/®sa?& ; o- * - •^- . -> .A " •■'■■■ f LATIN LESSONS AND READER WITH EXERCISES FOR THE WRITING OF LATIN; INTRODUCTORY TO ANDREWS AND STODDARD'S LATIN GRAMMAR, AND ALSO TO NEPOS OR CAESAR, AND KREBS' GUIDE. BY ALLEN H. WELD, A. M. PRINCIPAL OF NORTH YARMOUTH CLASSIC^rfTACAr/ErRPl «Secontr 23Drftfon t Hnlatgetr. ANDOTER: ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL. NEW YORK : MARK H. NEWMAN. 1845. ^h x \ •>» \* Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by ALLEN, MORRILL & WARDWELL, in the Clerk's Oince of the District Court of Massachusetts. /f 3 fc* ANDOVER : ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL, PRINTERS. RECOMMENDATIONS. The Publishers solicit the attention of the public to the following certificates of recommendation, given either by gentlemen who have witnessed the effects of Mr. A. H. Weld's system by a personal and critical examination of pupils instructed by it, or by practical teach- ers, who have tested its utility by using it in their Schools. Boston, Feb. 24, 1843. 1 am using Weld's Latin Lessons, and prefer it to any other intro- ductory book for young learners which 1 have ever used. The selec- tion and arrangement of materials are admirable ; it is the production of an experienced and very skilful teacher. In its phraseology it is designedly formed to be followed by the ele- mentary works of Andrews and Stoddard, with some corrections, which will doubtless be made in a new edition ; it will be all that is needed in a first bojk for young pupils. SOLOMON ADAMS, Principal of the Young Ladies' School, Boston. Bowdoin College, Oct. 12, 1842. I have given such examination of Mr. Weld's Latin Lessons as my engagements would allow, and I cordially express my approbation of the work. The arrangement and method of the book under the direction of a faithful teacher, ensure thorough training of the pupils, while its simplicity and clearness remove all unnecessary obstacles to his progress, at the same time leaving enough for him to do. In my judgment, this book will bear a favorable comparison with any similar one of its kind. ALPHEUS S. PACKARD. 1 cheerfully concur in the above recommendation. THOMAS C. UPHAM. Gorham, Oct. 17, 1842. I have been better pleased with Mr. Weld's Latin Lessons, from a hasty examination of it, than with any other book of the kind I have seen, and have put a class of young beginners into it, and it promises to satisfy all my expectations. It makes the path of the learner plain, and greatly diminishes the labor of the teacher. I prefer it to any other. F. YEATON, Teacher of Languages in the Gorham Academy, RECOMMENDATIONS. Free Street Seminary for Young Ladies, Oct. 1842. Having introduced into my school, some months since, Weld's Latin Lessons, and tested the merits of the work by experience, I would most cordially recommend it to the favorable notice of my fel- low teachers, assuring them they will find it admirably adapted to ini- tiate the beginner, step by step, into the mysteries of the Latin Lan- guage. HEZEKIAH PACKARD, Principal of the Free Stree. Seminary. Having examined " Weld's Latin Lessons, 1 ' I am prepared to con- cur fully in the above opinion. EBEN S STEARNS. Portland, Nov 4, 1842. Two of my children have been studying Weld's Latin Lessons for some months past. I have heard them recite every lesson, or near- ly every one, thus far, in order to form some judgment as to the adaptation of the book to their wants and capacities. And [ feel bound to say that it surpasses the expectations 1 had formed of it. It se- cures several important objects, all of which [ have never seen secur- ed in any other book of the kind, with which T am acquain'ed. The lessons are so well arranged, by presenting a single principle at a time and fully illustrating each principle by examples, as to secure a com- petent understanding of each step, before passing to that which suc- ceeds. In this way the child feels that he knows what he is about ; that when he has become acquainted with the principle, he knows what use is to be made of it ; consequently his interest in the study is kept alive, while, by a frequent repetition in the parsing lessons, of all the forms and rules, with which he has become acquainted, ac- curacy in all the minute details of the study is secured. And then the lessons for the slate, or black board, accustom the pupil to the writing of Latin, from the first. In. the hands of a faithful teacher, the book will secure to the pupil these three objects : Accuracy of memory in regard to all the forms of the Latin language ; a clear understanding of the rules and principles of the language, with a readiness in applying them to the analysis or the construction of sen- tences — and a facility in translating from Latin to English, or from English to Latin. With these views of the book, formed in the way they have been, and simply for my own satisfaction, I can cordial- ly recommend it as admirably adapted to the purposes for which it was designed, and calculated to awaken in the young mind a fond- ness for the study of the Latin language by making it, from the first, thorough in its acquaintance with its forms and principles. JASON WHITMAN. PREFACE. VU enable the student to enter advantageously upon the study of works designed exclusively for the writing of Latin ; among which Krebs' Guide, recently translated from the German by Mr. S. H. Taylor, is decidedly to be preferred. In the present edition, the Vocabulary for Part First has been carefully revised and distributed among the exercises as they occur, words being occasionally omitted with which the student is supposed to have become familiar. The Vo- cabulary for Part Second is placed at the end of the book. This edition is furnished with an entirely new selection of reading matter, which, it is believed, is sufficiently extended to make the work introductory to some classical author, as Nepos or Caesar. As the work in the present edition has been enlarged, and printed almost entirely from manuscript, it has been liable to some typographical errors. And although the sheets were inspected by an experienced proof-reader and scholar, a few errors have been discovered since the last impression, which may be found corrected in the " Errata" at the end of the book, where also some words accidentally omitted on pages 11, 12 and 107, are supplied. November, 1844. PREFACE The following work was prepared at the suggestion of several experienced teachers, who with the author found it inconvenient to use introductory books, based upon Latin Grammars which are now generally discarded from classical schools. The plan of instruction developed in this work, was adopt- ed by the author previous to its publication ; but without a suitable text-book, it was attended with an expense of time and labor, which presented an additional motive for attempt- ing a task which might have been performed better by a more experienced hand. Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar has been chosen as the basis of the work, on account of its being generally used in classical schools in this section of the country, it be- ing the Grammar which it is supposed will be the companion of the student, in his future course of study. The grammatical exercises of the present work are not designed to take the place of that Grammar, but to facilitate the use of it, by illus- trating the general principles of the Latin language in a series of exercises which may serve to impress these principles on the mind of the learner, and thus prepare the way for an in- VI PREFACE. telligible application of grammatical rules to the interpretation of the language. The work consists of two distinct parts. The first contains exercises on the forms or inflexions of nouns, adjectives, pro- nouns and verbs, and on the general rules of Syntax. When a form or principle has been committed to memory, the learn- er is exercised on this, by translating from English to Latin and from Latin to English simple clauses or sentences involv- ing the form or principle under examination, and by writing upon the black board or slate at each recitation, Latin for the English in the book, or as dictated to him at the time by the teacher. In this manner the learner cannot fail of becoming familiar with each form or principle as it occurs. He moves on without discouragement, though not without having his memory and ingenuity constantly taxed. Part Second consists of selections, except a few pages, from the best classical authors, which will not be found too difficult for those who have gone over thoroughly the first part. On the margin of every page are numerous references to Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, which serve the double purpose of rendering the learner familiar with the Grammar and of explaining difficult idioms and constructions. In this part, the rules of Syntax are again illustrated by ex- amples for each general rule, carefully selected from the best authors, and somewhat more difficult than those furnished for Part First. Exercises for writing are continued, at intervals, in Part Second, and are so far extended in the present edition, as to LATIN LESSONS. PART I. PRONUNCIATION. LETTERS. $ 1. The number of letters in the Latin language is twenty-five ; of winch six. a, e, z, o, u, y, are vowels ; the rest are consonants. VOWELS. §2. \. A has three sounds ; (1) The prolonged sound, as in fate. (2) The contracted sound, as in mat. (3) The broad sound, as in march. 2. E has two sounds ; (1) The prolonged sound, as in mete. (2) The contracted sound, as in met. 3. I has two sounds ; (1) The prolonged sound, as mpine. (2) The contracted sound, as in mint. 4. O has two sounds ; ( 1 ) The prolonged sound, as in note. (2) The contracted sound, as in not. 5. U has two sounds ; (1) The prolonged sound, as in tube. (2) The contracted sound, as in tub. 2 10 PRONUNCIATION. 6. Y has the sounds of I The diphthongs, au, eu, ou, ce, ce, ai, oi, ei, have the same sounds in Latin as in English. CONSONANTS. § 3. 1. The consonants, c, s, t and x, before ia, ie, ii, io and m, when preceded by the accent, commonly have the sound of sh ; as, Lucius, Martins, Phocion, Tatius. 2. C and g are hard before a, o, u, I and r ; soft before e, i and y. 3. Ch has the sound of k. 4. L, m, n, r, are liquids. 5. P, b, t, d, k, c, g, q, are mutes. 6. X, z, j, are double consonants. ACCENT. k 4. Accent is a particular stress of voice on some syl- lable in a word. In pronouncing Latin words, the main accent is on the penult or antepenult. The penult is the last syllable but one. The antepenult is the last syllable but two. RULES. §5. 1. Words of two syllables have the accent on the first; as, altus, high; aqua, ivater. 2. Words of more than two syllables, when their pe- nult is long in quantity, have the accent on the penult; but when the penult is short in quantity, they have the accent on the antepenult; as, libertas, liberty; janua, a gate. PRONUNCIATION. 11 EXERCISE. 1. On which syllable is the accent in, musa, a muse ; culpa, blame; telum, a dart ? Why? §4, §5.1. 2. Which syllable is accented in, juvenis, a youth; insula, an island; liberaiis, liberal? Why? §5.2. Note. A long vowel is marked thus : - . A short vowel is marked thus : w . An accented syllable may be marked thus : ' , as, jan-u-a. 3. Write on the black-board, lingua, a tongue ; longitudo, length; litera, a letter; invidla, envy, and mark the accented syllable. SOUND OF THE VOWELS. §6. 1. The vowel of the penult, when accented and followed by a vowel or a single consonant, has the pro- longed sound.* See h 2 ; as, liberaiis, aqua. 2. The vowel of the penult, when followed by two consonants, or a double consonant, has the contracted sound. See k 2 and § 3. 6 ; as, libertas, altus. 3. The vowel of the antepenult, when accented, has the contracted sound; as, insula, litera (lit-e-rali). Exception 1. U is long before a single consonant; as, ju- venilis. Exc. % A vowel in the antepenult, before another vowel or the letter h, has the prolonged sound ; as, pa-n-e-tes, ve-hi-mus. Exc. 3. The vowel of the antepenult, when followed by a single consonant, and e or i with a vowel after them, has the prolonged sound ; as, im-pe-ri-mn, pa-re-o, ma-ne-o. 4. An accented vowel before a mute followed by a liquid, has generally the prolonged sound; as, sa-cra, pa-trl-a. REMARKS. 1. A, at the end of a word (except monosyllables), and at the * Some regard sihi and tibi exceptions to this rule, and pronounce them sibby and tibby. 12 PRONUNCIATION. end of an unaccented syllable, has the broad sound ; as, mu-sa (mu-sah), pen-na {pen-nah). 2. Es and os are pronounced long, like ease and dose. Note. Only a few general rules can be given here for determining the quantity of the penult. When the quantity of the penult cannot be determined from the rules below, it may be known in this book by the marks -, \j over the vowel of the penult. RULES FOR THE QUANTITY OF THE PENULT. §7. 1. A vowel before another vowel is short in quan- tity; as, in-vid-7-a, envy ; ra-rfl-us, radius. 2. A vowel before two consonants or a double conso- nant is long in quantity ; as, fia-g-eZ-lum, pen-ns.. 3. A diphthong is always long; as, au-mm, gold; eu- rus, the east-wind ; ae-tas, age. See $2. 6. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD. 1. Write, le-o, le-pus, lep-i-dns, li-bi-do. Mark the accented syllable in each. What is the sound of the penultimate and antepenultimate vowels in each? See §6. 1, 2, 3, etc. Repeat the three rules for the sound of the vowels. 2. Write, vetustas, vespillo, lapideus, invenio, Lycaeus, laudis. Mark the quantity of the penult, § 7, the accented syllable, § 5, and give the sounds of the penultimate and antepenultimate vowels in each, WORDS FOR PRACTICE. Musa, 1 penna, 1 culpa, 1 puella, plumarum, industria, juvenis, 2 peninsula, doceo, 3 placeo, 3 amabam, monebam, legebam, audie- bam, sermonis, capitis, celeritas, amicus. 1 § 6. Rem. 1. 2 § 6. 3. Exc. 1. 3 § 6. 3. Exc. 3. NOUNS. DECLENSION. 13 NOUNS. §8. 1. A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. 2. Latin nouns have three genders, Masculine, Femi- nine and Neuter, and two numbers, Singular and Plural GENERAL RULES FOR GENDER. $ 9. 1. Names of men and of male beings are mascu- line ; as, homo, a man ; rex, a king. The names of rivers, winds and months, are masculine ; because, fluvius, a river ; ventus, the wind; and mensis, a month, are masculine. 2. ( 1 ) The names of female beings are feminine. (2) The names of trees, towns, countries and islands, are feminine ; because, arbor, a tree ; urbs, a city ; regio, a country ; and insula, a?i island, are feminine. (3) The names of ships , poems &n& gems, are feminine. 3. Nouns which may be either masculine or feminine are said to be of the Common gender ; as, dux, a leader ; civis, a citizen ; in cola, an inhabitant Note. The above rules take the precedence of the rules for gen- der found in the declensions. DECLENSION. $ 9. There are five declensions. The First, is distinguished by a in the genitive singular. The Second, by i in the Gen. Sing. The Third, by is in the Gen. Sing. The Fourth, by us in the Gen. Sing. The Fifth, by ei in the Gen. Sing. 14 CASE. FIRST DECLENSION CASE. $ 10. Latin nouns have six cases, Nominative, Genitive? Dative, Accusative, Vocative and Ablative. Note 1. There is no article in the Latin language. All the other parts of speech are the same as in English. Note 2. The cases in Latin are represented by the article a or the with the following prepositions in English. Nominative, a or the. Genitive, of a or the. Dative, to or for a or the. Accusative, a or the. Vocative, ! the. Ablative, in, with, from, on, by a or the. FIRST DECLENSION. §11. Latin nouns of the first declension end in a and are of the feminine gender * They are thus declined : Musa, a muse, (pronounced Mu'-zah). Singular. Terminations. Nom. musa, a muse. a. Gen. musae, of a muse. ae. Dat. musse, to or for a muse. 33. Ace. musam, a muse. am. Voc. musa, muse ! a. Abl. musa, in, with, from or by a mvse. a.. * Greek nouns end in e, as, es. Their terminations are as follows : Singular. Singular. Singular. Those in e, Nom. e, Those in as, Nom. as, Those in es, Nom. es, Gen. es, Gen. 33, Gen. se* Dat. 83, Dat. 33, Dat. 83, Ace. en, Ace. am or an, Ace. en, Voc. e, Voc. a, Voc. a and e % Abl. e. Abl. a. Abl. e. The plural is regular, like that of musa. FIRST DECLENSION. ADJECTIVES. 15 Plural. Terminations. Nom musos, the muses. SB. Gen. musarum, of the muses. arum. Dat. musis, to or for the muses. is. Ace. musas, muses. as. Voc. musae, muses! SB. Abl. musis, ere, icith,from or by muses. is. QUESTIONS. 1. What three cases are alike in the singular? 2. What cases are alike in the plural? 3. What part of musa is unchanged in declining it? Note 1. The part unchanged in declining is called the root. Note 2. The part varied in declining is called the termination. 4. What is the root of musa? What are the terminations? EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD OR SLATE. Write, Stella, a star ; mensa, a table ; terra, the earth ; gloria, glory. Place the root of each by itself and annex the terminations. Write the Latin for the following English : Of the stars. On the earth (Abl.). From the stars. On the tables (Abl.). To the earth. For the tables. In the earth. From the muses. Of the muses. Of the tables. The glory of the stars. Of the glory of the stars. To the glory of the earth. ADJECTIVES. $12. An adjective is a word joined to a substantive to explain or qualify it. There are three declensions of adjectives, distinguished like nouns by the termination of the Gen. Sing. FIRST DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. $ 13. Adjectives of the first declension end in a and are of the feminine gender. They are declined like nouns of the same declension. 16 FIRST DECLENSION. Singular. Plural. Nom. lucida, lucidae, Gen. lucidse, lucidarum, Dat. lucidae, lucidis, Ace. lucidam, lucldas, Voc. lucida, lucidse, Abl. lucida, lucidis. RULE. 114. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, num- ber and case ; as, Nom. lucida stella, a bright star. Gen. lucidse stellae, of a bright star. Dat. lucidee stellse, to a bright star. Decline through. Decline, rotunda terra, the round earth. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD OR SLATE. Write, sylva, a forest; magna, great; pluma, a feather ; alba, white. Write the Latin for, A great forest. Great forests. Of white feathers. Of the round earth. To the bright stars. In great forests. A white feather. Bright stars. EXERCISE FOR PARSING. In parsing the adjective the student may be guided by these questions. Of what declension ? Why ? Of what gender ? Of what case ? Decline it. Of what number ? Rule. Parse the adjectives in the following sentences. Magna sylva. Magna? terras (translate in four ways). Alba? plumse. Albae plumee (translate in four ways). Lucidarum stellarum. Alba pluma (translate in three ways). Magnas sylvas. Magnis sylvis (translate in two ways). QUESTIONS. 1. How is the first declension distinguished? 2. How do Latin nouns of this declension end? 3. What are the terminations of nouns of this declension? 4. How are adjectives of the first declension declined? SECOND DECLENSION. 17 5. Repeat the Latin words which you remember, and give their significations. 6*. Give the Latin for, The great earth. Of the bright stars. The glory of the stars. To the muses. 7. What case is of the the sign of? to the ? from the ? with the f SECOND DECLENSION. $ 14. Nouns of the second declension end in us, er, ir, os, um, on. Those in um and on are neuter, the rest are masculine. They are thus declined : 1. In us, like gladius, a sword. Singular. Terminations. Nom. gladius, a sword. us Gen. gladii, of a sioord. i. Dat. gladio, to a sioord. o. Ace. gladium, a sword. um. Voc. gladie, sword! e. Abl. gladio, with, from or by a sword. 0. Plural. Terminations Nom. gladii, swords. i. Gen. gladiorum, of swords. orum. Dat. gladiis, to or for swords. is. Ace. gladios, swords. os. Voc. gladii, swords ! i. Abl. gladiis, with, from or by swords. is. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD OR SLATE. Write, mundus, the world; dominus, the lord; amicus, a friend. Annex the terminations to the roots, mund-, domin-, amic-. Write the Latin for, A friend of the world. The lord of the world. A friend of the lord. A friend of swords. Of worlds. To friends. By swords. 2. In er, like puer, a boy, and ager, afield. Singular. Terminations. Nom. puer, a boy. er. Gen. pueri, of a boy. eri. Dat. puero, to or for a boy. ero. Ace. puerum, a boy. erum. Voc. puer, boy ! er. Abl. puero, with, from, by a boy. ero. 18 SECOND DECLENSION. Plural. Terminations. Norn. pueri, boys. eri. Gen. puerorum, of the boys. erorum. Dat. pueris, to ox for the boys. eris. Ace. pueros, boys. eros. Voc. pueri, boys! eri. Abl. pueris, with, from, by the boys eris. Gener, a son-in-law ; socer, a father-in-law ; vesper, the evening. Annex the terminations to the roots, gen-, soc- , vesp- . Note. Some nouns in er drop the e in declension; as, 3. Ager, afield. Singular. Plural. Nom. ager, agri, Gen. agri, agrorum, Dat. agro, a gri s > Ace. agrum, agros, Voc. ager, a g r i> Abl. agro, agris. 4. Neuters in um are thus declined : Regnum, a kingdom. Singular. Terminations. Nom. regnum, a kingdom. um. Gen. regni, of a kingdom. i. Dat. regno, to or for a kingdom. o. Ace. regnum, a kingdom. um. Voc. regnum, kingdom! um. Abl. regno, in, with, from, by, etc. o. Plural. Terminations. Nom. regna, kingdoms. a. Gen. regnorum, of kingdoms. orum. Dat. regnis, to or for kingdoms. is. Ace. regna, kingdoms. a. Voc. regna, kingdoms ! a. Abl. regnis, in, with, from, by, etc. 13. ADJECTIVES OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. h 15. 1. Adjectives of the second declension end in er, us and um; er and us are masculine, um is neuter. 2. They are declined like nouns of the same declen- sion ; those in us like gladius, in er like puer or ager, in um like regnum. SECOND DECLENSION. 19 Decline bonus, good, like gladius. u tener, tender, " puer. " niger, black, " ager. M longum,/o/io-, " regnum. QUESTIONS. 1. How do nouns of the second declension differ from the first? 2. What is the gender of nouns in the second declension? First? 3. Can adjectives of the second agree with nouns of the first? Why not ? 4. Is it proper to say bonus terra? W T hy not? See rule, § 14. 5. Give the terminations of nouns and adjectives in us, in er, in um. 3. The adjective, bonus, good, and the noun, mundus, the world, may be declined together; as, Nom. bonus mundus, a good xcorld. Gen. boni mundi, of a good icorld. Dat. bono mundo, to or for a good world. Decline through. 4. Bonum, good ; regnum, kingdom. Nom. bonum regnum, a good kingdom. Gen. boni regni, of a good kingdom. Dat. bono iegno, to or for a good kingdom. Decline through. 5. Niger puer, a black boy. Nom. niger puer, Gen. ngri pueri, Dat. nigro puero. EXERCISE FOR TRANSLATING AND PARSING. Note. Name the declension, number, gender and case of the ad- jectives. See rule, § 14. Bonus gladius. Nigrorum puerorum. Tenero puero. Teneros pueros. Bona regna. Boni mundi (in three ways). English. Latin to be corrected. A good kingdom, Bono regnum. Of tender boys, Teneri pueri. In the good world, Bonus mundus. [regnum). Long necks, Longum collum (declined like 20 THIRD DECLENSION. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD OR SLATE. Write, oculus, the eye ; agnus, a lamb ; magnus, great Write the Latin for, Black lambs. Black eyes. Of a tender eye. Of black lambs. The eyes of the boy are (sunt) black. The great world. The kingdoms of the world. In the great world. REMARKS. 1. Some nouns in ius (especially proper names) have the Voc. in i ; as, Alius, a son ; fill, O son ! Virgili, O Virgil ! They also have sometimes a contracted genitive i for ii. 2. Deus, a god, has deus in the Voc. and dei, dii, di, in the Nom. plural, and deis, diis, dis, in the dative and ablative plural. 3. The genitive plural is sometimes contracted, um for drum. THIRD DECLENSION. § 16. Nouns of the third declension have their geni- tive in is. 1. The final letters in this declension are y, o, u (you), i, c, e, I, a, n, t (icelant), s and x. Terminations. Singular. Plural. Nom. — Nom. es. Neut. a or ia, Gen. is, Gen. um, ium, Dat. i, Dat. lbus, Ace. em, im. Neut. like Nom. Ace. es. Neut. like Nom. Voc. like Nom. Voc. like Nom. Abl. e, i. Abl. lbus. 2. Nouns in o add nis to form the Gen. ; as, leo, a lion, Gen. leo -nis. But the o in some words is changed into i in the Gen. ; as, homo, a man, Gen. hom-?.-nis. 3. Nouns in us, Fern, have utis in Gen. ; as, virtus, vir- tue, Gen. vir-tutis ; Neut. em, oris ; as, vulnus, a wound, Gen. vulneris ; pecus, a flock, Gen. pec-oris. Monosyllables in us have iiris in the Gen. THIRD DECLENSION. 21 Leo, a lion. Nom. leo, Gen. leonis, Dat. leoni, Ace. leonem, Voc. leo, Abl. leone. Nom. leones, Gen. leonum, leonibus, leones, leones, leonibus. Dat. Ace. Voc. Abl. EXAMPLES. Homo, a man. Virtus, virtue. Singular. homo, hominis, homini, hominem, homo, homine. virtus (Fem.), virtutis, virtuti, virtutem, virtus, virtute. Plural. homines, homlnum, ho mini bus, homines, homines, hominibus. virtutes, virtutum, virtutibus, virtutes, virtutes, virtutibus. Pecus, a flock. pecus (Neut.), pecoris, pecori, pecus, pecus, pecore. pecora, pecorum, pecoribus, pecora, pecora, pecoribus. EXERCISES. 1. Decline like leo : Opinio, an opinion. Latro, a robber. Pavo, a peacock. Plato, Plato. Translate the following: Opinion is. Latrones. Opinionibus. Latronum. Pavoni. Pavonlbus. Opiniones. Platonis. Opinionum. For the board or slate. Write, Imitatio, an imitation. Sermo, a discourse. Write the Latin for, The discourses of Plato. A discourse for Plato. By imitation of robbers. Imitation of the discourse of Plato. 2. Decline like homo : Arundo, a reed. Orlgo, an origin. " " Imago, an image. Consuetudo, habit. " virtus : Sains, safety. Juventus, youth. " pecus : Corpus, a body. Frigus, cold. Translate the following: Arundinis. Consuetudinem. Origimbus. Saluti. Imaginum. Juventutibus. Corpora* Frigora. 22 THIRD DECLENSION. For writing : The habits of men. For the safety of youth. The bodies of men. Of the flocks. $ 17. 1. Nouns in as usually have their Gen. in atis. 2. Nouns in es and is " " in is. 3. Nouns in os " " in oris and otis. In each case there are several exceptions. 4. The genitives of other nouns of this declension are formed variously, and are to be learned by practice, or from larger Grammars. EXAMPLES. Aetas, age. Rupes, a rock. Lapis, a stone. Parens, a parent. Singular. Nom. aetas, rupes, lapis, parens, Gen. aetatis, rupis, lapldis, parentis, Dat. aetati, rupi, lapidi, parenti, Ace. aetatem, rupem, lapidem, parentem, Voc. aetas, rupes, lapis, parens, Abl. aetate. rupe. lapide. Plural. parente. Nom. aetates, rupes, lapides, parentes, Gen. aetatum, rupium, lapidum, parentutn (andium), Dat. aetatibus, rupibus, lapidibus, parentibus, Ace. aetates, rupes, lapides, parentes, Voc. aetates, rupes, lapides, parentes, Abl. aetatibus. rupibus. lapidibus. parentibus. EXERCISE. ecline like rupes Proles, an offspring. Vulpes, a fox. Fames hunger. Moles, a heap. Decline like parens : Prudens (Adj.), prudent. A r dens (Adj.), ardent. Write the Latin for, A prudent parent. Foxes patient of hunger (Gen.). A fox mad from hunger (Abl.). An offspring of prudent parents, Patiens (Adj.), patient. Aniens (Adj.), mad. THIRD DECLENSION. 23 $ 18. Promiscuous examples of nouns and adjectives of the third declension : Miles , a soldier. Pater, a father. Lex, a law. Opus, a work. Singular Nom. miles, pater, lex, opus (Neut.), Gen. militis, patris, legis, operis, Dat. militi, patri, legi, operi, Ace. militem, patrem, legem, opus, Voc. miles, pater, lex, opus, AbJ. milite. patre. Plural, lege. opere. Nom. milites, patres, leges, opera, Gen. mill turn, patrum, legum, operum, Dat. militibus, patribus, legibus, operibus, Ace. milites, patres, leges, opera, Voc. milites, patres, leges, opera, Abl. militibus. patribus. legibus. operibus. § 19. Turris, a tower. Sedlle, a seat. Mite, mild. Tempus, time. Sing; alar. (Adj., Neut.), tempus (Ne temporis, tempori, tempus, tempus, tempore. tempora, temporum, temporlbus, tempora, tempora, temporibus. Nom. turris, sedlle (Neut.), mite (Ac Gen. turris, sedllis, mitis, Dat. turri, sedili, miti, Ace. turrem, sedlle, mite, Voc. turris, sedlle, mite, Abl. turre. sedili. miti. Plural. Nom. turres, sedilia. mitia, Gen. turri um, sedilium, mitium, Dat. turribus, sedilibus, mitibus, Ace. turres, sedilia, mitia, Voc. turres, sedilia, mitia, Abl. turribus. sedilibus. mitibus. $20. Felix (Adj.), happy. P ^auper, poor. Vetu s, old. Singular. Nom. felix (Masc. and Fem.), felix (Neut.), pauper (Masc. and Fern.), Gen. fellcis, fellcis, pauperis, Dat. fellci, fellci, pauperi, Ace. felicem, felix, pauperem Voc. felix, felix, pauper, Abl. fellce, or i. fellce, or i. paupere. 24 THIRD DECLENSION. Plural. Nom. Gen. fellces, felicium, felicia, felicium, pauperes, pauperum, Dat. felicibus, felicibus, pauperibus, Ace. Voc. Abl. felices, fellces, felicibus. felicia, felicia, felicibus. pauperes, pauperes, pauperibus. Nom. pauper (Neut.), Gen. pauperis, Dat. pauperi, Ace. pauper, Voc. pauper, Abl. paupere. Nom. paupera, Gen. pauperum, Dat. pauperibus, Ace. paupera, Voc, paupera, Abl. pauperibus. Singular. vetus (Masc. and Fern.), vetus (Neut.), veteris, veteris, veteri, veteri, veterem, vetus, vetus, vetus, vetere. vetere. Plural. vet v res, Vetera, veterum, Vetera, veteribus, veteribus, veteres, Vetera, veteres. Vetera, veteribus. veteribus. QUESTIONS. 1. How does the neuter of nouns and adjectives differ from the masculine and feminine ? 2. What cases are alike in Masc. and Fern, nouns, in the singular? Plural ? 3. What cases are alike in Neut. nouns? 4. Decline simile in the Neut. 5. Decline similis in the Masc. and Fern. 6. Decline pietas (Fern.), jriety ; immortalis, immortal; xex,king. EXERCISES. Note. The Latin words are such as have been used in some of the last pages. 1. For translating : Veteres leges. Paupereni patrem. O felices milites. 2. For the board : By the old la*vs. The works of poor men. Old friends (see p. 17). Opera milltum. Veterum milltum. Vetera opera. For the happy soldiers. The poor flocks (see p. 21). For good soldiers (§ 15). FOURTH DECLENSION. 25 QUESTIONS. 1. How does the third declension differ from the first? 2. Decline an example in the first, second and third declension? 3. Decline patria,jucundus, mitis, regnum. 4. How can a noun of the third declension be distinguished? 5. What are some of the different endings of the Gen. Sing, in this declension ? RULES FOR GENDER. 1. Nouns ending in o, or, os, er, and es increasing in the genitive, are masculine. 2. Nouns ending in as, is, s with a consonant before it, and es not increasing in the genitive, are feminine. 3. Nouns ending in i, c, e, I, a, n, t (icelant), ar, ur and us, are neuter. Note. There are exceptions to each of the above rules too nu- merous to be inserted here. FOURTH DECLENSION. § 21. Nouns of the fourth declension end in us and u. Those in us are masculine or feminine, in u neuter. Domus, a house, is of the second and fourth declen- sions. Fructus, /rmf. Cornu, a horn. Domus, a house. Singular, Nom. fructus, cornu, domus, Gen. fructds, cornu, domus and domi, Dat. fructui, cornu, domui and domo, Ace. fructum, cornu, domum, Voc. fructus, cornu, domus, Abl. fructu. cornu. Plural. domo. Nom. fructus, cornua, domus, Gen. fructuum, cornuum, dornuum and domorum, Dat. fructibus, cornibus, domibus, Ace. fructus, cornua, domus and domos, Voc. fructus, cornua, domus, Abl. fructibus. cormbus. domibus. 26 FIFTH DECLENSION. Note 1. Domus (in the Gen.) signifies, of a house; domi (in the Gen), at home. Note 2. Some nouns have ubus in the Dat. and Abl. plural. FIFTH DECLENSION. $ 22. Nouns of the fifth declension end in es and are of the feminine gender. Dies, a day, is Masc. and Fein, in the singular, and Masc. in the plural. EXAMPLES. Res, a thing. Dies, a day. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Nom res, res, Nom dies, dies, Gen. rei, rerum, Gen. diei, dierum, Dat. rei, rebus, Dat. diei, diebus, Ace. rem, res, Ace. diem, dies, Voc. res, res, Voc. dies, dies, Abl. re. rebus. Abl. die. diebus. EXERCISE. Series, an order. Currus, a chariot Species, an appearance. Exercitus, an army. Series homlnum, an order of men. Series curruum. Speciei exercitus. Series exercitibus. Species rerum. Dies bonarum rerum, In the chariots. For the army. In the day. By the horns. A happy (felix) day. O happy days. Exercise in all the Declensions. RULES. $23. A noun annexed to another noun denoting the same person or thing is put in the same case ; as, Cicero, orator, Cicero, the orator. § 24. A noun limiting another noun denoting a different person or thing is put in the genitive. IRREGULAR DECLENSION. 27 EXERCISE FOR TRANSLATING. Note. The nouns and adjectives are to be declined and the rules applied; as, spes pecoris, the hope of the flock. Cato 1 , doctisslmus 2 vir 3 . Longum 14 collum 15 cameli 16 . Cicero 4 , eloquentisslm us 5 orator 6 . Jucundus 17 cantus 18 luscinia 19 . Archia 7 , summus 8 poeta 9 . Romulus' 20 filius 21 Rhese 22 Sil- Orationes 10 Ciceronis 11 . viae 23 . Epistola 12 matris 13 . Exercitus 24 Romanorum 25 . Mercurius 26 , inventor 27 lyras 28 . Milites 29 exercituum 24 Romanorum 25 erant 30 fortes 31 . IRREGULAR DECLENSION. § 25. 1. Respublica, a commonwealth, is of the fifth and first declensions. Singular. Plural. Nom. respublica, respublicae, Gen. reipublicae, rerumpublicarum, Dat. reipublicae, rebuspublicis, Ace. rempublicarn, respublicas, Voc. respublica, respublicae, Abl. republica. rebuspublicis. 2. Pater familias, a master of a family, has familias annexed to each case of pater. Jusjurandum, an oath. Singular. Plural. Nom. jusjurandum, jurajuranda, Gen. jurisjurandi, Dat. jurijurando, Ace. jusjurandum, jurajuranda, Voc. jusjurandum, jurajuranda. Abl. jurejurando. 1 Cato, onis, Cato. 2 doctisslmus, a, um, Adj., most learned. 3 vir, viri, 2nd Dec, a man. 4 Cicero, onis, Cicero. 5 eloquentissimus, i, Adj., most eloquent. 6 orator, oris, an orator. 7 Archia, 89, Archia. 8 summus, i, Adj., most excellent. 9 poeta, ae, a poet. 10 oratio, onis, an oration. u Cicero, onis, Cicero. 12 epistola, ae, a letter. 13 mater, matris, a. mother. u longum, Adj., long. 15 collum, i, a neck. 16 ca- melus, i, a camel. 17 jucundus, i, Adj., sweet. 18 cantus, us, singing. 19 luscinia, a nightingale. 20 Romulus, i, Romulus. 2l filius, ii, a son. 22 Rhea, ae, Rhea. 23 Silvia, ae, Silvia. 24 exercitus, us, an army. 25 Romanus, i, a Roman. 26 Mercurius, ii, Mercury. 27 inventor, oris, an inventor. ** lyra, ae, a lyre. ** miles, Itis, a soldier. 30 erant, were. 31 fortis, is, brave. 23 ADJECTIVES. 3. Jupiter, Jupiter or Jove, Bos (Com. Gen.), an ox or cow, Singular, Singular. Plural. Nom. Jupiter, Nom . bos, boves, Gen. Jovis, Gen. bovis, bourn, Dat. Jovi, Dat. bovi, bobus or bubus, Ace. Jovem, Ace. bovem, boves, Voc. Jupiter, Voc. bos, boves, Abl. Jove. Abl. bove. bobus or bubus. 4. Vir, a man. Vis, strength. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Nom. vir, viri, Nom. vis, vires, Gen. viri, virorum, Gen. — virium, Dat. viro, viris, Dat. — viribus, Ace. virum, viros j Ace. vim, vires, Voc. vir, viri, Voc. — vires, Abl. viro. viris. Abl. vi. viribus. Vir is a noun of the second declension. Vis is a noun of the third declension, wanting the Gen., Dat. and Voc. in the singular. QUESTIONS IN REVIEW OF THE DECLENSIONS. 1. How are the different declensions distinguished? 2. Decline some noun and adjective in each. 3. What are the endings and gender of the first and second? 4. Decline musa, gladius, regnum, puer, niger. 5. What are the final letters of the third declension? 6. Decline an example under each section of the third declension. 7. Decline some noun and adjective of the neuter gender. 8. What is the gender of nouns in the fourth and fifth declensions? 9. Decline an example in each. 10. How are adjectives of the first three declensions declined ? ADJECTIVES. $ 26. An adjective is a word which qualifies or limits the meaning of a substantive. Adjectives are declined like substantives. All adjectives are either of the first and second declen- sion, or of the third only. Bonus is of the first and second declension, and is de- clined in both declensions as follows : ADJECTIVES OP THE FIRST AND SECOND DEC. 29 Singular. 2d Dec. Masc. 1st Dec. Fern. 2d Dec. Neut. Nom. bonus, bona, bonum. Gen. boni, bonae, boni. Dat. bono, bonae, bono. Ace. bonum, bonam, bonum» Voe. bone, bona, bonum. Abl. bono, bona, Plural. bono. Nom. boni, bonae, bona. Gen. bonorum, bonarum, bonorum. Dat. bonis, bonis, bonis. Ace. bonos, bonas, bona. Voe. boni, bonae, bona. Abl. bonis, bonis, Tener, tender. Singular. bonis. 2d Dec. Masc. 1st Dec. Fem. 2d Dec. Neut. Nom. tener, tenera, tenerurn. Gen. teneri, tenerae, teneri. Dat. tenero, tenerae, tenero. Ace. tenerurn, teneram, tenerurn. Voe. tener, tenera, tenerurn. Abl. tenero, tenera, Plural. tenero. Nom. teneri, tenerae, tenera. Gen. tenerorum , tenerarum, tenerorum. Dat. teneris, teneris, teneris. Ace. teneros, ten eras, tenera. Voe. teneri, tenerae, tenera. Abl. teneris, teneris, teneris. In like manner decline asper, liber, miser. 1. Niger and several other adjectives in er, drop the e in declension ; as, niger, nigri (not nigeri). Niger, black. Singular. 2d Dec. Masc. 1st Dec. Fem. 2d Dec. Neut. Nom niger, nigra, nigrum. Gen. nigri, nigrae, nigri. Dat. nigro, nigrae, nigro. Ace. nigrum, nigram, nigrum. Voe. niger, nigra, nigrum. Abl. nigro, nigra, nigro. 30 ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DEC- Plural. Norn. nigri, nigree, nigra. Gen. nigrorum, nigrarum, nigiorum. Dat. nigris, nigris, nigris. Ace. nigros, nigras, nigra. Voc. nigri, nigra?, nigra. Abl. nigris, nigris, nigris. In like manner decline piger, macer, sneer. 2. The following adjectives have ius in the genitive, and i in the dative singular. Alius, Gen. alius,* Dat. alii. Nullus, Gen. nulllus, Dat. nulli. Solus, Gen. solius, Dat. soli. In like manner, totus, ullus, unus, alter, uter, neuter. EXERCISE FOR PARSING ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. Repeat the Rule, § 14, and apply it in the following sentences. See vocabulary. Novus populus. Unam rempublicam. Magnus clangor. Supplicium fuit (was) primum ultimumque.f Benigna fortuna. Divinarum humanarumque rerum. Sancte pater! (Voc.) Nuda terga. Nullus locus in urbe est non plenus religionum Deorumque. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. English. Latin to be corrected. A great kingdom, Magnus regnum, (2d Dec. Neut.) Of a great man, Magnus homo, (3d Dec Masc.) To a beautiful girl, Formosus puella, (1st Dec. Fern.) High rocks, Altus rupes, (3d Dec. Fern.) * The penult in the genitive singular of these adjectives is common, i. e. either long or short, but may be regarded long in prose, as it al- ways receives the accent. t Que is a conjunction, and connects primum and ultunum. The syllable preceding que is regarded as the penult. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DEC. NUMERAL ADJ. 31 § 27. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 1. Mitis, mild. Singular. Plural. Masc. an d Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. mitis, mite. Nom. mites, mitia. Gen. mitis, mitis. Gen. mitium, mitium. Dat. miti, miti. Dat. mitibus, mitibus. Ace. mitem, mite. Ace. mites, mitia. Voc. mitis, mite. Voc. mites, mitia. Abl. miti, miti. Abl. mitibus, mitibus. In like manner decline omnis, acer (or acris),facilis, sirnilis, etc. 2. Felix, happy. Singular. Plural. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fein. Neut. Nom. felix, felix. Nom fellces, felicia. Gen. fellcis, fellcis. Gen. felicium, felicium. Dat. fellci, fellci. Dat. felicibus, felicibus. Ace. fellcem, felix. Ace. fellces, felicia. Voc. felix, felix. Voc. fellces, felicia. Abl. felice, or -i felice, or i. Abl. felicibus, felicibus. 3. Prudens, prudent* Singular. Plural. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. prudens, prudens. Nom. prudentes, prudentia. Gen. prudentis, prudentis Gen. prudentium, prudentium. Dat. prudenti, prudenti. Dat. prudentibus, prudentibus Ace. prudentem, prudens. Ace. prudentes, prudentia. Voc. prudens, prudens. Voc. prudentes, prudentia. Abl. prudente,ori , prudente, or i. Abl. prudentibus, prudentibus §28. NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 1. Numeral adjectives are divided into Cardinal, Or- dinal and Distributive. 2. Unus, duo, tres, quatuor, etc., one, two, til tree, four, are cardinal numbers. 3. Primus, secundus, tertius, etc., first, second, third, * Participles in ns are declined like prudens. 32 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. are called ordinal, because they denote succession or rank. They are declined like bonus. 4. Singuli, one by one; bini, tivo by two, etc., are called distributive. They are declined like the plural of bonus. 5. The cardinals, duo, two; tres, three, are thus de- clined : Plural. Nom. duo, duae, duo. Gen. duorum, duarum, duorum. Dat. duobus, duabus, duobus. Ace. duos or duo, duas, duo. Voc. duo, duos, duo. Abl. duobus, duabus, Plural. duobus. Nom. tres, tres, tria. Gen. trium, trium, trium. Dat. tribus, tribus, tribus. Ace. tres, tres, tria. Voc. tres, tres, tria. Abl. tribus, tribus, tribus. 6. The cardinal numbers from four to one hundred, in- clusive, are indeclinable. Those denoting hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus; as, ducenti, or -a, two hundred. Mille, one thousand, is either a noun or an adjective. When used as a noun, it is indeclinable in the singular. When an adjective, it is indeclinable in the singular and plural. EXERCISE FOR PARSING ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DEC. See Vocabulary, p. 35. Felices homines. Veteres amici! (Voc.) Omnium populorum. Mitis legatio. Diis immortalibus, (Dat] Sententia est atrox. Ingentes clamores. Ingentia bella. Prudentis consilii. Audaces milites. Mille homines. Centum milites. Tres turmae equltum. Tres liter as. Leones sunt (are) rapaees. Ver est {is) salubre. Vita est breve iter. Sapientes homines. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 33 EXERCISE FOR WRITING. English . Of slender form, Civil wars, Time is short, Lions are bold, Latin to be corrected. Gracilis forma. Civilis bellum. Tempus est brevis. Leo sunt audax. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. § 29. There are three Degrees of Comparison, the Posi- tive, the Comparative and the Superlative. RULE FOR FORMING THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE. To the first case of the positive that ends in % add or for the comparative, ssimus for the superlative. ILLUSTRATION. Compare fortis. Decline it to the first case that ends in i, then add or for the comparative, ssimus for the superlative. Nom. fortis, Gen. fortis, Dat. forti, fortior, comp. forti-ssimus, sup. Compare humdnus. Nom. humanus, Gen. humani, humanior, humani-ssimus. Compare altus, novus, latus, mitis, felix, audax (acis), cams, crudeiis, clemens (Gen. dementis), arctus, tenax(acis), capax (acis). 1. Adjectives in er form their superlative by annexing rimus to the nominative case ; as, tener, tenerior, tener- rlmus ; acer, acrior, accerrlmus. 2. Adjectives of the comparative degree are thus de- clined : Singular. Masc. and Fern. Neut. Nom. mitior, meeker, mitius. Gen. mitioris, mitioris. Dat. mitiori, mitiori. Ace. mitiorem, mitius. Voc. mitior, mitius. Abl. mitiore, or i, mitiore, or i. 34 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Plural. Norn. mitiores, mitiora. Gen. mitiorum, mitiorum. Dat. mitioribus, mitioribus. Ace. mitiores, mitiora. Voc. mitiores, mitiora. Abl. mitioribus, mitioribus. 3. Adjectives of the superlative degree are declined like bonus, -a, -urn. EXAMPLES OF IRREGULAR COMPARISON. bonus, good, malus, bad, magnus, great, parvus, small, superus, high, melior, better, pejor, worse, major, greater, minor, less, superior, higher, inferior, lower. optimus, best. pessimus, icorst. maximus, greatest. minimus, least. Csummus, } /dhesL \ supremus, ) s \'. nihn ^ or ] lowest. inferus, loic, multus, much, plurimus, most. multum, much, plus, more, plurimum, most. facilis, easy, facilior, easier, facillimus, easiest. (For other examples of irregular comparison, see a large grammar.) EXERCISE FOR PARSING. See Vocabulary, page 35. RULE. The comparative degree is followed by the ablative when quani (than) is omitted; as, dulcior melle, siveeter than honey. Dulcior is an adjective in the comparative degree, from dulcis, — dulcis, dulcior, dulcissimus. Melle is a noun of the 3d Dec. JNeut., and is put in the Abl. according to the rule. Aer est levior aqua. Aqua est gravior aere. Sol est pul- chrior lima. Lux est celerior vento. Mel est dulcius saccharo. Opinio Cicerouis erat (was) melior opinione Csesaris. Horatius erat bonus poeta, Virgilius melior, Homerus optimus. RULE. Superlatives are followed by the genitive plural. ADJECTIVES. 35 See Vocabulary, below. Delphinus est velocisslmum 1 omnium animalium. Belgse sunt fortisslmi 2 Gallorum. Calumnia est nocentisslma 3 omnium rerum. Cicero erat (was) doctissimus 4 Romanorum. Amazon est maximus 5 omnium flumlnum. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. The comparative degree is followed by the ablative when quam (than) is omitted. English. Latin to be corrected. No place is dearer than our country, Nullus locus dulcis pa- tria (Abl.). The sun is brighter than the moon, Sol splendidus luna (Abl.). The worst of men, Malus 6 homo (Gen.). The most elegant of the philosophers, Elegans 7 philosophus. VOCABULARY. Aer, aeris, m. air* Altus, -a, • am, high. Amicus, -i, m. a friend. Amazon, -onis, the river Amazon. Animal, -alis, n. an animal. Aqua, -ce. icater. Atrox, -oc'is, adj. bold, fierce. Audax, -acis, adj. courageous. Bellum, -i, n. war. Belgae, -arum, the Belgians. JBenignus, -a, -urn, kind. Bonus, -a, -um, good See § 29. Brevis, -is, -e, short. See § 26. Calumnia, -se, slander. Caesar, -aris, CcBsar. Celer, celeris, celere, swift. § 27. Centum, a hundred. See § 27 6. Cicero, -Onis, m. Cicero (the Ro- man orator). Civil is, -is, -e, civil. Clamor, -oris, m. a shout. Clangor, -oris, m. a cry. Consilium, -i, n. counsel. Delphinus, -i, m. a dolphin. Deus, -i, m. a god. Dii, dedrum, diis or deis, gods. Divlnus, -a, -um, divine. Doctus, -a, -um, learned. Dulcis, -is, -e, sweet. Elegans, -tis, elegant. Eques, equitis, a horseman. Est, verb, is. Felix, -Icis, happy. Flumen, -in is, n. a river. Fortis, -is, -e, brave. Fortuna, -ae, fortune. Formdsus, -a, -um, handsome. Galli, -orum, the Gauls. Gracilis, -is, -e, slender. Gravis, -is, -e, heavy. Homerus, -i, Homer. Homo, -Inis, a man. Horatius, -i, Horace. Humanus, -a, -um, human. In, prep. in. Ingens,-tis, great; ac.pl. ingentia. -ior-issimus. 5 Matrnus. 7 Eleo-ans, tis, ti. 1 Velox, ocis, oci-ior-issimus. 2 Fortis, is, 3 Nocens. tis, ti, etc. 4 Doctus. 6 Malus, bad; pejor. worse; pessimus, icorst * in. denotes masculine, f. feminine, n. neuter. The letter after the hyphen - is the termination, and shows the declension of the noun. 36 PRONOUNS. Iter, itineris, n. a journey. Leo, -onis, a lion. Legatio, -onis, f. legation. Levis, -is, -e, light. Literae, -arum, letters. Locus, -i, m. a place. Luna, -ae, f. the moon. Lux, lucis, f. light. Magnus, -a, -um, great. Mel, mellis, n. honey. Melior, -oris, com. of bonus, better. Miles, -itis, c. a soldier. Mille, a thousand. Mitis, -is, -e, mild. Nocens, -tis, adj. hurtful. Non, adv. not. Novus, -a, -um, neio. Nudus, -a, -um, naked. Nullus, -a, -um, no, no one. Omnis, -is, -e, all, every. Opinio, -onis, f. an opinion. Optimus, -a, -um, sup. of bonus, best. Pater, patris, m. a father. Poeta, -ae, a poet. Plenus, -a, -um, full. Populus, -i, people. Primus, -a, -um,^ Prudens, -tis, adj. prudent. Pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful. Que, conj. and. Rapax, -acis, adj. rapacious. Religio, -onis, f. religion. Res, rei, f. a thing. Respublica, -as, republic. § 24. Romanus, -i, a Roman. Rupes, -is, f. a rock. Sanctus, -a, -um, holy. Sapiens, -entis, icisc. Salubris, -is, -e, salubrious. Saccharum, -i, n. sugar. Sententia, -as, opinion. Sol, solis, m. the sun. Splendidus, -a, -um, bright. Supplicium, -i, a punishment, Tempus, -oris, n. time. Tres, tres, tria, three. Tergum, -i, n. the back. Turma, -ae, a troop. Ultimus, -a, -Um, last. Unus, -a, -um, num. adj. one. Urbs, urbis, f a city. Ventus, -i, m. the wind. Velox, -ocis, adj. swift, Ver, veris, n. spring. Vetus, -eris, adj. old. Virgilius, -ii, Virgil. Vita, -as, life. PRONOUNS. k 30. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. There are three personal pronouns: ego, i"; tu, thou; sui, of himself, of herself etc. ; to these add ipse, self called intensive. There are three demonstratives : hie, this ; ille, that ; is, he. Meus, mine; tuus, thine; suus, his (declined like bo- nus, -a, -am) ; noster, our; vester, your (declined like the adjective niger, nigra, nigrum), are adjective pronouns. Qui, who, is a relative ; quis, ivho ? is an interrogative pronoun. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 37 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 1. Ego, 1*. Tu, thou, Sui, of himself, of herself of itself Singular. Nom. ego, J; tu, thou, you ; Gen. mei, of me ; tui, of thee, of you; sui, of himself, etc. Dat. mihi, to me; tibi, to thee, to you; sibi, to himself, etc. Ace. me, vie; te ; thee, you; se, himself, etc. Voc. tu, O thou! Abl. me, with, by, from me. te, with, etc. se, icith, etc. Plural. Nom. nos, ice; yos, ye, you; Gen * { nostril \ J %us; llltri™' 5 °fy ou; sui ' °f themselves > Dat. nobis, to us ; vobis, to you; sibi, to themselves ; Ace. nos, us; yos, you ; se, themselves; Voc. vos, ye! Abl. nobis, with, etc. us. vobis, icith, etc. se, with, etc. i EXERCISE. See Vocabulary, p. 38. Inflection of the verb sum and /awefo in the indicative mode present tense. Sum, I am. Laudo, I praise. Singular. 1 person, sum, I am; laudo, T praise; 2 " es, thou art; laudas, thou praisest; 3 u est, he is. laudat, he praises. Plural. 1 person, sumus, we are; laudamus, ice praise; 2 " estis, ye are; laudatis, ye or you praise; 3 u sunt, they are. laudant, they praise. Far parsing. Rule. The object of an active verb is put in the accusative. Tu es Marcellus. Tu es similis mihi. Ego sum similis patri. Vos estis similes Diis. 38 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Te homines laudant. Nos laudamus fortes viros. Homines se laudant. Nemo nostrum est semper felix. Grata mihi est memoria tua mei. Conscientia est judex in nobis. Homo invidus sibi inimicisslmus est For the board. I praise you. You are similar to me. Of themselves. thou ! I myself. Of me. Of us. To you. To me. For us. Of you. 1 praise myself. You praise me. VOCABULARY» Note. In future, words which have been used will not in all cases be inserted in the vocabularies which accompany the exercises. Conscientia, -sb, conscience. Gratus, -a, -um, pleasing. Invidus, -a, -um, envious. Inimicus, -a, -um, unfriendly ; in- imicior, comp.; inimicissifhus, sup. Judex, -icis, a judge. See § 16. Marcellus, -i, Marcellus. Memoria, -as, remembrance. Nemo, ne minis, 710 one. Semper, adv. alicays. Similis, -is, -e, like. Tuus, -a, -um, thine. Vir, viri, a man. See § 25. 4. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 2. Die, ilia, illud, he, she, it or that (man, woman or thing). Singular. Nom. ille, ilia, illud, he, she, it or that; Gen. ill! Us, illlus, illius, of him, of her, of it or of that; Dat. illi, illi, illi, to or for him, her, it or that; Ace. ilium, illam, illud, him, her, it or that; Abl. illo, ilia, illo, with, etc. him, her, it or that. Plural. Nom. illi, illce, ilia, they, those; Gen. illurum, illarum, illorum, of them, of those; Dat. illis, illis, illis, to or for them, those; Ace. illos, illas, illos, them, those; Voc. — ■ Abl. illis, illis, illis, with, etc. them, those. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 39 Is, ea, id, he, she, it or that. Singular. Plural. Nom. is, ea, id, ii, ese, ea, Gen. ejus, ejus, ejus, eorum, earum, eorum, Dat. ei, ei, ei, iis or eis, iis or eis, iis or eis, Ace. Voc. Abl. eum, earn, id, eos, eas, ea, eo, ea, eo. iis or eis, iis or eis, iis or eis. 3. Hie, haec, hoc, this. Singular. Plural. Nom. hie, haec, hoc, hi, bae, haec, Gen. hujus, hujus, hujus, horum, harum, horum, Dat. huic, huic, huic, his, his, his, ' Ace. hunc, hanc, hoc, hos, has, haec, Voc. — Abl. hoc, hac, hoc. his, his, his. Iste, ista, istud, that, is declined like ille. Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, is declined like ille, except in the Nom. and Ace. Sing, it has ipsum in the neuter. It is often joined to the other pronouns, for emphasis ; as, ego ipse, / myself; tu ipse, thou thyself etc. REMARKS. 1. Hie and hie differ in this respect : ille refers to what is dis- tant, hie to what is near; as, ille vir, that man ; hie vir, this man. 2. The syllable dem is annexed to is to form idem, eadem, idem, the same. It is declined throughout like is, dropping s in the Nom. and changing m into n before d; as, Nom. idem, Gen. ejusdem, Ace. eundem, etc. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. § 30. Qui, quae, quod, who, which. Singular. Plural. Nom. qui, quae, quod, qui, quae, quae, Gen. cujus, cujus, cujus, qucrum. quarum, quorum. Dat. cui, cui, cui, quibus, quibus, quibus, Ace. quern, quarn, quod, quos, quas, qu3e, Voc — — — _____ Abl. quo, qua, quo. quibus, quibus, quibus. Quels is sometimes found in the Dat. and Abl. plural. 40 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. The interrogative quis ? has quis, qua, quid, in the Nom., and quern, quam, quid, in the Ace. The other eases are like qui, Quicunque, whoever, is declined like qui, and quisquis, who- ever ; aliquis, some one ; quisque, each one ; quisquam, any one, are declined like quis. RULE. $31. The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and number. EXERCISE. See Vocabulary. H ae c non est mea culpa. Hsec est culpa illius 1 . 1 1 1 i soli felices 2 q u i sunt boni. Statua Jo vis 1 , q u ee est in templo Eliacum 2 est opus 3 Phidfce 1 . Quis fuit (was) clarior 4 in Macedonia, quam Alexander? Robur leonis 1 est in ejus 1 ossibus et dentlbus. Q u i est Justus, is (he) est laudabilis. 2 Quid est tibi nomen ? Homines, q u o r u m 1 sententiee diversse sunt. For the board. Rule. The object of a transitive verb is put in the accusative. Note. The Latin words for the English are found in the exercise above. They praise his work 3 (the work of him). Whose fault is it? (the fault of whom). The man who is virtuous (bonus) is happy. She is happy who is virtuous. The works of them (their works). For him. Of these. Of those. Of this (man). Of that (man). Of whom. For whom. I praise them. VOCABULARY. Comprising words which have not been used before. Alexander, -dri, Alexander. Clarus, -a, -am, renowned; comp. clarior, more renowned. Culpa, -ad, a fault. Dens, dentis, abl. plur. dentlbus, a tooth. §24. 2 § 14. 3 § 18. * § 29. VERBS. VOICES. 41 Diversus, -a, -urn, different. Eliacus, -a, -urn, Elian. [3. Jovis, gen. from Jupiter. See §25. Justus, -a, .um,j«5^ upright. Laudabilis, -is^ -e, praiseworthy. See § 27. Macedonia, -ae, Macedonia, Meus, .-a, -urn, adj. pro. mine, my. Nomen, nominis, a name. Opus, operis, n. work. Os, ossis, n. a bone. [p. 14. Phidias, -se, Phidias. See margin > Quarn, conj. than. Robur, -oris, n. strength. § 18. Solus, Gen. solius, alone. Statua, -ae, a statue. VERBS. § 32. 1. A Verb is a word by which something is af- firmed of a person or thing. Puer legit, the boy reads. What is affirmed of the boy ? What word affirms it ? 2. Verbs are Active or Neuter. 3. An Active verb, when transitive, takes an object. Neuter verbs and active intransitive verbs do not require .an object. The man sleeps (homo dormit). What kind of a verb isdarmit? Why? Equus currit (the horse runs).' What kind of a verb is currit? Ans.-— Active intransitive. Why ? VOICES. §33. 1. Active (transitive) verbs have two voices, ac- tive and passive. 2. A verb in the active voice represents the agent as acting upon some person or thing. 3. A verb in the passive voice represents the object as being acted upon by the agent. Sol c a 1 e f a c i t terrain, the sun warms the earth. Sol is the agent which acts upon terram. The verb then is in the active voice. The earth is warmed by the sun ; in this case the verb is in the passive voice. . 4 42 VERBS. MODES. TENSES. MODES. $34. 1. There are four modes: Indicative, Subjunc- tive, Imperative and Infinitive. 2. The Indicative is used in independent assertions ; as, ambulo, Iivalk. 3. The Subjunctive mode implies power, duty or con- tingency ; as, amem, I may love; si me ob secret, redibo 7 if he entreat me, I ivill return. 4. The Infinitive mode is used to express an action or state in an indefinite and unlimited manner ; as, am- bulare, to walk. 5. The Imperative is used to command, exhort and en- treat. TENSES. §35. 1. Latin verbs have six tenses: Present, Imper- fect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect. 2. The Present tense represents an action as now going on and not terminated ; as, ambulo, I walk or am walking. 3. The Imperfect tense represents an action as con- tinued at some past time, but not then completed ; as, ambulabam, I was ivalking. It denotes also customary past action ; as, legebam, I was wont to read. 4. The Future tense denotes that the action will take place hereafter; as, ambulabo, I shall ivalk or be ivalking. 5. The Perfect tense represents an action as just ter- minated, or as completed in some indefinite past time ; as, ambulavi, I have ivalked or I walked, 6. The Pluperfect tense represents an action as com- pleted at or before the time of another past action or NUMBER. HOOTS. CONJUGATION. S U M. 43 event; as, legeram librum ante venisti, I had read the book before you came. 7. The Future Perfect tense denotes that the action will be completed at or before the time of some other future action or event. 8. Gerunds and Supines are verbal nouns. NUMBER. 9. Verbs have two numbers, Singular and Plural, and three persons. ROOTS. 10. A verb consists of two parts, the root and the ter- mination. The general root is the part which remains unchanged by inflection. (a) There are three special roots, found in the Pres. Ind., in the Perf. Ind. and in the supine in um. (b) The principal parts are the Pres. Ind., the Pres. Inf., the Perf. Lid. and the supine in um. (c) To conjugate a verb is to give its principal parts. $ 36. The Irregular. Verb, Sum. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Fut. Part. Sum, es'-se, fu'-i, fu-tu'-rus. INDICATIVE MODE. Present Tense. Singular. Plural. b C 1. sum, /am, su'-mus, we are 7 £ < 2. es, thou art, es'-tis, ye are, «£ ( 3. est, he is ; sunt, they are. 44 THE IRREGULAR VERB, SUM, Imperfect. 1. e'-ram, I was, 2. e'-ras, thou wast, 3. e'-rat, he was ; e-ra'-mus, ice were, e-ra'-tis, ye were, errant, they were. Future, shall or will 1. e^-ro, / shall be, 2. e'-ris, thou wilt be, 3. e'-rit, he will be ; er'-i-mus, ice shall he, er'-i-tis, ye will be, e'-runt, they will be. Perfect, have been, or was. 1. fu'-i, I have been, 2. fu-is'-ti, thou hast been, 3. fu'-it, he has been ; fu'-i-mus, we have been, fu-is'-tis, ye have been, fu-e^-runt or -re, they have been, Pluperfect. 1. fu'-e-ram, I had been, 2. fu'-e-ras, thou hadst been, 3. fV-e-rat, he had been ; fu-e-ra'-mus, we had been, fu-e-ra'-tis, ye had been, fu'-e-rant, they had been. Future Perfect, shall or will have. 1. fa^-e-ro, I shall have been, 2. fu r -e-ris, thou wilt have been, 3. fV-e-rit, he will have been; fu-er'-i-mus, ice shall have been, fu-er'-i-tis, ye will have been y fu'-e-rint, they will have been. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present, may or can. 1. sim, I may be, 2. sis, thou mayst be, 3. sit, he may be ; si'-mus, we may be, si'-tis, ye may be, sint, they may be. Imperfect, might, could, would or should. 1. es^-sem, I would be, 2. es'-ses, thou wouldst be, 3. es'-set, he would be ; es-se'-mus, ice would be, es-se-tis, ye would be, es'-sent, they would be. Perfect. 1. fu'-e-rim, I may have been, fu-er'-i-mus, we may have been, 2. fu'-e-ris, thou mayst have been, fu-er'-i-tis, ye may have been, 3. fu'-e-rit, he may have been; fu r -e-rint, they may have been. THE IRREGULAR VERB, SUM. 45 Pluperfect, might, could, would or should have, 1. fu-is'-sem, / would have been, fu-is-se'-mus, we would have been, 2. fu-h'-ses^houtcouldst have been, fu-is-se'-tis, ye would have been, 3. fu-is'-set, he icould have been; fu-is f -sent, they would have been. IMPERATIVE MODE. 2. es or es f -to, be thou, es'-te or es-to f -te, be ye, 3. es'-to, let him be ; sun'-to, let them be. INFINITIVE MODE. Present, es r -se, to be, Perfect, fu-is'-se, to have been, Future, fu-tu'-rus 1 es ; -se, to be about to be. PARTICIPLE. Future, fu-tu'-rus, 1 about to be. Exercise \st on the Verb Sum. See Vocabulary, p. 46. Omnes homines sunt immortales. Cicero e r a t eloquentissimus orator. Tu es Marcellus. Tuum nomen erit notum. Sapientes erunt beati. Hie fuit currus ; hie fuerunt arma. Ilium fuit. Nos Troes fuimus. Non sumus ignari malorum. Vos eratis ignari eventus. Exercise 2d. Sis felix, may you be happy. Quis ego sim ignotum est tibi. Essemus feliciores, si fuissemus providi. Quis esset pauper, si omnes homines essent liberates ? Ille merit improvidens. Vos essetis doctiores si fuissetis diligentes. 1 Futurus, -a, -urn, is declined like bonus. Participles agree with nouns like adjectives. 46 REGULAR VERBS. Exercise 3d. Este procul, profani. Es industrius, brevis est vita. Justus et benignus esto. Quam louga mea vita futura sit ignotum est mihL Mens hominum est nescia sortis futurae. VOCABULARY.^ Arma, -orum, 2d dec. neut. used only in the plural, arms. Beatus, -a, -urn, happy. Benignus, -a, -um, kind. Brevis, -is, -e, short. Currus, -us, m. a chariot. Diligens, -tis, diligent. I>octus, -a, -um, learned. § 26. Doetior, comp. deg. from doctus. Eloquens, -tis, eloquent. § 21. Eventus, -us, m. result. Felix, -icis, happy. § 21. [future. Futurus, -a, -um, part, about to be— Hie, adv. here. Ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant. Ilium, -ii, n. the city of Troy. Immortalis, -is, -e, immortal. Jmprovldens, -tis, improvident. Industrius, -a, -um, diligent. Liberalis, -is, -e, generous. Lorsgus, -a, -um, long. Malum, -i, n. evil, misfortune. Marcellus, -i, Marcellus. Mens, mentis, f. mind. I Nescius, -a, -um, ignorant* | Nomen, nominis, a name. Notus, -a, -um, known. Orator, -oris, orator. Pauper, pauperis, poor. Procul, adv./ar off. Profanus t -a, -am, profane. Providens, -tis, provident. Quam, adv. hoio. Si, conj. if. Sors, sortis, f. destiny. Troes, Troum, m. plur. Trojans REGULAR VERBS. $37. There are four conjugations, which are distin- guished from each other by the vowel before re, in the infinitive mode. The first conjugation has a long, before re in the in- finitive ; as, amare. The second, c long ; as, docere. The third, e short ; as, legere, The fourth, l long ; as, audire. * When the student finds it difficult to recollect the meaning of words which have been used before and are not re-inserted in the vocabulary, he should review from the beginning. TERMINATIONS OF THE CONJUGATIONS. 47 Ques. How is amo (I love) conjugated ? Ans. By giving the present indicative, amo, the present infini- tive, amdre, the perfect indicative, amdvi, and the supine, amd- tum, as follows: amo, amare, amavi, amatum. Conjugate am- bulo : ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum ; aro, arare, aravi, aratum ; fugo, -are, -avi, -atum; clamo, -are, etc. ; oro, -are, etc. Of what con- jugation are these verbs ? Why ? Terminations to be added to the Roots. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MODE. Present Tense (1st root). Singular. st Conj. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 4th Conj. 1. -o, -eo, -o, -io, 2. -as, -es, -is, -IS, 3. -at; -et; -it; Plural. -it; 1. -araus, -emus, -Imus, -Imus, 2. -atis, -etis, -itis, -Itis, 3. -ant. -ent. -unt. -iunt. Imperfect (1st root). Singular. 1. -abam, -ebam, -ebam, -iebam, 2 -abas, -ebas, -ebas, -iebas, 3, -abat; -ebat; Plural. -ebat; -iebat; 1. -abamus, -ebamus, -ebamus, -iebamus 2. -abatis, -ebatis, -ebatis, -iebatis, 3. -abant. -ebant. -ebant. -iebant. Future (1st root). Singular. 1. -abo, -ebo, -am, -iam, 2. -abis, -ebis, -es, -ies, 3. -abit ; -ebit ; -et; -iet; 48 REGULAR VERBS. Plural. 1st Conj. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 4th Conj. 1. -abimus, -ebimus ., -emus, -iemus, 2. -abitis, -ebitis, -etis. -ietis, '3: -about. -ebunt. -ent. -ient. Perfect (2d root). Singular. 1. -h . "'i -i, < -h 2. -isti, -isti, -isti, -isti, 3. -it; -it; -it; Plural. -it; 1. -imus, -Imus, -Imus, -imus, 2. -istis, -istis, -istis, -istis, 3. -erunt or -ere. -erunt or -ere. -erunt or -ere. Pluperfect (2d root). -erunt or -ere Singular. 1. -eram, -eram, -eram, -eram, 2. -eras, -eras, -eras, -eras, 3. -erat; -erat ; -erat ; Plural. -erat; 1. -eramus, -eramus , -eramus, -eramus, ft -eratis, -eratis, -eratis, -eratis, 3. -erant. -erant. -erant. -erant. Future Perfect (2d root). Singular. 1. -ero, -ero, -ero, -ero, 2. -eris, -eris, -eris, -eris, 3. -erit; -erit; -erit; Plural. -erit; 1. -erimus, -e rim us , -erimus, -erimus 2. -erltis, -erltis, -erltis, -erltis, 3 -erint. -erint. -erint. -erint. 1. -em, 2. -es, 3. -et; SUBJECTIVE MODE. Present (1st root). Singular. -earn, -eas, -eat; -am, -as, -mm, -ias, -iat; TERMINATIONS OF THE CONJUGATIONS. 49 Plural. 1st Conj. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 4th Conj. 3. -emus, -earaus, -amus, -iamus, 2. -etis, -eatis, -atis, -iatis, 3. -ent. -eant. -ant. -iant. Imperfect (1st root). Singular. 1. 2. 3. -arem, -ares, -aret ; -erem, -erem, -eres, -eres, -eret; -eret; Plural. -Trem, -Ires, -Iret ; 1. 2. 3. -aremus, -aretis, -arent. -eremus, -eremus, -eretis, -eretis, -erent. -erent. Perfect (2d root). Singular. -iremus, -iretis, -Trent. 1. 2. 3= -erim, -eris, -erit; -erim, -erim, -eris, -eris, -erit; -erit; -erim, -eris, -erit; 1. 2. 3. -erTmus, -eritis, -erint. Plural. -erimus. -erimus, -eritis, -eritis, -erint. -erint. -erimus, -eritis, -erint. I. 2. 3. -issem, -isses, -isset; Pluperfect (2d root). Singular. -issem, -issem, -isses, -isses, -isset j -isset; Plural. -issem, -isses, -isset ; 1. 2. 3. -issemus, -issetis, -issent. -issemus, -issemus, -issetis, -issetis, -issent. -issent. -issemus -issetis, -issent. IMPERATIVE MODE (1st root). Singular. 2. -a or -ato, -e or -eto, -e or -Tto, -i or -Tto, 3. -ato; -eto; Plural. -lto; -Tto; 2. -ate or -atote, -ete or -etute, -Tte or -itote, -Tte or -itote 3. -anto. -ento. -unto. -iunto. 50 REGULAR VERBS. INFINITIVE MODE. 1st Ccmj. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 4th Conj. Pres. (1st root), -are, -ere, -eie, -Ire, Perf. (2d root), -isse. -isse. -isse. -isse. PARTICIPLES. Pres. (1st root), Put. (3d root), -ans, -ens, -s. -s. GERUNDS. -ens, -s. -iens, -s. f Gen. lstroot lAcc. l^Voc. -andi, -endi, -ando, -endo, -andum, -endum, -ando. -endo. SUPINES. -endi, -endo, -endum, -endo. -iendi, -iendo, -iendum, -iendo. 3d root, -m. -m. -m. -m. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MODE. Present (1st root), Singular. 1st Conj. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 4th Conj. 1. -or, -eor, -or, -ior, 2. -aris or -are, -eris or -ere, -eris or -ere, -Iris or -Ire, 3. -atur; -etur; -Itur ; Plural. -Itur; 1. -amur, -emur, -imur, -Imur, 2. -amini, -emini, -imini, -imini, 3. -antur. -entur. -untur. -iuntur. Imperfect (1st root). Singular, 1. -abar, -ebar, -ebar, -iebar, 2. -abaris or -abare, -ebaris or -ebare, -ebaris or -ebare, -iebarisor-iebare, 3. -abatur; -ebatur; -ebatur; -iebatur; Plural. 1 . -abamur, -ebamur, -ebamur, -iebamur, 2. -abamini, -ebamini, -ebamini, -iebamini, 3. -abantur. -ebantur. -ebantur. -iebantur. TERMINATIONS OF THE CONJUGATIONS. 51 Future (1st root). Singular. I. 2. 3. 1st Conj. -abor, -aberis or -ere, -abitur ; 2d Conj. 3d Conj. -ebor, -ar, -eberis or -ere, -eris or -ere, -ebitur ; -etur ; Plural. 4th Conj. -iar, -ieris or -ietur; 1. 2. 3. -abimur, -abimini, -abuntur. -ebimur, -emur, -ebimini, -emini, -ebuntur. -entur. -iemur, -iemini, -ientur. Singular. 1. -s sum or fui, 2. -s es or fuisti, 3. -s est or fuit; Singular. Perfect (3d root). Plural. -s sumus or fuimus, " -s estis or fuistis, > -s sunt or fuerunt. } Pluperfect (3d root). Plural. The same terminations to the third root in all the conjugations. 1. -s eram or fueram, -s eramus or fueramus 2. -s eras or fueras, -s eratis or fueratis, 3. -s erat or fuerat ; -s erant or fuerant. Singular. 1. -s ero or fuero, 2. -s eris or fueris, 3. -s erit or fuerit ; Future Perfect (3d root). Plural. -s erimus or fuerimus, ) -s eritis or fueritis, > -s erint or fuerint. S The same in all the conjugations. The same in all the conjugations. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present (1st root). Singular. 1. -er, 2. -eris or -ere, 3. -etur; 1. -emur, 2. -emini, 3. -entur. -ear, -earis or -eare, -eatur; -ar, -aris or -are, -atur; Plural. -eamur, -eamini, -eantur. -amur, -amini, -antur. ~! ar '. -iaris or -iare, -iatur; -lamur, -iamini, -iantur. 52 REGULAR VERBS. Imperfect (1st root) Sing-alar. 2d Conj. 3d Conj. 1st Conj. 1. -arer, -erer, 2. -areris or -arere, -ereris or -erere 3. -aretur; -eretur; 1. -aremur, 2. -aremini, 3. -arentar. 4th Conj. erer, -Irer, ereris or -erere, -ireris or -irere, eretur; -iretur; Plural. -eremur, -ereralni, -erentur. -eremur, -ere mini, -erentur. -iremur, -iremini, -irentur. Singular. -s sim or fuerim, -s sis or fueris, -s sit or fuerit ; Perfect (3d root). Plural. -s simus or fuerim us, *) rr, n a c -.• ' ( l he same in all the -s sitis or lueritis, > • . n u • ' l conjugations. -s smt or iuerint. ) J ° Pluperfect (3d root). Singular. Plural. 1. -s essem or fuissem, -s essemus or fuissemus, ^ rp. • ,, 2. -s esses or fuisses, -s essetis or fuissetis, > , e same ,n a 3. -s esset or fuisset; -s essent or fuissent. S the con J u g atlons - IMPERATIVE MODE (1st root). Singular. 2. -are or -ator, -ere or -etor, -ere or -itor, -ire or -Itor, 3L -ator ; -etor; Plural. -itor ) -Itor ; 2. -amini, -emini, -imini, -imini, 3. -antor. -entor. -untor. -iuntor. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. (1st root), -ari. -eri. -i. -Iri. Per/. (3d root), -s esse or fuisse. The same in all the conjugations. FIRST CONJUGATION. 53 §39. FIRST CONJUGATION. Formation of Tenses. Active Voice, amo, I love. A'-mo, PRINCIPAL PARTS, a-ma'-re, a-ma'-vi, a-ma'-tum. First root. Second root. Third root. Am-, a-mav- , a-ma'-tu- . FIRST ROOT. SECOND ROOT. Ind. Pres. amo, Ind. Perf amavi, " Impf amdbam, " Plup. amaverara, " Fut. amdbo, " Fut. Pf. amavero, Subj. Pres. amem, Subj. Perf. amav erim, " Impf. amarem, " Phip. amavissem, Imp. mode j ama, Inf. Perf. amavisse. Inf. Pres. amdre, THIRD ROOT. Part. Pres. amans, Fat. Part. amatun^s, Gerund, amandi, Supine, am&tum. Passive Voice, amor, I am loved, PRINCIPAL PARTS. A'-mor, a-ma'-ri, a-ma'-tus. FIRST ROOT. THIRD ROOT. Ind. Pres. amor, | Ind. Perf. amatus sum or fui, " Impf. amfll/f/r, " Plup. amatus eram or fuer am, " Fut. amdbor, " Fut. Pf. amatus ero or fuer o, Subj. Pres. amer, Subj. Perf. amatus 5/777. or fuer im, " Impfamdrer, " Plup. amatus cssem or fuissem, Imp. mode, amdre, Inf. Perf . amatus esse or fuisse, Inf. Pres. amdri. " Fut. amatU77i iri, Part. Fut. amandus Part. Perf. amatus, Supine, amatu. 54: REGULAR VERBS. Singular. 1. ego a'-mo,t I love, 2. tu a'-mas, thou lovest, 3. ille a'-mat, he loves ; INFLECTION. Activ e Voice. # INDICATIVE MODE. Present Tense. Plural. a-ma'-mus, ice love, a-ma'-tis, ye love, a'-mant, they love. Imperfect. 1. a-ma'-bam, I was loving, 2. a-ma'-bas, thou icast loving, 3. a-ma'-bat, he was loving ; am-a-ba'-mus, wc were loving, am-a-ba'-tis, ye were loving, am-a'-bant, they were loving. Future, shall or will. _ will love, a-mab'-i-mus, ice shall or will love, 2. a-ma'-bis, thoushalt or unit love, a-mab'-i-tis, ye shall or will love, 3. a-ma'-bit, he shall or icill love ; a-ma'-bunt, they shall or will lov 1. a-ma'-bo, 7 shall or will love, 2 I love. Perfect, have. 1. a-ma'-vi, I have loved, 2. am-a-vis'-ti, thou hast loved, 3. a-ma'-vit, he has loved ; a-mav'-i-mus, we have loved, am-a-vis'-tis, ye have loved, am-a-ve'-runt or -re, they have, etc. Pluperfect, had. 1. a-mav'-e-ram, 7 had loved, a-mav-e-ra'-mus, ice had loved, 2. a-mav'-e-ras, thou hadst loved, a-mav-e-ra'-tis, ye had loved, 3. a-mav'-e-rat, he had loved; a-mav'-e-rant, they had loved. Future Perfect, shall or will have. 1. a-mav'-e-ro, I shall have loved, &m-a.-ver'-i-mus, we shallhaveloved, 2. Si-mdiv'-e-ris^houicilt have loved, am-a-ver'-i-tis, ye will have loved, 3. a-mav'-e-rit, he will have loved; a-mav'-e-rint, they will have loved. * The syllables are divided, and the place of the accent marked in the inflections, to enable the student to pronounce correctly. The stress of voice must be laid upon the syllable marked thus, ' , as, a-ma) '-bam, the a is accented. t The pronouns ego, tu, nos and vos are seldom expressed, FIRST CONJUGATION. 55 RULE FOR TRANSLATING. 1. Translate the nominative case, with the words (if any) which agree with it, or the genitive which limits it. 2. Take the verb, and the object (if any) after it; then the adverb which modifies it; next the preposition and word following. Exercise I. Indicative Mode. Ego voco. Agricola arabat. Canis 1 a t r a t. Tiberis campum i n u n d a v i t, Canes latrabant. Tempora 2 mutaverint. Canis latrabit. Homines ambulaverunt in Cicero patriam unice amavit. campum. Templum dedicaverunt 1 Minervee. Exercise II. [for writing). English. Latin to be corrected. The day approaches, Dies apropinquo. The husbandman will plough, Agricola aro. Shall we walk ? Ambulo-ne ? 3 My country calls, Meus patria voco. The dogs have barked, Canis latro. The wind was blowing, Ventus spiro. Exercise III. [for the black-board). Latin words to be used. Ventus, -i, the wind. Spiro, -are, to blow. Avis, -is, a bird. Volo, -are, tojly. Aqulla, -a?, the eagle. The wind will blow, The wind blows. The birds have flown, The birds will have flown. The eagle was flying, The eagles have flown. 1 Dedicaverunt ; illi, they, is understood. 2 Tempora, from tempus, -oris, 3d Dec. Neut. 3 Ne is placed after ambulo to show that a question is asked. 56 REGULAR VERBS. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. a'-mem, J may lore, a-me'-mus, ice may love, 2. a'-raes, thou mayest love, a-me'-tis, ye may tore, 3. a'-met, he may love; a'-ment, they may love. Imperfect might, could, icould or should. 1. a-ma'-rem, / might love, am-a-re'-mus, ice might love, 2. a-ma'-res, thou mightest love, am-a-re'-tis, ye might love, 3. a-ma'-ret, he might love ; a-ma'-rent, they might love. Perfect, may have. 1. a-mav'-e-rim, I may have loved, am-a-ver'-i-mus, ice may have loved, 2. a-mav'-e-ris, thou mayest have am-a-ver'-I-tis, ye may have loved, loved, 3. a-mav'-e-rit, he may have loved ; a-mav'-e-rint, they may have loved. Pluperfect, might, could, icould or should have. Singular. 1. am-a-vis'-sem, I might have loved, 2. am-a-vis'-ses, thou mightest have loved, 3. am-a-vis'-set, he might have loved; Plural. 1. am-a-vis-se'-mns, we might have loved, 2. am-a-vis-se'-tis, ye might have loved, 3. am-a-vis'-sent, they might have loved. Exercises on the Subjunctive Mode, Exercise I. Milltes pugnent. N os deliberaremus! 1 Oro ut Dii' 2 secuudent nostra incepta 3 . Ule exploraverit rem diligenter. Arbor omnis frondes (Ace.) explicaverit Tempo ra mutavissent. 1 Let us deliberate. 2 § 15. Rem. 2. 3 Incepta, 2d Dec. Neut. from inceptum. FIRST CONJUGATION. 57 Exercise II (for writing). English. Latin to be corrected. Cowards may boast, Ignavus jacto. I will walk in the groves, when Ambulo in nemus (Ace. PL), cum the trees put forth their leaves, arbor explico (Subj. Impf.) frons. I may have established this, Hie (hoc) confirmo. Exercise III. (for the board). Latin words used. Laudo, -are, to praise. Bonus, good; bonos (Ace), the good. We may praise. He may have praised. They might have praised. Ye might praise. We might have praised the Thou mayest praise, good. I might have praised. IMPERATIVE MODE. Singular. Plural. 2, a'-ma or a-ma'-to, love thou, 2. a-ma'-te or a-ma-to'-te, love ye, 3. a-ma'-to, let him love; 3. a-man'-to, let them love. INFINITIVE MODE, Pres. a-ma'-re, to love, Perf. am-a-vis'-se, to have loved, Fut. am-a-tu'rus, to be about to love, PARTICIPLES. Pres. a'-mans, loving, Fut. am-a-tu'-rus, about to love. GERUND. Gen. a-man'-di, of loving, Dat. a- man'- do, to or for loving, Ace. a-man'-dum, loving, Voc. a-man'-do, with, by or from loving. SUPINE, a-ma'-tum, to love. 58 REGULAR VERBS. Exercise I. Imperative, Infinitive, etc. O r a veniam. Hie maturavit supplicare Deos, M u t a sententiam. Video te maturantem. Parate convivium. Veniunt ad spectandum ludos, Errare 1 est humanum. Exercise II (for the board). Latin words used. Paro, -are, to prepare. Mature, -are, to hasten» Amo, -are, to love. Jacto, -are, to boast Let them prepare. For loving. Hasten thou. To boast. Boast ye. Prepare ye for hastening. To have loved. Make haste to prepare. About to love. Prepare ye a feast. By hastening. Passive Voice. INDICATIVE MODE, Present Tense. Singular. Plural. 1. a'-mor, I am loved, a-ma'-raur, ice are loved, 2. a-ma'-ris or -re, thou art loved, a-mam'-i-ni, ye are loved, 3. a-ma'-tur, he is loved; a-man'-tur, they are loved. Imperfect. Singular. 1. a-ma'-bar, I was loved, 2. am-a-ba'-ris or -re, thou toast loved, 3. am-a-ba'-tur, he was loved; Plural. 1 . am-a-ba'-rnur, we were loved, 2. am-a-bam'-i-ni, ye were loved, 3. am-a-ban'-tur, they were loved. 1 Errare; the infinitive is sometimes used as the nominative case to a verb. FIRST CONJUGATION. 59 Future, shall or mill be. Singular. 1. a-ma'-bor, / shall be loved, 2. a-mab'-e-ris or -re, thou wilt be loved, 3. a-mab'-i-tur, he will be loved ; Plural. 1 . a-mab'-i-mur, we shall be loved, 2. am-a-bim'-i'-ni, ye will be loved, 3. am-a-bun'-tur, they will be loved. Perfect, have been, or was. Singular. 1. a-ma'-tus,* -a, -um, sum or fu'-i, / have been loved, 2. a-ma'-tus, -a, -um, es or fu-is'-ti, thou hast been loved, 3. a-ma'-tus, -a, -um, est or fu'-it, he has been loved ; Plural. 1. a-ma'-ti su'-mus or fu'-i-mus, ice have been loved, 2. a-ma'-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, ye have been loved, 3. a-ma'-ti sunt or fu-e'-runt or -re, they have been loved. Pluperfect. Singular. 1. a-ma'-tus e'-ram or fu'-e-ram, 1 had been loved, 2. a-ma'-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, thou hadst been loved, 3. a-ma'-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat, he had been loved; Plural. 1. a-ma'-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, we had been loved, 2. a-ma'-ti e-ra'-tis or fu-e-ra'-tis, ye had been loved, 3. a-ma'-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant, they had been loved. Future Perfect, shall have been. Singular. 1. a-ma'-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro, I shall have been loved, 2. a-ma'-tus e'-ris or fu'-e-ris, thou wilt have been loved, 3. a-ma'-tus e'-rit or fu'-e-rit, he will have been loved; Plural. 1. a-ma'-ti er'-i-mus or fu-er'-i-mus, we shall have been loved, 2. a-ma'-ti er'-i-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, ye will have been loved, 3. a-ma'-ti e'-runt or fu'-e-rint, they icill have been loved. * The Perf. and Plup. Pass, are compound forms of the Perf. Pass. Part, and the verb sum ; as, ambitus sum, amdta sum. The participle is declined like bonus, -a, -um. 60 REGULAR VERBS. Exercises on the Indicative Passive, Exercise L Liberi a m a n t u r a parentibus, Judicor ab inimicis. Paries c o n f i r m a b a t u r. Equitatus hostium f u g a t u s est. Virtute militum exercitus hostium s u p e r at ti s est, Enna inundabltur vestro sanguine. Exercise II. (for writing). English. The ships are tossed by the waves, The Roman army was con- quered by Hannibal, The Senate had been convened, The Persian empire was found- ed by Cyrus, Latin to be corrected. Navis jacto unda. Romanus exercitus supero (Pf. tense) ab Hannibal. Senatus convoco. Perslcus imperium fundo (Pf,) ab Cyrus. Exercise III. (for the board), Latin, words used. Vulnero, -are, to wound. Voco, -are,-/o call. He was wounded. I have been wounded. They will be called. Ye had been called. They shall have been called. Vulneror, -ari, to he wounded, Vocor, -ari, to be called. He is wounded. We have been called. They have been wounded. We had been called. They had been called. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present Tense. Singular* 1. a'-mer, / may be loved, 2. a-me'-ris or -ere, thou mayest be loved, 3. a-me'-tur, he may be loved; FIRST CONJUGATION. 61 Plural. 1. a-me'-mur, we may be loved, 2. a-mem'-i-ni, ye may be loved,, 3. a-men f -tur, they may be loved. Imperfect, might, could, would or should be. Singula!'. 1. a-ma'-rer, I might be loved, 2. a-ma-re'-ris or -ere, thou mightest be lovcd t 3. a-ma-re f -tur, he might be loved ; Plural. 1. am-a-re f -mur, we might be loved, 2. am-a-rem'-I-ni, ye might be loved, 3= am-a-ren'-tur, they might be loved. Perfect may have. Singular. 1. a-ma'-tus sim or fu f -e-rim, / may have been loved, 2. a-ma'-tus sis or fu'-e-ris, thou mayest have been loved, 3. a-ma'-tus sit or fu/-e-rit, he may have been loved ; Plural. 1. a-ma f -ti si ? -mus or fu-er'-i-mus, we may have been loved, 2. a-ma'-ti si f -tis or fu-er'-i-tis, ye may have been loved, 3. a-ma'-ti sint or fu'-e-rint, they may have been loved. Pluperfect» might, could, would or should have been. Singular. 1. a-ma'-tus es'-sem or fu-is f -sem, I might have been loved, 2. a-ma'-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, thou mightest have been loved, 3. a-ma'-tus es r -set or fu-is'-set, he might have been loved; Plural. 1. a-ma f -ti es-se'-mus or fu-is-se'-mus, we might have been loved, 2. a-ma'-ti es-se f -tis or fu-is-se'-tis, ye might have been loved, 3. a-ma'-ti es r -sent or fu-is'-sent, they might have been loved. Exercises on the Subjunctive Passive. Exercise I. Non dubito quin honorer 1 ab hominibus probis. 1 The subjunctive is often to be translated like the indicative mode in English ; as, quin honorer, but that I am honored. 62 REGULAR VERBS. Cum hostes fugati essent, milltes redierunt (returned) ad castra. Cognoscis-ne* quantopere delectentur meo cantu ? Nemo dubltat quin 2 terra inundata sit. Exercise II. {for ivriting). English. I do not doubt but that the orations of Cicero are admired by all learned men. It remains that I may implore and entreat your forgiveness. There was great fear lest the city should be seized by the Gauls. If Caesar had not been a tyrant, he might not have been as- sassinated. Latin to be corrected. Non dubito quin oratio Cicero admiror ab omnis vir doctus* Reliquum est ut oro et obsecro tua venia. Ingens erat timor ne urbs occupo (Impf. Subj.) a Galli. Si Csesar non sum tyrannus non trucido (Plup. Subj.) Exercise III. {for the board). Latin words used. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Supero, -are, to overcome, to con- Superor, -ari, -atus sum, to be qiier. overcome. Inundo, -are, to overflow, to in- Inundor, -ari, to be inundated, undate. to be overflown, Hostis, -is, an enemy. Terra, -se, the earth. The enemy may be overcome. The enemy might be conquered. The earth may have been inundated. The earth might be inundated. The enemy might have been conquered. 1 Cognoscis-ne, do you know ? 2 The subjunctive is used after ut, ne, quo and quin. FIRST CONJUGATION. 63 IMPERATIVE MODE. Singular. 2. a-ma'-re or a-ma'-tor, be thou loved, 3. a-ma'-tor, let him be loved ; Plural. 2. a-mam'-i-ni, be ye loved, 3. a-man'-tor, let them be loved. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. a-ma'-ri, to be loved, Perf. a-ma'-tus es r -se or fu-is'-se, to have been loved, Fut. a-ma'-tum i'-ri, to be about to be loved. PARTICIPLES. Perf. a-ma'-tus, loved, or having been loved, Fut. a-man'-dus, to be loved. SUPINE. a-ma'-tu, to be loved. EXERCISE. Terra arator. Maria navigantor. Omnes homines desiderant 1 a u d a r i. Hie erat dignus amari. Philosophia homines dissipatos convocavit in societatem vitae. Incrediblle memoratu. For the board. Laudo, -are, to praise, Laudor, -ari, to be praised. To be praised. Let them be praised. To have been praised. Having been praised. To be about to be praised. To be praised. Be ye praised. 64 REGULAR VERBS. QUESTIONS IN REVIEW OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 1. How is the first conjugation distinguished? 2. What are the roots of a-mo? of lau-do? of pug-no? 3. How is the imperfect tense formed ? the pluperfect ? 4. Give the formation of the tenses in the indicative mode. 5. Give the formation of the tenses in the subjunctive mode. 6. Conjugate amo in the active voice. In the passive. 7. Decline each of the tenses in the indicative mode, active voice. ' 8. Decline the present tense, passive voice. 9. Decline the imperfect and future tenses, passive. 10. Decline the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect lnd., passive. 11. Decline the subjunctive present and imperfect, passive. 12. Decline the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, passive. 13. How many participles in the active voice? How many in the passive voice ? Name them. 14. Beginning with amo, name the first person singular in each tense of the indicative mode, active and passive. Of the subjunc- tive, active and passive. VOCABULARY. A, prep, from, followed by the abl. Ab, ipreip.from, the same as a. A can stand only before words beginning with a consonant; ab stands before words begin- ning with either vowels or con- sonants. Admiror, -ari, -atus sum, to ad- mire; it has no active form. Agricola, -se, a husbandman ; from ager, a field, and colo, to culti- vate. Ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to walk. Approquinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, to approach (ad and propinquo). Arbor, -oris, a tree. Aro, -are, -avi, -atum, to plough. Caesar, -aris, C&sar (a Roman gen- eral). Campus, -i, a plain, an open field. Canis, -is, a dog. Cantus, -us, singing. Castra, -orum, a camp; used only in the plural with this signifi- cation. The Roman camp was made quadrangular, with a trench and palisades before it. Causa, -a?, cause. Cicero, -onis, Cicero (the Roman orator). Cogno^CD, -ere, turn, to know. Comparo, -are, compare. Confirmo, -are, cognovi, cogni- -avi, -atum, to -avi, -atum, to strengthen, to establish. Convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to call together. Convivium, -ii, n. a feast. Cum and quum, adv. when. Cyrus, -i, Cyrus (king of Persia). Dedico, -are, -avi, -atum, to dedi- cate. Delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- light. Delibero, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- liberate. Desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- sire. Dies, -ei, &day. See § 22. Dii, the gods. See § 15. Rem. 2. FIRST CONJUGATION. 65 Dignus, -a, -um, worthy. Diligentia, -ae, diligence. Dissipatus, -a, -um, part, scattered, from disslpo, -are, -avi, -atum. Dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, to doubt. Enna, -ae, Enna (a city in Sicily). Equitatus, -us, cavalry. Erro, -are, -avi, -atum, to err. Et, conj. and. Exercitus, -us, an army. Explico, -are, -avi, -atum, to un- fold. Explore-, -are, -avi, -atum, to ex- amine. Frons, -dis, f. a leaf. Fugo, -are, -avi, -atum, to rout. Fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, to estab- lish, to found. Galli, -orum, the Gauls. Hannibal, -alis, Hannibal (a Car- thaginian general). Honoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to re- spect. Homo, -mis, a man. Hostis, -is, c. an enemy. Humanus, -a, -um, human. Ignavus, -a, -um, cowardly ; used as a noun, a coioard. Imperium, -i, empire. In, prep. in. Inceptum, -i, an undertaking. Incredibilis, -is, -e, strange. Ingens, -tis, great, huge. Inimlcus, m. an enemy. lnundo, -are, -avi, -atum, to del- uge. Jacto, -are, -avi, -atum, to cast, to toss, to boast. Judico, -are, -avi, -atum, to judge. Latro, -onis, m. a robber. Latro, -are, -avi, -atum, to bark. Laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, to praise. Liber i, -orum, children. Ludus, -i, game. Mare, -is, n. the sea; nom. plur. maria. Maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, to hasten. Memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to re- late; memoratu, supine, to be related. Miles, mill tis, m. a soldier. Minerva, -ae, Minerva (goddess of the arts). Muto, -are, -avi, -atum, to change. Navigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to sail. Navis, -is, f. a ship. Ne, adv. lest, not. ./Ye, when join- ed to a word, denotes that a question is asked. Nemo, neminis, m. and f. no one. Nemus, -oris, n. a grove. Non, adv. not. Noster, nostra, nostrum, adj. pron. our. Obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, to en- treat. Occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, to take possession of. Omnis, -is, -e, all, every. Oratio, -onis, f. an oration. Oro, -are, -avi, -atum, to pray. Parens, -entis, a -parent. Paries, -etis, a wall. Paro, -are, -avi, -atum, to prepare. Patria, -ae, one's native country. Persicus, -a, -um, Persian. Philosophia, -ae, philosophy. Probus, -a, -um, honest. Pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to fight. Quantopere, adv. how greatly. Quin, adv. but that. Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. Redierunt, perf. tense, from redeo, they returned. Reliquum est, it remains. Res, rei, f. a thing. Sanguis, sanguinis, blood. Secundo, -are, -avi, -atum, to pros- per. Senatus, -us, a senate. Sententia, -ae, an opinion, senti- ment. Si, conj. if. Societas, -tatis, f. society. Specto, -are, -avi, -atum, to view. Spiro, -are, -avi, -atum, to blow. Supero, -are, -avi, -atum, to con- quer. Supplico, -are, -avi, -atum, to sup- plicate. Templum, -i, n. a temple. Tempus, -oris, n. time. 66 PvEGULAR VERBS. Terra, -a?, the earth. Tiberis, -is, m. the river Tiber. Timor, -oris, to., fear. Trucido, -are, -avi, -atum, to kill. Tims, -a, -urn, thine, thy. Tyrannus, -i, a tyrant. Unice, adv. exceedingly. Urbs, urbis, f. a city. Ut, conj. that, as. Venia, -se, forgiveness. Veniunt, they come. Ventus, -i, the xcind. Vester, vestra, vestrum, adj. pron. your. Video, I see. Vir, viri, a man. See § 25. 4. Virtus, -tutis, f. virtue, valor. Voco, -are, -avi, -alum, to call. §40. SECOND CONJUGATION. The second conjugation is distinguished by having e long before re in the infinitive mode ; as, video, videre, (e is long in quantity before re). The second root of regzdar verbs in this conjugation ends in u, the third root in ttu ; as, habeo, habe-re, habu-i, habitii-m. The roots of the irregular verbs can be found in the dictionary. Conjugate the following verbs and tell why they are in the second conjugation : de'-be-o, -ere, -ui, -itum, ad-hib'-eo, mc/-iie-o, ha'-be-o, ter'-re-o, ti'-me-o. Formation of Tenses. Active Voice, mo'-ne-o, I admonish. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Mo'-ne-o, mo-ne'-re, mon'-u-i, mon^-i-tum. First root. Mon-, Second root. monu- , Third root. mon-i-tu- . SECOND CONJUGATION. 67 FIRST ROOT. Ind. Pres. moneo, " Impf monebam, " Fut. monebo, Subj. Pres. moneam, u Impf. monerem, Imp. mode, mone. Inf. Pres. monere, Part. monens, Gerund, monendi,-o,-um,etc. SECOND ROOT. Ind. Perf. monui, " Plup. monueram, " Fut. Pf. monuero, Subj. Perf. raonumm, " Plup. monuissem, Inf. Perf. monuisse. THIRD ROOT. Inf. Fut. monitun/s esse, Fut. Part. moniturws, Supine, monitura. Passive Voice, mo'-ne-or, lam advised. Mo'-ne-or, PRINCIPAL PARTS. mo-ne-ri, mon'-i-tus. FIRST ROOT. Ind. Pres. moneor, " Impf mone bar, " Fut. monebor, Subj. Pres. monear, " Impf monerer, Imp. mode, monere, Inf. Pres. moneri, Fut. Part, moncndus. THIRD ROOT. Ind. Perf. monitus sum orfui, " Plup. monitus eram oifueram, " Fut.Pf. monitus ero or fuero, Subj. Perf. monitus sim or fuerim, " Plup. monitus essem or fuissem, Inf. Perf. monitus esse ovfuisse, " Fut. monitu77i iri, Perf. Part, monitus. INFLECTION. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MODE. J advise. Sing, mo'-ne-o, mo'-nes, mo'-net ; Plur. mo-ne'-mus, mo-ne r -tis, mo'-nent. Present Tense. I am advised. Sing, mo'-ne-or, mo-ne'-ris or ■ mo-ne'-tur ; Plur. mo-ne'-mur, mo-nem'-i-ni, mo-nen'-tur. 68 REGULAR VERBS. Imperfect. / icas advising. S. mo-ne'-bam, mo-ne'-bas, mo-ne'-bat; P. mon-e-ba'-mus, mon-e-ba'-tis, mo-ne'-bant. I was advised. mo-ne'-bar, mon-e-ba'-ris or • mon-e-ba'-tur; mon-e-ba'-mur, mon-e-bam'-i-ni, mon-e-ban'-tur. Future. / shall or will advise. S. mo-ne'-bo, mo-ne'-bis, mo-ne'-bit; P. mo-neb'-i-mus, mo-neb'-i-tis, mo-ne'-bunt. I shall or will he advised. S. mo-ne'-bor, rno-neb'-e-ris or -re, mo-neb'-i-tur ; P. mo-neb'-i-mur, mon-e-bim'-i-ni, mon-e-bun'-tur. I advised, or have advised I wa. S. mon'-u-i, S. mon'- mon-u-is'-ti, mon' mon'-u-it; mon'- P. mo-nu'-i-mus, P. mon'- mon-u-is'-tis, mon' mon-u-e'-runt or -re. mon' Perfect. I was or have been advised. I'-i-tus sum or fu'-i, ri'-i-tus es or fu-is'-ti, I'-i-tus est or fu'-it ; a'-i-ti su'-mus or fu'-i-mus, ri'-i-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, a'-i-ti sunt or fu-e'-runt or -re. / had advised. S. mo-nu'-e-ram, mo-nu'-e-ras, mo-nu'-e-rat; P. mon-u-e-ra'-mus, mon-u-e-ra'-tis, mo-nu'-e-rant. Pluperfect. / had been advised. S. mon'-i-tus e'-ram or fu'-e-ram, mon'-i-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, mon'-i-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat; P. mon'-i-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, mon'-i-ti e-ra'tis or fu-e-ra'-tis, mon'-i-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant. I shall have advised. S. mo-nu'-e-ro, mo-nu' e-ris, mo-nu'-e-rit; P. mon-u-er'-i-mus, mon-u-er'-i-tis, mo-nu'-e-rint. Future Perfect. I shall have been advised. S. mon'-i-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro, mon'-i-tus e'-ris or fu'-e-ris, mon'-i-tus e'-rit or fu'-e-rit; P. mon'-i-ti er'-i-mus or fu-er'-i-mus 7 mon'-i-ti er'-i-tis or fu-er'-itis, mon'-i-ti e'-runt or fu'-e-rint. SECOND CONJUGATION. 69 Exercises on the Indicative Mode. Exercise I. ACTIVE. Non me terret Catallna, Fabius me admonuit. Superi Turnum admonue- r a n t. Vidi nullam sororum tuarum. Terra movebit. Scipio delevit Carthaginem. Apes arcent ignavos fucos. PASSIVE. Ego non terreor a Catalina* Ego admonltus sum a Fabio. Turnus admonltus erat a Su- peris. Nulla tuarum sororum visa est a me. Terra movebltur. Carthago deleta est a Scipione. Ignavi fuci arcentur ab # aplbus. Exercises II [for ivriting.) Rule for changing the Active Voice to the Passive, without altering the sense. — Make the object of the active form, the nominative for the passive— put the nominative in the ablative, with a or ab, — change the verb to the passive form. English. All the citizens abhorred Ca- taline, Cataline was abhorred by all the citizens, You will increase your pos- sessions, Your possessions will be in- creased. The anchor holds the ship, The ship is held by the an- chor. Latin to be corrected. Omnis civis abhorreo Catalina. Catalina [make the change ac- cording to the rule.) Augeo tuus possessio. Ancora teneo navis. * The preposition a or ah is followed by the ablative ; a stands before words beginning with consonants, ab before words beginning with vowels or consonants. 70 REGULAR VERBS. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present Tense. I may or can advise, S. rao'-ne-am, mo'-ne-as, mo'-ne-at; P. mo-ne-a'-mus, mo-ne-a'-tis, mo'-ne-ant. / may or can be advised. S. mo'-ne-ar, mo-ne-a'-ris or -re, mo-ne-a'-tur ; P. mo-ne-a'-mur, mo-ne-am'-i-ni, mo-ne-an'-tur. Imperfect. I might, could, would, or should advise. S. -'-- mo-ne'-rera, mo-ne'-res, mo-ne'-ret; P. mon-e-re'-mus, mon-e-re'-tis, mo-ne'-rent. / might, could, would, or should be advised. S. mo-ne'-rer, mon-e-re'-ris or -re, mon-e-re'-tur ; P. mon-e-re'-mur, mon-e-rem'-i-ni, mon-e-ren'-tur. 1 may have advised. X mo-nu'-e-rim, 5. mon' mo-nu'-e-ris, mon'- mo-nu'-e-rit ; mon'- p. mon-u-er'-i-mus, P. mon'- raou-u-er'-i-tis, mon'- mo-nu'-e-rint. mon' Perfect. / may have been advised. n'-i-tus sim or fu'-e-rim, i'-i-tus sis or fu'-e-ris, n'-i-tus sit or fu'-e-rit ; l'-i-ti si'-mus or fu-er'-i-mus, l'-i-ti si'-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, a'-i-ti sint or fu'-e-rint. I might, could, would, or should have advised. S. mon-u-is'-sem, mon-u-is'-ses, mon-u-is'-set; P. mon-u-is-se'-mus, mon-u-is-se'-tis, mon-u-is'-sent. Pluperfect. 1 might, could, would, or should have been advised, S. mon'-i-tus es'-sem or fu-is'-sem, mon'-i-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, mon'-i-tus es'-set or fu-is'-set; P. mon'-i-ti es-se'-mus or fu-is-se'-mus, mon'-i-ti es-se'-tis or fu-is-se'-tis, mon'-i-ti es'-sent or fu-is'-sent. SECOND CONJUGATION. 71 Exercises on the Subjunctive Mode, Exercise I. ACTIVE. Accidit ut te viderem. Si jusisses 1 ego paruissem. Livius narrat, quantum seditio- nem Romani populi move- rint 2 . Uterque exerceat 3 earn artem, quam scit. PASSIVE. Accidit ut tu videreris a me. Si ego jussus essem 1 a te, paruissem. Livius narrat quanta seditio mota sit 2 a populo Romano. Ea ars quam scit (which he knows), 4 exerceatur ab utro- que. Exercise II. (for the board). He may advise, He may be advised. We might advise, They might be advised. Ye may have advised, Ye may have been advised. I should have advised, I should have been advised. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. IMPERATIVE MODE. Advise thou. Be thou advised. S. mo'-ne or mo-ne'-to, S. mo-ne'-re or mo-ne'-tor, mo-ne'-to ; mo-ne'-tor ; P. mo-ne'-te or mon-e-to'-te, P. mo-nem'-i-ni, mo-nen'-to. mo-nen'-tor. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. mo-ne're, to advise, Perf. mon-u-is'-se, to have advised, Tut. mon-i-tu'-rus es'-se, about to advise. to be Pres. mo-ne'-ri, to be advised, Perf. mon'-i-tus es'-se or fu-is'-se, to have been advised, Put. mon'-i-tum i'-ri, to be about to be advised. Jubeo. 2 Moveo. " Let each one practice." " Let that art, which he knows, be practised." 72 REGULAR VERBS. I PARTICIPLES. Pres. rao'-nens, advising, Fut. mon-i-tu'-rus, about to ad- vise. Per/, mon'-T-tus, advised, Fut. mo-nen'-dus, to be advised. GERUND. Gen. mo-nen'-di, of advising, Dat. mo-nen'-do, etc. Ace. mo-nen'-dum, Abl. mo-nen'-do. SUPINES, mon'-i-tum, to advise. mon'-i-tu, to be advised. Exercise on the Imperative, Infinitive^ etc. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. x\dhibete diligentiam. Persuadeo populo parere legi- bus. Sehceneus dicltnr (is said) h a- b u i s s e formosisslmam iil- iam. II] e tenens lora vehitur(is drawn) in curru. Tempus exercendi. Diligentia adhibetor. Populi persuadentor parere le- gibus. Croesus enpit (desires) h a b e r i (to be esteemed) beatissimus omnium hominum. Tu admonitus, vita (shun) ejus exemplum. Deus est parendus. QUESTIONS IN REVIEW OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION, 1. What are the roots of regular verbs of this conjugation? 2. Name the tenses derived from the first and second roots, in the active voice. 3. What tenses are formed from the first root in the passive voice ? From the third root ? 4. Decline the perfect passive. The pluperfect. 5. How many participles in the active voice ? How many in the passive ? What are thev ? VOCABULARY, Accidit, impers. verb, it happens. Adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -lturn, to use. Admoneo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to ad- monish. Apis, -is, f. a bee. Arceo, -ere, -ui, aicay. Ars, artis, f. art. itum, to drive THIRD CONJUGATION. Beatus, -a, -um, happy. Carthago, -mis, Carthage. Catallna, -ae, Cat aline. Croesus, -i, Croesus. Cupit, he desires. Currus, -us, m. a chariot. Deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, to destroy. Deus, -i, God. Dicitur, it is said. Diligentia, -oe, diligence. Exemplum, -i, n. example. Exerceo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to prac- tise, to exercise. - Fabius, -ii, Fabius. Filia, -ae, f. daughter. Formosus, -a ; -urn. handsome. Fucus, -i, ra. a drone. Habeo, -ere, habui, habitum, to have. Habeor, -eri, habitus, pass, voice of habeo, to be held, to be es- teemed. lgnavus, -a, -um, idle, sluggish. Is, ea, id, he, she, it, that. Jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, to com- mand. Lex, legis, f. a law. Livius, -ii, Livy. Lorum, -i, n. a rein. Lora, -orum, n. reins. Moveo, -ere, movi, motum, to move, to excite. Narro, -are, -avi, -atum, to relate. Pareo, -ere, parui, paritum, to obey. Persuadeo, -ere, persuasi, persua- sum, to persuade . Populus, -i, m. people. Quantus, -a, -um, how great. Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. Schoeneus, -i, Schceneus. Scipio, -oniSj Scipio (a Roman general). [4th conj. Scit, 3d pers. sing. ind. he knoics, Seditio, -onis, f. a sedition. Soror, -Oris, f. a sister. Superi, -orum, 2d dec. pi. the gods. Tempus, -oris, n. time. Teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, to hold. Terra, -ae, the earth. Terreo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to frighten. Turnus, -i, Turnus. Velio, -ere, vexi, vectum, to draw. Uterque, utraque, utrumque, each one. Video, -ere, vidi, visum, to see. Vito, -are, -avi, -atum, to shun. §41. THIRD CONJUGATION. The third conjugation is distinguished by e short be- fore re in the the infinitive ; as, rego, regere. Verbs of this conjugation form the second and third roots variously ; as, Rego, regere, rexi, rectum, to rule. Lego, lege re, 1 e g i, lectum, to read. Facio, fa cere, fe ci, f a c t u m, to do, to make. Fluo, fluere, flu xi, f 1 uxuin, to flow. Arguo, arguere, argui, argutum, to prove. 74 REGULAR VERBS. Formation of Tenses. Active Voice, rego, I rule. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Re'-go, reg'-e-re, rex'-i, rec'-tum, to rule. First root. Reg-, Second root, rex- , Third root. rectu- . FIRST ROOT. hid. Pres. re go, " Impf. rege bam, u Fvt. regain, Subj. Pres. regam, u Impf. regerem, Imp. mode, rege, Inf. mode, regere, Participle, regens, Gerund, xegendum. SECOND ROOT. Ind. Perf rexi, " Plup. rexeram, " Fut. Pf rexero, Subj. Perf. rexerim, " Plup. rexissem, Inf. Perf rexisse. THIRD ROOT. Inf. Fut. recturus esse, Fut. Part. recturus. Supine, rectu?». Passive Voice, regor, I am ruled. Re'-gor, PRINCIPAL PARTS. re'-gi, rec'-tus sum. FIRST ROOT. Ind. Pres. regor, " Impf rege bar, u Fut. regar, Suhj. Pres. regar, " Impf regerer, Inf. Pres. regi, Imp. mode, regere, Fut. Part, regendus. THIRD ROOT. Ind. Perf rectus sum or fui, " Plup. rectus eram or fuer am, " Fut. Pf. rectus ero or fuero, Subj. Perf. rectus sim or fuerim 1 " Plup. rectus essern or fuissem, Inf. Perf. rectus esse or fuisse, " Fut. rectum iri, Perf. Part, rectus, rectu. THIRD CONJUGATION. 75 INFLECTION. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MODE. Present Tense. / rule. I am ruled. Sing, re'-go, Sing. re f -gor, re f -gis, reg'-e-ris or re'-git; reg'-i-tur ; Plur. reg'-i-mus, Plur. reg'-i-mur, reg'-i-tis, re-gim ? -i-ni, re'-gunt. re-gun'-tur. Imperfect. I teas ruling. $. re-ge'-bam, re-ge'-bas, re-ge' bat; P. reg-e-ba 7 -mus, reg-e-ba'-tis, re ge'- bant. / was ruled. S. re-ge'-bar, reg-e-ba f -ris or -re, reg-e-ba'-tur ; P. reg-e-ba'-mur, reg-e-bam'-i-ni, reg-e-ban*-tur. Future. I shall, or will rule. S. re'-gam, re*-ges, re'-get; P. re-ge'-mus, re-ge'-tis, reagent. I shall, or will -be ruled, S* re'-gar, re-ge'-ris or -re, re-ge'-tur ; P. re-ge'-mur, re-gem'-i-ni, re-gen'-tur, / ruled or have ruled. S. rex'-i, rex-is'-ti, rex'-it"; P. rex'-i-mus, rex-is'-tis, rex-e'-runt or -re. Perfect. I was or have been ruled. S. rec'-tus sum or fu'-i, rec'-tus es or fu-is'-ti, rec'-tus est or fu'-it ; P. rec'-ti su' mus or fu'-i-mus, rec'-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, rec f -ti sunt or fu-e'-runt or -re. 76 REGULAR VERBS. 8. J had ruled. rex'-e-ram, rex'-e-ras, rex'-e-rat ; rex-e-ra'-mns, rex-e-ra'-tis. rex'-e-rant Pluperfect / had been ruled. S. rec''-tus e'-ram or fu'-e-ram, rec'-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, rec'-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat : P. rec'-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, rec'-ti e-ra'-tis or fu-e-ra'-tis, rec'-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant. 1 shall hare ruled. S. rex'-e-ro, rex'-e-ris, rex'-e-rit ; P. rex-er'-i-mus, rex-er'-itis, rex'-e-rint. Future Perfect, I shall have been ruled, S. rec'-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro, rec'-tus e'-ris or fu'-e-ris, rec'-tus e'-rit or fu'-e-rit ; P. rec'-ti er'-I-mus or fu-er'-I-mus,- rec'-ti er'-I-tis or fu-er'-I-tis, rec'-ti e'-runt or fu'-e-rint. SUBJECTIVE MODE.. Present Tense. / may or can rule, S. re'-gam, re'-gas, re'-gat ; P. re-ga'-mus. re-ga'-tis, re'-^ant 1 may or can be ruled, ?. re'-gar, re-ga'-ris or -re, re-ga'-tur : D . re-ga'-mur, re-gam'-i-ni, re-o-an'-tur. Imperfect. / might, could, icould, or should rule. S. reg'-e-rem, reg'-e-res, reg'-e-ret : P. reg-e-re'-mus, reg-e-re'-tis, reg'-e-rent. I might, could, icould, or should be ruled. S. reg'-e-rer, reg-e-re'-ris or -re, reg-e-re'-tur ; P. reg-e-re'-mur. reg-e-rem'-i-ni, re^-e-ren'-tur. THIRD CONJUGATION. 77 J may have ruled. S. rex'-e-rim, rex'-e-ris, rex'-e-rit; P. rex-er'-i-mus, rex-er'-i-tis, rex'-e-rint. Perfect. / may have been ruled. S. rec'-tus sim or fu'-e-rim, rec'-tus sis or fu'-e-ris, rec'-tus sit or fu'-e-rit 3 P. rec'-ti si'-mus or fu-er f -i-mus T rec'-ti si'-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, rec'-ti sint or fu'-e-rint. I might, could, would, or should have ruled. S. rex-is f -sem, rex-is'-ses, rex-is'-set ; P. rex-is-se'-mus, rex-is-se'-tis, rex-is'-sent. Pluperfect. I might, could, would, or should have been ruled. S. rec f -tus es'-sem or fu-is'-sem, rec'-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, rec'-tus es'-set or fu-is'-set ; P. rec'-ti es-se'-mus or fu-is-se'-mus, rec'-ti es-se'-tis or fu-is-se'-tis, rec'-ti es'-sent or fu-is'-sent. Rule thou. S. re f -ge, or reg f -i-to, reg f -i-to ; P. reg'-i-te or reg-i-to'-te, re-gun'-to. IMPERATIVE MODE. Be thou ruled. S. reg'-e-re or reg'-i-tor, reg'-I-tor ; P. re-gim'-i-ni v re-gun r -tor. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. reg'-e-re, to rule. Perf. rex-is'-se, to have ruled. Fut. rec-tu'-rus es'-se, to be about to rule. Pres. re'-gi, to be ruled. Perf. rec f -tus es'-se or fu-is'-se, to leave been ruled. Fut. recMum i'-ri, to be about to be ruled. PARTICIPLES. Pres. re ; -gens, ruling. Fut. rec-tu'-rus, about to rule. Perf. rec f -tus, ruled. I Fut. re-gen'-dus, to be ruled. GERUND. Gen. re-gen'-di, of ruling. Dat. re-gen'-do, etc. Ace. re-gen^dum, Abl. re-gen'-do. 78 REGULAR VERBS. . ACTIVE. PASSIVE. SUPINES. rec'-tum, to rule. rec'-tu, to be ruled. Exercises on the third Conjugation. — Indicative Mode. Exercise I. Diseipuli Ciceronis orationes 1 e g u n t. Silanus sententiam dixit 1 (de- clared). Tityrus capellas a g e b a t. Unde a c c e p i s t i 2 anuium ? Sabina ami sit 3 istum 4 anu- lum. Orationes Ciceronis 1 e g u n- t u r a discipulis. Sententia dicta est 1 a Sila- no. Capellae agebantur a Tity- ro. Unde iste anulus acceptus est? 2 Iste anulus amissus est 3 a Sabina. Exercise II. [for ivriting). English. Latin to be corrected. Have you read the orations of Lego-ne (Perf.) oratio (Ace.) Cicero ? Cicero ? Have the orations of Cicero Oratio (Nom.) Cicero lego (Per£ been read by you? Pass.) a tu (Abl.). Ceesar had sent the cavalry, Caesar mitto equitatus. The cavalry had been sent by Equitatus mitto ab Caesar. Caesar, The civil war followed the ser- Civilis bellum succedo (Perf.) vile war, servllis bellum. The servile war was followed (Change the Latin from the by the civil war, active according to the rule.) Exercise III. (for the board). ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Legor, legi, lectus sum, to he read. Epistola, -33, a letter. Lego, -ere, legi, lectum, to read. Liber, libri, a booh dico, aceipio. y amitto. 4 iste, ista, istud. THIRD CONJUGATION. 19 I have read the book. The boy (puer) reads the book. A friend (amicus) may read the book. The book has been read by me. The book is read by the boy. The letter may be read by a friend. ille i n- ACTIVE. Omnes suadent ut s t r u a t copias. Rex imperavit, ut illi dedu- ce r e n t copias (that they). Alexander, quum interemis- set ] Clitum, vix manus (Ace.) a se abstinuit. What is the subject nom. of ab- stinuit ? Subjunctive Mode. Exercise I. PASSIVE. Omnes suadent ut copise in- struantur. Rex imperavit ut copiee de- ducerentur. Caesar, quum Pompeius in- teremptus esset, 1 dicl- tur fudisse* 2 lacrymas. What is the subject nom. of d't- EXERCISE II. English. I advise you to read (that you read) the book, I advise that the book be read by you, I desired that my father would write the letter, I desired that the letter might be written by my father, citur ? {for writing). Latin to to corrected. Moneo, ut lego (Subj. Pres.) liber. Moneo, ut liber lego (Pres. Sub.) a tu. Rogo, ut pater scribo epistola. [The subj. mode is used after ut.] Rogo ut epistola scribo a pater. [In what tense will you put scribo ?] Exercise III. ACTIVE. Jugurtha jussus est 3 ab senatu discedere Italia (from Italy). Albinus maturat bellum con- n* c e r e. PASSIVE. Omnia (all things) non possent e ffi c i 4 ab pecunia. Nemo cupit contemni. Memorabile diet u 5 . Dsedalus, in custodiam c o n- 1 interimo. 2 fundo. 3 jubeo. 4 efficio. 5 dico. 80 REGULAR VERBS. Senatus misit Pompeium ad c-onficiendum bellum. Homines missi sunt 2 oraculum consultu in. j e c t u s, sibi alas aptavit 1 et avolavit. Horriblle dictu. 3 QUESTIONS IN REVIEW OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 1. How is the third conjugation distinguished ? 2. What are the principal parts of rego? 3. Name the roots of rego. 4. What parts are formed from the first root ? 5. What from the second root ? — third root ? 6. Decline the tenses, active and passive, formed from the first root. 7. Decline the tenses, active and passive, formed from the seeond root. 3. Name the participles in the active voice; — in the passive voice. 9. Give the inflections of rego in the active voice. 10. Give the inflections in the passive voice. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD. ACTIVE. PASSIVE. Regor, regi, rectus sum. Ducor, duci, ductus sum, I am led. Pastor, -oris, a shepherd. Pecus, -oris (Neut.), a flock. Rego, regere, rexi, rectum, to rule. Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, to lead. Rex, regis, a king. Juste, justly. The king rules. The shepherd leads his flock. The king would rule. The shepherd was leading his flock. Rule justly, O king. The king will rule. The people are ruled. The flock, is led by the shep- herd. The flock would be led. The people have been ruled. Let the flock be led. The flock will be led. Sibi alas aptavit, he fitted icings to himself. mitto, missi sunt, Perf. Pass. 3 dico. THIRD CONJUGATION. 81 VOCABULARY. Abstineo, -ere, -ui, to keep off. Accipio, -ere, accepi, acceptum, to receive. Ad, prep. to. [lead. Ago, -ere, -egi, actum, to drive, to Ala, -ae, a wing. Albinus, -i, Albinus. Alexander, -dri, Alexander. Amitto, -ere, amlsi, amissum, to lose. A mil us, -i, a ring. Apto, -are, -avi, -atum, to fit. Avolo, -are, -avi, -atum, to fly away. Bellum, -i, war. Capella, -ae, a kid. Civllis, -is, -e, civil. Clltus, -i , Clitus (a familiar friend of Alexander). Conficio, -ere, confeci, confectum, to finish. Conjicio, -ere, conjeci, conjectural, to throw. Constilo, -ere, constilui, consul- turn, to consult. Contemno, -ere, contempsi, con- temptum, to despise. Copiae, -arum, troops, forces. Cupio, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, to desire. Custodia, -ae, guard, prison. Daedalus, -i, Dadalus. Deduco, -ere, deduxi, deductum, to lead out. Dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, to say. Descedo, -ere, discessi, discessum, to depart. Discipulus, -i, m. a scholar. Efficio, -ere, effeci, effectum, to do, to effect. Epistola, -ae, a letter. Fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, to pour out, to shed. ITorribilis, -is, -e, dreadful. Ille, ilia, illud, he, she, it. Impero, -are, -avi, atum, to com- mand. lnstruo, -ere, instruxi, instruc- tum, to put in array. Interimo, -ere, -emi, emptum, to kill. Iste, ista, istud, that. Italia, -ae, Italy. Jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, to com- mand. Lacryma, -ae, a tear. Lego, -ere, legi, lectum, to read. Liber, -bri, a book. Manus, -us, a hand. Memorabilis, -is, -e, memorable. Mitto, -ere, misi, missum, to send. Moneo, -ere, monui, monitum, to admonish, to advise. Non, adv. not. Omnia, from omnis, all (things). Oraculum, -i, an oracle. Pater, patris, a father. Pecunia, -ae, money. Pompeius, -ii, Pompey. Possent, they are able. Quum or cum, when. Rex, regis, a king. Rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to entreat. Sablna, -ae, Sabina. Scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, to icrite. Senatus, -us, the Senate. J Servllis, -is, -e, servile. Silanus, -i, Silanus. Suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, to persuade. Succedo, -ere, successi, succes- sum, to follow. Sui, gen. (see ace.) of himself. Tityrus, -i, Tityrus. Unde, adv. ichence. Ut, conj. that. Vix, adv. scarcely. 82 REGULAR VERBS. §42. FOURTH CONJUGATION. The fourth conjugation is distinguished by l long, be- fore re in the infinitive. In regular verbs the second root ends in iv ; the third root in Uu. Audio, aud ire, Munzo, mumre, Dormzo, dorrnzre, audin, audit um, to hear. munzrz, munitum, to fortify. dorm'zrz, dormUwwi, to sleep. Formation of Tenses. Active Voice, au'-di-o, I hear. PRINCIPAL PARTS Ind. Pres. Ivf. Perf. Svpine. au'-di-o, au-dl're, au-dl'-vi, au-di'-tum First root. Second root. Third root. Aud-,- audlv- , audltu- . FIRST ROOT. hid. Pres. audio, " Impf. diiidie bam, u Fut. audiam, Subj. Pres. audzV/777, " Impf. audirem, Inf. mode, audire. Imp. mode, audi, Pres. Part. a.udien.s, Gerund, G. audiendi, D. Rudiendo, etc. SECOND ROOT. Ind. Perf. audlvz', " Plup. audiogram, " Fat. Pf audivero, Subj. Perf. audiverir??, " Plup. zudivissem, Inf. Perf. audivzsse. THIRD ROOT. Inf. Fut. auditurws esse, Fut. Part. auditurMS, Supine, audltuw. Passive Voice, au'-di-or, lam heard. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Pres. Ind. Au'-di-or, Pres. Inf. au-dr'-ri, Perf. Ind. au-di'-tus sum. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 83 FIRST ROOT. Ind. Pres. audior, " Impf. audiebar, " Fut. audiar, Subj. Pres. audmr, " Impf. au direr, Inf. Pres. audm, Imp. mode, audire, Fut. Part. a.\idiendus. THIRD ROOT. Ind. Perf. audltus sum or fut, u Plup. audltus eram or fuer am, " Fut. Pf. audltus ero or fuero, Subj. Perf. audltus sim or fuerim, " Plup. audltus essem or fuissem, Inf. Perf. auditus esse or fuisse, " Fut. auditu?/i iri, Perf. Part, auditus, Supine, audltu. INFLECTION. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MODE. / hear. S. au'-di-o, au'-dis, au'-dit; P. au-di'-mus, au-dl'-tis, au'-di-unt. Present Tense. / am heard. S. au'-di-or, au-dl'-ris or -re, au-dl'-tur ; P. au-di'-mur, au-dim'-i-ni, au-di-un'-tur. Imperfect. I was hearing. S. au-di-e'-bam, au-di-e'-bas, au-di-e'-bat; P. au-di-e-ba'-mus, au-di-e-ba'-tis, au-di-e'-bant. J was heard. S. au-di-e'-bar, au-di-e-ba'-ris or -re, au-di-e-ba'-tur; P. au-di-e-ba'-mur, au-di-e-bam'-I-ni, au-di-e-ban'-tur. / shall or icill hear. S. au'-di-am, au'-di-es, au'-di-et; P. au-di-e'-mus, au-di-e'-tis, au'-di-ent. Future. / shall or will be heard. S. au'-di-ar, au-di-e'-ns or au-di-e'-tur; P. au-di-e'-mur, au-di-em'-i-ni, au-di-en'-tur. re, 84 REGULAR VERBS. / heard, or have heard. S. au-dl'-vi, au-di-yis'-ti, au-dl'-vit; P. au-div'-i-mus, au-di-vis'-tis, au-di-ve'-runt or -re. PASSIVE. Perfect. I have been or icas heard. S. au-di'-tus sum or fu'-i, au-di'-tus es or fu-is'-ti, au-di'-tus est or fu'-it : P. au-dl'-ti su'-mus or fu'-i-mus, au-di'-ti es'-tis or fu-is'-tis, au-dl'-ti sunt or fu-e'-runt or -re. / had heard. au-div'-e-ram, au-div'-e-ras, au-div'-e-rat : au-di-ve-ra'-mus, au-di-ve-ra'-tis, au-div'-e-rant. Pluperfect. / had been heard. S. au-di'-tus e'-rarn or fu'-e-ram, au-di'-tus e'-ras or fu'-e-ras, au-di'-tus e'-rat or fu'-e-rat; P. au-dl'-ti e-ra'-mus or fu-e-ra'-mus, au-dl'-ti e-ra'tis or fu-e-ra'-tis, au-dl'-ti e'-rant or fu'-e-rant. 1 shall have heard. S. au-div'-e-ro, au-div'-e-ris, au-div'-e-rit; P. au-di-ver'-i-mus, au-di-ver'-i-tis, au-div'-e-rint. Future Perfect. / shall have been heard. j S. au-di'-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro, au-di'-tus e'-ris or fu'-e-ris, au-di'-tus e'-rit or fu'-e-rit; i P. au-dl'-ti er'-i-mus or fu-er'-i-mus, au-dl'-ti er'-i-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, au-dl'-ti e'-runt or fu'-e-rint. I may or can hear S. au'-di-am, au'-di-as, au'-di-at ; P. au-di-a'-mus, au-di-a'-tis, au'-di-ant. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present Tense. J may or can be heard. S. au'-di-ar, au-di-a'-ns or -re, au-di-a'-tur ; P. au-di-a'-mur, au-di-am'-i-ni, au-di-an'-tur. Imperfect. I might, could, would, or should hear. S. au-di'-rem, au-dl'-res, au-dl'-ret; P. au-di-re'-mus, au-di-re'-tis, au-dl'-rent. I might, could, mould, or should be heard. ). au-di'-rer, au-di-re'-ris or -re, au-di-re'-tur ; °. au-di-re'-mur, au-di-rem'-i-ni, au-di-ren'-tur. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 85 / may have heard. S. au-div'-e-rim, au-div'-e-ris, au-div'-e-rit ; P. au-di-ver'-i-mus, au-di-ver'-i-tis, au-div ; -e-rint. Perfect. I may have been heard. S. au-di'-tus sim or fu'-e-rim, au-di'-tus sis or fu'-e-ris, au-dl'-tus sit or fu'-e-rit; P. au-dl'-ti si'-mus or fu-er'-i-mus, au-di'-ti si'-tis or fu-er'-i-tis, au-di'-ti sint or fu'-e-rint. J might, could, would, or should have heard. S. au-di-vis'-sem, au-di-vis'-ses, au-di-vis'-set; P. au-di-vis-se'-mus, au-di-vis-se'-tis, au-di-vis'-sent. Pluperfect. I might, could, icould, or should have been heard. S. au-dl'-tus es'-sem or fu-is'-sem, au-dl'-tus es'-ses or fu-is'-ses, au-dl'-tus es'-set or fu-is'-set; P. au-dl'-ti es-se'-mus or fu-is-se'-mus, au-di'-ti es-se'-tis or fu-is-se'-tis, au-dl'-ti es'-sent or fu-is'-sent. IMPERATIVE MODE. Hear thou. S. au'-di or au-dl'-to, au-di'-to ; P. au-dl'-te or au-di-td'-te, au-di-un'-to. Be thou heard. S. au-di'-re or au-dl'-tor, au-di'-tor; P. au-dim'-i-ni, au-di-un'-tor. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. au-di're, to hear, Perf. au-di-vis'-se, to have heard, Fut. au-di-tu'-rus es'-se, to be about to hear. Pres. au-di'-ri, to be heard, Perf. au-di'-tus es'-se, or fu-is'-se, to have been heard, Fut. au-di'-tum i'-ri, to be about to be heard. PARTICIPLES. Pres. au'-di-ens, hearing, f Perf. au-dl'-tus, heard, Fut. au-di-tu'-rus, about to hear. | Fut. an-di-en'-dus, to be heard. GERUND. Gen. au-di-en'-di, of hearing, Dat. au-di-en'-do, etc. Ace. au-di-en'-dum, Abl. au-di-en'-do. SUPINES. au-di'-tum, to hear. au-dl'-tu, to be heard. 86 REGULAR VERBS. Exercises on the fourth Conjugation. — Indicative Mode Exercise I. ACTIVE. Audi s-ne istam vocem ? Non i n e p t i o sed dormio. Unde linguae Latlnae scientiam hausisti? 1 H a u s i hujus linguae scientiam ex Cicerone ipso. Italiam (Ace.) natura muniv- erat, Cupio dor mire. PASSIVE. Vox auditur. Vox-ne audiebatur. Unde scientia linguae Latinas hausta est 1 ate? Scientia hauritur e diligen- ti lectione librorum. Italia munita erat 2 a na- tura. Cupio audiri. Exercise II. Active English. Whence have you come ? I found the ring in the street, But when did you find the ling ? He might have fortified the place, He will instruct the youth, {for writing), voice. Latin to be corrected. Unde venio ? Invenio anulus in platea (AM.). Quando vero invenio anulus ? Ille munio (Plup. Subj.) locus. Hie erudio adolescens. Passive Voice. The cause has been discovered, Causa invenio. The ring was found in the Anulus invenio in street, The ring will be found to-day, Anulus invenio hodie The place might have been Locus munio. fortified, The vouth will be instructed, [In what tense will you put munio ?] Adolescens erudio. Exercise III. Subjunctive Mode. — Active Voice. Qui fit (how does it happen) ut meae literae non veniant 1 haurio. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 87 Legati Appiani reddiderunt 1 mihi volumen plenum querelae iniquissimse, quod eorum sedificationem impedivissem. Pythia respondit ut mcenlbus ligneis illi se munirent Audi, Jupiter, audi, tu populus Albanus, jubes me feri- re fcedus 2 cum populo Romano. Passive Voice. Vox populi audiatur, let the voice, etc. Ule timuit ne opus impediretur. Non dubito quin Cicero ibi sepultus sit 3 . Plato erat homo, eruditus in philosophia. Hoc faciebant 4 , ut noster exercitus impediretur. QUESTIONS IN REVIEW OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 1. How many conjugations of regular verbs ? 2. How are they distinguished from each other? 3. Name the active participles in each conjugation. 4. Name the passive participles in each conjugation. 5. Give the terminations of the imperfect tense, indicative mode, in each conjugation, in the active and passive voice. 6. Give the terminations of the future tense, indicative mode, in each conjugation, in the active and passive voice. 7. Give the terminations of the Plup., Perf. and Fut. Perf. Ind. mode, active and passive voice, in each conjugation. 8. Give the terminations of the Pres., Impf. and Plup., subjunc- tive mode, active and passive voice, in each conjugation. 9. Give the terminations of the present infinitive, active and pas- sive voice, in each conjugation. 10. Give the terminations of the perfect infinitive, active and pas- sive voice, in each conjugation. VOCABULARY. Adolescens, -tis, m. and f. a youth. Aedificatio, -onis, f. building. Albanus, -a, -um, Allan. Appianus, -a, -um, Jlpyian. Audio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum, to hear. Cum, prep, icith. Cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itum, to desire. Diligens, -tis, adj. diligent. Dormio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, to i Eorum, their (of them), gen. pi. of is, ca, id. [struct. Erudio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum, to in- Erudltus, perf. pass. part, from erudio, learned. 1 reddo. 3 sepelio, -ire. 2 ferlre foedus, to make a treaty. 4 hoc faciebant, they did this. 88 REGULAR VERBS. Facio, -ere, feci, factum, to do, to make. Ferio, -Ire, to strike. Fit, irrecr. verb, it happens. Fcedus, -eris, n. a treaty. Hujus, of this, g;en. of hie. Haurio, -Ire, hausi, kaustum, to drink, to derive, to acquire. Hodie, adv. to-day. Impedio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum, to hinder. Ineptio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, to trifle. Iniquus, -a, -um, unjust. § 28. Invenio, -Ire, inveni,inventum, to find, to discover. [maud. Jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, to com- JuDiter, Joy is, Jupiter. See § 25. 3. Latin a lingua, -a?, Latin tongue. Legatus, -i, an ambassador, deputy. Lectio, -onis, F. reading. Liber, libri, a book. Ligneus, -a, -um, wooden. Lingua, -se, a tongue. Liters, -arum, letters. Locus, -i, a place. [mine. Meus, -a, -um, adj. pron. my, Mcenia, -ium, walls (of a town) ; commonly used in the plural. Munio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, to fortify. Natura, -ae, nature. Platea, -se, a street. Plato, -onis, Plato. Plenus, -a, -um, full, filled. Poptilus, -i, a people Pythia, -ae, Pythia (the priestess of Apollo). Quando, adv. ichen. Querela, -ae, a complaint. Qui, adv. how. Quod, conj. because, that. Red do, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to re- store, to deliver. Respondeo, -ere, respondi, respon- sum. to answer. Scientia, -ae, knowledge. [Jo bury. Sepelio, -ire, -Ivi, sepultus sum, Unde, adv whence. Venio, -ire, veni, ventum, to come. Vero, adv. truly, conj. but. Volumen, -mis, a document, a packet of Writings or letters. Vox, vocis, f. a voice. DEPONEXT VERBS. $ 44. Verbs which have a passive form with an active signification, are called Deponent Verbs, (from depono, to lay aside), because they lay aside the active form. 1. They are conjugated like passive verbs and retain the participles in the active voice. ILLUSTRATION. 2. Miror, mirari, miratus sum, to admire, is a deponent verb it is conjugated and declined like amo in the passive voice. It has four participles. Active, mi'-rans. admiring, mi-ra-tu'-rus, about to admire. Passive, mi-ra'-tus, having admired, mi-ran'-dus, to be admired. IRREGULAR VERBS. 89 Gerund, mi-ran'-di, of admiring, mi-ran'-do,jfo?' admiring. Supines, mi-ra'-tum, to admire. mi-ra'-tu. IRREGULAR VERBS. §45. The irregular verbs are sum, volo,fero, edo, eo, and. their compounds, possum (potis and sum), nolo (non and volo), etc. Possum, 1 am able. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Ind. Pres. Inf. Per/. Pos'-sum, pos'-se, pot'-u-i. INDICATIVE MODE Present Tense. Sing. Plur. pos'-sum, pos'-su-mus, po'-tes, po-tes'-tis, Imperfect. po'-test ; pos'-sunt. Sing. Plur. { pot'-e-ram, pot-e-ra'-mus pot'-e-ras, , pot-e-ra'-tis, Future. pot'-e-rat; pot'-e-rant. Sing. Plur. I pot'-e-ro, pot-er'-i-mus got'-e-ris, pot-er'-i-tis, Perfect. pot'-e-rit ; pot'-e-runt. Sing. Plur. pot'-u-i, pot-u'-i-mus, pot-u-is'-ti, pot-u-is'-tis, pot'-u-it; pot-u-e'-runt or -re, Pluperfect. Sing, pot-u'-e-ram, pot-u'-e-ras, pot-u'-e-rat ; Plur. pot-u-e-ra'-mus, pot-u-e-ra'-tis, pot-u'-e-rant. Future Perfect. Sing, pot-u'-e-ro, pot-u'-e-ris, pot-u'-e-rit ; Plur. pot-u-er'-i-mus, pot-u-er'-i-tis, pot-u'-e-rint. 7 90 - IRREGULAR VERBS. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present Tense. Sing, pos'-sim, pos'-sis, pos'-sit: Pair, pos-sl'-mus, pos-si'-tis, pos'-sint. Imperfect Sing, pos'-sem, pos'-ses, pos'-set ; Plur. pos-se'-mus, pos-se'-tis, pos'-sent. Perfect. Sing, pot-u'-e-rim, pot-u'-e-ris, pot-u'-e-rit : Plur. pot-u-er'-i-ruus, pot-u-er'-I-tis, pot-u'-e-rint. Pluperfect. Sing, pot-u-is'-sera, pot-u-is'-ses, pot-u-is'-set ; Plur. pot-u-is-se'-inus, po-tu-is-se'-tis, pot-u-is'-sent. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. pos'-se. Perf- pot-u-is'-se, U6. E'-o, I go. PRINCIPAL PARTS. E'-o, i'-re, I'-vi, i'-tum.- INDICATIVE MODE. Piesent Tense. Sing. Piur. e'-o, i'-mus, is, i'-tis, Imperfect it: c'-URt. Sina-. Piur. i'-bam, i-ba'-mus. i'-bas, i-ba'tis, Future. i'-bat : i'-bant Sing. Plur. i'-bo, ib'-i-mus, i'-bis, ib'-i-tis, i'-bit: i'-bunt IRREGULAR VERBS. 91 Perfect. Sing. i 7 -vij i-vis'-ti, i'-vit; Piur. iv'-i-mus, i-vis'-tis, i-ve'-runt Sing, iv'-e-ram, Plur. iv-e-ra'-mus, Pluperfect iv'-e-ras 5 iv-e-ra'-tis, i v'-e-rat ; iv r -e-rant Sing, iv'-e-ro, Plur. i-ver'-i-mus, Future Perfect. iv'-e-ris, i-ver'-i-tis, iv'-e-rit; iv'-e-rint. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Present Tense. e^-ara, Plur. e-a'-mus,, e'-as, e-a'-tis, e'-at 5 e'-ant. Sing, l'-rem, Plur. i-re'-mus, Imperfect. i'-res, i-re'-tis, i'-ret ; i'-rent. Sing. iv 7 -e-rim, Plur. i-ver'-i-mus, Perfect. iv'-e-ris, i-ver'-i-tis, iv'-e-rit ; iv'-e-rint. Sing, i-vis'-sem, Plur. i-vis-se'-mus, Pluperfect. i-vis'-ses, i-vis-se'-tis, i-vis'-set ; i-vis'-sent. IMPERATIVE MODE. S. i or i 7 -to, i'-to ; P. i ; -te or i-to'-te, e-un 7 -to. INFINITIVE MODE, Pres. i ? -re, Perf. i-vis'-se, Fut. i-tu'-rus es'-se. PARTICIPLES. GERUND. Pres. i'-ens (Gen. e-un'-tis), I Gen. e-un'-di, of goings FuU i-tu'-rus. I Dat, e-un'-do, etc. 92 IRREGULAR VERBS. $47. Fi'-o, fi'-e-ri, fac'-tus sum, to become, or to he made. INDICATIVE MODE. Pres.S. fi'-o, fis, fit: P. fi'-mus, fi'-tis, fi'-unt. Imp/, fi-e'-bam, fi-e'-bas, etc. Fut. li'-am, fi'-es, etc. Perf. fac r -tus sum or fu'-i, Plup. fac'-tus e'-ram or fu'-e- ram, Fut. Pf. fac r -tas e'-ro or ftr-e-ro. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Pres. fi'-am, -as, -at, etc. Impf. fi'-e-rem, -e-res, etc. Perf. fac'-tus sim or fu*-e-rim, Plup. fac'-tus es'-sem or fu-is'- sem. IMPERATIVE MODE. S. fi or f I'-to, f I'-to ; P. fi'-te or fi-to'-te, fi-un'-to. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. fi'-e-ri, Perf. fac'-tus es'-se or fu-is'-se, Fut. fac'-tum i'-ri. PARTICIPLES. Perf. fac'-tus, Fut. fa-ci-en'-dus. SUPINE. Latter, fac f -tu. fe'-ro, fer'-re, tu'-li, la'-tum. 76. Fe'-ro, I bear. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Ife'-ror, fer'-ri, la'-tus sum. INDICATIVE MODE. Pres'. S. fe'-ro, fers, fert ; P. fer'-i-mus, fer'-tis, fe'- runt. Impf. fe-re'-bam, -e'-bas, etc. Fut. fe'-ram, -es, -et, etc. Perf tu'-li, -is'-ti, etc. Plup. tu'-le-ram, -e-ras, etc. Fut . Pf tu'-le-ro, -e-ris, etc. Pres. S. fe'-ror, fer'-ris or -re ? fer'-tur ; P. fer'-i-mur, fe-rim'-i-ni, fe-run'-tur. Impf fe-re'-bar, -e-ba'-ris, -e- ba'-tur, etc. Fut. fe'-rar, -e'-ris, -e'-tur, etc. Perf la'-tus sum or fu'-i, es or fu-is'-ti, etc. Plup. la'-tus, e'-ram or fu'-e- ram, etc. Fut. Pf. la'-tus e'-ro or fu'-e-ro. IRREGULAR VERBS. 93 ACTIVE. PASSIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. Pres. fe'-ram, -as, -at, etc. Imp/, fer'-rem, fer'-res, fer'-ret, etc. Perf. tu'-le-rim, -e-ris, -e-rit, etc. Plup. tu-lis'-sem, -is'-ses, -is'-set, etc. Pres. fe'-rar, -a'-ris, -a'-tur, etc. Impf fer'-rer, fer-re'-ris, fer-re'- tar, etc. Perf. la'-tus sim or fu'-e-rim, etc. Plup. Ja'-tus es'-sera or fu-is'-sem, etc. IMPERATIVE MODE. S. fer, fer'-to, fer'-to ; | S. fer'-re or fer'-tor, fer'-tor ; P. fer'-te or fer-to'-te, fe-run'-to, | P. fe-rim'-i-ni, fe-run'-tor. INFINITIVE MODE. Pres. fer'-re, Perf. tu-lis'-se, FiU. la-tu'-rus es'-se. Pres. fer'-ri, Perf. la'-tus es'-se or fu-is'-se, Put. la'-tum i'-ri. PARTICIPLES. Pres. fe f -rens, Fut. la-tu'-rus. Perf. la'-tus, Fut. fe-ren'-dus. GERUND. fe-ren'-di, etc. SUPINES. la'-tum, la'-tu. § 48. Volo, I wish. Nolo, (non volo,) lam unwilling. Malo, (magis, volo,) I am more willing, or I choose rather. PRINCIPAL PARTS. Ma'-lo, mal'-le, mal'-u-i. Vo'-lo, vel'-le, vol'-u-i. No'-lo, nol'-le, nol'-u-i. INDICATIVE MODE, Present Tense. s. vo'-lo, 5. no'-lo, S. ma'-lo. vis, non'-vis, ma'-vis. vult, non'-vult, ma'-vult. p. vol'-u-mus, P. nol'-u-mus, P mal'-u-mus vul'-tis, non-vul'-tis, ma-vul'-tis vo'-lunt, no'-lunt, ma'-lunt. 94 IRREGULAR VERBS. Imperfect (declined like regeham). vo-le'-bam, no-le'-bam, ma-le'-bom^ etc. etc. etc. Future (declined like regam), vo'-lam, no'-lam, ma'-lam. Perfect (declined like monui). vol'-u-i, nol'-u-i, mal'-u-i. Future Perfect (declined like manuero). vo-lu'-e-ro, no-lu'-e-ro, ma-lu'-e-ro.. SUBJUNCTIVE MODE Present Tense. 5. veMim, S. no'-lim, S. ma r -Iim. ve'-lis, no'-lis, ma'-lis. ve'-lit, no'-lit, ma'-lit. p. ve-ll'-mus, P. no-li'-mus, P. ma-ll'-mus.. ve-ll'-tis no-ll'-tis, ma-li'-tis. ve r -lint, no ; -lint, Imperfect. ma'-lint. s. veF-lem, S. noF-lem, s. maF-Iem. vel'-les, nolMes, mal'-les. vel'-let, nol'-let, raal'-let. p. vel-Ie'-mus, P. nol-le'-mus, p. mal-le'-mus vel-le'-tis, nol-le'-tis y mal-le'-tis. vel'-lent, nol'-lent, mal'-lent. IMPERATIVE MODE. S. 2. no'-lt or no-li'-to. P. 2. no-ll'-te or nol-i-to A -te. INFINITIVE MODE. Present and Perfect, vel'-le, nol'-le, vol-u-is'-se, vo'-lens, nol-ii-is'-se, PARTICIPLES. no'-lens. mal'-le. mal-u-is A -se IMPERSONAL VERBS. 95 EXERCISE FOR PARSING. Volumus scire. Ille potest scribere. Non potest f i e r i, it cannot be done. Nolitote dubitare. N o 1 i t e velle experiri, [what kind of a verb is experiri ?] Mallet* interire quam non experiri. Tempus est ire in somnum. 1 1 clamor in coelum. Terra f e r t fruges (frux). iEtas tulit oratorem, the age has produced, etc. Ego i b o sub terram. Non possum ferre contumeliam. Miltiades hortabatur (Dep.) milites. Non possum hie mor ar i (Dep.). Est tempus e u n d i in scholam. VOCABULARY. iEtas, -tatis, age. Clamor, -oris, a shout. Caelum, -i, n. sky, heaven. Contumelia, -se, indignity, dis- grace. Dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, to doubt. Experior, -Iri, expertus sum, to try. Frux, fruges, f. fruit. Hortor, -ari, -tatus sum, to en- courage. Hie, adv. here. Intereo (inter and eo), -Ire, -ii, -Hum, to perish. Miltiades, -is, Miltiades. Moror, -ari, -atus sum, to delay. Quam, adv. than. Schola, -SB, a school. Scio, -Ire, scivi, scltum, to knoic. Scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, to ivrite. Somnus, -i, m. sleep. Sub, prep, under. Terra, -oe, the earth. IMPERSONAL VERBS. §49. Verbs are called impersonal which are found only in the third person singular, and do not admit of a per- sonal subject. * Mallet (Subj. Impf.), he would choose rather to perish than not to make the trial, experiri (Dep.). 96 DEFECTIVE VERBS. ADVERBS. They have no nominative expressed, but are translated with the pronoun it EXAMPLES. Delectat, it delights. Scribitur, it is written. Contingit, it happens. Pugnatum est, it has been fought § 50. Most verbs may be used impersonally, in the pas- sive voice, especially neuter and intransitive verbs, which otherwise have no passive voice. Thus, instead of milites pugnant, the soldiers fight, we find used, pugnatur ab militlbus, it is fought by the sol- diers. The enemy have come, hostes venierunt, or ventum est ab hostlbus. I favor thee, faveo tibi, or favetur tibi a me. DEFECTIVE VERBS. §51. Defective verbs are those winch are wanting in certain tenses, numbers and persons; as, odi, I hate; cce- pi, I have begun ; memini, I remember, are used chiefly in the perfect, and in tenses formed from the second root. Odi and memini have the sense of the present. ADVERBS. § 52. An adverb is a part of speech used to modify or limit the meaning of an adjective, verb or adverb. Adverbs are divided into various classes, such as adverbs of time ; as, hodie, to-day ; jam, now ; cum, ivhen ; adverbs of place ; as, hide, thence ; ibi, there ; hie, here ; adverbs of manner; as, allter, otherwise ; ita, so, etc. ; adverbs of quality ; as, bene, ivell; male, ill. CONJUNCTIONS. INTERJECTIONS. SYNTAX. 97 Adverbs are compared like adjectives, from which they are derived ; as, facile, facilius, facillime\ CONJUNCTIONS. $ 53. A conjunction is a part of speech which connects words or sentences. 1. Copulatives : ac, atque, et, etiam, que, quoque, nee. 2. Disjunctives : out, seu, sive, ve, vel, neve. 3. The conjunctions ne, que, ve, are always joined to other words. They are called enclitics. INTERJECTIONS. {54. An interjection is a particle used in giving utter- ance to some emotion ; as, O! Oh! 01 Oh! En! lo! Heu ! wo ! alas ! Ecce ! see ! behold ! Proh! alas! All! alas! SYNTAX. § 55. Syntax treats of the construction of propositions or sentences. 1. A proposition or simple sentence consists of a sub- ject and predicate. 2. The subject is that of winch anything is declared. 3. The predicate is that which is declared of the sub- ject. SYNTAX. ILLUSTRATION. (a) The sun shines. — This is a proposition (or simple sen- tence). Sun is the subject. What is declared or stated of sun ? Ans. shines. Shines is the predicate, to express what is declared of sun, (b) The wind blows. — What do these words together consti- tute? Which is the subject? Why? What is affirmed or stated of wind ? Which is the predicate ? Why ? What is the meaning of the word to predicate ? Ans. to affirm, to de- clare. 4. When the subject stands alone, it is called the grammatical subject. Sun and wind in the sentences above, are grammatical subjects. 5. But when the subject has one or more words joined with it, to explain or modify it, it is called the logical sub- ject, as glorious sun; glorious sun is the logical subject. 6. The predicate is likewise grammatical or logical. Grammatical when it stands alone ; logical when it has one or more words joined with it to explain or modify its meaning. The horse runs swiftly ; runs is the grammati- cal, runs swiftly the logical predicate, The waves lash the slwre ; lash is the grammatical, lash the shore the logical predicate. ILLUSTRATION. Scipio, a Roman general and consul, routed the forces of Hannibal. Scipio is the grammatical subject. Scipio, a Roman general and consul^ is the logical subject. Routed is the gi-ammatical predicate ; routed the forces of Hannibal, is the logical predi- cate. EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE. 1. The great importance of the subject in question, will justi- fy having been thus particular. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. 99 2. The sun is darkness, compared with the superior glory of Him who hung it in the heavens. [In this sentence, how much belongs to the subject? What is predicated or affirmed of sun ?] Note 1. The subject is often compound ; that is, two or more subjects are connected by a conjunction, both nominatives to one verb; as, The sun and moon shine. George, Charles, and Thomas are brothers. Note 2. The predicate is often compound ; that is, two or more verbs are connected by conjunctions, and have but one subject; as, The lilies grow and thrive. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. $ 56. Grammatical analysis is dividing a proposition into the parts of wliich it is composed, and pointing out the relations of those parts. Order to be observed. 1. Point out the grammatical and logical subject. 2. Point out the grammatical and logical predicate. 3. Give the agreement or government or relation of each word in the proposition. EXAMPLES TO BE ANALYZED. English, — The Roman youth observed a mournful silence. Latin, — Romana pubes mcestum silentium obtinuit. Analysis of the English proposition. 1st. Youth is the grammatical subject. Roman youth is the logical subject. 2d. Observed is the grammatical predicate. Observed a mournful silence, the logical predicate. 3d. Roman is an adjective, agreeing with youth ; obsemed is a regular active verb, imperfect tense, indicative mode, agreeing with youth; silence is a noun, the object of observe, in the ablative case, etc. Analysis of the Latin proposition. 1st. Pubes is the grammatical subject ; Romana pubes the logi- cal subject. 2d. Obtinuit, the grammatical predicate ; obtinuit 100 SYNTAX. moestum sUentium the logical predicate. 3d. Romdna is an ad- jective of the first declension, feminine, singular, agreeing with pubes. Obtinuit, an active verb, second conjugation; roots, obtin- , obtinu- , obtentu- ; perfect tense, indicative mood, agree- ing with its grammatical subject, pubes. It takes its object in the accusative. What did the youth observe ? Ans. silence. SUentium is in the accusative case, the object of obtinuit. n. (Let the following be analyzed.) Caesar 1 provocavit 2 hostem 3 ad pugnam 4 . Caesar provoked the enemy to battle. m. Amor 5 laudis 6 incitat 7 viros 8 ad praeclara 9 facinora 10 . The love of praise incites men to noble actions. GENERAL RULES OF SYNTAX. (Simple Propositions to be analyzed and parsed.) SUBJECT NOMINATIVE. $57. A finite verb agrees with its subject no minatiye in number and person. See Rule. II p. 12. LATIN EXERCISE. Equus currit. Sol lucet Orator dixit 11 aperte 12 . Canes Jatrant. Umbra fugit. Mors terret. Labor vincit. Monte s umbrantur. Sol rait 1 Caesar, -aris. 7 incito, -are, -avi, -atum. 2 provoco, -are, -avi, -atum. 8 vir, viri. 3 hostis, -is. 9 prseclarum, -i, (Neut.) 4 pugna, -83. 10 facinus, -oris, (Neut.) 5 amor, -oris. u § 35. 5. 6 laus, laudis. 12 § 52. PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. 101 English. We fly, Water flows, I was weeping, The orator had spoken, The dogs had barked, ENGLISH EXERCISE. Latin to be corrected. Fugio. Aqua fluo. Fleo, (Impf. Tense), Orator dico 1 . Canis latro 1 . PREDICATE NOMINATIVE. $ 58. A noun in the predicate, after neuter and personal verbs, is put in the same case as the subject, when it denotes the same person or thing. EXERCISE. Dionysius appellabatur tyrannus. Demosthenes erat philosophus. • Pulvis et umbra sumus. Inertia est vitium. Amicus est thesaurus. Modestia est o r n a m e n t u m. Tu fies 2 p o e t a. Impudentia est dedecus, VOCABULARY. Amicus, -i, a friend. Aperte, adv. openly. Appello, -are, -avi, -atum (ad and pello), to call. Appellor, ari, atus sum, pass, of appello. Curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, to run. Dedecus, -oris, n. disgrace. Demosthenes, -is, Demosthenes. Dionysius, -ii, Dionysius. Equus, -i, m. a horse. Fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, to weep. Fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxum, to flow. Fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, to fly. Impudentia, -8e, impudence. Inertia, -s, idleness. Labor, -oris, m. labor. Luceo, -ere, luxi, to shine. Modestia, -ce, modestly. Mons, montis, m. a mountain. Mors, mortis, f. death. Ornamentum, -i, an ornament. Philosophus, -i, a philosopher. Poeta, -ee, m. and f. a poet. Pulvis, -eris, m. sometimes f. dust. Ruo, -ere, rui, ruitum, to fall, set. Sol, solis, m. the sun. Terreo, -ere, -ui, tern turn, to ter- rify. § 35. 6. § 47. 102 SYNTAX. Thesaurus, -i, a treasure. Tyrannus, -i, a tyrant. Umbra, -ae, a shadow. Umbro, -are, avi, atum, to shade. Vinco, -ere, vici, victum, to con- quer. Vitium, -ii, a vice. SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE. § 59. The subject of the infinitive mode is put in the accusative. ILLUSTRATION. Scio regem venire, I know that the king is coming. Regem is the subject of venire, and is put in the accusative, according to the rule. In translating the accusative with the infinitive the conjunc- tion that must be supplied. Scio regem venire. Scio, I know; regem, (that) the king; venire, is coming. Gaudeo te valere. Gaudeo, 1 rejoice ; te, (that) you ; valere, are well. Video te esse iratum, J see (that) you are angry. Which is the subject accusative ? What word in English is to be supplied in translating? Has the infinitive mode in English any subject ? LATIN EXERCISE. Putabam Titium esse amicum 1 tuum. Putas-ne 2 m e moriturum esse 3 hodie ? Tu dixisti Cicero n em fuisse Consulem, Jubeo v o s bene sperare. Non possum credere tuum f r atrem valere. Miror 3 ilium non scribere. Socrates dicebat s e hoc unum scire, quod nihil sciret 4 . Amulius jussit pueros a b j I c i in Tiberim. Getse existimant animas redituras esse post mortem* Minos dixit s e accepisse leges ab Jove. Note I. The infinitive with its accusative usually depends upon a verb ; sometimes upon an adjective or noun. 1 § 58. 3 § 44. 2 ne asks the question. 4 quod nihil sciret, [that he knew nothing.] SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE. 103 Note 2. The infinitive, with or without a subject, is sometimes the subject of a verb. ENGLISH EXERCISE. English. Latin to be corrected. I know (that) the day is draw- Scio dies appropinquo. ing near, [In what case will you put dies 7] I see that you do not under- Video tu non intelligo. stand, I believe (that) you are a poet, Credo t u sum poeta (Ace). They heard (that) Pompey had Audio Pompeius venio come, (Pf. Inf.). I see (that) you are sad, Video t u sum mcestus. I know (that) Pompey was a Scio Pompeius sum mag- great general, nus dux (Ace). I rejoice (that) my letters are Gaudeo meus literse sum agreeable to you, jucundus tu (Dat). I am glad that you have re- Gaudeo tu accipio (Perf. Inf.) cieved my letters, meus literse. Can you think of some English example to be turned into Latin according to this rule ? EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD. (English to be transJated into Latin.) Latin words used. Video, -ere, I see. Lego, -ere, lam reading. Cognosco, -ere, I know. Scio, -Ire, Iknow. Spero, -are, I hope. Luceo, -ere, I shine. I see (that) you are reading Latin. I know that Cicero was an orator (orator, -oris). I hope that you are well (vales, -ere). I see that the moon shines. QUESTIONS. What is the rule of construction for the subject of the infinitive mode? Will you illustrate the rule? What word must be supplied in the English, which is not expressed in the Latin? Upon what does the infinitive with a subject usually depend? Is the infinitive ever used as the subject of a verb ? Can you give an example ? Ans. Errare est huinanum, to err is human. 104 SYNTAX. VOCABULARY. Abjicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, to cast. Abjicior, abjici, abjectus sum, pass, of abjicio. Aceipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, to receive. Amicus, -i, in. a friend. Amulius, -ii, Amulius. Anima, -89, the soul, life. Appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, to draw near. Bene, adv. well. Consul, -ulis, a consul. Credo, -ere, credidi, eredltum, to believe. Dies, -ei, 5th dec. a day. Dux, ducis, m. and f. a leader, a general. Existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, to think. Frater, fratris, a brother. Gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, to re- joice. Getae, -arum, the Getce. Hodie, adv. to-day. In, prep. in. Intelligo, -ere, -tellexi, -tellectum, to understand. Invenio, -ire, inveni, inventum, to find. Jucundus, -a, -um, pleasant. Jussit, perf. from jubeo, he com- manded. Lex, legis, f. laic. Literee, -arum, letters, a letter. Magnus, -a, -um, great, Minos, -ois, Minos (king of Crete). Miror, -ari, -atus sum, dep.-to ad- mire. Mosstus, -a, -um, sad. Mori or, mori, mortuus sum, dep. to die. Nihil, indec. noun, nothing. Poeta, -83, a poet. Pompeius, -ii, Pompey. Possum, posse, potui, to be able. Post, prep, after. Pner, -i, a boy. Puto, -are, -avi, -atum, to think. Quod, conj. because. Redeo (red and eo), -ire, -ivi, -Itum, to return. Scio, scire, scivi. scitum, to know. Scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, to write. Socrates, -is, Socrates. Spero, -are, -avi, -atum, to hope. Tiberis, -is, the Tiber. Titius, -ii, Titius. Tuus, -a, -um, thine. Unus, -a, -um, one. Valeo, -ere, valui, valitum, to be •well. Video, -ere, vidi, visum, to see. THE OBJECT. § 60. The immediate object of an active verb is put in the accusative. Legi tuas literas, J have read your letter. Literas is the object of legi. What is the subject of legi? What is the logical predicate of the sentence ? § 55. LATIN EXERCISE. Ego t e commendare non desisto. S p e m maximam habeo in te. [What is the subject of habeo ?] THE OBJECT. 105 Audio te accepisse 1 m e a s 1 i t e r a s. Scire cupio quid agas, I desire to know, etc. Neptunus tumida eequora placat. iEneas scopulum conscendit. Revocate amnios mcestumque timorem mittite. ENGLISH EXERCISE. English. Latin to be collected. I have read your letter, Lego tuus epistola. The earth brings forth flowers, Terra pario flos (flo ris). Romulus built Rome, Romulus condo (Perf.) Roma. The anchor holds the ship, Ancora teneo n a v i s. Fortune assists the brave, Fortuna juvo a u d a x. Banish fear, Pello timor. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD. I have read the book (liber). I have seen the letter. I hear the voice (vox, vocis). I commend your diligence (diligentia). QUESTIONS. What is the difference between the svbject and object of a verb ? In what case is the subject of a finite verb ? In what case is the ob- ject of an active verb ? VOCABULARY. Ago, -ere, egi, actum, to do. iEneas, -as, JEneas. iEquor, -oris, n. the sea. iEtas, -tatis, f. age. Ancora, -83, an anchor. Animus, -i, the mind, courage. Audax, -acis. bold, brave. Audaces, used as a sub. the brave. Commendo, -are, -avi, -atum, to commend. Condo, -ere, ccndidi, conditum, to build, [ascend. Conscendo, -ere, -di, -ditum, to Cupio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, to desire. Desisto, -ere, destiti, destitum, to cease. Epistola, -se, a letter. Flos, floris, m. a flower. Fortuna, -ae, fortune. Habeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to have. Juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, to assist. Lego, -ere, legi, lectum, to read. Mcestus, -a, -urn, sad. Maximus, -a, -um, sup. of mag- nus, the greatest. accipio. ao6 SYNTAX. Mitto, -ere, misi, missum, to send, to banish. Navis, -is, f. a ship. Neptunus, -i, Neptune (the god of the sea). Pario, parere, peperi, part am, to bring forth, to produce. Peilo, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, to banish. Placo, -are, -avi, -atum, to calm. ■Que, conj. and ; when joined to a word, it is called an enclitic. Quis, qua?, quid, interrog. who? ivhat f Revoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to re- view, Roma, -8B, Rome. Romulus, -i, Romulus. Scopulus, -i, m. a. rock. Spes, -ei, f. hope. Teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, to hold. Timor, -oris, m.fear. Tumidus, -a, -um, sicollen. ADJECTIVE. §61. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case. This rule includes adjective pronouns and participles. LATIN EXERCISE. Novum bellum — novus homo. Vita est brevis — tempus est breve. Bona causa — vinum bonum — bonus vir. Scio Ciceronem 1 esse magnum oratorem. iEneas in celsa puppi 2 carpebat somnos. Fessa corpora carpebant placidum soporem. Pius ^Eneas gemens multa 3 cupit lenire illam (her) dolentem. Carthago deleta est a Scipione. ENGLISH EXERCISE. English. Proud men fall, Delay is not safe, The earth is round, A life well spent makes old age pleasant, The news was most pleasant to you, Latin to be corrected. Superbus homo cado. Mora non tutus sum. Terra est rotundus. Vita bene actus senectus efficio jucundus. Nuntium erat jucundus, (Sup.). 1 §59. 2 Puppi (Abl.). Some nouns in is have the Ace. in im and the Abl. in i. 3 Multa, an Adj. used adverbially, groaning much. APPOSITION. 107 EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD. New wine. Calm sleep. Proud men. A pleasant life. Good men. New wars. Good orators. A pleasant old age. The Latin words for this exercise are such as have been used in the two preceding exercises. VOCABULARY. Actus, -a, -um, part, (from ago), spent, done. Bellum, -i, war. Brevis, -is, -e, short. Cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, to fail. Carpo, -ere, carpsi, carptum, to enjoy, literally, to pluck. Carthago, -aginis, f. Carthage. Causa, -se, a cause. Celsus, -a, -um, high, lofty. Corpus, -oris, n. a body. Dolens, pres. part, grieving, from Doleo, -ere, -ui, to grieve. Deleo, -ere, -levi,-letum, to destroy. Efficio, -ere, efteci, effectum, to effect. Fessus, -a, -um, weary. Gemo, -ere, -ui, -ltum, to groan. Lenio, -Ire, -Ivi and -ii, -ltum, to soothe. Mora, -ae, delay. Multus, -a, -um, many, much. Novus, -a, -um, new. Nuntium, -ii, neios, a messenger. Fius, -a, -um, pious, good. Placidus, -a, -um, calm. Puppis, -is, f. the stern (of a ship). Rotundus, -a, -um, round. Scipio, -onis, Scipio. Senectus, -tutis, f. old age. Sopor, -oris, m. repose. Superbus, -a, -um, proud. Tempus, -oris, n. time. Tutus, -a, -um, safe. Vinum, -i, n. wine. Vita, -as, life. APPOSITION. § 62. A noun annexed to another noun or to a pronoun, denoting the same, is put in the same case. LATIN EXERCISE. Cicero orator, Cicero the orator. Leomdas, rex Laceda3moniorum. Pausanias, Lacedsemonius, magnus homo. Romulus condidit urbem, Romam. Habetis ante oculos Catalinam, audacissimum hommem. 108 SYNTAX, English. Caesar went to Gaul, his own province, Mount Helicon, Atticus had an uncle Ccelius, a Roman knight, ENGLISH EXERCISE. Latin to be corrected. Caesar adeo (adiit) Gallia (Ace.) suus provincia. Mons (Ace.) Helicon. Atticus habeo avunculus Cce- lius, Romanus eques. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD. Of Cicero the orator. To Romulus the king. Caesar a Ro- man general. Cicero the consul (consul). To Cicero the con- sul. In the city, Rome. QUESTIONS. What is the rule for apposition ? What is the meaning of apposi- tion ? What two things are necessary for nouns to be in apposition ? Can you give an example in English of nouns in apposition ? Must nouns in apposition always be in the same number ? Ans. — Some nouns are used only in the plural, and may be in apposition with nouns in the singular; e. g. Urbs A th enaa, the city Athens; Alexis delicias dommi, Alexis the delight of his master. VOCABULARY. Adeo, -Ire, -Ivi and -ii, -Hum, to go to. Ante, prep, before. Atticus, -i, Atticus. Avunculus, -i, an uncle. Csesar, -aris, Caisar. Ccelius, -ii, Coelius. Eques, equitis, m. a knight. Gallia, -ee, Gaul. Helicon, -onis, Helicon (a moun- tain). Leonidas, -ae, Leonidas. Lacedaemonius, -ii, a Lacedaimo- nian. Mons, montis, a mountain. Oculus, -i, m. an eye. Pausanias, -83, Pausanias. Provincia, -se, a jJrozince. Rex, regis, a king. Suus, -a, -um, his own, her own, etc. PREPOSITIONS. \ 63. Certain prepositions are followed by the accu- sative. PREPOSITIONS. 109 Those which occur more frequently are ad, ante, apud, circum, contra, inter, ob, penes, per, post, prater, propter, supra, trans, ultra. LATIN EXERCISE. iEneas tendit ad sidera duplices palmas. Neptunus ad se Eurum Zephyrumque vocat. Longum per valles pascitur agmen. Rosee fulgent inter lilia. Caelum supra nubes extendit. Multa hostia ante aram cadet, Tu ccenabis apud me. English. Cicero sent letters to Atticus, Polites falls before the eyes of his parents, They divided the captives among themselves. ENGLISH EXERCISE. Latin to be corrected. Cicero mitto epistola ad Atticus. Polites concido 1 ante ociilus pa- rens (Gen. PL). Divido 2 inter sui captlvus. VOCABULARY. Ad, prep, to, towards. Agmen, -mis, n. a herd, literally, it means an army on the march. Apud, prep, icith. Ara, -as, an altar. Cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, to fall. Ccelum, -i, n. heaven. Captivus, -i, m. a captive. Cceno, -are, -avi, -atum, to sup. Concido, -ere, -cidi, to fall. Duplex, -Icis, double, both. Extendo, -ere, -di, -sum, to extend. Eurus, -i, the east wind. Fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, fulsum, to shine. Hostia, -33, a victim; multa hostia, many a victim. Inter, prep, among, behceen. [Jong. Longus, -a, -um, far extending, Lilium, -ii, n. a lily. Nubes, -is, f. a cloud. Palma, -as, the palm of the hand, the hand. Pascor, pasci, pastus sum, dep. to feed. Per, prep, through. Polites, -is, Polites (the son of Priam). Rosa, -83, a rose. Sidus, -eris, n. a star. j Supra, prep, above. : Tendo, -ere, tetendi, tensum, to extend. Vallis, -is, f. a valley. j Voco, -are, -avi, -atum, to call. Zephyrus, -i, the icest wind. 1 concido, -ere, 3d Conj. divido, -ere, divisi, divisum. 110 SYNTAX. $ 64. In and sub denoting tendency, are followed by the accusative ; denoting situation, by the ablative. By ten- dency is meant motion to a place. Multitude» in Capitolium convenit, A multitude came together into the Capital. In manlbus epistolam teneo, I hold a letter in my hands. Which of the sentences denotes tendency ? Which situation f § 65. Certain prepositions are followed by the ablative. A or ab, absque, from. Coram, in presence of. Cum, with. De, concerning, from, of. E or ex, from, out of. Palam, in presence of, before. Pres, before, in comparison with. Pro, before, for. Sine, without. Tenus, up to. EXERCISE. Julius Caesar pervenit a Roma ad Genevarn. Pastores veniunt sub montes cum gregibus. Phaethon cecidit e ccelo in flumen Padum in Italia et periit 1 . Hie sedebat pro sede Castoris. Hostes fugerunt e eonspectu. Ex vita discedo tanquam ex hospitio. Cicero fecit verba pro Milone. Legati missi sunt ex Roma. Catalinae de manlbus ferrum extorsimus 2 . VOCABULARY. Aedes, -is, f. a temple, lit. a house. Castor, -oris, m. Castor. Conspectus, -us, m. sight. Discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, to depart. Extorqueo, -ere, -torsi, -torsum, to wrest. Ferrum, -i, n. sword, lit. iron. Flumen, -inis, n. river. Fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, to fly, to disperse. Geneva, -ae, Geneva. Grex, greg-is, m. a herd. Hospitium, -ii, an inn. Hostis, -is, c. an enemy. Legatus, -i, m. an embassador. Man us, -us, m. a hand. Milo, -onis, Milo. Missi sunt, perf. pass, from mitto. were sent. Pastor, -oris, m. a shepherd. § 46, pereo. extorqueo. COMPOUND SENTENCES. - 111 Padas, -i, m, the Po (a river in I Sedeo, -ere, sessi, sessum, to sit. Italy) Pereo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -Itum, to perish. Pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, to come to. Phaethon, -ontis, Phatthon (son of Sub, prep, under, near to. Jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, to com- mand,. Julius, -ii, Julius (the name of a Roman clan). Tanquam, conj. as if, as though. the sun). I Verbum, -i, n. a word ; facere ver- Pro, prep, in behalf of , for. ba, to speak, to plead. § 66. Infinitive Mode. The infinitive may depend upon a verb, participle or adjective. Spero te venire, / hope that you are coming, Cupio videre, J desire to see. Aude contemnere opes, dare to despise riches. COMPOUND SENTENCES. $ 67. A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences. Example. Virtue procures friendship, but vice produces hatred. 1. The propositions which make up a compound sen- tence are called members or clauses. In the example above, there are two clauses. Will you point out the first ? the second ? 2. Members or Clauses are called independent or depen- dent. (a) An independent clause makes complete sense. (b) A dependent clause does not make complete sense by itself. Example. When Alexander had taken Thebes, he spared the family of Pindar, the poet. The second clause viz. he spared, etc., makes complete sense by itself; it is therefore called independent. The first clause, When Alexander, etc., expresses nothing defi- nitely, and does not make complete sense by itself; it is there- fore called a dependent clause. 112 SYNTAX. 3. The independent member is the leading clause ; its subject is the leading subject; its verb is the leading verb. Remark. The members or clauses of a compound sentence are connected by conjunctions, adverbs, and relative words. CONNECTIVES. $ 63. Copulative and disjunctive conjunctions connect words and clauses in the same construction. Examples. 1. Purvis et umbra sumus, ice are dust and shade. Pulvis and umbra are in the same construction, that is, they are in the same case, and relate to the same word, viz. nos under- stood. 2. Virtus est clara et immortalis, virtue is illustrious and immoHal. Clara and immortalis are in the same construction, that is, they agree with the same noun. Verbs are in the same construction when they are in the same mode and have their subjects in the same case. Relative words and Adverbs may connect the members of a compound sentence. $ 69. Relative Pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender and number. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Exercise I. Conjunctions. Venti concldunt et nubes fugiunt. How many clauses ? What connects them? Ego neque te jubeo neque veto. Metellus Jugurtham vicit et elephantos ejus (his) cepit 1 . Obsecro te, u t rempubllcam liberares. 1 capio. CONNECTIVES. 113 Exercise II Adverbial Connectives. Pontem fecit qua copias traduceret. Iter facie bam 1 q u u m has literas dabam. 1 Capiunt illam navem, u b i vectus 2 fui. Ille tacuit q u a m d i u possit. Exercise III Relatives. The case of the relative depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands. Felix est que m 3 Deus diligit. Ad Alpes venit q u as Italiam a Gallia sejungunt. 4 Ego sum Miltiades, qui Persas vici. 4 Legi 5 epistolam quam accepit. 4 Urbs, quam Romulus condidit, vocatur Roma. 4 Felices sunt 6 quorum corda (whose hearts) pura sunt. 4 Est Deus cujus 7 numen adoramus. Cato, qui erat sapiens, amavit patriam. Est Deus, quern colimus. 5 Quis est tarn vecors, qui, cum suspexerit in coelum non sen- tiat Deum esse ? This compound sentence consists of three clauses. 1. Quis est tarn vecors, the leading clause. 2. Qui non sentiat Deum esse, the relative clause. 3. Cum (ille) suspexerit, dependent on the second. Qui relates to quis and connects the first and second clauses. Ciim is an adverbial connective, and connects the 2d and 3d clauses. QUESTIONS. How are the members of a compound sentence connected ? What is the rule for conjunctions? What is meant by nouns being in the same construction ? What is meant by adjectives being in the same 1 § 35. 3. 2 Veho (Perf. Pass.). 3 Quern Telates to homo understood ; it is in the accusative, and the object of diligit. 4 What connects the clauses of this compound sentence ? What does the relative agree with for its antecedent.' 5 Point out the distinction between the logical subject and predi- cate. 6 Homines understood. : Cujus is the Gen. after numen. 114 SYXTAX. construction ? Verbs ? What is the rule for relatives agreeing with their antecedents ? What is the rule for the construction of adverbs ? "Will you now repeat all the rules of Syntax which have been given ? VOCABULARY. Adoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to adore. Alpes, -ium, the Alps. Cato, -onis, Cato. Capio, -ere. cepi, captum, to take. Colo, -ere, colui, cultum, to icor- ship. Concido, -ere, -cidi, to subside, lit. to fall. Copiae, -arum, troops. Cor, -dis, the heart. Deus, -i, God. Diligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, to love. Do, dare, dedi, datum, to give. Elephantus, -i. an elephant. Facio, -ere, feci, factum, to make, to do. Felix, -Icis, adj. happy. Iter, itineris, n. a journey. Jugurtha, -eb, Jugurtha. Libero, -are, -avi, atum, to make free. Metellus, -i, Metellus. Navis, -is, f. a ship. Neque, conj. neither. Numen, -mis, n. divinity. Obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, to be- seech. Persae, -arum, the Persians. Pons, pontis, m. a bridge. Purus, -a, -um, pure. Qua, adv. where. Quamdiu, adv. as long as. Quum or cum, adv. ichen. Respublica, See § 24. Sejungo, -ere, -junxi, -junctum, to separate. Sentio, -Ire, sensi, sensum, to per- ceive. Suspicio, -ere, -pexi, -pectum, to look up. Taceo, -ere, tacui, taciturn, to be silent. Ubi, adv. where. Urbs, -is, f. a city. Ut, conj. that. Vecors, -dis, adj. stupid. Vectus, part, (from veho, -ere, vexi, vectum), borne, carried. Ventus, -i, m. the v:ind. Veto, -are, -ui, -ltum, to forbid. Vinco, -ere, vici, victum, to con- quer. Voco, -are, -avi, -atum, to call. CONSTRUCTION OF THE OBLIQUE CASES.* GENITIVE WITH THE NOUN. $ 70. A noun limiting another noun, denoting a different person or thing, is put in the genitive. See \ 24. * The cases, except the nominative, are called oblicjue cases. GENITIVE WITH THE NOUN. 115 LATIN EXERCISE. Cupiditas divitiarum, glorise, voluptatis, sunt morbi an- imi. Oblivio est comes ebrietatis. Post iEnese mortem, Ascanius, iEnese filius, regnum accepit. Pausanias in suspicionem cecidit Lacedsemoniorum. Leonldas vim hostium non sustinuit. ENGLISH EXERCISE. English . Latin to be corrected. The hope of the flock, Spes pecus. The government of nations was Imperium gens primum penes first in kings, Themistocles did not escape the envy of citizens, Hannibal was the son of Hamil- rex, (Ace. PL) Themistocles non effugio vidia civis. Hannibal, Hamilcar filius. EXERCISE FOR THE BOARD.^ The death of a son. Government of kings. The hope of wealth. Suspicion of an enemy. The companion of glory. The envy of the citizens. VOCABULARY. Ascanius, -ii, Ascanius. Cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, to fall. Civis, -is, c. a citizen. Comes, -itis, a companion. Cupiditas, -tatis, f. desire, pas- sion. DivitiBB, -arum, pi. riches. Ebrietas, -tatis, f. drunkenness. Effugio, -ere, effugi, effugitum, to escape. Filius, -ii, a son; voc. fili. Gens, gentis, f. a nation. Gloria, -se, glory. Hamilcar, -aris, Hamilcar. Hannibal, -alis, Hannibal. Hostis, -is, m. and f. an enemy. Imperium, -ii, n. government. Invidia, -se, envy. Leomdas, -ee, Leonidas. Morbus, -i, a disease. Mors, mortis, f. death. Oblivio, -onis, oblivion. * These exercises are designed to be written on the blackboard, after the two preceding exercises have been recited, in which the Latin words for the English may be found. 116 SYNTAX. Pecus, -oris, n. a flock. j Sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentura, to Penes, prep, icith, in the poicer of. ■ sustain. Post, prep, after. Themistocles, -is, Tkemistocles. Primum, adv. first. Virtus, -tutis, f. virtue. Regnum, -i, a kingdom. Y is, vis, power , attack. See §25.4. Spes, spei, f. hope. Voluptas, -tatis, f. pleasure. Suspicio, -unis, f. suspicion. § 71. When the limiting noun denotes property, charac- ter, or quality, it has an adjective agreeing with it. and is put in the genitive or ablative. ILLUSTRATION. English. — Coelius was a man of very morose temper. Latin. — Coelius erat homo dimcillma natural. The limiting noun is natiird (temper), which denotes the char- acter of homo (man). It has an adjective, (difncillma), agreeing with it, and is put in the ablative. Can it be put in any other case ? LATIX EXERCISE. Cicero erat vir magni ingenii et magna innocentia. Cato fuit 1 singularis prudentiae et industrial. Classis centum navium aedificata est. Formica magni labor is. Altitudo ducentorum pedum. English. Latin to be corrected. A man of the greatest wisdom, Homo summus prudentia. A boy of good disposition, Puer bonus indolis (Fern.) A youth of high promise and Adolescens eximius spes et the most extraordinary vir- summus virtus. tue, A stream of pure water, Rivus purus aqua. EXERCISE FOE THE BOARD. A youth of singular prudence. A man of great industry. 1 J'ir is understood. GENITIVE WITH THE NOUN. 117 A height often (decern) feet. Cato was a man of great probity (probitas) (Fern.) A tree of many years. Arbor multus annus, VOCABULARY. iEdifico, -are, -avi, -atum, to build. Adolescens, -entis, m. and f. a youth. Altitudo, -dinis, f. height. Annus, -i, m. a year. Centum, num. adj. indec. a hun- I Pes, pedis, f. afoot. dred. j Prudentia, -a?, prudence. Classis, -is, f. a fleet. I Rivus, -i, m. a stream. Ducenti, -ee, -a, num. adj. two Singularis, -is, -e, remarkable. hundred. Eximius, -a, -um, excellent. Formica, -as, an ant. Industria, -se, industry. Indolis, -is, f. disposition. lngenium, -ii, talents. Innocentia, -33, innocence. Labor, -oris, m. labor. Navium, from navis, a ship. Summus, -a, -um, the highest, greatest. § 72. The genitive sometimes limits nouns ichich are not expressed, after the verb sum. Such nouns are usually translated by the English words part, prop- erty, duty, characteristic, and by various other words according to the connexion. ILLUSTRATION. Prudentia senectutis est, prudence is (the characteris- tic) of old age. Est humanitatis, it is (the part) of humanity. Hie liber est fratris, this book is (the property) of my brother. What do senectidis, humanitatis, fratris, limit ? LATIN EXERCISE. Est sapientise, it is the part of, or it belongs to, etc, Ira est angusti pectoris, (characteristic). Militis est suo duci pareie, (duty). Hsec domus est patris sed istum pomarium est vicini, Est omnium hominum Deum venerare. Est bonorum hominum (privilege), beate moriri (to die). 116 SYNTAX. ENGLISH EXERCISE. English. Latin to be corrected. It is (the province of) virtue to Virtus est vitium fugere. slum vice, It is (the frailty of) man to err, Homo est erro (Inf.) It is not less the part of a com- Non minus estimperator mander to conquer by art consilium (Abl.) supero quam than by arms, gladius (Abl.) It is (the characteristic of) a Magnus animus est despicio great mind to overlook in- injuria. juries, VOCABULARY. Augustus, -a, -um, narrow, con- tracted, Beate, adv. happily. Consilium, -ii, n. counsel, art. Despicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, to despise. Domus, -us, a house. § 21, notel. Dux, ducis, m, and f. a leader. Erro, -are, -a vi, -a turn, to err. Frater, fratris, a brother. Gladius, -ii, a sword. Human! tas, -tatis, f. humanity. Imperator, -oris, a commander. Injuria, -ae, injury. Ira, -as, anger. Militis, gen. of miles, a soldier. Minits, adv. less. [to die. Morior, mori and -Iri, mortuus sum, Omnium, gen. pi. of omnis, -is, -e, all. Pareo, -ere, parui, to obey. Pater, patris, a father. Pectus, -oris, n. breast, heart. Pomariurn, -ii, n. an orchard. Quam, conj. than. Sapientia, -33, wisdom. Supero, -are, -avi, -atum, to con- quer. Sed, conj. but. Senectus, -tutis, f. old age. Suus, -a, -um, his own, her own, etc. Venero, -are, -avi, -atum, to vene- rate, to adore. Vicinus, -i, m. a neighbor. Vitium, -ii, a vice, fault. GENITIVE AFTER PARTITIVES. § 73. Adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs denoting a part, are followed by a genitive denoting the whole. Remark. — This rule includes adjectives of the comparative and superlative degree, numerals, and neuter adjectives and pro- nouns. GENITIVE AFTER PARTITIVES. 119 LATIN EXERCISE. 1 Nemo militum fugit. Nemo is the partitive. Pars civitatis se dediderunt 2 (surrendered). Cicero fuit doctissimus Romanorum. Leo est animaliiun fortissimus. Crcesus erat opulentissimus regum. Quis Myrmidonum temperet a lacrymis ? Nulla sororum visa est mihi. Quidquid boni agis, acceptum erit Diis. Multum pecuniae. Multum mali. ENGLISH EXERCISE. 3 Cicero was the most eloquent of the Roman orators. The a7«>/i. Phocion, -onis, Phocion. Privo, -are, -avi, -atum, to deprive. Sensus, -us, sense, consciousness. Spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- prive, to rob. Somnus, -i, m. sleep. $ 109. Many verbs compounded with the prepositions, a, ab, de, e, ex, and super, are followed by an ablative. Abesse 1 urbe, to be absent from the city. Egressus est 2 n a v i, he disembarked. ABLATIVE OF TIME AND PLACE. § 110. A noun denoting the time ivhen or in ivhich, is put in the ablative without a preposition. ^111. The name of a town where anything is said to be or be done, if of the third declension, or plural number, is put in the ablative without a preposition. See $ 80. 1 absum. egredior, -i, egressus sum, Dep. 142 SYNTAX. LATIN EXERCISE, Hannibal habitavit Carthagine. Attieus, civis Romanus 1 , diu vixit A t h e n i s. Eodem tempore, Metellus egregias res gessit. Eodem die legati ad Csesarem venerunt. Pyrrhus occisus est D e 1 p h i s. VOCABULARY. Athenge, -arum, Athens. Delphi, -orum, Delphi (a town in Phocis celebrated for the ora- cle of Apollo). Diu, adv. for a long time. Egregius, -a, -urn, glorious, nolle. Eodem, abl. from idem, the same. Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, to perform, lit. to produce, to bear. Habito, -are, -avi, -atum, to dwell, to inhabit. Legatus, -i, an embassador. Occldo, -ere, -cldi, -cisum, to slay. Pyrrhus, -i, Pyrrhus. Res, rei, exploit, deed, lit. a thing. Vixit, from vivo, to live. § 112. After verbs of motion, the name of the town whence the motion proceeds, is put in the ablative with- out a preposition. Note. Domo and rure likewise follow this rule. Pompeius Syria decedens 2 Rhodum 3 venit Redierunt 4 Roma in Athenas. ABLATIVE OF PRICE. § 113. The price of a thing is put in the ablative. Exception. Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, are used after verbs of valuing. See § 75. ABLATIVE AFTER COMPARATIVES. § 114. The comparative degree is followed by the ab- lative, when quam (than) is omitted. i § 62. 3 Rhodus, -i, Rhodes. 2 decedo, -Sre, -cessi, -cessum, to depart. 4 redeo, to return. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 143 LATIN EXERCISE. Hie (this man) vendidit auro patriam (for gold). Magno ubique p r e t i o virtus sestimatur. Exanlmum corpus Hectoris auro vendebat Achilles. What is the subject of vendebat? Object? Quid liber tate pretiosius? Pu ell a nihil unquam amabilius nee immortalitate 1 dignius 2 vidi. Quid est optabilius sapientia. Pax optabilior b e 1 1 o. Vita est carior auro. Eloquentia Xenophontis erat dulcior m e 1 1 e. ENGLISH EXERCISE. Liberty is dearer than life. Wisdom is more desirable than gold. Nothing is dearer than (our) country? (patria). Atticus was more amiable than Ccelius. VOCABULARY. Aestimo, -are, -avi, -atum, to esti- mate. Achilles, -is, Achilles. Amabilis, -is, -e, lovely. Amabilius, comp. of amabilis, n. Aurum, -i, n. gold. Bellum, -i, n. war. Carus, -a, -um, dear. Corpus, -oris, n. a body. Dignus, -a, -um, worthy. Dulcis, -is, -e, sioeet, comp. dul- cior. Eloquentia, -sb, eloquence. Exanimus, -a, -um, lifeless. Hector, -oris, Hector. Immortalitas, -atis, f. immortality. Mel, mellis, n. honey. Nee, conj. neither. Nihil, indec. n. nothing. Optabilis, -is, -e, desirable. Pax, pacis, f peace. Pretiosius, adj. comp. of pretiosus. Pretiosus, -a, -um, precious. Pretium, -ii, n. price, value. Puella, -SB, a girl, maid. Quid, interrog. pron. ichat? Sapientia, -33, wisdom. Ubique, adv. everywhere. Unquam, adv. ever, at any time. Vendo, -ere, vendidi, venditum, to sell. Xenophon, -tis, Xenophon. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. § 115. A noun and a participle, or two nouns, or a noun and an adjective, are put in the ablative absolute ; [to de- note the time, cause, or circumstance connected with an action]. § 131. dignius, comp. neut. agrees with nihil. 144 SYNTAX. Remark. This construction answers to the nominative abso- lute in English, only it is frequently used in Latin when a com- plete sentence or some other expression would be more proper in English. Tarquinio regnante, Tarquinius reigning, or token Tarquinius was reigning, or during the reign of Tarquinius. Oratione habfta, concilium dimlsit, the oration having been deliv- ered, he dismissed the assembly, or when he had delivered the oration, etc. LATIN EXERCISE. Pace data, exercitus Romam redactus est (redigo). Imperatore occiso, exercitus fugit. Sole oriente, fugiunt tenebrse, (as the sun rises). Opere peracto, ludemus, (having finished our work, we will play). Cicerone consule, conju ratio Catilinse patefacta est. Me duce, cives incolumes erunt Philippo mortuo, Perses rebellavit. VOCABULARY. Consul, -ulis, m. a consul. Conjuratio, -onis, a conspiracy. Datus, part, from do, granted. Dux, ducis, m. and f. a leader. Exercitus, -us, an army. Fugio, -Sre, fugi, fugitum, to fiy. Imperator, -oris, a commander. Incolumis, -is, -e, safe. Ludo, -ere, lusi, lusum, to play. Mortuus, -a, -um, part, from mo- rior, dead. Occlsus. -a, -um, part, from occl- do, slain. Oceido, -ere, occldi, occlsum, to slay. Opus, -eris, n. work. [dep.)« Oriens, -entis, rising (from orior, Patefacio, -ere, -feci, factum, to disclose. [comylish. Perag'o, -ere, -egi, -actum, to ac- Perses, -is, Perses. Philippus, -i, Philip. Rebello, -are, -a vi, -atum, to rebel. Redigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, to lead back. Tenebrae, -arum, darkness. GERUNDS, GERUNDIVES AND SUPINES. 4 116. Gerunds and gerundives are governed like nouns in similar relations. 1. The genitive of gerunds and gerundives limits nouns and adjectives. GERUNDS, GERUNDIVES AND SUPINES. 145 2. The dative limits adjectives signifying usefulness and fitness. 3. The accusative follows the preposition ad or inter, and some others. 4. The ablative follows the prepositions a, ab, de, e, ex, or in, or is used without a preposition, as the ablative of manner or cause. 5. The supine in u limits adjectives denoting easy, won- derful, etc. 6. The supine in um follows verbs of motion. EXERCISE. Causa videndi Roraam, the cause of seeing Rome. Tempus legendi historiam (legendi, a gerund), or Tempus le- gend» historian, (legendce, a gerundive), a time of (for) reading history. Remark. The gerundive is the participle in dus, used in place of a gerund, and agrees with nouns in gender, number, and case, Fuit potestas legendi exempla, (gerund). Fuit potestas legendorum exemplorum, (gerundive). Sum cupldus discendi, (gerund). Charta est utUis scribendo, (for writing), (gerund). Virga utilis est corrigendo pueros, (gerund). Virga utilis est corrigendis pueris, (gerundive). Breve tempus setatis satis est longum ad bene vivendum. Es promptus ad audiendum. Memoriam excolendo augemus, by exercising it. Veni vos salutatum, J have come to salute you. Veniunt spectatum ludos. Scitatum oracula Phoebi mittimus. Rarus est inventu verus amicus. m VOCABULARY. Aetas, -atis, f. age, life. Amicus, -i, m. a friend. Augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, to strengthen, lit. to increase. Bene, adv. well. Brevis, -is, -e, short. Charta, -as, jjaper. [red. Corrigo, -ere, -exi, -ectum, to cor- Cupidus, -a, -um, desirous. Disco, -ere, didici, to learn. 146 SYNTAX. Excolo, -ere, -olui, -ultum, to ex- ercise, lit. to cultivate. Exemplum, -i, n. an example. Inventu, sup. to be found, from invenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum. Lego, -ere, legi, lectum, to select, lit. to read. Longus, -a, -um, long. Ludus, -i, a game, play. Memoria, -as, memory. Mitto, -ere, misi, missum, to send. Oraculum, -i, n. an oracle. Phoebus, -i, Apollo. [nity. Potestas, -atis, f. power, opportu- Promptus, -a, -um, ready. Rarus, -a, -um, seldom, rare. Satis, adv. enough. Saluto, -are, -avi, -atum, to salute. Scitor, -ari, -atus, dep. to consult. Specto, -are, -avi, -atum, to view, to see. Utilis, -is, -e, useful. Verus, -a, -um, true. Virga, -ae, a rod. ARRANGEMENT. § 117. A few general rules for the position of words in Latin may be useful to the learner, although they cannot be a sure guide, on account of the numerous exceptions. 1. The word governed stands before the word that gov- erns it. 2. The word agreeing is placed after the word with which it agrees. More particular rules. 1. A verb in the infinitive is usually placed before the verb that governs it. 2. A noun in the oblique case is commonly placed he- fare the word which governs it, but after prepositions. 3. The finite verb commonly stands last in the clause. 4. The adjective or participle is commonly placed after the substantive with which it agrees. 5. The finite verb is commonly placed after its nomina- tive case, sometimes at the distance of many words. 6. Adverbs are in general placed immediately before the words to which they belong. 7. Connectives usually stand at the beginning of a clause. PART II. This Part consists of selections of easy passages, taken for the most part from the best classical writers, and arranged with a due regard to the progress already made by the student. The grammatical re- lations of words and the construction of sentences are explained by numerous references to Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. The advantage to the student of going slowly and thoroughly over the following pages, treasuring in the memory every principle of grammar referred to, and attending carefully to the analysis of sen- tences, will be an ample compensation for the long time necessary for doing the work properly. The whole ground should be reviewed three or four times, or until every word and every principle become familiar. The Vocabulary has been prepared with much care and labor, and it is hoped there are but few if any omissions. The literal meaning of words is generally given first, and then follow their significations in connexions where a different sense is required. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 1. Adjectives. Apposition. Repeat rules, § § 204, 205, and the general remarks under each. Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. Prseteritum tempus 1 nunquam 2 revertitur 3 . Usitatse res 4 facile e memoria elabuntur 3 . Mithridatem in timore ac fuga Tigranes, Armenius rex, excepit 5 . [What is the object of excepit ?] 1 § 66. 2 § 191. II. 3 § 161. 4 § 90. 5 § 145. IV. 148 EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. Apud Herodotum, patrem historise 1 , sunt innumerabi- les fabulae. Patria Ciceroni 2 erat carisslma 3 . § 210. Rem. 1. 2. Subject Nominative and Verb. Repeat § 209 and the general remarks. Persarum 4 rex Darius Scythis 5 bellum 6 i n t u 1 i t 7 . Magna multitude^ undique perditorum hominum 4 latro- num 4 que 9 con vene rant 10 . Si vales 11 , bene est (it is), valeo. Proinde ut ben& vivitur 12 diu 13 vivitur, according as one lives, etc. Quum ad exitum [vitse] ventum est 12 (we have come) onuies in aequo sumus 11 . Dum p 1 u i t 14 in terris. Ter buccinavi t 14 . 3. Predicate Nominative. Repeat § 210 and general remarks. M. 15 Brutus per se 16 homo magnus evaserat 17 . Qui 18 (those who) erant cum Aristotele Peripatetici dicti sunt 19 . Servius Tulhus magno consensu 20 rex est declaratus. Mercurius Jovis 21 nuntius perhibetur. Aristseus inventor olei esse dicitur. Impudentia est dedecus 22 , modestia est or nam en turn. 4. Genitive after Nouns. Repeat § 211 and the general remarks. Custos 23 virtutum omnium verecundia est. Vultus sermo quidam 24 tacltus mentis est. w §145. V. 18 § 206. (4). 19 § 145. IV. 9 20 §247. 21 § 85. Jupiter. 22 §66. 23 § 75. Exc. 1. 2 -* § 138. 5. §211. 9 § 198. R. 2. p. 159. § 222. 10 § 145. V. § 124. 11 §209. R. 1. § 211. 12 §§ 184.2. and 209. R. 3. (2) § 224. 13 § 191. II. § 229. m §209. R. 3. (1). (2). §179. 15 §328. § 59. 2. 16 § § 133 and 208. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 149 Omnium rerum principia parva 1 sunt. Vita mortuorum in memoria vivorum poslta est. 5. § 211. Rem. 6. Tarquinius fratrem habuit Aruntem 2 mitis ingenii ju- venem 2 . Volusenus erat tribunus 3 milltum vir 2 et 4 consilii magni et 4 vir tut is. Tu-ne 5 trium 6 literarum me vituperes ? fur ! 7 Hamilcar in Hispaniam 8 duxit nlium Hannibalem 2 ann x o- rum no vem. Classem septuaginta 9 naviu m 10 Athenienses Miltiadi 11 dederunt 12 . 6. Genitive after Partitives. Repeat § 212 and general remarks. Neque 13 stultorum 14 quisquam beatus neque 13 sapien- tium 14 non beatus. Multse istarum arbor um mea manu 15 sunt satee 16 . Alexander magnus 17 cum nullo h o s t i u m unquam congres- sus est 18 , quern 19 non vicerit 20 . Gallorum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgee. § 212. Rem. 3. Quid 21 consilii capies ? Est multum m a 1 i in exemplo. Quum tantum repentini periculi accidisset 22 . Est multum b o n i in amicitia, multum m a 1 i in discordia. 7. Genitive after Adjectives. Repeat § 213 and general remarks. Greeculi 23 sunt contentionis cupidiores 24 , quam v e r i= t a t i s. i §210. R.l. 9 §117. 1. 17 § 125. 5. 2 §204. i° § 83. 2. 1 3 § 161. congredior. 3 §210. 11 §223. 1 9 §§206 and 229. * § 278. R. 7. 18 § 145. IV. 20 § 260. 1. vinco. 5 §198. R. 2. p. 159 1 3 § 198. 2 i §229. 6 §118. " § 205. R. 7. N.l. 22 §§145.V. and 260.X 7 §240. 15 §247. 23 § 100. 3. 8 §235. (2). i 6 sero, § 145. 4. 2 * § 124. 150 EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. Grsecarum literarum 1 Cato perstudiosus fuit in se= nectute. Conon erat prudens rei militaris. Romani 2 semper appetentes g 1 o r i se fuerunt. Vita sine amicis insidiarum 3 et metus plena est Grsecia 2 semper eloquentiee princeps esse voluit 4 . Quis 5 famulus amantior domlni quam 6 canis ? 8. Genitive after Verbs. Repeat § § 214, 215. Sextilius magni 7 sestimabat pecuniam legibus 8 partam 9 . Nulla vis 10 auri 11 et argenti p 1 u r i s 7 quam virtus sesti- manda est 12 . Agere 13 considerate pluris est quam cogitare 13 prudenter. Vendo meum frumentum non pluris quam ceteri 14 . Sapientiam 15 nunquam s u i pcenitet 16 . Me 15 civitatis 11 morum piget taedetque. Miseret te 15 aliorum, tui nee miseret, nee pudet. §§216,217. Somno 16 animus meminit prseteritorum 17 , prsesentia 17 cernit, futura 17 preevldet. Cicero Verrem 18 avaritise nimias coarguit. Miltiades accusatus est proditionis. Themistocles absens proditionis est damnatus 19 . Senatus nee libera vit ejus culpse Regem 18 , neque arguit. §§218,219. Caeclna milites tempo r is ac necessitatis monet. Interest omnium reete facere. 1 §279.10. literarum depends upon perstudiosus. 2 §279. ^ 5 214. N. 4. " §211. 3 § 95. « § 247. i2 § 162 15 4 § 178. 9 pario. ™ § 269 (large type). 5 § 137. 10 § 85. vis, declined, m § 256. 6 § 198. 15 The accusative after the verbs pamitet, tadet, etc., may be trans- lated as a nominative, and the genitive as an accusative. 16 § 253. ls § 229. R. 1. ™ § 145. IV. 17 § 205, R. 7. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 151 Genitive after Adverbs. § 212. Rem. 4. Cimon habebat satis eloquentiae. Satis honorum, satisque v i t ae erat, there was, etc. Armorum 1 adfatim captorum 2 Carthagine 3 . EXERCISES FOR WRITING. Rules, §§204,205,209,210. Time flies.* The clouds 6 fly. Birds c fly. The enemy** has fled. The doves 6 will have fled. The clouds are high./ The enemy is conquered.^" The brave soldiers conquered. The king will conquer. The brave Romans* conquered. Marius, the consul.* Twoi cities,^ Carthage* and Numantia. The sa- cred"* mountain 71 is beyond (trans) the river Anio^ (Anienem). Experience? is the best r master. 5 a fugio. b nubes. c avis, d hostis. e columba. /altus. g vinco. h Romani. i consul, j duo. k urbs. Z.Carthago, ^sacer. «raons. flumen. p Anien, -enis. q experientia. r bonus (optimus). sma- gister. Rules, §§ 211, 211. Rem. 6, 212. Rem. 1 and 2. The power* of nature. The life of men. The nation of all the Gauls.*" Servilius, a man e of ardent^ temperament.^ A man of great wisdom* and virtue. The wisest of the Romans. No one-? of the Gauls. A king, the most powerful^ of all.* The most renowned" 1 of the orators. 71 «vis. & natura. c natio. d Galli, -orum. e vir. /fervidus. ^ animus. §211. Rem. 6. h consilium. i sapiens. §212. Rem. 2, j nemo, fcpotens. Jomnis. wpraestans. n orator. Rules, §§213,214,217. Concerned* (with respect to) the future. Germany 6 was fruitful*" in flocks. Devoid 6 of reason.^ I esteem^ you much.* 1 (Ace.) pity z you (Gen.). You pity me. He was accused-? of treason. a anxius. & futurus. c Germania. d fecundus. e expers. /ra- tio, g sestimo. h magnus (magni). i miseret. j acctiso. i § 94. 2 capio, (Part.). 3 § 254. 152 EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. Dative after Adjectives, Repeat § 222 and general remarks. Omnis voluptas 1 honestati contraria est. Atticus non f o r t u n se, sed 2 ho minibus solebat 3 esse amicus 4 . Omni se t a t i mors est communis 5 . Canis similis 1 u p o est. Romulus multitudini 6 gratior fuit quam p a t r I b u s. Dative after Verbs. Repeat § § 223 and remarks, and § § 224, 225. Mundus deo 7 paret et huic (him) obediunt niaria 8 terrseque. Remedia 9 m or bis et vulneribus 10 eligimus. Csesar imperat fhimentum exercitui 11 . Natura animalibus varia tegumenta 12 tribuit Ho mini soli 13 avaritia et ambitio data est. Irasci amicis non temere soleo 3 . Probus [homo] in vide t nemini. Hannibal Antiocho persuasit ut cum exercitibus 14 in Ita- liam 15 proficisceretur 16 . Pelopidas omnibus periculis adfuit Rhenus ubi oceano appropinquat 17 , in plures partes dif- Hannibal magnum terrorem 19 injecit exercitui Roman- Dative of the Possessor. Repeat § 226. Render the dative like a nominative, and the verb sum by to have. Sunt m i h i carmina 20 , / have verses. Est homini similitude cum Deo. 1 §62. 8 §66. 15 §235.2. * § 278. 9 § 229. R. 1. w § § 262 and 161. 3 § 142. R. 2. 10 § § 76 and 66. 17 § 196. 2. 4 §205. » §67. is § ig6> |3 5 §210. R.l. 12 §46. iq §229. R. 1. 6 § 59. 2. 13 § 107. so | 6( j. 7 §53. 14 §241. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 153 Haud t i b i vultus 1 est mortalis. Dives* 2 est (he is) cui 3 tanta possessio est, ut nihil optet 4 amplius. Two Datives after sum and some other Verbs. § 227, See Rem. 3. Ximia fiducia c a 1 a m i t a t i solet esse h ominib u s. Vitis arboribus decor i est. Pausanias 5 venit A 1 1 1 c i s, a u x i 1 i o. Caesar quinque 6 cohortes c a s t r i s 7 , prsesidio relinquit. Participles in dus with the Dative. § 2*25. 3. Render the dative like a nominative and the verb by must or ought. Linguae 8 moderandum est 9 mihi. Yivendum est 9 mihi recte. Vincendum aut moriendum est 9 vobis. § 228. Summum 10 bonum (the chief good) a stolcis 33stunatur 5 convenienter 11 naturae vivere. Milo fit obviam C 1 o d i o. Esto bene m i h i, bene vobis, bene omnibus nobis, Accusative, Rep^it § § 229—231, 235. Miltiades Athenas totamque 12 Graeciam libera vit Quis musicam docuit Epaminondam? Non t e celavi sermone m Ampii. Achaei quoque 13 a u x i 1 i a 14 , regera orabant. Nunquam divitias, deos rogavi. 1 § 67. 8 § 223. R. 2. 2 § 112. 9 § § 162. 15. and 209. R. 3. (3). 3 §206. R. 19. (4). 10 §125.4. 4 §§209. R. 2. (1). and 262. R. 1. " § 192. II. 2. 5 §44, 12 §198. R.2. p. 159. 6 § 118. 13 §279. 3. 7 § 97. M § 279. 10. 11 154 EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. Cato Valerium Flaccum habuit collegam 1 . S u m m u m concilium majores nostri appellarunt 2 sen- atum. § § 236, 237 and general remarks. Appius csecus 3 multos annos fuit. Pericles quadraginta annos prsefuit Athenis 4 . Arabes gladios habebant tenues, longos quaterna 5 cu- bit a 6 . Campus Marathon 7 abest ab 8 oppido Atheniensium circiter 9 m i 1 1 i a 10 passuum decern. Pompeius Sardiniam cum classe venit Lacedaemonii Pausaniam cum classe 11 Cyprum atque H e 1- lespontum miserunt. §239. Omnibus probis 12 expedit (it is important) rempublicam esse salvam. Auctores dicunt Helenam esse causam 13 Trojani belli. Miror tuum fratrem non scribere. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. The body a is returned 5 to the earth. I will give sorrow c to the winds.** Your e letter ^ was acceptable^ to me. You obey' 4 the king. The orations 2 of Cicero pleased me. Cicero wrote fc letters to Atticus. I will repiy z to the letters. He excelled™ all. Death threatens 71 all. The shade hurts^ the corn.? The lion r has 5 great strength/ The Romans had (est) battles 1 * with v the Carthaginians (Abl.). a corpus. * reddo. c tristitia. d ventus. e tuus. /epistola. g gratus. h pareo. i oratio. jplaceo. k scribo. I respondeo. wantecello. «impendeo. o umbra, p noceo. nutrix. ^plebs. ^philosophies, r probo. e scio. t cursus. u brevis. » lux. wmundus. x stoici. y dico. Ablative. Repeat §§241,243—246. Natura hommis a reliquis 1 animantibus differt 2 . Omnium rerum 3 magnarum a diis immortalibus prin- cipia 4 ducuntur. Excellentium 5 civium virtus imitatione digna 6 est. Magna Helotarum multitudo servorum raunere f u n g 1 1 u r. Numldae 7 plerumque lacte et ferina carne vesce- bantur 8 . U 1 1 1 u r f r a u d e et abutitur 1 i b r i s 9 . Nobis 10 opus est magistratlbus. Est brevitate opus. Archias natus est 1 o c o n o b 1 1 i. O nate 11 d e a. i Repeat § § 247, 249 and 1. II. § 250 and (1). (2). § 251. Cornibus tauri 12 , apri 12 dentibus, morsu leones se | tutantur 13 . Antonius patrise 14 , igni ferroque minitatur. Deus bonis omnibus explevit mundum 15 . Muneribus deorum 16 sumus instructi et ornati. Epaminondsp 17 nemo Thebanus par fuit eloquentia. Antonius, pedibus ae g e r, prcelio 18 adesse nequlbat 19 . 1 §205. R. 17. 8 §174. 14 § 223. 2. 2 § 196. 13. 9 §43- 1 5 §229. R. 1. 3 § 211. i° §222. 16 §53. 4 §46. n §240. n § 222. R. 1 . 5 § 130. 12 § 209, 1 8 §224. 6 §210. R. 1. 13 § 166. 19 § 162. 3. (2d paragraph). 7 § 279. 2, 156 EXERCISES IN SYNTAX, Duces Gallorum 1 consuetudine castra 2 munire instituunt Democritus dicitur o c u 1 i s se privasse. L. 3 Brutus civitatem dominatu regio libera vit. Ablative of Time, Place, Absolute, etc. Repeat § § 253—255. Nemo, his (these) annis viginti 4 , reipublicse fuit hostis, qui 5 non bellum eodem tempore mihi 6 quoque indixerit 7 .* Alexander magnus Babyloue morbo 8 c o n s u m p t u s e s t. Ut (as) Romse 9 consules, sic C a r t h a g I n e quotannis bini 10 reges creabantur. Li terse 11 Macedonia allatse sunt 12 Legati S a m o vene- runt. § § 256, 257. Elephant o 13 belluarum 14 nulla prudentior est. Nihil est laudabilius placabilitate atque dementia. Aruns Tarquinius et Tullia junguntur nuptiis 15 , magis non prohibente Servio, quam approbante. Crastino die 16 , oriente sole redite in pugnam. Qurerftur 17 , utrum mundus, terra stante, circumeat, an! mundo stante, terra vertatur. Regibus exactis consules creati sunt. Infinitive Mode. Repeat § § 269 — 272, and general remarks. Ferre laborem consuetudo docet. Errare est humanum ls , Csesar maturat ab urbe proflcisci. Amicos neque armis 19 c o g e r e, neque auro parare queas, Spero a m i c i t i a m non eger e testibus 20 . Sentlmus calere ignem et nivem esse albam. * Will vou analyze this sentence according to § 281 ? Consult also § § 201—203. 1 § 279. 10. 8 § 247. 15 § § 95 and 96. (2d paragiaph) 2 § 97. 9 § 221. 16 § 253. 3 § 328. ia § 119. III. 17 § 184. ^ §118. u §97. 18 §205. R. 8. 5 § 206. 12 affero. § 196, 2. 19 § 247. 6 $224. 13 §99. 20 §250. R. 1.(2). 7 § 264. 7. 14 § 212. • EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 157 Subjunctive Mode. Repeat § 262 and remarks. Legum 1 omnes servi sumus u t liberi esse possimus. Romani ab aratro abduxerunt Cincinnatum ut dictator 2 esset. Quamobrem placuit Csesari 3 ut ad Ariovistum legatos mit- t e r e t. Quid obstat, quo minus deus sit beatus ? Epaminondas non recusavit, quo minus legis pcenam sub- Ire t 4 . Vereor ne consolatio nulla possit reperiri. Cum with the Subjunctive. Repeat § 263. 5. and Rem. 2. Note. Quum or cum can be rendered by althougk, since, etc., when it denotes connection of thought. Quum bello 5 fugitivorum tota Italia arderet, C. Norba- nus in stimmo otio fuit. Ceres frumenta invenit cum antea homines glandlbus 6 ves- cerentur. Cum in Narration. § 263. 5. Rem. 2. Caesar, quum Pompeium apud Pharsalum vicisset, in Asiam trajecit* Atticus, quum septem et septuaginta annos complesset 7 , nactus est 8 morbum. Fuit tempus, quum rura 9 colerent homines neque ur- bem haberent. Repeat § 264. I. 5 and 6. Note. Qui with the subjunctive, when purpose is denoted, may be translated like the infinitive. J Caesar equitatum omnem praemittit, qui videant quas in partes 10 hostes iter faciant 11 . Will you analyze this clause according to § 281 ? 1 § 211. 6 § 247. » § 229. 2 § 210. 6 § 245. 10 § 235. (2). 3 §223.2. 7 § 162 . 7. « §265. 4 § 182. 8 nanciscor. 158 EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. Homines missi sunt qui cons ule rent ApoIUnem. Viros bonos miserunt, qui rem explorarent. Quantum 1 pecuniae 2 quseque (each) civitas daret 3 , Aristldes delectus est, qui constitueret* § 264. 6, 7. Sunt (there are those) qui censeant una anlmum et cor- pus occidere. Nihil est quod tarn miseros 4 f a c i a t, quam (as) im- pietas et scelus. §§265,266. 1,2. Incertum est quo te 1 o c o 5 mors expectet 3 . Cato mirari se 6 aiebat, quod non r i d e r e t haruspex, ha- rusplcem quum vidisset. Rex imperavit ut (those thiugs), qua? bello opus essent, pa- rarentur. Gerunds, etc. Repeat § 275. II. and remarks. Sapientia ars v i v e n d i bene putanda est. Epaminondas studiosus audi en di fuit. Demosthenes P 1 a 1 6 n i s studiosus audiendi fait, Quis est tarn scribendo implger, quam ego ? Non omnis materia est idonea eliciendis ignibws. Non solum ad discendum propensi sumus verum etiam ad docendum. Hominis mens discendo alitur et cogitando. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. Cymseus was beaten a with rods. 6 I burn c with anger/ Pyr- rhus, struck (ictus) with a stone, e died (interiit). He struck^" him with the sword.- Neptune^ struck the earth with his trident. 1 The sweaU flows fc in stream s. z The ship" 1 was driven 71 by the winds. He fihV the ship with gold.? I am rich 7 * in lands, 5 and rich in flocks/ * Which is the leading clause in this compound sentence ? 1 § 229. 3 § 265. 5 § 254. R; 3. 2 § 212. R. 3. 4 § 205. R. 7. 6 § 239, FABLES. 159 a csedo (caesus est, Perf. Pass.), b virga. c ardeo. d ira. e lapis, /percutio. £• gladius. & Neptunus. i tridens. j sudor. £ fluo. I rivus. ranavis. n jacto. o ventus. y compleo. ? aurum. r di- ves. 5 ager. t pecus. Isocrates sold 62 one oration for twenty 6 talents. The victory^ cost e much blood./ Aristides was banished* from his country.* He is mistaken/ in my opinion. J Who^ is more prudent 2 than Deiotarus?" 1 No one' 1 was more circumspect than he (Abl.). The laws? of Lycurgus train'? youth'* in hunting 5 and in run- ning/ The art of living. The hope 14 of conquering.^ He said that he would write™ to me. The senate* ordered*/ that the books* should be inspected. 6262 a vendo. b viginti. c talentum. d victoria, e sto. /sanguis, -mis. o-expello. h patria. i erro. j sententia. ft quis. I pru- dens (Comp.). wDeiotarus. « nemo, o integer (Comp.). P lex, legis. q erudio. r juventus. s venor (Ger.). * curro. u spes. v vinco. w scribo. % senatus. y impero. z liber. aa inspicio. FABLES. 1. The Fox and the Lion. Vulpes, quse nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei 1 forte occur- risset 2 , ita est perterrita 3 , ut psene moreretur 4 formidine 5 . Eun- dem conspicata 6 iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam, ut antea. Tertio illi 7 (him) obviam facta, ausa est 8 etiam propius accedere, eum-que alloqui. 2. The Peasant and the Snake. Agrieola anguem reperit, frigore 9 psene extinctum. Miseri- cordia 9 motus, eum fovit sinu et subter alas recondidit. Mox anguis recreatus vires recepit, et agricola? 1 , pro beneficio, letale vulnus inflixit. 1 § 224. 4 § 262. R. 1. » § 2*23. 2 § 263. R. 2. 5 § 247. « § 142. II. R. 2. 3 §260.1. 6 §274. 9 §247. 160 FABLES. 3. The Haivk and the Doves. Columbae milvii metu 1 accipitrem 2 rogaverunt, ut eas defen- deret 3 . Hie annuit. At in columbare receptus, uno die 4 majo- rem stragem edidit, quam milvius longo tempore 4 potuisset edere. 4. The Raichs and the Doves. Accipitres quondam acerrime iDter se belligerabantur. Hos (them) columbae in gratiam reducere 5 conatae 6 effecerunt, ut illi pacem inter se facerent 7 . Qua 8 firmata, accipitres vim suam 9 in ipsas columbas converterunt. 5. The Lion. Societatem junxerunt 10 leo, juvenca, capra, ovis. Prseda 11 autem, quam 12 ceperant, in quatuor partes sequales divlsa 11 , leo, Prima 13 , ait 14 , mea est; debetur enim haee preestantise 15 mea?. Tollam et secundam 11 , quam meretur robur meum. Tertiam vindicat sibi egregius labor mens. Quartam qui sibi 15 arrogare voluerit, is sciat 16 se 17 habiturum me inimicum sibi 18 . Quid 12 facerent 19 imbecilles bestiae, aut quae sibi 18 leonem infestum habere vellet? 19 6. The Kid and the Wolf. Hcedus, stans in tecto 20 domus, lupo 21 preetereunti 22 maledixit. Cui 15 lupus, Non tu, inquit, sed tectum mihi 21 maledixit. 7. The Goat and the Wolf. Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus 23 , cur non, 1 §247. R.2. 9 5 208. « § 239. 2 §231 and R. 2. 10 § 209. R. 12. 18 §222. 3 § 273. 2. 11 §257. 19 §265. 4 §253. 12 § .229. 20 §235. (2). 5 §271. 13 § 323. 1. 21 §225. 6 §161. 14 §§183.4. and 279. 6. 22 § 182. 7 § 262. 15 §223. 23 §274. 8 §257. 16 §§260. R.6. and 267. R.2. FABLES. 161 inquit 1 , relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca 2 , et hue descendis in herbldos campos 3 , qui tibi 4 lsetum pabulum offerunt ? Cui respondit capra, Mihi 5 non est in ammo dulcia 6 tutis 4 prseponere. 8. The Fox and the Lioness. Vulpes leeenge 7 exprobrabat, quod nonnlsi unum catulum pareret 8 . Huic dicltur respondisse, Unum, sed leonem. 9. The Enemies. In eadem navi vehebantur duo, qui inter se capitalia odia exercebant 9 . Unus eorum 10 in prora, alter in puppi residebat. Orta tem- pestate 11 ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent 12 , interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat 9 , gubernatorem, utrarn partem 13 navis prius submersum iri existimaret 14 . Cui gubernator, proram 13 , respondit. Turn ille 15 , jam mors mihi 16 non molesta est, quum inimlci mei mortem adspecturus sim 17 . 10. The Fawn and the Stag. Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis 18 interrogasse 19 dicltur : Mi 20 pater 21 , quum multo sis major canlbus 22 et tarn ardua cornua habeas, quibus 18 a te vim propulsare possis, qui fit ut canes tantopere metuas P 23 Ibi cervus ridens, mi nate, inquit, vera memoras ; mihi tamen, nescio quo pacto 18 , semper accldit, ut audita canum voce 11 , in fugain statim convertar 23 . 1 § 183. I. 5. 9 § 145. II. 17 § 260. R. 7. (2). 2 §92. I. 2. 10 §212. ls §247. 3 §235. (2). " § 257. 19 §162. 7. 4 § 224. 12 § 263. 5. 20 § 139 (6th line). 5 §226. 13 §239. 21 §240. 6 §205. R. 7. (2). m §965. 22 §256. (large tjpe). 7 § 223. R. 2. 15 § 209. R. 4. « § 262. R. 3. 8 § 266. 3. pario. w § 222. 162 FABLES. 11. The Woman and her Maids. Mulier vidua, quae texendo 1 vitam sustentabat, solebat ancillas suas 2 de nocte excitare ad opus, quum primum (as soon as) gal- li 3 cantum audivisset. At illse, diuturno labore 4 fatigatse, statuerunt gallum intern- cere. Quo 5 facto, deteriore conditione 6 , quam prius esse cce- perunt. Nam domrna de hora noctis incerta, nunc famulas ssepe jam prima 7 nocte excitabat 12. The Ass and the Horse. Aslnus equum beatum prsedicabat, qui tam copiose pascere- tur 8 , quum sibi 9 post molestissimos labores ne paleae quidem satis prsebereutur 10 .* Forte autem bello 5 exorto, equus in prce- lium agitur, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles labo- res tandem, multis vulneribus confossus, co]labitur. # Hasc omnia aslnus conspicatus 11 , O me 12 stolidum, inquit, qui beatitudinem ex presentis temporis fortuna 4 sestimaverim ! 8 13. The Horse and the Ass. Asinus, onustus sarclnis 13 equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte 14 oneris se levaret 15 , si se vivum videre vellet. # Sed ille asini preces repudiavit. Paulo post igltur asinus labore 4 consumptus in via eorruit et efflavit anlmam. Turn agitator omnes sarcinas quas 16 asinus portaverat, atque insuper etiam pellem asmo 17 de- tractam, in equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero priorem superbiam deplorans ; O me 12 miserum, inquit, qui parvulum onus in me recipere noluerim 8 , quum nunc cogar tantas sarcinas ferre, una cum pelle comitis mei cujus 3 preces 18 tam superbe contemp- seram. * What is the leading; clause in thi s compound sentence ? § 203. 3. What its leading subjecl , r Its leading verb 5 § 203. 3. 1 §275. 11. R. 4. 7 § 205. R. 17. 13 § 250. R. 1. (1). 2 §208. 8 § 264. 8. 14 §251. 3 §211. 9 § 223. 15 § 273. 2. 4 §247. 10 § 263. 5. 16 § 206. 5 §257. 11 §161. 17 §§242 and 224. R.2. 6 § 245. III. 12 § 238. 2. 18 §94. (see list). FABLES. 163 14. The Oxen. In eodem prato pascebantur 1 tres boves in maxima concordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed dissidio inter illos orto 2 , singuli 3 a feris 4 petiti et laniati sunt. 15. The Raven and the Fox. Corvus alicunde caseum rapuerat, et cum illo in altam arbo- rem subvolarat. Vulpecula 5 , ilium caseum appetens, corvum blandis verbis 6 adoritur ; quumque primum formam ejus 7 pen- narumque nitorem laudasset, pol, inquit, te 8 avium regem 9 esse dicerem 10 , si cantus pulchritudmi tuee responderet 10 . Turn ille, laudlbus 6 vulpis iuflatus, etiam cantu 11 se 8 valere 8 demonstrare voluit. Ita vero e rostro aperto caseus delapsus est, quern vulpes arreptum 12 devoravit. Hsbc fabula docet, vitandas 13 esse adulatorum voces 8 , qui blanditiis 6 suis 14 nobis 15 insidiantur. 16. The Dog anal the Wolf. Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, quanta est, inquit, feli- cltas tua ! Tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. Turn canis, licet 16 , inquit, mecum 17 in urbem venias 16 et ea- dem felicitate 18 fruaris. Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una eunt, animadvertit lupus in collo canis attritos pilos. Quid hoc est? inquit, Num jugum sustines? cervix enim tua tota est glabra. Nihil est, canis respondit. • Sed interdiu me alllgant, ut noctu 19 sim vigilantior ; atque ha3c sunt vestigia collaris, quod cervlci 20 circumdari solet. Turn lupus, vale, inquit, amice 21 , nihil moror felicitatem servitute emtam. Hsec fabula docet, liberis nullum commodum 22 tanti 23 esse quod servitutis calamitatem compensare possit 24 . 1 § 145. 11. 9 §210. 17 § 133. 4. 2 § 257. 10 §261. 1. i s §245. 3 § 119. III. n §250. 1 9 §94. (see list). 4 §248. 12 § 274. 3. p. 245. 20 § 224. 5 § 100. 1. 3. 13 § 274. R. 8. 2i §240. 6 §247. 14 §208. 22 §239. 7 § 208. R. 37 (6). 15 §223. 23 § 214 and R. 1. (1). « §239. i 6 § 262. R 4. 24 § 264. 1. 164 FABLES. 17. The old Man and Death, Senex in silva ligna ceciderat, iis 1 -qua sublatis domum 2 redire coepit Quum aliquantum viae 3 progressus esset, et onere et via defatigatus, fascem deposuit, et secum setatis et inopiae mala coutemplatus, Mortem clara voce invocavit, quae ipsum ab om- nibus his malis liberaret 4 . Turn Mors, senis precibus 1 auditis, sublto adstitit, et, quid vellet 5 , percunctatur. At senex, quern 6 jam votorum 7 suorum poenitebat, nihil 8 , inquit, sed require, qui onus paululum allevet 4 , dum ego rursus subeo. 18. The Wolves and the Shepherds, Quum Philippus, rex Macedonia, cum Athenienslbus fcedus initurus esset 9 , ea conditioned, ut oratores suos ipsi 11 traderent, Demosthenes populo narravit fabulam qua iis 1 " 2 callidum regis consilium ante oculos poueret 4 . Dixit enim, lupos 13 quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse 14 , se 13 nunquam in posterum greges esse impugnaturos 15 si canes ipsis dedereutur. Placuisse 16 stultis pastoribus conditionem 13 , sed quum lupi caulas excubiis nudatas vidissent, eos 13 impetu 1 facto omnem gregem dilaniasse 16 . 19. The Vulture and the Birds. Vultur aliquando aviculas invitavit ad convivium, quod 17 illis 18 daturus esset 15 die natali suo. Quae 19 quum ad tempus ades- sent, eas carpere et occidere, epulasque sibi 18 de invitatis instru- ere coepit. 1 §257. 8 § 229. u § 270. 2 § 237. R. 4. 9 § 263. 5. R. 2. 1 5 § 162. 14. 3 § 212. R. 3. i° § 249. II. 16 depends upon dixit understood * § 2(54 5. u §223. 1 7 §229. 5 §265. I 2 §211. R. 5. i« §223. 6 § 229. R. 6. 1 3 § 239. 19 § 206. 17. 7 §215. FABLES. 165 20. The Lion, the Ass and the Fox. Vulpes, aslnus et leo venatum 1 iverant. Ampla, prseda facta, leo aslnum 2 illam partlri jubet. Qui quum singulis 3 singulas 4 partes poneret sequales, leo eum correptum 5 dilaniavit, et vul- peculee partiendi 6 negotium tribuit. Ilia astutior leoni 7 partem maxlmam apposuit, sibi vix minimam reservans particulam. Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, etunde hoc didice- rit 8 interrogare, ccepit. Et vulpes, Hujus me 9 , inquit calamltas docuit, quid minores potentiorlbus debeant. 21. U?iion is Strength. Scilurus, Scytharum rex morti 10 proxlmus, adferri fasciculum hastilium jussit, eum-que, ut erat colligatus, dedit confringen- dum mils suis. Cum id quis-que se 2 facere posse 2 negavisset; ipse, soluto fasciculo 11 , singula 12 hastilia facile confregit; ita do- cens, illos 2 , si Concordes esseut, insuperablles fore ; si disside- rent infirm os futuros 13 . EXERCISE IN ANALYSIS. What is a period ? § 230. What is the place for the leading verb in a regular period ? § 280. 1. In what does the analysis of a proposition consist? § 281. What is the grammatical and logical subject ? The grammatical and logical predicate ? See § § 200—202. How may the members of a compound sentence be connected? Ans. By relatives, conjunctions and adverbs. Note. In analyzing a compound sentence, inquire, 1. What is the leading clause ? § 203. 3. Leading subject ? Lead- ing verb ? 2. How are the dependent members connected ? Then proceed to analyze each proposition separately, and parse every word. Particular attention should be paid to the connectives. 1 § 276. 11. 6 § 275. III. R. 2. i° § 252. 2 §239. * § 224. - 1 §257. ■ §223. y §265. 12 § 119. III. 4 to each an equal part. 9 § 231. R, 3. 15 § 270. R. 3. s § 274. p. 245. 166 ANECDOTES. COMPOUND SENTENCES TO BE ANALYZED. 1. Demosthenes, qui Athenis natus est, fuit clarissnnus orator. 2. Demosthenes declamltans in maris littore, in quod se fluc- tus illidebat coneitatse multitudinis fremitus non expavescere. [The relative quod connects the two clauses.] 3. Cum e Sicilia rediens Pyrrhus rex Epiri classe prseter- veheretur Locros, thesauros fani Proserpina? spoliavit, et pecu- nia in naves imposlta, ipse terra est profectus. ANECDOTES. 1. JDe??iosthe?ies. Demosthenes, qui Athenis 1 natus est, fuit clarissimus orator. Artem loquendi magno labor e et studio acquislvit. Natura- non habuit bonam vocem et queedam verba recte pronunciare non poterat. Ut disceret 3 loqui accurate parvos circulates lapi- des in ore posuit.* Solebat 4 claudere se in cubiculo, et studere totum mensem 5 simul. Ad littus seepe ivit, et orationes suas ad fluctus pronmiciavit, ut strepitum et clamorem populi melius tolerare posset.f Multas orationes habuit et 6 privatis et 6 pub- Hcis occasionibus 7 . Sed preesertim eloquentia 8 usus est contra Philippum, Macedonise regem, et in complurlbus orationibus Athenienses excitavit ut bellum huic inferrent.f 2. Aristippus. Accessit ad Aristippum philosophum paterfamilias, rogavit- que ut filium suum susciperet 9 erudiendum. Cum vero ille pro mercede petisset quingentas drachmas, pater deterritus pretio, * Which is the leading clause ? Analyze the sentence. § 203. 3. t Why is this verb in the subjunctive? 1 §254. 4 §145. II. > §253. 2 §247. 5 §236. * §245. 3 § 262. 6 § 278. R. 7. 9 § 273. 2. ANECDOTES. 167 quod 1 ignaro avaro-que homini 2 nimium videbatur, dixit se 3 minoris 4 (for less) empturum esse 5 mancipium. Turn philoso- phus, Erne, inquit, et habebis duo. 3. Pericles. Perlclem in foro publica negotia tractantem improbus et petu- lans homo maledictis 6 insectabatur. Quae 7 cum ille patienter ferret, nee ullum adeo verbum reponeret diem 8 totum perseve- ravit insectatio. Vesperi 9 vultu 6 gressu 6 que placldo domum 10 reversus est Pericles, insequente eodem nebulone 11 , et omnibus contumeliis 6 eum impetente 11 . Aedes ingressurus 12 , cum jam nox esset 13 , uni e servis suis mandavit, ut accenso lumlne 11 hominem comitaretur ac reduceret domum 10 . 4. King Antiochus. Antiochus rex, quum in venatione feraB persequendse studio, ab amlcis et servis aberrasset, in casam pauperum hominum intravit ignotus. Cum iis ccenans, sermonem de rege injecit 14 ut cognosceret quae esset 15 hospltum de se opinio. Turn illi 16 , Regem 3 in cseteris 17 quidem bonum et laude 18 dignum esse, sed amlcis 19 utentem 20 malis, pluiima 17 negligere, et nihil cu- rare 21 , quod venationi plus aequo* indulgeret 22 . Tacuit turn qui- dem Antiochus ; sed postquam, orto 20 sole 11 , ad casam illam venere satellites, et purpuream vestem cum diademate 23 attulere 24 , converso sermone 11 ad regia ilia insignia ; Certe, inquit, ex quo 25 die vos sumpsi, her! primum veros de me sermones audlvi. For an explanation oFplvs cequo see § 256. R. 9. 1 § 206. 6 § 247. J 10 § 237. R. 4. 2 §223. 7 §§229 and 206. R. 19. (17). n §257. 3 § 239. 8 § 236. ^ 12 § 274. R. 6. 4 § 214. 9 § 253. 13 § 263. 5. 5 § § 268. R. 5. and 272. 14 he fell into conversation about the king, i. e. himself. 15 § 265. 16 § 209. R. 4. 17 § 205. R. 7. (2). in other respects. 18 § 244. 21 § 270. 24 affero. 19 § 245. 22 § 266. 3. « § 206. R. 19. (3). 20 § 161. 23 § 249. Ill 168 ANECDOTES. 5. Zojjyrus, Zopyrus, qui profitebatur se 1 pernoscere hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vultu, fronte, magno in coDventu dixit Socratem 1 stupidum esse et bardum ; addldit etiam mulie- rosum ; in quo 2 Alcibiades, qui aderat, dicftur cachinuum sustu- lisse. Ipse vero Socrates, base vitia 1 sibi ingenlta fuisse 3 na- tura 4 , uon dissimulavit ; sed rationed a se dejecta, dixit. 6. Diogenes. Antisthenes discipulos hortabatur ad dan dam operam 5 sedu- lam sapientiee ; at pauci solum obtemperabant. Itaque tandem indignatus dimisit a se omnes 6 , inter quos erat Diogenes. Cum vero hie 7 , incensus magno audiendi philosophi studio 4 , ad eum tamen ventitaret 8 , ei 9 -que adhaereret pertinaci- ter; minatus est Antisthenes, se 1 percussurum 10 ejus caput ba- culo 4 , quern 6 solebat manu 4 gestare, et liis minis 4 non territnm reipsa percussit aliquaudo. Non recessit propterea Diogenes ; sed ammo 11 obstinato ad imbuendum pectus philosophise prsecep- tis 12 , Percute, inquit, si ita placet. Ego tibi caput praebebo. Neque vero tatn durum invenies fustem, ut me a tua schola abigas 13 . Admisit tandem tam cupidum doctrinee 14 discipulum Antisthenes et eum maxlme amavit, 7. Alexander and Scijno. 1. Alexander, Macedo, Philippi filius, quum puer, a prscep- tore suo audivisset, innumerabiles mundos esse, heu me 15 mise- rum, inquit, qui ne uno 16 quidem adhuc potitus sum. 2. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorundam 17 be- nevolentiam largitionlbuB 4 sibi 18 conciliate conatus esset 19 , Phi- 1 §239. - § 187. II. * §213. R. 1. (3) 2 $ 206. R. 19. CIS) 9 §224. 15 § 238. 2. 3 §272. 10 | 276. R. 3. 16 §245. 4 §247. 11 § 257. R. 7. 17 § 207. R. 33. 5 § 275. 11. R. 3. 12 §g49. 1S § 229. R. 1. G \ 2"20. discipulos, understood. 13 § 262. R. 1. 19 § 166. 7 §207. R.23. hie, i. e. Diogenes. ANECDOTES. 169 Hppus eum his verbis 1 increpuit: sperasne eos 2 tibi fideles 3 esse 4 futuros, quos pecunia tibi conciliaveris ? Scito amorem 2 non auro 1 emi, sed virtutibus 1 . 3. Alexandro 5 Macedoni, Asia 6 debellata, Corinthii per lega- tos gratulati sunt 7 , regemque civitate 8 sua donaverunt. Quod^ officii genus 10 quum Alexander risisset, unus ex legatis 11 nulli 12 unquam, inquit, civitatem dedlmus alii 13 quam tibi et Herculi. Quo 6 audlto Alexander honorem sibi 12 delatum lubentissime accepit. 4. Quum Alexander Graecise populis 5 imperasset 14 , ut divinos ipsi 12 honores decernerent 15 , Laced aemonii his verbis uteban- tur ; Quoniam Alexander deus esse voluit, esto deus ; Laconlca brevitate 1 regis notantes vecordiam. 5. Scipio Africanus nunquam ad negotia publica accedebat 16 , antequam in templo Jovis precatus esset 17 . Propterea solitus erat ventitare 18 in Capitolium ante diluculum. 8. Improbus labor omnia vincit. 1. In Demosthene, Graecorum oratorum principe, tantum dis- cendi 19 studium tantusque labor fuisse dicitur, ut tandem supe- raret 20 impedimenta naturae diligentia atque industrial Cum ita balbus esset, utf rhetorical artis, cui studebat, primam litfcram non posset 20 dicere ; perfecit exercitatione, ut nemo putaretur 21 locutus [esse] planius eo 22 . Declamitans in maris littore 23 , in quod se fluctus illidebat 24 , consuescebat 24 concitatae multitudinis fremitus 25 non expavescere. Cellam quoque aedificasse 26 sub- terranean! dicitur, in qua duos tres-ve menses 27 continuos ali- quando inclusus operam dabat gestui 12 et voci, et quidem media * Which is the leading clause in this sentence ? What is the logi- cal subject of the leading clause ? t With what verb in the subjunctive is ut joined ? 1 § 247. 10 § 232. (2). 19 § 275. 111. R. 1. 2 § 239. » § 212. R. 2. N. 4. 20 § 262. R. 1. 3 § 222. 12 § 523. 21 § 262. * §229. R. 1. 13 § ll>7. 22 §256. 5 § 223. R. 2. 14 § 263 5. R. 2. 23 § 235. (2). 6 § 257. 15 § 273. 2. 24 § 145. II. 7 §166. 16 §224. R. 4. 25 §229, 8 § 249. 17 § 263 3. 26 § 272. 9 § 206. R. 19. (3). 18 § 187. II. I. 2 ? § 236. 12 170 ANECDOTES. parte 1 capitis abrasa, ut in publicum sine verecundia produ non posset. Sic diu proeliatus adversus naturam, victor 2 abiit et malignitatem ejus pertinacisslmo anlmi robore superavit. 2. Accepimus Stilponem Megarlcum philosophum homlner sane acutum fuisse et temponbus 3 suis probatum. Scribunt ip siu3 familiares hunc natura et ebriosum et mulierosum fuisse ; neque hoc scribunt vituperantes eum, sed potius ad laudem. Significant enim vitiosam naturam ab eo sic edomitam et com- pressam fuisse doctrina, ut nemo unquam vinolentum 4 ilium, nemo in eo vestigium libidlnis viderit. 9. A perplexing Question. Cum tyrannus Hiero qusesivisset e Simonide non solum poeta 5 suavi verum etiam viro docto sapienteque, Quid Deus esset ; pos- tulavit sibi diem unum ad deliberandum.* Cum idem quaere- retur postridie ex eo, petivit biduum, et deinceps saapius dupli- cavit numerum; Admirans Hiero requislvit cur ita faceret 6 ; Quia, inquit, res videtur mihi tanto 7 obscurior, quanto 7 diutius earn considero. 10. Protagoras, the Atheist. Protagoras, sophista maxlmus tempoiibus suis, posuisset in principio libri cujusdam, se dubitare an Dii essent 6 ; jussu Athe- niensium exterminatus est ex urbe eorum atque agro, librique ejus combusti sunt in concione. Ferunt quoque talentum argenti fuisse proposltum 8 prasmium ei 9 qui ilium occidisset 10 . Sic etiam dubitatio de Diis non pot- uit poBiiam erTugere 11 . 11. Carneades. Cai'neades ad extremam senectam nunquam cessavit a phi- * What is the leading clause in this compound sentence? How many simple sentences are contained in it? What connects them? W T hy are the verbs quccro and sum in the subjunctive? Analyze the sentence. i § 257. 5 § 204. 9 § 224. 2 §210. 6 §265. I0 §264. 3 § 253. 7 § 256. R. 16. (2). » § 271. 4 § 128. 4. 8 § 272. ANECDOTES. 171 losophiae studio. Ssepe ei accidit, ut 1 , quum cibi capiendi cau- sa accubuisset, cogitatiombus 2 inhaerens manum ad cibos appo- sltos porrigere oblivisceretur 1 . 12. Pyrrhus. Cum Sicilia rediens Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, classe praeterveheretur 3 Locros 3 , thesauros fani Proserptnae spoliavit, et pecunia 4 in naves imposita, ipse terra 5 est profectus.* Quid ergo evenit ? Classis ejus postero die lacerata est foedissima tempestate 6 , omnesque naves, quae sacram pecuniam hahebant, ejectae sunt in littora Locrorum. Qua tanta clade 6 edoctus tandem rex esse Deos 7 , jussit pecuniam 7 omnem conquisltam referri 8 in tbesauros Pro- serpinae. Nee tamen unquam postea quicquam prospere eve- nit ei 9 ; pulsusque ex Italia, ignoblli morte 6 occubuit, cum temere noctu 10 ingressus esset Argos 11 . Lancea 6 primum leviter vulnera- tus fuerat a juvene quodam Argivo 12 . Matrem habebat hie anum pauperculam, quae inter alias mulieres spectans proelium e tecto domus, quum videret 13 Pyrrhum 7 ferri toto impetu in auctorem vulneris sui, timeus vitaB 3 filii, protmus tegulam cor- ripuit, et utraque manu libratam 14 dimlsit in caput regis. Quo vulnere dejectus ex equo Pyrrhus, a Zopyro 12 quodam est ob- truncatus. 13. Epaminondas. Epaminondas, Thebanorum imperator, in bello adversus La- cedaemonios, aminos 7 suorum religione excitaudos 16 ratus, arma in templis affixa nocte detraxit, persuasitque militibus, quum ilia (arma) abesse viderunt, deos iter 18 suum sequi, ut ipsis proa- liantibus adessent. * How many members or clauses in this compound sentence ? § 203. 1 Which is the independent clause ? § 203. 2. Which clauses does cum connect ? What two propositions does et connect ? § 203. 4. 13 § 263. 5. " §274.3. p. 245. 15 §44. [15. 16 §§ 270. R. 3, and 162. v § 223. R. 2. 18 §229. § 262. R. 3, 7 §239. §224. 8 §270. § 233. 9 § 223. § 257. 10 §§94. (see list), and 253. §254. R. 3. 11 §237. § 247. 12 §248. 172 ANECDOTES, 14. Dionysius. Dionysius major, Sicilige tyrannus, ut (as) crudelitatem exer cuit in suos, sic fuit impius in Deos. # Cum in fanum Jovis venisset, detraxit ei 1 aureum amiculum, quo 2 fuerat a tyranno Gelone exornatus ; atque in eum etiam eavillatus est, dicens, " Aestate 3 grave esse aureum amiculum 4 , hieme 3 frigidum."* Eique laneum pallium injecit, quod 4 dice- bat aptum esse ad omne tempus. Idem iEsculapio 1 barbam auream derni jussit, Neque enim, inquiebat 5 , convenit, barbatum esse filium 4 , cum in omnibus fanis pater ejus Apollo imberbis est. Fa no quodam expilato, navigabat Syracusas 6 ; et cum secun- disslme cursum teneret, M Vides-ne," inquit, " amici 7 , quam bona navigatio detur sacrilegis 8 a Diis immortallbus 7" Non exsolvit quidem statim Dionysius deblta impietati sup- plicia, at postea insidiis 9 suorum 10 oppressus. interfectus est. Divina enim ira plerumque lento gradu 11 procedit ad vindic- tarn sui 12 , tarditatemque supplicii gravitate compensat Thales interrogatus, an facta hominum deos 13 laterent, re- sponds, ne cogitata quidem. 15. Damon and Pythias. Damon et Pythias, Pythagorei, tarn fidelem inter se amici tiam junxerant, ut mori 14 parati essent alter pro altero. Cum eorum alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem necis destinavisset 15 , et is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies ad res suas ordinandas 16 , postulavisset 15 ; vas factus est alter ejus 16 sistendi 17 , ut, si ille 18 non revertisset, moriendum esset ipsi 19 . Omnes igltur, et im- * Is this sentence simple or compound? §203. How many sim- ple propositions does it contain? What are the connectives? Ana- lyze the whole sentence and parse each word. L231. 1 § 224. R. 2. 7 § 240. 12 § 208. 2 § 249. « § 223. I 3 § 232. (2). 3 § 253. ^ § 96. (see list. p. 45). 14 § 271. « § 239. w § 205. R. 7. (1). N. 1. 15 § 263. 5. R. % 5 §183. 5. » §247. 16 §275. 11. 6 § 237. 17 the other became surety for his appearance. 18 § 207. R. 23. the former. 19 he himself must die. § 225. III. ANECDOTES. 173 primis Dionysius, novse atque ancipitis rei exltum speculabantur. Appropinquante deinde definlta die 1 , nee illo 1 redeunte, unus- quisque stultitiae 2 tarn temerarium sponsorem condemnabat. At vero cum alter ad diem se recepisset 3 , admiratus eorum fidem tyrannus, supplicio 4 liberavit eum, qui morte erat plectendus, ac petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium adscriberent 16. Socrates. 1. Athenienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos in- troducere videbatur. 2. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fuisse fertur. Quam 5 ejus mdolem quum perspexisset 3 Alcibiades, Socratem interrogavit, quid esset 6 , quod mulierem tarn acerbam et jurgio- sam non exigeret domo 7 . Turn ille, " quoniam," inquit, " dum illam domi 8 perpetior, insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque foris petulentiam et injurias faci- lius feram." 17. Codrus. Quum Attica regio ferro ignique vastaretur* a Doriensium exercitu, rex Atheniensium, Codrus, suis suorumquef viribus 9 difFidens, ad Apolllnis Delphtci oraculum confugit, perque legatos sciscitatus est, quonam mod© 10 tarn grave bellum averti posset?| Respondisse deus fertur, ita finem ei 11 fore, si rex ipse hostlli manu occidisset. Quod 12 quidem non solum in totis Atheniensium, sed etiam in hostium castris percrebuit Unde factum est, ut ediceretur 13 , ne quis Codri corpus vulne- raret 14 . Id 15 postquam cognovit, deposltis insignibus 1 imperii, famularem cultum induit, ac pabulantium hostium globo 16 sese objecit, unumque ex his falce 10 percussum, in caedem suam com- * Why is this verb in the subjunctive ? t Que connects viribus understood to viribus expressed. t How many simple propositions in this compound sentence? Which is the leading clause ? § 203. 3. Analyze the sentence. 12 § 206. R. 19. (13). 13 § 262. R. 3. " § 273. 2. 15 §229. 16 §224. §257. 7 §242. § 223. 8 §221.R.3. § 263. 5. 9 § 223. R. 2. §251. 10 §247. §206. R. 19. (17). 11 § 226. R. §265. 174 SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. piilit*. Cognfto regis corpore, Dorienses sine proelio discedunt, Atque ita Athenienses virtute ducis, pro salute patriae morti se offerentis, bello liberabantur. 18. Pythagoras. Pythagorae philosophi tanta fuit apud discipulos snos auctori- tas, ut, quae ab eo audivissent, ea in dubitationem adducere non auderent. Rogati autem, ut eausam redderent eorum, quae dixissent respondebant, Ipsum dixisse. Ipse autem erat Pytha- goras. SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. CHAP. I. Miscellaneous Sentences and Anecdotes. 1. Prudentiae partes sunt, memoria 1 , intelligentia 1 , providential 2. Leontinus Gorgias centum et septem complevit 2 annos r neque unquam in suo studio atque opere cessavit. Qui, quum ex eo quaereretur 3 , cur tamdiu vellet esse in vita, " nihil habeo" inquit, " quod 4 accusem 5 senectutem." Praeclarum responsum 6 et docto homine 7 dignum ! f 3. Quum rex Pyrrbus populo 8 Romano bellum ultro intulis- set, quumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac potente ; perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii ei 9 que est pollicltus, si praemium sibi 10 proposuisset, se 11 , ut (as) clam ve- * in csedem suam compulit, he forced (unum ex his) one of the sol- diers to slay himself (the king). t Questions on paragraph No. 2. Is the first sentence simple or compound ? What connects the clauses ? In the second clause what is the logical subject of qu&reretur? What was inquired of him ? Why is qumreretur in the subjunctive ? With what is respon- sum in apposition ? 1 § 210. R. 2. 5 § 264. 7. y § 223. R. 2. 2 § 196. 1.4. 6 § 204. R. 9. 10 § 223. 3 §201. IV. 1. 7 §244. » §239, * § 217. R. 4. » § 224. SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. 175 nisset, sic clam in Pyrrhi castra rediturum 1 et eum veneno neeaturum 1 . Hunc 2 Fabricius reducendum 1 curavit ad Pyr- rhum, idque ejus factum laudatum a senatu 3 est. 4. Quae 4 barbaria India vastior, aut agrestior? in ea tamen gente ii, qui sapientes 5 habentur, nudi 5 aetatem agunt, et Cau- casi nives, hiemalem 6 que vim perferunt sine dolore ; cumque ad flammam se applicaverunt, sine gemltu aduruntur. 5. iEgyptorum morem quis ignorat ? 7 quorum (whose) mentes imbutae pravis erroribus 8 , quamvis 9 carnificlnam prius subierint, quam ibim, aut aspidem, aut felem, aut canem, aut crocodilum violent. 6. Xenocrates, cum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei 10 talenta attulissent 11 , quae erat pecunia temporlbus illis maxima, abduxit legatos ad cenam in Academiam, iis 10 opposuit 12 tan- tum, quod satis esset 13 , nullo apparatu.* Cum postridie roga- runt eum, cui 14 numerari 15 juberet 16 , "Qinc?? 17 vos hesttrna? inquit, "cenw/d 18 non intellexistis, me 2 pecunia 19 non egere?" quos cum tristiores vidisset 20 , triginta minas accepit, ne asper- nari regis liberalitatem videretur. 7. Darius in fuga, cum aquam turbidam, et cadaveribus 18 in- quinatam bibisset 21 , negavit unquam se bibisse jucundius ; nun- quam videlicet sitiens.f 8. Xerxes, quidem refertus omnibus praemiis 8 donisque for- tunas, non equitatu 22 , non pedestrlbus copiis 22 , non navium mul- titudlne 22 , non inflnlto pond ere 23 auri contentus, praemium pro- posuit, qui 24 invenisset novam voluptatem. 9. Nempe eos 2 , qui ita vixerunt, ut sibi 25 jucundi, diis 25 grati, hominibus 25 fructuosissimi exstiterint, divlnis honoribus 22 jure dignos 26 majores 27 nostri censuerunt 28 . * What is the leading clause in this compound sentence? Which clause denotes time ? Why is its verb in the subjunctive? How are the different clauses connected ? Point out the compound word s. t What words are to be supplied to make this sentence complete ? 1 § § 270. R. 3. and 162. 14 and 15. n § 1S6. 2. 2C § 263. 5. 2 § 239. ' 2 § 1 96. 7. 21 § 263. 5. R. 2. 3 § 248. I. 13 § 264. I. 22 § 244. 4 § § 134 and 137. " § 223. 23 § 278 and R. 6. 5 § 210. R. 1. 15 § 239. R. 3. 1. 24 § 206. R. 19. (4). 6 §128. I. 2. 16 §270. 25 §222. 7 § 196. 6. I7 § 229. R. 3. 2. 26 § 209. R. 4. 8 §249. I. 18 §247. 2 7 § 201. I. 9 § 138. is § 250. R. 1. (2). 28 § 272. 10 § 224. 176 SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. 10. Quis uberior [est] in dicendo 1 , Platone ? 2 Jovem 3 , aiunt 4 philosophi, si Grasce loquitur 5 , sic loqui 3 . Quis Aristotele 2 nervosior, Theophrasto dulcior ? 6 Lectitavisse 7 Platonem 8 stu- diose 9 , audivisse 10 etiam Demosthenes dicltur. Canins and his Garden. His proposal to buy. 11. Canius, eques Roman us, nee infaeetus, et satis literatus, cum se Syracusas 11 otiandi 12 , non negotiandi 12 causa, contulis- set 13 , dictitabat 7 se 3 hortulos 14 velle 3 emere, quo invitare amicos posset 15 . # A certain Pythius offers his gratuitously. 12. Quod 16 cum percrebuisset, Pythius ei 17 quidain, qui ar- gentariam faceret 18 Syracusis 19 , dixit venales 17 quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere uti Canio 20 , si vellet, ut suis.f Pythius invites Canius to dine. 13. Et simul ad cenam hommem in hortos invitavit in poste- rum diem ; cum ille (Canius) promisisset j turn Pythius, qui esset, ut (as) argentarius, apnd omnes ordlnes gratiosus, piscatores ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos postridie piscarentur; dixitque quid 21 eos 22 facere 21 vellet 23 . The artifice of Pythius to sell his garden. 14. Ad cenam tempore 24 venit Canius ; opipare a Pythio ap- paratum convivium ; cymbarum ante oculos multitude ; pro se * No. 11. What is the logical subject of the leading clause ? Why is contulissent in the subjunctive mode? Why is dictitabat in the imperfect tense ? t Ab. 12. How many simple propositions in No. 12? Show how they are connected. $ What words should be supplied to make this sentence complete ? § 275. III. R. 4. y § 192. 11. 1. *7 §213. § 256. ]0 § 270. 38 § 266. 3 § 239. 31 §237. 39 §254. § 183. 4. 12 §275.1Il.R.land(l). 20 § 223. §260. 13 § 179. 23 §229. § 323. I. 14 § 100. Is 3. 22 §2o9. §187.11.1. 15 §264.5. (small type). 23 §265. §229. 16 § 206. R. 19. (17). 2 * §253. SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. 177 quisque quod 1 ceperat, afferebat ; ante pedes Pythii pisces ad- jiciebantur. Turn Canius, " Quseso," inquit, "quid est hoc, Py- thi 2 , tantum-ne piscium 3 , tantum-ne cymbarum." 3 Et ille [Py- thius], Quid mirum ? inquit, in hoc loco est Syracusis 4 quid- quid piscium 3 ; haec aquatio ; hac villa 5 isti carere non possunt. Canius buys the garden. 15. Incensus Canius cupiditate, contendit a Pythio, ut ven- deret 6 . Gravate ille primo ; quid multa ? 7 impetrat ; emit homo cupldus et locuples tanti 8 , quanti 8 Pythius voluit. Invitat Canius postridie familial es suos; venit ipse mature ; scalmum nullum videt; quaerit ex proximo vicino, num ferige 9 quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nullos videret. Nullae (quod sciam) inquit ille [vicinus] ; sed hie piscari nulli solent, itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomichari 10 Canius. Sed quid faceret? 11 nondum enim Aquillius, meus collega et familiaris, protulerat de dolo malo formulas. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. Note. The Latin words for the English may be found in the Chapter above. They say that king Pyrrhus waged war against the Roman people (Dat). Who is ignorant of the wars of the Romans ? Who was more learned than Plato ? The Egyptians worship (colo) dogs and cats. The deputies (legatus) of Alexander brought money to Xen- ocrates, the philosopher. He invited the deputies to dine (ad cenam). They were sorrowful when he said that he did not want the money. The rich (locupletes) are not contented with the gifts of for- tune. 1 § 206 R. 19. (4). 5 § 250. R. 1. (2). 9 § 96. (see list, p. 45). 2 § § 52 and 240. 6 § 273. 2. 10 § 209. R. 5. 3 § 212. R. 3. 7 § 229. R. 3. 2. n § 265. 4 §254. 8 §214 and R. 1. (1). 178 SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. CHAP. II. Friendship. 1. Ipsa virtus amicitiam et 1 gignit 2 et 1 continet; nee sine vir- tute amicitia esse ullo pacto 3 potest. 2. Quid dulcius, quam habere, quicum 4 omnia audeas 5 sic loqui, ut tecum ? 6 3. Quanta vis amicitise concordiaeque sit 7 , ex dissensionibus atque discordiis perclpi potest 8 ; Quae enim domus tarn stabilis, quae tarn firma civitas est, qu83 non odiis 9 atque dissidiis 9 fun- ditus possit 10 everti ? n * 4. In amicitia autem nihil fictum, nihil simulatum ; et quid- quid in ea est, id est verum et voluntarium. Quapropter a natura mini videtur potius, quam ab indigentia orta (esse) ami- citia. 5. Audite ergo, optimi viri, ea quae saepissime 12 inter me et Scipionem de amicitia disserebantur 13 ; quanquam ille quidem nihil 14 difficilius esse dicebat, quam amicitiam 14 usque ad ex- tremum vitas permanere. 6. Solem e mundo tollere videntur qui amicitiam e vita tol- lunt; qua 15 a diis immortallbus nihil 16 melius 15 habernus, nihil jucundius 15 . 7. Quis est, proh deum fidem 17 atque hominum! qui velit 18 , ut neque dillgat quenquam, nee ipse ab ullo diligatur ? 8. Omnium soeietatum 9 nulla prasstantior est nulla firmior, quam cum viri boni, moribus 20 similes, sunt fimiiliaritate 9 con- juncti.f * JVb. 3. Is the arrangement of words in No. 3. in conformity with the rules under § 279 ? In what respects does the arrangement agree and in what does it differ from the rules? What is meant by the natural order of words? § 279. 1. Will you put the words in No. 3. in their natural order ? t JVb. 8. Is the arrangement of words in No. 8. according to the rules under § 279? Point out the instances of agreement and differ- ence. Arrange the words in their natural order. 1 § 278. R. 7. 8 §201. IV. 1. 15 § 256 (large type). 2 § 172 (see list). 9 § 2 . . R. 1. 16 § 229. 3 §247. 10 §264.1. 17 § 238. 2. 4 § 136 [. 11 §271. J8 § 264. 7. 5 § 142. R. 2. 12 § 194. 19 §212. 6 § 133. 4. 13 § 145. II. 20 §250. 7 § 265. 14 §239. SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. 179 9. Ego vos hortor, ut amicitiam omnibus humanis rebus 1 anteponatis. Nihil quippe est tarn naturae 2 aptum, tarn conve- niens ad res 3 vel secundas vel adversas. Nam ut secundas res facit amicitia splendidiores jueundioresque, sic adversas facit leviores. Quis esset tantus fructus in prosperis 4 , nisi haberes 5 , qui illis 6 aeque ac 7 tu ipse gauderet.* 10. Quoniam res humanae fraglles caducaeque sunt, semper aliqui acquirendi sunt 8 quos diligamus, et a quibus diligamur. Caritate 9 enim benevolentiaque sublata, omnis est e vita sublata jucundltas. 11. Exstitit [in] hoc loco quaedam quaestio subdifficilis 10 ; num quando amici novi, digni amicitia 11 , veterlbus 1 sint anteponendi 8 , ut equis 1 vetulis teneros anteponere solemus. Indigna homine 11 dubitatio, non enim esse debent amicitiarum, sicut aliarum re- rum, satietates. Veterrima 12 quaeque (ut ea vina, quae vetusta- tem ferunt) esse debent suavissirna. 12. Vetus est lex ilia justae veraeque amicitiae, ut idem 13 amici semper velint. Neque est ullum certius amicitiae vinculum, quam consensus et societas consiliorum et voluntatum. 13. Quum in amicitia, quae honesta non sunt, postulabantur, religio et fides anteponatur amicitiae. 14. Ne nimis cito diligere incipiamus 14 , neve 15 non dignos. Digni autem amicitia sunt ii, in quibus ob virtutem inest causa, cur diligantur. Rarum eorum genus, et quidem omnia praecla- ra 4 , rara ; nee quicquam est difficilius quam reperire 16 quod 17 sit omni ex parte in suo genere perfectum. Sed plerique in rebus humanis nihil bonum norint 18 , nisi quod fructuosum sit ; et amicos, tanquam pecudes, eos potisslmum eligunt, ex quibus sperant se maximum fructum esse capturos. Ita carent pul- * Repeat the general rules of arrangement, and apply such as are applicable to the order of words in Nos. 9, 10, 11. § 279. 2, 3, 10, 11, 12 and 13. 1 § 224. 10 § 122. (4th paragraph). ^ §222.R.l. » §244. ****.'*■:> 3 § 222. R. 4. 12 § 125. ^ § 205. R. 7. 13 5 2 99. 5 §261. I. 14 §260. R. 6. 6 §245.11. supply prosperis rebus. 15 §323.1. 7 § 278. R. 9. w § 256. R. 8. 8 § § 274. R. 8. and 162. 15. & § 206. R. 19. (4). 9 § 257. ™ § 162. 7. 180 SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. cherrima ilia et maxlme naturali amicitia 1 per se et propter se expetenda. 15. Verae amicitiae difficilllme reperiuntur in lis, qui in honor- ibus reque publlca versantur. Ubi enim istum invenias, qui honorem amici anteponat suo ? .16. Amicitia res plurimas contlnet ; quoquo te verteris, praesto est, nullo loco 2 excludltur, nunquam intempestiva, nunquam molesta est. 17. Haec prima lex amicitiae sanciatur 3 , ut ab amicis 4 honesta 5 petamus, amicorum causa honesta 5 faciamus. EXERCISE FOR WRITING. The Latin for the English may be found in Chap. II. The man is unworthy of friendship, who is destitute of virtue. What is more pleasant than to have the society of friends whom we love ? It is a question whether friendship can exist (esse possit) among (inter) wicked (pravus) men. Nothing is more difficult than to find men worthy of friendship. Let us choose those as friends, who are worthy to be loved on account of their virtue. True friendship cannot exist without virtue. chap. in. Old Age. 1. Cato. Moderati et nee difficlles nee inhumani senes tole- rabilem agunt senectutem. Importunltas autem et inhumanitas omni setate 6 molesta est* L&lius. Est, ut dicis, Cato 7 ; sed fortasse dixerit quispiam, tibi 8 propter opes et dignitatem tuam, tolerabiliorem senectutem videri. * No 1. What is Ellipsis? § 323. 1. What does Ellipsis include? Point out the instances of Ellipsis in No. 1. What word or words may be supplied after moderati, difficlles and senes (senex), 1st line) ? Before est (4th line) ? After the comparative tolerabiliorum (5th 1 § 250. R. 1. (2). 4 § 231. R. 4. 7 § 240. 2 § 242. 5 § § 229 and 205. R. 7. » § 223. 3 § 260. R. 6. 6 § 253. SELECTIONS FROM CICERO, 181 Cato. Est isthuc quidem aliquid 1 ; sed nequaquam in isto sunt omnia. Ut (as) Themistocles fertur Seriphio cuidam in jurgio respondisse, cum ille dixisset, non eum 2 sua sed patriae gloria splendorem assecutum 3 ; Nee, hercule 4 , inquit 5 , si ego Seriphius essem 6 , nobllis ; nee tu, si Atheniensis esses, elarus unquam fuisses 6 ; quod 7 eodem modo de senectute potest dicL Neque enim in summa inopia levis esse senectus potest, ne sapienti 8 quidem; nee insipienti 8 etiam in summa copia non gravis. 2. Sequi'tur tertia vituperatio senectutis, quod earn carere dicunt voluptatibus. O praeclarum munus aetatis, siquidem id aufert nobis 9 , quod est in adolescentia vitiosisslmum ! Accipite enim optlmi adolescentes 10 , veterem orationem Archytae, Taren- tini' 1 , magni et praeclari viri. Nullam capitaliorem pestem 12 , quam corporis voluptatem, hominlbus 13 dicebat a natura datam 3 . 3. Non sunt in senectute vires 14 ; ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute ; ergo et 15 leglbus 16 et institutis vacat aetas nostra munerlbus 17 iis, quae non possunt sine viribus sustineri. 4. At memoria minuitur; credo 18 , nisi earn exerceas aut si sis natura tardior. Themistocles omnium civium nomlna per- ceperat. Equldem non modo eos uovi 19 , qui sunt, sed eorum patres etiam, et avos ; nee sepulchra legens 20 vereor 21 ne memo- riam perdam ; his enim ipsis legendis 22 , redeo in memoriam mortuorum ; nee vero quemquam 2 senum 23 oblitum quo loco thesaurum obruisset. 5. Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragcedias fecit, qui, propter studium cum rem familiarem negligere videretur, a filiis in judicium vocatus est. Turn senex dicitur earn fabulam, quam in manlbus habebat, et proxlme scripserat, Oedipum Coloneum 12 recitasse judicibus, quaesisseque, Num illud carmen line) ? § 256. R. 9. After sua (9th line) ? Beforo nobilis (11th line) ? After quod (12th line) ? After sapienti and nee (14th line) ? 1 § 207. R. 30. 9 § 224. R. 2. 17 § 251. 2 §239. i° §240. ls §323. 1. 3 §§270. R. 3. and 161. n § 100. 1.2. 19 § 1S3. 3. N. 4 §191. R. 5. 12 §239. 20 §274 3. 5 §193.5. 13 §223. 21 §262. R. 7. 6 §261.1. 14 §85. ^declined. 22 § 275. II. and R. 4. 7 § 206. R. 19. (13). 15 § 278 R. 7. ™ §§78. Ex. 2. un- 8 § 222. 16 § 249. II. der X. and 212. 182 SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. desipientis videretur 1 ; quo recitato 2 sententiis 3 judicum est Jiberatus. 6. O praeclarum diem 4 , cum ad illud 5 divinum animorum concilium coetumque proficiscar! cumque ex Mc turba et colluvione discedam ! proficiscar enim non ad eos solum viros de quibus ante dixi, sed etiam ad Catonem meum, quo 6 nemo vir melior natus est, nemo pietate 7 proestantior. 7. Venio nunc ad voluptates agricolarum, quibus ego incredi- biliter 8 delector ; quae nee ulla impediuntur senectute, et mihi ad sapientis vitam proxlme videntur accedere ; habent enim ratio- nem cum terra, quae nunquam recusat imperium, nee unquam sine usura reddit quod accepit. 8. Quanquam me quidem non fructus modo, sed etiam ipsius terra? vis ac natura delectat ; quae cum gremio molllto ac sub- acto semen sparsum 9 accepit, primum id occaetum 9 cohlbet; ex quo, occatio, quae hoc efflcit, nominataest: deinde [semen] tepe- factum vapore, et # compressu suo discindit, et # elicit herbescen- tem 10 ex eo viriditatem; qua3 nixa fibris 11 stirpium, sensim ado- lescit 10 ,culmaque 3 erecta geniculate, vaginis 3 jam quasi pubescens includitui*; e quibus cum emerserit, fundit frugem spici ordlne 3 structam, et contra avium minorum morsus munitur vallo aris- tarum. Quid ego vitium satus, ortus, incrementa commem- orem ? satiari delectatione non possum, ut meae senectutis re- quietem oblectamentaque pernoscatis. 9. Quarta restat causa, quae maxime angere atque solicltam habere nostram aetatem videtur, appropinquatio 12 mortis, quae certe a senectute non potest longe abesse. O miserum senem, qui mortem contemnendam esse 13 in tarn longa aetate non vide- rit ! quae aut plane negligenda est 13 , si omnlno extinguit ani- mum ; aut etiam optanda, si aliquo eum deducit ubi sit fu turus aeternus. Atqui tertium certe nihil inveniri 14 potest. Quid 15 igitur timeam, si aut non miser 16 post mortem aut beatus etiam futurus sum? quanquam quis est tarn stultus, quamvis 17 ado- lescens, cui 18 sit exploratum, se ad vesperem esse victurum ? 19 * et — et, both, and supply terra. 1 §265. 8 § 192. 11. 2. 14 § 271. 2 § 257. 9 § 274. 3. p. 245. 15 § 229. 3 §247. 10 § 187. 11.2. 16 § 210. R. 1. 4 § 238. 2. 11 § 245. 11. " § 263. 2. 5 § 323. 1. 12 §204. >« § 225. 11. 6 § 256. 13 § 162. 15. 19 vivo. 7 §250. SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. 183 quin etiam astas ilia multo 1 plures quam nostra mortis casus 2 habet ; facilius in morbos incldunt adolescentes ; gravius segro- tant; tristius curantur; itaque pauci veniunt ad senectutem. CHAP. IV. Miscellaneous Selections. 1. Epaminondas, cum vicisset Lacedsemonios apud Mantine- am, simulque gravi vulnere exanimari videret, ut primum dis- pexit, queesivit, salvus-ne esset clypeus ? cum salvum esse flen- tes sui respondissent, rogavit, essent-ne fusi hostes ? Cumque id quoque, ut cupiebat, audivisset, evelli jussit earn 3 qua 4 erat transfixus, hastam 3 . Ita multo sanguine 5 profuso, in leetitia et victoria est mortuus.* 2. Dionysius major Sicilian tyrannus ipse indicavit quam esset beatus. Nam cum quidam 6 ex ejus assentatorlbus 7 , Damocles, commemoraret in sermoue copias ejus, opes, majestatem domi- nates, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam eedium regiarum; negaretque unquam beatiorem quemquam fuisse : Vis-ne igitur, inquit, Damocle 8 , quoniam hsec te vita delectat, ipsef eandem degustare et fortunam experiri .meara ? Cum se ille cupere dixisset, collocare jussit 9 homlnem in aureo lecto, strato pulcher- rimo textlli stragulo 5 , magnifTcis operlbus 10 picto : abacosque complures ornavit argento 10 auroque cselato. Turn ad mensam eximia forma 11 pueros delectos jussit consistere, eosque nutum illius intuentes diligenter ministrare. Aderant unguenta, coro- nas : incendebantur odores : men see conquisitisslmis epulis 10 ex- * No. I. What is a period? §280. Does the first compound sen- tence in No. 1. contain a regular period ? § 230. 1. How many sim- ple propositions in the period ? 203. 1. Which is the leading mem- ber? §203.3. Which clauses denote time? How many verbs in No. 1. are in the subjunctive ? Give the reason in each instance. t Ipse, intensive, yourself; tu ipse, the Subj. Nom. of vis, do you yourself xcishf etc. 1 § 256. R. 16. (2). 5 § 257. 9 i. e. the king. 2 § 229. 6 § 207. R. 33. 10 § 249. I. 3 § '239. 7 § 212. R. 2. N. 4. » § 211. R. 6. 4 § 247. « § 81 (small type;. 184 SELECTIONS FROM CICERO. struebantur. Fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc me- dio 1 apparatu fnlgentem gladium e lacunar!, seta equina aptum, demitti jussit 2 , lit impenderet illlus 3 beati cerviclbus 4 . Itaque nee pulchros illos ministratores adspiciebat, nee plenum artis 5 argentum : nee manum porrigebat in mensam. Denlque exora- vit tyrannum ut abire liceret 6 , quod jam beams nollet esse. Satis videtur declarasse Dionysius, nihil 7 esse ei beatum, cui semper allquis terror impendeat. 3. Persae liberos suos a quinto 8 anno ad viceslmum 8 tertium edocebant, equitare, sagittas arcu mittere, vera loqui. Turpissi- mum apud eos habebatur, mentiri. Secundum mendacium turpitudmi 9 erat ees alienum; maxlme, quod, qui a?re alieno obstringitur, mendacio 10 obnoxius esse soleat, et saapisslme verba pro re dare 11 . Justitiam 12 quoque liberi Persarum edo- cebantur a pueritia. Nam quemadmodum pueri in Grecia, in scholas itabant 13 , literarum liberaliumque artium 14 discendarum causa ; sic apud Persas pueri scholas frequentabant 13 , ad acci- piendam justitise disciplinam 14 . Quam 15 ut citius et certius discerent, non solum eorum anlmis 16 preecepta iustitise incul- cabantur, sed docebantur etiam justas ferre sententias de iis, quae inter ipsos exoriebantur, controversiis 17 , et legitimas pro cujusque delicti modo pcenas coustituere. Itaque bonam diei partem impendebat publice justitias preeceptores audiendis di~ judicandisque puerorum disceptatiornbus 18 . 4. Quam mifltos scriptores 19 rerum suarum magnus ille Alex- ander secum habuisse dicitur! iVtque is tamen, quum in Sigeo ad Achillis tumulum adstitisset. O fortunate, inquit, adolescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum pra?conem 20 inveneris! et vere 21 , nam, nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset 22 , idem tumulus, qui corpus con- texerat, nomen etiam obruisset 22 . Quid ? 15 noster Magnus [Pompeius], qui cum virtute fortunam. adeequavit, non-ne The- ophanem 3Iitylena?um, scriptorem rerum suarum in concione militum, civitate donavit ? 1 § 205. R. 17. 9 § 227 and R. 2 and 3. 15 § 224. 2 i. e. the king. 10 § 222. 17 § 241. 3 § 107. 11 verba, etc., to deceive. 18 § 275. III. R. 4. 4 § 224. 12 S S 234. I. 19 § 229, * § 213. 1^1. (3). 6 5 273. 2 W 13 § 145. II. 1. 20 § 204. 14 § 275. II. and R. 1. 21 § 323. 1. 7 § 273. 15 § 229. 22 § 261. 1. 8 § 119. II. SELECTIONS FROtt CICERO. 185 5. Terra universa locata est in media mundi sede, sollda et globosa, et vestita floribus 1 , herbis, arborlbus, frugibus 2 ; quo- rum omnium incredibllis multitudo, insatiabili varietate 3 distin- gultur. 6. Adde hue, liquores perlucldos amniurn, riparum vestitus viridisslmos, speluncarum concavas altitudlnes 2 , saxorum as- peritates, impendentium montium altitudlnes, immensitatesqire camporum ; adde etiam reconditas auri argentiqne venas, in- finitam vim marmoris. Quae vero et quam varia genera bestia- rum ? qui volucrum lapsus, atque cantus ? qui pecudum pastus ? 7. Quid 4 jam de homlnum genere dicam ? qui quasi cultores teira9 constituti non patiuntur earn nee immanitate beluarum efferari nee stirpium asperitate vastari ; quorumque operlbus 3 agri, insulas, litoraque collucent, distincta tectis 1 , et urbibus. Quae 4 si, ut anlmis 3 , sic oculis 3 videre possemus, nemo cunc- tam intuens terram 5 , de divina ration e dubitaret. 8. At vero quanta maris est pulcbritudo ? quae multitudo et varietas insulaium ? qua? amo?nitates orarum, et litorum ? quot genera, quamque disparia partim submersarum, partim fluitan- tium, et innantium beluarum,* partim ad saxa nauvis testis inheerentium.f 9. Sol, cujus magnitudlne 3 multis partibus 6 terra superatur, circum earn ipsam volvltur, isque oriens et occidens, diem noc- temque confleit, et modo accedens, turn autem reeedens, binas in singulis annis reversiones contrarias facit. 10. Luna autem, quas est, ut matbematici ostendunt, major quam dimidia pars terra?, iisdem spatiis vagatur, quibus sol; sed turn congrediens cum sole 7 , turn degrediens, et 8 earn lucem, quam a sole accepit, mittit in terras, et 8 varias ipsa mutationes lucis habet. 11. Hse Stellas, quas vagas 9 dicimus, circum terram feruntur, eodemque modo oriuntur et occldunt ; quarum motus turn in- citantur, turn retardantur, saspe etiam insistunt. Quo specta- culo 10 nihil potest admirabilius esse, nihil pulclirius. * beluarum limits genera. t inhcErentium, Part. Gen. PL and agrees with beluarum. 1 § 249. I. 5 § 274. I. y § 27S. R. 7. 2 § 323. I. (1). 6 § 256. R. 16. 2. 9 § 230 and R. 1. 3 § 247. 7 1 249. III. 10 § 256. * § 229. 13 186 DEATH OF CICERO. CHAP. V. The Death of Cicero. [From Paterculus.] 1. Furente deinde Antonio 1 , simulque Lepldo 1 , Caesare 1 re- pugnante, sed frustra adversus duos, instauratum* Sullani ex- empli malum, proscription. Nihil tarn indignum illo tempore fuit, quam quod aut Caesar allquem proscribere coactus est, aut ab ullo Cicero proscriptus est. Abseissafque scelere 3 Antonii tox publlca est, cum ejus salutem nemo defendisset, qui per tot annos et 4 publlcamf civitatis, et privatam civium defenderat. Nihil 5 tamen egisti, M. 6 Antoni. Rapuisti tu M. 6 Ciceroni 7 lucem solicitam, setatem senilem, et vitam miseriorem, te 8 principe, quam sub te, triumviro 2 , mortem 5 ; famam vero gloriamque fac- torum atque dictorum adeo non abstulisti 9 , ut (as) auxeris. 2. Vivit vivetque per omnem saeculorum memoriam ; dum- que hoc, vel forte 3 vel providentia 3 , vel utcunque constitutum rerum naturae corpus, quod ille pene solus Romanorum ammo vidit, ingenio complexus est, eloquentia illuminavit, manebit incolume, comltem eevi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet; omnisque posterltas illius in te scripta mirabitur, tuum in eum factum exsecrabltur.§ * Supply est, was revived, etc. t abcissa est vox, the voice of the people loas hushed by, etc. t Supply salutem. § Xo. 2. What is the subject of vivit. What is the sense of hoc rerum natures corpus? With what does constitutum agree, and by what is it limited ? With what does the adjective incolume agree ? What is the subject of trahet? To what word does sui refer ? § 208. §257. 4 § 278. R. 7. 7 § 224. R. 2. § 204. 5 §229. 8 § 257. R. 7. §247. 6 §328. 9 §209. R. 3. VOCABULARY. ABBREVIATIONS. adj. adjective. gen. genitive. adv. adverb. ger. gerund. c. common gender. impers. impersonal. comp. comparative. incep. inceptive. conj. conjunction. indec. indeclinable. def. defective. m. masculine gender. dep. deponent. num. numeral. dimin. diminutive. part. participle. dist. distributive. perf. perfect tense. f. feminine gender. prep. preposition. frequent frequentative. A. A, ab, prep, from, by ; a is used only before words beginning with a consonant, ab for the most part before vowels and sometimes before consonants. Abacus, -i, m. a sideboard. Abduco, -ere, -xi, -ctum, to take or conduct away, to remove. Abeo, -Ire, -ii and -Ivi, -Itum, to go away, to go. Aberro, -are, -avi, -atum, to stray from, to wander. Abhorreo, -ere, -ui, to abhor. Ablgo, -ere, -egi, -actum, to drive away, to lead away. Abrasus, part, from abrado, -ere, -si, -sum, shaven off, shorn. Abscissus, part, from abscindo, -ere, -scldi, -scissum, to cut off. Absens (from ab and ens pres. part, of sum not in use), absent. Abstuli, perf. tense from aufero. Absum, -esse, -fui, to be absent. Abundantia, -se, abundance, plen- ty. Abator, -i, abusus sum, to abuse. Ac, conj. and, as. Academia, -ae, an academy. Accedo, -ere, -essi, -essum, to go to, to go, to enter upon. Accendo, -ere, -si, -sum, to kin- dle, to set on fire. Accensus, part, from accendo, kindled, lit. Accldit, used impersonally, it happens. Accido, -ere, -Idi, to happen. Accipio, -ere, -epi, -eptum, to receive, to learn. 188 ACCIPITER AEGROTO. Accipiter, -cipitris, m. a hawk. Ace umbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubl- tum, to sit down at table, to recline. Accurate, adv. correctly, dis- tinctly. Accuse-, -are, -avi, -atum, to ac- cuse. Acerbus, -a, -um, sour, harsh, morose. Acerrime, adv. sup. deg. from acer, most fiercely, most sharp- Jy. Achilles, -is, m. Achilles (a fa- mous Grecian hero). Acqulro (ad and qusero), -ere, quisivi, quisitum, to acquire, to obtain. Acutus, -a, -um, sharp, shrewd, subtile, ingenious. Ad, prep, to, for, towards, at; usque ad, even to, as far as. Adaequo, -are, -avi, -atum, to equal, to level. Adeo, adv. so much ; quam, so much as, even. Addictus, part, from addico, -ere, -ixi, -ictum, condemned. Addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to add, to join to. Adduco, -ere, -uxi, -uctum, to conduct; adducere in dubita- tionem, to call in question. Adfatim and affatim, adv. abun- dantly ; adfatim homlnum, men enough. Adfero and affero, -ferre, attuli, all atum, to bring, to carry. Adhsereo, -ere, -hsesi, -haesum, to adhere to. Adhuc, adv. as yet, thus far. Adjicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, to cast towards, to cast down. Admirabilis, -is, -e, wonderful^ worthy of admiration. Admiror, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to admire, to wonder ; admira- tus, admired; admirans, won- dering. Admitto, -ere, -isi, -issum, to admit. Admodum, adv. as yet, very. Adolescens, -entis, m. and f. youth; also an adj. young, growing. Adolescentia, -a?, youth. xAdolesco, -ere, -olevi, adultum, to grow up. Adorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, dep. to attack, to accost. Adscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- turn, to join, to add, to annex. Adspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum, to look to, to observe, to see. xAdsto, -are, adstlti, to stand near or by. Adsum, -esse, -fui, to be present, to be there, to assist. Adversa res, adversity. Adversus, -a, -um, opposite, ad- verse. Adversus, prep, against. Adulator, -oris, m. a flatterer. Aduro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, to burn. Aedes, -ium, pi. a house. Aedes, -is, a temple, a dwelling. Aediffco, -are, -avi, -atum, to build. Aeger, a?gra, apgrum, sick, lame. Aegroto, -are, -avi, -atum, to be sick, AEGYPTI AMPLIUS. 189 Aegypti, -orum, the Egyptians. Aegyptus, -i, f. Egypt. Aequalis, -is, -e, equal. Aeque, adv. equally; seque ac, the same as. Aequus, -a, -urn, equal, just; £equo plus, more than is pro- per ; in aequo, on a level, equal. Aes, seris, n. copper, money ; ees alien um, debt. Aesculapius, -ii, Aesculapius (the son of Apollo). Aestas, -atis, f. summer. Aestlmo, -are, -avi, -atum, to es- timate, to esteem. Aestimatur, it is esteemed. Aeternus, -a, -um, eternal, im- mortal. Aetas, -atis, f. age, life. Aevum, -i, n. an age. Affero, see adfero. Affixus, part, laid up, from af- figo, -ere, -ixi, -ixnm, to affix, to attach to (ad and figo). Africanus, -i, Africanus (the ag- nomen of Scipio). Ager, agri, m. afield, territory. Agitator, -oris, m. a driver. Ago, -ere, egi, actum, to act, to do, to spend. Agricola, -as, a peasant, husband- man. Agrestis, -is, -e, rural, uncivilized. Aio, a def. verb, to say. See Grammar. Ala, -33, a wing, an arm. Albus, -a, -um, white. Alcibiades, -is, Alcibiades (a dis- tinguished Athenian). Alexander, -dri, Alexander. Alicunde, adv. from some place. Alien us, -a, -um, belonging to another, another's. Aliquando, adv. sometimes, once, at a certain time. Aliquantum, adj. neut. gen. some part, a little, from aliquantus, -a, -um. l an y one. Aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, some, Allquo, to some place. Alius, -a, -um, another. Allatus, part, from adfero. Allevo, -are, -avi, -atum, to lift up, to relieve (ad and levis). Alllgo, -are, -avi, -atum, to bind (ad and ligo). Alloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, dep. to address, to accost (ad and loquor). Alo, -ere, alui, alltum, to nour- ish, to cultivate. Alter, -era, -erum, one of two, the other; alter — alter, the one — the other. Altitudo, -Inis, f height, depth. Altus, -a, -um, high, deep. Amans, -antis, ad), fond of. Ambitio, -onis, f. ambition. Amicitia, -3d, friendship. Amiciilum, -i, a small outer gar- ment, a covering. Amicus, -a, -um, friendly. Amicus, -i, a friend. Amnis, -is, m. sometimes f. a river. Amcenltas,- -atis, f. pleasantness, ddightfulness. Amor, -oris, m. love, fondness. Ampius, -ii, Ampius. Amplius, adv. more, further. Amplius, nom. and ace. n. comp. of ampius, more. 190 AMPLTJS — ARCTJS. Ampins, -a, -um, large, exten- sive. Anceps, -cipltis, adj. doubtful, uncertain. Ancora, -sd, an anchor. Ango, -ere, anxi, to pain, ha- rass, disquiet. [serpent. Anguis, -is, m. and f. a snake, Ancilla, -as, a maid-servant. Anien, -enis, and Anio, -onis, Anio (a river in Italy). Anlma, -a3, life. Anlmadverto, -ere, -rti, -rsum, to perceive, to observe. Animal, -alis, n. an animal. Amman 3, -antis, a living being, an animal. Animus, -i, the soul, mind. Annuo, -ere, -ui, to consent. Annus, -i, a year. Ante, prep, before. Antea, adv. before, in time past. Antecello, -ere, to excel, to sur- pass. Antepono, -ere, -osui, -ositum, to place before, to prefer (ante and pono). Antequam, adv. before that; the ante is often separated from quam by intervening words. Antiochus, -i, Antiochus (a king of Syria). Antisthenes, -is, Antisthenes (an j Athenian philosopher). Antonius, -ii, Antony (the ene- | my and murderer of Cicero). Anus, -i, f. an old woman ; used as an adj. advanced in years. Anxius, -a, -um, anxious, con- cerned. Aper, apri, m. a wild boar. Apertus, -a, -um, open. Apollo, -Inis, m. Apollo (the god of music, poetry, etc.). Apparatus, -us, m. entertainment, parade, display. [spread. Apparatus, -a, -um, prepared, Appello, -are, -avi, -atum, to call, to address, to accost (ad and pello) xlppetens, part, desiring ear- nestly, coveting (ad and peto). Appetens, -entis, eager for, fond of [preen omen). Appius, -ii, Appius (a Roman Applico, -are, -avi, -atum, to apply, to cast. Appono, -ere, -osui, -ositum, to place near, to set before (ad and pono). Appositus, -a, -um, part, placed before (appono). Approbo, -are, -avi, -atum, to approve. Appropinquatio, -onis, an ap- proaching, a near approach. i\ppropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum, to draw nigh, to approach (ad and propinquo). Aptus, -a, -um, adapted, fitted, suspended, suitable. Apud, prep, at, with, in. Aqua, -se, water, [watering-place. Aquatio, -onis, f. a watering, a Aquillius, -ii, Aquillius. Arabes, -um, the Arabs. Aratrum, -i, n. a plough. Arbor and arbos, -oris, a tree. Archytas, -w, Archytas (a distin- guished philosopher of Ta- rentum). Arcus, -i, a bow. ARDEO AVUS. 191 Ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, to burn, to be on fire. Arduus, -a, -urn, lofty, high. Argentaria, -a?, the profession of a banker ; argentariam faeere, to follow the profession of a banker. Argentarius, -ii, a banker. Argentum, -i, n, silver. Argivus, -a, -um, Grecian. Argos, nom. and ace. n. Argos (a city of Peloponnesus). Arguo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to prove, to accuse. Ariovistus, -i, Ariovistus. Arista, -ee, beard of grain. Aristeeus, -i, Aristeus (a king of Arcadia). Aristides, -is, Aristides (an Athe- nian called the just). Aristippus, -i, Aristippus (a phi- losopher of Cyrene). •Aristoteles, -is, Aristotle (a fa- mous philosopher of Stagira). Arma, -orum, n. pi. arms. Armenius, -a, -um, Armenian. Arreptus, -a, -um, part, seized, from arripio. Arripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, to seize (ad and rapio). Arrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to claim (ad and rogo). Ars, artis, f. art, profession. Asia, -ae, Asia. Aruns, Aruntis, Aruns. Aslnus, -i, an ass. [ness. Asperltas, -atis, roughness, ivild- Aspernor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to reject, to slight. Aspis, -Idis, f. an asp. Assecutus, part, from assequor, having obtained (ad and sequor). Assentator, -oris, m. a flatterer. Assequor, -i, assecutus sum, dep, to obtain (ad and sequor). Astutus, -a, -um, wary, cunning, artful. At, conj. but, yet. Athenae, -arum, Athens. Athenienses, -\\xm,the Athenians. Atque, conj. and (ad and que). Atqui, conj. but, but yet. [Greece). Attica, -a?, Attica (a province of Attlci, -orum, the Athenians. Attlcus, -a, -um, Attic, Athenian. Attlcus, -i, Atticus (a distin- guished Roman). Attritus, part, worn off, from at- tero, -ere, attrivi, attiitum (ad and tero). Attuli, see adfero. Auctor, -oris, an author, adviser. Auctorltas, -atis, f. authority, in- fluence. Audio, -Ire, -ivi, -Itum, to hear. Auditus, part, from audio, heard. Aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum, to take away (ab and fero). Augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, to increase, to advance. Aureus, -a, -um, golden. Aurum, -i, n. gold. Aut, conj. but, or. Autem, conj. bid, also, likewise. Auxilium, -ii, n. aid, help, [cious. Avarus, -a, -um, covetous, avari- Avaritia, -ae, avarice. Averto, -ere, -erti, -ersum, to avert, to turn away (ab and verto). Avicula, -ae, a little bird. Avis, -is, f a bird. Avus, -i, a grandfather, ancestor. 192 BABYLON CAPITOLIUM. B. Babylon, -onis, Babylon, Bacillus, -i, a staff. Balbus, -a, -um, stammering. Barba, -83, a heard. Barbaria, -83, an uncivilized coun- try (any country out of Greece and Italy). Barbatus, -a, -um, having a beard, bearded. Bardus, -a, -um, stupid. Beatitude-, -Inis, f. happiness. Beatus, -a, -um, happy. Belgaa, -arum, the Belgians. Belligero, -are, -avi, -atum, to wage war, to carry on war (bellum and gero). Bellua and belua, -83, a beast, a monster. Bellum, -i, n. ivar. Bestia, -33, f. a wild beast. Bene, adv. well, prosperously. Beneficium, -ii, n. a kindness, favor (bene and facio). Benevolentia, -83, benevolence. Bibo, -ere, bibi, bibltum, to drink. Biduum, -i, n. the period of two days. Bini, -33, -a, distrib. num. adj. two by two, two. Blanditia, -se, flattery. Blandus, -a, -um, caressing, flat- tering. Bonum, -i, n. a good. Bonus, -a, -um, good; comp. melior, sup. optlmus. [cow. Bos, bovis, m. and f. an ox or Brevis, -is, -e, short, brief Brevltas, -tis, f. shortness, brevity. Brutus, -i, Brutus (the assassin of Caesar J. Bucclno and buclno, -are, -avi, -atum, to sound a trumpet. Buccinavit, impers. the trumpet sounded. C. Cachinnus, -i, a loud laugh. Cadaver, -eris, n. a dead body. Cado, -ere, cecldi, casum, to fall. Caducus, -a, -um, transient. Caecina, -as, Carina (a Roman). Caecus, -a, -urn, Hind, Casdes, -is, f. murder, death. Caado, -ere, cecidi, csesum, to cut, to cut down, to kill, to destroy. Caelatus, -a, -um, part, embossed, carved, from cselo, -are, -avi, -atum. Caesar, -aris, m. Ccesar (the most celebrated of the Roman gen- erals). Cseterus, -a, -um, the other, the rest. See ceterus. Cseteris, abl. in other respects. Calamitas, -atis, f. injury, loss. Caleo, -ere, calui, to be warm. Callldus, -a, -um, skilful, shrewd, crafty. Campus, -i, a level plain, open fleld, a plain (as Marathon). Canis, -is, m. and f. a dog. Canius, -ii, Canius (a Roman). Cano, -ere, ceclni, cantum, to sing. Cant us, -us, m. singiiig, crowing. Capiendi, ger. gen. from capio. Capio, -ere, cepi, captum, to take, to derive. Capitalis, -is, -e, capital, deadly. Capitolium, -ii, the Capitol (the splendid temple of Jupiter in CAPRA CIRCITER. 193 Rome, upon the Tarpeian mount). Capra, -se, a she goat. Capturus, -a, -urn, fut. act. part, from capio, about to derive. Captus, -a, -um, perf. pass. part, from capio. Caput, capitis, n. a head. Careo, -ere, carui, to want, to be deprived, to be without, [tion. Carltas, -atis, f. dearness, affec- Carmen, -Irris, n. a song, a verse, composition (of a drama). Carneades, -is, m. Carneades (a philosopher of Cyrene). Caruincina, -se, torment, torture. Caro, carnis, £. flesh. Carpo, -ere, carpsi, carptum, to pluck, to enjoy, to take. Carthago, -agin is, f. Carthage. Car us, -a, -um, dear, precious. Casa, -ee, a cottage, a hut. Case us, -i, cheese. Castra, -orum, n. a camp ; used only in the plural in this sig- nification), [chance, exposure. Casus, -us, m. (cado), a fall, Catilina, -ee, m. Catiline (the conspirator). Cato, -on is, m. Cato (a distin- guished Roman). Catulus, -i, m. a whelp. Caucasus, -i, m. Caucasus (a mountain in Asia). Caula, -9B, a fold. Causa, -se, a cause. Causa, abl. for the sake of. Cavillor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to cavil, to jest. Cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, to give way, to depart, to yield. Cella, -se, a cell. Celo, -are, -avi, -atum, to conceal. Cena and coena, -32, a supper or dinner (the principal meal of the Romans). Censeo, -ere, -ui, censum or censitum, to think, to suppose, to believe. Centum, indec. num. adj. a hun- dred. Cenula or ccenula, -ae, (dimin.), a little supper, a supper. Cepi, perf. from capio. Ceres, -eris, f. Ceres (the god- dess of corn). Cernltur, used impers. it is shown or proved. Cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, to decide, to discern, to perceive. Certamen, -Inis, n. a contest, contention. Certe, adv. certainly. Certius, adv. com p. more surely. Certus, -a, -um, faithful, sure. Cervix, -icis, f. the neck. Cervus, -i, a stag. Cesso, -are, -avi, -atum, to cease, to rest. Ceteris, abl. in other respects, from Ceterus, -a, -um, the other, the rest; not used in the nom. sing. See cseterus. Cibus, -\,food. Cicero, -onis, m. Cicero (the Ro- man orator). Cimon, -onis, m. Cimon (an Athenian). Cincinnatus, -i, Cincinnaius (the surname of a Roman dictator). Circiter, prep, and adv. about. 194 CIRCULARIS COLO. Circularis, -is, -e, adj. round, circular. Circum, prep, around, about Circumdo, -are, -dedi, -datum, to put around, to surround. Circum eo, -ire, -ii, to move \ around, to encompass. See I Gramm. § 176. Circumvenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- i turn, to suri'ound. Circumventus, part, surrounded. Citius, adv. sooner, too quickly, comp. deg. from Cito, adv. soon, quickly. Civilis, -is, -e, civil. Civis, -is, m. and f. a citizen. Ci vitas, -atis, f. a city, state, citi- zenship. Clades, -is, f. loss, disaster, ca- tastrophe. Clam, adv. secretly. Clamor, -oris, m. a shout, a hus- tle. Clarus, -a, -um, bright, loud, il- lustrious, reno wned. Classi s, -is, f. a fleet, a ship. Claudo, -ere, -si, -sum, to shut, to close, to confine. Clemen tia, -a3, calmness, kind- ness, clemency. Clodius, -ii, Clodius (a Roman). Clypeus and CJypeum, -i, a round shield, a shield. Coarguo, -ere, -ui, to accuse. Codrus, -i, m. Codrus (the last king of Athens). Ccenans, part, supping, from cceno, -are, -avi, -atum. Ccepi, def. J begin, have begun. Coetus, -us, m. a meeting, ossein- hly. Cogitatio, -onis, f. a thinking, re- flection, meditation, a thought ; inhserens cogitationlbus, lost in thought. Cogitatum, -i, n. a thought, de- sign. Coglto, -are, -avi, -atum, to think, to plan. Cognltus, -a, -um, part, recog- nized, from Cognosco, -ere, -gnovi, -nitum, to examine, to know, to recog- nize, to learn. Cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum, to compel, to gain by force (con and ago). Cohibeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to hold, to confine. Conors, -rtis, f. a cohort (a com- pany of about 420 soldiers). Collabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, dep. to fall together, to fall down, to fall (con and labor). Collare, -is, n. a collar. Collega, -ae, m. a colleague. Colllgo, -are, -avi, -atum, to bind together. Colligatus, -a, -um, part, bound together (con and ligo). Colluceo, -ere, -luxi, -luctum, to shine brightly (con and luceo). Colloco, -are, -avi, -atum, to place, to set (con and loco). Collum, -i, n. the neck. Colluvio, -onis, f. a confusion, tumult. Colo, -ere, -ui, cultum, to culti- vate, to till, to inhabit, to wor- ship. COLONEUS CONJUNGO. 195 Coloneus, -a, -um, Coloneus (an epithet which Sophocles gave to a tragedy, called Oedipus Coloneus). [geon. Columba, -ae, a she-dove or pi- Columbare, -is, n. a dove cote. Comburo, -ere, combussi, com- bustum (con and uro), to burn up, to consume. Combustus sum, perf. pass. from comburo. Comes, -itis, m. and f. a com- panion, attendant. Comitor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to accompany, to attend. Commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to call to mind, to relate, to make mention of. Commodum, -i, n. convenience, advantage. Communis, -is, -e, common, in common. Compello, -ere, -piili, -pulsum, to force, to compel. Compenso, -are, -avi, -atum, to compensate, to make up. Complector, -ti, -plexus sum, dep. to embrace, to encompass. Compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, to fill ; complere annos, to live. Complexus est, perf. pass, from complector, -ti, -plexus sum. Complures, n. complura, adj. pi. many, a great many (con and plures). [strained. Compressus, -a, -um, part, re- Compressus, -us, m. a pressure, a compressing. Comprlmo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- sum, to compress, to restrain (con and premo). Conatus, -a, -um, part. dep. en- deavoring, from conor. Coneavus, -a, -um, hollow, con- cave, [conciliate, Concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, to Concilium, -ii, an assembly, a council. Concio, -on is, f. a meeting, as- sembly, an oration, harangue. Concitatus, -a, -um$ excited, roused. Concordia, -ae, union, harmony. Concors, -dis, adj. harmonious, united (con and cor). Coudemno, -are, -avi, -atum, to condemn. [stipulation. Conditio, -onis, f. a condition, Confero, -ferre, -tub, collatum, to bring together, to compare ; conferre se, to betake, to re- pair to. Conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, to make, to cause to finish. Confodio, -ere, -odi, -ossum, to dig, pierce. Confossus, -a, -um, pierced, stab- bed (con and fodio). Confringo, -ere, -fregi, -fractum, to break entirely, to break (con and frango). Confugio, -ere, -fugi, -fugltum, to fee to, to flee, to take refuge with. Congrediens, -tis, part, moving with. Congredior,-gredi,-gressus sum, to encounter, to attack. Conjunctus, -a, -um, part, joined, united. Conjungo, -ere, -junxi, -junctum, to join together, to join, to unite. 196 CONON COPIA. Conon, -onis, Conon (a celebra- ted Athenian). Conor, -ari, -atus sum, to strive, to endeavor. Conquiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisi- tum, to seek after, to obtain. Conquisltus, -a, -um, part, gain- ed, plundered. Conquisltus, -a, -um, adj. ex- quisite, choice. Consensus, -us, m. consent, har- mony, unanimity. Considerate, adv. deliberately. Considero, -are, -avi, -atum, to meditate. Consilium, -ii, n. deliberation, design, prudence, plan. Consisto, -ere, constiti, to stand by, to wait upon, to serve. Consolatio, -onis, solace, conso- lation. Consolor, -ari, -atus sum, to so- lace, to console. Conspicatus, part, seeing, from Conspicor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to see, behold. Constituo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to establish, to determine, to pre- scribe. Constitutus, -a, -um, part, ap- pointed, established, created, formed. Consuesco, -ere, -suevi, -sue- tum, to be accustomed. Consuetudo, -Inis, f. custom. Consul, -ulis, m. a consul. Consulo, -ere, -sului, -sultum, to consult, to deliberate. Con sumo, -ere, -sumpsi, -sump- tum, to consume, to wear away, to die. Contego, -ere, -texi, -tectum, to cover, to protect. Contemnendus, -a, -um, fut part, to be despised, from Contemno, -ere, -tempsi, -temp- tum, to despise. Contemplatus, -a, -um, part dep. considering, from con- templor, -ari, -atus sum. Contendo, -ere, -di, -tentum, to seek earnestly. Contentio, -onis, f. effort, strife, contention. Contentus, -a, -um, adj. content. Contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, to hold, to preserve, to comprise. Continuus, -a, -urn, successive. Contra, prep, against. Contrarius, -a, -um, opposite, from opposite directions. Controversia, -se, a controversy, a dispute. Contulisset se, he went, from confero. Contumelia, -ee, reproach. Conveniens, -entis, adj. becom ing. Convenienter, adv. agreeably. Convenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, to assemble. Convenit, iinpers. it is becoming. Conventus, -us, m. an assembly. Conversus, -a, -um, turned, changed, from converto. Converto, -ere, -verti, -versum, to turn, to turn around. Convivium, -ii, n. a feast. Convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, to call together, to assemble. Copia, -ae, f. plenty, abundance, riches ; also troops, forces ; in COPIOSE DEDO. 197 the latter sense it is generally in the plural. Copiose, adv. abundantly, Corinthus, -i, Corinth. Cornu, indec. in sing, cornna in pi. 4th dec. n. a horn. ' Corona, -ae, f. a crown. Corpus, -oris, n. a body. Correptus, -a, -um, part, from Corripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, to seize, to snatch. Corruo, -ere, -rui, to rush to- gether, to fall. Corvus, -i, m. a raven. Crastinus, -a, -um, of to-morrow. Credo, -ere, -Idi, -Itum, to be- lieve, trust. Creo, -are, -avi, -atum, to create, to choose. CrocodiJus, -i, m. a crocodile. Crudelitas, -atis, f. cruelty, inhu- manity, [chamber. Cubiculum, -i, n. a room, a bed- Cubitus and cubttum, -i, n. the arm below the elbow, a cubit Cubitus, -us, m. a bed or couch. Culmus, -i, a stalk. Culpa, -ae, a fault, blame. Cultor, -oris, a tiller, a husband- man. Cultus, -us, m. cultivation, cul- ture, dress. Cum, prep, ivith. Cum or quum, adv. and conj. ivhen, since. Cunctus, -a, -um, all, the whole. Cupiditas, -atis, f. a desire, pas- sion, avarice. Cupid o, -in is, f. a ivish, passion. Cupid us, -a, -um, fond, avari- cious. Cupio, -ere, -ivi and -ii, -itum, to desire. Cur, adv. why, wherefore. Curia, -ae, care, attention. Curo, -are, -avi, -atum, to take care for, to provide, to command. Cursus, -us, a cruise, a voyage. Cymba, -ae, a skiff, a small boat. Cyprus, -i, Cyprus (an island in the Mediterranean sea). D. Damno, -are, -avi, -atum, to condemn. Damocles, -is, m. Damocles (one of the courtiers of Dionysius). Damon, -onis, m. Damon (the friend of Pythius). [sia). Darius, -ii, Darius (king of Per- De, prep, from, concerning, with regard to, of. Dea, -ae, a goddess. Debello, -are, -avi, -atum, to con- quer. Debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to owe, to be indebted. Debltus, -a, -um, part. due. Decern, num. adj. ten. Decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, to decree, to determine. Declamitans, -antis, part, de- claiming, from declamito, a frequentative of the 1st conj. Declaro, -are, -avi, -atum, to show, declare. ; Decus, -oris, n. an ornament, grace. Dedecus, -oris, n. dishonor, dis- grace. \ Dedo, -ere, dedldi, dedltum, to I surrender. 198 DEDUCO DICO. Deduco, -ere, -duxi, -ducturn, to lead out, to lead away, Defatigatus, -a, -um, part, wea- ried out, from defatlgo, -are, -avi, -a turn. Defendo, -ere, -di, -sum, to de- fend, Demritus, -a, -um, adj. appointed. Degusto, -are, -avi, -atum, to taste, to enjoy. [over. Deinceps, adv. after that, more- Deinde, adv. then, next, after that. Deiotarus, -i, Deiotarus (a kiug of Galatia). Dejectus, -a, -um, part, thrown off, expelled, banished (de and jacio). Dejicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, to cast down, to drive away, expel. Delabor, -bi, -lapsus sum, dep. to fall down. Delatus, -a, -um, part, conferred upon, from defero, -ferre, -tu- li, -latum. [sure. Delectatio, -onis, f. delight, plea- Delecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- light, to please. I Delectus, -a, -um, part, aud adj. chosen, appointed, from deligo. Delibero, -are, -avi, -atum, to deliberate. Delictum, -i, n. a fault, a crime. Dellgo, -ere, -egi, -ectum, to choose, to appoint. Delphlcus, -a, -um, Delphic. Delphi, -orum, Delphi (a town of Phocis, where was a cele- brated oracle of Apollo). Demitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, to send, to let down, to thrust down. Demo, -ere, dempsi and demsi, demptum and demtum, to take away. Demociitus, -i, m. Democritus (a celebrated philosopher). Demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum, to show, to prove. Demosthenes, -is, m. Demosthe- nes (a celebrated Athenian orator). Denique, adv. finally, lastly. Dens, dentis, m. a tooth. Deploro, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- plore. Depono, -ere, -posui, -posltum, to lay down or aside. Deposltus, -a, -um, part laid aside (depono). Descendo, -ere, -di, -sum, to de- scend. Desipiens, part, being foolish, foolish, from desipio, -ere, -ui. Despero, -are, -avi, -atum, to despair. Destluo, -are, -avi, -atum, to destine, to appoint, to set. Deterior, m. -ius, n. sup. deter- rimus, worse. Deterrltus, -a, -um, part, deter- red, alarmed, from deterreo, -ere, -ui, -Itum. Detractus, -a, -um, part, drawn from (detraho). Detraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, to draw off. Deus, -i, m. a god, deity ; God. Devoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- vour. Diadem a, -atis, n. a diadem. Dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, to say, to call, to tell. DICTATOR DIVIDO. 199 Dictator, -oris, m. a dictator. Dict ; sunt, pert" pass, were called (dico). Dictlto, -are, -avi, -a turn, to give out, to publish. Dictum, -i, n. a saying, [a day. Dies, -ei, m. and f. in pi. only m. DirTero, -ferre, distuli, dilatum, to defer, to delay (dis and fero). Difficllis, -is, -e, difficult, morose (dis and facllis). Difficillime, adv. sup. deg. with the greatest difficulty. Diffidens, -ntis, part. dist?*usting, from diffido, -ere, difflsus sum. Difrluo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxum, to flow ; in partes, in different di- rections. Dignltas, -atis, f. dignity, honor. Dignus, -a, -um, worthy. Digrediens, -entis, part, depart- ing, from digredior, -di, -gres- sus sum, dep. Dii, deorum, the gods. Dijudico, -are, -avi, -atum, to decide. [in pieces. Dilanio, -are, -avi, -atum, to tear Diligenter, adv. diligently, with diligence. Diligentia, -se, diligence, industry. Diligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, to love. Diluculum, -i, n. the dawn. Dimidius, -a, -um, half, divided into two equal parts. Dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, to dismiss. Diogenes, -is, m. Diogenes (a cynic philosopher). Dionysius, -ii, Dionysius (a ty- rant of Syracuse). J Discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, to depart, to withdraw. j Discendi, ger. gen. of learning. Disceptatio, -onis, f. dispute, con- troversy, debate. Discindo, -ere, -cldi, -cissum, to burst open, to cause to open. Disciplina, -ae, instruction, disci- pline. [ciple. Discipulus, -i, m. a learner, dis- Disco, -ere, didlci, to learn. Discordia, -as, disagreement, dis- cord. Disparia, adj. n. pi. unequal, dif- ferent, from dispar, -aris. ; Dispicio, -ere, -pexi, -pectum, to open one's eyes, to look around. j Disputatio, -onis, f. a dispute, debate. Dissentio, -Ire, -sensi, -sensum, to disagree. Dissero, -ere, serui, -sertum, to talk, to discourse upon, to con- verse about. Dissideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, to disagree, to be at variance. Dissidium, -ii, n. disagreement. Dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to disguise, to dissemble. Distinguo, -ere, -tinxi, -tinctum, to distinguish, to adorn. Distinct us, -a,-um, part, adorned. i Din, adv. by day; long, for a long time. Diutlus, adv. comp. of diu, long, too long. , Diuturnus, -a, -um, long, lasting. Dives, -Itis, adj. rich. \ Divldo, -ere, -visi, -visum, to di- j vide. 200 DIVINUS ELOQUENTIA. Divinus, -a, -um, divine, godlike. Divlsus, -a, -um, part, divided, from divide Divitiae, -arum, pi. riches. Do, dare, dedi, datum, to give, grant. Doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, to teach. Doctrina, -as, learning. Doctus, -a, -um, part, learned (doceo). Dolor, -oris, m. grief pain. Dolus, -i, cunning, deceit, arti- fice ; dolus mains, fraud. Domlna, -33, a mistress, lady. Dominatus, -us, m. rule, power, tyranny. Domlnus, -i, m. a master, owner. Domum, ace. of domus, home. Domus, -us and -i, f. a house, gen. domi, at home. Dono, -are, -avi, -atum, to give, to reward. Donum, -i, n. a gift, reward. Dorienses, -ium, the Dorians. Drachma, -se, a drachm (a Gre- cian coin about eight cents in value). [tion. Dubitatio, -onis, f. doubt, hesita- Dubito, -are, -avi, -atum, to doubt, hesitate. Duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, to lead, conduct. Dulcis, -is, -e, sweet, pleasing, winning. Duo, -ae, -o, num. adj. two. Dum, adv. whilst, until, so long as. Dupllco, -are, -avi, -atum, to double. Dux, ducis, m. and f. a guide, general, leader. E or ex, prep, out of, from. Ebriosus, -a, -um, intemperate. Edico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, to relate, to order (e and dico). Edo, -ere, edidi, editum, to put forth, to cause (e and do). Edoceo, -ere, -docui, -doctum, to teach (e and doceo). Edoctus, part, taught, instructed. Edomitus, part, subdued, con- trolled, from edomo, -are, -ui, -domitum. EfFero, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- vastate, lay waste. Efferor, -ari, -atus sum, pass. to be desolated, Efficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, to effect, accomplish. Efflo, -are, -avi, -atum, to breathe out ; efHare animam, to expire. ErTugio, -ere, -fugi, -fugltum, to fee, to escape. Egeo, -ere, -ui, to need, to be in want. Egero, -ere, -gessi, -gestum, to bear away. Egi, perf. act. of ago. Ego, pers. pron. gen. mei, /. Egregius, -a, -um, excellent, emi- nent. Ejicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, to expel, to cast out. Elabor, -bi, -lapsus sum, to es- cape, to slip from. Elephantus, -i, m. an elephant. Elicio, -ere, elicui, elicltum, to bring out, to elicit. Ellgo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, to choose, to select. Eloquentia, -33, eloquence. EMEltCO — EXIMIUS. 201 Emerge, -ere, -mcrsi, -mersum, to emerge, to get free. Eino, -ere, emi, emptum or em- tum, to buy. Emptus, part, bought. Eneco, -are, eneeui, enectum, and -avi, -atum, to kill, to slay. Enim, con j. for. [to go. Eo, Ire, Ivi and ii, Itum, irreg. Epaminondas, -as, in. Epami- nondas (a famous Theban general, who fell at the bat- tle of Mantinea, at which he was victorious). Epirus, -i, Epirus (a territory of Greece). Epistola, -ee, a letter. Epula?, -arum, f. pi. viands, a feast, entertainment. Eques, -itis, m. and f. a horse- man, a knight. Equidem, conj. indeed, truly. Equlnus, -a, -um, of a horse; seta, horsehair. Equitatus, -us, m. cavalry, horse. Equito, -are, -avi, -atum, to ride on horseback. Equus, -i, m. a horse. Erectus, -a, -um, erect, standing erect. Ergo, conj. therefore. Erro, -are, -avi, -atum, to err, to mistake. Error, -oris, m. error; pravus, a false notion. Erudiendum, fut. part, in ace. from Erudio, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, to train, to educate. Et, conj. and ; also, even ; et — et, both — and. 14 Etenim, conj. for. Etiam, conj. also, even. Evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, to go out, to escape, to become. Evello, -ere, -velli and -vulsi, -vulsum, to extract, to draw out, eradicate. Evenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, to turn out, to happen (e and venio). Everto, -ere, -verti, -versum, to overturn. Ex, prep., see E ; e is prefixed only to consonants, ex both to vowels and consonants. Exactus, part, banished, from exlgo. Exanuno, -are, -avi, -atum, to enfeeble, to exhaust (ex and animus). Excellens, -ntis, adj. renowned, excellent. Excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, to receive. Exclto, -are, -avi, -atum, to awake, arouse. ExclCido, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, to shut out, exclude. Excubise, -arum, pi. ivatches, guards. Exemplum, -i, n. example. Exeo, -Ire, -ii, -Itum, to go out 9 to depart. Exerceo, -ere, -ercui, -ercitum, to exercise, to indulge. Exercitatio, -on is, f. practice. Exercltus, -us, m. an army. Exigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, to drive away, to expel. Eximius, -a, -um, excellent, ex- quisite. 202 EXISTIMO FAMULA. Existimo, -are, -avi, -atum, to -think, believe. Exltus, -us, in. the end, result, death. Exorior, -oiiri, -ortus sum, dep. to spring up, to arise (ex and orior). Exorno, -are, -avi, -a turn, to adorn. Exortus, part, dep. arising, from exorior. Exoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to en- treat earnestly. Expavesco, -ere, -pavi, to fear greatly, to he affrighted. Expecto, -are, -avi, -atum, to look for, await. Expedit, impers. it is important. Experientia, -ae, trial, experience. Experior, -riri, -pertus sum, to try, to experience, Expers, -tis, adj. devoid of, free from. Expetendus, fut. part, to be de- sired, ivorihy to be sought (ex and peto). Expiiatus, -a, -um, part, plun- dered, from expllo, -are, -avi, -atum, to plunder. [fH> Expleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, to Exploro, -are, -avi, -atum, to investigate, to ascertain. Exprobro, -are, -avi, -atum, to upbraid, to taunt. Exsecro, -are, -avi, -atum, to execrate, to curse. Exsolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum, to pay, to discharge ; poenas, to suffer punishment. Exsto, -are, -stiti, -statu m, to rise, to be, to become] to exist. Exstruo, see extruo. | Extermlno, -are, -avi, -atum, to banish. ! Extinctus, -a, -um, part, dead, from Extinguo, -ere, -tinxi, -tinctum, to destroy, to kill, to annihilate. Extremum, -i, n. the end. : Extremus, -a, -um, latest, sup. deg. from exter, -rior, -tre- mus. | Extruo and exstruo, -ere, -truxi, -tructum, to build up, to fur- nish ; exstructxis, furnished. F. Fabricius, -ii, Fabricius (a dis- tinguished Roman general). Fabula, -se, a fable, a tale, a sto- ry, a play, a tragedy. Facile, adv. com p. facilius, easi- ly, without difficulty. Facinus, -oris, n. a noble deed, . a deed, Facio, -ere, feci, factum, to do, to make. Factum, -i, n. an act, a deed. Factus, -a, -um, part, made, done, taken, from facio. Factum est, impers. it happened. Fama, -se, rumor, fame, renown. Fames, -is, f. hunger, famine. Familiaris, -is, a friend, from Familiaris, -is, -e, friendly, inti- mate, relating to a family. Familiaris res, domestic concerns, property, fortune. Familiarltas, -atis, f. intimacy, friendship. Famula, -sp, a female slave, a maid servant. FAMULARIS FRATER. 203 Famularis, -is, -e, of a slave, a slave's. Famulus, -i, m. a servant, atten- dant. Falx, falcis, f. a pruning knife, a dagger. Fanum, -i, n. a temple. Fascis, -is, m. a bundle (of wood). Fasciculus, -i, m. a small bun- dle, diniin. from fascis. Fatigatus, -a, -lira, part, wearied, from Fatigo, -are, -avi, -atum, to fa- tigue. Fecundus, -a, -urn, fruitful. Felicltas, -atis, f. happiness. Felis and feles, -is, f. a cat Fera, -se, f. a wild beast Ferine, -arum, f. holidays. Ferinus, -a, -um, of a wild beast, wild. Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, to biing, to bear. Ferrum, -i, n. iron, a sword. Fertur, third pers. sing. pres. pass, of fero, it is said. Ferunt, from fero, they say. Fervldus, -a, -um, hot, furious, eager. Fibra, -a?, a fibre. Fictus, -a, -um, part, feigned, from fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum. Fidelis, -is, -e, faithful. Fides, -ei, faith, faithfulness, honesty; proh fid em deiim, etc., for heaven's sake! Fiducia, -se, confidence, trust Filius, -ii, a son, voc. fili. Finis, -is, f. the end, a limit. Fio, fieri, (actus sum, to become, irreg. pass. Fit, it happens. Firmatus, -a, -um, part, ratified, from Firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, to con- firm, to ratify. Firmus, -a, -um, firm, steadfast. Flaccus, -i, Flaccus (a Roman). Flamma, -a?, a fame, fire. Fleo, -ere, flevi, fletum, to weep. Flos, floris, m. a flower. Fluctus, -lis, m. a wave. Flultans, -tis, part, floating, swimming, from flulto, -are, -avi, -atum. Flumen, -Inis, n. a river, from I Fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluctum, to flow. : Feed us, -eris, n. a treaty, alliance. \ Foedus, -a, -um, dreadful. \ Fore, inf. mode, to be about to be. See Gramm. § J 54. 3. { Foris, adv. without, abroad. | Forma, -ze,form, beauty. Formldo, -Inis, f. fear, terror, dread. Formula, -ee, rule, regulation, law. Fortasse, adv. perhaps. Forte, adv. by chance (fors). Fortis, -is, -e, brave, courageous, valiant. Fortuna, -ae, fortune, Fortunatus, -a, -um, foiiunate, happy. Forum, -i, n. a forum (a public place for a market, for the meeting of magistrates, and for the administration of jus- tice). Foveo, -ere, fovi, fotum, to nour- ish, to cherish. Fragilis, -is, -e, frail, perishable. Frater, fratris, a brother. 204 FRATJS GRATIOSTTS. Fraus, frandis, fraud, dishonesty. Fremitus, -us, m. a murmuring, bustle, noise. Frequento, -are, -avi, -atum, to frequent, to resort often to. Frigldus, -a, -urn, cold. Frigus, -oris, n. cold. Frons, fro litis, f. the forehead, the brow. Fructuosus, -a, -um, fruitful, profitable, advantageous, usefid. Fruetus, -us, m. advantage, fruit, enjoyment. Frumentum, -i, n. corn, grain. Fruor, frui, fruetus sum, dep. to enjoy. [pose. Frustra, adv. in vain, to no pur- Frux, frugis, f. fruit. Fuga, -83, a fight, refreat. Fugio, -ere. fugi, fugttum, to fee or fly, to escape. Fugitivus, -a, -um, fugitive, sub. a fugitive. U n g-> bright. Fulgens, -eutis, shining, glitter- Funditus, adv. utterly, totally. Fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, to pour out, to shed; to yield, to pro- duce ; to rout, to discomfit. Fuugor, -gi, functus sum, dep. to perform, to enjoy. Fur, furis, m. arhJ f. a thief knave. Furens, -tis, part, raving (like a madman), from furo, -ere, furui. Fustis, -is, m. a stick, a staff. Fusus, -a, -um, part, routed (fundo). [things. Futfira, -orum, adj. n. pi. future Futurus, -a, -um, fuLparU about to be, future (sum). G. Galli, -orum, the Gaids. Gallus, -i, a cock. Gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, to rejoice. [Plnygia). Gelon, -tis, Gelon (a fountain of Geloni, -orum, the Geloni. Gemitus, -us, m. a groan. Generosus, -a, -um, noble heart- ed, generous. Genieulatus, -a, -um, adj. joint- ed, knotted. Gens, gentis, f. a nation, people. Genus, -eris, n. a kind, race, family. Germania, -ve, Germany. Gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, to bear, produce. Gesto, -are, -avi, -atum, to carry. Gestus, -a, -um, part, from gero. Gestus, -us, m. a carrying, a gesture. Gigno, -ere, genui, genitum, to beget, to produce. Glabrus, -a, -um, bald. Gladius, -ii, a sword. Glans, -dis, f. an acorn, nut Globosus, -a, -um, globular. Globus, -i, m. a company, party. Gloria, -a?, glory, renown. Gorgias, -ae, Gorgias. Gradus, -us, m. a step. Greece, adv. in Greek. Greeci, -orum, the Greeks. Grsecia, -a?, Greece. Gra?fuli, -orum, dimin. Greeks. Graecus, -a, -um, Grecian, Greek. Gratia, -se, favor, loudness ; in gratiam conciliate, to reconcile. Gratiosus, -a, -um, in favor, agreeable, popular. GRATULOR HORTULUS, 205 Gratulor, -ari, atus sum, to con- gratulate. Gratus, -a, -urn, pleasing, ac- ceptable. Gravate, adv. unwillingly, reluc- tantly. Gravis, -is, -e, heavy, burdensome, severe, dangerous. Gra vitas, -atis, f. severity, gravity. Gravius, adv. more violently, comp. of gravlter. Gremium, -ii, n. a lap, bosom.. Gressus, -us, m. a step, gait. Grex, gregis, m. a flock, herd. Gubernator, -oris, m. a pilot, steersman. H. Habeo, -ere, -ui, -ltum, to have, to make, to hold. Habeor, -eri, -Itus sum, pass, to be esteemed, to be considered. Hsec, nom. and ace. pL of hie, these things. Hamilcar, -aris, Hamilcar. Hannibal, -alis, Hannibal. Haruspex, -Icis, m. a soothsayer, diviner. Hastile, -is, n. a stick, rod, from hasulis, -is, -e, adj. Hand, adv. not. Helena, -ae, Helen (the wife of Menelaus, a Greek ; she was enticed away by Paris the son of Priam and became his bride, and thus was the cause of the Trojan war. Hellespontus, -i, the Hellespont. [ Helotse, -arum, Helots (public slaves of the Lacedemonians). I Herba, -ae, grass. Herbfdus, -a, -um, grassy. Herbescens, -tis ; viriditas her- bescens, green corn springing up, from Herbesco, -ere, incep. to be- come full of grass or herbs. Hercule, adv. (of swearing), by Hercules! tridy ! Hercules, -is, m. Hercules (a re- puted hero and benefactor of ancient times). Heri, adv. yesterday. Heroditus, -i, Heroditus. Hesternus, -a, -um, of yesterday. Heir, interj. ah! alas! Hie, adv. here. Hie, hsRc, hoc, this. Hiemalis, -is, -e, wintry, stormy. Hiems, -em is, f. a storm. Hiero, -onis, m. Hiero (king of Syracuse). Hinc, adv. hence, from this place. Hinnuleus, -i, m. a young hind or fawn. Historia, -ae, history. Hispania, -as, Spain. Hoed us and hsedus, -i, a kid. Homer us, -i, Homer (a celebra- ted Grecian poet). Homo, -Inis, m. and f. a man or woman', homines, men, people. Honestas, -atis, virtue, honor, propriety. Honestus, -a, -um, honorable, right. Honor and honos, -oris, honor. Hora, -ce, f. an hour. Hortor, -ari, -atus sum, to ad- vise, to urge. Hortulus, -i, m. dim in. a small garden. 206 HORTUS INCENDO. Hortus, -i, m. a garden. Hospes, -itis, m. and f. a stran- ger, a guest, host. Hostilis, -is, -e, hostile. Hostis, -is, m. and f. an enemy ; the enemy. Hue, adv. hither, to this. Humanus, -a, -um, humane, kind, benevolent. I. Ibi, adv. there. Ibis, -is and -idis, f. the ibis (a bird of Egypt held sacred by the inhabitants). Ictus, -us, m. a blow. Ictus, -a, -um, part, from ico, -ere, ici, ictum. Idem, eadem, idem, pron. the same. Idoneus, -a, -um,^, suitable. Igitur, conj. thei-efore. Ignarus, -a, -um, ignorant Ignis, -is, m.fire. Ignobllis, -is, -e, ignoble, undis- tinguished. Ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to be ignorant of. Ignotus, -a, -um, unknown, ig- norant, not recognized. Bias, -adis, f. the Iliad (the fa- mous poem of Homer upon the Trojan war). Ille, ilia, illud, he, she, it, that. Illido, -ere, -isi, -Isum, to dash against. Imbecillis, -is, -e, weak, feeble. Imberbis, -is, -e, beardless. Imbuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to imbue. Imbutus, -a, -um, part, imbued. Tmitatio, -onis, f. imitation, Immani'tas, -atis, f. barbarity, fe- rocity. Immensitas, -atis, f. immensity, boundlessness. Immortalis, -is, -e, immortal. Impedimentum, -i, n. obstacle. Impedio, -Ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum, to hinder. [threaten. Impendeo, -ere, to hang over, to Impendens, -ntis, part, hanging (impendeo). Imperator , -oris, m. a commander. Imperium, -ii, n. power, control, command, authority. Impero, -are, -avi, -atum, to or- der, command. Impeto, -ere, to assail, attack. Impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, to ef- fect, accomplish. Impetus, -us, m. an attack. Impietas, -atis, f. impiety. Implger, -gra, -gram, diligent, active. Impius, -a, -um, impious, profane. Impono, -ere, -osui, -osftum, to place in, to put on board. Importunltas, -atis, f. peevishness, moroseness. Imposttus, -a, -um, part, from impono. Imprimis, adv. especially. Im pro bus, -a, -um, ivorthless, in- solent. Impudentia, -w, impudence. Impugno, -are, -avi, -atum, to attack. In, prep, in, upon, against. Incendo, -ere, -di, -sum, to kin- dle, to set f re to. INCENSUS INHiEREO. 207 Incensus, -a, -um, part, lighted, kindled, fired, inflamed. Incertus, -a, -lira, uncertain, du- bious ; incerta re, in need, dis- tress. Inciclo, -ere, -cidi, -casum, to fall into. Incipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, to begin, to undertake ; inceptum, an undertaking. Inclto, -are, -avi, -atum, to in- cite, to accelerate. Includo, -ere, -si, -sum, to shut up, to confine. Inclusus, part, from includo. Incolumis, -is, -e, safe, unim- paired. Incredibllis, -is, -e, incredible. Incredibillter, adv. incredibly. Jncrementum, -i, n. increase. Increpo, -are, -ui, -Itum, to chide, upbraid. Inculco, -are, -avi, -atum, to in- stil. Irjcursio, -on is, f. assault, attack. Incuso, -are, -avi, -atum, to ac- cuse, to blame, assail. India, -se, India. Indlco, -are, -avi, -atum, to show, to indicate. Indlco, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, to declare, to show, to describe ; indicere bellum, to declare tear. Indignatus, -a, -um, part, en- raged, from i Indignor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to be angry. Indigentia, -se, need, want, ne- cessity. Indignus, -a, -um, unworthy. Indoles, -is, f. natural disposition. Indulgeo, -ere, -si, -turn, to in- dulge, to allow. In duo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to put on, to clothe. In du stria, -ee, industry, diligence. Ineo, -ire, -ii, -Itum, irreg. to go into, to enter (in and eo) ; in- ire feed us, to enter into or make a treaty. Inest, from insum, -esse, -fui, to be in, to be found. Infacetus, -a, -um, destitute of wit, impolite, rude, unpolished. Infero, -ferre, intuli, illatum, to bring into ; bellum in ferre, to wake war. Infestus, -a, -um, insecure, hos- tile, troublesome, annoyed. Inmiitus, -a, -um, immense, in- finite. Infirmus, -a, -urn, weak, infirm. Inflatus, -a, -um, swollen, inflated, puffed up, elated. Infligo, -ere, -flixi, -flictum, to inflict. Ingenium, -ii, n. talent, disposi- tion, genius. [great. Ingens, -ntis, adj. very great, vast, Ingenitus, -a, -um, part, inborn, instilled or implanted by nature (in and gigno). Ingredior, -di, -gressus sum, dep. to enter, to go into. In gressus, -a, -um, perf. pass, part, from ingredior. Ingressurus, -a, -um, fut. part. about to enter (ingredior). Inheereo, -ere, -hsesi, -hsesum, to cleave to, to be fixed in ; in- hserens cogitation! bus, lost in thought. 208 INHUMAXITAS INTRA. Inliumanltas, -alls, f. cruelty, Insidior, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to rudeness, moroseness, unkind- lie in wait. Insigne, -is, n. pi. insignia, the badges of an office, insignia, ensigns. Insisto, -ere, -stiti, -stltum, to stand upon, to stop (in and sto). Insipiens, -ntis, foolish, unwise. riplirastic conjugation, from Inspirit), -ere, -spexi, -spectum, ineo. to consider, perceive. Injicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, to Instauro, -are, -avi, -atum, to cast over or upon : injicere renew, to revive. sermonem, to fall into conver- Instituo, -ere, -ui, -tutum, to be- ?iess (in and human us). Inbumanus, -a, -mil, cruel, dis- courteous, unsociable. Ininncus, -a, -inn, hostile. Injurious, -i, m. an enemy. Initurus esset, plu. perf. 1st pe- sation. Injuria,-», injury, injustice, abuse. Innans, -tis, part, swimming in or upon, from inno, -are, -avi, -alum. [merable. Innuinerabllis, -is, -e, adj. innu- Inopia, -8e, poverty. Inquam, def. verb, 1 pers. sing. gin, Insiitutum, -i, n. an institution, custom. Instruo, -ere, -struxi, -structum, to prepare, supply, furnish. Insuesco, -ere, -evi, -etum, to he accustomed. Insula, -ze, an island. I say. See Gramm. § 183. 5. In super, adv. moreover, besides. Inquinatus, -a, -um, adj. pollu- ted, filthy. Inquit, def. verb, 3 pers. sing. he said, from inquam or in- quio. See Gramm. §183.5. Insuperabllis, -is, -e, invincible. Integer, -gra, -grum, upright, honest, circumspect. Inteliigentia, -ae, knowledge, in- tellect, in telligence. Insatiabllis, -is, -e, unwearying, Intelligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, to ■untiring. understand. Inseetatio, -onis, f. a pursuing, Intempestivus, -a, -um, unrea- railing, insult, persecution. sonable. Insector, -ari, -atus sum, to at- Inter, pre]), between, among ; in- tack, to assail. ter se, together, with each other. Insequens, -ntis, part, following \InteixYm, adv. in the daytime. close, from ! Interest, impers. it concerns (in- Insequor, -sequi, -seciitus sum, ■ ter and sum). dep. to follow after, to harass. Interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, to Insideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, to kill, to slay. sit upon. Interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to Insidiae, -arum, ambush, treach- ask, to request. ery, snares. ; Intra, adv. within, prep, inside of INTRO LACED.EMONIUS. 209 Intro, -are, -avi, -a turn, to go in, to enter. Introduce, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, to introduce. Intuens, part, looking upon, ob- serving, watching, from intu- eor, -eri, -Itus, dep. IntuJi, perf. of infero. Invenio, -Ire, -veni, -veil turn, to find, discover. Inventor, -oris, m. an inventor, discoverer. Invideo, -ere, -vldi, -visum, to envy, to grudge. Invitatus, -a, -uni, part, invited; invitati, the guests. Invito, -are, -avi, -atum, to invite. Ipse, ipsa, ipsurn, intensive pron. himself, herself, itself, gen. ip- sius. Ira, -se, anger, wrath. Irascor, -ci, iratus, to he angry, to he enraged. Is, ea, id, pron. he, she. it, that. Iste, ista, istud, this, that (per- son or thing). Isthuc and istie, adv. thither, in that, there. Ita, adv. thus, so. Italia, -a?, Italy. Itaqne, conj. and thus, hence, therefore. Iter, itineris, n. a journey. Iterum, adv. again, the second time. Ito, -are, -avi, -atum, frequent. to go frequently, to frequent. Jaceo, -are, -ui, -Ituin, to lie, to lie down. Jacto, -are, -avi, -atum, to throw, to cast; to boast. ' Jam, adv. now. Jovem, ace. of Jnplter, Jove. Jubeo, -ere, jussi, jussum, to command. : Jucundius, adv. more pleasantly, comp. from jucunde. Jucunditas, -atis, f. pleasure, de- light, [agreeable. Jucundus, -a, -um, pleasant, Jndex, -Icis, m. and f. a judge. Judicium, -ii, n. a judgment, a trial Judlco, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- cide, to judge. , Jugum, -i, n. a yoke. ' Jugurtha, -?e, Jugurtha. Jungo, -ere, junxi, junctum, to join ; nuptias, to marry. | Jupiter, Jovis, Jupiter, Jove (the chief god among the Romans). ! Jure, adv. justly, properly (jus). ; Jurginm, -ii, n. a quarrel, dispute. • Jus, juris, n. right, justice. j Jussi, perf of jubeo. Jussus,-us, m. a command (jubeo). Justitia, -a?, justice. Justus, -a, -um, just, due. Juvenca, -as, a heifer, a cow. J uven is, m. and f. a youth. Juventus, -utis, f. youth. L. Labor, labi, lapsus sum, to slip, to fall. Labor, -oris, m. lahor. Lac, lactis, n. milk. Lacedeemonia, -a?, Lacedmmon. Lacedeemonius, -ii, a Lacedcd monian. 210 LACERO LOCRI. Lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, to tear ' in pieces, to rend, to mangle. Laconlcus, -a, -urn, Laconic, Spartan. Lacunar, -aris, a ceiling» Lselius, -ii, Lcelius (the name of a Roman). Lsetitia, -se, joy, gladness, rejoic- ing. Laetus, -a, -um, joyful, abundant. Lancea, -as, a lance, javelin. Lanio, -are, -avi, -atum, to tear in pieces. Lanius, -ii, m. a pi'iest, an exe- cutioner. Lapis, -Id is, m. a stone. Lapsus, -us, m. a gliding, a fly- ing. Lateo, -ere, -ui, to be concealed, to be hid. Latro, -onis, m. a robber. Largitio, -onis, f. a giving freely, a bribe. Laudabtlis, -is, -e, praiseworthy. Laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, to praise. Laus, laudis, f. praise, commen- dation. Laute, adv. sumptuously. Leama, -se, a lioness. Lectlto, -are, -avi, -atum, fre- quent, to read often, to peruse. Lectus, -i, a bed, couch. Legatus, -i, an embassador, a deputy. Legum, gen. pi. of lex. Legitlmus, -a, -um, lauful, legi- timate. Lego, -ere, legi, lectum, to read. Lentus, -a, -um, slow, lingering. Leo, -onis, m. a lion. Leonldas, -se, Leonidas. Leontlnus, -a, -um, a Leontine, from Leontini, -orum, m. Leontini (a town of Sicily). Lepidus, -i, Lepidus (a Roman, colleague of Anthony in the triumvirate). Letalis, -is, -e, deadly, mortal. Levis, -is, -e, light, easy, slight Levlter, adv. slightly (levis). Levo, -are, -avi, -atum, to light- en, to relieve. Lex, legis, f. a law. Liber, -era, -erum,/ree. Liber, libri, m. a book. Liberalis, -is, -e, liberal, polite. Liberi, -orum, children; the sin- gular is very seldom used. Liberalltas, -atis, f. liberality, gen- erosity. Libero, -are, -avi, -atum, to set free, to acquit. [sion. Libido, -in is, f. lust, desire, pas- Libratus, -a, -um, part, well aimed, from Libro, -are, -avi, -atum, to iveigh, to balance. Licet, impers. verb, it is lauful, it is permitted. Lignum, -i, n. wood. Lingua, -ee, the tongue. Liquor, -oris, m. liquid, ivater, stream. Litera, -se, a letter, learning. Literee, -arum, a letter, an epistle. Literatus, -a, -um, adj. learned. Littus and litus, -oris, n. the shore. Loco, -are, -avi, -atum, to place, to locate. Locri, -orum, Locri (the inhabi- tants of Locri s in Greece). LOCUPLES MEMORO. 211 Locuples, -etis, adj. rich. Locus, -i, m. (pi. loci, m. and loca, n.), a place, rank, station. Longe, adv. long, far, at a great distance. Longus, -a, -nm, long, late ; longa astas, advanced age. Loquendi, ger. of speaking, from Loquor, loqui, lociitus sum, to speak, to converse, to say. Lubens and libens, -ntis, will- ing, with pleasure. Lubentissime, adv. most cheer- fully or gladly, from libenter or lubenter. Lumen, -inis, n. light, splendor. Lupus, -i, m. a wolf Lux, lucis, f. light. Lycurgus, -i, Lycurgus (the fa- mous Spartan lawgiver. M. Macedo, -on is, Macedon. Macedonia, -se, Macedonia. Magis, adv. more. Magister, -tri, a master. Magistral us, -us, m. civil office, a magistrate. Magnificentia, -ae, magnificence, grandeur. [splendid. Magnificus, -a, -um, grand, Magnitiido, -Inis, f size, great- ness, magnitude. Magnus, -a, -um, great; unani- mous, the great ; comp. major, sup. maxim us. Majestas, -atis, majesty, greatness. Major, -oris, the elder, greater. Majores, -um, ancestors. Maledico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, to revile, reproach. Male dictum, -i, n. a reproach. Malignltas, -atis, malignity, spite. Malum, -i, n. an evil, a curse (malus). Malus, -a, -um, evil, had, de- praved, false. Mancipium, -ii, n. a slave. Man do, -are, -avi, -atum, to com- mit to one's care, to enjoin, to command. Mantinea, -ae, Mantinea. Manus, -us, f. the hand. Marathon, -on is, Marathon (a country in Attica, famous for the victory of Miltiades). Mare, -is, n. the sea. Mar m or, -oris, n. marble. Mater, matris, f. a mother. Materia, -ae, amaterial, substance. Mathematlcus, -i, a mathemati- cian. Mature, adv. early. Maturo, -are, -avi, -atum, to has- ten. Maxtme, adv. most of all, espe- cially, greatly, very, sup. of magis. Maximus, -a, -um, sup. of mag- nus ; maxima pecunia, a very great sum of money. | Mecum, with me (me and cum). ; Meclius, -a, -um, middle, midst. Megaricus, -a, -um, Megarian. Melius, adv. better, from bonus. Melius, n. comp. of bonus, better. Memini, def. verb, perf. / re- member. Memoria, -ae, memory, remem- brance, recollection. Memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, to mention, to recount, to relate. 212 MENDACIU3I jIOROSUS. Mendacium, -ii, n. a falsehood. Mens, mentis, f. the mind. Mensa, -ae, a table. Men sis, -is, in. a month. Mensus, part, from metior, -Iri, mensus sum, to measure. Mentior, -Iri, -itus sum, to He, to feign, to deceive. Merces, -edis, f. reward, pay. Mercurius, -ii, Mercury (herald of the gods). Mereor, -eri, -Itas sum, to de- serve, merit. Metuo, -ere, -ui, to fear. Metus, -i, m.fear. Mens, -a, -um, my, mine. Mi, voc. of mens. Miles, -Itis, m. and f. a soldier. Mille, num. adj. a thousand, n. pi. millia. Militaris, -is, -e, military; res, military art or concerns. Milo, -onis, Milo (a Roman). Mihiades, -dis, Miliiades (a cele- brated Athenian ). Mil v ins, -ii, m. a kite. Mina, -ae, a mina (a Grecian coin). Minimus, -a, -um, the least, sup. of parvus. Ministro, -are, -avi, -atum, to serve, to wait upon. Ministrator, -oris, in. a servant, waiter. [threaten. Minltor, -ari, -atus sum, to Minor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to threaten, menace. Minor, -oris, less, smaller, weak- er, younger, comp. of parvus. Minuo, -ere, -ui, -utum, to di- minish, impair. MirOr, -ari, miratus sum, dep. to wonder. Minim, -i, n. a wonder (minis, -a, -um). Miser, -era, -erum, miserable, unhappy. [p%« Misericord ia, -a3, compassion, Miseret, impers., me miseret, I pity, from misereo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to pity. Mithridates, -is, Mithridates (king of Pontus). Mitis, -is, -e, mild, gentle, soft. Mitto, -ere, misi, missum, to send, to shoot. Mitylengeus, -a, -um, ?d'dylenean. Moderatus, -a, -um, discreet, mo- dest. Moderor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to moderate, restrain, govern. Modestia, -ee, modesty, propriety. Modo, adv. now, only. Modus, -i, m. measure, manner ', amount, limits, bounds. Molestus, -a, -um, troublesome, toilsome, obtrusive. Mollttus, -a, -um, part, subdued, softened, from mollio, -Ire, -Ivi and -ii, -Itum, to soften. Moneo, -ere, monui, monltum, to admonish, to advise. Mons, montis, m. a mountain. Morbus, -i, m. a disease. Mores, -um, pi. character, cus- toms. Morior, -iri, mortuus sum, to die. Mofor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to delay, to regard; nihil moror, I do not care for. \ Morosus, -a, -um, morose, ill tempered, cross. MORS— NERVOSUSr 213 Mors, mortis, f. death. Morsus, -us, m. a bite. Mortal is, -is, -e, mortal. Mortui, -6 mm, the dead, from Mort litis-, -a, -um, part. dead. Mos, moris, m, custom, fashion. Motus, -us, m. a motion. Moms, -a, -um, part, moved, from Moveo, -ere, movi, motum, to move, excite. Mox, adv. soon, quickly, presently. Mulier, -eris, f. a woman. Mulierosus, -a, -\\m,fond of wo- men, licentious. Malta, adj. n. pi. many things. Multitudo, -Inis, f. a multitude, a great many. Multo, abi. much, by much. §256. R.. 16. (2), abl. of relative dif- ference. Multus, -a, -um, many, much. Mud d us, -i, the world, the uni- verse. Munio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum, to fortify. Mimus, -eris, ii. a reivard, office, service. Mutatio, -onis, f. change. N. Nactus, -a, -um, part, having met with; morbum «actus, having j alien sick. Nam, con'}, for. Namque, coi\j. for, for certainly, Nanciscor, naneisci, nactus sum, to meet with, to find. Narro, -are, -avi, -atum, to re- late, [born. Nascor, -ci, natus sum, to be Nf. talis, -is, -e, natal; natalis dies, a birth day. I Natio, -onis, f. a nation. Nativus, -a, -um, native. Natura, -ae, nature. Natura, by nature. Naturalis, -is, -e, natural. Natus,-a,-um, part, born (nascor). Natus, -i, m. a son. Navigatio, -onis, f. a sailing, voyage, navigation. Navlgo, -are, -avi, -atum, to nav- igate, to sail. | Navis, -is, f. a ship. Ne, adv. lest, not. j Nebuio, -onis, a knave, a wretch. I Nee or neque, conj. neither, nor, and not [slay. \ Neco, -are, -avi, -atum, to kill, Negllgens, -ntis, adj. negligent, careless. Negllgens, part, neglecting, from Negllgo, -ere, -glexi, -glectum, to neglect. Nego, -are, -avi, -atum, to deny. Negotiandi, ger. gen. from Negotior, -ari, -atus sum, to traffic, to transact business. Negotium, -ii, n. business, em- ployment. Nemo, ne minis, m. no one. Nempe, adv. truly. Neptunus, -i, Neptune (god of the sea). Nenuaquam, adv. by no means. | Neque, conj. see nee. | Nequeo, -ire, -Ivi and -Ii, -itum, not to be able (ne and queo). j Nequis, nequa, nequod or ne- quid, pron. lest any one, that no one, no one. ' Nervosus, -a, -um, forcible, vig- orous, from 214 NERVUS OBRUO. Nervus, -i, a sinew, nerve. Nescio, -ire, -Ivi and -ii, -Itum, to be ignorant Nex, necis, f. death. Nihil, indec. n. nothing. Nimis, adv. too much, too. Nimius, -a, -urn, adj. too much, too great. Nisi, conj. if not, unless. Nitor, -ti, nixus and nisus sum, dep. to strive. Nitor, -oris, m. hightness, splen- dor. Nivis, gen. of nix. Nix, nivis, f. snow. Nixus, -a, -urn, part, supported (nitor). Nobllis, -is, -e, noble, distin- guished.- Noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to injure, harm. Noctu, indec. abl. by night. Nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwill- ing (non and volo). Nomen, -mis, n. a name. Nommo, -are, -avi, -atum, to name, to call. Nominatus,-a,-um, part, named. Non, adv. not. Nonclum, adv. not yet, not as yet. Nonnisi, adv. only. Norbanus, -i, m. Norbanus. Nosco, -ere, novi, nOtum, to know, to regard. Noster, -tra, -trum, pron. our. Notans, -antis, part, distinguish- ing, stigmatizing, from noto, -are, etc. No vein, num. adj. nine. Novi, J know, perf of nosco, used in the sense of the pres. Novus, -a, -um, new. Nox, noctis, f. night. Nubes, -is, f. a cloud. Nudatus, -a, -um, part, made bare, left destitute, from nudo, -are, etc. Nudus, -a, -um, bare, naked. Nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius, no one. Num, adv. whether ; used in ask- ing questions, and often is not to be translated. Numero, -are, -avi, -atum, to count. Numeror, -ari, -atus sum, part. to be counted. Numerus, -i, a number. Numidee, -arum, the Numidians. Nunc, adv. now. Nuncupo, -are, -avi, -atum, to name, to call. Nunquam, adv. never. Nuntius, -ii, news, also a mes- senger, [nuptials. Nuptiae, -arum, f. a marriage, Nutrix, -Icis, f. a nurse. Nutus, -us, 111. a nod, will, plea- sure. O. Obedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, to lis- ten to, to obey. Oblectamentum, -i, n. pleasure, delight. Oblitus, part. dep. from Ohliviscor, -ci, oblitus sum, to forget. Obnoxius, -a, -um, liable, ex- posed to. Obruo, -ere, -rui, -rutum, to co ver over, to bury. OBSCURUS ORIOR. 215 Obscurus, -a, -um, dark, obscure, Obsto, -are, -stiti, -statu m, to stand in the way of, to hinder. Obstringo, -ere, -strinxi, -stric- tum, to entangle, to involve, Obstinatus, -a, -um, adj. deter- mined, fixed. Obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum, to yield to, to obey. Obtrunco, -are, -avi, -atum, to cut away, to slay, to kill. Obviam, adv. in the ivay of; factus, meeting. Occnecatus, -a, -um, covered or buried in the ground, from occseco, -are, etc., to blind. Occatio, -on is, f. a harrowing. Occldens, -litis, part, setting, from Occldo, -ere, -cidi, -casum, to fall, to die, go down, set. Occido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, to kill, slay. Occumbo, -ere, -cubui, to fall, to die. Occurro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, to meet Oeeanus, -i, m. the ocean. Oculus, -i, m. the eye. Odium, -ii, n. hatred. Odor, -oris, odor, smell, perfume, fragrance. OEdlpus, -i and -odis, m. (Edi- pus (a king of Thebes). Offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, to present, to offer, to bring forward (ob and ferro). Officinm, -ii, n. office, duty. Oleum, -i, n. olive oil, oil. Omnlno, adv. ivholly, entirely (omnis). Omnis, -is, -e, all, the whole, every. Onus, -eris, n. a load, a burden. Onustus, -a, -um, laden, bur- dened. Opera, -ae, work, labor, pains. Opes, -um, pi. of ops. Opinio, -onis, f. an opinion. Opipare, adv. sumptuously, splen- didly. Oppldum, -i, n. a town, a city. Oppono, -ere, -posui, -posltum, to place before, to serve, to op- pose. Opprimo,-ere, -pressi, -pressum, to oppress, to overpower. Oppressus, -a, -um, part, over- powered. Ops, opis, f. power, riches, pomp. Optandus, -a, -um, fut. part, to be desired (opto). Opttmus, -a, -urn, sup. of bonus, the best, most excellent. Opto, -are, -avi, -atum, to wish, desire. Opus, -eris, n. work, a work of art, labor. Opus, adj. in dec. needful, neces- sary. Opus, in dec. subst. need, want. Oraculum, -i, n. an oracle. Oratio, -onis, f. an oration, a saying. Orator, -oris, m. an orator. Ordino, -are, -avi, -atum, to put in order, to arrange. Ordo, -in is, f. order, row, rank. Oriens, -litis, part, rising. Orior, -iri, ortus sum, dep., 3d and 4th conjugation, to rise, to arise. 216 ORNAMENTTJM PATJPERCTJLTJS. Ornamentum, -i, n. an orna- ment, decoration. Oriio, -are, -avi, -atum, to adorn, to provide. Oro, -are, -avi, -atum, to beg, entreat, pray. Ortus, -us, m. a rising (orior). Os, oris, n. the mouth. Ostenclo, -ere, -di, -sum and -turn, to show, to prove. Orior, -ari, -atus sum, to be at leisure, to enjoy leisure. Otium, -ii, n. leisure, rest Ovis, -is, f. a sheep. Pabulans, -litis, part, foraging, from P&bulor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to graze. Pabulum, -i, n. pasture, food, fodder. Paciscor, -ci, pactus sum, to bargain. Pactum, -i, n. a bargain, in the abl. pacto, way, manner. Pactus, -a, -urn, part, agreed, bargained, from paciscor. Paene or pene, adv. almost. Palea, -se, chaff. Pallium, -ii, n. a cloak. Par, paris, adj. equal. Pareo, -ere, parui, pantum, to appear ; to obey. Pario, -ere, peperi, partum, to beget, to produce, to acquire, to gain. Paro, -are, -avi, -atum, to pro- vide, to prepare, to acquire. Pars, partis, f a part ; omni ex parte, in every respect. Partlbus multis, a phrase, in many ways, by much, much. Particdla, -as, a small part, a paiiicle. Parti m, adv. partly, some. Parti or, -hi, -Itus sum, to divide, to distribute. Partus, -a, -urn, part, produced, obtained, acquired. Parviilus, -a, -um, dimin. very small, fi om Parvus, -a, -um, small. Pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum, to feed, to graze, from pasco. Passus, -a, -um, part, from pa- tior. Passus, -us, m. a pace (a mea- sure of five Roman feet). Pastor, -oris, m. a shepherd. Pastus, -us, m. a feeding (pasco). Pater, patris, m. a father. Paterfamilias, gen. patrisfamil- ias, the master of a family. Patienter, adv. patiently. Patior, -i, passus sum, to suffer, permit. Patres, -um, the fathers, forefa- thers, ancestors. Patria, -33, one's native country, country. Pauci, -ae, -a, -orum, adj. few, from I Paucus, -a, -um, few ; not much used in the sing. [lus). Paulo, adv. little, by a little (pau- Paululum, adv. a little. Paululus, -a, -urn, a little, very little : vise, some distance. Pauper, -eris, adj. poor: Paupereulus? -a, -um, dimin. of | paucus, very poor. PAUSANIAS — PETULANTIA. 217 Pausanias, -a?, Pausanias. Pax, pacis, f. peace. Pectus, -oris, n. the breast, heart. Pecunia, -a?, money. Pecus, -udis, f. a sheep, beast, animal. Pecus, -oris, n. a flock. Pedester, -tris, -tre, on foot; milltes pedestres, foot sol- di ers, infantry. Pell is, -is, f. the skin. Pelopldas, -se, Pelopidas. Pene and pa3ne, adv. almost. Perma, -oe, f. a feather. Per, prep, through, during. Percipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, to perceive, to learn, to commit to memory. Percrebresco, -ere, -crebui, to noise abroad. Percunctor, -ari, -atus sum, to inquire, to ask. Percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, to strike. Perditus, -a, -um, adj. lost, ru- ined, abandoned, distracted. Perdo, -ere, perdldi, perdltum, to destroy, to ruin, to lose. Perfectus, -a, -um, adj. perfect, complete, completed, finished. Perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, to endure, to bear. Perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, to finish, to effect. Perfuga, -ae, a fugitive, a deserter. Perhibeo, -ere, -ui, -Itum, to show, to say, to utter, to call. Perhibeor, pass, to be called. Pericles, -is, Pericles (a celebra- ted Athenian). Periculum, -i, n. danger. 15 Peripatetlci, -orum, the peripa- tetics (philosophers of the sect of Aristotle). Perlucidus, -a, -um, transparent. Permaneo, -ere, -mansi, -man- sum, to endure, to continue. Pernosco, -ere, -novi, -notum, to know clearly, to know well. Perpetior, -i, -pessus sum, dep. to bear with patience, to endure* Persse, -arum, the Persians. Persequendus, -a, -um, fut. part from Persequor, -i, -cutus sum, to fol- low, to go after, to pursue. Persevero, -are, -avi, -atum, to persist in, to continue. Perspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- turn, to see through, to perceive. Perstudiosus, -a, -um, very fond, very zealous. Persuadeo, -ere, -si, -sum, to persuade. Perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to terrify. Perterrltus, -a, -um, part, great- ly frightened. Pertinaclter, adv. obstinately. Pertinax, -acis, adj. persevering, pertinacious. Pes, pedis, m. the foot. Pestis, -is, f. an evil, bane, plague. Petltus, -a, -um, part, attacked, from Peto, -ere, -tivi and -tii, -titum, to ask, to seek, to seek to attain, to attack. Petulans, -ntis, adj. fretful, quar- relsome. Petulantia,-se, impudence,fretful- ness. 216 PHARSALIS POSTRIDIE. Pharsalus, -i, f. Pharsalus (a town in Thessaly near which Csesar defeated Pompey). Philippus, -i, Philip (king of Mace don and father of Alex- ander the Great). Philosophia, -se, philosophy. Philosophus, -i, a philosopher, Pictus, -a, -um, adj. adorned, painted, Pietas, -atis, f. piety, virtue, duti- fulness. Piget, impers. it displeases, it disgusts, from pigeo, -ere, -ui, to feel disgust Pilus, -i, in. hair, Piscator, -oris, m. a fisherman. Piscis, -is, m. a fish. Piscor, -ari, -atus sum, to fish. Placabilltas, -atis, f. placable dis- position, placability. Placeo, -ere, -ui, -ltum, to please. Placltus, -a, -um, agreeable, pleas- ing, Placo, -are, -avi, -atum, to ap- pease, to calm. Plane, adv. plainly, clearly. Planius, adv. comp. of plane, more distinctly. Plato, -onis, m. Plato (the Gre- cian philosopher and disci- ple of Socrates). Plebs, plebis, f. the common peo- ple, people. Plecto, -ere, io punish. Plector, -ti, pass, to be punished. Plenus, -a, -um,fidl, abounding, adorned with or by. Plerique, plereeque, pleraque, - pi. most, the most, from ple- rusque, pleraque, plerumque. Plerumque, adv. for the most part. Pluit, impers. it rains. Plurlma, adj. sup; n. pi. very many things, from miiltus, plus, plurimus. Plus, comp. of multus, more. Plus, adv. comp. of multum ? more. Poena, -se, punishment. Pcenltet, impers. it repents. Poeta, -as, m. a poet. Pol, interj. by Pollux! in truth! Polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum, dep. to promise. Pompeius, -ii, Pompey (one of the most celebrated Roman generals). Pondus,-eris, n. a weight, amount. Pono, -ere, posui, posltum, to place, to lay, to lay up, to re- cord, to declare, to state, to as- sert. Populus, -i, m. a people. Porrlgo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, io stretch, to reach forth. Porto, -are, -avi, -atum, to carry. Posit us, -a, -um, part, from pono, treasured up. Possessio, -onis, f. a possession. Possum, posse, potui, irreg. to be able. Post, adv. after, afterwards; quam, after that. Post, prep, after, behind. Postea, adv. afterwards. Posterus, -a, -um, following, next, ensuing; in posterum, for the future. Postentas, -atis, f. posterity. Postridie, adv. the day after, next day. POSTULO PRIUS. 219 Postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- mand, to require, Potens, -ntis, adj. powerful, Potentia, -ee, f. power, Potentiores, adj. pi. the more powerful, comp. of potens. Potior, -iri, -Itus sum, dep. to possess, enjoy, Potissimum, adv. most of all, chiefly, rather, sup. of potis. Potius, adv. rather, preferable, more, comp. of potis. Prse, prep, before, in comparison with, Preebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, to offer, to afford, Prseceptor, -oris, m. a teacher, master, Preeceptum, -i, n. a precept, com- mand, rule, Praeclarus, -a, -um, excellent, noble, Prseco, -onis, m. a herald, Preeda, -ee, plunder, booty, Prsedico, -are, -avi, -atum, to publish, to proclaim, to call, to declare, Prapmitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, to send before, Prsemium, -ii, n. a reward, be- stowment, Prsepono, -ere, -posui, -posltum, to prefer, Prsesens, -tis, adj. present. Prsesentia, -orum, adj. pi. n. present things, Preesertim, adv. especially, chiefly. Presidium, -ii, n. a guard, de- fence, protection, Prcestans, -ntis, excellent, re- nowned. Praestantia, -ee, f. superiority, Praesto, adv. present, ready at hand. Prsesum, -esse, -fui, to be before, to be set over, to preside over, to have the command of, Praeterlta, -orum, things passed over, passed events, Preeterltus, -a, -urn, part, past, gone by, from preetereo, -ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum, to pass by or away. Preeterveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, to carry by, to sail past or by. Preevideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum, to foresee. Pratum, -i, n. a meadow. Pravus, -a, -um, depraved, wick- ed, bad. Precor, -ari, -atus sum, to pray, to entreat. Presens, -ntis, adj. present. Pretium, -ii, n. price, worth, value, Prex, precis, f. a prayer, Princeps, -ipis, adj. first, most distinguished, Princeps, -ipis, m. and f. the chief, the foremost, ruler, em- peror, Principium, -ii, n. a beginning. Primo, adv.^rsf, at first. Prim urn, adv. first, for the first time ; ut primum, as soon as, as soon as possible. Primus, -a, -um, first, sup. of Prior, -oris, adj. former, first. Prius, adv. before, first ; -quam, before that. Prius quam, adv. before that; often separated by interven- ing words. 220 PRIVATUS PROXIME. Pri varus, -a, -urn, adj. private. Privo, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- prive. Pro, prep, before, according to, as, instead of. Probatus, -a, -um, part, highly esteemed. Probo, -are, -avi, -atum, to ap- prove, to prove. Probus, -a, -um, upright, good. Procedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, to go forth, to come forth, to grow. Prodeo, -Ire, -ii, -ltum, to go forth, Proditio, -onis, f. treason. Prceliantes, part. pi. those fight- ing, the combatants. Proelior, -ari, -atus sum, to fight, to contend. Proelium, -ii, n. a battle. Profectus, -a, -um, part, from proficiscor. Profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, to bring forward, to introduce. Proficiscor, -ci, profectus sum, to go, to come, to depart, to march. Profiteor, -eri, -fessus sum, to profess, to own, to confess. Profundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, to pour out, to shed, to waste. Profusus, -a, -um, part, shed (profundo). Progredior, -di, -gressus sum, to go forth, to advance, to pro- ceed. Proh ! or pro ! interj. O / Prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -ltum, to hinder, to forbid. [as. Proinde, adv. then, next, as, just Promitto, -ere, -isi, -issum, to promise. Pronuntio and pronuncio, -are, -avi, -atum, to relate, to pro- nounce. Prope, adv. near. Propensus, -a, -um, adj. in- clined, prone. Propius, adv. nearer, comp. of prope. Propono, -ere, -posui, -positum, to set forth, to propose, to offer. Propter, prep, near, on account of Propterea, adv. therefore, more- over, besides. Propulso, -are, -avi, -atum, to repel. Prora, -ee, the prow of a ship. Proscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- turn, to proscribe, to doom to death. Proscriptio, -onis, f. the proscrip- tion, a dooming to death. Proscriptus, -a, -um, part, doomed to death. Proserpina, -se, Proserpina ( \v ife of Pluto the god of the low- er world). Prospere, adv. prosperously, suc- cessfully. Prosperltas, -atis, f. prosperity. Prosperus, -a, -um, successful, prosperous ; in prosperis, abl. in prosperity. Protagoras, -se, Protagoras (a philosopher of Abdera). Protlnns, adv. onward, hereupon, instantly. Providentia, -se, foresight, provi- dence, [of prope. Proxlme, adv. nearest, last, sup. PROXIMUS QUEROR. 221 Proxlmus, -a, -urn, nearest, very near, sup. of propior. Prudens, -ntis, discreet, skilful, intelligent, wise. Prudenter, adv. wisely, prudently. Prudentia, -ae, prudence, under- standing, discretion. Pubescens, -ntis, part, growing ! up to maturity, from pubesco, j -ere, pubui, incep. to grow up to manhood. Publlcus, -a, -urn, public; pub- lica res, public affairs. Pudet, impers. it shames, from pudeo, to be ashamed. Puer, -eri, a boy. Puerit.ia, -a?, f. boyhood. Pugna, -33, a fight, a battle. Pulcher, -chra, -chrum, fair, beautiful, noble, honorable. Pulcbritudo, -in is, f beauty. Pulsus, -a, -um, part, banished, from pello, -ere, pepuli, pul- sum, to drive away. Puppis, -is, f. the stern of a ship. Purpureus, -a, -um, purple. Putandus, -a, -um, part, from Puto, -are, -avi, -atum, to esteem, to think. Pyrrhus, -i, Pyrrhus (k'mg of Epirus). Pythagoras, -ae, Pythagoras (a celebrated Grecian philoso- pher). Pythagorei, -orum, the disciples of Pythagoras. Pythias, -ae, m. Pythias (the friend of Damon). Pythius, -ii, Pythius. Q. Quadraginta, num. adj. forty. Quaeritur, impers. it is inquired. Quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm, to seek after, to seek, to inquire. Qureso, -ere, -Ivi, to pray, to beg. Qusesisse, contracted, for quae- sivisse from quaere Quaestio, -onis, f. an inquiry, a question. Quam, conj. than, as, adv. how, how much. Quamobrem, conj. wherefore. Quam vis, conj. although, how- ever. Quamvis, pron., see quivis. Quando, adv. when, ever, at any time. Quanquam, conj. although. Quanti, gen. of price used with tanti, for so much as. Quanto, adv. by how much, the more, from quantus, -a, -um, the abl. of relative difference. See § 256. R. 16. (2). Quantus, -a, -um, adj. how great, how much, as much. Quapropter, adv. wherefore. Quartus, -a, -um, the fourth. Quasi, conj. as if Quaterni, -ae, a distrib. num. adj. four, four by four. Quatuor, num. adj. four. Que, conj. and. Que mad mod um, adv. as, in what manner, how. Queo, -Ire, -ii and -Ivi, -Itum, 1 can, am able. Queror, -i, questus sum, dep. to complain. 222 QUI— RECUSO. Qui, adv, how ; an old form of the abl. of qui, qua?, quod. Qui, quee, quod, pron. who, which, that. Quia, corrj. because, Quicquam or quidquam, n. of quisquam, anything. Quicum, compound of qui and cum, with whom. Quid, n. of quis, qua?, quid, what? anything; also why? what? on what account? Quidam,qua?dam, quoddam and quiddam, pron. some one, a cer- tain one, a certain (person). Quidem, conj. indeed. Quingenti, -ee, -a, num. adj. Jive hundred. Quinquaginta, num. adj. fifty. Quinque, num. adj.^ue. [fifth. Quintus, -a, -urn, num. adj. the Quippe, conj. because. [what? Quis, quae, quid, who ? which ? Quisnam, qusenam, quodnam and quidnam, who? which? what ? Quispiam, qusepiam, quodpiam and quidpiam, any one or thing, some one or thing. Quisquam, qusequam, quid- quam and quicquam, any one, anything. Quisque, qua?que, quodque and quidque, every one, everything, whoever. Quivis, qusevis, quod vis and quidvis, any soever, any you please (qui and volo). Quo, adv. and conj. where, where- fore, in order that. Quod, conj. that, because. Quominus, conj. that not (quo and minus). Quondam, adv. formerly, once, Quoniam, conj. since, Quoque, adv. also. Quoquo, adv. to whatever part, whithersoever, Quot, indec. num. adj. how many, Quotannis, adv. yearly, Quum or cum, adv. and conj. when, since. R. Rapio, -ere, rapui, raptum, to seize, to plunder, Rarus, -a, -urn, rare, scarce, sel- dom found. Ratio, -onis, f. reckoning, account, plan, reason, care, providence, wisdom. Ratus, -a, -um, part. dep. sup- posing, from re or, reri, ratus sum, to suppose, to believe. Recedens, part, retiring. Recedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, to recede, retire. Recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, to receive, to recover ; recipere se, to return, to retreat. Recito, -are, -avi, -atum, to read aloud, to recite. Recondltus, -a, -um, adj. con- cealed, hidden. Recondo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, to lay up, to hide, to conceal. Recreatus, -a, -um, part, re- stored, recruited, from recreo, -are, -avi, -atum. Recte, adv. light, justly, correctly. Recuso, -are, -avi, -atum, to ob- ject, refuse, deny. RED DO RUS. 223 Reddo, -ere, -didi, -dltum, to give back, to render ; causam, to give a reason. Redeo, -ire, -ii, rarely -Ivi, -Itum, to return, to turn bach Rediturus, -a, -um, part, from redeo. Reducendus, -a, -um, part, from Recluco, -ere, -duxi, ,-ductum, to conduct back ; in gratiam redueere, to reconcile. Refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, to carry back. [ing in. Refertus, -a, -um, Jilted, abound- Regnum, -i, n. a kingdom. Regno, -are, -avi, -atum, to reign. Regius, -a, -um, royal. Reipsa, in reality (res and ipse). Religio, -onis, f. religion, integ- rity, veracity, superstition, ven- eration. Reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, the other, the rest. Reliiiquo, -ere, -liqui, -Return, to leave. Remedium, -ii, n. a remedy, cure. Repentinus, -a, -um, sudden. Reperio, -ire, -peri, -pertum, to find (re and pario). Repertus, part, from reperio. Repono, -ere, -posui, -posltum, to place back, to reply, to re- tort, to retaliate (re and pono). Repudio, -are, -avi, -atum, to reject, to disregard, to neglect. Repugnans, -antis, part, resist- ing, opposing, from repugno. Requies, -etis, f. rest, repose. Requiro, -ere, -quisivi, -quisitum, to seek again, to demand (re and qusero). Res, rei, f. a thing, deed, busi- ness, advantage, affairs. I Reservans, part, reserving, sav- ing, from reservo, -are, etc. Resideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, to sit. Respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -spon- sum, to reply, to answer. Responso, -are, frequent, to re- ply (respondeo). Responsum, -i, n. a reply, an answer. [monwealth. Respublica, reipubllca?, a com- Retardo, -are, -avi, -atum, to hinder, to retard. Reversio, -onis, f. a return ; fa- cere reversionem, to return. Reverfo, -ere, -verti, -versum, and Revertor, dep. to return. Rex, regis, a king. Rhenus, -i, the Rhine (a river of Germany). Rhetoiicus, -a, -um, rhetorical. Rideo, -ere, risi, risum, to laugh, to laugh at, to smile, to deride. Ripa, -Ee, a bank (of a river, etc.). Rivus, -i, m. a small stream, a brook. Robur, -oris, n. strength. Rogo, -are, -avi, -atum, to ask, to inquire. Roma, -ee, Rome. Romanus, -i, a Roman. Romanus, -a, -um, Roman. Romulus, -i, m. Ro7mdus (the first of the Roman kings). Rostrum, -i, n. a beak. Rupes, -js, f a rock. Rursus, adv. again. Rus, ruris, n. the country, field. 224 SACER SENSIE. Sacer, -era, -crum, sacred. Sacrilegi, -orum, the profane, from Sacrilegus, -a, -um, one who steals sacred things from the temple,or any consecrated things. Soeculum, -i, 11. an age. Saepe, adv. often. Saepius, adv. comp. of seepe, of- tener, quite often. Saepissime, sup. of seepe, veivj often, Saginatus, -a, -um, part, fat- tened, well fed, from sagino, -are, etc. Sagitta, -se, an arrow. Salus, -Qtis, f. safety. Salvus, -a, -um, safe. Sam us, -i, Samus (name of an island). Sancio, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, usually -xi, sanctum, to ordain, to make sacred. Sane, adv. truly. Sanguis, -inis, m. blood. Sanus, -a, -inn, sound, healthy. Sapiens, -ntis, wise, a wise man. Sapienter, adv. wisely. Sarcina, -a?, a bundle, a pack, luggage. Sardinia, -se, Sardinia (an island near Italy). Satelles, -ftis, m. and f. a life guard, a servant, attendant. Satietas, -atis, f. satiety. Satio, -are, -avi, -atum, to satisfy. Satis, adv. and adj. enough, suf- ficient. Satus, -us, m. a sowing, a plant- ing (sero, -ere, sevi, satum). Saxum, -i, n. a stone. Scalmus, -i, m. an oar, a boat. Scelus, -eris, n. crime, knavery. Schola, -8B, a school. Scilurus, -i, Scilurus. Scio, scire, scivi, scitum, to know. Scipio, -onis, Scipio (a celebra- ted Roman general who con- quered Carthage). Sciseitator, -oris, an inquirer. Scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, to write. Scriptor, -oris, m. a writer, a scribe. Scriptum, -i, n. a ivriting. Scythia, -33, Scythia. Scythag, -arum, the Scythians. Secum, with himself or them- selves (cum and se). Secundissime, adv. sup. most prosperously. Secundum, prep, near, next to. Secundus, -a, -um, prosperous. Sed, conj. but. Sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, to sit. Sedes, -is, f. seat, place ; in me- dia sede, in the middle. Sedulus, -a, -um, diligent. Semen, -Inis, n. seed. Semper, adv. always. Senatus, -us, m. a senate. Senecta, -as, old age. Senectus, -utis, f. old age. Senes, -um, pi. aged men, from Senex, sen is, adj. old, advanced in age, an aged man. Senilis, -is, -e, of or peiiaining to an old person, declining, en- feebled. Sensim, adv. insensibly, gradu- ally. SENTENTIA SPERO. 225 Sententia, -ee, an opinion, deci- sion. Sentio, -Ire, sensi, sensurn, to perceive, Septem, num. adj. seven. Septuaginta, num. adj. seventy. Sepulchrum, -i, n. a sepulchre, inscription upon a monument. Sequor, -i, secutus sum, to fol- low. Seriphius, -a, -um, a Seriphian. Sermo, -onis, m. conversation, expression, discourse, speech, ac- count. Sero, adv. too late. Sero, -ere, sevi, satum, to sow, to grow, to produce. Servltus, -utis, f. servitude, sla- very. ServiusTullius,-ii, Servius Tul- lius(the sixth king of Rome). Servus, -i, m. a slave. Seta, -ae, a hair. Sextilius, -ii, Sextilius (a Roman). Si, conj. if. Sic, adv. thus, so. Sicilia, -ae, Sicily. Sigeum, -i, n. Sigeum (a town ofTroas). Significo, -are, -avi, -atum, to signify, to infer, conclude. Silva, -ae, a forest. Simllis, -is, -e, similar, like. Similitudo, -luis, f. a likeness. Simul, adv. at the same time, to- gether. Simulatus, -a, -um, part, affec- ted, counterfeited, dissembled. Simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, to pre- tend. Sine, prep, without ; Singuli, -33, -a, distrib. num. adj. one by one, each. i Singulus, -a, -um, single, each. j Sinus, -lis, m. bosom. ; Siquldem, conj. if indeed. < Sistendi ejus vas, phrase, surety for his appearance. j Sitiens, -ntis, part, being thirsty. Sitio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum, to be thirs- ty, to thirst. \ Societas, -atis, f. society. , Socrates, -is, Socrates (a cele- brated philosopher at Athens). j Sol, solis, m. the sun. I Soleo, -ere, solltus sum, to be accustomed. j Solicltus, -a, -um, troublesome, anxious. Solfdus, -a, -um, solid, substan- tial, strong. Solum, adv. only. Solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, alone. Solutus, -a, -um, part, untied, from Solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, to loose, to unbind. Somnus, -i, m. sleep. Sophista, -as, a sophist. Sophocles, -is, m. Sophocles (a celebrated Grecian tragic wri- ter). Sparsus, -a, -um, part, scattered, from spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, to scatter. Spatium, -ii, n. space, distance. Spectaculum, -i, n. a spectacle, sight. Speculor, -ari, -atus sum, to ob- serve, to await anxiously. Spelunca, -33, a cavern, cave. Spero, -are, -avi, -atum, to hope. 226 SPES SUMO. Spes, spei, f. hope. Spicus, -i, m. an ear of corn, a head of grain. Splendor, -oris, m. splendor, brightness. Sponsor, -oris, m. a surety. Stabllis, -is, -e, adj. firm, stead- fast, stable. Statim, adv. immediately. Statuo, -ere, statui, statutum, to place, to fix, to resolve. Stella, -se, a star. Sterllis,-is,-e, adj. barren, sterile. Stilpo, -onis, m. Stilpo (a philo- sopher). Stirps, -pis, f. the root, a plant Sto, stare, steti, statum, to stand, to stand still, to rest. Stoicus, -a, -um, Stoic, a Stoic. Stoici, -orum, the Stoics. Stolidus, -a, -um, foolish. Stomachor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to become indignant or angry. Strages, -is, f. overthrow, carnage, havoc. Stragulum, -i, n. a coverlet Stratus, -a, -um, part, spread, from sterno, -ere, stravi, stra- tum, to spread. Strepitus, -us, m. noise, uproar. Structus, -a, -um, part, arranged, from struo, -ere, struxi, struc- tum, to build, to prepare. Studeo, -ere, studui, to study, pursue. Studiosus, -a, -um, eager, jond, zealous. Studium, -ii, n. eargerness, zeal, fondness, study. Stultitia, -ne, f. folly. Stultus, -a, -um, foolish. Stupldus, -a, -um, dull, stupid. Sua vis, -is, -e, sweet, agreeable, pleasant. . Sub, prep, under, on. Subactus, -a, -um, part, sub- dued, cultivated, from subigo. Subeo, -ire, -ivi and -ii, -Itum, to go under, to bear, to endure. Subigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, to constrain,to conquer, to subdue. Subito, adv. suddenly. Subdifficilis, -is, -e, adj. some- what difficult. Sublatus, -a, -um, part, raised up, lifted up, from tollo. Submergo, -ere, -mersi, -mer- sum, to sink, to drown ; sub- mersum iri, fut. inf. pass. Submersus, -a, -um, part, from submergo. Subridens, -ntis, part, smiling (sub and rideo). [near. Subter, prep, under, beneath, Subterraneus, -a, -um, under ground, subterranean. Subvolo, -are, to fly up. Sudor, -oris, m. sweat. SmTero, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, to bear, suffer ; cachinnum, to raise a laugh. Sui, reciprocal pron. of himself, herself, itself, themselves. Sullanus, -a, -um, relating to Sulla, Sulla's. Sum, esse, fui, futurus, to be. Summus, -a, -um, sup. of supe- rus, highest, greatest, latest, ut- most. Sumo, -ere, sum si and sumpsi, sumptum and sumtum, to take, to assume (sub and emo). SUPERBE THALES. 227 Superbe, adv. proudly. Superbia, -ae, pride. Supero, -are, -avi, -atum, to overcome, to surpass, to excel, to conquer. Suscipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, ! to receive, to take, to undertake. \ Sustento, -are, -avi, -atum, to ; support, to sustain. Sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentum, to bear, to sustain. Suus, -a, -urn, pron. his own, her own, etc. Syracuse, -arum, Syracuse. Taceo, -ere, tacui, taciturn, to be silent. Tacitus, -a, -urn, silent, still. Taedet, impers. it wearies, it loathes. Taleiitum, -i, n. a talent. Tarn, adv. so, so much. Tamdiu, adv. so long. Tamen, conj. yet, notwithstand- ing. Tandem, adv. at length. Tanquam, adv. as, as if, as it I were. Tanti, gen. of price used with , quan ti, for so much as. Tanto, abl. of tantus, by so much; I with the comp. the more. Tantopere, adv. so greatly, ear- ! ntstly. Tantus, -a, -um, so great, so many, so much. Tardltas, -atis, f. slowness, delay. Tardus, -a, -um, slow, sluggish, lingering ; comp. tardior, ra- ther slack or sluggish. Tarentinus, -i, a Tarentine. Tarquinius, -ii, Tarquinius (the name of an illustrious family at Rome, two of which were kings). Taurus, -i, m. a bull. Tectum, -i, a roof, a dwelling. Tecum, with you (te and cum). Tegiila, -ae, a tile. Tegumentum, -i, n. a covering. Temerarius, -a, -um, rash, im- prudent. Temere, adv. rashly, imprudently. Tempestas, -atis, f. a storm, a tempest. Templum, -i, n. a temple. Tern pus, -oris, n. time. Teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, to hold, to remember. Tener, -era, -erum, tender, young. Tenuis, -is, -e, adj. thin, slender. Terms, prep, as far as, accord- ing to. Tepefactus, -a, -um, part, warm- ed (tepefacio). Ter, adv. three times, thrice. Terra, -33, the earth. Terror, -oris, m.fear, alarm. Terrltus, -a, -um, adj. alarmed, dismayed. Tertio, adv. the third time, thirdly. Tertium, adv. for the third time. Tertius, -a, -um, the third. Testa, -33, a shell. Testis, -is, m. and f. a witness. Texendo, ger. abl. by weaving, from [weave. Texo, -ere, texui, textum, to Textllis, -is, -e, adj. woven. Thales, -is and -etis, Thales (a philosopher of Miletus). 228 THEBANUS ULTRO. Thebanus, -i, m. a Theban. Theophanes, -is, m. Theophanes (a historian). Theophrastus, -i, m. Theophras- tus (a Greek orator and phi- losopher). Thesaurus, -i, m. a treasure. Themistocles, -is, m. Themisto- cles (a celebrated Athenian general). Tigranes, -is, m. Tigranes (a king of Armenia). Timeo, -ere, tiniui, to fear, to he afraid. Timor, -oris, m.fear. Tolerabllis, -is, -e, adj. easily borne, comfortable. Tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, to en- dure, bear. Tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, to raise, to take up, to take away, to strike out Tot us, -a, -um, gen. totlus, the whole, all. Tractans, -ntis, part, conducting, transacting, from tracto, -are, -avi, -atum. Trado, -ere, tradldi, tradltum, to deliver up, to give up, to consign. Tragoedia, -ae, tragedy. Traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, to draw, to derive. Trajicio, -ere, -jeci, -jectum, to cross over, to convey over. Transfigo, -ere, -fixi, -fixum, to thrust through, to pierce. Tres, tres, tria, num. adj. three. Tribunus, -i, m. a tribune. Tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributum, to give. Tridens, -ntis, m. a trident Triginta, num. adj. thirty. Tristis, -is, -e, sad, sorrowful, difficult. Tristius, comp. n. with more dif- ficulty. Tristitia, -ae, sadness. Triumvir, -vlri, a triumvir (tres and vir). Triumviri, -orum, the triumviri, (three men who hold an of- fice together). Trojani, -orum, the Trojans. Trojanus, -a, -um, Trojan. Tu, tui, pro. thou, you. Tullia, -ae, f. Tullia (name of a woman). Turn, adv. again, next, then, in the next place ; — turn, at one time, — turn, at another. Tutus, -a, -um, safe. Tumulus, -i, m. a mound, a tomb. Turba, -ae, uproar, tumult, a crowd, a multitude, a throng. Turbldus, -a, -um, muddy. Turpis, -is, -e, base, dishonorable. Turpitudo, -inis, f. disgrace, base- ness, dishonor. Tutor, -ari, tutatus sum, dep. to defend. Tuus, -a, -um, thine. Tyraimus, i, a tyrant. V. Uber, eris, adj. fruitful, copious. Ubi, adv. where, when. Ullus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, any, any one. Ultro, adv. voluntarily, of his own accord, unexpectedly. UMBRA— VE RE. 229 Umbra, -ae, a shadow. Una, adv. together. Unde, adv. whence. Undique, adv. from all parts, on every hand. Vapor, -oris, m. an exhalation^ vapor. Varietas, -atis, f. diversity, vari- ety. I Varius, -a, -urn, vai'ious, differ- Unguentum, -i, n. ointment, per- \ ent. fume. I Vas, vadis, m. a surety, bail. Universus, -a, -um, the whole, Vasto -are, -avi, -atum, to lay universal. waste, to cause to become wild ; Universus, -i, m. the universe. terram stirpium asperitate Unquam, adv. ever, at any time. \ vastari, to become unld, or Unus, -a, -um, num. adj. one. grown over with weeds. Unusquisque, unaquaeque, u- Vastus, -a, -um, waste, desert^ num quod or quidque, each desolate. one, every one. Verordia, -se, madness, folly. Urbs, urbis, f. a city. | Velio, -ere, vexi, vectum, to car- Usitatus, -a, -um, usual, custom- ary, familiar. Usque, adv. even to, as far as. Usura, -se, use, interest, usury. Ut, conj. that, as, when, although; ut primum, as soon as. Utcumque, adv. howsoever, in Venatum, sup. to hunt (venor). Vel, conj. or, either — or. Vena, -se, a vein. Venalis, -is, -e, to be sold, for sale. Venatio, -onis, f. hunting. some degree. Utor, -ti, usus sum, Utrum, adv. whether. Uxor, -oris, f. a wife. V. [ploy. Vendo, -ere, -dldi,-ditum, to sell, to use, em- Venenum, -i, n. poison. Venio, -Ire, veni, ventum, to come. Venor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to hunt. Vaco, -are, -avi, -atum, to be Ventito, -are, -avi, -atum, fre- exempt from, to want, to be at quent, to come or go often, to leisure. be in the habit of going or Vagina -se, sheath, integument. coming. Vagor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. to I Ventum est, impers. perf. pass. wander, revolve. they came, or have come. Vagus, -a, -um, wandering. Ventus, -i, m. the ivind. Vale, imp. mode, /am^e//, from , Vera, true things, the truth, neut. Valeo, ere, valui, valitum, to be plur. of verus, -a, -um. well, to be in health. I Verbum, -i, n. a word ; verba Vallum, -i, n. a fortif cation of I dare pro re, to deceive. sharp stakes j a rampart. \ Vere, adv. truly. 230 VERECUNDIA VITIOSUS. ' Verecundia, -33, modesty, shame. Vereor, eri, veritus sum, dep. to fear. Veritas, -atis, f. truth. Vero, adv. truly. Verres, -is, Verres (a Roman praetor and governor of Sici- ly, where he made himself, infamous by Ins avarice and j cruelty). Verso, -are, -avi, -atum, to turn often. Versor, pass, to he employed or engaged. Verto, -ere, verti, versum, to turn, to turn round, revolve. Verum, codj. but ; etiam, but [ even. Verus, -a, -um, true, real. Vescor, -ci, dep. to eat, subsist upon. Vesper, -eris, m. the evening star, evening. Vestigium, -ii, n. afootstep, track, trace, mark, indication. Vest is, -is, f. a garment. Vestitus, -a, -um, clothed, clad, attired. Vestitus, -us, m. clothing, cover- ing. Ve tell us, -i, Vetellus (a Roman), j Vetus, -eris, old, ancient. Vetustas, -atis, f. antiquity, age, I old acquaintance, friendship. Via, -3d, a way. Vicesslmus, -a, -um, the twen- tieth. Viciuus, -i, -m, a neighbor, from Viciuus, -a, -um, neighboring, near. Victor, -oris, m. a conqueror. Victoria, -ae, victory. Victurus, part, about to live, will live (from vivo). Video, -ere, vidi, visum, to see. Videor, -eri, visus sum, dep. to seem, to appear. Videlicet, adv. it is clear, certain- ly, indeed. Vidua, -ae, a widow. Viduo, -are, -avi, -atum, to de- prive. Vigllans, -ntis, watching, careful, vigilant. Viginti, num. adj. twenty. Villa, -33, a villa, a country-seat. Vinco, -ere, vici, victum, to con- quer, [tie. Vinculum, -i, n. a band, a bond, Vindico, -are, -avi, -atum, to claim, to avenge. Vindicta, -33, defence, vengeance, punishment. Vinolentus, -a, -um, full of wine, intoxicated. Vinum, -i, n. wine. Violo, -are, avi, -atum, to injure, to violate. Vir, -viri, a man. Virga, -33, a twig, a rod. Viridis, -is, -e, green. Viridltas, -atis, verdure, green- ness, green corn or grain. Virtus, -utis, f. virtue. Vis, vis, f. strength, power, vio- lence, abundance. Vis-ne, do you wish, (2d pers. from volo. Ne is an enclitic, used in asking questions). Vita, -as, life. Vitiosus, -a, -um, corrupt, vicious, vitiating. VITIS ZOPYRUS. 231 Vitis, -is, f. the vine. Vitium, -ii. n. a vice, a fault. Vito, -are, -avi, -atum, to shun. Vituperatio, -onis, £ blame, cen- sure. Yitupero, -are, -avi, -atum, to blame, censure. ■ Vivi, -orum, the liviiig, from vi- vus, -a, -um. Vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, to live. Vivus, -a, -um, alive, living. Vocatus, -a, -um, part, called. Voco, -are, etc. to call. Volo, -velle, volui, irreg. to wish. Yolucres, -um, plu. birds, from Volucer, -cris, -ere, adj. winged. Voluntarius, -a, -um, voluntary, spontaneous. [clination. Voluntas, -atis, f. ivish, will, in- Voluptas, -atis, f. pleasure. Volusenus, Volusenus (a Ro- man). | Votum, -i, n. a wish, a prayer, a vow. Vox, vocis, f. a voice. Vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, to wound. , Vulnus, -eris, n. a wound. \ Vulpecula, -se, dimin. a little fox. i Vulpes, -is, f. a for. Yultur, -uris, m. a vulture, hawk. ' Vultus, -us, m. the countenance. X. ; Xantippe, -es, Xantippe (the wife of Socrates). ■ Xenocrates, -is, Xtnocrates. | Xerxes, -is, m. Xerxes (king of Persia). Z. Zopyrus, -i, m. Zopyrus (a phy- siognomist). EX.t>. ERRATA. Page 11, line 18, read U has the prolonged sovnd, for u is long. p. 11,1. '23, supply except t, after antepenult, p. 12, 1. 3, read icords ending in -es, and plural cases in -os, fur -es and -as. p. 16 and 17 two sections are numbered § 14, the references are made to the first. p. 27, 1. 5, read lusciniae ; I. 6 and 23, Arckias. p. 35, 1. 30, § 28. 6. p. 40, 1. 14. Eiaeo. p. 69, Catilina instead of Calaiina in several places, p. 71, I. b.jussisscs. p. 71, 1. 6. quanlam for quantum, p. 79, 1. 28, passant for possent^ and in vocabulary, p. 81, 1. 3, accepi, and L 36, discedo. p. 87, 1. 1. querelae, and in vocabulary, p. 103, 1. 27, iwZeo for Bo/es. p. 107, § 62, supply person or thing after same,. p. 114,1. 10, § 25 for § 24 p. 125, corona for corona, p. 138, 1. IS. omit and adjectives, p. 149, l~o:u$' f' '. 3 ^ ^ v A V* * ! : V aN ^ ^ *b o x ^ 0,** vv 1» "^.,^ v Q> i KIIHhf Stall «liimiB 111 Hr ■I Ah