the British were left in possession of the field. SIEGE OF BOSTON. 70. On taking command of the 20,000 men now gathered about Boston, Washington fortified Dor- chester heights and surrounded Boston. Howe dared not attack the Americans after his experi- ence at Bunker hill, and so, in March, 1776, Howe embarked and sailed with his army to Halifax in Nova Scotia. By this time matters had progressed so far that there was no longer any possibility of a peaceable settlement of the differences of the colo- nies and mother country. The ting had also de- clared the Americans to be rebels, had closed their ports, and had hired 17,000 Hessian troops to fight Campaign in New York. 191 them. So, in May, 1776, Congress asked the colo- nies to form governments of their own and become states. CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK. 71. Washington felt sure that the next move of the British would be against New York. So he moved his army there, to be ready for Howe. Wash- ington took his position on Brooklyn Heights, on Long Island. Howe soon landed on Staten island. In August he crossed to Long Island and was pre- paring to besiege Washington when the latter, leaving his camp fires burning, crossed over to the main land at night. Howe followed, drove him up the Hudson from New York to White Plains; took Fort Washington and attempted to take Fort Lee, but failed. The Americans escaped again at night and fled to New Jersey. When Washington crossed into New Jer- sey he left 7,000 men at North Castle under Lee. Lee refused to bring these men over as ordered, so Washington had to cross New Jersey with a small army hotly pursued by Cornwallis. Soon Lee was captured outside of his lines and Sullivan took command. He joined Washington, and, on Christ- mas night, they captured 1,000 British troops at Trenton. This victory gave new life to the Ameri- can troops and people. Cornwallis hurried down to hem in Washing- ton between his army and the Delaware river, but 192 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Washington passed around Cornwallis, hurried to Princeton and defeated three regiments. Then he went on, unmolested, to Morristown, where he passed the remainder of the winter. Late in May, 1777, Washington entered New York state, but Howe paid little attention to him, having determined to capture Philadelphia. Wash- ington hurried back to the city, but after some inef- fectual attempts to check the British, he was com- pelled to leave the city to Howe, who occupied it for the winter, while W^ashington went into winter quarters at Valley Forge. BURGOYNE'S INVASION. 72. You will recall the envy excited between the English and French colonists about the middle of the seventeenth century by the Dutch in New York, and the extension of their settlements toward the north. It was then stated that New Nether- land with Lake Champlain interposed a natural barrier between Virginia and the unsettled terri- tory to the east of New Netherland. The same fact confronts us again. In the summer of 1777 General Burgoyne ascended Lake Champlain with the pur- pose of separating New England from the middle and southern colonies, thus dividing their strength in two. Trace his victorious march from Ticon- deroga to Fort Edward, both of which fell into his hands. Greene's Retreat. 193 Thus far his plan had succeeded, but with the defeat of Bauni and Breymann by John Stark, at Bennington, on August 16, 1777, begins the series of reverses which ends with Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga two months later. The results of this surrender were fourfold : 1. It saved New York state. 2. It destroyed the plan of war. 3. It induced the king to offer the colonies representation in Parliament — anything but inde- pendence. 4. It secured the aid of France. GREENE'S RETREAT. 73. For a year or more there was a lull in the military operations of the British. Having failed in 1775-1776 in New England, and in 1776-1777 in the middle states, they sent an expedition to the South in December, 1778. Savannah was captured, Geor- gia conquered and the royal governor reinstated. General Lincoln, v/ith a French fleet aiding him, at- tempted to recapture Savannah, but failed. These successes encouraged the British, so that in 1780 Clinton led an expedition against South Carolina, capturing Charleston and Clinton. Soon an army was raised in the South and Gates put in command, but he was utterly unfit for the position and was de- feated at Camden by Cornwallis. There was now no army in the South. 194 Correlation of History, Oeography and Literature. Affairs were made more gloomy in the North at the same time by the treason of Benedict Arnold. This general, stung to a spirit of revenge because of a just reprimand by Washington, attempted to sur- render West Point to the British. Luckily the plot was discovered and the fortress saved, though Ar- nold escaped to the British. After the defeat of Gates at Camden, the British overran South Carolina and a regiment of them went to King's mountain, where they were defeated. The battle was between the command of Colonel Ferguson, the very flower of Cornwallis' army, and the mountaineers from Virginia, western North Carolina and what is now the mountains of East Tennessee, whose only experience in warfare had been gained in the frequent Indian wars to which that frontier people were exposed. Gathering at Sycamore Shoals, on the Wautauga river, under the command of Colonels Sevier and Shelby, the East Tennessee contingent prepared for the meeting with the forces of Colonel Campbell of Virginia, and to- gether they marched rapidly east through the moun- tain defiles, until they were joined by the North Carolina militia commanded by Colonels McDowell and Winston. This triple force marched so rapidly and stealthily that their attack was a surprise. Though Ferguson occupied an eminence well suited to a strong defense, the tactics employed by the In- dian fighters succeeded in making prisoners of his 8ong of Marion's Men. 195 entire command and leaving him dead upon the field. Meantime a third army was raised for use in the South and placed under Nathaniel Greene. Greene and Morgan defeated Tarleton, with a large British force, at Cowpens, S. C, January 17, 1781. Cornwallis then took the field and hurried after Greene, who fled northward, not having sufficient troops to withstand the British array. Finally se- curing reinforcements, Greene halted at Guilford courthouse and gave battle. He was compelled to retreat after a bloody battle, but Cornwallis could pursue no further, and left for Wilmington at once, with Greene in full pursuit. Greene left Cornwallis there and went to South Carolina, driving the Brit- ish into Charleston and Savannah. As soon as Greene left him Cornwallis started for Virginia. Song of Marion's Men. 74. Our band is few, but true and tried. Our leader frank and bold; The British soldier trembles When Marion's name is told. Our fortress is the good green wood, Our tent the cypress-tree; We know the forest round us, " As seamen know the sea. We know its walls of thorny vines, Its glades of reedy grass. Its safe and silent islands Within the dark morass. 196 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Wo to the English soldiery That little dread us near! On them shall light at midnight A strange and sudden fear: When waking to their tents on fire They grasp their arms in vain, And they who stand to face us Are beat to earth again ; And they who fly in terror deem A mighty host behind, And hear the tramp of thousands Upon the hollow wind. Then sweet the hour that brings release From danger and from toil; We talk the battle over, And share the battle's spoil. The woodland rings with laugh and shout, As if a hunt were up, And woodland flowers are gathered To crown the soldier's cup. With merry songs w^e mock the wind That in the pine-top grieves, And slumber long and sweetly, On beds of oaken leaves. Well knows the fair and friendly moon The band that Marion leads — The glitter of their rifles, The scampering of their steeds. 'Tis life our fiery barbs to guide Across the moonlight plains; Siege and Surrender of Yorktown. 197 'Tis life to feel the night-wind That lifts their tossing manes. A moment in the British camp — A moment — and away Back to the pathless forest, Before the peep of day. Grave men there are by broad Santee, Grave men with hoary hairs, Their hearts are all with Marion, For Marion are their prayers. And lovely ladies greet our band, With kindliest welcoming, With smiles like those of summer, And tears like those of spring. For them we wear these trusty arms. And lay them dowm no more Till we have driven the Briton, Forever, from our shore. — Bryant. SIEGE AND SURRENDER OF YORKTOWN. 75. On reaching Virginia, Cornwallis took com- mand of an army under Arnold which had been de- vastating Virginia. Soon he had orders to fortify some seaport town, and so went to Yorktown. Washington hurried down from New York, w^hile a French fleet came up the river and cut off escape in that direction. Soon the combined American forces, with the French under Lafavette and Rochambeau, 198 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. besieged Lord Cornwallis in Yorktown by land, while the French fleet under De Grasse prevented his escaping by water. On October 19, 1781, he was forced to surrender his entire army and fleet with all their equipments and shipping. This virtually ended the Revolutionary War; for, though the final treaty of Paris was not signed until September 3, 178.>, nearly two years after, the contest had been won, and only the formalities were left incomplete. Yorktown. 76, J. G, Whittier (John Greenleaf) was born in 1808 in Haverhill, Mass. His early life, up to his eighteenth year, was spent in working on the farm, and his educational advantages were therefore somewhat limited. In 1829 he was editor of a political newspaper in Boston, being a strong opponent of slavery. He moved to Amesbury, Mass., in 1840, and resided at that place until his death. He ranks very high as a poet, his writings being both numerous and popular. Mr. Whittier was a member of the Society of Friends. Among his best poems are Maud Muller, The Barefoot Boy, Centennial Ode, and Snow-Bound. I. From Yorktown's ruins, ranked and still, Two lines stretch far o'er vale and hill: Who curbs his steed at head of one? Hark! the low murmur: Washington! Who bends his keen, approving glance Where down the gorgeous line of France Shine knightly star and plume of snow? Thou, too, art victor, Rochambeau ! Yorktown. 199 II. The earth which bears this calm array Shook with the war-charge yesterday; Plowed deep with hurrying hoof and wheel, Shot down and bladed thick with steel; October's clear and noonday sun Paled in the breath-smoke of the gun; And down night's double blackness fell, Like a dropped star, the blazing shell. ITT. Now all is hushed: the gleaming lines Stand moveless as the neighboring pines; While through them, sullen, grim, and slow. The conquered hosts of England go: O'Hara's brow belies his dress, Gay Tarleton's troop ride bannerless: Shout, from thy fired and wasted homes, Thy scourge, Virginia, captive comes! IV. Nor thou alone: with one glad voice Let all thy sister states rejoice; Let Freedom, in whatever clime She waits v/ith sleepless eye her time. Shouting from cave and mountain wood, Make glad her desert solitude. While they who hunt her quail with fear: The New World's chain lies broken here. — Whittier. 200 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. 77. The Union. Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State! Sail on. O Union, strong and great! Humanity, with all its fears. With all the hopes of future years, Is hanging breathless on thy fate! We know what Master laid thy keel. What Workmen wrought thy ribs of steel. Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, What anvils rang, what hammers beat. In what a forge and what a heat Were shaped the anchors of thy hope! Fear not each sudden sound and shock: 'Tis of the wave, and not the rock; 'Tis but the flapping of the sail, And not a rent made by the gale. In spite of rock and tempest's roar, In spite of false lights on the shore, Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea! Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee; Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, Our faith triumphant o'er our fears, Are all with thee, — are all with thee! — Longfellow. "Washington. 78. Lord Byron (George Gordon Noel), an English poet, was born in 1788, and died in 1824. He was a student at Trinity College, Cambridge. He left college at the age of nineteen, and prepared a volume of poems, which was ridi- culed by the Edinburgh Revieio. A year later he published a powerful satire, entitled, English Bards and Scotch Re- The American Flag. 201 viewers, which at once brought him prominently to notice. His best work is generally thought to be Childe Harold, one of his earliest productions. Where may the wearied eye repose, When gazing on the great, Where neither guilty glory glows. Nor despicable state? Yes, one, — the first, the last, the best, — The Cincinnatus of the West, Whom envy dared not hate, Bequeathed the name of Washington, To make man blush there was but one. — Byron. The American Flag. 79. I. When Freedom, from her mountain height, Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there; She mingled with its gorgeous dyes The milky baldric of the skies And striped its pure celestial white With streakings of the morning light; Then, from his mansion in the sun, She called her eagle bearer down, And gave into his mighty hand The symbol of her chosen land. 202 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. II. Majestic monarch of the cloud. Who rear'st aloft thy regal form, To hear the tempest-trumpings loud, And see the lightning lances driven, When strive the warriors of the storm, And rolls the thunder-drum of heaven. Child of the sun! to thee "lis given To guard the banner of the free, To hover in the sulphur smoke, To ward away the battle stroke. And bid its blendings shine afar, Like rainbows on the cloud of war, The harbingers of victory I III. Flag of the brave! thy folds shall fly. The sign of hope and triumph, high. When speaks the signal trumpet tone, And the long line comes gleaming on; Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet. Has dimmed the glistening bayonet, Each soldier eye shall brightly turn To where thy sky-born glories burn. And, as his springing steps advance, Catch war and vengeance from the glance. And when the cannon-mouthings loud Heave in wild wreaths the battle-shroud, And gory sabers rise and fall Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall, — The American Flag. 203 Then shall thy meteor glances glow, And cowering foes shall sink beneath Each gallant arm that strikes below That lovely messenger of death. IV. Flag of the seas! on ocean wave Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave; When death, careering on the gale, Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail, And frighted waves rush wildly back Before the broadside's reeling rack. Each dying wanderer of the sea Shall look at once to heaven and thee, And smile to see thy splendors fly In triumph o'er his closing eye. V. Flag of the free heart's hope and home, By angel hands to valor given, Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, And all thy hues were born in heaven. Forever float that standard-sheet! Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With Freedom's soil beneath our feet, And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us? — J. Rodman Drake. 204 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. THE UNITED STATES AFTER SEPTEMBER 3, 1783. 80. When, in 1775 and 177G, the colonial gov- ernors were driven out, all the colonies established governments of their own, adopted constitutions, and became states. The Continental Congress at tempted to bind them together compactly by the "Articles of Confederation."* These articles were sent out for adoption by the states in November, 1777. Seven states claimed land under the "from sea to sea" charters. Hence, Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor- gia and New York claimed to extend to the Missis- sippi, as is seen from the cut showing the territory of the thirteen original states. The other six states had no such claims, and so refused to adopt the Articles unless these states gave up this land to Congress to pay the debts of the Revolution. They claimed that France had discovered and owned this land; that it had been ceded to the British as a re- sult of the French and Indian war; that it was the property of the king, and hence now belonged to all the states. Virginia gave up her claim; Mary- land ratified the Articles, and since all the others had done so, on March 2, 1781, Congress met for the first time under a form of government that all the states were pledged to obey. The form of government adopted that day proved bad from beginning to end. There was no officer to enforce any laws, no courts, and only a *See Appendix. The United States After September 3, 1783. 205 public legislative body. Under the Articles, Con- gress, which was to consist of not fewer than three or more than seven representatives from each state, could declare war, make peace, issue money, main- tain an army and navy, contract debts, enter into treaties of commerce, and settle disputes between states. But it could not enforce a treaty, or a law, when made, nor levy a tax for any purpose. Beginning with Virginia, in 1781, and ending with Georgia, in 1802, all the territory claimed by the states was given to Congress, and, by the Ordi- nance of 1787, was to be enacted into not less than, three or more than five territories, which should be- come states when they had a population of 5,000 each or more. One condition was, that there should be no slavery in this territory, but by the grants of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia these three were allowed to be slaveholders. Since Congress could not collect taxes, nor enforce trade laws, soon money became scarce, and paper money was issued by most of the states. This would not be accepted in trade, however. Congress proposed many plans to raise money for expenses, and to carry out other provisions for governing and paying the debts of the Revolution, but the states would not ratify them. Then the states attempted to regulate trade for themselves, but this was not satisfactory. A trade convention was called at Annapolis in 1786, but since nothing could be done, this convention recommended that Congress ask all the states to send delegates to Philadelphia "to 208 Correlation of History, Oeography and Literature. take into consideration the situation of the United States" and ''to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them necessary to render the Con- stitution of the federal government adequate to the exigencies of the Union." This led to the adoption of the Constitution. In 1787 delegates from all the states (Rhode Island excepted) met at Philadelphia and drew up the Constitution. The plan presented by Madi- son and the Virginia delegation w^as accepted, v^^ith some modifications. An examination of the Con- stitution will show the articles as they were sub- mitted to the states for ratification. When nine states ratified it, it went into effect between them. In June, 1788, nine states had done so, and it became the organic law of the laud. Under the provisions of the new Constitution Washington was elected presi- dent and John Adams vice-president. At New York, on April 30, 1789, Washington was inaugurated. Organization and Development — /-//. 207 FOURTH PERIOD— NATIONAL. ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT, I-II. 81. When the president was inaugurated and Congress met for business, much work in legislation needed to be done. The first act was a duty levied on goods imported, and the establishment of custom houses, to obtain revenue for the new government; the ordinance of 1787 was modified and re-enacted; the departments of state, war and treasury were established, and a call was made on the secretary of the treasury for a j)lan to pay the old Continental debt. Congress also made provision for a Su- preme Court, consisting of a chief justice and five associate justices, and for three Circuit Courts, to be presided over by the associate justices. Wash- ington named John Jay as first chief justice. He also appointed Jefferson secretary of state, Hamilton secretary of the treasury, and Henry Knox secretary of war. Thus government rapidly took shape and became efficient. Hamilton's plans in providing for the debts of the Eevolution were to bond the debts of Congress and the states, thus raise |75,000,000, and 208 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. take up the Continental money issued in 1775-1776, the loan certificates of people who had advanced money to the government in 1776, the bills of credit in 1777, and the domestic and foreign debts. To obtain the support of the delegates from the South- ern states, it was agreed that Congress and the seat of government should be removed from New York. Accordingly, Philadelphia was the capital from 1790 to 1800; then Washington became the seat of gov- ernment. Hamilton recommended the establishment of a bank of the United States, with a capital of |10,000,- 000, of which the government was to take |2,000,000, the people the rest. This bank was chartered in 1791, for a period of twenty years, and at once took control of the financial business of the government and established branches in the leading cities. These financial plans of Hamilton restored confidence and credit. 82. At this time arose the two parties, ''Feder- alist" and "Republican." The former wished the central government to have large powers, the latter for the powers to remain with the states. Jefferson was the leader of the Republicans, and Hamilton of the Federalists. The student should here read the "Federalist," a collection of papers by Hamilton, Madison, Jay and others, dealing with the issues of this period. The Whisky Rebellion in Penn- sylvania, caused by the resistance of the people to the payment of the tax on whisky, was a result of the opposition to the government. But this was Organization and Development — 7-7/. 209 ci'usbed and the powers of the government main- tained. When, in 1792, the French Revolution began, and, later, trouble between France and Great Britain, many people wanted the United States to take the part of France because of French help received by us during the Revolution, but Washington wisely kept the states out of the trouble. This was the more difficult because Great Britain insisted on searching American ships for goods going to French ports, and for impressing American sailors on English shii)S. Congress passed an Embargo Act, stopping all shipping for thirty days, and Washington sent John Jay to conclude a treaty with Great Britain. This he succeeded in doing in 1794. By this treaty the rights of the United States in trading were acknowledged and the British withdrew their troops from western territory really belonging to the United States. At the same time a treaty was made with Spain opening the Mississippi to American ships and fixing the boundary between Florida and the states at the thirty-first degree of latitude. Washington retired at the end of his sec- ond term, in 1797, and John Adams became presi- dent, with Thomas JetTerson as vice-president. Soon Adams had trouble with France, for the Directory, offended at Jay's treaty, drove out Pinckney, the American minister to France. John Marshall, El- bridge Gerry and Pinckney were sent to France. The Directory demanded that the United States 210 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. apologize for Adams' denunciation of the conduct of France, pay each director $50,000, and pay trib- ute to France. This demand caused the greatest indignation. A navy department was created, ships ordered to be built, and preparations for war were made. At this time was written ''Hail, Columbia," by Joseph Hopkinson. Under the excitement of the time Congress passed the Alien and Sedition laws. These laws re- quired a foreigner to reside in the United States nine years before becoming a citizen, and gave the president power to expel any foreigner whom he considered dangerous to the country. The Republicans objected to these laws, and Virginia and Kentucky adopted resolutions as to the powers of Congress and the states. Here was a manifestation of the question settled by the Civil War — State's Rights. Congress soon repealed the objectionable laws. War was begun with France in 1798, and American vessels were very successful in conflicts with the French. But, in 1800, the Directorate fell from power and soon a treaty of peace was made with Napoleon. 83. Jefferson was elected over Adams in 1800, and many of the obnoxious laws of the Federalists were repealed. One of the first acts of Jefferson was to obtain from Congress authority to purchase so much territory from France (which now held Louis- iana by a secret treaty) as would suffice for fortifica- tions and control of the Mississippi. But Napoleon, Organization and Development. 211 wauting money and hoping to avoid the loss of Louisiana by reason of EngU\nd's superior navy, agreed to sell the whole territory for $15,000,000. This was paid, and in 1803 the United States more than doubled her area. In May, 1804, Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark into the northwest to explore what was known as the Oregon territory. Thus was begun the work that added later an immense territory to the United States. In 180G Zebulon Pike started westward across Kansas to the Arkansas river, then across the plains to Pike's peak, and over the mountains, with incredible hardships, to the Rio Grande. Here he was captured by the Spanish and taken to Santa Fe, but was allowed to return home. The immediate effect of these explorations was to extend trade. John Jacob Astor, of New York, founded the Pacific Fur Company and established forts in Oregon, thus beginning in Astoria the settlement of the great Northwest, 84, The United States became involved in the struggle between France and Great Britain again in 1803. As she had done ten years before. Great Britain insisted on interfering with the trade of the United States and in impressing her seamen. But as matters grew worse in Europe between the two nations and in a few years all trade with Euro- pean ports was practically at an end, Jefferson be- gan to prepare for trouble by building gunboats and preparing to man them should war be neces- sary. He also sent Monroe and Pinckney to Lon- 212 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. don to make a treaty, but this treaty said nothing about impressing sailors, so he did not even send it to the senate. He also "boycotted" Great Brit- ain, cutting off her trade with the states. In June, 1807, trouble began between the Chesapeake and Leopard, a British vessel, and this soon led to war. Jefferson refused a third term, thus with Washington setting a precedent that has since been followed, and in 1808 he was succeeded by James Madison. Finally in 1811 the United States, becoming tired of the injustice and trickery of both the French and English, declared war on Great Britain. The causes set forth were: tampering with the In- dians, interfering with trade, searching American vessels, and impressing American sailors. The fighting in this War of 1812 took place in Canada, on the lakes, on the sea, and at New Or- leans, Hull was sent to fight the British in Canada, but was defeated. Van Kensaeler was to join him at Montreal, but was defeated at Queenstown, while Dearborn, who was to go by way of Lake Champlain to Montreal, never got out of New York. Thus nothing was accomplished in 1812. The Brit- ish now invaded Ohio, but were repulsed at Fort Meigs by General Harrison. At Erie, in Pennsylvania, Oliver H; Perry built a fleet and set sail to find the British fleet on Lake Erie. In September, 1813, he found the British fleet and captured them. He then carried Harri- Old Ironsides. 213 son's army across into Canada, where the war was pushed with vigor, but the following jear they were forced to leave Canada, In the meanwhile much fighting was going on at sea in which the Americans were mainly suc- cessful. The most notable victory was that of the Constitution over the Guerriere. The British block- aded the coast and finally sent a fleet up the Po- tomac, captured Washington and burned the capi- tol. The British army then went to Jamaica to make a great expedition against the South. Land- ing at New Orleans, they were defeated with great slaughter by Andrew Jackson. Peace was then made and the United States obtained her demands. OLD IRONSIDES. 85. I. Ay, tear her tattered ensign down! Long has it waved on high. And many an eye has danced to see That banner in the sky; Beneath it rung the battle shout. And burst the cannon's roar; — The meteor of the ocean air Shall sweep the clouds no more. II. Her deck — once red with heroes' blood, Where knelt the vanquished foe. When winds were hurrying o'er the flood. And waves were white below — ■ 214 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. No more shall feel the victor's tread, Or know the conquered knee; — The harpies of the shore shall pluck The eagle of the sea ! III. O, better that her shattered hulk Should sink beneath the wave; Her thunders shook the mighty deep, And there should be her grave: Nail to the mast her holy flag, Set every threadbare sail; And give her to the god of storms, The lightning and the gale! — Holmes. THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER. 86. Francis Scott Key, son of an army officer of the Revolution, was born in Frederick county, Maryland, in 1779. He commenced the practice of law at Fredericktown in 1801, but soon removed to Washington, D. C, where he became district attorney for the city. He died January 11, 1843. A small volume of his poems was published in 1857. I. O say, can you see, by the dawn's early light. What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming; Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, Y>'ere so gallantly streaming? The 8tar-8pangled Banner. 215 And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there; O, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? II. On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence re- poses, What is that which the breeze o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam; Its full glory, reflected, now shines on the stream; 'Tis the star-spangled banner, oh! long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. III. And where is the band who so vauntingly swore, 'Mid the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country they'd leave us no more? Their blood hath washed out their foul footsteps' pollution; Xo refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave; And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 216 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. IV. Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between our loved home and the war's desola- tion; Blessed with victory and peace, may the heaven- rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation! Then conquer we must, for our cause it is just. And this be our motto, ''In God is our Trust;" And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 87. The inauguration of Monroe in 1817 opened a new era. The questions at issue between the parties had been settled by the War of 1812, and the international complications by the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. The "Era of Good Feeling" began. Monroe visited every state. The events of importance in his administration were the trouble with the Seminole Indians in Florida, the Canadian boundary, the Spanish boundary line and the relations of European powers to the states and countries in the Americas. Jack- son was sent against the southern Indians, defeated them, and they gave no further trouble. In 1818 the boundary line of the Louisiana Purchase on the north was made at the forty-ninth parallel to the Rocky mountains. Beyond the mountains, Oregon, The Monroe Doctrine. 217 claimed by both countries, was to be occupied jointly for ten years. In 1819 the boundary line of the Louisiana territory with Spain was settled, and the Floridas bought for |5,000,000. Russia made claims to the Pacific coast, for she had planted a colony there. John Quincy Adams protested against this, telling the Russian minister that European powers no longer had the right to plant colonies or acquire territory in the Americas. This was called the ''Monroe Doctrine" and has been enforced in the Americas since that time. In the meanwhile the West was rapidly filling up by the enterprising peoples of the East, and new states were being admitted into the Union. In 1820 there were already four states west of the Mississippi and all territory east of the river had been taken up. The men who went into this new country had many hardships and privations to en- dure, but they were resolute in founding new homes and new states out of the new West. The settlement of the West brought up the question of the extension of slavery to the new states. Slavery had been prohibited in the terri- tory between the Ohio and Mississippi and allowed in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Louisiana w^as admitted as a slave state because it had many slaves. The fight came to be made on the new states west of the Mississippi. Each side v/as resolute. Finally an agreement, known as the "Missouri Compromise," was effected. The provi- sions were: 218 Correlation of History, OeograpTiy and Literature. 1. Maine should come in as a free, Missouri as a slave state. 2. That territory south of 86° 30' in the Louisiana Purchase should be slaveholding, and ter- ritory north, free. This law was passed in 1836. There were now twenty-four states, and no more were admitted for sixteen years. 88. Another important factor in the settle- ment of the West was the construction of highways of transportation connecting the East and West. The steamboat had come into general use; the riv- ers of both the East and West were covered with them. Canals were constructed and railroads be- gan to be built. The Erie canal was begun in 1817 and opened in 1825. The effect of this canal was tremendous. Freight could now be carried from New York to Buffalo, then to the states bordering on the lakes, for |14 per ton instead of |120. This made New York the center of trade, and hastened the settling of the sections reached by the lakes and rivers flowing into them. Pennsylvania began a competing line of canals to join Philadelphia and Pittsburg, but the horse- power railroad came in and the line was part canal, part railroad. Soon Baltimore began railroads to the West also, to obtain part of the trade. Rail- road building became common as a means of transportation and travel, and the introduction of the locomotive in 1830 led to the rapid building of Andrew Jackson. 219 railroads all over the East and leading into the West. 89. In 1824 the candidates for president were four, John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and William H. Crawford. No candidate receiving a majority, the House of Representatives elected Adams because he believed in internal improve- ments at government expense and a protective tariff. In 1828 he was renominated on this platform and Jackson was nominated by the ''Democratic Re- publicans," as they called themselves. Jackson was elected. Jackson was called "a man of the people," and as such gained the election, and politics had lit- tle to do with the result. It was evident at this time that the North and South w^ere different kinds of people, with differ- ent ideas of government and its forms. The South opposed the protective features of the tariffs of the North, and in 1838 South Carolina declared these tariff laws null and void. Jackson ordered the col- lector at Charleston to continue to collect them. Then South Carolina threatened to secede. This led to the great debates in Congress by Webster, Cal- houn, and Hayne. Finally Clay offered a compro- mise in 18.33 and South Carolina withdrew her or- dinance of secession. In 1S3G the charter of the Bank of the United States was to expire. The South and West were full of state banks, and so Jackson and his party were opposed to rechartering the Bank of the United States. Jackson began to attack this bank 220 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. at once as unconstitutional and unnecessary, and the question was made the party platform in 1831. Jackson was elected and destroyed the bank. He withdrew the government money from it and depos- ited it in state banks. This led to the establishment of many more state banks, the issuance of paper money by them and an unstable currency. There was much speculation as a result, too, and all values became fictitious. Specie became scarce and was withdrawn from circulation. The surplus revenue of the United States, obtained by duties, and the sale of government lands, was distributed among the states. The banks of the states in which this sur- plus was were asked to call it in. The result was a panic. Mills and factories were shut down, thou- sands thrown out of employment, values became un- settled, and even bread riots occurred in the cities. Thus in 1837 for awhile the government, the banks and the people were bankrupt. Martin Van Buren was elected by the Dem- ocratic party in 1836. The panic came at once after his inauguration. To relieve it Congress authorized the secretary of the treasury to issue |10,000,000 in treasury notes, and this became the basis of the sec- ond national debt. The experiences of the govern- ment with state banks convinced it that they were not safe, so an "Independent Treasury" was estab- lished to handle the moneys of the government. The trouble with banks was ascribed to the Democratic party, so in 1840 Van Buren was opposed by the Harrison and Tyler. 221 Republican candidate, Harrison, and by an anti- slavery candidate, Birney. This anti-slavery party was the beginning in national affairs of what had already arisen in territorial matters. William Lloyd Garrison was one of the leaders, and the publisher of the litera- ture. Soon the country was flooded with anti- slavery literature, which was finally shut out of the mails. The pro-salvery party went further then, and adopted what was known as the ''gag rule," refus- ing in Congress to accept petitions. This rule was adopted again and again till 184-4. The effect of these extreme measures was to increase the anti- slavery sentiment. But the first time this sentiment found expression in national politics was in a con- vention at Albany in 1840, which nominated James G. Birney for president. 90. Van Buren was a shrewd and skilful poli- tician; Harrison, a popular favorite. The Demo- crats ridiculed Harrison's honorable poverty and western surroundings. The Whigs took up the sneer and called him the "Log Cabin'' candidate. Immense mass meetings were held and an unusual campaign carried on. Harrison was elected as ninth president, with John Tyler as vice-president. A month after inauguration Harrison died and Tyler became president. The first thing the Whigs did was to repeal the law establishing the Independent Treasury. This Tyler approved. But when they at- tempted to re-establish the Bank of the United States he vetoed the measure, and also a similar 222 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. one following it. For this he was read out of the party and all the members of his cabinet resigned, save Webster, who remained to conclude a treaty with Great Britain defining our fishing rights and boundary line between Maine and Canada. Tyler, belonging to neither party, now com- mitted an act which was very important in results. In 1821 Mexico became independent from Spain and set up a republic. Texas was one of the states of this republic. It was attractive to Americans, but had not been settled by them, because it was not known who owned it. Moses Austin obtained the right to bring in settlers, and soon there was a large colony of Americans. Soon there were seven- teen grants, or rights given by the Mexican govern- ment to establish colonies. These colonies gov- erned themselves. In 1830 Mexico began to rule them harshly. In 1833 they rebelled and in 1836 set up the republic of Texas. At first the Texans were defeated, and bands of them massacred after they had surrendered. Money and troops were sent from the United States and finally Santa Anna, the presi- dent of Mexico, was defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto in 1836. At once the independence of Texas was acknowledged by the United States, Eng- land, France and Belgium, 91. Texas then applied for admission to the Union, but slavery existed in Texas, hence anti- slavery men opposed it. But Taylor secretly made a treaty of annexation and submitted it to the Senate in 1844. The Democrats took up the issue in favor Peopling of the West— Oregon. 223 of it as their platform. The Republicans opposed it. James K. Polk was nominated on this platform by the Democrats and elected. Another plank in the platform was the disposition of the Oregon territory. As said before, this was jointly occupied by the Brit- ish and Americans. In 1824, 54° 40' had been made the boundary line between Oregon and British Co- lumbia. In 1832 four Flathead Indians appeared in St. Louis and asked General Clark for the white man's Bible. It was not given them by the general, so a young clerk in his oflflce wrote a letter to a friend in Pittsburg, telling of the incident. The letter was published and led to the sending of four mission- aries into the Oregon country to the Indians. One of these, Marcus Whitman, crossed over the Rockies into the Columbia valley. Soon he and another mis- sionary went to Walla Walla with their wives, and in five years 137 immigrants had followed him. This alarmed the English fur traders, for joint possession meant the right of each country to settle Oregon, and whichever country had the greater number of settlers would hold it. 92. When, in 1842, 140 English immigrants started to that territory, Whitman started to Wash- ington to inform the president. After a hard trip across the Rocky mountains in the winter, he reached Santa Fe, January 3, 1843, and two months later was in Washington. He told the president the state of affairs, and it was agreed that nothing should be done in regard to the boundary until he 224 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. led out a band of settlers. Two months later he had 200 wagons started for the new country, and in 1845 there were 7,000 Americans in Oregon, and the next 3^ear 12,000, The Democrats took up the matter of boundary line at "fifty-four forty or fight," and won not only the election, but the boundary as well. In January, 1845, Congress passed a resolu- tion in favor of annexing Texas. In December, 1845, her senators and representatives took their seats in Congress. 93. When Texas entered the Union she claimed as her boundary line the Rio Grande, from its mouth to its source, then a line due north to 42°. Mexico disputed this, claiming the Neuces river as the western boundary of Texas. President Polk took the side of Texas, and sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to occupy the disputed strip. Mexico attacked him, and at once Polk asked Congress to declare war; so war was declared May 13, 1846. Taylor won battles at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Matamoras, Mon- terey, and went to Saltillo. Gen. Winfield Scott v/as sent to Mexico and took command. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista. Scott in the meantime landed at Vera Cruz and started for the City of Mexico. After many battles and great losses, by both battle and disease, he captured Mexico. Polk asked Congress for ^2,000,000 to settle the boundary line and end the war. This was granted. While Taylor was winning victories in Mex- ico, Col. Stephen W. Kearny was sent to oc- cupy New Mexico. From Fort Leavenworth he went Peopling of the West — Mexican War. 225 up the Arkansas river to Bent's Fort, and by the Santa Fe trail through the valley of the Rio Grande to Santa Fe. Taking the city, he declared the whole of the territory to be the property of the United States. Then he started to seize California. On ar- riving there he found Fremont and Stockton had al- ready conquered it. 94. Before this time the "Great American Des- ert" had been regarded as uninhabitable and worth- less. But at last Thomas H. Benton succeeded in in- ducing Congress to have it explored. So, in 1842, Fremont, Benton's son-in-law, was sent to see if emi- grants could cross by the South pass. Starting from Kansas City, with Kit Carson as guide, he crossed the mountains and reported the pass easy, giving a fine account of the country. In 1843 he was sent out again. This time he went northward to Walla Walla, where Whitman was, then to Dallas, Van- couver and Sutter's Fort, in the Sacramento valley. 95. In 1845 Fremont set out a third time, crossed Nebraska and Utah, and went on to Monte- rey. He was ordered out by the Mexicans, went to the mountains and spent the winter. When, in 1846, the war began with Mexico, the Americans, fearing the Mexicans, revolted, raised a flag with a grizzly bear as their emblem, and proclaimed the Bear Re- public of California. These republicans were pro- tected by Fremont and Stockton until Kearny came. When peace was made with Mexico, in 1848, Mexico gave up the land and received |15,000,000. 226 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. Thus was added 522,568 square miles to the terri- tory of the United States. The boundary line between Mexico and the United States offered so much trouble that in 1853 Congress paid Mexico |10,000,000, and estab- lished the line where it now is, making the Gadsden Purchase of 45,535 square miles. 96. Most of the territory thus acquired had been settled by Spaniards and Mexicans. The ques- tion now confronting the government was the best way to govern this territory, and the extension of slavery into it. Both the Whig and Democratic par- ties refused to make any declaration of policy, and a new party, the Free-Soil party, came into existence, demanding that this territory should be non-slave- holding. The Whig candidates, Taylor and Fillmore, were elected. The Southern states demanded that the territories be open to slavery. The Northern states opposed it. A strong feeling arose in the South that they should establish a Southern confed- eracy of slave-holding states, while in the North the feeling against slavery was quite as high. In 1848 gold was discovered in California, and at once a rush began to the new territory, and soon it had a large population. In 1849 the people in California made a free-state constitution and ap- plied for admission into the Union. The South opposed any more free states, and Clay offered a compromise: that California should be admitted as a free state; that the slave trade should be abolished in the District of Columbia; that a new Slavery and Rise of the Republican Party. 227 and stringent fugitive slave-law should be enacted; that New Mexico and Utah should be made terri- tories regardless of slavery, and that Texas should sell as much of New Mexico as was east of the Rio Grande. The debate on this compromise was a great one. Finally the measure was passed. 97. In 1852 the Democrats nominated and elected Franklin Pierce. He believed, as the Whigs did, that all slavery questions were settled; but soon the old question was raging as fiercely as ever. Soon the territories of Kansas and Nebraska came into question, as to whether they were covered by the Missouri Compromise bill of 36° 30', or, as new ter- ritories, had "squatter sovereignty" rights. For seven years the struggle existed for the possession of Kansas by the two factions. The territory was occupied and claimed by both sides. The pro-slavery men won and slavery was established in Kansas. 98. In 1856 there was a general breaking up of old parties. Webster and Clay were both dead. The Whig party weakened and was completely de- stroyed by the Kansas-Nebraska bill. The Demo- crats who opposed extension of slavery could no longer support the government. There was, too, a strong party opposed to immigration which was organized as the Native American party in 1841. Since its members would not tell its principles, it M^as called the "Know Nothing party." Soon a new party was founded in Michigan and Wisconsin out of the wrecks of the old ones. This party, calling themselves Republicans, met at Philadelphia and 228 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. nominated Fremont and Dayton. The Free-Soilers joined the Republicans. The Whigs indorsed Fill- more, while the Democrats nominated Buchanan and Breckenridge, who were elected. Certain questions of slavery were regarded as settled, but a new one arose that opened the whole matter again. This was the "Dred Scott Case." 99. A slave named Dred Scott was taken by his master from Missouri to Illinois, a free state, then back to Missouri. He claimed that his residence on free soil had made him a free man. The case went to the Supreme Court, which decided as fol- lows: 1. That Dred Scott was not a citizen and therefore could not sue in the United States courts. His residence in a free state had not made him free. 2. That Congress could not shut slave prop- erty out of the territories any more than it could shut out a horse or cow. 3. That the piece of legislation known as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was null and void. This confirmed all that had been gained for slavery by the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854 and opened to slavery Oregon and Washington, which were free territories. This decision filled the Southern people with delight and split the Democratic party in the North, while it made the Republicans more determined than ever to prevent the spread of slavery. When the pro-slavery men submitted a consti- tution to Kansas with the question, Will you have Slavery and Rise of the Republican Party. 229 this constitution with or without slavery? the free settlers would not vote and slavery was adopted. Soon an anti-slavery legislature submitted the ques- tion of adopting the constitution and it was de- feated. President Buchanan submitted the consti- tution and asked that Kansas be admitted as a slave state. Douglas opposed this, and, with the aid of Northern Democrats, kept Kansas a terri- tory until 18G1. 100. Then came the great debates between Douglas and Lincoln which gave Douglas the sena- torship from Illinois, but Lincoln the presidency later. In 1859 John Brown, a fanatic who had taken part in the border ruffianism in Kansas in 1855, and was outlawed, w'ent to Virginia to stir up a slave insurrection and thus secure the liberation of the negroes. He seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, freed slaves and arrested white people, but no insurrection followed. He was soon captured by Robert E. Lee, a colonel in the army, tried on the charge of murder and treason against Virginia and hanged. 101. So one event after another embittered the struggle until 18C0. The Democrats met in conven- tion at Charleston, S. C, but went to pieces. One group, extreme Southerners, met in Baltimore later and nominated Breckenridge and Lane, on a platform declaring that Congress had no power to abolish slavery in the territories; that territorial legislatures could not interfere with slavery, and 230 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. that the federal government must .protect slave property M^herever government extended. The other part of the Charleston convention met at Baltimore and nominated Stephen A. Doug- las and Herschel V. Johnson. Another party, calling itself the National Con- stitutional Union, nominated Bell and Everett, and declared for "the Constitution of the country, the union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws." 102. The Republican party met at Chicago, nominated Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, and 1. Repudiated the principles of the Dred Scott decision. 2. Demanded the admission of Kansas as a free state. 3. Denied all sympathy v^^ith any kind of in- terference M'ith slavery in the states. 4. Insisted that all territories must be kept free. 5. Called for a railroad to the Pacific and a homestead law. At the election Lincoln received 180 votes; Breckenridge, 72; Bell, 39; and Douglas, 12. 103. Since 1840 many improvements had taken place in the United States. Population had moved westward. In 1840 there were 17,000,000 people, of whom all but 876,000 were east of the Mississippi. Now the population was 31,000,000, the number of states increased to thirty-three. The immigration had come to be enormous. Railroads Slavery and Rise of the Republican Party. 231 were built, express companies, postage stamps and the telegraph were introduced, sewing machines and the harvester were invented, anaesthesia was discovered, the Atlantic cable laid and steamship lines with Europe established. Every class of society was benefited by these improvements, especially the laboring classes, and manufacturing had come to be a great industry in all save the slave-holding states, which remained mainly agricultural. vVhen it became known that Lincoln was elected. South Carolina seceded on December 20, 1860. Soon Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas left the Union. On February 4, 1861, delegates from these states met at Mont- gomery, Ala., and established a provisional govern- ment, which they called the ^'Confederate States of America," and elected Jefferson Davis and Alex- ander H. Stephens as president and vice-president. Buchanan did nothing against this, saying that no state had a right to secede, but having seceded, he had no right to make war upon that state. The states seceded because the people believed that the election of Lincoln meant the abolition of slavery, hence their rights under the Constitution would not be protected. The Eepublican party, at the time, had no idea of abolishing slavery, and attempts were made to effect a compromise, but it was too late. Immediately after his inauguration, Lincoln declared that he had no intention of interfer- 232 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. ing with the institutions of the states, but that he should protect the property of the United States. This led the Confederate commander at Charleston, General Beauregard, under the order of Governor Pickens, to fire on Fort Sumter, and this was the beginning of the war. THE CIVIL WAR. 104. Thus was begun the War of the Rebellion, The life of the Union was at stake. The ques- tion of the right of a state to secede was to be settled by arms, and for this settlement both sides began to prepare. The North was full of Southern sympathizers. The South was united. The nations of Europe, save Russia, were in support of the South, and the South had the advantage of acting on the defensive, while the North had greater resources and greater wealth. Lincoln at once called Congress to meet and for 75,000 volunteers to reduce the seceding states. The border states, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas seceded. The capital of the Confed- eracy was moved to Richmond, an army raised, and soon both sides were ready with armies in the field. The Battle of Bull Run. 233 THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 105. On June 21, 18G1, was fought, near where the Orange and Alexandria railroad crosses Bull Run, the first battle of the war in which any consid- erable numbers were engaged. In the first part of the engagement General Beauregard was in command, but upon the arrival of Gen. Joseph Johnston from Winchester, with six thousand fresh troops, the command devolved upon him as senior in rank. The Union forces were under the command of Gen- eral McDowell, because the commander-in-chief, General Scott, was too feeble to take an active part. Until the arrival of Johnston with reinforcements, the Union troops seemed upon the point of gaining a brilliant victory, but his arrival turned the ad- vance into a disastrous rout back toward Washing- ton City. The result of this Confederate victory was two-fold: giving the Confederates an ill-founded over-confidence which meant misfortune to them; the National government was roused to a more seri- ous effort in putting down what was for the first time recognized as a' serious rebellion. 106. On the part of the Union, the plan for suppressing the rebellion gradually took the fol- lowing form: (1) To blockade the Southern ports and thus cut off the Confederacy from foreign war supplies; (2) To capture Richmond; (3) To open the Mississippi river; (4) To occupy Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and thence cut through to the Atlantic. To carry out the first, all the naval engagements along 234 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. the coast and in mid-ocean were fought. Under the second, the first and second advances on Richmond were made. Under the third both attempts to open up the Mississippi river were essayed, while under the fourth may be considered the campaign in East Tennessee and Sherman's march from Chattanooga to the sea. The Confederacy was principally acting on the defensive, and hence its part was to establish and maintain its own form of government and repel the invaders. However, the Confederate states did assume the offensive with the purpose of invading the North, and thus removing the seat of war out of their own into the enemy's territory. At the time of the battle of Bull Run General McClellan was in western Virginia with an army; General Patterson, with another Union force, was near Harper's Ferry, and General Lyons was in command in Missouri, opposing the Confederate General Price. FIRST ATTEMPT TO OPEN THE MISSISSIPPI. 107. An excellent idea can be gained of con- ditions along the Mississippi river in the spring of 1862 from a close study of this map. It will be seen that the Confederacy was in full control of the Mississippi river from Columbus, Kentucky, to its mouth. Fort Henry commanded the Tennessee and Fort Donelson the Cumberland river. Hence the importance of capturing Fort Henry and Donelson and of Grant's battle with General Albert Sidney McClellan's First Advance. 235 Johnston at Pittsburg Landing. This gave the Union its first great victory, with a loss of 15,000 men to the Confederates, and on the following day, April 7, 1862, Island No. 10, surrenders to General Pope with seven thousand prisoners of war. This left the Mississippi river open as far north as Vicksburg as a result of Grant's restless campaign. His next camijaign is against Vicksburg. McCLELLAN'S FIRST ADVANCE. 108. Early in 18G2 McClellan made the first ad- vance on Kichmond, going by water to Fortress Monroe and thence toward Richmond, between the James and York rivers. At Yorktown McClellan's army was detained a month in besieging and cap- turing that towm. Yorktown being evacuated on the 5th of May, McClellan's troops pursued the re- tiring Confederates and on the same day fought the battle of Williamsburg, the Confederates continuing to retreat at night toward Richmond. In the mean- time Stonewall Jackson made a series of rapid maneuvers, by w^hich he defeated and confused sev- eral bodies of Union troops in detail and frightened the authorities at Washington, so that the troops at Fredericksburg were prevented from joining Mc- Clellan before Richmond. Also, General Johnston attacked one wing of McClellan's army at Fair Oaks and won a partial victory, while the remaining por- tion of the Union army was still east of the Chicka- 236 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. hominy river. Johnston, having received a wound in this battle, was succeeded by General R. E. Lee, who was joined by Stonewall Jackson from the Val- ley of Virginia. McClellan withdrew his forces to- ward the James river, fighting continuously for seven days. 109. McClellan's plan had failed, and he was succeeded by General Pope, whose success at Island No. 10 had given him a reputation that inspired con- fidence. Observe that the Union army had had three commanders. Pope was destined to be no more for- tunate than his predecessors, and on August 29 and 30, 1862, was defeated by Lee on the old Bull Run battle-field, whence his disheartened army fell back to the neighborhood of Washington, where it had been a year before. Another change was made by placing McClel- lan in chief command a second time. On the 16th and 17th of September McClellan and Lee fought the severe battle of Antietam, which caused Lee to with- draw across the Potomac, McClellan following slowly. But McClellan had lost the confidence of his superiors, and was now finally removed, to make place for General Burnside. General Burnside crossed the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg, and attacked the Confederate works on the heights back of the town on De- cember 13th, with the result that his army was de- feated with fearful slaughter. Therefore he was succeeded by General Hooker. Battle of Qettysturg. 237 Early in May, Hooker tries his hand with Gen- eral Lee at the battle of Chancellorsville, where, like his predecessors, he was beaten by Lee's gen- eralship and Jackson's great movement to his rear. Hooker was forced to withdraw across the Rappa- hannock. Meade succeeded him in the command. In this battle Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded by a part of his own command, who, in the darkness, mistook him and staff for the enemv. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 110. Because of the advantages gained at Chancellorsville, Lee was enabled to cross the Po- tomac and march toward Harrisburg, Pa. The two great armies met at Gettysburg on the first day of July, 1863, and engaged in a three days' battle. The first and second were largely spent in fighting for the final positions which should decide the battle. On the third day, though the Con- federates broke through the center of the Federal army, they were driven back and the victory re- mained with Meade. The Confederates lost nearly thirty thousand, while the Union loss was over twenty-three thousand. As a result, Lee retreated into Virginia and gave up the hope of a Northern in- vasion, which had been twice thwarted. 238 Con-elation of History, Geography and Literature. ADDRESS AT THE DEDICATION OF GETTYSBURG CEMETERY. 111. Four score and seven years ago our fath- ers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living rather, to be dedicated here to the un^nished work they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased de- votion to the cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly re- solve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth Fall of Vicksiurg. 239 of freedom, and that the government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. — Abraham Lincoln. FALL OF VICKSBURG. 112. In the summer and early fall of 1862 Gen- erals Grant and Pope, in connection with Admiral Foote's gunboats, had been able to open the Mis- sissippi river as far south as Vicksburg. At the same time Farragut was pounding the forts below New Orleans, which he finally silenced, and captured the city. After a series of ineffectual attempts to capture Vicksburg and thus open up the entire Mississippi river, in this way cutting the Con- federacy in two, Grant sat down in regular siege about Vicksburg, which surrendered July 4, 1863, the day following the great Gettysburg victory in Pennsylvania. The surrender of Vicksburg resulted in the capture of Port Hudson farther down the river, and gave the Union armies possession of the whole of the Mississippi. 113. After the battle of Murfreesboro, which was fought December 31, 1862, about the time Grant was beginning operations against Vicksburg, Rose- crans occupied Murfreesboro, and the Confederate general, Bragg, retreated, in the summer and fall of 18G3, Eosecrans forced Bragg by his maneuvers to fall back and leave Chattanooga in Union hands. But on the 19th and 20th of September Bragg was 240 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. enabled by his reinforcements to fight the great battle of Chickamauga. In effect it was the oppo- site of the meeting of these same two generals at Murfreesboro nine months before, for on the first day the Union army won considerable advantage, but on the second the right half of Rosecrans' army was driven in confusion towards Chattanooga. Gen- eral Thomas had prevented an utter rout in both these battles. By this brilliant stand, Thomas held Bragg in check until Rosecrans prepared Chatta- nooga for defense. But Grant, whose success about Vicksburg had gained him great reputation, was now given com- mand of all the western forces. Thomas succeeded Rosecrans. 114. In the battles now fought about Chatta- nooga was one of the greatest array of distinguished officers known on any field of the war. When Grant took advantage of Longstreet's absence in East Tennessee to attack Bragg's army. Hooker, Sher- man, Thomas, Sheridan and other ranking officers were present with him. After a series of brilliant movements, in which Hooker carried Lookout moun- tain and Sherman broke Bragg's line in six places, the Confederate army was forced to retreat. As a result of his brilliant military movements at the west. Grant was put in command of all the Union armies, and took charge in person of the army in front of Washington, while Sherman was left in command at the west. Sherman's March to the Sea. 241 SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA. 115. In tlie spring of l* Ol 0_ O 00 O 1-H O^ Irt CO 'r-T eSci Oit^iHrHt-^eO tH O as th CO M c^i . CO ITS Cq C» CD 2 ai Co" 00 CO ■«i<^ S O OJ 00 -^ 00 ^ 00 oo_^ t>^ in «3_ 00 Co" OOOOO OOOOO io_ o o_ o o_ t-^ o o" m" o" t- in o CO lo lO t- lO 00 CO OJlOi-ICDCO OOOOO rHCDCOCO-*' OOOOO 00 CO^ i-l iH co_^ o o_ o o o Co' o 1-T co" c^* o o" o o o i-IO5C0,H00 OOOOCJ in CD CO m o in o in 00 o o o o o CO o o o o o o o_ o_ o_^ o o_^ co" o" o o' o o CO in o in o o CO C— 00 T-l t— T-) 00 o o o o OOOOO °°. o o_^ o_ o t-" o o' o" o OS o ■* -^ o CD O 00 -^ CO iH tH Tji^ cq O co" rH CO CO O CO -^ t- in o in CO t- as o CO CO •OOCO OOOOO :0000 OOOOO . o o_^ o o o o o_ o_ o • o" o" o" o o o o" o" lO • ocooco oooinin :o-<* oooo_^o_^ i^csoo ocooo"o" inooo ooinooo o o^ in in in 05_ CO CO co_^ in" th" i-T co" co" in" o :;3 cu o r --H o o a> 3 w.rtw.^L.-. o-'H-iJpo'J fc.>CTi-rt:3 a o 278 Correlation of History, Geography and Literature. OI»OOCOOt^t:~T-(THlflU5?OCOiHTHK5lrtMU5r-IOTHeOTHeOCO OlOOiHlOOOt-COCvliHCOOOlOt-iHOS^DCOCJt-lftlO-rtiint-OM ^ O IC i:C CO_ rH (X3 CD^ 1-H CO lO CO t>^ 0_ t-_ Cs)_ C^I_ lO (>a O t^ Cn <) O tIh" Oo" lO ■* CO Oi CO ■^" (35 Co' 00 TjT lo" •*" tH «D Cq 00 lO rH t-^ Cq" CO 05 M t-^ E-lO0000CO00OO(MOOOO LOootD«nt-THO-*Mmoo t-COOlAOOLOlOC O O O O iH tr- e^ lO lo^ o in t-^ C^ o iH in oi Tti o ct>-<£io-«ti«ooooinoo-»*t-oo500i M O CO_^ C<1_ C^^ iH CO_^ CO tH CD O 05 ■* O 05 O -* O CO O^ C. «^ in N O iH § o oo" t-^ cj CO co" ih" -*" t-" t-^ co" in" t-" co" o co" o w" ■* 05" r-T l-T ca5CcoocoLnino5COrHminineoini-iOi-(ooi--cocoinot-i-iincocoo5C~c30-^t-(MT-icq-rince, or State, nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept anw present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State; nor the United States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. 29S Appendix. Sec. 2. — No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance whatever, be- tween them, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. Sec. 3. — No State shall lay any impost or duties which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States in Congress as- sembled, with any king, prince, or State, in pursu- ance of any treaties already proposed by Congress to the courts of France and Spain. Sec. 4. — No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in Congress assembled, for the defense of such State, or its'trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in time of peace, except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always keep up a well- regulated and disciplined militia, suflSciently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage. Sec. 5. — No State shall engage in any war with- out the consent of the United States in Congress as- sembled, unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of delay till the United States in Congress assembled can be consulted; nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of Articles of Confederation. war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States in Congress assembled, and then only against the king- dom or State, and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such reg- ulations as shall be established by the United Sttaes in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of M^ar may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in Congress assembled shall determine otherwise, ARTICLE VII. When land forces are raised by the State for the common defense, all oflQcers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall b raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the appointment. ARTICLE VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in Con- gress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States, in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the United States in Congress assembled shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures 300 Appendix. of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. ARTICLE IX. Section 1. — The United States in Congress as- sembled shall have the sole and exclusive right and pov/er of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article, of sending and receiving ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances, providing that no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the ex- portation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever; of establishing rules for deciding in all cases what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and fel- onies committed on the high seas; and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of capture; provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts. Sec. 2. — The United States in Congress assem- bled shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that hereafter may arise between two or more States con- cerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following: Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with another, shall present a petition Articles of Confederation. 301 to Congress, stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other Slate in controversy and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to consti- tute a court for hearing and determining the mat- ter in question; but if they can not agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners be- ginning, until the number shall be reduced to thir- teen, and from that number not less than seven, nor more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of Congress, be drawn out by lot; and the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges to hear and finally determine the controversy, so also as a major part of the judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day ap- pointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present, shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party ab- sent or refusing; and the judgment or sentence of the court, to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pro- nounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment or sen- tence and other proceedings being in either case 302 Appendix. transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts orCongress,for the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered Ijy one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection or hope of reward." Pro- vided, also, that no State shall be deprived of terri- tory for the benefit of the United States. Sec. 3. — All controversies concerning the pri- vate right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdiction, as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have orig- inated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as is before pre- scribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States. Sec. 4. — The United States in Congress assem- bled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the re- spective States; fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States ; regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States; provided that the legislative right of any State, Mnthin its own limits, be not infringed or violated; establishing and regu- lating postoffices from one State to another through- out all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same, as may be Articles of Confederation. 303 requisite to defray the expenses of the said office; appointing all officers of the land forces in the ser- vice of the United States, excepting regimental offi- cers; appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the ser- vice of the United States; making rules for the gov- ernment and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations. Sec. 5. — The United States in Congress assem- bled shall have authority to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated, "A Committee of the States," and to consist of one dele- gate from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the several affairs of the United States under their direction; to apoint one of their number to preside; provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years ; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half-year to the respec- tive States an account of the sums of money so bor- rowed or emitted; to build and equip a navy; to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in pro- portion to the number of white inhabitants in such State, which requisiton shall be binding; and there- upon the legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, clothe, arm, and equip them, in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by 304 Appendix. the United States in Congress assembled; but if the United States in Congress assembled shall, on con- sideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, ofiicered, clothed, armed, and equipped, in the same manner as the quota of such Stale, unless the legis- lature of such State shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm. and equip, as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. Sec. 0. — The United States in Congress assem- bled shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regu- late the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of v.ar to be built or purchased, or the num- ber of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the vote of a majority of the United States in Congress assembled. Sec. 7. — The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no Articles of Confederation. 305 period of adjournment be for a lonj^er duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the jour- nal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relatin},' to Ireafies, alliances, or military operations, as in their judgment re({uire secrecy; and tlie yeas and nays of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate, and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay be- fore the legislatures of the several States. AKTICLE X. The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States in Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall, from time to time, think expe- dient to vest them with; provided, that no power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine States, in the Congress of the United States as- sembled, is requisite. ARTICLE XL Canada, acceding to this Confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into and entitled to all the advantages of this Union: But no other colony shall be ad- mitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States. ARTICLE XIL All bills of credit emitted, money borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of Con- 306 Appendix. gress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present Confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. ARTICLE XIII. Every State shall abide b}^ the determination of the United States in Congress assembled, in all questions which by this Confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislature of every State. And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress to approve of and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, Know ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, and all and singular the matters therein contained. And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, in all questions which by the said Con- federation are submitted to them ; and that the arti- Articles of Confederation. 307 cles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at PhiladcljjJiia, in the State of Pennsyl- vania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord Ill's, and in the third year of the Inde- pendence of America. New Hampshire — JosiaL Bartlett, John Wentworth, Jr. Massachusetts Bay — John Hancock, Sam- uel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, Francis Dana, James Lovel, Samuel Holton. Rhode Island^ Etc. — William Ellery, Henry Marchant, John Collins. Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott, Titus Hosmer, Andrew Adams. New York — James Duane, Francis Lewis, William Doer, Gouverneur Morris. New Jersey — John Witherspoon,Nat. Scud- der. Pennsylvania — Robt. Morris, Daniel Rober- deau, Jona Bayard Smith, William Cliugan, Joseph Reed. Delaware — Thomas McKean, John Dickin- son, Nicholas Van Dyke. Maryland — John Hanson, Daniel Carroll. Virginia — Richard Henry Lee, John Banis- ter, Thomas Adams, John Harvio, Francis Light- foot Lee. North Carolina — John Penn, Cons. Har- nett, John Williams. Appendix. South Carolina — Henry Laurens, William Henry Drayton, John Matthews, Richard Hutson, Thomas Heyward, Jr. Georgia — John Walton, Edward Telfair, Ed- ward Langworthy. FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 156. Here should be given the Federal Consti- tution with all its amendments, but as this is acces- sible to all pupils, we omit it to make room for the less available and equally important papers which made its creation and ratification possible. Though adopted in convention 17th September, 1787, it does not supersede the Articles of Confederation as the organic law of the land until 4th March, 1789. WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 157. On September 17, 1706, Washington caused to be published his Farewell Address, which may be considered in the same line with the Consti- tution. It had been partially prepared at the end of his first presidential term, but was reserved until the end of the second, when he had been prevailed upon to stand for a second election. This address may be obtained from almost any text-book on United States history. The Emancipation Proclamation. 309 THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION, By the President of the United States of America. 158. Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, con- taining among other things the following, to wit: "That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- three, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free, and the executive government of the United States, in- cluding the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. "That the executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the peo- ple thereof respectively shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the Congress of the Unite.d States by members chosen thereto at elec- tions wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the ab- sence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against the United States." 310 Appendix. Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, Presi- dent of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed rebellion against the authority and govern- ment of the United States, and as a fit and neces- sary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose to do so, pub- licly proclaim for the full period of one hundred days from the day the first above-mentioned, order and designate, as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in rebellion against the United States, the follow- ing, to wit: Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, As- sumption, Terre Bonne, La Fourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans, including the city of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (ex- cept the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkley, Acco- mac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this Proclamation were not issued. And by virtue of the power and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be free; and that the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authori- The Emancipation Proclamation. 3il ties thereof, will recognize and maintain the free- dom of said persons. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so de- clared to be free, to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense, and I recommend to them that in all cases, when allowed, they labor faith- fully for reasonable wages. And 1 further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States to gar- rison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judg- ment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my name, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of [l. s.] our Lord one thousand eight hun- dred and sixty-three, and of the In- dependence of the United States the eighty-seventh. Abraham Lincoln. By the President: William H. Seward^ Secretary of State. 6^^ i ^ .V X^ <^<,- - ^'- 'oo' A^^ .\* ^^^;y^y ^9- ^^'O/. 'O^ V -x^^ ^"^ .V_^x^. aV^ '^X %;^^^^^ b 0^ . \^ ^^. ^V •^^, \0 o^ ^ *x O %^%^ - . x> ^^'*'.. ^^