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AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 HEYE FOUNDATION 
 
INDIAN NOTES 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 Edited by F. W. Hodge 
 
 A SERIES OF PUBLICA- 
 TIONS RELATING TO THE 
 AMERICAN ABORIGINES 
 
 INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT 
 METROPOLIS 
 
 BY 
 
 REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN 
 HE YE FOUNDATION 
 
 1922 
 

 This series of Indian Notes and Mono- 
 graphs is devoted primarily to the publica- 
 tion of the result of studies by members of 
 the staff of the Museum of the American 
 Indian, Heye Foundation, and is uniform 
 with Hispanic Notes and Monographs, 
 published by the Hispanic Society of 
 America, with which organization this 
 Museum is in cordial cooperation. 
 
 Only the first ten volumes of Indian 
 Notes and Monographs are numbered. 
 The unnumbered parts may readily be deter- 
 mined by consulting the List of Publications 
 issued as one of the series. 
 
 ■■?■- 
 
 OCT 
 
INDIAN PATHS IN THE 
 GREAT METROPOLIS 
 
 BY 
 
 REGINALD PELHAM BOLTON 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Introduction 15 
 
 II. Manhattan,. its paths and settlements 35 
 
 III. Upper Manhattan paths 68 
 
 IV. Paths in the Bronx 90 
 
 V. Indian paths in Kings county 129 
 
 VI. The Home-lands of the Canarsee. . . 147 
 VII. Native paths in the Borough of 
 
 Queens 171 
 
 VIII. Richmond paths 187 
 
 IX. Paths in nearby New Jersey 197 
 
 Notes 207 
 
 Bibliography 212 
 
 Maps consulted 217 
 
 Index of Stations 220 
 
 Index of Proper Names 242 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 Plates 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Jeffreys hook, now known as Fort 
 
 Washington point 78 
 
 II. An Indian path, the trail through 
 
 Shorakapkok 80 
 
 III. Rock-shelters at Shorakapkok, 
 
 the Inwood village 82 
 
 IV. Indian burial of a dog at Shora- 
 
 kapkok 84 
 
 V. Indian woman and child in a 
 
 grave at Shorakapkok 86 
 
 VI. The Wading place at Kings- 
 bridge 88 
 
 VII. The Albany Post-road, once the 
 
 Hudson River path 94, 
 
 VIII. The Mosholu, below Spuyten 
 
 Duyvil hill 96 
 
 IX. Acqueegenom, the crossing place 
 of the Westchester path over 
 
 Bronx river 104 
 
 X. Weir creek Indian village-site, 
 
 Throgs neck 112 
 
 XL Foreshore of Weir creek Indian 
 
 village-site, Throgs neck 114 
 
 XII. Van Cortlandt avenue, once the 
 
 Indian Shore path 116 
 
 </ 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 7 
 
 XIII. Acqueanounck, the Hutchinson 
 
 
 
 river, where the Shore path 
 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 
 XIV. The old Eastchester and West- 
 
 
 
 chester road, once the Indian 
 
 
 
 trail from the Siwanoy settle- 
 
 
 
 ments 
 
 122 
 
 
 XV. The Split-reck road in Pelham 
 
 
 
 Bay Park near the site of the 
 
 
 
 house of Mistress Ann Hutch- 
 
 
 
 
 124 
 
 
 XVI. Excavation of Indian shell and 
 
 
 
 rubbish heap on Rodmans neck 
 
 
 
 or Pells point 
 
 128 
 
 £, 
 
 XVII. Old Flatbush road near Stirling 
 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 L- 
 
 XVIII. Battle pass in Prospect Park, 
 
 
 
 where the old trail ran through 
 
 
 
 the hills 
 
 142 
 
 
 XIX. Hunterny road, the old trail to 
 
 
 
 
 148 
 
 
 XX. The Vandeveer tide-mill at 
 
 
 
 
 150^ 
 
 - 
 
 XXI. Muskyttehool, the crossing of 
 
 
 
 the Flatlands Neck road over 
 
 
 
 
 152 
 
 
 XXII. The shell-strewn site of Shans- 
 
 
 
 comacocke on Gerritsen basin, 
 
 
 
 
 156 
 
 </- 
 
 XXIII. The Strome beach, with Hugh 
 
 
 
 Gerritsen 's dam and mill 
 
 158 
 
 
 XXIV. The old Gravesend Neck road to 
 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 
 XXV. Old Gravesend Neck road, once 
 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 U^~ 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
INDIAN PATlfS 
 
 XXVI. The Indian pond, in the Indian 
 field, alongside Mechawani- 
 enck, the ancient pathway. ... 166 
 XXVII. The victims of prehistoric war- 
 fare buried at Ward point, 
 near Tottenville, Staten Island 192 
 XXVIII. The Billopp house on Ward point 194 ' 
 
 Ftg. 1. Skull of an ancient denizen of Shora- 
 
 kapkok 87 
 
 V 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
■ •- 
 
BOLTON— INDIAN PATHS 
 
 MAP A 
 
 lewood 
 
 ATLANTIC OCEAN 
 
 Scale of Milss 
 o 5 (O 
 
 KEY MAP 
 
MAPS 
 
 A. Key map Facing page 9 
 
 I. Map of Greater New York and the 
 contiguous territory, on which are 
 traced all the Indian paths shown 
 in greater detail on the Borough 
 maps, together with the approxi- 
 mate situation of all known Indian 
 stations, indicated by numbers. 
 
 In portfolio 
 II. Lower Manhattan in aboriginal 
 times; also a part of Brooklyn and 
 adjacent New Jersey. Drawn 
 from Ratzer's topographical sur- 
 vey of 1766, omitting the streets. 
 
 Facing page 35 
 III. Werpoes, a village of the Manhattan 
 Indians. A detailed topographic 
 study of the native stations and 
 paths in the vicinity of the present 
 center of municipal government 
 of the City of New York. . . In portfolio 
 IV. Yorkville and East Harlem in aborig- 
 inal times. A detail of the topog- 
 raphy of the district between 90th 
 and 125th streets, from Fifth ave- 
 nue to East river, showing the 
 probable situation of two native 
 settlements of the Reckgawawanc. 
 
 In portfolio 
 
10 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 V. Upper Manhattan, comprising the 
 Inwood valley, the Dyckman tract, 
 and Marble hill. A detail of the 
 position of the native sites deter- 
 mined by exploration in this lo- 
 cality, with probable courses of 
 connecting pathways.. .,.. .In portfolio 
 
 VI. The Wading Place and the meeting of 
 
 the paths. A detail of the point 
 of convergence of the native 
 highways at modern Kingsb ridge. 
 
 Facing page 90 
 
 VII. The Borough of the Bronx, showing 
 
 all known and deduced native 
 pathways and the situation of 
 known Indian stations. The orig- 
 inal watercourses and marshy 
 areas have been drawn from old 
 maps and from the maps of the 
 United States Geological Survey. 
 Divided in four sections (see Map 
 A, page 9), as follow: 
 
 A. The northwesterly part of the 
 Borough of the Bronx, from Wil- 
 liamsbridge to the boundary of the 
 cit}r, and parts of Yonkers, Bronx- 
 ville, Mount Vernon, and East- 
 chester. This section includes 
 part of the Indian path known as 
 Sackerah, between Williamsbridge, 
 Eastchester, and Pelham. . . In portfolio 
 
 B. The district of Pelnam neck, 
 within the Borough of the Bronx, 
 with Pelham Manor, and New 
 Rochelle to Mamaroneck, together 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MAPS 
 
 with the islands in the Sound ad- 
 joining In portfolio 
 
 C. Southern part of the Borough 
 of the Bronx, from the Bronx kills 
 to Kingsbridge, covering the old 
 manors of Morrisania and Ford- 
 ham, with West Farms and Bronx 
 river from the Botanical gardens to 
 its mouth In portfolio 
 
 D. Southeastern part of the 
 Borough of the Bronx, the old 
 township of Westchester, with 
 Throgs neck, and with Cornells 
 neck or Clasons point. The map 
 includes also a small part of north- 
 ern Queens county, the College 
 Point and Whitestone districts. 
 
 In portfolio 
 VIII. The Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings 
 county, with the northeastern part 
 of the Borough of Queens, or 
 Queens county, on which are drawn 
 the old native paths and the known 
 Indian stations. The original 
 shore-line, and the watercourses 
 and marsh tracts, have been drawn 
 from old maps and from maps of 
 the United States Geological Sur- 
 vey. Divided in four sections, as 
 follow (see Map A, page 9): 
 
 A. The lower end of Manhattan 
 island, as far north as Central 
 Park, also the East river shore- 
 front of Brooklyn, Williamsburg, 
 and Greenpoint, and the New Jer- 
 
 11 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
12 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 sey shore-line of Jersey City and 
 Hoboken In portfolio 
 
 B. The Long Island City and 
 Newtown district within the Bor- 
 ough and County of Queens, with 
 a part of East New York, Bush- 
 wick, and Greenpoint, within the 
 Borough of Brooklyn or Kings 
 county In portfolio 
 
 C. The southwestern part of the 
 Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings 
 county, including Coney island, 
 Gravesend, New Utrecht, Fort 
 Hamilton, Bay Ridge, and the 
 western part of Flatbush, as far 
 north as Gowanus bay and Pros- 
 pect Park In portfolio 
 
 D. The southeastern part of the 
 Borough of Brooklyn, or Kings 
 county, including part of Brighton 
 and Manhattan beaches, Flat- 
 lands, Canarsie, and the eastern 
 portion of Flatbush, up to East 
 New York In portfolio 
 
 IX. The Indian village-site at Gerritsen 
 basin, from a survey and observa- 
 tions made by D. B. Austin. 
 
 Facing page 154 
 X. Original map of eastern New Jersey 
 showing the extent and course of 
 the Minisink path.. . .Facing page 196 
 
 XL Original map of a portion of eastern 
 New Jersey, embracing the native 
 sales of territory contiguous to 
 Staten Island, showing a part of 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MAPS 
 
 the course of the Minisink path. 
 Drawn probably about 1750 as an 
 exhibit in the Elizabeth boundary 
 dispute, and now in possession of 
 the New York Historical Society, 
 by whose permission it is repro- 
 duced. Facing page 202 
 
 Maps II to VI inclusive are original drawings 
 by the author. Maps I, VII, and VIII are 
 based on City maps by the Ohman Map Com- 
 pany of New York, with additions by the author 
 of native paths, marsh areas, Indian titles, and 
 sites. 
 
 13 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
15 
 
 INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT 
 METROPOLIS 
 
 By Reginald Pelham Bolton 
 
 I.— INTRODUCTION 
 
 HE narrow trails which, three 
 centuries ago, afforded to the 
 red man passage on his errands, 
 and provided for him the means 
 of intercommunication with his fellows, 
 rendered to his white successors the 
 important service of indicating the natural 
 and readiest routes for their wagon- 
 roads. Thus they became in course of time 
 the post-roads of the settled Colonists, 
 which ultimately developed into some of 
 the most important of the modern high- 
 ways connecting great centers of American 
 civilization. 
 
 Scattered references to these native paths 
 in historical records afford the names and 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
16 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 directions of only a few of the many which 
 must have existed. But within the bound- 
 aries of the great city of New York some of 
 its thoroughfares are traversed today by 
 millions, who little comprehend that their 
 lines of travel were decided, and their 
 convenience in distance and grade antici- 
 pated, by the patient art of the wild men. 
 
 Taking advantage of every favorable 
 contour, avoiding every disadvantageous 
 obstacle, the Indian sought his way through 
 the wild woodlands to or from a desired 
 point, and, followed by succeeding genera- 
 tions, his prehistoric trail became a well- 
 defined and "trodden path," by which 
 name the earliest settlers recognized its 
 developed condition. 
 
 Such paths were often deeply sunken 
 by long-continued usage. They were nar- 
 row, suited to the characteristic native 
 manner of placing one foot in front of the 
 other, as they traveled in single file. They 
 were traced with the unerring instinct of 
 the woodsman to the points they connected, 
 even though the trail wound around hill- 
 sides, digressed to avoid bogs, rivers, and 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 17 
 
 tidal inlets, bent to meet the natural cross- 
 ings of streams, turned around rocks and 
 fallen trees, coming always again to the 
 general line of their course, just as the 
 railroad of today is planned on a larger 
 scale, and by the aid of modern invention, 
 survey, and study. 
 
 So it becomes an interesting and instruc- 
 tive thought, as we travel along the re- 
 graded thoroughfare, or race over its sur- 
 face in a roaring train of cars, that beneath 
 its hard, asphalted surface, below the re- 
 mains of its macadamized predecessor, 
 perhaps under the corduroy logs of an 
 earlier cartway, there may yet be traces 
 of the beaten surface of the narrow footway, 
 hardened by the soft footfalls of the moc- 
 casined feet of the Mahican during cen- 
 turies of travel, long before civilization 
 burst its bounds in overcrowded Europe and 
 set forth to seize the home-land of the Indian. 
 
 The origin of the path is lost in the haze 
 of uncertainty regarding the anterior 
 history of the American Indian. The length 
 of time during which the region of the Greater 
 City was occupied by the race is indicated 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
18 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 only faintly by the extent of their deposits 
 of waste materials and the archaic character 
 of a few stone tools. But we may reason- 
 ably assume that hundreds of years of 
 usage had developed the woodland trail 
 into the beaten pathway. And we may 
 well imagine that even those dimly distant 
 travelers were but the successors of the wild 
 animals whose tracks through the wood- 
 lands, across watercourses, and especially 
 those directed to sources of fresh water, 
 the pioneer red men had used and developed. 
 The woodland growth along the Indian 
 path was doubtless cleared to suit the 
 native habit of bearing burdens across 
 the back. Thus the red men of all times 
 transported their loads of game or mer- 
 chandise, and the women carried their 
 children or bore the household goods of 
 skins and earthen pots. We can suppose 
 therefore, that the trail was cleared only 
 so far as to cat away the underbrush waist- 
 high, wide enough to pass a load or a package 
 projecting beyond its bearer's shoulders, 
 while the path itself was but a couple of 
 hand-spans wide. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 19 
 
 The practical necessity of avoiding 
 unnecessary grades when bearing a heavy 
 load was doubtless a moving element in 
 the choice of a route, and there are many 
 evidences in the course of the known paths 
 of the aborigines that such a defined method 
 was followed by them. 
 
 The special purpose of the well-used trails 
 was intercommunication between the native 
 stations, either camps or villages, for the 
 purpose of intercourse or trade, and prob- 
 ably for mutual protection against distant 
 enemies. Such paths, however, ran not 
 only between the several stations of re- 
 lated members of a single tribe or chief- 
 taincy, but were highways of communi- 
 cation between very diverse peoples. The 
 trail up the east side of the Hudson, which 
 is in great part followed by Broadway and 
 the old Albany post-road, provided not only 
 access to the friendly tribes up-river, but 
 to the masterful Mohawk, whose rep- 
 resentatives periodically appeared in the 
 region of Manhattan to collect the indem- 
 nity or tribute which they had imposed 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
20 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 by force of arms on the subdued or weaker 
 chieftaincies in its vicinity. 
 
 The early settlers in New England found 
 "trodden paths" connecting the villages 
 of the Pequot, and also extending far 
 inland. These formed, in fact, their only 
 means of travel from their seashore settle- 
 ments, and served the purpose of opening 
 up the country, not only to trade, but to 
 inspection and invasion by the whites, 
 a result which their native creators must 
 at times have viewed with very mixed 
 feelings. Leading, as they did, to the 
 most desirable residential sites, to the 
 best fishing-places, and the finest hunting- 
 grounds, the trodden paths directed the 
 invaders to the choicest parts of the land 
 which their cupidity sought to acquire, 
 and doubtless facilitated to a marked ex- 
 tent, and also advanced by a considerable 
 period of time, the overrunning of the 
 interior from the seaboard. 
 
 Even political and racial events were 
 affected by the Indian paths, since it was 
 by their means that the several European 
 nationalities spread their ownership, and 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 21 
 
 were enabled to exercise their influence on 
 the natives, and it was along the Sound- 
 shore trails and by the Westchester path 
 that the refugees from religious persecution 
 in New England found their way to New 
 Netherland and obtained a lodgment 
 therein. 
 
 In a region possessing such an extent of 
 waterfront as Long Island sound and East 
 river, the bay and its tributary inlets, 
 with such excellent water-highways as 
 the Hudson, the Raritan, and the Passaic, it 
 might seem that the easiest and most popu- 
 lar method of travel would have been by 
 canOe. But while the dugout was doubt- 
 less a favored means of transit, it had its 
 limitations, by ice and storm, and by ex- 
 posure to hostile attack. Thus the water- 
 ways are found to have been paralleled by 
 paths of great length and common usage; 
 such as the Shore path extending along the 
 north shore of the Sound, and the northern 
 trail along the east side of the Hudson, and 
 in great part the same trend can be observed 
 in the Minisink trail, which extended from 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
22 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Shrewsbury river through east New Jersey 
 to the upper waters of the Delaware. 
 
 These main paths ran through one tribal 
 territory after another. They are evidence 
 of the friendly interrelation of nearby and 
 also of distant peoples, since their use for 
 hostile purposes would have involved the 
 consent of the owners of the territory which 
 they traversed. The wily Indian, also, was 
 addicted to the method of secrecy and sur- 
 prise as prime tactics in his warfare, and 
 the war-path," which has passed into 
 colloquial reference, was more likely the 
 trail of the wild animal of the forest, or 
 some little-used passage by mountain and 
 water-course, than the trodden path through 
 villages, where the camp dogs at least might 
 be depended on to make known the advent 
 of a war-party. 
 
 It may reasonably be assumed that 
 every permanent village, and many sea- 
 sonally-occupied camps and fishing and 
 hunting stations, were connected by some 
 path with other occupied places of the same 
 tribe or chieftaincy, and these in turn were 
 provided with access to some main thor- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTROD UCTION 
 
 23 
 
 oughfare leading to other tribal territory, 
 to the great rivers, to the mountain regions, 
 or to the sea. 
 
 The existence of these paths indicates 
 their considerable utilization, since the rapid 
 growth of vegetation in our climate soon 
 overgrows any clearing, and even the hard 
 trodden surface of the pathway would not 
 long survive the action of frost and the 
 growth of weeds, if the bare or moccasined 
 footfalls upon its surface were infrequent. 
 In some localities, however, their long- 
 continued use must have worn their surface 
 deeply into the ground, and some such 
 well-used paths have left traces in other- 
 wise unchanged regions, and have been 
 recognized by the recent explorer. 
 
 It is not by a wholly speculative process, 
 but rather by deduction, that the course 
 of some unrecorded Indian trails may be 
 traced in the windings of ancient highways 
 and their modern successors. The known 
 position of native residences, and the assur- 
 ance of the existence of some line of con- 
 nection between them on the most natural 
 and easy grade, will be found usually to 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
24 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 combine in indicating the necessary course 
 of some old-established highroad. It was 
 reasonable and natural for the settlers, 
 as the permanency of their occupancy 
 became established, to open up the trail 
 by which they had made their way to a 
 certain district, and thus to utilize the work 
 of the native in providing an easy route 
 for the widened roadway which was suited 
 to their needs' It is not only assumable, 
 but fairly certain, that the early settlers 
 gradually widened out the trodden path 
 so that companions could travel together, 
 side by side, and that their next act would 
 naturally be to extend the width of the 
 passage to permit of the use of a sled or 
 a wagon. Thus, with a little grading of 
 the highest parts and a corduroy or plank 
 support over wet and boggy places, the 
 foundation was laid for the farm lane. The 
 demarcation of such old lanes by the huge 
 bowlders drawn from the cleared lands 
 followed, which laborious process fAerma- 
 nently fixed the course of such a roadway. 
 The direction of certain of these old cartways 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 25 
 
 led to their extended use and development 
 into highways. 
 
 Thus, with the aid of the records of the 
 position of native settlements, and by 
 recent observations and exploration, we 
 can trace, in the known course of some 
 ancient highway following natural, lines 
 of contour, the pathway connecting the 
 native stations. There is indeed historical 
 warrant for these deductions, in the case 
 of some known paths which, by the pro- 
 cesses above described, became the Kings- 
 way or the Post-road of the Colonial pe- 
 riod. Interesting combinations of recorded 
 fact and deduction from physical circum- 
 stances are to be found in the Indian trails on 
 the Island of Manhattan, of Brooklyn, and 
 the Bronx, traversing the forest-grown site 
 of the great metropolis. 
 
 Around the site of each native settle- 
 ment, other little paths branched out to 
 all the nearby sources of food and supplies. 
 The most used, and therefore perhaps the 
 widest, was the way to the spring or the 
 bank of a brook, on which trail at some time 
 
 • 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
26 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 • 
 
 daily the whole community and even the 
 village dogs traveled to quench their thirst. 
 
 Through the underbrush some path 
 always led to a nearby planting-ground, 
 trod by patient women workers of the soil, 
 or by a cheerful crowd combining to gather 
 the ripened corn or to bring in the daily 
 supply of beans and squashes. In the sum- 
 mer season other of the women folk could 
 be seen making their way on narrow trails 
 through the woods to gather the wild 
 fruits in brake and thicket, the strawberry, 
 wild 'henry, and blueberries, or, in fall 
 to collect the mushrooms and other fungi, 
 to shake down the hickory nuts and wal- 
 nuts, or in early spring to tap the maple 
 for its sweet sap. 
 
 Down at the marsh, while the men were 
 snaring mink or muskrat, or shooting bull- 
 frogs or blackbirds, the girls were gathering 
 roots of sweet-flag, or scratching up the 
 arrow-leaf tubers or artichokes, to fill the 
 vegetal larder. 
 
 The elder boys were out on slender 
 bypaths in the wild woods gathering sumac 
 and bark for their elders to smoke, and 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 27 
 
 helping themselves to straight dogwood 
 sticks for their arrowshafts, or with the 
 willing aid of the family cur, chasing the 
 rabbits, or scratching out the woodchuck 
 from his lair. 
 
 You could find most of the old men 
 around the bark houses doing a little light 
 labor — repairing arrows and bows, carving 
 bowls and spoons of wood, and fitting 
 handles to tools; and possibly some were 
 fixing gourds with rattles of wild-cherry 
 pits or Jack-in- the-pulpit seeds, or were 
 indulging in the adornment of their persons 
 with paint-stone or dyes of blood-root 
 and sumac. 
 
 The old women would be out on another 
 pathway that led to the flower banks where 
 grew the herbs for medicine, scent, and 
 dyes, the mallows and burdocks, ground 
 cedar and pennyroyal, the wild mint and 
 sage, and roots of sweet-flag and cicely. 
 
 And perhaps the old shaman might 
 have been found on some lonesome footway 
 looking for materials for ceremonials or 
 charms or potions; love roots and lucky 
 seeds, cedar and sweet-grass for incense. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
28 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 The arrival of the canoes at nightfall 
 after a day's fishing or oystering was the 
 signal for the villagers to crowd the path 
 to the landing-place, whence, in notassen of 
 woven grass and basswood fiber, they aided 
 the men to fetch the catch of oysters and 
 fish; or when the whoop of the returning 
 hunters echoed through the darkening forest, 
 to run on the main trail to meet them, as 
 on boughs of ash they carried the welcome 
 venison to the smoking village fires, freshly 
 kindled in anticipation of their success. 
 
 Around every such site the debris of 
 these pursuits and the waste of feasts and 
 meals lay scattered; scraps of skin and bones 
 and charcoal sometimes dumped into a 
 hollow when they became too numerous, 
 and oyster-shells, fish-scales, and fish-bones 
 when they became too objectionable of 
 smell, deposited in the scooped-out oven 
 pits or the holes in which the stores of 
 corn, beans, and dried roots had been pre- 
 served over winter. 
 
 And so, long years after the native life 
 had departed and the name and even the 
 place of the once busy village had disap- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 29 
 
 peared from sight and human memory, the 
 humble but indestructible debris of shell 
 and sherd and spearhead have re-opened 
 the book of history, and recorded in no 
 uncertain terms the place of one-time ab- 
 original habitation. 
 
 And in the trodden paths that once 
 united these recorded, recovered, or other 
 unknown sites, the forerunners of our mod- 
 ern means of communication are found, a 
 practical and permanent result of the life 
 and the arts of the wild men. 
 
 A study of the topography of known 
 Indian paths affords very clear indication 
 of the reasons governing the selection of 
 their route. Where the land lay reasonably 
 level, the course was fairly direct, swerving 
 only around obstacles such as rocky pro- 
 jections, and probably diverging to avoid 
 heavy growths and fallen timber. The main 
 objective being some other settlement or 
 some neighboring native haunt, the route 
 was directed toward the easiest crossing 
 of streams, either at a wading place or 
 some shallow point in a watercourse where 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
30 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 stepping-stones, except in times of flood, 
 enabled the traveler to cross dry- foot. 
 
 The swampy tracts bordering on streams, 
 with which the area of the city abounded, 
 were avoided by detours to some point near 
 the head of their water-supply, where a 
 footway could be maintained, probably by 
 trampling rushes under foot year after 
 year above the soft ground, thus gradually 
 building up a dry pathway. This is well 
 illustrated by the course of the Shore path 
 through the one-time village of Eastchester 
 on its way to Pelham and the Sound shore. 
 Here the path came over from the Williams- 
 bridge crossing of the Bronx to the hillside 
 overlooking the Hutchinson river, and 
 descended to the margin of its marshy 
 borders which afforded no practicable place 
 of crossing. Turning, therefore, abruptly 
 northward, the path skirted the marsh, ris- 
 ing in grade until it reached the line of the 
 later Boston post-road. Here it turned 
 sharply to the east, descending to the head 
 of the marsh which it traversed toward 
 the river. The selected point of crossing 
 was that now occupied by a bridge, where 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 31 
 
 a tongue of high land on the northwest 
 side almost touched an extension of dry 
 meadow-land on the southeast, between 
 which narrow space the stream finds its 
 way. At no other place in the vicinity 
 could so easy and desirable a crossing be 
 made. 
 
 Following a similar method, the great 
 paths converging on Manhattan — the 
 North or Hudson River path, the Shore 
 path from the east, and the Westchester 
 path — were directed to and united at the 
 only available access to Manhattan island, 
 the important Wading place at Kingsbridge. 
 
 These main arteries of traffic then com- 
 bined in a single trail down the island, 
 uniting at McGown's pass with the branch 
 path extending from Harlem. So far 
 these trails are recorded in history, and 
 below that point we can be reasonably sure 
 that the path was continued on the line 
 of the old Boston post-road, whose tortuous 
 course, avoiding streams and bogs, extended 
 down the east side of the island to the set- 
 tlements on and near its southern extremity, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
32 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 the future heart of the Great Metropolis 
 of the Western hemisphere. 
 
 James Riker thus imagines the scenery 
 through which that ancient thoroughfare 
 took its way: 
 
 "Quitting the drowsy little town of New 
 Amsterdam, its thatched roofs and its fortress 
 with low turf wall receding from view, we follow 
 the Indian trail leading to Wickguaskeek or 'the 
 birch bark country ,' which lies beyond the quiet 
 waters of the Papparinamin, as that part of the 
 Spuyten Duyvil was called, where it turns the 
 extreme northerly end of Manhattan. Spring 
 is in her loveliest attire. Around and along our 
 pathway she displays in rich profusion her 
 grandest works. Plains scarce trodden by 
 human kind save by the red man are clothed 
 in all the beauty of their pristine verdure, while 
 the rock-capped hills and the resonant forest 
 echo back and forth the sounds of wild and 
 savage life. Plumed songsters fill the woods and 
 enliven our journey with their music. Per- 
 chance the shrill cry of the eagle, or the plaintive 
 note of the cuckoo, or the busy hammer of the 
 woodpecker in turn arrests our attention." 
 
 Pleasant it is to reflect that by no very 
 extended journey we may still discover in 
 parts of the metropolitan area some wood- 
 land places, in which the same natural 
 features exist, wherein we may find flourish- 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 33 
 
 ing the successors of the trees and vines 
 under which the native walked, the same 
 bushes and flowers that the aborigine ad- 
 mired; may still witness the same mystic 
 revival of nature's life in spring as that the 
 shivering red man welcomed, may still 
 be greeted by those birds' descendants, 
 singing the selfsame songs the Indian tried 
 to imitate, and may still look upward 
 through the leafy canopy to the same sky 
 and stars he saw above him, the same 
 eternal distance into which he gazed, and 
 over them all the same Great Spirit he 
 so simply tried to worship. 
 
 On the native path, even then an ancient 
 thoroughfare, the rising sun of our early 
 history sees the wondering Manhattan 
 crowding down from the upland regions to 
 the Kapsee rocks, to gaze at the' sails of 
 the ship of Verrazano through the vista of 
 the Narrows, and a generation later sees 
 their successors filing down the trail to 
 the place of the fateful bargain when the 
 Manhattan path became a white man's 
 highway. The shadows of history lengthen 
 over Sachkerah, the old Shore pathway, 
 
 . 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
34 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 as the Siwanoy brave pauses at the head 
 of the steep hill leading down to the marshy 
 Acquacanonck to view the approach from 
 the east, of the little band of refugees, lead- 
 ers of the English incursion which, in 
 spite of all the efforts of the native race, 
 was to displace him as well as the Dutch 
 invader, and to turn the village homes 
 that lay scattered along the path behind 
 him, into the sites of towering tenements. 
 The path itself, so familiar in its every 
 turn to his quick vision, was destined there- 
 by to become the broad King's Highway 
 on which his silent footfall was forever 
 replaced by the traffic of leathern heels 
 and iron wheels, and over whose widened 
 surface, where once the meeting Reckgawa- 
 wanc and Siwanoy crowded each other 
 in friendly passage, the rushing tide of 
 rubber-tired cars shall swing past one 
 another in endless procession. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOLTON - 
 
 INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS 
 
 LOWER MANHATTAN IN A30RIGINAL TI 
 
 MES. 
 
II. MANHATTAN, ITS PATHS AND 
 SETTLEMENTS 
 
 (Maps II, III, IV, V) 
 
 THE important influence of the 
 Island of Manhattan on the 
 interrelations of the tribal com- 
 munities of the entire region is 
 evidenced by the paths which converged 
 on it. 
 
 These were undoubtedly developed by 
 experience. The processes of trade, by 
 which the products of the ocean were ex- 
 changed for those of the mountains, were 
 probably the most potent influence in 
 deciding the use of a given line of travel. 
 Such barter would have extended over the 
 whole year, since food and clothing were 
 continuous necessities . Therefore the traffic 
 could not always be conducted by the use 
 of watercourses, and floating ice and storm 
 made travel dangerous by the frail and 
 sometimes clumsy canoe. 
 
 35 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
36 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Long canoe trips across broad reaches 
 such as the Lower bay, Jamaica bay, and 
 the Sound, involved risk, and occupied 
 the time and energy of a number of indi- 
 viduals, on a duty or an errand that could 
 perhaps be as well performed by one pro- 
 ceeding afoot. There were obstacles in 
 some places to water-travel, such as tides, 
 shallows, and the roaring torrents of Hell 
 Gate, which had their effect in discour- 
 aging travel at certain water-passages, and 
 thus diverted paths to other places. But 
 from every direction of traffic or travel, 
 Manhattan was accessible by water, and 
 the lower part of the island stood at the 
 parting of the waterways. 
 
 We may assume, however, that canoes 
 were rare possessions, objects constructed 
 only by long-continued labor and the ex- 
 ercise of unusual skill with the crude stone 
 tools available. We are perhaps afforded 
 an idea of the number of such vessels 
 in the region of the metropolis by the story 
 of the gathering of all the local clans in 
 their raid on New Amsterdam in September, 
 1655. On that occasion it is probable that 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 37 
 
 every available craft was brought into 
 service, and there were only about sixty- 
 four in all. 
 
 From such contemporary drawings as re- 
 corded their appearance, they were usually 
 heavy and clumsy hollowed logs, some 
 with high projections overhanging bow 
 and stern, very unlike the graceful and 
 agile birch-bark craft of the inland waters. 
 Probably the type was a development 
 of local conditions, influenced by the 
 strong tides, floating ice, rough water, 
 and the carriage of goods in bulk. In 
 particular their use in fishing required 
 strength enough to carry loads of shell- 
 fish, and heavy sea-going fish such as 
 sturgeon. They were often of great size and 
 admirable workmanship, says Winthrop, 
 and sometimes "so great as one will carry 
 eight men." A canoe in which the envoys 
 of the Dutch authorities returned from a 
 visit to Rockaway carried eighteen natives 
 with them to New Amsterdam, a trip which 
 occupied from early morn to 3 p.m. to 
 accomplish. Such heavy craft may well 
 have discouraged travel by water, where 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
38 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 the same purpose could be accomplished 
 afoot, even by a long detour. 
 
 On the other hand, distances traversed 
 by walking did not appear so great to the 
 wiry native as to his heavily shod successors. 
 The Indians' power and endurance in 
 traveling afoot is illustrated by the per- 
 formance of a native runner who, in 1661, 
 conveyed a letter from Newcastle, Dela- 
 ware, to New York in less than five days, 
 covering a probable distance of about 
 180 miles of woodland paths. A "day's 
 walk" is the description applied in early 
 native conveyances, covering tracts fully 
 twenty miles in depth of hill and dale, marsh 
 and forest. 
 
 Such a distance from the Battery would 
 have included the vicinity of Yonkers and 
 Larchmont on the north, Port Washington 
 and Valley Stream on the east, Paterson 
 and the Oranges on the west, and would 
 have touched the region from Amboy to 
 Atlantic Highlands on the south. 
 
 So we find all the mainland trails con- 
 verging on the upper end of Manhattan, 
 and all the Long Island paths trending to- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 39 
 
 ward the short ferriage over to the lower 
 end of Manhattan, while the traffic of 
 northeastern Jersey concentrated, through 
 Hoboken, at the Greenwich landing, and 
 the Richmond paths apparently led from 
 the Minisink path, the highway of the 
 Lenni Lenape, in the direction of the 
 Narrows toward Manhattan. 
 
 The Manhattan pathways therefore be- 
 came the chief line of intercommunication 
 between these systems, and those natives 
 that were seated on the island practically 
 controlled the traffic in all directions. 
 
 It is noticeable that large Indian settle- 
 ments existed at those points on which 
 traffic converged. This is evident at 
 the upper end of Manhattan and Kings- 
 bridge, where paths from the northeast and 
 southeast merged at the Wading place, 
 and certainly at the head of the Long 
 Island system of paths the native settle- 
 ments in old Brooklyn indicate concentra- 
 tion on the head of that important network 
 of trails. 
 
 The trade which thus passed through 
 or across Manhattan was probably fostered, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
40 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 as it has been in modern times, by the 
 control of money. The native medium for 
 the exchange of values, the coveted and 
 laboriously produced shell bead or wampum, 
 was largely a Long Island product. The 
 shallow waters around the island teemed 
 with the quahaug or hard-shell clam, from 
 the dark portions of which the more valu- 
 able purple beads were derived, and also with 
 the periwinkle or conch, from which the 
 white beads were made. The accumulations 
 of discarded shells around its shores testify 
 to the activity of the coinage industry, 
 and the wealth thus created flowed naturally 
 to Manhattan, and found its way into the 
 pouches of traders up the Hudson, to the 
 distant homes of the Wappinger and the 
 Mohawk, or along the Sound shore to the 
 villages of the Siwanoy and the Pequot. 
 In addition to their position of advantage 
 in regard to this line of production at 
 the great wampum-making stations of the 
 Canarsee, that chieftaincy controlled its 
 export by reason of its situation on the 
 main line of travel, and by its close 
 relationship with the Manhattan chief- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 
 MANHATTAN 
 
 41 
 
 taincy. It looks very much as though 
 this powerful group at the one end of the 
 island of Manhattan and the aggressive 
 Weckquaesgeek at the upper end had 
 so entrenched themselves as to control on the 
 one hand the flow of the money, and on 
 the other hand the goods of the north and 
 east that were purchasable with it. 
 
 The narrow space and the rugged char- 
 acter of the lower part of the Island of 
 Manhattan lent itself but poorly to the 
 support of any considerable population, 
 except in its trading facilities. There 
 could have been but little wild life in its re- 
 stricted area of woodlands, and no such 
 broad and level acreage suited to culti- 
 vation as in the flat lands of Long Island. 
 
 The tidal movement in the two estuaries 
 of North and East rivers, around its rocky 
 shores, probably provided good opportunity 
 for the spearing and netting of the swarm- 
 ing inhabitants of the waters, and from 
 the nearby shores of New Jersey and of 
 Long Island abundant supplies of oysters 
 could be obtained by canoe. Chiefly by 
 
 ■ 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
42 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 - • 
 
 such food and by the product of trade, 
 native stations were undoubtedly supported. 
 
 The most important situation for such 
 occupancy was at the southern end of the 
 island. Unfortunately no record was made 
 of its existence. But the common traces 
 of native residence were observed in later 
 times under the shelter of the eminence 
 known to the Dutch as the Kalch Hoek 
 (2), at which place there was the most 
 abundant supply of fresh, water in the 
 locality, provided by the springs which 
 filled the "Fresh Water" pond occupying 
 the low ground now traversed by Center 
 street. Around this sheltered spot, dis- 
 carded oyster-shells, the unfailing sign of 
 local aboriginal occupancy, were at one 
 time observable in great abundance. 1 
 
 About this site there also spread tracts 
 of cultivable land. The space now com- 
 posing City Hall Park was of such a nature, 
 though limited in area. A larger tract 
 afterward formed the old Out Ward of the 
 Colonial city, broad and level land extending 
 on the north alongside the earliest pathway, 
 the present Bowery. The position and 
 
 
 INDIAN N.OTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 43 
 
 evident facilities of this site, and the ex- 
 tent of the visible debris, indicate it as 
 that probably occupied by the largest 
 settlement of. natives at the lower end of 
 the island and doubtless that in which 
 were resident the Indians who sold the 
 island to Minuit in 1626, and thereafter 
 removed to reside in the territory of their 
 kinsmen, theCanarsee of Kings county (68). 
 The native name of this locality was 
 fortunately preserved in a grant from the 
 Dutch government to Augustine Heer- 
 mans in 1651, which described "the land 
 called Werpoes" containing about fifty 
 acres, extending on the north side of the 
 Kalch Hoek and its adjoining ponds. 
 According to Tooker, this name should 
 have been more correctly written Werpos, 
 or "the thicket," a designation which 
 describes the known conditions of the 
 locality, the hillsides around the ponds being 
 covered in bygone times with bushes and 
 blackberry brambles. Such a name, in 
 the prevalent Indian fashion, was doubtless 
 derived from the most significant feature 
 of the locality to the native mind, and 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 - 
 
44 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 would have been applied to any settlement 
 in its immediate vicinity. 2 
 
 An examination of early maps shows 
 that the pond consisted of two parts, known 
 to the Dutch as the Kolch and the Little 
 Kolch, separated by a narrow tongue of 
 land. The northeastern side of the area was 
 very wet and boggy. The larger pond over- 
 flowed in two directions, east and west, 
 the western outlet passing along the base 
 of Kolch hill to a wide area of marsh-land 
 which extended in a northwesterly direction 
 to Hudson river. On the east side the 
 overflowing water had found an outlet 
 to East river, along the line of the present 
 Roosevelt street, passing through a marshy 
 tract which was later the "vly" or meadow 
 of Wolphert Gerritsen, and even in our 
 modern times is known as "the Swamp." 
 
 The waters of East river, as well 
 as the tide of the Hudson, seem to have 
 penetrated to the Kolch ponds, according 
 to the assertions of Anthony Rutgers and 
 others in 1730. These citizens stated that 
 the swamp and pond called the Fresh Water 
 were "so much on a level with Hudson's 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 River, and the South River [East river]. . . 
 that on the spring or other high tide, when 
 the said rivers overflow they run into 
 and cover the said swamp so as to meet 
 one another." Armbruster considers that 
 in ancient times the watercourses through 
 the swamps may have been sufficient to 
 float canoes between the Hudson and 
 East rivers, 
 
 At this favored place, sheltered from the 
 west winds, provided with abundant water 
 and nearby access to the river, the unfailing 
 signs of Indian residence were found in 
 masses of oyster-shells "abundantly strewn 
 over the hill "on the western side of the 
 lake." . 
 
 Modern excavations on the line of Pearl 
 street reached these old shell-beds, indicat- 
 ing the existence of a native station situated 
 about the line of that street, where it 
 passes through the one-time Kolch hill 
 on its way to join Broadway. 
 
 There were peculiar advantages for 
 Indian residence in this situation, which 
 become evident on examination of its 
 original features. These have been brought 
 
 45 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
46 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 together in the accompanying Map II. 
 The outlines of the ponds as related to 
 our present street system, are preserved 
 in the map by John Hutchings, 1846, 
 which accompanied the description of the 
 experiments of John Fitch with his steam- 
 propelled boat in 1793. 3 
 
 The surrounding contours are redrawn 
 from the survey of 1766 by Lieut. B. Ratzer 
 (see Map II). Such a combination of 
 fresh- water supply and of shelter from the 
 northwesterly gales of the winter season, 
 with a natural grade for its drainage, as 
 existed on the west side of the little lakes, 
 would today invite the exploration of the 
 expert investigator, who would confidently 
 expect, on the removal of the surface of 
 turf and leaves, to find the familiar shells 
 and carbonized debris that proclaim aborig- 
 inal occupancy. 
 
 The position of native lodges and fire- 
 pits would be predicted almost certainly 
 on the west bank of the lake, on which 
 side alone no marshy fringe existed, and 
 at that point where shell-beds were present 
 there must undoubtedly have been a number 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 47 
 
 of such habitations, the traces of which 
 were ruthlessly shoveled into the lake when 
 its neglected condition led to its entire 
 obliteration, by the process of cutting down 
 the hills and filling in the ponds. It seems 
 from these circumstances that the needs 
 of aboriginal residence would have been 
 served by a site under the lee of the Kolch 
 hill, between Duane and Leonard streets, 
 on the sloping ground between Broadway 
 and Lafayette street. It is through this 
 area that the grading of Pearl street west 
 of Park Row cut between the two ponds 
 and disclosed the shell-beds that marked 
 a viilage-site. 
 
 We may from this comparative study 
 come to the interesting conclusion that 
 the chief place of native residence on lower 
 Manhattan was close to the present center 
 of municipal government of the great 
 metropolis, which has become its over- 
 whelming successor. 
 
 The exhaustive explorations by the 
 Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation, of complete village-sites in the 
 Borough of the Bronx, have informed us of 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
48 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 • 
 
 i 
 
 the arrangement and approximate extent 
 of these village communities. The lodges 
 seem to have been ranged in rather irregular 
 rows, generally facing to the south, each 
 with its fire-pit within and its rubbish-pit 
 outside the entrance. The center of the 
 group might have had a large community 
 fire- pit, kept constantly supplied with fuel, 
 around which the gatherings of the clans 
 took place. 
 
 The extent of the population probably 
 depended more on the facilities for food 
 supply than on the convenience or spacious- 
 ness of the village-site. The restricted 
 hunting area and the rather limited cul- 
 tivable lands in its vicinity would indicate 
 that Werpoes probably comprised fewer 
 lodges than Snakapins, on Clasons point, 
 in which more than sixty pits discovered 
 may be taken to have marked the sites of 
 some forty lodges, housing a population 
 which may be assumed to have been about 
 three hundred. As the needs of a group 
 of even half that number involved consid- 
 erable cultivation of cereals, we may assume 
 that any suitable ground nearby would 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 
 MANHATTAN 
 
 49 
 
 have been cleared and planted. The area 
 of City Hall Park would seem to have been 
 naturally and conveniently suited to such 
 a purpose. 
 
 The land north of the vale which was 
 occupied by the lake was even better 
 suited to such a purpose, and the tract 
 extending above Worth street west of the 
 Bowery, which was that described in 1651 
 as "the land called Werpoes," and was 
 directly opposite the village-site across 
 the pond, may have been the principal 
 planting-ground that supported the village 
 people. 
 
 Access to this favored village-site was 
 possible from two directions. It has been 
 noted that the line of lower Broadway, 
 which below Park Row is reasonably as 
 sumed to have been the successor of a native 
 path, is directed toward the rear of the 
 village at Duane street. By such a route 
 the inhabitants could have made their 
 way directly to the extreme end of their 
 island home. 
 
 A path undoubtedly led, by the easiest 
 grade and as directly as possible, to East 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
50 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 river, where the traffic from Long Island 
 found a landing near the junction of Dover 
 and Cherry streets. This path probably 
 joined the main pathway near the Muni- 
 cipal Building, and by following the latter 
 northward, the village folk could readily 
 reach their planting-grounds along the 
 Bowery. 
 
 Werpoes was occupied for no long period 
 of time after the advent of Hudson. If, 
 as would seem most likely, its occupants 
 were those with whom Minuit made his 
 bargain in 1622, supposedly for the entire 
 island, the sale of their home-site resulted 
 in their entire evacuation of the place 
 after that event. Doubtless these natives 
 were those Manhattan Indians who were 
 afterward found to be settled at Nayack, 
 or Fort Hamilton (68), where they resided 
 for twenty-five years, when they consented 
 again to remove and transferred their 
 home to Staten Island and in part to the 
 Hackensack region. And it is significant 
 that in Brooklyn another locality was 
 found to bear the same native name of 
 Werpos (67), to which perhaps some of 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 51 
 
 their neighbors may have transferred the 
 name of their prior home. A close rela- 
 tion evidently existed between these Man- 
 hattan natives and those who dwelt in 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 The southern extremity of the Island of 
 Manhattan was known to. the natives 
 as Kapsee, which name was applied to 
 the rocky upland and also to the rock 
 islets off its shore. The extreme end of this 
 tract, which was later named "Schreyers 
 Hoek," was a point extending south of 
 Pearl street and Whitehall street, bounded 
 on its shore-line by our present State street, 
 the curved portion of which has preserved 
 for our observation the outline of the 
 ancient promontory. 
 
 This point formed on its east side a small 
 cove, somewhat protected from the tides 
 that swirled around the end of the island. 
 It lay in the angle of Pearl and Whitehall 
 streets, the name of the former probably 
 preserving the appearance of the shell- 
 strewn beach along which the thorough- 
 fare was laid out in 1633. That such 
 a desirable landing place was utilized by 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
52 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 the natives cannot be doubted, affording 
 as it did to their canoes the best possible 
 starting point for a trip to any of the is- 
 lands or fishing grounds in the waters of 
 the inner bay. It is reasonable to assume, 
 therefore, that the natives reached this 
 place by a pathway from the local village, 
 and an examination of the one-time topog- 
 raphy of the lower end of Manhattan 
 leads to the conclusion that the route of 
 such a pathway would naturally have taken 
 the line of our present Broadway. The 
 physical characteristics that determined 
 this position for the path are evidenced in 
 Map II, which is derived from the survey 
 of Ratzer in 1766, omitting, of course, the 
 then existing development of buildings 
 and streets. It is evident that passage 
 along the east side of the neck was barred 
 by the tidal inlet at Broad street, and by the 
 marshy vly along its course, which ex- 
 tended as far inland as Wall street, with 
 a small branch that ran westward along 
 the line of Beaver street. The path there- 
 fore skirted this obstruction by proceeding 
 on the line of Whitehall street to the higher 
 
 — 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 53 
 
 ground which rose at the line of Morris 
 street, there taking the straight course 
 of Broadway, as far as the planting-ground 
 of the village of Werpoes. It followed 
 equally naturally that the use of this path 
 was continued by the settlers and their 
 descendants, until its ultimate widening and 
 development into "the greatest street in 
 the world, "as Stephen Jenkins has described 
 it. 
 
 There was no physical obstruction to 
 this path continuing in its course as far 
 as the native village, into which it would 
 have turned at Duane street. The line 
 of travel farther north, however, was barred 
 in the direction taken by Broadway by 
 the broad swamp-land through which the 
 outlet of the Kolch pond made its way to 
 the Hudson. From the path along Broad- 
 way, therefore, another trail set off to the 
 east. If, as is probable, this followed a 
 course which was later developed into the 
 earliest roadway, the turn was made at 
 Ann street, with a sharp bend at Nassau 
 street by which Park Row was reached. 
 
 This abrupt turn may be accounted for, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
54 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 as in other situations, as a means of avoid- 
 ing an occupied site or a piece of cultivated 
 ground. The latter seems a probable 
 development of the level area of City Hall 
 park, which may even be assumed to have 
 been the most natural and desirable space 
 for a purpose so necessary to village life. 
 The path, turning out of Nassau street, 
 passed along Park Row, which is in a direct 
 line toward the easiest point of crossing 
 over the outlet by which the waters of 
 the Kolch ponds flowed to East river. 
 This point of crossing was at the head of 
 Roosevelt street, where the swampy ground 
 was no wider than -fifty or sixty feet, and 
 the rivulet turned in its course between 
 rising ground north and south only fifty 
 paces apart. 
 
 At the south this high ground developed 
 into the Catiemut hill, a little eminence 
 occupying the area in the angle of Pearl 
 street and Park Row, covering City Hall 
 place. Another elevation, known much 
 later as Potters hill, the site of the present 
 Hall of Records, stood a little to the west. 
 Between the two was the natural grade for 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
I ■ 
 
 MANHATTAN 
 
 55 
 
 a branch path connecting the village with 
 the main path. 
 
 A branch pathway led eastward to a 
 landing on East river opposite the head 
 of the Indian trail on the Brooklyn side. 
 A suitable landing beach existed at the 
 foot of Dover street, near which the later 
 ferry was established. It was necessarily 
 approached on the south of the swamp, 
 which spread between Park Row and the 
 bank of the river. The most probable line 
 of this path was along Pearl street about as 
 far as Cherry street. The old shore-line ran 
 inland on Dover street near Cherry street, 
 and the outlet of the Old Wreck brook, 
 as the watercourse draining the ponds be- 
 came known, was near the junction of 
 Roosevelt street with Cherry street. From 
 the crossing of the brook at Roosevelt 
 street the path continued in an easterly 
 direction, following Chatham street to 
 Chatham square. A small hillock then 
 occupied the center of that space, and 
 so the trail swerved to its north side and 
 thus reached the junction of the Bowery 
 and Division street. Here a branch path- 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
56 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 ■ 
 
 way, probably on the line of the latter 
 street, led to the neighboring village of 
 Rechtauck or Rechtanck (3), which was 
 situated on Corlears hook. The shore-line 
 along this part of the island faces almost 
 due south, and from the vicinity of Market 
 street eastward the shore-line was composed 
 of high banks of sandy soil. 
 
 Near Jefferson street there was a depres- 
 sion through which a little fresh-water 
 brook made its way into a pond situated in 
 the block bounded by Jefferson, Henry, 
 Clinton, and Madison streets. This appears 
 to have been the only source of fresh-water 
 supply in the entire tract, and, situated 
 as it was with a southern exposure sheltered 
 between rising ground east and west, the 
 latter being covered with timber even as late 
 as 1766, with a good beach in front, the 
 space in the vicinity of the pond offered 
 about as attractive conditions for village 
 life as could be desired, and was therefore, 
 in all probability, the site of Rechtauck. 
 Though the existence of this station 
 is recorded in local history, its precise 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 
 MANHATTAN 
 
 57 
 
 situation was of so little concern to early 
 writers that they made no note of it. 
 
 The name of the village signifies "at the 
 sandy town," or "sandy river." 4 The lead- 
 ing feature of the village-site was evidently 
 the sandy character of the bluffs along the 
 shore-line of East river. It has been 
 called Naghtongh or Nechtank by School- 
 craft and others, but these designations are 
 probably erroneous. It has a tragic in- 
 terest as the scene in 1643 of that ruthless 
 slaughter of the unfortunate natives of 
 Weckquaesgeek, who had sought refuge 
 from their oppressors, the Mohawk, near 
 the white man's settlement. 
 
 From its junction with the trail to the 
 Rechtauck village, the line of the Bowery 
 lane indicates the most probable course 
 of the pathway by which the native traffic 
 proceeded toward the upper end of Man- 
 hattan. It passed "the land called Wer- 
 poes," that level tract which later became 
 the Out Ward of the growing city, and was 
 in all probability a planting-ground cleared 
 by the inhabitants of Werpoes from the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
 
58 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 primeval forest growth with which we may 
 assume the whole locality was covered. 
 The direct line of the Bowery lane indicates 
 the natural course of its predecessor through 
 a tract offering no physical obstructions 
 or changes in grade. 
 
 At the line of Astor place another pathway 
 branched westward. This was an impor- 
 tant connection between the main line of 
 travel and the landing-place on the shore 
 of the Hudson by which trade in peltries 
 and food was conducted with the tribes 
 on the west side of the estuary. This place 
 was known as Sapohanikan (4), and was 
 situated on the curving shore of the river 
 at our present Gansevoort street. The 
 tide-line in those days was well inland of 
 Washington street, and the stretch of 
 shelving shore between Bethune and Hora- 
 tio streets formed a shallow cove suited 
 to the landing of laden canoes at all 
 heights of the tide. 
 
 There does not appear to have been any 
 fresh-water supply at or near this place, 
 so that it would have lacked the most 
 important element necessary to permanent 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 59 
 
 residence. It was, in point of fact, a trading 
 station only, occupied by those who met 
 there to exchange goods with the natives 
 of Hobokan (116), a terminal to which the 
 people of the East Jersey mountain regions 
 brought skins and meat, to be ferried directly 
 across the river to Sapohanikan. The 
 name denotes its position "over against the 
 pipe-making place," and thus indicates its 
 character as a convenient spot for communi- 
 cation rather than for residence. 
 
 We may assume that the path from this 
 place was a well-trodden and probably 
 widened way on which the bearers of bundles 
 of furs, carcasses of moose and deer, baskets 
 of oysters, and strings of fish, passed one 
 another on their way to and from their 
 distant homes. 
 
 The line of this pathway was directed 
 by the physical conditions of the tract over 
 which it passed to a connection with the 
 main trail at Astor place. From the land- 
 ing place it probably proceeded east over 
 the line of Gansevoort street to the head 
 of Greenwich avenue. This is the old 
 Monument ' lane of the Colonial period, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
60 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 which proceeds in a straight line toward 
 Washington Square. At this point the 
 path crossed the rivulet known to the 
 natives as Minetta, 5 and to their successors 
 as the Bestavaer brook. It turned east- 
 ward at this crossing, and cut across the 
 present lots north of Waverly place, pass- 
 ing there between two hillocks, one of which 
 was known as the Sandberg, or Sand hill, 
 and that on the south by a native name, 
 which Schoolcraft gives as Ispetong, prob- 
 ably Aspetong, referring to an elevated 
 place. 6 The line of Astor place is doubt- 
 less the result of the junction of the two 
 paths at this point. 7 
 
 It is quite likely that another branch 
 pathway extended farther eastward, which 
 Stuyvesant later used as the means of 
 access to his bouwery, on the line of Stuy- 
 vesant street, by which the head of the 
 narrow creek that set in from East river 
 (as far as First avenue at East 12th street) 
 was reached, affording a short cut by canoe 
 to the mouth of Newtown inlet directly 
 across East river. 
 
 From Astor place we now follow the path 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 61 
 
 on its way northward as it was developed 
 into the earliest roadway through the island, 
 the old road which was existing when a 
 cartway was ordered to be opened in 1670 
 to connect New Amsterdam with the town- 
 ship of New Haerlem. There is no histori- 
 cal record of this old road having been an 
 Indian path, but there can be little doubt 
 that this was the case, as it led to the junc- 
 tion of two known native paths at McGown's 
 pass, and its crooked course was evidently 
 directed by ancient physical conditions. 
 
 The middle part of the Island of Man- 
 hattan does not seem to have been oc- 
 cupied to any great extent by the natives, 
 a condition which may be explained by the 
 rugged nature of that territory, and by its 
 restricted area, which probably limited the 
 wild animal life within it. But the shores 
 of the island, particularly on the sheltered 
 east side, must have been dotted with fishing 
 camps at certain seasons. 
 
 The absence of village life on the west 
 side was doubtless due to its physical 
 characteristics, which lent themselves but 
 poorly to native occupancy. It was rocky 
 
 • 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 - 
 
62 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 throughout, with a scanty deposit of soil, 
 the hollows insufficiently drained, and there- 
 fore boggy. In the difficulties of maintain- 
 ing vegetation in Central Park we have an 
 illustration of its meager character, its 
 thin soil, its irregular surface, its infertility 
 and scanty sustenance. But the main 
 objection, from an Indian point of view, 
 lay in the exposure of the west side of the 
 island to the bitter wintry winds. In the 
 course of explorations of native sites in 
 and around the island, it has been very 
 definitely determined that the natives pre- 
 ferred the eastern side of hills, or a south- 
 ern exposure, and the scattered places where 
 aboriginal debris has been found along 
 the west shore of Manhattan indicate their 
 use as summer fishing camps rather than 
 as residential sites. The Dyckman Street 
 site (100) is an exception, but it was 
 peculiarly situated and sheltered on all 
 sides except due west. 
 
 There were some favorable situations 
 along the Hudson shore, where fresh-water 
 springs existed, such as at 79th street and 
 at Strikers bay or 96th street; and at the 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 63 
 
 latter point an old resident stated .that oys- 
 ter-shell deposits had been observed before 
 the Riverside Park improvement began. 
 The limited use of such stations would 
 not have warranted the divergence of the 
 main line of travel up the western side 
 of the island. They were more prob- 
 ably reached by a trail through the woods, 
 which was in use in 1679, when Sluyter 
 and D ankers made their way from Harlem 
 to North river, "which we followed a little 
 within the woods to Sappokanikke." Some 
 trails doubtless led across the island to the 
 main path on the eastern side, one of which 
 may well have extended from Strikers bay 
 along the line of the later Bloomingdale 
 crossroad (between 94th and 96th streets), 
 thus connecting North river with the village 
 of Konaande Kongh (5), the headquarters 
 of the chieftaincy of the Reckgawawanc. 
 An article on the history of Broadway 1 
 states that "The Post Road or Boston Road 
 as it was originally called, was the first 
 highway laid out through the length of 
 the island," and the remark is also made 
 that "the topographical character of the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
64 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 island in this vicinity was of a broken or 
 rocky character, diversified with swamps 
 and a briery growth, with but slight attrac- 
 tions to the agriculturist." 
 
 Along its course, northward of Astor 
 place, we have only one recorded place 
 of Indian occupancy, a tract at East 14th 
 street bearing the name "Shepmoes" (99), 
 probably a title descriptive of a local fea- 
 ture, the "little brook." 8 (See Map II.) 
 
 As there was quite a tract of marsh- 
 land along the west side of the trail at this 
 part of its course, it is probable that this 
 plantation extended east of the path, over 
 the level lands of the later Tiebout farm. 
 But this area does not have the character- 
 istics of shelter and an accessible spring, 
 which were indispensable elements in the 
 selection of native dwelling places. It 
 is most likely, therefore, that the position 
 of this group of lodges may have been at 
 or near Second avenue, where a run of 
 fresh water existed in the vicinity of a 
 knoll, thus affording to some extent shelter 
 and water-supply. 
 
 The course of the old Eastern post-road 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 65 
 
 which we thus regard as the successor of 
 the original trail, was by way of Fourth 
 avenue from Astor place as far as 17th 
 street, whence, skirting marsh-lands on the 
 west side, it ran to 23d street at Fifth 
 avenue. Here it turned sharply to the east, 
 passing diagonally across Madison Square to 
 26th street at Madison avenue, the reason 
 for this divergence being a convenient cross- 
 ing over the head of a brook between two 
 areas of marshy land at that point (see 
 Map II). From this crossing it continued 
 eastwardly over Madison avenue at 26th 
 street, and thence diagonally to Fourth 
 avenue at 28th street. Its east side touched 
 Lexington avenue at 30th street, where it 
 turned north and ran parallel with Lexington 
 avenue through the lots on its west side, 
 It then passed easterly across Lexington 
 avenue between 37th and 39th streets, and 
 diagonally east over to Third avenue at 
 44th street. It next took a sharp loop west- 
 ward between 48th and 51st streets, on 
 its diagonal way from Third to Second 
 avenues, which latter it reached at 52d 
 street. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
66 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 In a statement made by John Randel, 9 
 the surveyor, he describes the course of 
 this old post-road, as it lay in 1808-10, in 
 some detail: 
 
 "It crossed the 4th avenue at the Middle 
 Road near 29th street, and passed through the 
 Village of Kips bay from 32nd to 38th street 
 west of 3rd avenue. It thence passed the Cross 
 road to Burr's corners (on the Middle road 
 opposite the present Croton Reservoir) at 41st 
 street, and the road to Turtle bay on the East 
 River between 47th and 48th streets; thence 
 crossed the 2nd avenue at 52nd street, and, re- 
 crossing it between 62nd and 63rd streets, 
 entered the present 3rd avenue at the south- 
 east corner of Hamilton Square, which extended 
 from 66th to 68th street, and from 3rd to 5th 
 avenues. " 
 
 "This road continued thence along the pres- 
 ent Third avenue, passing Harsen's crossroad 
 at 71st street and east of Smith's tavern oppo- 
 site "Kissing Bridge" at 77th street. It 
 crossed the division line between New York 
 and Harlem commons between 81st and 82d 
 streets, and continued along Third avenue to 
 near 83d street. From Third ave. near 83d 
 street this Eastern post-road diverged westerly, 
 and crossed and recrossed the division line be- 
 tween New York and Harlem commons, and 
 crossed Fourth avenue near 85th street, thence 
 passed over the southwestern corner of Observa- 
 tory place, and intersected the Middle road at 
 90th street." 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MANHATTAN 
 
 67 
 
 "From 90th street this Eastern post-road 
 continued along the middle road to 92nd street, 
 and there diverged westerly and passed between 
 Fifth and Sixth avenues (where it was also 
 called the Kingsbridge Road) through the 
 Barrier Gate — at McGowan's pass at 107th 
 street, about 116 yards east of 6th avenue." 
 
 On the east shore of the island, along 
 this line of the pathway thus described, 
 there were some apparently desirable sites 
 for Indian occupancy, such as at Kips bay, 
 Turtle bay; and doubtless along the bluffs 
 facing Blackwells island could have been 
 found by interested observers in years 
 gone by, the sites of fishing camps. But 
 none of our predecessors in historical inves- 
 tigation seem to have been sufficiently 
 interested in the subject to conduct any 
 exploration or to make any record of such 
 traces, and so the long, sheltered shore- 
 line with its desirable fishing facilities, 
 from Corlears hook to 105th street, is de- 
 void of definite native associations. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 

 68 
 
 A 
 
 III.— UPPER MANHATTAN PATHS 
 
 (Maps IV and V) 
 
 T 105TH street a neck of land 
 extended south of Harlem kill 
 into East river, known as Rech- 
 ewanis or Rechewas point (5), 
 owned by the Reckgawawanc, and sold in 
 1669 by Reckgawack and others to De la 
 Montagne. The native village was known 
 as "Konaande kongh" and was probably 
 situated on the high ground between Madi- 
 son and Lexington avenues at 98th to 100th 
 streets. Access from the path, which ran in 
 Central Park north of 88th street, was 
 doubtless by a branch leaving the main 
 trail near 95th street and crossing Fifth 
 avenue somewhere near 96th street. A 
 study of the topography of the locality is 
 presented in Map IV. 
 
 The name of this native station is record- 
 ed in. the deed for the sale of Rechewanis 
 in 1669, though it has been misapplied to 
 Harlem creek. Mr Harrington suggests 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 69 
 
 that the native word axkwonan, "to 
 
 catch with a net," is the basis, and with 
 
 the addition of kongh, the equivalent cf 
 
 the Delaware xunk, we derive the meaning 
 
 of the village name as "the hill near which 
 
 they fish with nets," a reference to the 
 
 nearby waters of Hellgate bay, which was 
 
 doubtless a favorable place for such a 
 
 known native method of fishing. The terms 
 
 of the deed of sale, when carefully read, 
 
 exclude the possibility of the connection of 
 
 this name with the creek, which latter is 
 
 referred to as one of the boundaries of 
 
 Point Rechewanis, as follows: 
 
 "The underwritten Indians have sold the 
 Point named Rechewanis, bounded between 
 two creeks and hills, and behind a stream [fon- 
 teyn] which runs to Montagne's Flat." 10 
 
 This exactly and completely describes 
 the neck of low, sandy marsh-land east 
 from the high ground in Central Park 
 (103rd-107th streets), to Hellgate bay or 
 East river, and bounded on its north side 
 by Harlem creek (the fonteyn referred to), 
 taking in Montagne's tract to Manhattan- 
 ville, and on its south side by a smaller 
 and unnamed creek bordering the high 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
70 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 ground between Madison and Third avenues 
 from 101st street southward. 
 
 The deed proceeds with the description 
 of the property ". . . with the Meadows 
 (Valeyen) from the bend of the Hellegat 
 to Konaande Kongh." 
 
 The meadows thus described lay south 
 of the bounds of the point previously 
 described, and extended along the shore of 
 the bay of Hellgate, from 92 d to 100th 
 streets, between First and Second avenues. 
 The marshy area was much cut up by 
 stream and inlets, and it extended back to 
 the high ground on the west, previously 
 referred to, which roughly followed a line 
 north and south. 
 
 This is evidently the situation of Konaan- 
 de Kongh, a particular title which is so 
 precise that it could scarcely have been 
 applied to a mere line of uplands, which 
 in the other part of the deed are referred 
 to merely as "hills" (bergen). The topo- 
 graphy is suited to the position of the 
 station, in which Reckgawack and his circle 
 of natives must have made their headquar- 
 ters, on the high ground in the vicinity of, 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 71 
 
 though it could not have been upon, the 
 point. The latter was wholly unsuited 
 for residence; for it was little more than a 
 mound of sand, rising above the marsh- 
 land, overflowed by high tides and doubt- 
 less swarming with muskrats and crabs, and, 
 moreover, without shelter from every wind 
 that blew. But on the higher ground to 
 the southwest there was such shelter from 
 the wintry winds, and also a good source 
 of water-supply from two springs rising 
 near 98th street. These flowed together in a 
 level space, which lay between two ridges 
 on the line of Park avenue, and as the lodges 
 there commanded a full view of the waters 
 of Hellgate bay, the village-site would agree 
 with the description of Konaande Kongh 
 as "the hill near which they fish with nets." 
 This was the old haunt of the Reckgawa- 
 wanc, to which they„ clung until 1669, when 
 they abandoned their home-lands forever. 
 The path entered Central Park at 88th 
 street and extended northwesterly through 
 the site of the Croton reservoir. It joined 
 the Park drive just above the Transverse 
 road, or 97th street, and followed it to its 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
72 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 junction with the circular drive near 104th 
 street, where it struck across the park over 
 to the head of the gully known as McGown's 
 pass, which 'ed down into the valley west 
 of the eminence on which the Fort of 1812 
 was perched. This part of the path can 
 still be readily traced, though it leads 
 into the Mere, which now covers the low- 
 land over which it used to pass. 
 
 The Indian trail in New Haerlem diverged 
 from the main path at 110th street, at a 
 point midway between Fifth and Lenox 
 avenues. Curving to the northeast, it 
 reached a point at the southwest corner of 
 111th street and Fifth avenue, whence it 
 ran on a direct line over the broad and level 
 meadow-land known as Muscoota, to a little 
 creek on the Conykeekst tract, on which 
 the tiny hamlet of New Haerlem was later 
 formed at 125th street, just west of First 
 avenue. Its line was adopted as one,, of 
 the village streets, and as such was long 
 known as "the Indian trail" (see Map IV). 
 
 Riker records the discovery, in 1855, at 
 a point between 120th and 121st streets, 
 on the same neck of land, of numerous 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 73 
 
 shells, flakes, rejects, and weapons, demon- 
 strating native occupancy. This occupied 
 place (98) was doubtless a native site of 
 some importance, since it was the nearest 
 point of access by canoe to the wide terri- 
 tory of Ranachqua, or Morrisania, which 
 could be reached on foot only by a long 
 tramp via Kingsbridge. That territory was 
 also a part of the Reckgawav^anc posses- 
 sions, affording extensive hunting, fishing, 
 and oystering facilities for the chieftaincy. 
 But the situation of this station lacked the 
 necessary shelter required for winter occu- 
 pancy, and it was more likely a place of 
 landing and trade, or perhaps a fishing-place. 
 The broad tract of level land on which 
 this station was situated, extending north 
 of the waters of Rechewanis and lying 
 east of the Indian trail, between 108th 
 street and 123d street, was known to the 
 natives as "Conykeekst." 11 The queer name 
 may have been more correctly Quinni- 
 keek. As in other situations, the name 
 was probably applied equally to the local 
 settlement (98) and to its vicinity. The 
 tract was waterless, save for one small 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
74 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 brook which flowed diagonally northeast- 
 ward from a source at 114th street near 
 Second avenue, and reached Harlem river 
 at 123d street near Avenue A, or Pleasant 
 avenue, passing within about three hundred 
 feet of the place at which the native objects 
 were found, as above described. 
 
 The situation of Conykeekst, if such was 
 the station's name, was without shelter 
 on the west, except for the forest growth, 
 and it may therefore be assumed to have 
 been unoccupied in the winter season, and 
 during the rest of the year to have been an 
 oystering and fishing camp. 
 
 St Nicholas Avenue 
 
 The parting of the Manhattan path 
 from the Harlem trail appears to have been 
 at 110th street, on the east side of Lenox 
 avenue, the Harlem trail passing off diago- 
 nally to the east, and the main path 
 continuing in a northwesterly direction 
 into our present St Nicholas avenue at 
 111th street. The path probably ran 
 along the easterly side of the avenue, on 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 75 
 
 the line of the old Harlem lane, which was 
 the successor of the Indian thoroughfare. 
 The course headed directly across the 
 level meadowlands now covered by modern 
 Harlem, toward the foot of Washington 
 Heights. Along its route at or near 115th 
 street, at Seventh avenue, the pioneer 
 white settler fixed the location of his clear- 
 ing, Vredendal, or "Quiet Vale," the home 
 of the Montagne family. This site may 
 have been selected on account of its prox- 
 imity to the path, and reasonably convenient 
 access to a supply of water, the nearest 
 brook being about five hundred feet to the 
 south, and the upper branch of Harlem 
 creek extending on the east about an equal 
 distance from the house-site. Riker 12 says: 
 
 "Harlem Lane, as we have reason to believe, 
 was at first an Indian trail. Such forest paths, 
 conveniently marked out by savage instinct, 
 were often adopted by the white settlers as the 
 best routes for highways. 
 
 "In traveling from New Amsterdam to 
 Spuyten Duyvil, at McGown's pass was the 
 natural descent to the plain, the path striking 
 its northern end, where it would as naturally 
 fork to the left and right, for the equal con- 
 venience of the pedestrian passing through the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
76 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 ' Clove of the Kill ' to the North River, or along 
 the base of the height to and up Breakneck 
 Hill." 
 
 Here these early settlers went about 
 their daily labor of converting the virgin 
 land into a productive farm, while the dusky 
 savage, "whose trail lay near them, lead- 
 ing from the forests of Wickquaskeek to 
 New Amsterdam, passed to and fro on 
 his trading errands and eyed with ill-dis- 
 guised suspicion this inroad upon his an- 
 cient hunting grounds." 
 
 At 124th street the little watercourse 
 known to Dutch settlers as the fonteyn, 
 was crossed. Rising near Broadway, it 
 flowed east and south to the head of Harlem 
 creek. A branch path may have extended 
 along the line of Manhattan street to a 
 landing at North river, on the line of 130th 
 street, to which an ancient lane extended 
 in the Colonial period. 
 
 The path at 125th street turned north- 
 eastward to avoid the sharp acclivity later 
 known as Point of Rocks, the extreme 
 southern projection of the Penadnic, the 
 Colonial "Hills of Jochem Pieter," our 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 
 UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 77 
 
 modern Washington Heights. It skirted 
 along the eastern base of the hilly range, 
 bending here and there, within the bounds 
 of St Nicholas avenue as it now runs, and 
 slightly rising in grade to 141st street. It 
 crossed there, and also at 143d street, 
 the cascading brooks which bounded down 
 the steep hillside from sources on the later 
 estates of General Maunsell and Alexander 
 Hamilton, and uniting, ran into a marshy 
 tract that extended until recent times along 
 the base of the hill as far north as Harlem 
 river, wholly barring farther progress 
 along the level lowlands. 
 
 Compelled now to scale the heights, the 
 red man found a difficulty in the varying 
 seasonal conditions of the stream and marsh. 
 In dry seasons it must have been easy to 
 cross the brook and skirt the marsh to 
 the line of the old Breakneck hill, steeply 
 ascending to 147th street, the bugbear of 
 the mail-coach of later times. In wet 
 weather a clamber along the rocky hillside 
 skirting the brook was a better route. In 
 the Military Headquarters Map of 1782, 
 three such routes are shown at this point, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
78 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 all illustrating the strategic value of the 
 place as that best suited to the scaling of 
 the hill, and the seasonal difficulties which 
 were encountered in the process. 
 
 Once landed on the high ground, the trail 
 went easily and directly northward, through 
 the dense woodland growth which, until 
 many decades of Colonial advance had 
 passed, covered the favorite hunting-ground 
 of the Reckgawawanc, passing the future 
 site of Jan Dykman's farmhouse at 153d 
 street, and proceeding in nearly a direct 
 line past the site of the home of Roger 
 Morris, and his successor in ownership, the 
 irrepressible Madame Jumel. 
 
 Probably a little side trail led to the west, 
 at or near 158th street, connecting a small 
 fishing-station, the site of which was marked 
 by a deposit of shells on a mound on the 
 south side of that street at Audubon lane. 
 
 Bending northwest at 160th street, the 
 path followed the line of the avenue to 
 168th street, there Crossing, sometimes 
 directly, sometimes circuitously, a marshy 
 tract on the site of the present Mitchel 
 Square. Rising in grade to its highest 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
o ~= 
 I- o 
 o . 
 
 x 5: 
 
 CO "* 
 
 I- ft 
 
 O Sm 
 
 Oh 
 
UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 79 
 
 point, the path followed our present Broad- 
 way. It crossed the divide at 173d street, 
 and on the line of old Depot lane, now 
 177th street, a bypath must have led to 
 the fishing-station and canoe-landing on 
 Fort Washington point (14), where a con- 
 siderable deposit of blackened soil, shells, 
 and occasional scraps of pottery indicate 
 a somewhat extended use of the place by 
 men and women of the local tribe, while 
 the arrowpoints found by Alanson Skinner 
 among the rocks are probably those lost 
 in shooting the darting fish that swarmed 
 the swirling tide around the famous head- 
 land (pi. i). 
 
 At 176th to 181st street the path bounded 
 an Indian planting-field, known as "The 
 Great Maize Land" to the early settlers, 
 the only clearing in the wild woodlands, 
 doubtless prepared and tended by those 
 natives resident in Fort Washington Park. 
 Between 179th and 180th streets the path 
 swerved to the east to reach the head of the 
 ravine through which it and its successor, 
 the Albany post-road, now Broadway, made 
 its way directly down between the hills 
 
 • 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
80 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 of Fort Washington and Fort George, to 
 the low-lying valley of Inwood. 
 
 At 195th street a brook, later known as 
 "The Run," crossed the path from west 
 to east, at the head of the swampy ground 
 which extended in from Sherman creek 
 (Map V). In the sloping ground north of 
 the watercourse, which has been cultivated 
 for many years as a truck garden, various 
 objects of native handling have been turned 
 up by the spade, but these are not sufficient 
 to indicate its use for more than a camp- 
 site. The path passed on, as Broadway 
 now does, around the western side of "The 
 Knoll" to Dyckman street, which it crossed 
 between the heads of two small water- 
 courses running east and west, respectively, 
 at that point. A branch path must cer- 
 tainly have turned westward along the 
 margin of the latter brook, at the base of 
 the high ground around which Riverside 
 drive now bends, and led to the ancient 
 station (100) on the bank of 'Little Sand 
 bay," snugly ensconced behind Tubby hook. 
 
 Along the course of the brook deposits 
 of shells may still be seen, and on the shore 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOLTON — INDIAN PATHS 
 
 AN !mw^ pa , th - the trail through shorakapkok. the 
 
 INWOOD VILLAGE. MANHATTAN. (STATION 16. MAP V) 
 Photograph by W. L. Calver 
 
UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 81 
 
 of the little cove a mass of shells and car- 
 bonized material had accumulated to a 
 depth of nearly five feet, in which Alanson 
 Skinner and Amos Oneroad, exploring for 
 the Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation, found crude artifacts, indica- 
 tive of very ancient use. 13 
 
 This is probably the earliest occupied place 
 in the Inwood district, which has proved 
 rich in the remains of native occupancy. 
 Indeed the numerous spots where such 
 signs have come to light point to the use 
 in one way or another of all parts of the 
 favored valley, from the dense woodlands 
 of the sheltered hillsides to the numerous 
 fishing-places along the placid Muscoota 
 river and around the shore-line of Shora- 
 kapkok. 
 
 The broad tract of meadow-land and 
 marsh in the center of this vale, extending 
 from the base of Fort George hill to the 
 southerly part of Marble hill, was known to 
 the natives as Muscoota (15), "a meadow or 
 place of rushes." As in other situations, 
 the name was applied also to the contiguous 
 waters of Harlem river, bordering the tract 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 

 82 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 upon the east, which thus became known 
 to the early colonists as the kill Muscoota. 
 The hilly extremity of the island, the 
 present Marble hill, around which Spuyten 
 Duyvil creek winds its sinuous way, was 
 known as Saperewack, an apparent and 
 interesting description of the white marble 
 outcrop of this hill, evidenced by the Delaware 
 sabbeleu-aki, "glistening place," as deter- 
 mined by Mr Harrington. This name 
 is recorded in the deed of 28 September, 
 1669, as "the hook called Saperewack." 
 The winding waterway from the head of 
 kill Muscoota, at 225th street, was known 
 as Paparinemin or Papirinemin, a name 
 applied also to the island of Kingsbridge 
 which bounded the stream on its northerly 
 side, and which seems to be derived from 
 the Delaware papallenumen, "to contin- 
 ually make a false start," which would indi- 
 cate to the native mind the special peculi- 
 arity of the tides of this locality, accord- 
 ing to Mr Harrington. The limits within 
 which the name seems to have been applied 
 were from the head of Harlem river around 
 Marble hill, as far west as the sharp bend in 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
= v ■ A 
 
 

 
 UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 S3 
 
 the stream caused by an extensive projection 
 of marshy land from the southern end of 
 Spuyten Duyvil hill, now occupied in part 
 by the Johnson Foundry. This point, which 
 was partly inundated at high tide, and 
 nearly surrounded by the waters of the 
 creek, was known to the Indians as Gowa- 
 hasuasing, denoting "a place hedged in." 
 
 The sheltered side of Inwood hill was 
 a most desirable place for native residence, 
 and extensive debris discovered on all 
 favorable sites testifies to their long-con- 
 tinued occupancy. The mouth of Spuyten 
 Duyvil creek bounds the hill on the north 
 and partly on the east, and this portion 
 of the waterway was included in the name 
 applied by the natives to the locality, 
 Shorakapkok, which Mr Harrington sug- 
 gests may be from shaphakeyeu-aki, refer- 
 ring to a "wet-ground place " 
 
 The principal station appears to have 
 been a village (15) situated at the base of 
 the east side of Inwood hill, along the 
 present Seaman avenue, where a number of 
 the native dead were also interred. This 
 must have been reached by a bypath, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
84 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 probably extending from the main path at 
 Dyckman street along the line of the old 
 Bolton road and via Prescott avenue to 
 the village-site, which was occupied from 
 near the Bolton road, as far north as 
 207th street, with numerous shell-pits and, 
 around a spring at 204th street, with 
 extensive beds of debris. 
 
 We may be sure that a village path passed 
 on northward to- the planting-ground situat- 
 ed on the Isham estate, north of 207th street 
 and west of Seaman avenue. Thence 
 it led by the same route as the present 
 cartway (pi. n) through the woodlands to 
 that shadowy glen under the cliffs of In- 
 wood hill, where the Indian cave still exists, 
 and where the spouting spring still pours 
 out its pellucid stream for the benefit of 
 the visitor to the fascinating Shorakapkok, 
 (pi. in), the present Cold Spring Hol- 
 low (16). 
 
 The great deposit of debris in this vale 
 was explored by the Museum of the Ameri- 
 can Indian, Heye Foundation, and was 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 85 
 
 found to fill the ancient bed of a brook 
 long dried up, and to extend even beyond 
 the shore-line into the waters of the 
 creek. 13 
 
 The main path, from Dyckman street 
 eastward, probably left the line of Broad- 
 way near Academy street, and crossed the 
 brook, the source of which was the spring 
 at the native village, that ran through the 
 head of a swampy tract later known as 
 Pieter Tuynier's fall. The old highroad, 
 its successor, took this course and ran 
 diagonally eastward to 209th street at 
 Harlem river, where it reached a fishing 
 camp-site, which was marked by consid- 
 erable shell-deposits, and thence proceeded 
 northward parallel with and near the bank 
 of the river past the sites of the later Dyck- 
 man and Nagel homesteads, toward Mar- 
 ble hill. 
 
 It may be assumed that branch trails 
 led westward from this path to nearby 
 places occupied by the natives for residence 
 or for ceremonies, such as the site of the 
 slaves' burying-ground at 212th street 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
 - 
 
 
86 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 and Tenth avenue, where a number of Indian 
 shell-pits were explored by W. L. Calver 
 and Dr Edward Hagaman Hall, in which 
 were found pottery, and dog, turtle, and 
 snake skeletons; or on Isham street, Cooper 
 street, and 207th street, where human and 
 dog burials, shell-pockets, and fire-pits 
 have been discovered by Mr Calver and 
 his companions (pi. iv, v, and fig. 1). 
 
 Between the high ground of the Dyckman 
 estate at 218th street and the Marble hill 
 at 225th street, the broad water of the 
 United States Ship Canal now sweeps, 
 bordered on the north side by the New 
 York Central railroad. This was in ancient 
 times a marshy gully, in which two brooks 
 ran west and east, the latter easily crossed 
 by the path about a hundred feet west of 
 the present Broadway bridge. 
 
 The trail then curved around the eastern 
 side of Saperewack, our Marble hill, past 
 the later site of the Hyatt tavern at 225 th 
 street, and at a level considerably below the 
 line of Broadway it made for the Wading 
 place, the ultimate object of its entire 
 course. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOLTON— INDIAN PATHS 
 
 INDIAN WOMAN AND CHILD IN A GRAVE AT SHORAKAPKOK. 
 
 (STATION 16, MAP V) 
 
 An arrowpoint was found in one of the woman's ribs, indicating a violent death. 
 
 Photograph by W. L. Calver, 1908 
 
UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 87 
 
 The Wading place is described as having 
 been a short distance east of the original 
 
 Fig. 1. — Skull of an ancient denizen of Shorakapkok, dis- 
 interred on Seaman avenue near 204th street, Manhattan 
 (Station 15, Map V). 
 
 Kingsbridge, which in turn was east of 
 the more recent bridge, now buried under 
 Kingsbridge avenue (see Map VI). 
 
 Stephen Jenkins, in his Story of the 
 Bronx, places the situation of the Wading 
 place, with much probability of accuracy, 
 under our present Broadway, at the disused 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 

 88 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 bridge which in recent years spanned the 
 little creek. Here the water was shoal, 
 and at low tide the bottom was exposed in 
 the middle of the tideway, forming a little 
 island (pi. vi). This was further extended 
 by the late Joseph Godwin, whose house 
 stood on the abutting tongue of land, upon 
 the Island of Paparinemin (18), and he used 
 it as a site for a summer house, whereby 
 it became known as Godwin's island. The 
 exact line of the Wading place was under 
 the western part of the bridge, nearer the 
 high ground on each shore. It has been 
 stated that oyster-shells were to be seen 
 upon the island, but of course they may 
 have been carried there in the extension of 
 its area. 
 
 By this means the path left the Island 
 of Manhattan. Only those who were 
 ferried over on the backs of others, passed 
 on their way dry of foot, unless perchance 
 at times a dugout may have served the pur- 
 pose of a ferry. When the tides were high 
 there was often a long delay for travelers, 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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 c 
 rt 
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 5 
 
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 cr 
 
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UPPER MANHATTAN 
 
 89 
 
 which may account for traces of meals in 
 small shell-deposits on the south side of the 
 creek, and others on the opposite side of 
 the stream on the sloping shore of the 
 Island of Paparinemin. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
90 
 
 
 T 
 
 IV.— PATHS IN THE BRONX 
 (Maps VI, and VIL A, B, C, D) 
 HE low land above Spuyten Duyvil 
 
 creek at the Wading place, was 
 the island Paparinemin, which 
 was formed by the Mosholu, 
 known later as Tippett's brook, on the 
 west, and on the other side by a marshy 
 tract through which meandered a small 
 watercourse, fed by brooks from the 
 steep hillside on which modern Kings- 
 bridge is now situated. This island was 
 a favored place for Indian residence, as it 
 is sheltered by high hills in every direction, 
 with an ample supply of fresh water. Its 
 surface was composed largely of sand and 
 cultivable soil. In the vicinity of 231st 
 street, across the island, many traces of an 
 occupied station have been found (18). 
 Shell-pockets and scattered debris cover 
 the upland, and near the middle of the area, 
 upon the center line of that street, about 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
ft ' 
 
 wab£n£; 
 
 i //t i 
 
 HE WADING 
 
BOLTON - INDIAN paths IN TH1 GRIA1 MKrROPoUi 
 
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 M\P VI 
 
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 WADING PLACE \\n THE MEETING oh fHI PATHS 
 
• - • 
 
 . 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 91 
 
 two hundred feet west of Broadway, W. L. 
 Calver discovered a fireplace, in the ashes 
 of which there was standing upright a fine 
 pottery vessel of Iroquois pattern, possibly 
 neglected in a hurried abandonment of the 
 place on the advent of some hostile party, 
 by natives who never revisited the place 
 to recover this domestic treasure. 
 
 The path ran along Broadway close to 
 this site, and then turned sharply to the 
 east across the marsh-land at or near 
 231st street, where the bog was narrowest 
 (see Map VI). A causeway was later con- 
 structed at the same crossing by the settlers 
 of Fordham. Over this important crossing 
 all the native traffic necessarily passed 
 between the Island of Manhattan and the 
 outlying mainland north and east. 
 
 At its landing on the Fordham side, the 
 path reached the base of the Keskeskick 
 highlands, the north part of which was 
 later known as Tetard's hill. Here it divided 
 into two trails passing north and south. 
 That part of the trail extending northward 
 was the Hudson River path which developed 
 into the present Albany post-road. This 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
92 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 important path was the main line of com- 
 munication between the Reckgawawanc 
 and their relatives at Yonkers. It passed 
 through the principal stations of neighbor- 
 ing chieftaincies, at Dobbs Ferry, Tarry- 
 town, Ossining, Croton, and Peekskill, 
 crossed the Highlands at Continental 
 Village, and entered the lands of the Wap- 
 pinger, extending to the country of their 
 oppressors, the Mohawk. 
 
 In Kingsbridge village the old post-road 
 existed until recent years, when it was cov- 
 ered by a deep fill to its present level, 
 and is now known as Albany avenue. On 
 the east side of the line of this roadway, 
 at 234th street, W. L. Calver, with the 
 writer, found a shell-pocket with pottery 
 fragments, evidently marking the site 
 of a small camp alongside the trail. 
 
 The path curved around Tetard hill 
 as Albany avenue now runs, crossing near 
 238th street a small brook descending the 
 hillside, and thence extending on a nearly 
 straight course northward toward Van 
 Cortlandt Park, where it found a practicable 
 crossing over the Mosholu brook at 242d 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 X 
 
 
 h- 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 fl- 
 
 X 
 
 OC 
 
 z 
 
 LU 
 
 o 
 
 ~> 
 
 DC 
 
 E 
 
 CO 
 
 
 UJ 
 
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 li. 
 
 3 
 
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 X 
 
 X 
 
 111 
 
 CD 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 h- 
 
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 h-1 
 
 ai 
 o 
 O g 
 
 QQ t 
 
 H 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 93 
 
 street. 14 This was probably effected by 
 stepping-stones at the foot of the cascade 
 where in 1700 a dam and a sawmill were 
 erected by Van Cortlandt, thus creating 
 the present lake. In Indian days the brook 
 made its way through a marshy tract ex- 
 tending half a mile back to our present 
 city boundary. 
 
 Here the trail connected with a consid- 
 erable village-site (19) which covered a 
 space of several acres on the level land west 
 of the lake. On this area, when the regrad- 
 ing of the present playing-field was under- 
 taken in 1890, J. B. James found many 
 fire-pits, a number of native human inter- 
 ments, and several dog-burials. The name 
 of this village is not recorded: it may have 
 been Mosholu, by which name the surround- 
 ing locality has been known to recent times, 
 but more probably was included in the 
 title of the tract of Keskeskick, that formed 
 the first sale by the local natives to the 
 Dutch West India Company in 1639. That 
 sale was made by Taquemack, the local 
 sachem, but was also agreed to by Reck- 
 gawack, indicating its connection with the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
94 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 possessions of the chieftaincy of the 
 Reckgawawanc. 
 
 The trail passed to the south of this 
 village-site along the low ridge, on which 
 the Van Cortlandt mansion was later placed, 
 crossed Broadway at 244th street, and 
 turned north and extended parallel with 
 Broadway. This old highroad, now re 
 named Newton avenue, can still be seen, 
 much in its original condition (pi. vii). 
 In this vicinity traces of native stations 
 were discovered by J. B. James, at 247th 
 street near the Fieldston road and at Pas- 
 cal avenue. These doubtless had some 
 relation to the Keskeskick village. Beyond 
 Mosholu avenue the old line of the highway 
 is now abandoned, but its course may still 
 be traced by the trees and stone fences that 
 once lined it on both sides, as far as about 
 260th street, where it fell in line with Broad- 
 way of today and so arrived at the north 
 boundary of the City of New York. It 
 was over this trail that the party of Dutch 
 militia despatched by Kieft to raid the 
 native settlement at Yonkers (20) passed 
 in March, 1642, guided by Tobias Teunis- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 . 95 
 
 sen, the pioneer settler of Inwood valley, 
 who was probably well acquainted with the 
 path The expedition must have left the 
 main trail at some point in South Yonkers, 
 with the intention of surprising the Weck- 
 quaesgeek from an unexpected direction, 
 as it lost its way in the dense woods and 
 deep glens of the Sawmill River valley east 
 of Yonkers, and was obliged to abandon 
 the accomplishment of its ill-intentioned 
 purpose. 
 
 From some point near the village along- 
 side the Mosholu brook, a branch trail 
 must have extended to the Riverdale dis- 
 trict, toward the native castle of Nip- 
 nichsen (17) , 15 which was situated on the 
 strategic position of Spuyten Duyvil hill, 
 commanding an outlook over a wide expanse 
 of land and water. Such a trail most prob- 
 ably skirted the base of the hill by the 
 line of the old Dash's lane, which extends 
 along the west bank of the Mosholu (pi. 
 vni) . 
 
 The lane passes an occupied place, marked 
 by scattered oyster-shells and a large pit 
 filled with shells, bones, and carbonized 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
96 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 material, on a projecting tongue of land 
 just south of the intersection of the lane with 
 the recent extension of 238th street. This 
 trail probably made its way round the base 
 of Spuyten Duyvil hill close to the river 
 bank, as shown in Map V, as far as the pre- 
 sent Spuyten Duyvil railroad station. A 
 scattered shell-deposit covered the area 
 now buried under the railroad yard, and 
 indicated the site of a native station con- 
 veniently accessible across the stream from 
 the Shorakapkok stations on Manhattan, 
 the scene of abundant Indian life. 
 
 Above this sheltered place, on the summit 
 of the steep hill which was afterward known 
 as Konstabelsche hook, or Berrians neck, 
 there was the native station of Nipnichsen, 
 which is said to have been a stockaded posi- 
 tion. It overlooked the junction of the 
 creek and the ' river, commanding a wide 
 view of the great estuary, as well as of the 
 Dyckman flatlands and all the surrounding 
 hills. Such a defensive place was doubt- 
 less planned as a refuge in case of incursion 
 by the overbearing Mohawk, and must 
 have been accessible by paths or trails 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 97 
 
 leading from the various stations in the 
 vicinity. It could not have been a desir- 
 able place for permanent residence, on 
 account of its exposure to every wind that 
 blew, and its lack of water supply. 
 
 It probably occupied the crest of the 
 hill a few yards to the south of the site 
 of old Fort Number One of the period of the 
 Revolution, on which the house occupied 
 at one time by the late William C. Mu- 
 schenheim was built. In the garden of this 
 residence, Dr Edward Hagaman Hall and 
 the writer opened several small shell- 
 pockets, which were, however, without 
 objects of interest. Others may probably 
 exist in the vicinity. W. L. Calver found 
 shells and fragments of pottery near the 
 site of Public School No. Twenty-four, on 
 Kappock street, which is near an abundant 
 spring of fresh water. Along the shore of 
 the Hudson several shell-deposits mark 
 the sites of fishing-camps on the lines of 
 West 232d, 235th, and 245th streets. A 
 site which indicates extensive utilization, 
 and possible long residence, is that of the 
 one-time farm dwelling of the Tippett 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
98 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 family on the same hill, but farther north, 
 about the line of 231st street. Quantities 
 of oyster-shells are imbedded in rich black 
 soil. The place is sheltered, and flowing 
 springs are nearby. Only a few fragments 
 of native materials have so far been found 
 there, but enough to justify the determina- 
 tion of the place as an Indian station. 16 
 
 These traces indicate a limited use of 
 the exposed Nipnichsen hill, which, however, 
 does not detract from its importance as a 
 place of aboriginal observation and of possible 
 refuge. 
 
 THE WESTCHESTER PATH 
 
 Returning now to 231st street, where the 
 Manhattan trail divided (see Map VI), 
 we take up the study of the Westchester 
 path, which turned south from the Albany 
 trail at the crossing of the marsh at 231st 
 street. This was a well known native 
 pathway, recorded in history, utilized later 
 by the white settlers, and extending through 
 the present Borough of the Bronx in two 
 branches — one connected with Westchester 
 and the local stations in its vicinity, the 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 99 
 
 other passing through Eastchester and 
 Pelham to the long stretch of Sound-shore 
 territory, which was occupied by the neigh- 
 boring tribe of the Siwanoy. By its ex- 
 tension in that direction and its connection 
 with other trails, this path, now the Boston 
 post-road, brought the tribes of the New 
 England states into contact with their 
 eastern brethren, and provided the means 
 of communication by which the English 
 settlers of the New England colony ulti- 
 mately found their way into the territory 
 of the Dutch. 
 
 The native name of this important path 
 was Sachkerah, derived from the Delaware 
 shaiahik, meaning "the shore," and oana, 
 or amy, "a path," or, in other words, it 
 was "the Shore-road." It is quite pre- 
 cisely located in the deed by which the 
 natives confirmed the purchase by Archer 
 from Elias Doughty of the tract of land 
 which was included between the two branches 
 of the path, extending from the point of 
 crossing where they united, as far east as 
 Bronx river. This interesting deed also 
 preserved some local native titles, of which 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 _ 
 
 
100 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 mention has already been made of those 
 upon the upper end of Manhattan Island. 
 The south bounds of the tract were denned 
 as extending on a line drawn southeast- 
 wardly from the hook Saperewack, or 
 Marble hill, and such a line is found rather 
 closely to follow the native trail that led to 
 the old town of Westchester. This line cuts 
 Bronx river at a place which the deed re- 
 corded as being -called Acqueegenom (119), 
 evidently the Indian name of the locality 
 where the path thus used as a boundary 
 touched Bronx river, and probably, there- 
 fore, the wading place over that stream. 
 As ocque means "at the end of," or "as 
 far as," aney "a path," and om "over," 
 the name may denote "where the path 
 goes over." The boundary ranged thence 
 northward along Bronx river to a place 
 called Cowangongh (120), which was the 
 crossing of the upper or Shore path at 
 Williamsbridge. This name is derived 
 from cowang, "sl boundary," and ongk, 
 "beyond," indicating the point of passing 
 beyond the boundary of the former owners, 
 which was the river. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 101 
 
 From this point the boundary ran west 
 "on Sachkerah," the Shore path, "and so 
 to the first place Muscoota," that is, fol- 
 lowing the path back to Manhattan, it 
 formed the northerly boundary of the tract. 
 To make the matter more precise the deed 
 stipulated, "so that from Muscoota to 
 Sackerath [Sachkerah] it runs upon a 
 straight east line to Broncks Ryver." A 
 line due east and west from Williamsbridge 
 touches the end of the Island of Manhattan. 
 
 Sachkerah became the old Boston post- 
 road, and as such is traveled today by 
 thousands of automobiles, the modern suc- 
 cessors of the swift and silent Siwanoy, 
 whose patient effort and hardened feet 
 wore the track that ultimately brought 
 about their own displacement. 
 
 In 1668 this thoroughfare again formed a 
 boundary of property which Elias Doughty, 
 the heir of Van der Donck's land-rights, 
 sold to the farmers Tippett and Betts. 
 This tract ran "west to Hudson's river 
 and east to Bronck's River, with all the 
 upland from Bronck's River south to West- 
 chester Path." 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
102 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 - 
 
 The path had first necessarily to ascend 
 the steep Keskeskick hillside, which it 
 accomplished (see Map VI) by proceeding 
 south by way of Albany crescent to Bailey 
 avenue, where it divided into its two parts, 
 the Shore path, or Sachkerah, ascending 
 the hill as the Boston post-road, now called 
 Boston avenue, up to Sedgwick avenue. 
 The lower path, which led direct to West- 
 chester and the native stations in the south- 
 eastern part of the Bronx, took a southerly 
 route by way of Bailey avenue, around the 
 bend of Spuyten Duyvil creek, toward the 
 line of the old Kingsbridge road, which led 
 to the village of Fordham, turning east at 
 the Farmers' bridge opposite Muscoota 
 or 225th street, Manhattan. 
 
 This part of Westchester path, which will 
 be first described, and is shown on Map 
 VII, C, crossed the edge of some marshy 
 ground near the bridge to Manhattan, 
 where there is a patch of cultivable ground 
 richly strewn with oyster-shells, indicating 
 a small station and probably a planting- 
 field. 
 
 Crossing Heath avenue, the Lower path, 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 103 
 
 as we shall describe it, steeply ascended the 
 hill to Sedgwick avenue, and through the 
 wooded upland went due eastward as 
 Kingsbridge road now runs, past the site 
 of the old Dutch Reformed church near 
 the head of University avenue, and the 
 Eighth Regiment armory on Jerome avenue, 
 and bending irregularly but nearly within 
 the lines of the present Kingsbridge road, 
 it ascended the high ground and reached 
 and crossed the present Concourse. Here 
 it turned to the south around the present 
 Poe Park, where the old Williamsbridge 
 road, which is now part of Valentine ave- 
 nue, later joined its route. It ran past 
 the original site of Edgar Allan Poe's 
 little home, and in front of the site of the 
 old Valentine-Briggs farmhouse which 
 has been very recently removed, on its 
 western side, and so bending sharply east, 
 it descended through the village of Fordham 
 to Mill brook, at the head of Third avenue. 
 Mill brook was crossed at some point 
 north of Pelham avenue, probably at a 
 shallow place where the brook widened out, 
 which seems to have been due west of the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
104 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 main College building, and the trail struck 
 across the grounds of St John's College, 
 on a line which may be that of the old 
 rear driveway. Beyond the college it cut 
 eastwardly through the site of Fordham 
 hospital, and crossing the Southern boule- 
 vard, entered Bronx Park. Traversing 
 the park, it reached Bronx river, where 
 there is a practicable wading place about 
 one hundred and fifty feet north of Pelham 
 parkway. This, the Indian Acqueegenom 
 (119), is shown in pi. ix. Thence the 
 trail extended to the Siwanoy settlements 
 east of the Aquehung or Bronx river, to 
 which the lower part of the stream formed 
 not only a boundary but a physical bar- 
 rier. Its extension and branches are de- 
 scribed later. 
 
 It would seem that some branch path 
 must have extended toward native settle- 
 ments in Ranachqua 17 or Morrisania, the 
 southern part of the present Borough of 
 the Bronx. The known sites are not 
 numerous, but the fertility of the soil and 
 the attractive natural features of the terri- 
 tory, which were testified to by Jonas 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
co 
 
 a 
 
 i e 
 
 n to 
 
 «> oc £ 
 
 }£ < Pm 
 
 uj X 
 
 X Z 
 
 t- o 
 
 u. oc 
 
 O DQ 
 
 tU Z 
 
 o — 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 O 
 DC 
 O 
 ui 
 
 X 
 
 PL, 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 UJ 
 
 z> 
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 o 
 < 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 105 
 
 Bronck, were such as to constitute a very 
 desirable locality for native occupancy. 
 The tract, as shown by Map VII, C, was 
 cut up by watercourses extending from 
 the north to the south. On the west side, 
 a stream known as Mentipathe, the later 
 Cromwells creek, divided the lower part 
 of the Keskeskick range of hills from the 
 vale through which Jerome avenue now 
 extends. 
 
 Mill brook extended midway through 
 the Ranachqua tract, rising at a point 
 north of Fordham village and emptying 
 into the Bronx kills at 130th street. The 
 Sackwrahung tract on the east was cut 
 by the stream of the same name, now known 
 as Bungay creek, which extended as far 
 inland as Intervale avenue, and the Quin- 
 nahung or Hunts Point promontory was 
 bounded by Bound brook on its west side, 
 and by the Aquehung or Bronx river on 
 the east. 
 
 Native trails therefore must have made 
 their way into these localities from the 
 north, and one such trail probably extended 
 to a landing place on the shore of Bronx 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
106 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 kill, opposite Harlem, from which con- 
 nection could be made by canoe with the 
 head of the Indian trail on Manhattan is- 
 land, which has been described in Section 
 III. In the vicinity of this probable 
 landing place, traces of native occupancy 
 were found in shell-pits and fire-pits (6) 
 which were opened by W. L. Calver and the 
 writer around the knoll on which the man- 
 sion of Gouverneur Morris stood at 132d 
 street, near Cypress avenue, where a fine 
 spring of water was doubtless an attractive 
 feature of the station. Native interments 
 were also disturbed there, and shell-beds 
 existed in the vicinity. 
 
 The settlement and cultivated land of 
 Jonas Bronck seems to have been made 
 in that part of the Ranachqua tract directly 
 opposite Harlem, west of the marshes and 
 bogs along Mill brook, as is indicated in 
 the crude map accompanying the Patent 
 of 1676. The extent of the territory known 
 as Ranachqua was not clearly defined, but 
 it ran at least as far east as the Sackwra- 
 hung district or Bungay creek, beyond 
 which stream the West Farms purchase 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 107 
 
 was made in 1663 from natives who were 
 partly of Siwanoy and partly of Reckgawa- 
 wanc affiliation. 
 
 These physical conditions all seem to 
 indicate that it was necessary for any 
 connecting trails in the west part of the 
 Bronx to extend from the lower Westches- 
 ter path at some point or points in its 
 course across the eastern part of the present 
 borough. But the existence of such trails 
 is not recorded in maps or deeds, and we 
 can look for indications of probable routes 
 only in the old-time Colonial roadways 
 which took the same general direction. 
 
 Thus the old High Bridge road which 
 was in existence long prior to its receiving 
 that name, was an ancient track used prior 
 to the Revolution. It branched from the 
 Kingsbridge road, the line of the Lower 
 path, at or near the old Dutch Reformed 
 church at Fordham, and followed approxi- 
 mately the course of Aqueduct avenue 
 along the range of hills, as far as Washington 
 Bridge, thence via Boscobel avenue to East 
 169th street. A branch may have forked 
 off along our present Jerome avenue leading 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
108 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 toward the end of the hill at Devoes point. 
 This narrow tract of upland, extending 
 from Highbridge to the present Macomb's 
 Dam Park, was known to the natives as 
 Nuasin, perhaps n'ashaue, "middle," ink, 
 "place," indicating its situation between 
 the waters of Cromwells creek and Harlem 
 river. It is quite probable that there was 
 some use made of this ridge for hunting and 
 fishing by the natives. The old road crossed 
 Cromwells creek near 169th street, and 
 thence proceeded diagonally over farming 
 land to the line of Walton avenue, and by 
 East 153d street to Mott avenue. This 
 led to East 138th street, whence the road 
 proceeded in a southwesterly direction to 
 the Morrisania landing-place, which was 
 situated on dry land projecting into Harlem 
 river just east of Willis avenue bridge, 
 now covered by the New Haven Railroad 
 yards. It was close to this place that 
 Bronck established his home, the situation 
 of which was disclosed in the discovery 
 by W. L. Calver and the writer of a stone 
 vault containing much household debris of 
 very early character. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 109 
 
 Another old wagon-way, which is de- 
 scribed by Jenkins, 18 branched off from the 
 line of the Lower path at the place in Ford- 
 ham where it crossed Mill brook, following 
 the present Third avenue to East 182d 
 street, along which it passed to East 181st 
 street near Bronx river. If this was the 
 successor of a pathway to Hunts point, 
 which seems the natural direction for such 
 a trail to have taken, it would have fol- 
 lowed the line of the Boston post-road to 
 East 177th street, thence by a line which 
 later became the old West Farms road, 
 joining the Southern boulevard at West- 
 chester avenue and following the line of 
 the latter to Hunts Point road, which led 
 directly to the Quinnahung station (7) . 
 
 Another, starting from the Ranachqua 
 locality, perhaps at the station 6, probably 
 followed the course of the Westchester 
 road which is now Westchester avenue, 
 and may thus have formed a cross-connec- 
 tion between the landing-place and the 
 stations in the eastern part of the Borough 
 of the Bronx, though it would have involved 
 the crossing of Bronx river by canoe at 
 
 
 A1STD MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
110 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 the present location of Westchester ave- 
 nue, since there is no fordable place there. 
 
 The Hunts point or Quinnahung settle- 
 ments (7) were probably fairly well-popu- 
 lated stations, judging by the large deposits 
 of shells at several localities, such as around 
 the original Richardson house site just 
 west of Drake Park, in shell-pits on and 
 around the hillock at Eastern boulevard 
 and Preble street, and extensive shell-de- 
 posits around the shore-line of the extreme 
 point, near the old Hunt mansion. 
 
 The objective of the lower Westchester 
 path, the course of which through Fordham 
 to Bronx Park has been described, was, 
 as previously mentioned, the Siwanoy 
 settlements in the southeastern part of 
 the Borough of the Bronx. This was the 
 district which later became the township 
 of Westchester, the refuge of those fleeing 
 from religious persecution in New England. 
 The native stations occupied several ad- 
 vantageous positions within Westchester 
 township, and one of them, which was 
 situated on the old Bear Swamp road (13), 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 111 
 
 was maintained by the dwindling native 
 population as late as 1782. 
 
 On crossing Bronx river at Acqueegenom 
 in Bronx Park, near Pelham parkway, the 
 path headed directly for that settlement, 
 following the line of the Bear Swamp road, 
 which has been maintained to our times. 
 The irregular course of this old roadway 
 can still be traced as it proceeds from the 
 White Plains road in a southeasterly direc- 
 tion. The native village (13) was situated 
 on a sheltered slope of land on the east 
 side of Downings brook, a small tributary 
 of Bronx river, which has its source in the 
 Bear swamp. Continuing on toward the 
 village of Westchester, the trail crossed 
 Seabrey creek, a little brook emptying 
 into Hutchinson river, where the New 
 Haven branch railroad now runs over it, 
 and a short distance beyond entered the 
 line of the West Farms road and extended 
 into Westchester, where it divided into 
 two trails, one running north at Silver 
 street, and another extending eastward. 
 
 It would seem most probable that the 
 latter trail extended to and traversed 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
112 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Westchester creek at the wide and shallow 
 part of that waterway, now spanned by 
 Westchester bridge, as this appears to 
 have been the only practicable direction 
 in which access could have been gained to 
 the extensive district of Throgs neck. 
 The old Throgs Neck road extending from 
 the Westchester bridge is a natural line 
 of travel, and passes directly to a site 
 (102) on St Raymond's cemetery near the 
 Eastern boulevard, where excavations for 
 interments have from time to time dis- 
 turbed shell-pits, indicating an Indian 
 settlement. 
 
 A trail could readily have been formed 
 from this point, passing eastward over the 
 upper part of Weir creek near the Town 
 Dock road, which would lead to the site 
 (12) of the Siwanoy village at the mouth 
 of Weir creek (pi. x, xi). This ancient 
 site is described in the publications of the 
 Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation. 19 
 
 It is probable that several other places 
 on Throgs neck were occupied by the natives, 
 one being indicated by shells and stone 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 
 THE BRONX 
 
 113 
 
 artifacts at Adees point, opposite the 
 Weir creek station, and another (11) on 
 Locust point, probably no more than a 
 fishing camp, as it is without nearby water 
 supply. The most important place on the 
 east side of Westchester creek, however, 
 was that known to the early settlers as 
 "Burial point" (10), a place situated, but 
 as yet unexplored, somewhere on the shore 
 of Morris cove, near Old Ferry point. 
 
 Upon the point several places, by the 
 presence of shell-beds and by fragments 
 of weapons, evidence the native occupancy 
 of the promontory. It would be most 
 probable that a trail would have led directly 
 from the St Raymond's cemetery site by 
 way of the Eastern boulevard and Ferris 
 road, directly to Burial point, to which it 
 is related that the Siwanoy of the entire 
 district were wont to bring their dead for 
 interment. 20 
 
 On the west side of Westchester creek, 
 the wide tract now occupied by Unionport 
 and Cornells neck spreads westward to 
 Bronx river. Its native occupied places 
 were of importance. On Screvens point, 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
114 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 now known as Castle point, there existed 
 an Indian fortified position or "castle" 
 (9), from which the local name is derived, 
 situated on an elevation of about 60 feet 
 above tide- water. Below this eminence 
 spreads a tract of about eight acres of 
 rich farm-land, abundantly furnished with 
 oyster-shells and yielding from time to 
 time fine specimens of native weapons and 
 tools. At the extremity of that neck there 
 is also a shore station, where evidences 
 still exist of extensive native work in the 
 manufacture of wampum from clam-shells. 
 Such an important station as Castle point 
 evidently required a pathway, which doubt- 
 less must have connected it with the Siwa- 
 noy village on the Bear Swamp road. The 
 traffic between the two places could have 
 passed most conveniently by way of the 
 old Unionport road, which, after crossing 
 Westchester avenue, followed the approxi- 
 mate line of Avenue C, or Castle Point 
 road, which leads directly to the site of 
 the one-time Screven residence that occu- 
 pied the hillock on which the Indian place 
 of refuge was seen as early as 1614. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 115 
 
 By the same connection, the only prac- 
 ticable route may be traced by which the 
 village of Snakapins (8) could be reached 
 on the modern Clasons point. An old 
 lane which left the Unionport road and 
 passed over the property of the New York 
 Catholic Protectory, led nearly due south 
 across Westchester avenue, to the neck, 
 passing on dry ground through the narrow 
 space between the heads of Pugsley and 
 Barrett creeks, whose marshy areas barred 
 access in any other direction. 
 
 Such a trail on Cornells neck would have 
 been necessarily more or less crooked, as 
 the neck is cut up by small brooks and 
 swampy areas, with isolated rocky patches 
 which stand up like islands in the surround- 
 ing sea of cattail rushes. The old "Mid- 
 dle path" down the neck was its probable 
 course, as it led directly to the native 
 village of Snakapins, which was situated 
 on the west side of Soundview avenue, 
 at its intersection by Leland avenue. This, 
 which is the one local station of which 
 the native name was preserved, was dis- 
 covered by Alanson Skinner and explored 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
116 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 in 1918 by him and Amos Oneroad, and the 
 results published by the Museum of the 
 American Indian, Heye Foundation. 21 
 
 This village-site contained about sixty 
 fire-pits and shell-pits, with several human 
 burials; and in its vicinity extensive shell- 
 beds, on the surface of which hundreds of 
 discarded weapons, tools, and fragments 
 were gathered by the late Claude L. Turner, 
 indicate the planting-fields and fishing 
 stations associated with the village life 
 of the Siwanoy. 
 
 Returning to the upper Westchester 
 or Shore path, which became the old Boston 
 post-road, we find its starting point, now 
 known as Boston avenue, in the village 
 of Kingsbridge. Its course may be traced 
 by reference to Map VII, A, C. This 
 steep roadway connects at Giles street with 
 Sedgwick avenue, where a little south of 
 that intersection a small shell-pocket in 
 the sidewalk gave an indication of a 
 native rest-place alongside the old trail. 
 Thence the path proceeded north on the 
 latter avenue as far as the point where 
 Giles street turns in from Fort Independence. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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THE BRONX 
 
 117 
 
 Here it diverged sharply to the east, passing 
 through the northern part of the present 
 Jerome reservoir, and it crossed the line 
 of the old Croton aqueduct at Van Cortlandt 
 avenue, following the course of the latter 
 to Jerome avenue. These parts of the 
 path are now, of course, lost in the reservoir. 
 Making a bend like a flattened S, and crossing 
 the Concourse, it turned around the north- 
 ern side of the hill on which in the Revolu- 
 tion the Negro Fort was constructed, and, 
 descending to the Mosholu parkway, it 
 went through Mill brook close to its source 
 in a little pond situated near Jerome avenue. 
 Thence curving northeastward, as Van 
 Cortlandt avenue now runs, it passed 
 the site of the old Varian homestead, which 
 is still standing at Rochambeau street 
 (pi. xh), and then continued diagonally 
 across the site of the present Williams- 
 bridge reservoir, in a northeasterly direc- 
 tion, emerging therefrom at the point 
 where the old Boston post-road used to 
 meet the old Gun Hill road. It ran farther 
 northeast to join the present Gun Hill road, 
 on which line it turned, and followed it 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
118 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 eastward across Webster avenue and the 
 New York and Harlem Railroad tracks, 
 to the site of Williamsbridge, where it made 
 a crossing over Bronx river at the place 
 known as Cowangongh (120). 
 
 The selection of the crossing of the 
 stream at this particular point was doubt- 
 less dictated by natural features. It may 
 be noted that it is situated on a prominent 
 tongue of land, diverting the course of the 
 river some distance to the east. The ground 
 north of the place selected for the cross- 
 ing which now forms part of Woodlawn 
 cemetery, is at a higher grade and would 
 have made it inconvenient to pass in that 
 direction. The river farther south is tor- 
 tuous, and the banks appear to have been 
 swampy. The position of the crossing was 
 thus doubtless designed to take advantage 
 of the best conditions for the convenience 
 of the traveler. 
 
 From the wading place at Williams - 
 bridge the Shore path rose up the hillside 
 to the line of the present White Plains 
 road, and turning sharply to the north 
 followed its course, which may still be 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 119 
 
 traced in the irregular form of part of the 
 west side of the avenue, up to 217th 
 street. Thence it took the present straight 
 course of the highroad over level land 
 through Wakefield as far as East 228th street 
 where it branched off toward the northeast, 
 crossing five blocks diagonally to East 
 233d street, where it can be found again 
 today as Bussing avenue. On this avenue 
 it followed an irregular course to the bound- 
 ary-line of the City of Mount Vernon, at 
 the intersection of South Twelfth avenue 
 and South Seventh street in that city. 
 Thence it ran nearly due east, only two 
 hundred to four hundred feet north of the 
 New York City boundary, directly to the 
 native station at old Eastchester village 
 (21). The old road may still be traced by 
 the ancient bowlder fences and old trees 
 growing alongside as it falls sharply down- 
 grade toward Hutchinson river. It has 
 recently been cut down between high banks 
 at the Kingsbridge Road station on the Bos- 
 ton and Westchester Railway, the process 
 exposing a shell-bed which doubtless indi- 
 cates part of the site of the Siwanoy station. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
120 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Reaching the level of the old village 
 street where a branch trail from West- 
 chester joined it, the path turned sharply 
 to the northwest, around the site of the 
 old Schoolhouse Number One. Near the 
 now abandoned entrance to the old Fowler 
 estate, at the foot of the hill on which 
 it is said a native "castle" was situated, 
 the road turned northeast past St Paul's 
 church and its extensive graveyard. 
 
 It may be readily traced as the old un- 
 paved country road beyond that point, 
 where it meets and becomes Columbus 
 avenue, Mount Vernon. It passed up 
 a very steep incline at the Marsh View 
 farm, and reached the line of East Sixth 
 street, which was long known as the old 
 Boston post-road, opposite the modern 
 Dunham avenue. Here it descended, east 
 by north, across the head of the marsh 
 bordering Acqueanounck or Hutchinson 
 river, and, as previously described (p. 31), 
 made for a place where the water passed 
 between dry ground on either side, a cross- 
 ing-place strategically selected and prob- 
 ably crossed on stepping-stones (pi. xin). • 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

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THE BRONX 
 
 121 
 
 Examination of Map VII, A and B, will 
 readily show that the whole direction of 
 this ancient path was dictated by the 
 impracticability of fording Hutchinson 
 river at any point nearer the Sound than 
 this place. From this crossing the path 
 proceeded on the line of the original Boston 
 post-road, through Pelham Manor, to its 
 junction with the newer Boston post-road. 
 This line it followed to New Rochelle, 
 through which it passed by Huguenot 
 street, and so by the line of the present 
 Boston post-road, through Mamaroneck 
 to Connecticut. 
 
 Returning to the village of Eastchester, 
 at the site of the old Schoolhouse Number 
 One, the branch path which united with 
 the Shore path became known as the East- 
 chester road. 
 
 In the confirmation of 1666, by Gover- 
 nor Nichols, of the tenure of the Ten Farms 
 of Eastchester, there is a reference to their 
 boundary upon u ye now known and common 
 pathway coming up from Westchester." 
 This was the ancient native trail, which 
 connected the settlements on the East 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
122 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 River shore and necks in the southeastern 
 part of the Borough with the Eastchester 
 station and the Shore path (Map VII, B, D). 
 Jenkins says, "Before the days of theOest- 
 dorp (Westchester) settlers it was a trail 
 or path used by the Siwanoy." 18 It passed 
 along the meadowlands of Westchester 
 creek, starting from Main street at Silver 
 street in the village of Westchester, and it 
 followed higher ground near the edge of 
 the marshes of the Acqueanounck until 
 it crossed Pelham Parkway at the site of 
 the old Ferris mansion, opposite which is 
 the modern Pelham Heath inn. Thence 
 passing straight north by west to a junction 
 with the old Corsa lane, which runs through 
 the tract now known as Pelham-Bay-View 
 Park, it led northwest to the present Boston 
 post-road (of 1798), where it turned north- 
 eastward (pi. xrv) . The old roadway was 
 known as the Eastchester road before that 
 date, and led only to that village. At 
 the Old Point Comfort tavern the newer 
 road diverges east to the bridge over the 
 creek, but the old pathway necessarily 
 kept on the western side, and so passing 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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THE BRONX 
 
 123 
 
 northward it joined the Shore path, at the 
 old schoolhouse site in Eastchester village. 
 
 Two blocks beyond the crossing of Hutch- 
 inson river, in the village of Pelham Manor, 
 there diverged from the Shore path another 
 trail which led southwardly to Anns hook, 
 or Pelham neck, and thus came back within 
 the boundaries of the metropolis. It has 
 a particular historical interest, having been 
 the means of leading the unfortunate 
 Mrs Ann Hutchinson to her ill-timed set- 
 tlement on the home-lands of the Siwanoy, 
 and perhaps it was also the means of leading 
 Thomas Pell into the district. It became 
 known as, and is still in part called, Wolf's 
 lane, as far as the later or New Boston 
 post-road. Its course on the opposite side 
 of that road was recently traced by William 
 R. Montgomery, of Pelham Manor, by 
 means of the old bowlder fences and line 
 of trees which he found in vacant lots, 
 extending to the Split Rock road (once 
 miscalled Prospect Hill road, but happily 
 renamed), which is the continuation of 
 the line of this old Indian pathway. 
 
 The line of this old trail passes the Split 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
124 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Rock, crossing the brook near the site 
 (22) of Ann Hutchinson's cabin (pi. xv). 
 It dips under the New Haven Railroad's 
 Harlem Branch, just east of which it meets 
 the modern Shore road or parkway. Here 
 it doubtless branched north and south. 
 In the former direction it led to the nearby 
 site (103) of a considerable native station 
 situated close to the entrance gate and 
 driveway to the one-time Bartow estate. 
 This site was recently discovered and explor- 
 ed by the Rev. W. R. Blackie, in behalf 
 of the Museum of the American Indian, 
 Heye Foundation, who so far has uncovered 
 a number of fire-pits, a human interment, and 
 a dog-burial. Situated as it is on the slope 
 on which grew the historic oak tree under 
 which Thomas Pell made the bargain for his 
 manor with Maminipoe and Wampage, 
 the local chieftains, it would seem probable 
 that this may have been the site of their 
 principal village. The locality of which 
 this village formed the center was known 
 to the natives as Laaphawachking, denoting 
 a plowed or cultivated tract, which may 
 well have been the use to which the natives 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 125 
 
 put the level lands once included in the 
 Hunter estate, and now turned into the 
 happy hunting-ground of golfers. As in 
 other cases, the title may have been applied 
 also to the village-site. 
 
 A trail appears to have extended farther 
 north along the shore- line of Pelham bay. 
 It doubtless connected with a wading 
 place used by those natives who visited or 
 lived on Hunter island (25) , and with those 
 who were resident at a station (24) at 
 Roosevelts brook, which runs into the 
 Sound just below the boundary of the city 
 and Pelham Manor, both of which locali- 
 ties bear abundant evidences of native 
 occupancy. 
 
 Hunter island (25) was a native resort 
 of some importance, as upon or near it was 
 a great rock known as Mishow, regarded 
 by the natives as a feature of their assem- 
 blies and discussions. A careful examina- 
 tion of the shores of this island and of 
 Twin islands fails to determine which of 
 the numerous rocks that may be found 
 along the tide-swept front would have been 
 likely to be the rock in question. There 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
126 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 are some uninhabitable rocks several hun- 
 dred feet away from the shore, which are 
 marked on the city map as Michaux Rocks, 
 which thus appear to have absorbed the 
 aboriginal name. Whatever may have 
 been the position of this particularly ven- 
 erated stone, it is evident from a number 
 of indications that the two islands were 
 much frequented by natives, whose arrow- 
 heads have been found by scores on the 
 sandy beaches, their shell-pits in the interior, 
 and their kitchen-middens in sheltered 
 coves along the shore. 
 
 The brook now known as Roosevelts 
 (24), a name dating back to the acquisition 
 of property in that vicinity by that family 
 early in the nineteenth century, may have 
 been the Maninketsuck which Tooker says 
 was a "strong flowing brook" in Pelham. 
 This place is favorably situated, sheltered 
 and provided with good drinking water, 
 and its further exploration by the Museum 
 of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 
 may, it is hoped, bring to light further 
 evidences of the considerable native popu- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE BRONX 
 
 127 
 
 lation which by all surface indications would 
 seem to have made it their home. 
 
 It would appear that a path must have 
 extended beyond this point through the 
 eastern part of New Rochelle to the impor- 
 tant station at Davenports neck. Such a 
 line of path or cartway is shown on a map 
 of New Rochelle as early as the year 1710, 
 extending from the vicinity of Pelham 
 Manor along the shore-line and terminating 
 near the head of the Titus Mill-pond, at 
 the junction of Davenports neck with the 
 mainland. Its course seems to coincide 
 with that of the present Pelham and East 
 Pelham road, now forming an extension 
 of the Shore driveway. 22 
 
 Southward from the Split Rock road the 
 other branch trail must have led across the 
 head of Bartow creek to the line of the City 
 Island road, and following that course would 
 cross the swamp at Glovers rock, where 
 later the New England men held in check 
 the invading army of Great Britain. 
 Thence it surely led to that point of land ex- 
 tending into Pelham bay (23) , whereon ex- 
 tensive beds of shell and carbonized materi- 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
128 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 als were discovered and explored by Mr 
 M. R. Harrington (pi. xvi). He disinterred 
 several human burials, which may, as 
 alleged by the local historian, the Rev. 
 Robert Bolton, have included those of the 
 very Siwanoy chieftains who, under the 
 Great Tree, sold their heritage to the 
 specious Englishmen, bartering away for 
 small consideration the broad acres of 
 Pelham and Rochelle with their exten- 
 sive shore-line, abundant fisheries, virgin 
 forest, and well-watered uplands. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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V.— INDIAN PATHS IN KINGS 
 COUNTY 
 
 (Maps VIII, A, B, C, D) 
 
 HE Borough of Brooklyn covers 
 an area which afforded consid- 
 erable advantages for Indian 
 residence. Its fishing and hunting 
 facilities must have been superior and 
 were capable of supporting a numerous 
 population. The extensive shell-beds 
 which are found at certain parts of 
 the shore-line indicate a long period of 
 settlement, and it is considered by Wood 
 that the course of native migration had 
 proceeded from the western end of Long 
 Island to the eastern part. The tract 
 composing the present borough, on the 
 arrival of the white settlers was found to 
 be largely a timbered district, around the 
 margin of which the native stations were 
 planted. The timber, however, was scant 
 in quantity, as a result of the native practice 
 
 129 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
130 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 of annually burning off the underbrush, 
 for the purpose of clearing spaces for culti- 
 vation and for the attraction of deer and 
 smaller game. Large tracts of uplands 
 were planted with corn, but the interior 
 area was destitute of occupied stations, 
 owing to the absence of watercourses. 
 Compared with the large area of Kings 
 county, the number of known stations is 
 relatively small, and precise observations 
 were not made in past times as to position 
 and character. The interest and labor of 
 modern local observers such as Austin, 
 Armbruster, and Dove, in exploring and 
 recording the position and condition of 
 native occupied sites, together with the 
 slender references in existing histories, 
 have resulted in locating probably all of 
 the chief places of residence of the one-time 
 owners of the county. What is lacking, 
 however, in regard to the native stations, 
 is compensated by the existence of consider- 
 able definite information on the subject 
 of native pathways. Records fortunately 
 exist, by which the main Indian trails are 
 identified with the King's highways and 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 131 
 
 other old roadways which became the suc- 
 cessors of native paths, so that their actual 
 course is now traceable, and their systematic 
 purpose becomes recognizable. 
 
 The ingenious selection of their routes, 
 their adaptation to topographical contours, 
 and the connection they provided between 
 the various native communities, are readily 
 perceived on a study of the accompanying 
 maps. Equally marked is the influence 
 of these humble trails on the after-develop- 
 ment of the great borough, as the pro- 
 genitors of those arteries of traffic by 
 reason of which old Brooklyn and its neigh- 
 bors grew up together and ultimately 
 became united in one great community. 
 
 From far eastern regions the Long Island 
 natives made their way along the Rockaway 
 path to Brooklyn, and were joined by the 
 Canarsee and the Nayack, converging by 
 several byways along ancient paths, and 
 uniting at the present Fulton ferry, where 
 a short crossing of the East river brought 
 them to Manhattan. 
 
 The strategic importance of the south end 
 of that island is well illustrated by the 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
132 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 • 
 
 evident trend of these Long Island paths 
 toward the same place as that upon which 
 the mainland trails converged from the 
 north and east. 
 
 The area of Kings county was occupied 
 at the time of the white men's invasion 
 chiefly by the Canarsee. A sub-chieftaincy 
 called the Marechkawick or Mareyckawick, 
 occupied old Brooklyn. Stations are known 
 to have existed at Flatlands, at Canarsie, 
 at Bergen island, and at Gerritsen basin. 
 Careful exploration of these village sites 
 has been lacking, notwithstanding all 
 the street grading and extensive building 
 operations which have metamorphosed 
 much of the surface of the present 
 borough. Their neighbors on the Fort 
 Hamilton tract, known as Nayack, were 
 some of those Manhattan Indians who had 
 sold their home-lands to the Dutch in 
 1626. Their territory extended on the 
 east to the boundary of the old township 
 of Newtown, wherein their neighbors and 
 probably near relatives, the Rockaway, 
 were resident. 
 
 Gabriel Furman 23 fortunately recorded 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 133 
 
 some early observations of sites occupied 
 by the Marechkawick. In 1824, when 
 the street development of modern Brooklyn 
 was in progress, "heads of Indian arrows, 
 beds of oyster and clam shells, denoting 
 the former residence of the aborigines, 
 are frequently found in different parts of 
 the town." There were thus, in all prob- 
 ability, several groups situated within the 
 area occupied by the Marechkawick, settled 
 in favorable situations about the broad 
 waters and marshes of the Wallabout and 
 the Gowanus which .bounded the old 
 township. 
 
 The most definite of these early discov- 
 eries is a site (66) which was exposed in the 
 year 1826, on an eminence in the Fourth 
 ward, which Furman precisely locates at 
 Bridge street between Front and York 
 streets, where, on a grass-grown hill sur- 
 mounted by three conspicuous buttonwood 
 trees, there were found burnt stones doubt- 
 less forming part of the fireplaces of native 
 lodges. Below the sod an extensive deposit 
 was uncovered, consisting of ashes, shells, 
 and carbonized material, with which were 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
134 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 mingled such objects as coarse pottery 
 and arrowheads. Furman further notes 
 that clay tobacco-pipes were discovered 
 on this site, which indicate the occupancy 
 of the place after white men had come in 
 contact with the Indians. This village 
 was not far from a water-supply in a brook 
 rising nearby and entering Wallabout bay. 
 It was doubtless situated on the southern 
 side of the hill, which is shown on the 
 Ratzer survey (see Map VIII, A) as situated 
 between two other eminences upon the neck 
 of land between the approach to the Brook- 
 lyn bridge and the Navy Yard. This 
 station was directly south, across the waters 
 of East river, from the village of Rechtauck, 
 on Corlears hook, and probably in full 
 sight of the Werpoes hill on Manhattan. 
 Its vicinity is now completely covered by 
 modern streets and buildings. The tract 
 of land on which it was situated was called 
 Rinnegaconck, 24 which later became known 
 as the Wallabout. As in other instaces, 
 it would seem probable that the name 
 would have been applied to the village 
 as well as to its vicinity. The tract was 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 135 
 
 sold in 1637, "by special order of the rulers 
 and consent of the community. " 
 
 The name of Wallabout bay, which is so 
 conspicuous a feature of the locality, has 
 been attributed to Dutch origin as "Wall- 
 boght," but it may be noted, as at least 
 a coincidence, that the Delaware word 
 waloh means "a ditch," and might not 
 unreasonably be assumed to have been 
 its original native name, adopted and 
 modified by their successors. 
 
 The first white settlement in Brooklyn 
 was made upon the site of the native village 
 known as Marechkawick (117). 25 This 
 would locate that Indian station at the old 
 settlement which was built up on both sides 
 of the native path, now Fulton street, in 
 the vicinity of Lawrence and Jay streets. 
 The name of the chieftaincy is denned by 
 Tooker as meaning "at his fortified house," 
 indicating some strategic and elevated 
 position in which, for defensive purposes, 
 the natives could gather behind a wall of 
 palisades. A village-site alongside the 
 path had no substantial elevation above 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
136 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 the contiguous area, nor had it any nearby 
 source of water. Its position, however, 
 was on the elevated tract of Brooklyn 
 Heights, and its importance lay in its situa- 
 tion at the narrowest part of the neck of 
 upland between the marshes of Gowanus 
 and Wallabout, through the center of which 
 the main pathway passed. Between Gal- 
 latin place and Elm place, where the old 
 path diverged from its course somewhat to 
 the southwest, would appear to have been 
 the most likely position of this station, 
 which bore the name and was doubtless 
 the headquarters of the chieftaincy. 
 
 On Fulton street at Hoyt street, there 
 was established in later years the village 
 cemetery, possibly succeeding native in- 
 terments in favorable soil. The path here 
 swerved slightly to the west toward the 
 cemetery site. 
 
 The Dutch Church was built on the 
 east side of the line of the trail, and then 
 the highway was opened on its eastern side, 
 making the church plot an "island between 
 two parts of the road." 
 
 There was another station in the vicinity 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 137 
 
 of old Brooklyn of which more definite 
 record is available. It is that which was 
 known as Werpos (67) or Worpus, a name 
 similar to that of the Manhattan village 
 at the Kalch Hoek. Its position seems to 
 have been in the immediate vicinity of the 
 old dwelling of Fredrick Lubbersen, which 
 was situated at Warren and Hoyt streets, 
 in the old Tenth ward of Brooklyn. This 
 dwelling was erected at the head of the 
 branch of Gowanus creek which penetrated 
 nearest to the village of Marechkawick 
 and to the early white settlement which 
 became its successor. The grant, which 
 was dated 27 May, 1640, comprised "a 
 certain piece of land upon the Long Island 
 near Marechkawingh about Werpos, reaching 
 in breadth from the kil and valley that come 
 from Gowanes N. W. by N. and from the 
 strand on the East River S. E. by E. ; 
 1700 paces of three feet each, and in length 
 from the head of the aforesaid kil N. E. 
 by E., and S. W. by W. to the Red Hook, 
 under the express condition that if the 
 savages shall voluntarily give up the maize 
 land in the aforesaid piece, Fredrick Lub- 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
138 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 bersen shall be allowed to enter upon it in 
 the width and extent of it." 
 
 This maize-land, a native corn-field, 
 is stated by Teunis G. Bergen 27 to have 
 extended along the east side of Court 
 street, between Atlantic avenue and Baltic 
 street. It was doubtless bounded on the 
 westerly side by the trail that later became 
 Red Hook lane, which made a sharp bend 
 at Pacific street probably around the corner 
 of the maize-field. It was known in 1642 
 as "Sassian's maize-land," a name denoting 
 "the sower," and the natives continued 
 its cultivation until that date, after which 
 they probably sold it to Lubbersen, since 
 in 1645 it was described as "Frederick 
 Lubbertsen's maize-land." The home 
 which he established in its vicinity was 
 close to the place called Werpos, near which 
 there was a large Indian burying-ground, 
 the interments in which were disturbed in 
 the leveling of the vicinity for city devel- 
 opment. In a court trial in 1741, some 
 interesting testimony was given in regard 
 to this locality, one witness recalling that 
 old Jacob Hanse who lived in the old Lub- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 139 
 
 bersen dwelling, ''said at his house 
 on talking of Worpus — there's Worpus — 
 pointing with his finger thro' his window 
 to the head of the creek by his garden." 
 The house doubtless faced south or south- 
 west, and across the garden at the head of the 
 creek there was a small hillock which may 
 well have been the native site, occupying 
 the intersection of Hoyt and Baltic streets. 
 The place was so favorably situated in 
 regard to shelter and water springs that 
 it not only attracted to it the natives, but 
 their successor, Lubbersen. It was prob- 
 ably reached by a branch trail from Red 
 
 Hook lane, that extended between Warren 
 
 • 
 
 and Wyckoff streets. 
 
 In the same proceedings an old woman, 
 Maritie Bevors, then 84 years of age, re 
 membered going from Brookland "by the 
 house of Lubbertse, and saw many little 
 hills in the way from the house to the mill 
 [B rower's mill] along the neck and enquired 
 what the hills were and was answered by 
 them with her that it was the Indian corn- 
 land." It thus appears probable that the 
 Werpos natives had other planting-grounds 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
140 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 along the neck toward Red hook, probably 
 around Second and Third streets, west 
 of Court street. _ 
 
 The main Indian path that extended 
 through the Borough of Brooklyn com- 
 menced at the shore of the East river at the 
 foot of the present Fulton street, and fol- 
 lowed the line of that thoroughfare and Flat- 
 bush avenue as far as Flatlands village, and 
 thence extended as the present King's 
 highway, to Gravesend and New Utrecht. 
 Flint 26 says, "The early settlers widened 
 this trail into a wagon road which retained 
 for many years this rural character." 
 It wa.s not until 1704 that the route was 
 ordered to be laid out as a King's highway, 
 "all along to Brooklyn towne afforesaid 
 through the lane that now is." The route 
 was admirably adapted to connect the 
 native settlements on the Brooklyn penin- 
 sula with those which were situated near 
 the southerly shores at favorable places 
 all the way from Canarsie to Fort Hamilton. 
 It began at the nearest point of approach 
 to the Island of Manhattan, thus affording 
 a connection with its pathway that in 
 
 > 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 141 
 
 turn communicated with the north and 
 east mainland. From the landing at the 
 foot of the later Fulton street, the heights 
 were accessible by a reasonable grade, 
 and at or near Prospect street a trail doubt- 
 less branched off to the village at Rinne- 
 gaconck. The path, following our present 
 Fulton street, turned southeast at the 
 Municipal building, near which point the 
 old Red Hook lane branched off and led by 
 a side path to the settlement at Werpos. 
 This branchtrail made a sharp turn, as pre- 
 viously mentioned, to avoid some obstruc- 
 tion, perhaps the native planting-ground at 
 Pacific street, and then followed the line 
 of Court street directly to Degraw street, 
 whence another old lane, which was existing 
 in the eighteenth century, led southwesterly 
 through the native corn-fields as described 
 by old Maritie Bevors, to Red hook. 
 
 Near the intersection of Nevins street 
 with Fulton street the main pathway has 
 now become Flatbush avenue, as it turned 
 southward (pi. xvn). On its way over 
 the range of hills on which Prospect park 
 is situated, the present Flatbush avenue is 
 
 • 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
142 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 laid out somewhat to the west of the course 
 of the old path. It diverged east of the 
 avenue at Hamon place, crossing Atlantic 
 avenue at Fort Greene place. At this 
 point two important branches set off west 
 and east. The former was that which 
 afterward became the Gowanus road, lead- 
 ing to the district bordering on Gowanus 
 bay, where native settlements existed. 
 One of these was the site of the De Hart 
 Bergen dwelling near Third avenue at 
 37th street (110). At this early settlement 
 natives were still making their home as 
 late as 1679, when Sluyter and Dankers, 
 the Labadist monks, enjoyed the hospi- 
 tality of the homestead, and noted in their 
 diary the abundance and enormous size 
 of the oysters gathered in the vicinity. 
 Another nearby station was evidenced by 
 the discovery by Adam Dove of a num- 
 ber of artifacts in the cut for the Shore 
 Line railroad at 37th street between Sixth 
 and Seventh avenues (109). Other traces 
 were found in Sunset Park near the lake. 
 There was a native path somewhat 
 farther southeast, paralleling the Gowanus 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
' 31 , • &' -r 
 
 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 road, the course of which was on the lines 
 of Sixth and Seventh avenues. It is shown 
 in part on a survey of the properties along 
 Gowanus bay, made in the year 1696 by Au- 
 gustus Graham, and reproduced by Stiles. 27 
 The portion of this path thus recorded 
 appears to have run in the direction best 
 suited to travel from Fort Hamilton to old 
 Brooklyn, and may very probably have been 
 an extension of the old trail, which became 
 the King's highway, rejoining the latter 
 about the line of Fifth avenue in Bay Ridge. 
 This old path passes very near the place at 
 37th street where Indian objects were found, 
 as above mentioned, and its extension across 
 the center of Greenwood cemetery is directly 
 toward the main line of trail on Flatbush 
 avenue at or near Battle pass in Prospect 
 Park (pi. xviii). It is the trail mentioned 
 in a declaration made 4 April, 1677, by two 
 natives, "Zemo Kamingh otherwise known 
 in his walks (or travels) as Kaus Hansen," 
 and "Kenrom, both Indians," who recorded 
 the bounds of the land of Paulus Vander- 
 beeck to be "'a certain tree or stump on 
 the Long Hill on the one side, and on the 
 
 143 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
144 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 other the end of the Indian footpath, and 
 that it extends to the creek of the third 
 meadow, which land was previously sold 
 by chief or sachem Ka." 28 
 
 That there were two paths in the Gowanus 
 district is evidenced in a grant of April 
 5, 1642, by Kieft to Cornells Cool, of land 
 u called Gouwanes reaching in width from 
 the wagon road running through said land 
 and Jan Petersen's land lying along the 
 river," which further stipulated that the 
 paths running over this piece of land shall 
 remain open. 29 It seems very likely that 
 this district was occupied by the natives 
 whose chieftain was Gouwanes, since his 
 name has persisted as its title. The old 
 Gowanus road wound crookedly around the 
 margin of the marshes, and near Fourth ave- 
 nue, at 35th street, it became the old Nar- 
 rows lane, which extended on some undefined 
 course to the vicinity of Fort Hamilton, 
 which was the district known as Nayack. 
 Near 86th street it probably ran into the 
 King's highway, the westerly end of the an- 
 cient path known as Mechawanienck. It 
 thus formed the connection by which we may 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
KINGS COUNTY 
 
 145 
 
 assume that the Manhattan natives resi- 
 dent at Nayack were wont to pass on their 
 way to revisit their one-time home, and such 
 of their relatives as still clung to the island. 
 A little south of Gowanus lane the main 
 pathway divided. To the east it diverged 
 toward Bedford, and southward it ran to 
 Flatlands. Of the two, the former was 
 probably the more important, since it 
 extended through the borough of Queens 
 to the heart of Long Island. It ran nearly 
 due east, along the base of the Green hills, 
 and was known in early days as the Rocka- 
 way path, as it gave access to the country 
 of that chieftaincy. Within the Borough 
 of Brooklyn it followed first the line of At- 
 lantic avenue, reaching Bedford Four- 
 corners at the present Bedford avenue. 
 Here another path, the old Cripplebush 
 road, set off northward, extending to the 
 Newtown turnpike road, which reached the 
 districts of Bush wick, Williamsburg, and 
 Greenpoint. There are no records nor 
 observations of native residence in these 
 localities, although the shore-line might 
 have afforded good opportunities for fish- 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
146 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 ing. The heads of the extensive inlets 
 at South Williamsburg, and that known 
 as Bushwick inlet, would have been good 
 localities to examine for Indian remains 
 before they were filled in to present levels. 
 The whole area was covered with keavy 
 timber, of which the name Bushwick may 
 be reminiscent, while Greenpoint or Grenen 
 Hont Punt is evidently the Green Wood 
 point from which the early settlers obtained 
 their supply of hemlock poles. Greenpoint 
 and Williamsburg were reached from the 
 old trail on the present Flushing avenue, 
 by the Bushwick road, a winding lane of 
 which a small part still exists in Bushwick 
 place, at the Bushwick Railroad station 
 of the Long Island railroad. This road 
 may have originated in an Indian trail. 
 The old Wood Point road joined it at 
 Metropolitan avenue, and extended up to 
 Greenpoint. If the natives were accus- 
 tomed to visit Greenpoint, this old track 
 doubtless followed their woodland trail. 
 It was certainly the first path trodden by the 
 white men in that district. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
VI— THE HOME-LANDS OF THE 
 CANARSEE 
 
 (Map VIII, C, D) 
 
 RETURNING to the main path at 
 Atlantic avenue near Fort Greene 
 place, we follow its course south- 
 ward. It ran as far east of 
 Flatbush avenue as the intersection of 
 Prospect and Vanderbilt avenues, and 
 passed* east of the Plaza, across Eastern 
 Parkway, reaching a lofty place on the site 
 of Prospect reservoir. This place was 
 probably selected as a lookout. Thence 
 the trail turned across Institute Park into 
 Prospect Park, through the famous Battle 
 pass of the Revolution, west of the present 
 avenue, emerging from the park at Malbone 
 street, whence it followed the present avenue 
 through Flatbush and as far south as East 
 26th street. It passed through the Valley 
 grove, as the region about Midwood street 
 was aptly titled, and thence almost due 
 
 147 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
148 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 south through the woodlands of Flatbush. 
 Where Cortelyou road now touches Flat- 
 bush avenue, the old Canarsie lane set off 
 eastwardly, extending directly to the plant- 
 ing lands of the Canarsee chieftaincy, at 
 the modern Canarsie, and the neck of land 
 extending to Beach Park (pi. xix). This 
 old lane seems to have been a natural line 
 of access to this important locality, though 
 no record of its use as a trail is existent. 
 On the west it joined Cortelyou road and 
 "the little lane" which led toward New 
 Utrecht. Canarsie lane formed the north 
 boundary of the first white settlement in 
 the locality known as Achterveldt, a trian- 
 gular tract bounded on the southwest by 
 the main Indian path, and on the southeast 
 by the Flatlands Neck road, another native 
 pathway. Through the center of this tract 
 the Paardegat inlet extended as far west 
 as East 31st street at Foster avenue. This 
 long watercourse, known in later years as 
 Bedford creek, gave access by water to the 
 vicinity of the path from Jamaica bay, 
 and it is not improbable that the natives 
 making their way to and from Bergen 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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 Q. S 
 
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 '55 
 
 
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 DC 
 
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 £:£ 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 149 
 
 beach and Canarsie beach may have utilized 
 it to avoid a tramp of four miles. 
 
 The modern Canarsie, which was part 
 of the township of Flatlands, or Nieuw 
 Amersfoort, was an extensive station of 
 the Canarsee (51). It is first mentioned 
 (Jan. 21, 1647) in a grant by Governor 
 Kieft to settlers of "a certaine tract of 
 land situate on the south side of Long 
 Island called Canarsie with all the meadows 
 belonging." The name signifies "at or 
 about the fence" — or, in other words, 
 "the fenced-in place." The Dutch culti- 
 vated part of the lands in this tract with 
 the consent of the Indians prior to any 
 purchase being made, and they doubtless 
 fenced in the crops of both white and red 
 cultivators. This name, therefore, seems 
 to have been applied generally to the fenced- 
 in area, the center of which was the pres- 
 ent Canarsie, to which the natives clung, 
 and stipulated in their sale of April 16, 
 1665, that "the purchasers once for always 
 a fence shall set at Canarissen for the pro- 
 tection of the Indians cultivation." Bounds 
 of such a cultivated area may be indicated 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
150 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 by the old lanes which surround Canarsie, 
 such as Varkens Hook road, Hobson lane, 
 and the Mill road. 
 
 Canarsie neck is marked on old maps 
 as "Canarsee Planting Land" (pi. xx). 
 The native settlement seems to have been 
 near Beach Park, where numerous objects 
 of native manufacture have been found by 
 D. B. Austin and others. 
 
 The most important native station, how- 
 ever, was that known as Keskaechquerem 
 or Keskaechqueren (104) , a name which 
 indicates a place of meeting for some 
 public purpose. The importance of Kes- 
 kaechquerem as a meeting place for the 
 natives coming from all directions would 
 indicate its situation at some point where 
 the main lines of travel converge. The 
 station on Canarsie neck does not appear 
 favorably in this regard. It seems to have 
 been more of a place for the cultivation of 
 crops and the manufacture of wampum. 
 The most natural position for a place of 
 meeting in this locality is Flatlands (104), 
 a place where a known station existed, 
 which is situated at the junction of paths 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 a. 
 
 Is 
 
 CD O 
 
 
 CO h- 
 
 O M 
 
 o 
 
 £T >■ 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 151 
 
 converging from four directions. At this 
 place the "ancient path" from the west 
 united with the main path from Manhattan 
 on the north. It was reached by the trail 
 on the Flatlands Neck road and HunterfLy 
 road from the northeast, connecting with 
 the Rockaway path. Nearby was Winip- 
 pague, the Bergen Beach factory of wam- 
 pum, and the large stations at Gerritsen 
 basin and on Canarsie neck. 
 
 From Clarendon road the main path, 
 following Flatbush avenue, turned southeast 
 on a straight line to this station at Flat- 
 lands (104), six and a half miles from East 
 river. This was the earliest white planta- 
 tion, named Nieuw Amersfoort, embracing 
 a broad tract of cultivable land. At 
 this place the old trail divided, passing 
 east to Winippague or Bergen beach, and 
 west to Gravesend and New Utrecht. The 
 Flatlands tract as granted June 16, 1636, 
 comprised all the land between Gerritsen 
 creek and Paardegat creek, including mod- 
 ern South Flatbush, Yandeveer Park, and 
 Westminster Heights Park. This, however, 
 did not include Winippague, for that island 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
152 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 was granted to Captain John Underbill 
 ten years later as a reward for his doughty 
 services in slaughtering troublesome natives. 
 The little settlement of Nieuw Amersfoort 
 grew up at the intersection of the Indian 
 paths, around a native station, the site 
 of which became that of the church, while 
 the Indians' burial-ground became its 
 churchyard. Frederick Van Wyck 30 states 
 that this place was the seat of religious 
 rites, and relates also that Indian remains 
 were disturbed from time to time in the 
 burying-ground. The supply of water 
 within this settlement, upon which it 
 depended, was a spring at the head of a 
 small stream leading to Jamaica bay. 
 This brook extended between Avenues 
 K and L, and found an outlet in the water- 
 course that made of Winippague an island. 
 Flatlands thus appears to have been, from 
 all these circumstances, and from its situa- 
 tion in the general direction in which the 
 council-place was undoubtedly situated, 
 the Keskaechquerem referred to in several 
 of the early sales of lands. Its sachems 
 in 1638 were Kakapetteyno, Menquaeruan, 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
TH E CANARSEE 
 
 153 
 
 and Suwiran. With Pewichaus, the local 
 owner, the first-named sachem agreed to 
 the sale in 1637 of Governors island, and 
 the Rinnegaconck tract at Wallabout. 
 The three chiefs entered into the deed for 
 the sale in the following year of the great 
 tract of Bushwick. 
 
 Into this station a trail, the later 
 Flatlands Neck road, came from New 
 Lots. On this road, at the place of its 
 crossing the Paardegat, there stood a 
 white oak tree (on the line of Avenue G) 
 which in 1666 marked the boundary of the 
 township, and was so described in the Don- 
 gan patent of 1685. The place was known 
 to the natives as Muskyttehool, a Dutch 
 application of the word, hole, to the 
 Indian word musquetaug, "a place of 
 rushes," very well describing the charac- 
 teristic feature of the Paardegat (pi. xxi). 
 This path was a direct means of communi- 
 cation between the Flatlands station and 
 Canarsie. It connected directly with the 
 Hunterfly Road trail, of which it was evi- 
 dently an extension, at the sharp bend 
 in the latter at Howard and Sutter avenues 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
154 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 in East New York. It thus formed a short 
 cut to Keskaechquerem from the Rocka- 
 way path. 
 
 From the Flatlands station another path 
 must have extended to a well-defined native 
 settlement at Bergen Beach (52), known 
 to the natives as Winippague, or "fine 
 water place." Practically an island, it 
 was reached from the Flatlands district 
 only by passing over a tract of marsh-land 
 through which a crooked waterway mean- 
 dered. The latter was crossed in Colonial 
 times by the old Bergen Beach road at 
 East 69th street and Avenue T, which is 
 the narrowest part of the meadow. This 
 old road connected with the Mill road which 
 ran from Flatlands village at the point 
 where the King's highway turned off from 
 the present Flatbush avenue. We may 
 reasonably assume that these old lanes 
 were successors of the native trails. 
 Scattered objects found upon the island 
 indicate native residence there, and masses 
 of discarded shells decide the position of a 
 considerable Indian industry within its 
 area. It was in fact one of the places where 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOLTON - INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS 
 
 THE INDIAN VILLAGE-SITE AT GERRITSEN BASIN, FROM A SURVEY AND OBSERVATIONS BY D. B. AUSTIN 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 155 
 
 the important manufacture of wampum 
 was carried on. The position of native resi- 
 dence might be expected to have been on 
 the northern part of the island, near Avenue 
 U and the Grand esplanade, because that 
 part was near a fresh-water supply, and 
 had a good beach for use as a canoe landing, 
 while the southern part was bordered by 
 marsh and had no stream nearby. 
 
 From these observations it will be evi- 
 dent that the native station at Flatlands 
 occupied an advantageous and commanding 
 position. It grew up at the junction of 
 four important paths. It might well have 
 been a wayside stopping-place where all 
 the native gossips exchanged information. 
 It could hardly have escaped being a center 
 of barter for goods in exchange for fish 
 and mollusks. We have warrant for assum- 
 ing it to have been occupied for a long period, 
 as the path that led westward from it was 
 known to the Indians as Mechawanienck, 
 "the ancient pathway." That name is 
 recorded in a deed of 1652 in which the 
 path was described as the southern bound- 
 ary of a great tract extending from Gowanus. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
156 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Mechawanienck later became the "wagon 
 path," under which name it is described 
 in the Gravesend deed for the tract known 
 as Makeopaca in 1682. We now find it 
 retaining the name of Kings highway, which 
 was applied in 1704, and as such it can still 
 be followed from Flatlands through Kings 
 Oaks and South Bensonhurst nearly to New 
 Utrecht, where, at the present time, it 
 ends at the intersection of Twenty-first 
 avenue and 79th street. But in prehistoric 
 days it ran through New Utrecht on the 
 line of the modern 83d and 84th streets 
 as far as Fifteenth avenue, beyond which 
 its crooked course to the Fort Hamilton 
 Parkway is entirely lost in the modern 
 street lines. 
 
 An early transaction in 1636, between 
 certain natives of Keskaechquerem and 
 Jacobus van Corlaer, conveyed to the latter 
 a tract of salt marsh, called Castuteeuw, 
 or Kes-asketu, i.e., "where grass is cut." 
 This is described as being "the middlemost 
 of three flats," which may be identified 
 as those marshy areas that bound the 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 157 
 
 Canarsie neck of cultivated land along the 
 margin of Jamaica bay. 
 
 The "middlemost" is apparently that 
 tract which now includes Canarsie Beach 
 Park, and is bounded on the westward by 
 the Bestevaars kill or Paardegat basin. 
 It was accessible by some pathway such 
 as the old Meadow lane still shown upon the 
 city map. 
 
 "The westernmost of the flats, called 
 Kestateuw," was the tract of meadow 
 through which Paardegat creek makes its 
 way, and "the easternmost" was the great 
 marsh bounded by Fresh creek. Of these 
 the western meadow became known, in 
 1652, as Amersfoort flat, or the flat "at the 
 bay," and the title is still continued on 
 modern maps. 
 
 Proceeding from Flatlands westward, 
 by the King's highway and its predecessor, 
 the Ancient Path, another important native 
 settlement was reached, which was situated 
 at Gerritsen basin. This deep tidal inlet, 
 extending northward from the waters 
 separating Coney Island from the mainland, 
 is also known as Ryders pond, though its 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
158 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 early colonial title was the Strome kill. 
 Its head is a natural lake, the water in 
 which was readily impounded by Hugh 
 Gerritsen, who erected a dam and tide 
 gate, with a flour mill, both of which are 
 still existing. It was admirably suited to 
 aboriginal residence, and was extensively 
 utilized. 
 
 A branch trail must have set off from the 
 main path in a southerly direction, probably 
 on the line of Ryders lane at East 25th 
 street, extending south to a junction with 
 the old Gravesend Neck road, by which the 
 Indian station (50) was probably reached. 
 This place, on which some Indian burials 
 were disturbed in the grading of Avenue' 
 U, and many objects found by D. B. Austin 
 which evidenced native residence, will, 
 it is hoped, be further explored by the 
 Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation. 
 
 Fortunately a great part of the tract, 
 including the pond and contiguous upland 
 and marsh, will be preserved as a public 
 park, by the recent generous gift of Messrs 
 F. B. Pratt and A. T. White. Its area 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
tr. 
 cc 
 
 UJ 
 
 O 
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 Q 
 
 1 _• 
 
 I 
 
 §5 
 
 ^ 0. 
 
 Si 
 
 I- - 
 
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 o £ 
 
 O M, 
 C/3 5 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 159 
 
 is illustrated in Map IX. Native occu- 
 pancy extended over a considerable space on 
 the western side of the basin. The water 
 supply was provided by a good spring 
 which is still running, and a broad and 
 very fertile tract of farm land extends 
 west of the site of the village which may 
 be identified as the Indian Shanscomacocke. 
 
 Mashanscomacocke, "a much enclosed 
 place," was the name of a tract in the 
 vicinity of Flatlands, which was sold in 
 1664 by natives (pi. xxii). It included 
 features that identify it as the Gerritsen 
 Basin station. 
 
 "Upland and marshes, anyway belonging 
 thereto, as the Strawn [Strome] Beach or 
 Beaches, as namely that running out more 
 westerly, with the Island adjoining, and is 
 at the same time by the ocean sea wholly 
 inclosed, called hoopaninak and Shans- 
 comacocke, and Macutteris." 
 
 The situation of the tracts included in 
 the sale are evidently in the vicinity of 
 the Strome beach. Now, the beach at 
 the Strome kill, which is situated at the 
 mill-dam, was an important feature of the 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
160 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 locality. It was particularly dedicated to 
 public use, and the Gravesend Neck road 
 extended to it (pi. xxin, xxiv). On 
 the upland above the beach was the Indian 
 burying-ground, where D. B. Austin un- 
 covered interments having the appearance 
 of being regularly disposed, about 35 feet 
 apart. At this beach Hugh Gerritsen 
 established his home, and all along the 
 margin of the pond from the beach the 
 natives have left abundant evidence of 
 their occupancy of the upland which rises 
 quite abruptly above the high-tide level 
 in the pond (pi. xxn). 
 
 The pond had other points of access, 
 notably a sandy beach at the promontory 
 near Avenue T, so that the inclusion of 
 the Strome beach, or beaches, in the con- 
 veyance of 1664, indicates that the sellers 
 were describing its characteristic features. 
 The name Shanscomacocke appears to be 
 that which is intended to describe this en- 
 closed pond area, and as such was probably 
 the name of the village on its margin. 
 
 The marshes "anyway belonging thereto" 
 would have been the extensive tract of 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOLTON— INDIAN' PATHS 
 
 OLD GRAVESEND NECK ROAD TO THE STROME BEACH, AT 
 
 ITS TURN SOUTH TOWARD HUGH GERRITSEN'S MILL 
 
 AND HOUSE. (STATION 50, MAP VIII, D) 
 
 The left foreground when plowed disturbed Indian burials, part of the 
 
 native settlement of Shanscomacocke Photograph by D. B. Austin, 1900. 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 161 
 
 salt meadows on either side of the Strome 
 kill, and the particular reference to "that 
 running out more westerly" points to the 
 great tract between the kill and Shellbank 
 creek, being well described by the name 
 Macutteris, or Moskituash,- "a meadow." 
 The "island adjoining," which "is by the 
 ocean sea wholly inclosed," indicates Plumb 
 island, a meadow island which is practically 
 in ocean water. Barren island, or Equendito, 
 which is also contiguous to the tracts of 
 meadow, had been already disposed of by 
 another transaction, in the previous month 
 of April, and on Mill island, also adjoining, 
 the family of Captain John Schenck had 
 been settled for ten years, at Avenue V and 
 East 62d street. We may therefore reason- 
 ably presume that the village (50) to which 
 the natives clung, as shown by a later deed, 
 at least until 1684, was known as Shans- 
 comacocke. The site was then included 
 within the tract known as Makeopaca, 
 which in that year was confirmed to the 
 inhabitants of Gravesend. By this deed, 
 natives of the Gravesend district, who we 
 may assume to have been those still resi- 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
162 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 dent on the Gerritsen basin village-site, 
 confirmed the sale of the northern part of 
 the area which was included within the 
 township of Gravesend. The bounds of 
 Makeopaca, 'a great cleared space," are 
 carefully detailed, and evidently included 
 all of the area within the township (north 
 of the line of the Gravesend Neck road, 
 and of Lake lane) which had not been 
 specifically included in those prior deals by 
 which the site of the village, the Narrioch 
 neck (69), and Mannahanning, or Coney 
 island, had been secured by the white settlers. 
 Makeopaca began at "the most eastward 
 end of the beach called by the Indians 
 Moeung, or "black miry, place," that is, 
 at the head of Harway basin, where the 
 old Beach lane reached Gravesend bay. 
 It extended eastward along the Gravesend 
 Neck road as far as Strome kill, or Gerrit- 
 sen basin, thus taking in the village-site 
 at that place (50) . Passing up this creek 
 the bounds extended "from the head of 
 said creek through the middle of the meadow 
 [between Avenues P and Q], till they come 
 to a white oak tree standing by the Flatland 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 163 
 
 wagon path." This was the ancient trail, 
 Mechawanienck, by that time expanded to 
 the width of a wagon. Along this path 
 the measurement proceeded "soe running 
 to another white oak tree standing by 
 Utrecht wagon path," which was the 
 western extension of the same old line of 
 travel. This tree stood close to Avenue 
 0, at West 10th street. A line drawn from 
 the first point on the beach, through this 
 tree, made the western boundary of Grave- 
 send, "soe on a direct line to the Flatbush 
 fence," which was struck at Foster avenue 
 near Ocean parkway, meeting a similar 
 line drawn on the east side from the head 
 of Gerritsen creek through the white-oak 
 tree first mentioned. 
 
 The old path on the line of the King's 
 highway led farther west to Gravesend 
 (105), where there were settlements of 
 natives which have not been precisely locat- 
 ed. In a deed of 1650 the region was known 
 as Massabarkem. 31 This name applied 
 to the west part of Gravesend neck, 
 lying between Gravesend creek and the 
 inlet which extends north from Sheepshead 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
164 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 bay on the line of East 12th street and 
 Homecrest avenue. The name was mis- 
 handled by the scribe who engrossed the 
 conveyance, but can be identified as Massa, 
 "large," and peauke, "water-land," or land 
 at the many waters, which aptly describes 
 its situation, surrounded as it was by the 
 meandering streams in three marshy tracts. 
 
 The eastern part of Gravesend neck was 
 the native Narrioch (69), naiag, "a neck," 
 auke, "land," or "a point of land." Upon 
 this tract is the Coney Island Jockey Club's 
 racing ground. It was bounded on the 
 east by Shellbank creek, a name strongly 
 indicative of native residence. 
 
 The neck was probably an appurtenance 
 of the natives of the Gerritsen Basin station, 
 and its grantor, Guttaquoh, was perhaps 
 the sachem of that settlement. Through 
 these tracts the Gravesend Neck road con- 
 nected the early settlements of Lady Moody 
 and her companions, with the home and 
 mill of Hugh Gerritsen at the Strome beach. 
 It is so natural a line of travel, though it 
 paralleled the Mechawanienck trail, that 
 it can hardly fail to have been the successor 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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THE CANARSEE 
 
 165 
 
 of a native pathway extending westward 
 from the beach to the stations at Grave- 
 send (pi. xxv). 
 
 With the Narrioch tract the natives 
 also passed title to Mannahanning, or 
 "land on an island," being the contiguous 
 area of what is now known as Coney 
 Island. It may be noted that this name 
 was originally applied only to the western 
 extremity, which in those early days was 
 a separate island. The remainder was 
 further divided into two parts by a marshy 
 area which was submerged at high tide. 
 This extended east of Luna Park, where a 
 small inlet set in from Coney Island creek 
 on the line of Overton place., The eastern 
 island was at first known as Gysbert's 
 eylandt, and both were known as late as 
 1824 as Schryers hook. 
 
 The island was doubtless reached from 
 the mainland by a path which led direct 
 from the site of Gravesend village (105) 
 by what became later the old Shell road. 
 This crossed the creek at a point where 
 there was a little dry islet, and 
 the road was marked on the Goodrich 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
166 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 map of 1824 as being "fordable at low 
 water." 
 
 Another old road led westward from 
 Gravesend, which was known as Lake lane. 
 It extended as Beach lane to the shore of 
 Gravesend bay, at Bay 45th street. By 
 such a line of travel the natives of the 
 vicinity doubtless made their way to the 
 shores of New York bay. Beyond Grave- 
 send the ancient path proceeded through 
 New Utrecht to Nayack, and there afforded 
 ready communication, by a short canoe 
 trip across the Narrows, with the natives 
 of Staten Island, and the Raritan and 
 Navasink in eastern New Jersey. 
 
 Indian Pond (106) is a picturesque little 
 lake which is situated near Mechawanienck, 
 now Kings highway, upon the boundary of 
 Gravesend and New Utrecht (pi. xxvi). 
 This interesting natural landmark retained 
 until quite recently its pristine character. 
 It was the source of a brook, extending 
 south between Avenues Q and R, at about 
 the line of West 8th street in South Ben- 
 sonhurst. The native deed of 1645 to 
 Lady Moody and her associates mentions 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOLTON — INDIAN FATHS 
 
 THE INDIAN POND, IN THE INDIAN FIELD. ALONGSIDE MECHA- 
 
 WANIENCK, THEANCIENT PATHWAY ATTHEBOUND- 
 
 ARY BETWEEN GRAVESEND AND NEW UTRECHT 
 
 (STATIQN 106. MAP VIII. C) 
 
 Photograph by Adam Dove 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 167 
 
 a "certaine pond in an old Indian field 
 on the north side of the plantation of the 
 said Robert Pennoyer," and thus affords 
 us a clue to the existence of a native station 
 with its accompanying planting field. The 
 situation was desirable, alongside the 
 native path, wiihin a short walk of the 
 shore of Gravesend bay. 
 
 The line of the ancient pathway proceed- 
 ing further westward crossed the area later 
 occupied by the village of New Utrecht 
 (107). Its successor, the King's highway, 
 made two sharp bends at Twentieth and 
 at Eighteenth avenues, perhaps due to vil- 
 lage developments or to cultivated tracts. 
 From the turn at 20th street there extended 
 to Gravesend beach a lane known as De 
 Bruyn's (Brown's) lane. This was probably 
 an Indian trail, and seems to indicate the 
 existence of a native station preceding the 
 establishment of the Dutch village. It 
 extends from 81st street to the old margin 
 of the bay, beyond Cropsey avenue, and 
 is near the line of Twentieth avenue. It 
 was the dividing line between the planta- 
 tions of Anthony Jansen and others in 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
168 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 - 
 
 1643 and 1657. As such its probable exis- 
 tence as a trail is indicated. It was utilized 
 by the early settlers as a means of access 
 to the salt hay meadows along the Benson- 
 hurst shore. 
 
 From New Utrecht the path proceeded 
 on the line of 84th street to Fifteenth 
 avenue, along the tract which, in 1652, 
 Cornelis Van Werckhoven purchased of 
 the natives of the locality. At that avenue, 
 the Cortelyou lane was later constructed 
 to the shore. Passing around the head of 
 the marshy tract which is now included in 
 Dyker Heights Park, the old highway 
 entered the region of Nayack. 
 
 The locality known as Nayack (68) is 
 of particular interest as the refuge of the 
 natives of Manhattan who made the sale 
 of their home on the lower part of that 
 island to Peter Minuit. The name denotes 
 a point or angle of land, and as such may 
 be appropriately applied to the Fort Hamil- 
 ton tract, bounded probably by Dyker 
 Heights Park on the south, and extending 
 perhaps as far north as Yellow hook to 
 meet the bounds of the home-lands of the 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
THE CANARSEE 
 
 169 
 
 Gouwanis chieftaincy. Through the heart 
 of this district the old trail ran a crooked 
 course, roughly approximating the line of 
 78th and 79th streets. At Third avenue it 
 probably later became the Van Brunt or 
 Bennett lane, which extended to the shore- 
 line at 78th street, but as to which there 
 is no record of its having been a native trail. 
 Throughout this favored region of broad 
 uplands and attractive shore there is no 
 recorded information on the existence of 
 native settlements. There was a deed of 
 November 22, 1652, by Seisen and Mat- 
 tano to Cornells Van Werckhoven for New 
 Utrecht land "stretching from behind Mr. 
 Paulus' land, called Gouwanis, across the 
 hills to Mechawanienck, lying on the south- 
 east side of Amersfoort and thence past 
 Gravesend to the sea following the marks 
 on the trees." This conveyance included all 
 Bay Ridge and New Utrecht to the Graves- 
 end line. Seisen was the same chieftain 
 of Marechkawick who in 1637 sold Black- 
 wells island. Mattano was chief of Nayack 
 at the date of this deed, having succeeded 
 Meijeterma after 1649. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
170 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 That the Nayack natives who were the 
 original owners of lower Manhattan were 
 related to the Marechkawick Indians, is 
 made evident not only by their removal to 
 this territory, but by the joint action of their 
 chiefs in this sale, and by the appearance, 
 nineteen years later, of the sachem, Magan- 
 wetinnernin, as the representative "for 
 the tribe of Marychkenwingh and for 
 Nayack." 
 
 From these evidently close relations it is 
 assumable that the Manhattan natives 
 were Canarsee, and that their superiors 
 or rulers were the sachems of the Brooklyn 
 and Flatlands communities. We may even 
 trace in Meijeterma who led the Manhattans 
 of Nayack prior to 1649, and in Seyseys 
 who ruled the Canarsee in 1637, the prob- 
 able leading participants in that momen- 
 tous sale in 1622, of the site of the future 
 Great Metropolis. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
171 
 
 VII— NATIVE PATHS IN THE 
 BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 (Maps I, and VIII, B) 
 
 THE Borough of Queens, which is a 
 part of the one-time county of 
 that name, was added to the 
 Metropolis in 1898. It is a 
 very spacious tract, embracing within 
 its area the old townships of Newtown, 
 Flushing, Jamaica, and part of Hemp- 
 stead, and the modern industrial district 
 of Long Island City. It is divided from 
 Kings county by a boundary-line drawn 
 between the heads of Mespaetches or New- 
 town creek and the source of Spring creek, 
 the Hohosboco of the natives. 
 
 The borough includes the entire tract 
 which was occupied by the Rockaway chief- 
 taincy extending from East river to Jamaica 
 bay. Part of the Matinecock territory 
 is also embraced within the northeastern 
 bounds of the borough, in the township of 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
172 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Flushing, and the districts of College Point, 
 Whitestone, Bayside, and Little Neck. 
 On the south it includes the easterly half 
 of Jamaica bay as far west as the Raunt, 
 and Rockaway beach from Rockaway 
 point to Far Rockaway. 
 
 Within the large territory much remains 
 to be done in the direction of exploration 
 and investigation, by which the limited 
 information regarding its occupancy by 
 the Indians may be considerably extended. 
 
 The Rockaway, who are considered by 
 Armbruster to have been the Marech- 
 kawick of Brooklyn , or their near relations, 
 were centered beyond the bounds of the 
 Greater City at Rechquakie or Near Rocka- 
 way, their chief village having been situated 
 at Rockville Center. 
 
 At Hewlett, which is a mile or so beyond 
 the Queens County boundary, there was 
 another station (55), and we know of other 
 settlements beyond that locality. 
 
 In the interior few traces of native life 
 have been recorded. A station at Jamaica, 
 which is known -to have existed, may have 
 been that of some subordinate clan. Some 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 173 
 
 traces of occupancy at Flushing attest 
 the residence of the Matinecock. 
 
 Within the Newtown district another 
 subordinate chieftaincy, the Mispat, re- 
 sided in the region around the extensive 
 inlet of Newtown creek, known to the 
 natives as Mespaetches. 
 
 The name of the inlet , according to Tooker , 
 bears some reference to a bad water place 
 or swampy locality, which well describes 
 the character of the borders of the creek 
 and of its branches. The native names of 
 three branches of Newtown creek have 
 been preserved. Canapaukah, which seems 
 to indicate a shut-in water place, was later 
 known as Dutch kills. This inlet extended 
 in to the heart of Long Island City, 
 its source being near the approach to 
 the Queensboro bridge at Rapelye and 
 Freeman avenues. Armbruster considers 
 the name to indicate a bears' water 
 place, and thinks that this was indica- 
 tion of Canarsee ownership. 
 
 The southwest extension of the creek 
 was known as Quandoequareous. Its tor- 
 tuous course extends inland as far as Tohn- 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
174 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 son avenue in Bushwick, and it partly forms 
 the boundary between the boroughs of 
 Brooklyn and Queens. 
 
 Maspeth creek, which extends in a north 
 easterly direction between the Laurel hill 
 and Linden hill sections as far as Maspeth, 
 perpetuates the native name of the entire 
 inlet, and was probably applied to the 
 native station (65) as well. 
 
 The position of that settlement is indi- 
 cated by the discovery from time to time of 
 native artifacts upon the Maspeth hills 
 The situation also appears to have been 
 desirable for native residence, as the creek 
 provided fresh water at its source, and the 
 elevation afforded a wide view over sur- 
 rounding country. A village-site might 
 have been looked for in the vicinity of 
 Borden avenue and Willow avenue. 
 Neighboring territory lying south and 
 east of this station was desirably sloping 
 and well-drained land upon which the 
 natives doubtless had their cultivated 
 clearings. 
 
 Northwest of Mispat, over the promon 
 tory now forming the growing Long Island 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 175 
 
 City and its environs to Corona, a great 
 tract of forest land extended to Flushing 
 bay. This was known to the natives as 
 Wandowenock, which Armbruster defines 
 as "the fine land between the long streams" 
 of East river and Flushing bay. 
 
 The only known station within this 
 broad region is at Ravenswood Park (111), 
 on the bank of the east channel of East 
 river, where a shellheap indicates native 
 residence, and some native objects were 
 discovered by W. L. Calver. 
 
 It is not possible to suggest any particular 
 line of trail connecting this place with 
 Mispat. The path, if such there was, 
 wound its way through the timber, which 
 in later years was all cut off, through the 
 narrow neck of dry land between the heads 
 of the Sunwick and Canapaukah creeks, 
 near the present entrance to the approach 
 of the Queensboro bridge. 
 
 The name of the "creek, called Sunwick," 
 means "a stone house," according to 
 Tooker, and is another illustration of the 
 Indian practice of applying to contiguous 
 waters the designation of abutting territory. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
176 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 The name is connected with the tract on 
 the north side of the creek, known to the 
 natives as Sint Sinck, "a stony place," 
 which in 1664 was sold to the Colonists 
 by Shawestcout and Erramorhas. 
 
 It would seem natural for the neck of 
 land which these creeks enclosed to afford 
 shelter to the aborigines, especially as the 
 waters between the Hunters Point shore 
 and that Of Minnahanonck, or Blackwells 
 island, must have afforded good fishing, 
 and the shallows of Mespaetches should 
 have been the nursery of countless oysters. 
 
 Flushing bay would appear to have been 
 a very favorable place for native occupancy. 
 North beach on Fishs point, the extremity 
 of the promontory, is opposite Rikers 
 island, beyond which a moderate stretch 
 of still water separated it from Quinnahung 
 and Snakapins, native settlements in the 
 south part of the Bronx. 
 
 From Flushing bay there set in west- 
 wardly a watercourse, known to the settlers 
 as Ludovics or Wessels brook. This was 
 named in a deed of 1666 as a "certain creek 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 called Sackhickneyah where Wessels mill 
 stood." 
 
 The creek extended inland with deep 
 windings to the Trains meadow, a large 
 tract of marsh-land which is still in great 
 part existing in its original condition, fill- 
 ing the large basin of lowland now partly 
 occupied by North Woodside, and extending 
 as far north as the Flushing turnpike. 
 
 On the east of this area the old Trains 
 Meadow road made its crooked way between 
 Maspeth and North Beach on Flushing 
 bay. The name which was thus applied 
 to the creek in the conveyance above men- 
 tioned, was probably that of the sea-shore 
 path which followed its course, as pointed 
 out by Tooker, 32 corresponding as it does 
 to the Delaware words shajahik, "sea- 
 shore," and aney, "a path." 
 
 Such a pathway, if extended through the 
 Mispat village as it might have been, on 
 the line of Trimble avenue, would have 
 been an important means of access to the 
 still waters of the Sound, from the regions 
 around the bay of New York, avoiding 
 
 177 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
178 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 travel by canoe through the treacherous 
 currents of Hell Gate. 
 
 The natural line of communication be- 
 tween these places and the mainland north 
 and west, was the Rockaway trail, which 
 ran from the Brooklyn path along the base 
 of the hilly ground known as the Green 
 hills that form the central backbone of 
 the island from Fort Hamilton to North 
 Hempstead. This path followed the line 
 of the old Bedford and Jamaica highway, 
 which the present Atlantic avenue and 
 Jamaica avenue succeed. 
 
 The path was expanded into a King's 
 highway in 1704, and for many years 
 bore that name. It became known later 
 as the Jamaica and Brooklyn plank road, 
 and sometimes as the Old Ferry road. 
 In the village of Bedford it crossed, at the 
 Four Corners, the junction of the Clove 
 road, which was an old lane that may still 
 be traced in part in the line of Canarsie 
 avenue from Montgomery street southward 
 to its old junction with the Canarsie lane, 
 now the south boundary of the Cemetery 
 of the Holy Cross in Flatbush. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 179 
 
 The Clove road might have constituted 
 a short-cut from the Canarsie region to the 
 old Newtown road, which joined the main 
 roadway at Bedford corners, and of which 
 mention has already been made. This 
 line of travel, by following Flushing avenue 
 beyond Broadway, led very directly to 
 Maspeth, the nearest station in Queens 
 county, and to the territory now covered 
 by Long Island City. It met at Linden hill 
 the old Fresh Pond road, once known as the 
 Kills path. This winding way was a very 
 probable connection between the Maspeth 
 station and the Rockaway path, with 
 which it united at Euclid avenue in East 
 New York. 
 
 The Rockaway path crossed the boundary 
 of the Borough of Queens, as does its suc- 
 cessor Jamaica avenue, at Elderts lane, 
 and passed thence almost due east toward 
 Jamaica (101), skirting the south side of 
 the Green hills through the Woodhaven 
 and Richmond Hill districts, and entering 
 Jamaica at Fulton street, where it joined 
 another known trail that led north to 
 Flushing. 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
180 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Evidently proceeding farther east, as 
 Fulton avenue now runs through Woodhull 
 and Hollis, to the present district called 
 Queens, the trail divided there, one branch 
 passing due east to Hempstead, the other 
 in a northeasterly direction to Jericho. 
 These routes were later known respectively 
 as the South Country road or the South 
 Post-road, and the Middle Post-road or 
 Jericho road. It would seem probable 
 that the Hewlett and the Near Rockaway 
 stations would have been connected with 
 Hempstead by some branch trail proceeding 
 directly south from the Southern post-road 
 at Hempstead, possibly along die Valley 
 Stream road. 
 
 The main path to those native settlements 
 was doubtless by the route of the old high- 
 way from Jamaica, which led direct to 
 Rockaway neck, and was practically an 
 extension of the Flushing road. This old 
 road, which may well have been an ancient 
 path, passed over the meadows south of 
 Jamaica, crossing the creek known to the 
 natives as Skupash, the source of which was 
 at Beaver pond in the old town, and thence 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 181 
 
 proceeding over the broad meadow-land 
 bordering Jamaica bay, to a crossing over 
 Hooker creek, where later a toll-gate was 
 placed, thus reaching Rockaway neck, 
 from which point the long stretch of Rocka- 
 way beach would have been accessible 
 by a branch path, while the main road pro- 
 ceeded east to Hewlett (55). 
 
 In this district the Rockaway natives 
 had several settlements, including a station 
 on Hog island (54), and not far away an 
 important fortified station situated on 
 Hicks neck, both having access to salt- 
 water on Hempstead bay. 
 
 Direct communication was doubtless 
 well established between the residents in 
 these large settlements and those of their 
 kinsfolk living near the waters of the Sound, 
 by passing through Jamaica, and thence 
 north on the line of the Flushing road, 
 which within Flushing is now known as 
 Jamaica avenue. 
 
 The settlement at Jamaica seems to have 
 been occupied by a clan of natives who are 
 thought to have been subordinate to the 
 Rockaway, perhaps survivors of a prior 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
182 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 tribe of occupants. Their village was 
 near the Beaver pond which once existed 
 at the intersection of the Rockaway road 
 and South street. From the pond a ' ' beaver 
 path" led to the lodges. The exact location 
 of the latter has not been recorded, but 
 it would seem likely to have been at the 
 intersection of the important paths which 
 met at Flushing avenue and Fulton street. 
 
 In the town of Flushing (53) some traces 
 of native occupancy have been recorded. 
 There was a tract on the north side of Broad- 
 way, cultivated in the eighteenth century 
 as a horticultural establishment, which was 
 known as the Linnaean gardens. Within 
 this area skeletons were uncovered indi- 
 cating its use as a burying- ground. Prob- 
 ably it was a station, and its planting- 
 grounds were extended over the same tract 
 that afterward formed the garden. 
 
 A mile to the east, on the Duryea farm, 
 objects of native manufacture evidenced the 
 presence of the Indians. The Flushing sta- 
 tion appears to have been the headquarters at 
 one time of the leading sachem of this part 
 of Long Island, for in 1664 Tackapoosa. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 183 
 
 son and survivor of the great Mechowodt. 
 the Ancient One, was resident there. 
 
 The Matinecock were at one time numer- 
 ous, and their villages and contiguous 
 cultivated fields were scattered all over the 
 territory they occupied, but disease and 
 warfare so reduced their number that their 
 planting land became waste and their 
 homes were abandoned. The line of 
 Broadway was evidently a natural line of 
 travel between their Flushing settlement 
 and their stations on the North shore. 
 Armbruster states that at the time of the 
 arrival of the first white settlers an Indian 
 trail existed where now Broadway runs. 
 
 At Little Neck (122), within the boundary 
 of the borough, the path passed a native 
 station and burial-ground. In this vicinity 
 abundant shellheaps and native objects 
 indicate its favorable advantages for native 
 residence. 
 
 Beyond Little Neck the trail went for- 
 ward to Manhasset, providing means of 
 access from such stations as those at Dosoris, 
 Port Washington, and others along the 
 North shore of Long Island. 
 
 - 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
184 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 • 
 
 It seems probable that this North-shore 
 trail would have been an extension of the 
 Sackhickneyah, which at Corona was but 
 about a mile away from Flushing. The 
 two, however, were separated by the broad 
 marshes extending on the west side of 
 Flushing creek. Across part of this boggy 
 tract a narrow neck of dry land extends 
 nearly two-thirds of the distance, over which 
 Broadway now makes its way, uniting 
 Jackson avenue with Flushing avenue. 
 A canoe ferry over the creek was doubtless 
 a necessary supplement to travel by this 
 route, an effort which would have been 
 warranted by the distance it saved, and 
 the avoidance of a long tramp down to 
 Jamaica to join the Rockaway path. 
 
 This shore-path route would also have 
 provided a short-cut from the north shore 
 of Long Island to the island of Manhattan, 
 by a canoe trip across East river below 
 Hell Gate. 
 
 Such long trails and tedious detours to 
 avoid watercourses and marshes must 
 have appeared very aggravating at times 
 to those natives living on the shores facing 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOROUGH OF QUEENS 
 
 185 
 
 each other across the waters of East river. 
 Hell Gate offered an obstruction to free 
 passage which led to the tradition among 
 the natives of the region to the effect that 
 at some remote period it had been possible 
 for their predecessors to cross the dangerous 
 rapid by stepping from one exposed rock 
 to another. A folk-story of much the same 
 imaginative character is related by Robert 
 Bolton, regarding the Stepping Stones rocks 
 off Pelham neck. That legend recorded the 
 pursuit by the natives of "Manetto," 
 the Evil Spirit, through Westchester county 
 to the Sound shore, where, escaping to 
 City island, he stepped across to a safe 
 retreat on Long Island by the use of the 
 Stepping Stones, leaving the imprint of 
 one foot which may still be seen upon a 
 bowlder near Eastchester. He is said to 
 have landed from his leap over the Sound 
 in Flushing bay, on great rocks which were 
 splintered by the impact. Having thus 
 comfortably rid the mainland of that 
 undesirable alien, the story leaves Lhe bur- 
 den on Long Island of proving whether his 
 Satanic Majesty skipped back again, over 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
186 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 the gate of hell, to Manhattan, or still 
 remains resident in the Borough of Brook- 
 lyn, playing the devil with metropolitan 
 politics. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
187 
 
 VIII— RICHMOND PATHS 
 
 (Map I) 
 
 HE island known to the Indians 
 as Aquehonga-Monacknong, our 
 present Staten Island, was a 
 favored place for native residence. 
 Though its limited area offered relatively 
 restricted facilities for wild animal life, 
 the range of rugged hills that extend 
 from its northeast corner at St George, 
 to the old county town of Richmond 
 near its center, probably sheltered quan- 
 tities of small game and birds that 
 supplemented the fish and shell-fish which 
 teemed in the shallow waters surround- 
 ing the island and provided the natives 
 with their readiest means of subsistence. 
 The eastern and western shore-lines were 
 deeply indented with marshy tracts, some 
 extending far inland. The area available 
 for cultivation was thus considerably re- 
 duced by mountain, marsh, and sand-dunes, 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
188 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 so that all the important native settlements 
 are found to have been established around 
 the shores, and only in a few places were 
 small stations located inland. 
 
 The native ownership of the borough 
 was divided, its residents being members 
 of several chieftaincies, who were settled 
 upon that part of the coast contiguous to 
 their mainland relatives, those on the north 
 being the Hackensack and possibly the 
 Tappan, those on the west and at the 
 southern extremity the Raritan, and on 
 the east and possibly in some inland posi- 
 tions, the natives of Nayack, those one- 
 time residents of Manhattan who removed 
 to Fort Hamilton. As these were all of 
 Unami-Delaware affinity, they appear to 
 have lived in amicable relations and to 
 have had a well-recognized right and 
 title to their share in the ownership of 
 the little island. 
 
 Favored by nature as it was, and situ- 
 ated in so commanding a position, the island 
 unfortunately attracted the cupidity of 
 the white man, and his usual process of 
 expropriation of its unhappy tenantry 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
RICHMOND PATHS 
 
 189 
 
 took place, marked with injustice and treach- 
 ery that resulted in a bloody tragedy of 
 fifty years, culminating in the complete 
 dismissal of the remnant of its native 
 population in 1670. Perhaps the animosity 
 thus created and continued, and at any 
 rate the contempt of the early settlers for 
 all native subjects, led to the abandonment 
 of the Indian names of their numerous sta- 
 tions, since none of them have been pre- 
 served, and their location has been decided 
 only by the persistent efforts of interested 
 archeologists. Similar neglect befell the 
 native paths or trails that must have 
 connected these friendly settlements, and 
 we are left to conjecture their courses by 
 consideration of the location of the native 
 stations and their physical surroundings. 
 
 But the topography of the island is so 
 pronounced and varied in character as 
 to lend considerable aid in indicating the 
 probable routes of the necessary paths by 
 which these natives communicated with 
 one another, and, as is found to have been 
 the case elsewhere, these are frequently 
 those natural lines of grade and avoidance 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
190 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 • 
 
 of bogs and waterways which the old roads 
 of the successors of the primeval pro- 
 prietors are found to follow. Thus the 
 mountainous range from St George to Rich- 
 mond, and the extensive marshes of the 
 Fresh kills extending therefrom to the 
 Arthur kill, divide the island longitudinally 
 and reduce the opportunity for convenient 
 access from west to east to one or two 
 passes which afforded reasonable grades, 
 such as the Clove road. A trail over that 
 pass would have connected the north and 
 northwestern sections, occupied by the 
 Hackensack, with the easterly and southern 
 parts of the island, the latter being con- 
 veniently reached by a line of trail approxi- 
 mating the Richmond road and Amboy 
 road, which traverse the base of the hills 
 and avoid the marshes and waterways be- 
 tween Arrochar and Tottenville. 
 
 On the west side of the range of hills the 
 old Richmond turnpike passes through 
 native sites from New Brighton and Silver 
 Lake to Linoleumville, and on the north 
 shore several important settlements were 
 doubtless connected by some path that 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
RICHMOND PATHS 
 
 191 
 
 paralleled the Kill van Kull between West 
 New Brighton and Howlands hook. This 
 trail would probably have followed the 
 shore-line as closely as the present shore- 
 road, as far as Mariners Harbor, where it 
 would have terminated at the Bowmans 
 Brook site, with a branch path to the south, 
 extending past Arlington station, to Old 
 Place and Bloomfield. 
 
 The native settlements on Staten Island 
 were both ancient and extensive. They 
 are described by Skinner, 33 who explored 
 the majority of the sites, and to whom we 
 are indebted for most of our available 
 information. One of several stations at 
 West New Brighton was situated on the 
 shore at Peltons cove, or Upper cove 
 (72), on the line of the present Shore road. 
 A village of extensive character, and one 
 which was asserted to have been the scene of 
 important gatherings and ceremonies in 
 ancient times, was situated at Cedar and 
 Dongan streets, West New Brighton, and 
 burials within its area were found on the 
 site of the parish house of the Church of 
 the Ascension. Other camp-sites were 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
192 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 situated at the Harbor Hill golf-links 
 (86), above Castleton avenue at Silver 
 lake (78) , on Harbor hill near Harbor 
 brook and Lafayette avenue, and some 
 scattered relics along the Shore road near 
 St George. Farther west along the shore, 
 at Mariners Harbor, or Arlington, a station 
 (74) existed on a sandy knoll on South ave- 
 nue, opposite the railroad station. 
 
 A larger and more ancient village and 
 burial place (73) was found at Bowmans 
 brook (or Newtons creek), under the site 
 of the Milliken Brothers' steel works, 
 beyond which, at Western avenue and the 
 Shore road, a more recent site was found. 
 
 At Old Place (75) in the same district, 
 on a sandy promontory known as Tunissens 
 neck, a large village of ancient character 
 existed. 
 
 Farther south at Watchogue, now Bloom- 
 field (76), a quantity of relics indicate oc- 
 cupancy of a site which did not, however, 
 present the characteristics of a settled 
 village. At the junction of Union avenue 
 and the Watchogue road (87) there were 
 burials and probably a village-site, and 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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RICHMOND PATHS 
 
 193 
 
 scattered relics have been found on the 
 sand-dunes between Chelsea and Travisville. 
 
 On both sides of Long Neck, or Lino- 
 leumville (77, A), scattered relics have 
 been found indicating its use as a camp, 
 probably during the summer season. 
 
 Farther inland, at New Springville 
 (89), there were indications of a station 
 and burials. 
 
 It would seem probable that a trail 
 may have connected these fishing stations 
 with a large camp-site (90) not far from 
 Richmond, at the Ketchum mill-pond, 
 on Simonsons brook, and that an extension 
 may have traversed the old Mill road to 
 Richmond, and thence connected with the 
 Amboy road, forming a short-cut across 
 the center of the island. This, however, 
 can be only conjectured. 
 
 The stations in the southwestern part of 
 the island begin at Green Ridge (91), where, 
 on a space between Journeay avenue and 
 Annadale road, relics of ancient character 
 have been found. Far out in the marsh- 
 lands near the outlet of the Fresh kills, 
 the tortuous channels form an island (79) 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
194 
 
 1 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 known as Lakes island. This afforded 
 numerous relics, even as far back as 1843, 
 when Thoreau visited the place and picked 
 arrowheads from the soil. 
 
 Scattered settlements appear to have 
 existed in the southwestern portion of the 
 island around Woodrow (82), where, along 
 the line of Sandy brook (81), on the Wort 
 farm, and over the fields to Rossville (80) 
 and Kreischerville, signs of native occu- 
 pancy and cultivation are found. The 
 locality was favorable for such purposes, 
 and it may well have been so utilized by the 
 overflow population of the great settlement 
 on Ward point (83) beyond Tottenville. 
 This place, sometimes described as Burial 
 ridge, was evidently of considerable impor- 
 tance and large extent. Recent explora- 
 tions by the Museum of the American 
 Indian, Heye Foundation, conducted by 
 M. R. Harrington, are increasing the store 
 of information as to its extent and char- 
 acter (see pi. xxvn, xxviii). 
 
 Situated on the "high sandy banks" 
 that gave its name to Aquehonga, with the 
 great oyster-beds of Raritan bay extending 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
RICHMOND PATHS 
 
 195 
 
 around it, and the tidal waters that surge 
 round the point swarming with fish, the 
 station was admirably suited to native life; 
 while across the river, by a short ferriage, 
 the great Minisink path came down through 
 Perth Amboy, on which the traders of the 
 Lenni Lenape made their way to the sea- 
 coast with the products of their mountain 
 homes. 
 
 Along the easterly shore from Ward 
 point to Arrochar, small deposits indicate 
 native life at several favorable situations. 
 At Princes bay (92) there are cultivable 
 grounds, a fine water-supply, high banks 
 and good fishing facilities, and along the 
 banks several deposits have been noted 
 that determine the presence of the red 
 man. At Seguine point (93) there was a 
 fishing camp, a site south of the Woods of 
 Arden (94) at the mouth of the Great 
 Kills, and another at Oakwood (95). At 
 the head of that inlet, in the salt meadow, 
 traces were found by Alanson Skinner, 
 indicating the use of the place as a 'clam 
 drying" ground. Nothing more has been 
 traced between that locality and Arrochar 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
196 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 (96) , at which place, near the railroad station 
 on Richmond avenue, there is an ancient 
 site, probably one of the earliest on the 
 island. At Stapleton (97) there was a 
 station. Such sites on this side of the 
 island could have been reached only by 
 branch paths extending from some inland 
 route, such as the Richmond and Amboy 
 roads. These are indicated in Map I on the 
 lines of old roadways which suggest the 
 most natural routes. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
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IX— PATHS IN NEARBY NEW JERSEY 
 (Maps I; VIII, A; X) 
 
 A STUDY of the system of Indian 
 paths in the Metropolis would 
 be incomplete without considera- 
 tion of those traversing the con- 
 tiguous territory on the west side of the 
 waters of the bay and of the great estuary 
 of the Hudson. 
 
 Staten Island, which is substantially 
 a part of that territory, has already ^ been 
 considered, and is found to have had an 
 extensive occupancy, composed of natives 
 owing allegiance to several chieftaincies. 
 
 The narrow waterway that divided the 
 island from the mainland on the west and 
 north formed no tribal boundary. We 
 find that the natives of the island held 
 title on the west to a large part of the area 
 of the towns of Woodbridge, Linden, and 
 Elizabeth, and that those on the north were 
 in close communication with their fellow 
 
 197 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
198 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 tribesmen of the Hackensack who were 
 resident on Bergen neck. That promontory, 
 bearing a singular topographical resemblance 
 to Manhattan, evidently had superior 
 attractions as a place from which the pur- 
 suit of oystering and fishing could be car- 
 ried on. A considerable settlement existed 
 at Constable point (71), and there was a 
 fishing station on the opposite side of the 
 point, near the Central Railroad tracks 
 on the shore of Newark bay. 
 
 Constable point was practically an 
 island separated from Bayonne by a wide 
 tract of marsh with watercourses extending 
 from Centerville to the Kill van Kull. 
 
 At Gamoenepa (118), the modernized 
 form of which name is Communipaw, a 
 Hackensack station was continued up to 
 Colonial times, situated upon the point 
 of dry land which there extended into the 
 waters of the Upper bay, directly opposite 
 the extremity of Manhattan Island. 
 
 Another station, whose existence is 
 marked in our city's history by the black 
 record of the indiscriminate slaughter of 
 its occupants in 1643, was Aressick, or 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 

 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 1 
 199 
 
 Paulus hook (114), now included in the 
 modern Jersey City, probably situated at 
 a point about a block south and west of 
 Exchange place. It was thus directly 
 across the river from Werpoes, and is likely 
 to have had considerable communication, 
 by canoe, with Manhattan. 
 
 It had nearby a neighboring community 
 in the native village of Harsimus (115), 
 situated in the cove about the present 
 Henderson street and 5th street, in modern 
 Hoboken. 
 
 At Castle point, the trading station of 
 Hobokan Hackingh (116), was established 
 a place of some importance, which by its 
 position on the highest southerly ground 
 along the river-front commanded the 
 passage of trade to and from the Island of 
 Manhattan. 
 
 By some route we may feel assured that 
 these natives of Bergen neck, and others 
 occupying North Bergen and the Palisade 
 region, found their way around the Hacken- 
 sack meadows to the trails from those 
 mountain regions on which the traders 
 from the interior tribes made their way 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
200 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 with the products of the chase to the mark- 
 eting place at Sapohanikan. 
 
 Direct progress toward the west, from 
 the stations on the bank of Hudson river 
 along Bergen neck was barred to native 
 travel by the extensive swamp-land that 
 extended around the head of Newark bay 
 for about sixteen miles inland to Hacken- 
 sack. 
 
 It was, perhaps, a common custom 
 to transport goods and travelers by canoe 
 across the Hackensack, which could have 
 been best accomplished at Kearney, but 
 in the absence of the means of water ferriage 
 the traveler was compelled to journey to 
 some point farther inland, where a crossing 
 by wading could be effected. The Hacken- 
 sack was approachable at Little Ferry, 
 where dry ground extends on both sides 
 to the margin of the river, but as Over 
 peck creek there unites with it, the waters 
 are broad, and only at low water could 
 a crossing have been practicable. 
 
 The probability is that the line of travel 
 took a longer route around high and dry 
 ground near Englewood, crossing the nar- 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
NEW JERSEY 
 
 201 
 
 rowed stream at New Bridge, thence advanc- 
 ing westward toward the great bend of Pas- 
 saic river which, emerging from the moun- 
 tain at Great Falls, loops around the city of 
 Paterson and thence descends in a southerly 
 course parallel with Hackensack river. 
 
 At modern Passaic the river takes a 
 horseshoe turn around the site of the 
 native station of Acquacanonck (70), the 
 headquarters of the chieftaincy of that 
 name. A short distance north of its junction 
 with Saddle river there is a shallow place 
 used as a ford in Colonial times, which was 
 probably a crossing used by the Indians 
 on their way to the homes of the Acquac 
 anonck along the Passaic valley ^ and 
 thence through the Short hills to the west. 
 
 Those who sought the region inhabited 
 by the warlike Minsi, who were settled in 
 the Preakness valley and Pompton plain, 
 probably took a path around the bend of 
 the Passaic river, or cut across country 
 from New Bridge on the Hackensack past 
 Maywood, over Saddle river near Areola, 
 and passing around the Passaic at Hawthorne 
 found themselves on the line of the Pomp- 
 
 • 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
202 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 ton road, at the entrance of the pass 
 through the Watchung mountains. 
 
 From Pompton an old roadway, possibly 
 the successor of a trail, followed the course 
 of the Ramapo river along the base of the 
 southern Ramapo mountains, by which 
 route the traveler would have reached 
 Suffern most conveniently. There two 
 known Indian trails diverged, one leading 
 into the narrow valley of the Ramapo river 
 through the heart of the mountains to the 
 Highlands, and the other turning eastwardly 
 along Mahwah creek directly to Haverstraw. 
 
 Through these mountain trails there 
 doubtless flowed a great part of the traffic 
 that brought the pelts and game of the 
 wild forests to Manhattan, and carried 
 back again over their steep and tortuous 
 courses the coveted beads of wampum for 
 which they had been exchanged. • 
 
 The Minisink path was an important 
 native highway which connected the bay 
 of New York and the sea coast with the 
 mountain regions of upper New Jersey in 
 which the Lenni Lenape made their home. 
 This great pathway was so well known a 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BOLTON-INDIAN PATHS IN THE GREAT METROPOLIS 
 
 h'l-TiiMi T — ~ — ~ 
 
 i---r— *-■- r---T- 
 
 Original map of a portion of eastern Ne\ 
 tiguous to Staten Island, showing a part of th 
 1750 as an exhibit in the Elizabeth boundary dj 
 
MAP XI 
 
 embracing the native sales of territory con- 
 of the Minisink path. Drawn probably about 
 Courtesy of the New York Historical Society.) 
 
NEW JERSEY 
 
 203 
 
 feature of east New Jersey that it appears 
 prominently in ancient maps, such as that 
 reproduced as Map X, on which its entire 
 course is marked from Navasink to Minisink. 
 
 This path commenced at Portland point 
 on Navasink river, probably at some village- 
 site favorably situated for deep-sea fishing 
 and oystering, and proceeded west, to the 
 north of Middletown, passing around the 
 south side of Pidgeon Hill, north of Mount 
 Pleasant, to Middletown Point, through 
 which village it passed and crossed Mat- 
 tewan creek, and curved northward to 
 South Amboy, where it reached a wading 
 place on Raritan river west of Perth Amboy. 
 
 Another interesting map, which is included 
 in a collection of surveys of the Colonial 
 period in possession of the New York 
 Historical Society, is reproduced, by the 
 courtesy of that Society, as Map XI. This 
 map shows in some detail the topography 
 of part of the territory through which the 
 path passed. It relates to a dispute be- 
 tween the towns of Newark and Elizabeth 
 as to their respective boundaries, and is 
 evidently the work of some surveyor 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
204 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 acquainted with the historical side of the 
 subject, as it records not only the bounda- 
 ries but the dates and even some of the 
 native names of the tracts purchased from 
 the natives dwelling in the territory between 
 Raritan and Passaic rivers, and from Staten 
 Island to the Cushetonk hiF.s. 
 
 One of the most important boundary 
 lines was the Minisink path, which trav- 
 erses the region between the two rivers 
 above mentioned, and was used as the 
 western boundary of the earliest native 
 conveyance, comprising that tract contig- 
 uous to Staten Island from Amboy to 
 Elizabeth, which it states was "claimed by 
 the Indians of Staten Island" and was 
 sold by them in 1664. 
 
 The point of its crossing of Raritan river 
 was about two miles west of Perth Amboy, 
 where a fordable depth was doubtless 
 found at a place which is marked on the 
 old survey as Kents neck, the native name 
 of which was Matockshegan, indicating 
 by its use of the words matta, "bad," 
 tuck, "a creek," and perhaps oushachen, 
 "slippery," the awkward and difficult 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
NEW JERSEY 
 
 205 
 
 nature of the wading place. The path 
 appears to have taken a fairly straight 
 course nearly due north from this point, 
 on a line which is not followed by any 
 main road of later periods. Keeping to 
 the west side of Rahway river, it reached 
 Springfield; thence it passed through the 
 Short hills to Northfield and Livingston, 
 where it crossed the Passaic into Morris 
 county. Its course may be traced beyond 
 that point by old roadways through Sussex 
 county to the island of Minisink in Dela- 
 ware river, which is situated halfway be- 
 between Hainesville and Milford. 34 This 
 is stated by Whitehead to have been the 
 only native path or trail in upper New 
 Jersey of which there is any definite record. 
 Its importance is evident on examination 
 of its course around the waters of the 
 metropolitan area, as it afforded the desired 
 access to the ocean without the necessity of 
 passing over the mountains of the Ramapo, 
 avoiding also the extensive swamps of 
 the Passaic and the Hackensack. It formed 
 so direct a means of contact with the natives 
 of the Delaware tribe that it can hardly 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
206 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 have existed without a number of branch 
 trails, connecting through the hills with 
 the homes of natives resident in the East 
 Jersey district, and probably extending, 
 by some such routes as those previously 
 described, to the trading-place on the 
 Hudson, thus establishing contact between 
 the Delawares and their blood relatives 
 on the Island of Manhattan, and the ad- 
 joining territories on the mainland and 
 Long Island. 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
207 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1. Valentine's Manual for 1865, pp. 572 and 652. 
 
 2. On the other hand, Mr M. R. Harrington, 
 
 in a personal communication to the 
 author, says of the name Werpoes or 
 Worpus: "There seems to be nothing in 
 recorded Delaware to help us here, but the 
 Natick word waapu, 'raised up,' with the 
 diminutive -5 added, would seem to indi- 
 cate 'a slight elevation.' This would ac- 
 cord with the Kolch hill, the most con- 
 spicuous elevation of the neighborhood." 
 
 3. Doc. Hist.. State of N. Y., vol. ii, p. 1039. 
 
 4. Information by Mr M. R. Harrington, who 
 
 says: "Taking into account the inter- 
 changeability of the letters / and r, the 
 Delaware roots of these names, both of 
 which are used, might belexau-taney-k, 'at 
 the sandy town,' or lexau-tuk, 'sandy 
 river.' " 
 
 5. Minetta or Manetta. This brook was 
 
 not sufficiently distinctive to deserve 
 a title derived from the Manitto, the 
 Great Spirit, nor could it have had any 
 connection with meruit ey, an island. It 
 is most probable that it is a corrup- 
 tion of the prosaic menantachk indicating 
 the "wooded swamp" through which 
 the upper part of the brook meandered. 
 — M. R. Harrington. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
208 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 'rising ground." — 
 Harrington. 
 
 1865, pp. 608 and 
 
 6. Aspetong; Ashpetong. An elevation, 
 
 scarcely sufficiently conspicuous to de- 
 serve the name of a hill, seems to be in- 
 dicated by the Delaware aspi, "lifted up," 
 and the locative-owg, "an elevated place, 
 or as we should say, 
 Information by M. R 
 
 7. Valentine's Manual for 
 
 638. 
 
 8. Shepmoes. Though we might derive this 
 
 from the Delaware word sipo, a river, plus 
 the suffix -es, meaning little, there is a 
 closer resemblance to the recorded Natick 
 sepomoese, and it would seem more prob- 
 able that it is a title descriptive of a local 
 feature, "the little brook."— M. R. Har- 
 rington. 
 
 9. Valentine's Manual for 1864, p. 847. 
 
 10. Rechawanes, Rechewanis. Far from 
 
 indicating a great space of sand, as has 
 been suggested by Riker and others, the 
 precise derivation appears to be the Del- 
 aware lexau-hannes-s or "sand-stream- 
 little," descriptive of the small creek that 
 flowed between its sandy banks. Rech- 
 ewas point thus appears as hxau-es or 
 "little sand point."— M. R. Harrington. 
 
 11. Conykeekst. The Delaware kwene-aki- 
 
 es-k indicates the character of the tract 
 as a long-place-little-at, or long narrow 
 tract, perhaps wooded, bounded west by 
 the marsh lands and east by the surging 
 waters of the East river. — M. R. Har- 
 rington. 
 
 12. Riker, James, History of Harlem, p. 282. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
NOTES 
 
 13. Skinner, Alanson, Archeological Investiga- 
 
 tions on Manhattan Island, Indian Notes 
 and Monographs, vol. ii, no. 6, 1920. 
 
 14. Mosholu. A simple explanation of the 
 
 name is offered by the Delaware Mosxo- 
 X&eu, meaning clear (not turbid), which 
 may well have been the character of the 
 bright waters of the brook, bounding 
 over the cascade in front of the village- 
 site. — M. R. Harrington. 
 
 15. Nipxichsen. A more satisfactory defini- 
 
 tion of the name applied to this hilltop 
 station than has been heretofore sug- 
 gested, is found in the Delaware mbi- 
 nishkeu, or as it appears in its Natick 
 form, nip-nishkeneunque, signifying 
 muddy or dirty water. This could be 
 • very reasonably applied to the rain-water 
 pond which in certain seasons filled the 
 hollow space back of the site of the old 
 Tippett dwelling. — M. R. Harrington. 
 
 16. Bolton, R. P., A Pioneer Settler's Home, 
 
 Quarterly Bulletin, N. Y. Historical 
 Society, vol. v, no. 1, New York, 1921. 
 
 17. Raxachqua. The Ranach qua tract, which 
 
 formed the apex of the great peninsula 
 covered by Westchester county, was 
 significantly described by its native name, 
 evidently derived from the Delaware 
 wunaXkwaloye, "the extreme end." — 
 M. R. Harrington. 
 
 18. Jenkins, Stephen, Story of the Bronx, 
 
 p. 214. 
 
 209 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
210 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 19. Skinner, Exploration of Aboriginal Sites 
 
 at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New 
 York City, Contributions from the Museum 
 of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 
 vol. v. no. 4, pt. 1, New York, 1919. 
 
 20. Bolton, Robert, History of Weschester 
 
 County, 3d ed., ii, p. 578. 
 
 21. Skinner, op. cit., vol. v, no. 4, pt. 2, New 
 
 York, 1919. 
 
 22. Bolton, Robert, History of Weschester 
 
 County, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 686. 
 
 23. Furman, Gabriel, Antiquities of Long 
 
 Island. 
 
 24. RlNNEGACONCK, RlNNEGOCONCK. The 
 
 Delaware lenniga-xunk, or Bark-house 
 hill, is a satisfactory and distinctive 
 description, according with the native 
 settlement on the hill, the traces of which 
 were above described. — M. R. Harrington. 
 
 25. The patent of 1646 to Van Tienhoven 
 
 describes Breukelen as "formerly called 
 Marechkawick." The village planting- 
 grounds were in the vicinity, as described 
 in the grant of land to Frederick Lubber- 
 sen in 1640. 
 
 26. Flint, M. B., Early Life on Long Island. 
 
 27. Stiles, H. R., History of Brooklyn, vol. i, 
 
 p. 52. 
 
 28. Stiles, ibid., vol. i, p. 49. 
 
 29. New York Colonial Documents, xiv, 39 
 
 30. Van Wvck, Frederick, Historical Guide of 
 
 the City History Club, 1913. 
 
 31. Munsell, J., History of Kings County. 
 
 32. Tooker, W. W., Indian Place Names on 
 
 Long Island. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
NOTES 
 
 33' Skinner, A nthropological Papers of the A meri- 
 can Museum of Natural History, 1909. 
 
 34. Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Explora- 
 tion of a Munsee Cemetery near Mon- 
 tague, New Jersey, Contributions from the 
 Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation, vol. ii, no. 1, New York. 
 1915. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
212 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Armbruster, Eugene L., History of Long 
 Island, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, 1914 
 (The Eagle Library, No. 182.) 
 
 •, The Ferry Road on Long Island, New 
 
 York, 1919. 
 
 Beauchamp, Wm. M., Aboriginal Occupation 
 of New York, Bulletin 32, N. Y. State Museum, 
 Albany, 1900. 
 
 -, Indian Names of New York, Fayette- 
 
 ville, N. Y., 1893 
 Bolton, R. P.-, The Indians of Washington 
 Heights, Anthropological Papers, American 
 Museum of Natural History, vol. in, New 
 York, 1909. 
 
 , New York City in Indian Possession, 
 
 Indian Notes and Monographs, Museum of 
 
 the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. n, 
 
 no. 7, New York, 1920. 
 Bolton, Rev. Robert, The History of the County 
 
 of Westchester, 1st ed,. New York, 1848, and 
 
 3d ed., New York, 1905. 
 Boyd, S. G., Indian Local Names with their 
 
 Interpretations, York, Pa., 1885. 
 City History Club, Historical Guide to the 
 
 City of New York, 1913. 
 Cook, Harry T., The Borough of the Bronx, 
 
 1639-1913, New York, 1913. 
 Denton, Daniel, Description of New York, 
 
 1670, New York, 1845 (reprint). 
 Flint, Martha B., Early Life on Long Island, 
 
 New York, 1896. 
 Ftjrman, Gabriel, Antiquities of Long Island. 
 
 New York, 1875. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 213 
 
 Hall, Edward Hagaman, A Brief History of 
 City Hall Park, American Scenic and Historic 
 Preservation Society, 15th Annual Report, p. 
 383, Albany, 1910. 
 
 Handbook of American Indians, edited by 
 Frederick W. Hodge, Bulletin 30, Bureau of 
 American Ethnology, Washington, 1907-1910. 
 
 Hanna, Charles A., The Wilderness Trail, 
 New York, 1911. (Two vols., with 80 maps.) 
 
 Heye, G. G., and Pepper, G. H., Exploration 
 of a Munsee Cemetery near Montague, New 
 Terse} 7 ', Contributions from the Museum of the 
 American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. ii, 
 no. 1, New York, 1915. 
 
 Higgins, Charles M., Brooklyn and Gowanus 
 in History, Kings County Historical Society 
 Magazine, August, 1916. 
 
 (The) Indians of Greater New York, Anthro- 
 pological Papers, American Museum of Natural 
 History, vol. in, New York, 1909. 
 
 Innes, J. H., Ancient Newtown, The Newtown 
 Register, Elmhurst, L. I., 1898-1899. 
 
 , New Amsterdam and its People, New 
 
 York, 1902. 
 
 Jameson, J. F., Narratives of New Netherland, 
 New York, 1909. 
 
 Janviee, Thos. A., In Old New York, New 
 York, 1900. 
 
 Jenkins, Stephen, The Old Boston Post Road, 
 New York, 1914. 
 
 The Greatest Street in the World, 
 
 New York, 1911. 
 
 -, The Story of the Bronx, New York, 
 
 1912. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
214 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Munsell, J., History of Queens County, New 
 
 York, 1882. 
 Nelson, Wm., The Indians of New Jersey, 
 
 Paterson, N. J., 1894. 
 New York. Colonial Documents of the State 
 
 of New York, vol. xrv, Albany, 1883. 
 New York City, Department of Finance, 
 
 Colonial Highways of Greater New York, 
 
 New York, 1907-1908. 
 Onderdonk, Henry, Queens County in Olden 
 
 Times, Jamaica, 1865. 
 — , Revolutionary Incidents of Queens 
 
 County, New York, 1846. 
 Prime, Nathaniel S., History of Long Island, 
 
 New York, 1845. 
 Riker, James, Annals of Newtown, New York, 
 
 1852. 
 , Harlem, its Origin and Annals, New 
 
 York, 1881. 
 Ruttenber, E. M., History of the Indian 
 
 Tribes of the Hudson River, Albany, 1872. 
 , Indian Geographical Names, Proceedings 
 
 of New York State Historical Association, 
 
 1906. 
 Schrabisch, Max, Indian Rock-shelters in 
 
 Northern New Jersey and Southern New 
 
 York, Anthropological Papers, American Mu- 
 seum of Natural History, vol. in, New York, 
 
 1909. 
 
 Indian Habitations in Sussex County, 
 
 New Jersey, Geological Survey of New Jersey, 
 Bulletin 13, Union Hill, N. J., 1915. 
 Skinner, Alanson, Exploration of Aboriginal 
 Sites at Throgs Neck and Clasons Point, New 
 York City, Contributions from the Museum of 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 215 
 
 the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. v, 
 no. 4, New York, 1919. 
 
 Skinner, Alanson, Archeological investigations 
 on Manhattan Island, New York City, In- 
 dian Notes and Monographs, Museum of the 
 American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. n, 
 no. 6, New York, 1920. 
 
 Sluyter and Dankers, Journal, 1679. In 
 Transactions of the Long Island Historical 
 Society, vol. i, Brooklyn, 1867. 
 
 Strong, Thos. M., History of Flatbush, New 
 York, 1842. 
 
 Thompson, B. F., History of Long Island, 2d 
 ed., New York, 1843. 
 
 Tooker, William Wallace, The Indian Place 
 Names on Long Island, etc.. New York, 1911. 
 Amerindian Names in Westchester 
 
 County. In Shonnard, History of West- 
 chester County, New York, 1900. 
 
 Trumbull, James H., Indian Names in Connec- 
 ticut, Hartford, 1881. 
 
 Ulmann, Albert, A Landmark History of New 
 York, New York, 1901. 
 
 Valentine, David T., History of the City of 
 New York, New York, 1853. 
 
 Van der Donck, Beschryving van Nieuw 
 Nederland, Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc, 2d series, 
 vol. i, 1841. 
 
 Waller, H. D., History of the Town of Flush- 
 ing, Flushing, 1899. 
 
 Whitehead, William A., East Jersey under the 
 Proprietary Governments, Newark, 1875. 
 
 Wilson, R. R., Historical Long Island, New 
 York, 1902. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
216 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Winfield, C. H., History of the Land Titles of 
 Hudson County, New York, New York, 1872. 
 ■, History of Hudson County, New York, 
 
 New York, 1874. 
 Wood, Silas, Sketch of the First Settlement of 
 Long Island, Brooklyn, 1865. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MAPS CONSULTED 
 
 Atlas of 23d ward, City of New York. 
 
 Atlas of 24th ward, City of New York. 2d 
 edition. Survey by Robinson and Pidgeon, 
 published by E. Robinson, N. Y;, 1887. 
 
 Bergen Point, N. J. An original map of the 
 point up to "Weehawk," made by an un- 
 known person in 1767, having upon it a 
 note of distances made by Robert Erskine 
 in 1779. Shows old dwellings, farms, and 
 roadways. In possession of the New York 
 Historical Society. 
 
 Brooklyn, Borough of. Rand & McNally, 
 Chicago, 1903. 
 
 Brooklyn, The City of. Old prints, in annual 
 publication, 1856 to 1864. In possession of 
 the American Geographical Society. 
 
 Brooklyn, The City of. Watson, 1879. 
 
 Brooklyn, The City of. M. D'ripps, 1853, 1871. 
 
 Brooklyn, The City of. Alexander Martin, 
 1839. 
 
 Elizabeth, N. J. An original map, apparently 
 drawn about 1750, in possession of the New 
 York Historical Society, showing the original 
 purchases of lands from the Indian proprie- 
 tors, and land in controversy at that time. 
 (See our Map XI.) Also another survey of the 
 same district, without the purchased lands. 
 
 Geological Survey. United States. Maps 
 
 217 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
218 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 covering the area of the greater city and of 
 
 eastern New Jersey. 
 Hudson River. Vingboom, 1639. In the Li- 
 brary of Congress. 
 Hudson River, The, between New York and 
 
 Albany. Goodrich, 1824. 
 Hudson River, Topographical map of the. 
 
 Lloyd, 1864. 
 Hudson River Valley, The. Atlas. Watson, 
 
 1891. 
 Indian Trails. Map in Charles A. Hanna's 
 
 The Wilderness Trail, New York, 1911. 
 Manhattan and Brooklyn, The Ratzer survey of. 
 
 1766. Valentine's Manual for 1854. 
 Manhattan farm properties. Valentine's 
 
 Manual for 1852. 
 Manhattan Island, Map of the Commissioners 
 
 of. 1807. Valentine's Manual for 1853, 
 
 p. 260. 
 Manhattan Island, 1664. The Nicolls map. 
 Monmouth, N. J., An orig nal survey of part of 
 
 Monmouth county, 18th century, showing old 
 
 roadways. In possession of the New York 
 
 Historical Society. 
 Mount Vernon, N. Y., and environs. Survey 
 
 by William Bracher. Goldthwaite, 1890. 
 New Jersey, by Robert Hornor. 
 New Jersey, The Province of, by William 
 
 Faden. London, 1778. 
 New Jersey, East. An original map "''by a 
 
 Society of Gentlemen in America," covering 
 
 the counties of Hunterdon, Sussex, Bergen, 
 
 Essex, and part of Morris, etc., from actual 
 
 survey. In possession of the New York 
 
 Historical Society. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
MAPS CONSULTED 
 
 219 
 
 New Jersey, East. In Tilden's Map of New 
 
 York, 1863. 
 New Jersey, State of, by J. Low. New York, 
 
 1796. 
 New York and its Vicinity. Surveys by H. F. 
 
 Walling. Published by S. D. Tilden, N. Y., 
 
 1863. 
 New York City. Maps published in the Man- 
 ual of the Common Council of the City of 
 
 New York, by D. T. Valentine. Indexed in 
 
 the volume for 1857, p. 565. 
 New York City in 1742-1744, by D. G., drawn 
 
 in 1813. Valentine's Manual for 1852. 
 New York, Southern, including Long Island. 
 
 William Damerum, 1815. 
 Westchester county. Beer, 1872. 
 Westchester county, Atlas of, by Jos. R. Bien. 
 
 Published by Julius Bien, New York, 1893. 
 Westchester county. Walling, 1863. 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
220 
 
 INDEX OF STATIONS ON THE MAPS 
 
 Note: The numbers applied to the stations 
 are those adopted in "New York City in 
 Indian Possession" up to No. 27 and from 
 I s * os. 50-58, 65-83, 86-97, new numbers 
 being applied to stations not described in 
 that work from 98 onward. See Indian 
 Notes and Mono graphs, vol. n, no. 7, 1920. 
 
 1. Kapsee (Map VIII, A). The extremity 
 
 of the island of Manhattan; probably 
 applied also to the rocks in the tideway. 
 ("The Indian name for the extreme 
 point of the upland was Kap-se" — Ben- 
 son.) (See Valentine's Manual, 1852, 
 p. 462.) The Dutch name for the point 
 extending south of Pearl street was 
 Schreyers Hoek. 
 
 2. Werpoes (Maps II; III; VIII, A). A 
 
 native village-site at the Kalch Hoek, a 
 hill which overlooked the Kolch or 
 Collect ponds. The village was prob- 
 ably situated on the line of Elm 
 street, between Duane and Worth 
 streets, the center being cut by the line 
 of Pearl street, which, when graded, 
 disclosed masses of shells. See 15th 
 Annual Report American Scenic and 
 Historic Preservation Society. 
 
 3. RECHTAUCKorRECHTANCK (Maps II; VIII, 
 
 A). A village-site on Corlears hook, on 
 Manhattan island. Natives who had 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 taken refuge there were massacred by 
 Dutch soldiery at the order of Governor 
 William Kieft, 1643. The most natural 
 position for such a station was near a 
 fresh-water pond and brook at the present 
 Jefferson, Henry, Clinton, and Madison 
 streets, facing south on an open beach 
 on East river. 
 
 4. Sapohanikan (Maps II; VIII, A). A 
 
 station, but probably no more than a 
 landing and trading place, utilized as 
 the nearest convenient point of access 
 to Hoboken, when peltries and goods 
 were brought by the Hackensack for 
 barter. It was situated on the shore of 
 the slight indentation of the river-front 
 between Bethune and Horatio streets, 
 in what is now "Greenwich Village." 
 
 5. Rechewanis (Map IV). Rechewas point, 
 
 Montagnes point, "Little Sand Stream." 
 The tract of marsh and upland extend- 
 ing south of Harlem kill to 91st street 
 as far west as Fifth avenue, to Hellgate 
 bay, on East river. This was the home 
 district of Rechewac, chief of the Reck- 
 gawawanc, and was occupied by him and 
 his people until 1669. It probably in- 
 cluded a native village known as Ko- 
 naande Kongh. 
 
 6. Ranachqua (Map VII, C). The tract 
 
 purchased of the sachem Rechewac and 
 others by Jonas Bronck in 1639, and by 
 him renamed "Emmaus." The name 
 probably applied also to a native station 
 of which traces have been found around 
 
 221 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
222 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 the site of the one-time Gouverneur 
 Morris mansion at Cypress avenue and 
 131st street. 
 
 Quinnahung (Maps VII, C, D). The 
 Great Planting Neck, the modern Hunts 
 point. Several sites around this favored 
 locality are marked by native debris: 
 (1) Around the site of the one-time 
 house of the Richardson family, particu- 
 larly about the spring nearby, near the 
 old Hunt burial-ground. (2) On the 
 Dickey estate on the Hunts Point road 
 at Randall avenue. (3) On a mound 
 surrounded by marsh-lands on the line 
 of Eastern boulevard,' if extended. (4) 
 At the extremity of the point, in front of 
 the site of the one-time Hunt mansion. 
 
 Snakapins (Map VII, D). A native 
 village, the name of which was recorded, 
 of extensive character, situated on a 
 tract of sloping ground on the west side 
 of the present Soundview avenue, where 
 it is intersected b}^ Leland avenue. The 
 site was covered by about sixty lodges. 
 In the vicinity, south of the village, there 
 was probably an extensive planting- 
 ground. Fishing stations were situated 
 along the shore, and t at Clasons point. 
 The site was explored by Alanson 
 Skinner for the Museum of the American 
 Indian, Heye Foundation, in 1918. See 
 Contributions from the Museum of the 
 American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. 
 v, no. 4, part n, New York, 1919. 
 
 Castle point or Castle hill (Map VII, 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 223 
 
 D). An important native station, the 
 name of which has not been recorded, 
 consisting of a palisaded enclosure, or 
 fort, on the high mound on the west 
 bank of Westchester creek, which was the 
 site of the Screven residence. A village 
 probably extended on the south side of 
 the hill, the site being marked by debris. 
 On the extreme point is a large shell- 
 neap containing the discarded shells used 
 in making wampum beads. The place 
 was seen by Adrian Block on his voyage 
 through the Sound in 1614. The hill, 
 being about 60 feet in height, is quite 
 conspicuous from the water. 
 
 10. Burial point (Map VII, D). On Zeregas 
 
 neck, or Old Ferry point. This place 
 is said to have been the site of a burying- 
 ground to which the natives brought 
 their dead from the interior country. 
 There are deposits of shells and scattered 
 native objects along the shores of the 
 point, indicating native occupancy. 
 The probable site of the burial place is 
 a mound facing Morris cove on the 
 border of the marsh at the foot of the 
 Ferris estate. The place is in full sight 
 of Castle hill (9). 
 
 11. Locust point (Map VII, D). Wrights 
 
 island or neck on Throgs neck. Along 
 the shore-line native objects indicate 
 its former occupancy, probably as 
 summer fishing places. Locust point, 
 distinguished by a cluster of locust 
 trees, is now under water at high-tide. 
 
 AND MONOGR APHS 
 
224 
 
 . INDIAN PATHS 
 
 12. Weir creek (Map VII, D). On Throgs 
 
 neck. An important native station 
 situated on the shore at the mouth of the 
 creek, on the Brown estate, near a small 
 spring of fresh water. Its name is not 
 recorded, but the site was in use by 
 the Siwanoy after their contact with 
 white men. It has been carefully ex- 
 plored by the Museum of the American 
 Indian, Heye Foundation. 
 
 13. Bear swamp (Map VII, C). The site of 
 
 a native village at Downings brook, on 
 the present Bear Swamp road. This 
 village, the name of which is not re- 
 corded, was probably a principal station 
 of the Siwanoy of the Bronx district, 
 as they continued to occupy it until 
 1782. 
 
 14. Jeffreys hook (Map I). Manhattan 
 
 Island, on the east bank of the Hudson, 
 the modern Fort Washington point. A 
 fishing station, evidenced by deposits of 
 shells and charcoal, and by arrows found 
 among the rocks on the beaches. Sever- 
 al rock-shelters and camp-sites also have 
 been traced along the riverside as far 
 south as 158th street. 
 
 15. Muscoota (Map V). The modern Dyck- 
 
 man tract, comprising all the low- 
 lands draining into Sherman basin, and 
 the marsh meadows along the shore of 
 Harlem river, which was referred to as 
 "the Kil Muscoota." These lands 
 extended as far north as Marble hill. 
 The name indicates a meadow or place 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 225 
 
 where rushes grow. Around the tract 
 evidences of native occupancy were 
 found, at 196th to 201st streets, 208th 
 and 209th streets, 213th street, and at 
 219th street. In the interior of the area 
 a ceremonial site at 212 th street and 
 sundry places marked by food-pits have 
 been discovered. 
 
 16. Shorakapkok (Maps I, V). A name, fortu- 
 
 nately preserved, applied to the locality 
 under Inwood hill and to the western 
 part of Spuyten Duyvil creek, on the 
 bank of which, in the glen now called 
 Cold Spring hollow, large deposits of 
 debris, food-pits, and rock-shelters attest 
 the long-continued native residence. 
 The well-known Indian cave is one of the 
 features of Shorakapkok. (See pi. n.) 
 
 17. Nipnichsen (Map I). Berrians neck, 
 
 Spuyten Duyvil hill. The site of a 
 palisaded station, the precise position 
 of which is not known. The name de- 
 notes a muddy pond. Native debris was 
 found on the summit overlooking the 
 Hudson, but a more probable site has 
 been recently discovered- near a small 
 pond on the line of 231st street. 
 
 18. Paparinemin or Papirinemin (Maps V; 
 
 VI; VII, C). Applied both to the island 
 which became the site of the village of 
 Kingsbridge, and to that part of Spuyten 
 Duyvil creek contiguous thereto. A 
 favorite resort of the Reckgawawanc, 
 one of whose stations was on the line of 
 231st street overlooking the crossing of 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
226 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 the main path to the north and east 
 countries. 
 
 19. Mosholu or Keskeskick (Maps VII, A, 
 
 C). An important village-site on the 
 west bank of Mosholu brook, near the 
 Van Cortlandt mansion in Van Cort- 
 landt park. The title Keskeskick ap- 
 plied to the range of hills forming part 
 of Kingsbridge, Fordham, and Univer- 
 sity Heights, probably as far south as 
 Washington bridge. The village-site 
 was close to the Van Cortlandt mansion. 
 It was destroyed by grading the playing 
 field. See Skinner, Archeological In- 
 vestigations on Manhattan Island, In- 
 dian Notes and Monographs, vol. n, no. 
 6, 1920 
 
 20. Nappeckamak (Map VII, A). The mod- 
 
 ern Yonkers. A principal station of 
 the Reckgawawanc chieftaincy which 
 was probably situated near the outlet 
 of the Neperah river, not far from Getty 
 square, being thus close to the line of the 
 Hudson River trail. 
 
 21. Eastchester (Map VII, A). A native 
 
 station at the junct.'on of the shore path 
 and the path leading from the site of 
 the town of Westchester. Said to have 
 been a "castle." It probably occupied 
 the high ground on the south side of the 
 old Kingsbridge road, west of the New 
 York, Westchester and Boston Railway 
 tracks, where some traces of native 
 occupancy are visible. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 227 
 
 22. The site of Ann Hutchinson's house, on the 
 
 east side of Eastchester creek, near the 
 Split Rock (Map VII, B). It was along- 
 side the Indian path which is the pres- 
 ent Split Rock road. Here Ann Hutch- 
 inson and her family were massacred in 
 1643. 
 
 23. Anns hook, possibly Asumsowis, the mod- 
 
 ern Pells point (Map VII, B), Pelham 
 neck, or Rodmans neck. The site of 
 a considerable station, explored by M. 
 R. Harrington on the northeastern 
 side of the neck, and evidenced by large 
 masses of shells and charcoal, and several 
 human burials. This may have been the 
 place in Pelham known to the natives as 
 Asumsowis, which Tooker (Amerindian 
 Names in Westchester County) considers 
 to have been a personal name. 
 
 24. Maninketsuck (Map VII, B). Roose- 
 
 velts brook, close to the northern bound- 
 ary of the City of New York. A site 
 favorably situated along the north side 
 of the brook, evidenced by quantities of 
 shells and debris. Explored by Morgan 
 H. Secor. 
 
 25. Mishow (Map VII, B). The present 
 
 Hunter island, probably including the 
 contiguous Twin islands, now part of 
 Pelham Bay Park. At several favorable 
 places there are traces of native occu- 
 pancy and many arrowheads have been 
 found on the sandy beaches. The place 
 is supposed to have been a resort for 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
228 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 ceremonies with which the great rock 
 of Mishow was connected. 
 
 26. Shippa (Map VII, B). Now Davenports 
 
 neck. A large station of the Siwanoy. 
 
 27. Echo bay (Map VII, B). New Rochelle. 
 
 At Echo bay and in Hudson Park re- 
 mains indicate Indian occupancy. 
 
 50. Shanscomacocke (Map VIII, D). A 
 
 large Indian village and burying-ground 
 on the shore of the Strome kill, Gerritsen 
 basin, or Ryders Pond, Flatlands. Ex- 
 plored by D. B. Austin. Many objects 
 plowed up in the course of cultivation in 
 the vicinity are in possession of Mr. 
 Ryder, resident nearby. 
 
 51. Canarsee (Map VIII, D). The princi- 
 
 pal station of the chieftaincy known by 
 that name. This is supposed to have 
 been situated at or near the present 
 locality known as Canarsie; but there 
 being no natural water supply, it is 
 evident that the name was that of a 
 locality, probably including the whole 
 neck, on which were extensive planting- 
 grounds. The station, as indicated by 
 native objects discovered, was in the 
 vicinity of Canarsie Beach Park, east 
 of the line of Avenue M. The tract 
 to the north and west is marked on old 
 city maps as the "Canarsee planting 
 land." The real headquarters of the 
 tribe appears to have been Keskaech- 
 querem (104). 
 
 52. Winippague (Map VIII, D). The modern 
 
 Bergen beach. Some native objects, 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 229 
 
 which include grooved axes, indicate 
 native occupancy of this favorable place. 
 Its aboriginal name denotes "a fine 
 water-place" (Tooker, Indian Place 
 Names). Armbruster says there are 
 immense shell-beds on this island. D. 
 B. Austin states that these beds cover 
 the area of the center of the island, 
 and that they were probably debris from 
 the manufacture of wampum. 
 
 53. Flushing (Map I) . Site of a large village 
 
 of the Matinecock chieftaincy. Arm- 
 bruster (Hist. L. I., its Early Days, etc., 
 1914) says eleven native burials were 
 disturbed within the area of the Linnasan 
 gardens in 1841, and in 1880 a burying 
 ground, on which were stone artifacts, 
 was disturbed on the Thomas P. Duryea 
 farm, a mile from Flushing. 
 
 54. Hog island (Map I), situated in Brose- 
 
 were bay, south of Hewlett. A station 
 of the Rockaway chieftaincy, probably 
 an appendage of the large village at 
 Hewlett (55). 
 
 55. Hewlett (Map I). About two miles 
 
 beyond the boundary of Queens county, 
 south of Valley Stream, was a native 
 station of considerable extent. At this 
 site many objects were discovered by 
 George H. Pepper in an exploration con- 
 ducted for the Museum of the American 
 Indian, Heye Foundation. 
 58. Cow bay (Map I). Site of a Matinecock 
 village. This was explored in 1900 by 
 M. R. Harrington, who found great 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
230 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 quantities of material in shell-pits, also 
 many burials. The greater part of 
 these objects is in the American Museum 
 of Natural History, and one fine pointed- 
 bottom jar is in the Museum of the 
 American Indian, Heye Foundation. 
 
 65. Mespaetches (Map VIII, B). The 
 
 modern Maspeth. The name is applied 
 to Newtown creek and the contiguous 
 swampy area, and probably to the place 
 of residence of some natives known as 
 the Maspeth tribe. The name denotes 
 "at the bad water place" (Tooker, 
 Indian Place Names). 
 
 66. Rinnegaconck (Maps II; VIII, A). A 
 
 native site, evidenced by debris, fire- 
 pits, and weapons, which existed on a 
 hillock at Bridge street. This site is 
 described and located by Gabriel Fur- 
 man (Antiquities of Long Island, 
 1875). The name was applied to the 
 vicinity of Wallabout bay, and probably 
 included this occupied station. 
 
 67. Werpos, Worpus (Map VIII, A). A 
 
 village in the 10th ward of old Brooklyn, 
 bearing the same name as the Man- 
 hattan village (2). It was situated near 
 Hoyt and Baltic streets, on the old farm 
 of Fredrick Lubbersen, and was then a 
 close neighbor of Marechkawick (117). 
 
 68. Nayack (Map VIII, C). The name de- 
 
 noting a point of land, probably applied 
 to the whole neck which now includes 
 Bay Ridge and Fort Hamilton. The 
 position of the native village to which 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 the inhabitants of lower Manhattan 
 retired is not known. It would have 
 been favorably situated at the southeast 
 end of the United States reservation near 
 the water supply in Dyker Heights Park. 
 
 69. Xarrioch (Map VIII, D). That part of 
 
 Gravesend neck lying to the east of the 
 town between Squam creek and Shell- 
 bank creek. It is probable that native 
 sites may be discovered along the latter 
 water-course. The tract seems to have 
 been an appendage of the Shanscoma- 
 cocke village (50). 
 
 70. Acquacanonck (Map I). The modern 
 
 city of Passaic, a station, probably the 
 principal headquarters, of the chief- 
 taincy of the Acquacanonck. On the 
 west bank of the Passaic river there was 
 an Indian burying-place. The name, 
 as usual, was applied to contiguous 
 territory. 
 
 71. Constable point (Map I). An extensive 
 
 village-site and native burial-place ex- 
 isted at this point, which is the southern 
 extremity of Bergen neck. It was so 
 isolated from the neck by swamps ex- 
 tend ng from Bayonne to the Kill van 
 Kull that it must have been reached 
 mainly by canoe. x\nother occupied 
 station is evidenced by shell-deposits on 
 the west side of Bergen neck, at the 
 right-of-way of the Central Railroad of 
 New Jersey. 
 
 72. Peltons cove (Map I). A village-site 
 
 at the Upper cove, West Xew Brighton. 
 
 231 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
232 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 It is now completely covered by modern 
 improvements. As far back as 1850, 
 Indian burials were reported to have 
 been disturbed there. In 1903 a few 
 traces of native occupancy were found 
 along the line of the Shore railroad. 
 
 73. Bowmans brook (Map I). An extensive 
 
 village and burial place, of apparent 
 Hackensack occupancy, situated along 
 the brook, sometimes known as New- 
 tons creek, or De Harts brook, dis- 
 charging into the Kill van Kull. This 
 was explored in 1903 by Alanson Skinner, 
 who found more than a hundred frre- 
 and shell-pits, and a number of human 
 interments, with much pottery, and 
 bone, antler, and stone implements. 
 
 74. Mariners harbor (Map I). At Arling- 
 
 ton station, a native village-site, with 
 human interments, was discovered and 
 explored in 1901, and further developed 
 in 1918 by Alanson Skinner. 
 
 75. Tunissens neck (Map I), or Old Place. 
 
 A native site which yielded pottery, bone, 
 and stone objects, indicating village 
 life. 
 
 76. Watchogue (Map I). A camping site on 
 
 Big Hummock, at Bloomneld, the name 
 denoting "hill land" (Tooker, Indian 
 Place Names). Surface discoveries indi- 
 cated seasonal occupancy. 
 77 and 77 A. Long neck (Map I). Now 
 Linoleumville. A native site on the 
 sand-dunes. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 233 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 S2 
 
 Silver lake (Map I). A native camp-site 
 on the shore of the lake, on which shell- 
 pits were found. 
 
 Fresh kill (Map I). At Lakes island, 
 where there is now a garbage incinerat- 
 ing plant, there were many evidences of 
 native occupancy, some having been 
 observed by Thoreau and mentioned 
 in his letters. 
 
 Rossville (Map I). A shellheap, with 
 evidences of vary ancient existence, was 
 explored by Alanson Skinner. 
 
 Sandy ground (Map I). At Bogardus 
 Corners. A village-site was discovered 
 by Alanson Skinner. 
 
 Woodrow (Map I). Along Sandy brook 
 there are evidences of native occupancy 
 spread over a considerable area, 
 apparently forming an extension of the 
 village at Bogardus Corners (81). 
 83. Ward point (Map I). Near Tottenville. 
 This very extensive native station is 
 evidenced by masses of debris, accumu- 
 lated to a considerable depth and spread 
 irregularly over many acres. Part of 
 the site was explored in 1898 by George 
 H. Pepper, who discovered a number of 
 burials, and many objects have since 
 been unearthed through further explora- 
 tion by M. R. Harrington for the Mu- 
 seum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation. 
 
 Harbor hill (Map I) . An Indian site at 
 the Harbor hill, at the golf links, was 
 
 86 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
234 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 disclosed by the explorations of Alanson 
 Skinner. 
 87. Chelsea (Map I). At the junction of 
 the Bloomfi.eld road and Union avenue, 
 a native station with a burying-ground 
 existed. 
 
 89. New Spring ville (Map I). On Corsons 
 
 brook. A site reported, but not 
 explored. 
 
 90. Simonsons brook (Map I). On the north 
 
 side of Richmond creek. At the 
 Ketchum mill-pond there are evidences 
 of an occupied station. 
 
 91. Green ridge (Map I). A site is noted by 
 
 Skinner near the Richmond plank road, 
 between Journeay avenue and Anna- 
 dale road. 
 
 92. Princes bay, Princess bay (Map I). An 
 
 unexplored site at the bay, and another 
 site marked by a shell-pit arid scattered 
 objects on the shore halfway to the 
 lighthouse, all indicate native stations, 
 probably for fishing purposes. 
 
 93. Segulne point (Map I). A camp-site, 
 
 probably a fishing station. 
 
 94. Woods or Arden (Map I). On the shore, 
 
 near the mouth of Great kills, there is a 
 place which shows signs of native occu- 
 pancy, but not of extensive character. 
 
 95. Shawcopshee, the modern Oakwood 
 
 (Map I). The probable name of the 
 Great kills, which may have been the 
 refuge, for about 16 years, of the Nayack 
 natives when they removed from Long 
 Island. At the head of the kills there 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 235 
 
 are signs of occupancy, but they are not 
 indicative of long-continued residence. 
 
 96. Arrochar (Map I). An ancient settle- 
 
 ment is indicated. 
 
 97. Stapleton (Map I). A station is re- 
 
 corded, but its position is indefinite. 
 
 98. Conykeekst (Maps I, IV). The tract 
 
 known by this queer title is now the 
 modern Harlem, east side. A native 
 fishing and oystering station evidently 
 existed at 121st street, on the line of 
 Pleasant avenue (or Avenue A), which 
 probably bore the local name. 
 
 99. Shepmoes (Map VIII, A). At east 14th 
 
 street, probably near Second avenue, 
 there was a small station or plantation, 
 which may have been named from some 
 nearby brook. (Colonial Docs. N. Y., 
 vol. xiv, p. 110.) 
 
 100. Tubby hook (Maps I, V). At this point, 
 
 extending into the Hudson river at 
 Dyckman street, there was a very an- 
 cient station, the extensive deposits of 
 debris being located on the shore of the 
 "Little Sand bay," on the south side 
 of Dyckman street. It was recently 
 explored by Alanson Skinner for the 
 Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
 Foundation. 
 
 101. Jameco (Tooker) , Chamakou (Armbruster) 
 
 (Map I). The modern Jamaica. A 
 native settlement seems to have existed 
 near the Beaver pond, whence the name 
 of the locality was derived, "yemacah" 
 denoting the beaver, according to 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
236 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Tooker. Armbruster considers the 
 name to be that of a small tribe of 
 survivors of original natives of Long 
 Island, overcome by the Canarsee. 
 "The beaver path" led from the native 
 village to the pond. 
 
 102. Throgs neck (Map VII, D). A native 
 
 site is indicated by burials which have 
 been disturbed at St Raymond's ceme- 
 tery on the Throgs Neck road. 
 
 103. Laaphawachking (Map VII, B). Pelham 
 
 Bay park on the Bartow estate. A 
 locality name probably applied to a 
 quite important native site, close to the 
 Shore road or Pelham Bridge road, with- 
 in the Bartow property now owned by 
 the City of New York. This site, which 
 was discovered and explored by the Rev. 
 W. R. Blackie, for the Museum of the 
 American Indian, Heye Foundation, 
 gives evidence of considerable size and 
 length of occupancy. 
 
 104. Keskaechquerem or Keskaechqueren 
 
 (Map VIII, D). Flatlands. There 
 was a native village at this place, on the 
 site afterward and still occupied by the 
 Dutch church, on Flatbush avenue, near 
 its junction with the King's Highway, 
 old Flatlands Neck road, and the Mill 
 road. There was also a burying-ground. 
 The important position occupied by 
 this station, at the junction of these 
 trails, and its situation in the locality 
 where the famous Council-place was 
 known to exist, seem to indicate it as 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 237 
 
 the gathering place known by the native 
 name which denotes a place where pub- 
 lic meetings took place. (See Colonial 
 Docs. N. Y., vol. xrv. pp. 14, 36.) 
 
 105. Massabarkem or Gravesend (Map VIII, 
 
 C). The village established by Lady 
 Deborah Moody and her associated 
 refugees. The acquisition of land con- 
 veyed a tract misspelled as above, but 
 ind eating "land by the great water," 
 and probably applied to whatever native 
 settlement existed in the vicinity, such as 
 the planting-grounds at the Indian pond 
 (106). (See Munsell, Hist. Kings Co., 
 p. 18.) 
 
 106. The Indian pond (Map VIII, C). A pond 
 
 of fresh water, situated at the locality 
 now known as Marlboro, around which 
 the natives had a cultivated tract. The 
 pond has long retained its name, appear- 
 ing on modern maps. 
 
 107. New Utrecht (Map VIII, C). Probable 
 
 site of a nat ve station, perhaps the 
 home of Chippahig, who had sold lands 
 which on their eastern bounds touched 
 the western line of Gravesend at the 
 Indian pond. There was a native path 
 extending from the main path through 
 the site of New Utrecht, which ran to the 
 beach at Gravesend bay. It indicates the 
 probability of a native settlement at its 
 junction with the ancient pathway. 
 
 108. Muskyttehool (Map VIII, D). A lo- 
 
 cality at the Paardegat or Bedford creek, 
 where it is crossed by the Flatlands 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
238 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Neck road. It was used as a boundary- 
 mark. 
 
 109. Sunset park (Map VIII, C). Benny- 
 
 water pond, in Sunset park, west of 
 Greenwood, was an Indian site located 
 by Adam Dove, of Gowanus. Near- 
 by, at 37th street near Sixth avenue, 
 objects were disturbed, indicating the 
 existence of a station, near an Indian 
 path which was known and used as a 
 boundary in 1696. 
 
 110. Gowanus bay (Map VIII, _C). At the 
 
 De Hart Bergen house-site there is 
 record of Indian occupancy and im- 
 mense oyster-shell beds, etc., in the 
 Journal of Sluyter and Dankers. This 
 may have been the home of the chief 
 Gouwane. Its position is in the vicinity 
 of Third avenue at 37th street. 
 
 111. Sun wick, Sunwicks, Suns wicks (Map 
 
 VIII, B). A native station, indicated 
 by shell-deposits and a few objects, on 
 the shore of East river, at Ravenswood 
 Park, near the creek which is recorded as 
 bearing this name. 
 
 112. Minnahanonck (Map VIII, B). Black- 
 
 wells island. The island was owned and 
 perhaps occupied by natives of the 
 Marechkawick or Brooklyn chieftaincy. 
 
 113. Pagganck (Maps II; VIII, A). Nutten 
 
 island, Nut island, now Governors island. 
 Owned and probably occupied by natives 
 of the Marechkawick chieftaincy. 
 114. Aressick, or Paulus hook (Maps 
 II; VIII, A). A native village was 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 239 
 
 situated on this favorable promontory, 
 which was acquired from the occupants 
 by Director Kieft in 1638. It has a 
 dramatic interest as the scene of the 
 bloody massacre of its unfortunate 
 inhabitants by the Dutch soldiery in 
 1643. 
 
 115. Harsimus, or Ahasimus (Maps II; VIII, 
 
 A). Site of a native village on the 
 Jersey side of Hudson river, between 
 Paulus hook (114) and Hoboken (116). 
 Probably the name was H 'ashim-muck, 
 that is, "the place where there is a 
 spring of drinking water." The place 
 is indicated on Ratzer's survey on the 
 north side of the cove formed by the 
 hook, about the present 5th street and 
 Henderson street. 
 
 116. HOBOKAN, Or HOBOKAN-HACKINGH (Maps 
 
 II; VIII, A). A native station of 
 importance, situated near Hudson and 
 2d streets, at Castle point. It was evi- 
 dently a trading place, whence goods 
 were transported across the Hudson to 
 Sapohanikan (4), and by its position on 
 the Bergen peninsula was best situated 
 to foot travel toward the mountain 
 regions north and west. 
 
 117. Marechkawick or Mareyckawick( Map 
 
 VIII, A). The headquarters of the 
 chieftaincy of that name, probably situ- 
 ated on the main trail from the ferry 
 (Fulton street) at or near Gallatin place 
 and Elm place. The name was probably 
 applied to its vicinity, including nearby 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
240 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 planting-grounds (Colonial Hist. N. Y., 
 vol. xrv, p. 5). The village cornfields 
 covered the space between Atlantic ave- 
 nue and Baltic street, east of Court 
 street. 
 
 118. Gamoenepa, or Communipaw (Map I). 
 
 The name, denoting "where the water 
 remained," was applied at times to the 
 whole of Bergen neck. Near the shore- 
 line there was some dry gound situated 
 in the midst of a wide area of marsh, 
 which may have been occupied as the 
 village-site, but the precise position of 
 the Indian village is not recorded. 
 
 119. Acqueegenom (Map VII, C). A native 
 
 name indicating the situation of the 
 crossing over the Aquehung or Bronx 
 river, at or near Pelham parkway, of the 
 path to Westchester. The nearest 
 known station of the natives was that 
 on the east side of the river (13). 
 
 120. Cowangongh (Map VII, A). A name 
 
 applied to the place where the shore 
 path, "Sachkerah," crossed the Bronx 
 river at Williamsbridge, on the line of 
 the Gunhill road. The name indicates 
 it as a sort of boundary place where the 
 territory of the Weckquaesgeek and 
 Siwanoy met. 
 
 121. Seton falls (Map VII, A). Near the 
 
 bend of Rattlesnake creek, on the Seton 
 estate, there is a cave, near a small 
 cataract, and some embankments, said 
 to have been constructed by natives. 
 This is a reputed Indian resort in dense. 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX TO STATIONS 
 
 woodlands, well suited to the purpose of 
 a hiding place, and about midway be- 
 tween the Shore path and the West- 
 chester-Eastchester path. 
 
 122. Little Neck, or Douglaston (Map I). 
 A favorite locality for native occupancy, 
 evidenced by abundant shell-deposits, 
 and the signs of a village and burial- 
 ground, probably of the Matinecock. 
 
 122a.PuDDLNG rock (Map VII, C). A glacial 
 bowlder, stated to have been used by 
 natives as a resort, situated at the 
 Boston road, south of East 166th 
 street, Borough of the Bronx (Historical 
 Guide to the City of New York, City 
 History Club, p. 212, 1913\ It is not 
 near any water supply, and is therefore 
 unlikely to have been a permanent 
 station. (Inadvertently omitted from 
 the map.) 
 
 241 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
242 
 
 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 
 
 Academy street, 85 
 
 Achterveldt, 148 
 
 Acquacanonck, Acqueanounck, 34, 120, 122, 
 
 201, 231. See Hutchinson river 
 Acqueegenom, 100, 104, 111, 240 
 Adees point, 113 
 Ahasimus, 239. See Harsimus 
 Albany avenue, 92 
 Albany crescent, 102 
 Albany Post-road, 19, 79, 91 
 Albany trail, 98 
 Amboy (N. J.), 38, 204 
 Amboy road, 190, 193 
 
 American Museum of Natural History, 230 
 Amersfoort, 157, 169. See Nieuw Amersfoort 
 Ancient One, The. See Mechowodt 
 Ancient Pathway, the, 155, 157. See Mechawa- 
 
 nienck 
 Annadale road, 193, 234 
 Anns hook, 123, 227 
 Aqueduct avenue, 107 
 Aquehonga, 194 
 Aquehonga-Monacknong, 187 
 Aquehung, 104, 105, 240. See Bronx river 
 Archer, John, 99 
 Areola, 201 
 
 Aressick, 198, 199, 238. See Paulus Hook 
 Arlington Station, 191, 192, 232 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Armbruster, Eugene L., 45, 130, 172, 173, 
 
 175, 183,229,235,236 
 Arrochar, 190, 195, 235 
 Arthur kill, 190 
 Aspetong, see Ispetong 
 Astor place, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65 
 Asumsowis, 227 
 
 Atlantic avenue, 138, 142, 145, 147, 178, 240 
 Atlantic Highlands, N. J., 38 
 Audubon lane, 78 
 
 Austin, D. B., 130, 150, 158, 160, 228, 229 
 Avenue A, 74, 235. See Pleasant avenue 
 Avenue C, or Castle Point road, 1 14 
 Avenue G (Kings), 153 
 Avenue K (Kings), 152 
 Avenue L (Kings), 152 
 Avenue M (Kings), 228 
 Avenue O (Kings), 163 
 Avenue P (Kings), 162 
 Avenue Q (Kings), 162, 166 
 Avenue R (Kings), 166 
 Avenue T (Kings), 154, 160 
 Avenue U (Kings), 155, 158 
 Avenue V (Kings), 161 
 
 Bailey avenue, 102 
 
 Baltic street (Kings), 138, 139, 230 
 
 Barren island (Equendito), 161 
 
 Barrett creek, 115 
 
 Barrier Gate, 67 
 
 Bartow creek, 127 
 
 Bartow estate, 124, 236 
 
 Battery, the, 38 
 
 Battle pass, Prospect Park, 143, 147 
 
 Bay Forty-fifth street, 166 
 
 Bayonne, N. J., 198, 231 
 
 243 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
244 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Bay Ridge, 143, 169, 230 
 
 Bayside, 172 
 
 Beach lane (Kings), 162, 166 
 
 Beach Park (Kings), 148, 150 
 
 Bear Swamp, 110, 111, 114, 224 
 
 Bear Swamp road, 224 
 
 Beaver Path, the, 236 
 
 Beaver pond, 180, 182, 235 
 
 Beaver street, 52 
 
 Bedford (Kings), 145, 178 
 
 Bedford avenue, 145 
 
 Bedford corners, 179 
 
 Bedford creek, 148, 237 
 
 Bedford Four-corners. 145 
 
 Bedford highway, 178 
 
 Bennett lane (Kings), 169 
 
 Bennywater pond, 238 
 
 Bensonhurst, 168 
 
 Bergen beach, 148-149, 151, 154, 228. See 
 
 Winippague 
 Bergen Beach road, 154 
 Bergen, De Hart, 238 
 Bergen, Hon. Teunis G., 138 
 Bergen island, 132 
 
 Bergen neck, 198, 199, 200, 231, 240 
 Bergen peninsula, 239 
 Berrians neck, 96, 225. See Konstabelsche 
 
 hook 
 Bestavaer brook, 60, 
 Bestevaars kill (Kings), 157. See Paardegat 
 
 basin 
 Bethune street, 58, 221 
 Betts, William, a farmer, 101 
 Bevors, Maritie, 139, 141 
 Big Hummock, 232 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Blackie, Rev. William R., 124, 236 
 
 •Blackwells island, 67, 169, 176, 238 
 
 Block, Adrian, 223 
 
 Bloomfield, 191, 232 
 
 Bloomfield road, 234 
 
 Bloomingdale crossroad, 63 
 
 Bogardus Corners, 233 
 
 Bolton, Rev. Robert, 128, 185 
 
 Bolton road, 84 
 
 Borden avenue (Queens), 174 
 
 Borough of Bronx, 25, 30, 47, 90, 98, 102, 104, 
 
 107, 109, 110, 176, 224, 241 
 Borough of Brooklyn, 25, 39, 50, 51, 55, 129, 
 
 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, 170, 
 
 172, 174, 186, 230, 238 
 Borough of Queens, 145, 171, 174, 179, 180 
 Boscobel avenue, 107 
 Boston & Westchester Railway. See New 
 
 York, Westchester and Boston Railway 
 Boston avenue, 116 
 Boston Post-road, 30, 31, 99, 101, 109, 116, 
 
 117, 121, 122, 123 * 
 
 Boston Road, 63, 241. See Post Road, the 
 Bound brook, 105 
 Bowery, the, 42, 49, 50, 55, 57, 58 
 Bowmans brook, 191, 192, 232. See Newtons 
 
 creek 
 Breakneck hill, 76, 77 
 Bridge street, 133, 230 
 Broad street, 52 
 Broadway, 19, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 63, 76, 79, 
 
 80, 85, 86, 87, 91, 94 
 Broadway (Queens), 179, 182, 183, 184 
 Bronck, Jonas, 104-105, 106, 108, 221 
 
 245 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
246 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Broncks river, Broncks Ryver, 101. See Bronx 
 river 
 
 Bronx borough, see Borough of Bronx 
 
 Bronx kills, 105-106 
 
 Bronx Park, 104,110,111 
 
 Bronx river, 99, 100, 104, 105, 109,. Ill, 113, 
 118, 240 
 
 Brookland, 139 
 
 Brooklyn, see Borough of Brooklyn 
 
 Brooklyn Bridge, 134 
 
 Brooklyn Heights, 136 
 
 Brooklyn path, 178 
 
 Brooklyn plank-road, see Jamaica and Brook- 
 lyn plank road. 
 
 Brosewere bay, 229 
 
 Brower's mill, 139 
 
 Brown estate, 224 
 
 Brown's lane, see De Bruyn's lane 
 
 Bungay creek, 105, 106 
 
 Burial point, 113, 223 
 
 Burial ridge (S. I.), 194. See Tottenville 
 
 Burr's corners, 66 
 
 Bushwick, 145, 146, 153, 174 
 
 Bushwick inlet, 146 
 
 Bushwick place, 146 
 
 Bushwick Railroad station (L. I. R. R.), 146 
 
 Bushwick road, 146 
 
 Bussing avenue, 119 
 
 Calver, W. L., 86, 91, 92, 97, 106, 108, 175 
 
 Canapaukah, 173 
 
 Canapaukah creek, 175 
 
 Canarissen, 149 
 
 Canarsee Indians, 40, 43, 131, 132, 147, 148, 
 
 149, 170, 173, 228, 236 
 Canarsee Planting Land, 150, 228 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Canarsie, 132, 140, 148, 149, 150, 153, 179, 228 
 
 Canarsie avenue, 178 
 
 Canarsie beach, 149 
 
 Canarsie Beach Park, 157, 228 
 
 Canarsie lane, 148, 178 
 
 Canarsie neck. 150, 151, 157 
 
 Castle Hill, 222, 223. See Castle Point (Bronx) 
 
 Castle Point (Bronx), 114, 222 
 
 Castle Point (N. J.), 199, 239 
 
 Castle Point road (Bronx), 114 
 
 Castle ton avenue, 192 
 
 Castuteeuw, or Kes-asketu, 156 
 
 Catiernut hill, 54 
 
 Cave, Indian, see Indian Cave, the 
 
 Cedar street (S. I.), 191 
 
 Cemetery of the Holy Cross, Flatbush, 178 
 
 Center street, 42 
 
 Centerville, 198 
 
 Central Park, 62, 68, 69, 71 
 
 Central Railroad of New Jersey, 198, 231 
 
 Chamakou, see Jamaica, Jameco 
 
 Chatham square, 55 
 
 Chatham street, 55 
 
 Chelsea (S. I.), 193, 234 
 
 Cherry street, 50, 55 
 
 Chippahig, 237 
 
 Church of the Ascension (S. I.), 191 
 
 City Hall Park, 42, 49, 54 
 
 City Island, 185 
 
 City Island road, 127 
 
 Clarendon Road (Kings), 151 
 
 Clasons Point, 48, 115, 222 
 
 Clinton street, 56, 221 
 
 Clove of the Kill, 76 
 
 Clove road (S. I.), 178, 179, 190 
 
 247 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
248 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Cold Spring Hollow, 84, 225 
 
 Collect pond, see Kolch pond 
 
 College Point, 172 
 
 Columbus avenue Mt. Vernon, 120 
 
 Communipaw (N. J.), 198, 240. See Ga- 
 
 moenepa 
 Concourse, see Grand Concourse 
 Coney Island, 157, 162, 165 
 Coney Island creek, 165 
 Coney Island Jockey Club, 164 
 Connecticut, 121 
 Constable point, 198, 231 
 Continental Village, 92 
 Conykeekst, 72,-73, 74, 235 
 Cool, Cornells, 144 
 Cooper street, 86 
 Corlears hook, 56, 67, 134, 220 
 Cornells creek, 113, 115 
 Corona (Queens), 175, 184 
 Corsa lane, 122 
 Corsons brook, 234 
 Cortelyou lane, 168 
 Cortelyou road, 148 
 Council-place, the (Kings), 236 
 Court street, 138, 140, 141, 240 
 Cowangongh, 100, 118, 240 
 Cow bay, 229 
 Cripplebush road, 145 
 Cromwells creek, 105, 108 
 Cropsey avenue, 167 
 Cross road, 66 
 Croton, 92 
 
 Croton aqueduct, 117 
 Croton reservoir, 66, 71 
 Cushetonk hills, 204 
 Cypress avenue, 106, 222 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Dankers, see Sluyter and Dankers 
 
 Dash's lane, 95 
 
 Davenports neck, 127, 228 
 
 De Bruyn's lane, 167 
 
 Degraw street, 141 
 
 De Hart Bergen, see Bergen, De Hart 
 
 De Harts brook, see Newtons creek 
 
 De la Montagne, 68, 75 
 
 Delaware, state o f , 38 
 
 Delaware Indians, 69, 82, 99, 135, 177, 205, 
 
 206. See Lenni Lenape 
 Delaware river, 22, 205 
 Depot lane, 79 
 Devoes point, 108 
 Dickey estate, 222 
 Division street, 55 
 Dobbs Ferry, 92 
 Dongan Patent of 1685, 153 
 Dongan street, 191 
 Dosoris, 183 
 Doughty, Elias, 99, 101 
 Douglaston, 241. See Little Neck 
 Dove, Adam, 130, 142, 238 
 Dover street, 50, 55 
 Downings brook, 111, 224 
 Drake Park, 110 
 Duane street, 47, 49, 53, 220 
 Dunham avenue, 120 
 Duryea, Thomas P., 182, 229 
 Dutch Church (Kings), 136, 236 
 Dutch kills, 173 
 
 Dutch Reformed Church (Bronx), 103, 107 
 Dutch, the, 132, 135, 149, 153, 167, 220, 221, 
 
 239 
 Dutch West India Company, 93 
 Dyckman street, 62, 80, 84, 85, 235 
 
 249 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
250 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Dyckman tract, 85, 86, 96, 224 
 Dyker Heights Park, 168, 231 
 Dykman, Jan, 78 
 
 Eastchester, 30, 99, 119, 121, 122, 123, 185, 
 
 226 
 Eastchester creek, 227 
 Eastchester road, 121, 122 
 Eastchester, Ten Farms of, 121 
 Eastern Boulevard, 110, 112, 113, 222 
 Eastern Parkway, 147 
 Eastern Post-road, 64, 66, 67 
 East Jersey, see New Jersey 
 East New York, 154, 179 
 East Pelham road, 127. See Pelham road 
 East River, 21, 41, 44, 45, 49-50, 54, 55, 57, 
 
 60, 66, 68, 69, 121-122, 131, 134, 137, 140, 
 
 151, 171, 175, 184, 185, 221, 238 
 East Sixth street, Mt. Vernon, 120. See Old 
 
 Boston Post Road 
 Echo bay, 228 
 
 Eighth Regiment Armory, 103 
 Eighth street, west (Kings), 166 
 Eighteenth avenue (Kings), 167 
 Eighty-first street, 66 
 Eighty-first street (Kings),. 167 
 Eighty-second street, 66 
 Eighty-third street, 66 
 Eighty-third street (Kings), 156 
 Eighty-fourth street (Kings), 156, 168 
 Eighty-fifth street, 66 
 Eighty-sixth street (Kings), 144 
 Eighty-eighth street, 68, 71 
 Elderts lane, 179 
 Elizabeth (N. J.), 197, 203, 204 
 Elm place (Kings), 136, 239 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 251 
 
 Elm street, 220 
 
 
 Emmaus, 221 
 
 
 Englewood (N. J.), 200 
 
 
 Equendito, 161. See Barren island 
 
 
 Erramorhas, 176 
 
 
 Euclid avenue (Kings), 179 
 
 
 Evil Spirit, see Manetto 
 
 
 Exchange place, Jersey City, 199 
 
 
 Farmers' bridge, 102 
 
 
 Far Rockaway, 172 
 
 
 Ferris mansion, 122, 223 
 
 
 Ferris road, 113 
 
 
 Fieldston road, 94 
 
 
 Fifteenth avenue (Kings), 156, 168 
 
 
 Fifth avenue, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 221 
 
 
 Fifth avenue (Kings), 143 
 
 
 Fifth street (Hoboken), 199, 239 
 
 
 Fift3^-first street, 65 
 
 
 Fifty-second street, 65, 66 
 
 
 First avenue, 60, 70, 72 
 
 
 Fish's point, 176 
 
 
 Fitch, John, 46 
 
 
 Flatbush, 147, 148, 163, 178 
 
 
 Flatbush avenue, 140, 141, 143, 147, 148, 151, 
 
 
 154,236 
 
 
 Flatlands, 132, 140, 145, 149, 150, 151, 152, 
 
 
 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 170, 228, 
 
 
 236 
 
 
 Flatlands Neck road, 148, 151, 153, 236, 237- 
 
 
 238 
 
 
 Flushing, 171, 172, 173, 179, 181, 182, 183, 
 
 
 184, 229 
 
 
 Flushing avenue, 146, 179, 182, 184 
 
 
 Flushing bay, 175, 176, 177, 185 
 
 
 Flushing creek, 184 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
252 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Flushing road, 180, 181 
 
 
 
 Flushing turnpike, 177 
 
 
 
 Fordham, 91, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 110, 
 
 226 
 
 
 Fordham Hospital, 104 
 
 
 
 Fordham University, see St. John's College 
 
 
 Fort George, 80, 81 
 
 
 
 Fort Greene place, 142, 147 
 
 
 
 Fort Hamilton, 50, 132, 140, 143, 144, 
 
 168, 
 
 
 178, 188, 230 
 
 
 
 Fort Hamilton parkway, 156 
 
 
 
 Fort Independence, 116 
 
 
 
 Fort Number One, 97 
 
 
 j 
 
 Fort of 1812, 72 
 
 
 
 Fort Washington, 80 
 
 
 
 Fort Washington Park, 79 
 
 
 
 Fort Washington Point, 79, 224 
 
 
 
 Forty-first street, 66 
 
 
 
 Forty-fourth street 65 
 
 
 
 Forty-seventh street, 66 
 
 
 
 Forty-eighth street, 65, 66 
 
 
 
 Foster avenue, 148, 163 
 
 
 
 Four Corners, the, 178 
 
 
 
 Fourteenth street, east, 64, 235 
 
 
 
 Fourth avenue, 65, 66 
 
 
 
 Fourth avenue (Kings), 144 
 
 
 
 Fourth ward (Kings), 133 
 
 
 
 Fowler estate, 120 
 
 
 
 Freeman avenue (Queens), 173 
 
 
 
 Fresh creek (Kings), 157 
 
 
 
 Fresh kill, Fresh kills, 190, 193, 233 
 
 
 
 Fresh Pond road, 179 
 
 
 
 Fresh Water pond, 44 
 
 
 
 Front street (Kings), 133 
 
 
 
 Fulton avenue, 180 
 
 
 
 Fulton ferry, 131, 239 
 
 ■ 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 253 
 
 Fulton street: (Kings) 135, 136, 140, 141; 
 
 
 (Queens) 179, 182 
 
 
 Furman, Gabriel, 132, 133, 134, 230 
 
 
 Gallatin place, 136, 239 
 
 
 Gamoenepa, 198, 240. See Communipaw 
 
 
 Gansevoort street, 58, 59 
 
 
 Gerritsen Basin, 132, 151, 157, 159, 162, 164, 
 
 
 228 
 
 
 Gerritsen creek, 151, 163 
 
 
 Gerritsen, Hugh, 158, 160, 164 
 
 
 Gerritsen, Wolphert, 44 
 
 
 Getty square, Yonkers, 226 
 
 
 Giles street, 116 
 
 
 Glovers rock, 127 
 
 
 Godwin, Joseph, 88 
 
 
 Godwin's island, 88 
 
 
 Goodrich map, 165-166 
 
 
 Gouwane, Chief, 238. See Gowanus 
 
 
 Gouwanis chieftaincy, 169 
 
 
 Governors island, 153, 238. See Nut island, 
 
 
 Nutten island 
 
 
 Gowahasuasing, 83 
 
 
 Gowanus, Gowanes, Gouwanes, 133, 136, 137, 
 
 
 144, 155, 238 
 
 
 Gowanus bay, 142, 143, 238 
 
 
 Gowanus creek, 137 
 
 
 Gowanus lane, 145 
 
 
 Gowanus road, 142-143, 144 
 
 
 Graham, Augustus, 143 
 
 . 
 
 Grand Concourse, 103, 117 
 
 
 Grand Esplanade, 155 
 
 
 Gravesend, 140, 151, 156, 161, 162, 163, 165, 
 
 
 166, 169, 237 
 
 
 Gravesend bay, 162, 166, 167, 237 
 
 
 Gravesend beach, 167 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
254 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Gravesend creek, 163 
 
 
 
 Gravesend Neck, 163, 164, 231 
 
 
 
 Gravesend Neck road, 158, 160, 162, 164 
 
 
 
 Great Britain, 127 
 
 
 
 Great Falls (N. J.), 201 
 
 
 
 Great Kills, 195, 234 
 
 
 
 Great Maize Land, The, 79 
 
 
 
 Great Planting Neck, 222. See Hunts Point 
 
 
 Great Tree, the, 128 
 
 
 
 Green hills, 145, 178, 179 
 
 
 
 Greenpoint, 145, 146 
 
 
 
 Green Ridge, 193, 234 
 
 
 
 Greenwich avenue, 59 
 
 
 
 Greenwich landing, 39 
 
 
 
 Greenwich Village, 221 
 
 
 
 Greenwood, 238 
 
 
 
 Greenwood cemetery, 143 
 
 
 
 Green Wood point, 146 
 
 
 
 Grenen Hont Punt, see Greenpoint 
 
 
 
 Gunhill Road, 117, 240 
 
 
 
 Guttaquoh, a sachem, 164 
 
 
 
 Gysbert's eylandt, 165 
 
 
 
 Hackensack, 50, 198, 199, 200 
 
 
 
 Hackensack (chieftaincy), 188, 190, 221, 
 
 232 
 
 
 Hackensack river, 198, 200, 201, 205 
 
 
 
 Hainesville (N. J.), 205 
 
 
 
 Hall, Dr. Edward Hagaman, 86, 97 
 
 
 
 Hall of Records, 54 
 
 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 77 
 
 
 
 Hamilton square, 66 
 
 
 
 Hamon place, 142 
 
 
 
 Hanse, Jacob, 138 
 
 
 
 Hansen, Kaus, or Zemo Kamingh, 143 
 
 
 
 Harbor Brook, 192 
 
 
 
 Harbor Hill, 192, 233 
 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Harbor HiU golf-links, 192 
 
 Harlem, 31, 63, 75, 106, 235 
 
 Harlem commons, 66 
 
 Harlem creek, 69, 75, 76 
 
 Harlem kill, 68, 221 
 
 Harlem lane, 74, 75 
 
 Harlem river, 74, 77, 81, 85, 108, 224 
 
 Harrington, M. R., 69, 82, 83, 128, 194, 227. 
 
 229, 233 
 Harsen's crossroad, 66 
 
 Harsimus (N. J.), 199, 239. See Ahasimus 
 Harway basin, 162 
 H'ashim-muck, 239 
 Haverstraw, 202 
 Hawthorne (N. J.), 201 
 Heath avenue, 102 
 Heermans, Augustine ; 43 
 Hellegat, 70 
 
 Hell Gate, 36, 69, 70, 71, 178, 184, 185, 186 
 Hellgate bay, 221 
 Hempstead, 171, 180 
 Hempstead bay, 181 
 Henderson street, Hoboken, 199, 239 
 Henry street, 56, 221 
 Hewlett, 172, 180, 181, 229 
 Hicks neck, 181 
 Highbridge, 107, 108 
 Highlands, 92, 202 
 High sandy banks, see Aquehonga 
 Hills of Jochem Pieter, 76 
 Hobokan, 59, 239 
 Hobokan Hackingh, 199, 239 
 Hoboken, 39, 199, 221, 239 
 Hobson lane, 150 
 Hog island, 181, 229 
 Hohosboco, 171 
 
 255 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
256 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Hollis, 180 
 
 Holy Cross Cemetery, Flatbush. See Ceme- 
 tery of the Holy Cross 
 
 Homecrest avenue, 164 
 
 Hooker creek, 181 
 
 Hoopaninak, 159 
 
 Horatio street, 58, 221 
 
 Howard avenue, 153 
 
 Howlands hook, 191 
 
 Hoyt street, 136, 137, 139, 230 
 
 Hudson, Hendrik, 50 
 
 Hudson Park, 228 
 
 Hudson river, 19, 21, 31, 40, 41, 44, 45, 53, 
 58, 62. 63, 76, 91, 97, 101, 197, 200, 206, 
 224, 225, 226, 235, 239 
 
 Hudson street (N. J.), 239 
 
 Huguenot street, 121 
 
 Hunt burial-ground, 222 
 
 Hunt mansion, 110, 222 
 
 Hunter estate, 125 
 
 Hunter island, 125, 227 
 
 Hunterfly road, 151, 153 
 
 Hunters Point, 176 
 
 Hunts Point, 105, 109, 110, 222 
 
 Hunts Point road, 109, 222 
 
 Hutchings, John, 46 
 
 Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann, 123, 124, 227 
 
 Hutchinson river, 30, 111, 119, 120, 121, 123. 
 See Acqueanounck 
 
 Hyatt tavern, 86 
 
 Indian cave, 84, 225 
 Indian pond, 166, 237 
 Indian trail, 72 
 Institute Park, 147 
 Intervale avenue, 105 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Inwood, 80, 81, 95 
 
 Inwood hill, 83, 84, 225 
 
 Iroquois, 91 
 
 Isham estate 84 
 
 Isham street, 86 
 
 Island of Manhattan, see Manhattan 
 
 Island of Paparinemin, see Paparinemin 
 
 Ispetong, 60 
 
 Jackson avenue, 184 
 
 Jamaica, 171, 172, 179, 180, 181, 184, 235 
 
 Jamaica and Brooklyn Plank Road, 178 
 
 Jamaica avenue, 178, 179, 181 
 
 Jamaica bay, 36, 148, 152, 157, 171, 172, 181 
 
 Jamaica highway, 178 
 
 Jameco, 235. See Jamaica 
 
 James, J. B., 93, 94 
 
 Jansen, Anthony, 167 
 
 Jay street (Kings), 135 
 
 Jefferson street, 56, 221 
 
 Jeffreys hook, 224 
 
 Jenkins, Stephen, 53, 87, 109, 122 
 
 Jericho, 180 
 
 Jericho road, 180. See Middle Post-road 
 
 Jerome avenue, 103, 105, 107, 117 
 
 Jerome reservoir, 117 
 
 Jersey City, 199 
 
 Johnson avenue, 173-174 
 
 Johnson Foundry, 83 
 
 Journeay avenue, 193, 234 
 
 Jumel, Madame, 78 
 
 Ka, a sachem, 144 
 Kakapetteyno, a sachem, 152 
 Kalch Hoek, 42, 43, 137, 220 
 Kamingh, Zemo, or Kaus Hansen, 143 
 
 257 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
258 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Kappock street, 97 
 
 Kapsee, Kap-se, 33, 51, 220 
 
 Kaus Hansen, see Hansen, Kaus 
 
 Kearney (N. J.), 200 
 
 Kenrom, an Indian, 143 
 
 Kents neck (N. J,), 204 
 
 Kes-asketu or Castuteeuw, 156 
 
 Keskaechquerem, Keskaechqueren, 150, 152, 
 154, 156, 228, 236 
 
 Keskeskick, 91, 93, 94, 102, 105, 226 
 
 Kestateuw, 157 
 
 Ketchum mill-pond, 193, 234 
 
 Kieft, Gov. William, 94, 144, 149, 221, 239 
 
 Kill Muscoota, 224 
 
 Kill van Kull, 191, 198, 231, 232 
 
 Kills path, 179 
 
 Kingsbridge, 31, 39, 73, 82, 87, 90, 92, 116, 
 
 225, 226 
 Kingsbridge avenue, 87 
 Kingsbridge road, 67, 102, 103, 107, 226 
 Kingsbridge Road station (B. & W. Ry.), 
 
 119 
 Kings county, 43, 129, 130, 132, 171 
 Kings highway, 34, 130, 140, 143, 144, 154, 
 
 156, 157, 163, 166, 167, 178, 236 
 Kings Oaks, 156 
 Kingsway, 25. See Post-road 
 Kips bay, 66, 67 
 Kissing Bridge, 66 
 Knoll, The, 80 
 Kolch hill, 44, 45, 47 
 Kolch pond, 44, 53, 54, 220 
 Konaande Kongh, Konaandekong, 63, 68, 70, 
 
 71, 221 
 Konstabelsche hook, 96. See Berrians neck 
 Kreischerville, 194 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Laaphawachking, 124, 236 
 
 Labadist monks. See Sluyter and Dankers 
 
 Lafayette avenue, 192 
 
 Lafayette street, 47 
 
 Lake lane, 162, 166 
 
 Lakes island, 194, 233 
 
 Larchmont, 38 
 
 Laurel hill, 174 
 
 Lawrence street, 135 
 
 Leland avenue, 115, 222 
 
 Lenni Lenape, 39, 195, 202, See Delaware In- 
 dians 
 
 Lenox avenue, 72, 74 
 
 Leonard street, 47 
 
 Lexington avenue, 65, 68 
 
 Linden (N. J.), 197 
 
 Linden hill, 174, 179 
 
 Linnaean gardens, 182, 229 
 
 Linoleumville, 190, 193, 232 
 
 Little Ferry, 200 
 
 Little Kolch, 44. See Kolch pond 
 
 Little Neck, 172, 183, 241. See Douglaston 
 
 Little Sand bay, 80, 235 
 
 Little Sand stream, 221 
 
 Livingston (N. J.), 205 
 
 Locust point, 113, 223 
 
 Long Hill, 143 
 
 Long Island, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 129, 131, 132, 
 137, 145, 149, 182, 183, 184, 185, 206, 234, 
 236 
 
 Long Island City, 171, 173, 174-175, 179 
 
 Long Island Railroad, 146 
 
 Long Island Sound, 21, 36, 121, 125, 177, 181, 
 185, 223 
 
 Long Neck, 193, 232 
 
 Lower bay, 36 
 
 259 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
260 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Lower path, 102, 107, 109 
 
 Lubbersen, Lubbertse, Lubbertsen, Frederick, 
 
 137-138, 139, 230 
 Ludovics brook, 176. See Wessels brook 
 Luna Park, Coney Island, 165 
 
 Macomb's Dam Park, 108 
 
 McGown's (McGowan's) pass, 31, 61, 67, 
 72, 75 
 
 Macutteris, 159, 161 
 
 Madison avenue, 65, 68, 70 
 
 Madison Square, 65 
 
 Madison street, 56, 221 
 
 Maganwetinnemin, a sachem, 170 
 
 Mahican, 17 
 
 Mahwah creek, 202 
 
 Main street, 122 
 
 Makeopaca, 156, 161, 162 
 
 Malbone street, 147 
 
 Mamaroneck, 121 
 
 Maminipoe, 124 
 
 Manetto, 185 
 
 Manhasset, 183 
 
 Manhattan, 19, 25, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 
 40, 41, 47, 50, 51, 52, 57, 61, 62, 68, 74, 87, 88, 
 91, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 106, 131, 132, 134, 
 137, 140, 145, 151, 168, 170, 184, 186, 188, 
 198, 199, 202, 206, 220, 224, 230, 231 
 
 Manhattan street, 76 
 
 Manhattans, the, 170 
 
 Manhattanville, 69 
 
 Maninketsuck, 126, 227 
 
 Mannahanning, 162, 165. See Coney Island 
 
 Marble Hill, 81, 82, 85, 86, 100, 224 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 261 
 
 Marechkawick, Mareyckawick, Marvchken- 
 
 
 wingh, 132, 133, 135, 137, 169, 170, 172, 230, 
 
 
 238, 239 < 
 
 
 Marechkawingh, 137 
 
 
 Mariners Harbor, 191, 192, 232 
 
 
 Market street, 56 
 
 
 Marlboro, 237» 
 
 
 Marsh View farm, 120 
 
 
 Marychkenwingh, see Marechkawick 
 
 
 Mashanscomacocke, 159 
 
 
 Maspeth, 174, 177, 179, 230 
 
 
 Maspeth creek, 174 
 
 
 Maspeth tribe, 230 
 
 
 Massabarkem, 163, 237. See Gravesend 
 
 
 Matinecock Indians, 171, 173, 183, 229, 241 
 
 
 Matockshegan, 204 
 
 
 Mattano, 169 
 
 
 Mattewan creek, 203 . 
 
 
 Maunsell, General, 77 
 
 
 May wood (N. J.), 201 
 
 
 Meadow lane, 157 
 
 
 Meadows, the, 70 
 
 
 Mechawanienck, 144, 155, 156, 163, 164, 166, 
 
 
 169 
 
 
 Mechowodt, the Ancient One, 183. See Tac- 
 
 
 kapoosa 
 
 
 Meijeterma, 169, 170 
 
 
 Menquaeruan, a sachem, 152 
 
 
 Mentipathe, 105 
 
 
 Mere, The, 72 
 
 
 Mespaetches, 171, 173, 176, 230 
 
 
 Metropolitan avenue, 146 
 
 
 Michaux Rocks, 126. See Mishow 
 
 
 Middle Path, the, 115 
 
 
 Middle Post-road, 180. See Jericho road 
 
 
 Middle Road, 66 
 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
 
262 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Middletown (N. J.), 203 
 
 Middle town Point (N. J.), 203 
 
 Midwood street, 147 
 
 Milford (N. J.), 205 
 
 Mill brook, 103, 105, 106, 109, 117 
 
 Mill island, 161 
 
 Mill road, 150, 154, 236 
 
 Mill road (S. I.), 193 
 
 Milliken Brothers' Steel Works, 192 
 
 Minetta, 60 
 
 Minisink, 203 
 
 Minisink, island of, 205 
 
 Minisink path, 21, 39, 195, 202, 204 
 
 Minnahanonck, 176, 238. See Blackwells island 
 
 Minsi, 201 
 
 Minuit, Peter, 43, 50, 168 
 
 Mishow, 125, 227, 228. See Hunter island 
 
 Mispat, 173-175, 177 
 
 Mitchel square, 78 
 
 Moeung, 162 
 
 Mohawk, 19, 40, 57, 92, 96 
 
 Montagne family, 68, 75 
 
 Montagne's Flat, 69 
 
 Montagnes point, 221 
 
 Montgomery, W. R., 123 
 
 Montgomery street; 178 
 
 Monument lane, 59 
 
 Moody, Lady Deborah, 164, 166, 237 
 
 Morrisania, 73, 104, 108. See Ranachqua 
 
 Morris county (N. J.), 205 
 
 Morris cove, 113, 223 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur, 106, 222 
 
 Morris, Roger, 78 
 
 Morris street, 53 
 
 Mosholu, 90, 93, 226 
 
 Mosholu avenue, 94 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Mosholu brook, 92, 95, 226 
 
 Mosholu Parkway, 117 
 
 Moskituash, 161. See Macutteris 
 
 Mott avenue, 108 
 
 Mount Pleasant, 203 
 
 Mount Vernon, City of, 119 
 
 Municipal Building, 50 
 
 Municipal Building (Kings), 141 
 
 Muschenheim, William C, 97 
 
 Muscoota, 72, 81, 82, 101, 102, 224 
 
 Museum of the /American Indian, Heye Founda- 
 tion, 81, 84, 112, 116, 124, 126, 158, 194, 
 222, 224, 229, 230, 233, 235, 236 
 
 Muskyttehool, 153, 237 
 
 Nagel homestead, 85 
 
 Naghtongh, 57. See Nechtank 
 
 Nappeckamak, 226 
 
 Narrioch, 164, 165, 231 
 
 Narrioch neck, 162 
 
 Narrows lane (Kings), 144 
 
 Narrows, The, 33, 39, 166 
 
 Nassau street, 53, 54 
 
 Navasink, 166, 203 
 
 Navasink river, 203 
 
 Navy Yard, 134 
 
 Nayack, 50, 131, 132, 144, 145, 166, 168, 169, 
 
 170, 188, 230, 234 
 Near Rockaway, 172, 180. See Far Rockaway, 
 
 Rechquakie, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, 
 
 Rockaway Point 
 Nechtank, 57. See Naghtongh 
 Negro Fort, 117 
 Neperah river, 226 
 Nevins street, 141 
 New Amsterdam, 32, 36, 37, 61, 75, 76 
 
 263 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
264 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Newark (N. J.), 203 
 
 Newark bay, 198, 200 
 
 New Boston Post Road, 123. See Boston 
 Post Road 
 
 New Bridge (N. J.), 201 
 
 New Brighton, 190 
 
 Newcastle (Del.), 38 
 
 New England, 20, 21, 99, 110, 127 
 
 New Haerlem, 61, 72 
 
 New Haven Railroad, 108, 111, 124 
 
 New Jersey, 22, 39, 41, 59, 166, 197, 202, 203. 
 205, 206, 239 
 
 New Lots, 153 
 
 New Netherland, 21 
 
 New Rochelle, 121, 127, 228 
 
 New Springville, 193, 234 
 
 Newton avenue, 94 
 
 Newtons creek (S. I.), 192, 232. See Bowmans 
 brook, De Harts brook 
 
 Newtown (Queens), 132, 171, 173 
 
 Newtown creek, 171, 173, 230 
 
 Newtown inlet, 60 
 
 Newtown road, 145, 179 
 
 New Utrecht, 140, 148, 151, 156, 166, 167, 
 168, 169, 237 
 
 New York and Harlem Railroad, 118 
 
 New York Bay, 166, 177, 197, 202 
 
 New York Catholic Protectory, 115 
 
 New York Central Railroad, 86 
 
 New York commons, 66 
 
 New York Historical Society, 203 
 
 New York, Westchester and Boston Railway, 
 119, 226 
 
 Nichols, Governor, 121 
 
 Nieuw Amersfoort, 149, 151, 152. See Flat- 
 lands 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Ninetieth street, 66 
 
 Ninety-first street, 221 
 
 Ninety-second street 67, 70 
 
 Ninety-fourth street, 63 
 
 Ninety-fifth street, 68 
 
 Ninety-sixth street, 62, 63, 68 
 
 Ninety-seventh street, 71 
 
 Ninety-eighth street, 68, 71 
 
 Nipnichsen, 95, 96, 98, 225 
 
 North Beach, 176, 177 
 
 North Bergen (N J.), 199 
 
 Northfield (N. J.), 205 
 
 North Hempstead, 178 
 
 North river, see Hudson river 
 
 North shore, 183, 184 . 
 
 North Woodside, 177 
 
 Nuasin, 108. See Macomb's Dam Park 
 
 Nut island, 238. See Governors island Nut- 
 ten island 
 
 Nutten island, 238. See Governors island. 
 Nut island 
 
 Oakwood, 195, 234 
 Observatory place, 66 
 Ocean parkway, 163 
 Oestdorp, 122. See Westchester 
 Old Boston Post-road, 120 See Boston Post- 
 road, Boston Road 
 Old Ferry point, 113, 223 
 Old Ferry road, 178 . 
 Old Place, 191, 192, 232 
 Old Point Comfort tavern, 122 
 Old Wreck brook, 55 
 One Hundredth street, 68, 70 
 One Hundred Third street, 69 
 One Hundred Fourth street, 72 
 
 265 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
266 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 One Hundred Fifth street, 67, 68 
 
 One Hundred Seventh street, 67, 69 
 
 One Hundred Eighth street, 73 
 
 One Hundred Tenth street, 72, 74 
 
 One Hundred Eleventh street, 72, 74 
 
 One Hundred Fourteenth street, 74 
 
 One Hundred Fifteenth street, 75 
 
 One Hundred Twentieth street, 72 
 
 One Hundred Twenty-first street, 72, 235 
 
 One Hundred Twenty-third street, 73, 74 
 
 One Hundred Twenty-fourth street, 76 
 
 One Hundred Twenty- fifth street, 72, 76 
 
 One Hundred Thirtieth street, 76, 105 
 
 One Hundred Thirty-first street, 222 
 
 One Hundred Thirty-second street, 106 
 
 One Hundred Thirty-eighth street, 108 
 
 One Hundred Forty-first street, 77 
 
 One Hundred Forty-third street, 77 
 
 One Hundred Forty-seventh street, 77 
 
 One Hundred Fifty-third street, 78, 108 
 
 One Hundred Fifty eighth street, 78, 224 
 
 One Hundred Sixtieth street, 78 
 
 One Hundred Sixty-sixth street, 241 
 
 One Hundred Sixty-eighth street, 78 
 
 One Hundred Sixty-ninth street, 107, 108 
 
 One Hundred Seventy- third street, 79 
 
 One Hundred Seventy-sixth street, 79 
 
 One Hundred Seventy-seventh street, 79, 109 
 
 One Hundred Seventy-ninth street, 79 
 
 One Hundred Eightieth street, 79 
 
 One Hundred Eighty-first street, 79, 109 
 
 One Hundred Eighty-second street, 109 
 
 One Hundred Ninety-fifth street, 80 
 
 One Hundred Ninety-sixth street, 225 
 
 Oneroad, Amos, 81, 116 
 
 Oranges, the, 38 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Ossining, 92 
 Out Ward, 42, 57 
 Overpeck creek, 200 
 Overton place, 165 
 
 Paardegat, 153, 237 
 
 Paardegat basin 157 
 
 Paardegat creek, 151, 157 
 
 Paardegat inlet, 148 
 
 Pacific street, 138, 141 
 
 Pagganck, 238 
 
 Palisade region, 199 
 
 Paparinemin, Papirinemin, Papparinamin, 32 
 
 82, 88, 89, 90, 225 
 Park avenue, 71 
 Park drive, 71 
 
 Park Row, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55 
 Pascal avenue, 94 
 Passaic (N. J.), 201, 231 
 Passaic river, 21, 201, 204, 205, 231 
 Passaic valley, 201 
 Paterson (N. J.), 38, 201 
 Paulus hook, 199, 238, 239. See Aressick 
 Paulus, Mr., 169 
 
 Pearl street, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 220 
 Peekskill, 92 
 
 Pelham, 30, 99, 126, 128, 227 
 Pelham avenue, 103 
 Pelham Bay, 125, 127 
 Pelham Bay Park, 227, 236 
 Pelham-Bay-Yiew Park, 122 
 Pelham Bridge road, 236 
 Pelham Heath Inn, 122 
 Pelham Manor, 121, 123, 125, 127 
 Pelham neck, 123, 185, 227 
 Pelham Parkway, 104, 111, 122. 240 
 
 267 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
268 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Pelham Road, 127 
 
 Pell, Thomas, 123, 124 
 
 Pells point, 227 
 
 Peltons cove, 191, 231 
 
 Penadnic, 76 
 
 Pennoyer, Robert, 167 
 
 Pepper, George H., 229, 233 
 
 Pequot, 20, 40 
 
 Perth Amboy (N. J.), 195, 203, 204 
 
 Petersen, Jan, 144 
 
 Pewichaus, 153 
 
 Pidgeon Hill (N. J.), 203 
 
 Pieter Tuynier's fall, see Tuynier, Pieter 
 
 Plaza, the, 147 
 
 Pleasant avenue, 74, 235. See Avenue A 
 
 Plumb island, 161 
 
 Poe, Edgar Allan, home of, 103 
 
 Poe Park, 103 
 
 Point of Rocks, 76 
 
 Point Rechewanis, 69. See Rechewanis 
 
 Pompton (N. J.), 202 
 
 Pompton Plain (N. J.), 201 
 
 Pompton road, 201-202 
 
 Portland point, 203 
 
 Port Washington, 38, 183 
 
 Post Road, 25, 63. See Boston Road, Kingsway 
 
 Potters hill, 54 
 
 Pratt, F B , 158 
 
 Preakness valley, 201 
 
 Preble street, 110 
 
 Prescott avenue, 84 
 
 Princes bay, Princess bay, 195, 234 
 
 Prospect avenue (Kings), 147 
 
 Prospect Hill road, 123 
 
 Prospect Park, 141, 143, 147 
 
 Prospect reservoir, 147 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Prospect street (Kings), 141 
 Public School No. 1, 120, 121 
 Public School No. 24, 97 
 Pudding rock, 241 
 Pugsley creek, 115 
 
 Quandoequareous, 173 
 Queens, see Borough of Queens 
 Queensboro bridge , 173, 175 
 Queens county, 172, 179, 229 
 Quiet Vale, 75. See Vredendal 
 Quinnahung, 105, 109, 110, 176 
 Quinnikeek, 73 
 
 Rahway river, 205 
 
 Ramapo mountains, 202, 205 
 
 Ramapo river, 202 
 
 Ranachqua, 73, 104, 105, 106, 109, 221. See 
 
 Morrisania 
 Randall avenue, 222 
 Randel, John, 66 
 Rapelye avenue, 173 
 Raritan, 166, 188 
 Raritan bay, 194 
 Raritan river, 21, 203, 204 
 Rattlesnake creek, 240 
 Ratzer, Lieut. B., 46, 52, 134, 239 
 Raunt, the, 172 
 Ravenswood Park, 175, 238 
 Rechewac, Reckgawack, chief of the Reckgawa- 
 
 wanc, 68, 70, 93, 221 
 Rechewanis, 68, 69, 73, 221 
 Rechewas point, 68, 221 
 Rechquakie, 172. See Far Rockaway, Near 
 
 Rockaway, Rockaway, Rockaway Beach, 
 
 Rockaway Point 
 
 269 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
270 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Rechtauck, Rechtanck, 56, 57, 134, 220 
 
 Reckgawack. See Rechewac 
 
 Reckgawawanc, 34, 63, 68, 71, 73, 78, 92 
 
 94, 107, 221, 225, 226 
 Red Hook, 137, 140, 141 
 Red Hook lane, 138, 139, 141 
 Revolution, the, 107, 117, 147 
 Richardson house, 110, 222 
 Richmond, 39, 187, 190, 193 
 Richmond avenue, 196 
 Richmond creek, 234 
 Richmond Hill, 179 
 Richmond Plank road, 234 
 Richmond road" 190 
 Richmond turnpike, 190 
 Riker, James, 32, 72, 75 
 Rikers island, 176 
 Rinnegaconck, 134, 141, 153, 230 
 Riverdale, 95 
 Riverside Drive, 80 
 Riverside Park, 63 
 Rochambeau street, 117 
 Rochelle, 128 
 Rockaway, 37 
 Rockaway (chieftaincy), 132, 171, 172, 181 
 
 229 
 Rockaway Beach, 172, 181 
 Rockaway neck, 180, 181 
 Rockaway path, 131, 145, 151, 154, 178, 179 
 
 184 
 Rockaway Point, 172 
 Rockaway Road, 182 
 Rockville Center, 172 
 Rodmans neck, 227 
 Roosevelt street, 44, 54, 55 
 Roosevelts brook, 125, 126, 227 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Rossville, 194, 233 
 Run, The, 80 
 Rutgers, Anthony, 44 
 Ryder, Charles, 228 
 Ryders lane, 158 
 Ryders pond 157, 228 
 
 Sachkerah, Sackerath, 33, 99, 101, 102, 240 
 
 Sackhickneyah, 177, 184 
 
 Sackwrahung, 105, 106 
 
 Saddle river (N. J.), 201 
 
 St. George, 187, 190, 192 
 
 St. John's College (now Fordham University). 
 
 104 
 St. Nicholas avenue. 74, 77 
 St. Paul's Church, 120 
 St. Raymond's cemetery, 112, 113, 236 
 Sandberg, 60 
 Sand hill, see Sandberg 
 Sandy brook, 194, 233 
 Sandy Ground, 233 
 
 Saperewack, 82, 86, 100. See Marble Hill 
 Sapohanikan, Sappokanikke, 58, 59, 63, 221, 
 
 239 
 Sassian's maize-land, 138 
 Sawmill river, 95 
 Schenck, Captain John, 161 
 Schoolcraft, H. R., 57, 60 
 Schreyers hoek, Schryers hook, 51, 165, 220 
 Screven residence, 114, 223 
 Screvens point, 113. See Castle point 
 Seabrey creek, 111 
 Seaman avenue, 83, 84, 87 
 Second avenue, 64, 65, 66, 70, 74, 235 
 Second street (Kings), 140 
 Second street, Hoboken, 239 
 
 271 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
272 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Secor, Morgan H., 227 
 
 Sedgwick avenue, 102, 103, 116 
 
 Seguine point, 195, 234 
 
 Seisen, 169 
 
 Seton estate, 240 
 
 Seton falls, 240 
 
 Seventh avenue, 75 
 
 Seventh avenue (Kings), 142, 143 
 
 Seventeenth street, 65 
 
 Seventy-first street, 66 
 
 Seventy-seventh street, 66 
 
 Seventy-eighth street (Kings), 169 
 
 Seventy-ninth street, 62 
 
 Seventy-ninth street (Kings), 156, 169 
 
 Seyseys, a sachem, 170 
 
 Shanscomacocke, 159, 160, 161, 228, 231 
 
 Shawcopshee, 234 
 
 Shawestcout, 1 76 
 
 Sheepshead Bay, 163-164 
 
 Shell road, 165 
 
 Shellbank creek, 161, 164, 231 
 
 Shepmoes, 64, 235 
 
 Sherman basin, 224 
 
 Sherman creek, 80 
 
 Shippa, 228 
 
 Shorakapkok, 81, 83, 84, 87, 96, 225 
 
 Shore driveway, 127 
 
 Shore Line railroad, 142, 232 
 
 Shore path, 100, 101, 102, 116, 118, 121, 122 
 
 123, 241 
 Shore road, 30, 31, 33, 99, 124, 236 
 Shore road (S. I.), 191, 192 
 Short Hills (N. J.), 201, 205 
 Shrewsbury river, 22 
 Silver Lake, 190, 192, 233 
 Silver street, 111, 122 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Simonsons brook, 193, 234 
 
 Sint Sinck, 176 
 
 Siwanoy, 34, 40, 99, 101, 104, 107, 110, 112. 
 113, 114, 116, 119, 122, 123, 128, 224, 228; 
 240 
 
 Sixth avenue, 67 
 
 Sixth avenue (Kings), 142, 143, 238 
 
 Sixty-second street, 66 
 
 Sixty-second street, east (Kings), 161 
 
 Sixty-third street, 66 
 
 Sixty-sixth street, 66 
 
 Sixty-eighth street, 66 
 
 Sixty-ninth street, east (Kings), 154 
 
 Skinner, Alanson, 79, 81, 115, 191, 195, 222. 
 226, 232, 233, 234, 235 
 
 Skupash, 180 
 
 Sluyter and Dankers, 63, 142, 238 
 
 Smith's tavern, 66 
 
 Snakapins, 48, 115, 176, 222 
 
 Sound shore, 21, 30, 40, 99, 185 
 
 Soundview avenue, 115, 222 
 
 South Amboy (N. J.), 203 
 
 South avenue (S. I.), 192 
 
 South Bensonhurst, 156, 166. See Benson- 
 hurst 
 
 South Country road, 180 
 
 South Flatbush, 151. See Flatbush 
 
 South Post-road, 180. See South Country 
 road 
 
 South river, see East River 
 
 South street (Queens), 182 
 
 South Seventh street, Mt. Vernon, 119 
 
 South Twelfth avenue, Mt. Vernon, 119 
 
 South Williamsburg, 146 
 
 Southern boulevard, 104, 109 
 
 Split Rock, 123-124, 127, 227 
 
 273 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
274 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Spring Creek, 171 
 
 Springfield (N. J.), 205 
 
 Spuyten Duyvil, 32, 75, 83, 95, 96, 225 
 
 Spuyten Duyvil creek, 82, 83, 90, 102, 225 
 
 Squam creek, 231 
 
 Stapleton, 196, 235 
 
 i1"?l TP ^TT"PPf~ il 
 
 Staten Island, 50, 166, 187, 191, 197, 204 
 
 Stepping Stones rocks, 185 
 
 Strawn beach, see Strome beach 
 
 Strikers bay, 62, 63. See Ninety-sixth street 
 
 Strome beach, 159, 160, 164 
 
 Strome kill, 158, 159, 161, 162, 228 
 
 Stuyvesant, Governor, 60 
 
 Stuyvesant street, 60 
 
 Suffern, 202 
 
 Sunset Park, 142, 238 
 
 Sunwick, Sunwicks, Sunswicks, 238 
 
 Sunwick creek, 175 
 
 Sussex county (N. J.), 205 
 
 Sutter avenue, 153 
 
 Suwiran, a sachem, 153 
 
 Swamp, The, 44 
 
 Tackapoosa, son of Mechowodt, 182 
 
 Tappan, 188 
 
 Taquemack, 93 
 
 Tarry town, 92 
 
 Ten Farms of Eastchester, 121 
 
 Tenth avenue, 86 
 
 Tenth street, west (Kings), 163 
 
 Tenth ward (Kings), 137, 230 
 
 Tetard's hill, 91, 92 
 
 Teunissen, Tobias, 94-95 
 
 Third avenue,. 65, 66, 70, 103, 109 
 
 Third avenue (Kings), 142, 169, 238 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Third street (Kings), 140 
 
 Thirtieth street, 65 
 
 Thirty-first street, east (Kings), 148 
 
 Thirty-second street, 66 
 
 Thirty-fifth street (Kings), 144 
 
 Thirty-seventh street, 65 
 
 Thirty-seventh street (Kings), 142, 143 238 
 
 Thirty-eighth street, 66 
 
 Thirty-eighth street (Kings), 238 
 
 Thirty-ninth street, 65 
 
 Thoreau, 194, 233 
 
 Throgs Neck, 112, 223, 224, 236 
 
 Throgs Neck road, 112, 236 
 
 Tiebout farm, 64 
 
 Tippett family, 97-98, 101 
 
 Tippett's brook, 90 
 
 Titus Mill-pond, 127 
 
 Tooker, W. W., 43, 126, 135, 173, 175, 177, 227 
 
 229. 230, 232, 235, 236 
 Tottenville, 190, 194, 233 
 Town Dock road, 112 
 Trains Meadow, 177 
 Trains Meadow road, 177 
 Transverse road, 71. See Ninety-seventh 
 
 street 
 Travisville, 193 
 Trimble avenue, 177 
 Tubby hook, 80, 235 
 Tunissens neck, 192, 232 
 Turner, Claude L., 116 
 Turtle Bay, 66, 67 
 Tuynier, Pieter, 85 
 Twelfth street, east, 60 
 Twelfth street, east (Kings), 164 
 Twentieth avenue (Kings), 167 
 Twentieth street (Kings), 167 
 
 275 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
276 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 Twenty-first avenue (Kings), 156 
 
 Twenty-third street, 65 
 
 Twenty-fifth street, east (Kings), 158 
 
 Twenty-sixth street, 65 
 
 Twenty-sixth street, east (Kings), 147 
 
 Twenty-eighth street, 65 
 
 Twenty-ninth street, 66 
 
 Twin islands, 125, 227 
 
 Two Hundred First street, 225 
 
 Two Hundred Fourth street, 84, 87 
 
 Two Hundred Seventh street, 84, 86 
 
 Two Hundred Eighth street, 225 
 
 Two Hundred Ninth street, 85, 225 
 
 Two Hundred Twelfth street, 85, 225 
 
 Two Hundred Thirteenth street, 225 
 
 Two Hundred Seventeenth street, 119 
 
 Two Hundred Eighteenth street, 86 
 
 Two Hundred Nineteenth street, 225 
 
 Two Hundred Twenty-fifth street, 82, 86, 102 
 
 Two Hundred Twenty-eighth street, 119 
 
 Two Hundred Thirty-first street, 90, 91, 98, 
 
 225 
 Two Hundred Thirty-second street, 97 
 Two Hundred Thirty-third street, 119 
 Two Hundred Thirty-fourth street, 92 
 Two Hundred Thirty-fifth street, 97 
 Two Hundred Thirty-eighth street, 92, 96 
 Two Hundred Forty-second street, 92 
 Two Hundred Forty-fourth street, 94 
 Two Hundred Forty-fifth street, 97 
 Two Hundred Forty-seventh street, 94 
 Two Hundred Sixtieth street, 94 
 
 Unami Dela wares, 188 
 Underhill, Captain John, 152 
 Union avenue, 192, 234 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 277 
 
 Unionport, 113 
 Unionport road, 114, 115 
 United States reservation, 231 
 United States Ship Canal, 86 
 University avenue, 103 
 University Heights, 226 
 Upper bay, 198 
 
 Upper cove, 231. See Peltons cove 
 Utrecht. 163. See New Utrecht 
 
 Valentine avenue, 103 
 
 Valentine-Briggs farmhouse, 103 
 
 Valeyen, 70 
 
 Valley grove, 147 
 
 Valley Stream, 38, 229 
 
 Valley Stream road, 180 
 
 Van Brunt lane, 169 
 
 Van Corlaer, Jacobus, 156 
 
 Van Cortlandt, Frederick, 93, 94, 226 
 
 Van Cortlandt avenue, 117 
 
 Van Cortlandt Park, 92, 226 
 
 Vanderbeeck, Paulus, 143 
 
 Vanderbilt avenue (Kings), 147 
 
 Van der Donck, 101 
 
 Vandeveer Park, 151 
 
 Van Werckhoven, Cornelis, 168, 169 
 
 Van Wyck, Frederick, 152 
 
 Varian homestead, 117 
 
 Varkens Hook road, 150 
 
 Verrazano, 33 
 
 Vredendal, or "Quiet Vale", 75 
 
 Wading place, 31, 39, 86, 87, 88, 90 
 Wakefield, 119 
 Wallabout, 133, 134, 136, 153 
 Wallabout bay, 134, 135, 230 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
278 
 
 l 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Wallboght, 135 
 
 
 Wall street, 52 
 
 
 Walton avenue, 108 
 
 
 Wampage, 124 
 
 
 Wandowenock, 175 
 
 
 Wappinger, 40, 92 
 
 
 Ward point, 194, 195, 233 
 
 
 Warren street (Kings), 137, 139 
 
 
 Washington bridge, 107, 226 
 
 
 Washington Heights, 75, 77 
 
 
 Washington square, 60 
 
 
 Washington street, 58 
 
 
 Watchogue, 192, 232 
 
 
 Watchogue road, 192 
 
 
 Watchung mountains (N. J.), 202 
 
 
 Waverly place, 60 
 
 
 Webster avenue, 118 
 
 
 Weckquaesgeek, 41, 57, 95, 240 
 
 
 Weir creek, 112, 113, 224 
 
 
 Werpoes, Werpos (Manhattan), 43, 48. 49, 
 
 
 50, 53, 57, 199, 220 
 
 
 Werpoes hill, 134 
 
 
 Werpos, Worpus (Brooklyn), 50, 137, 138. 
 
 
 139, 141, 230 
 
 
 Wessels brook, 176. See Ludovics brook 
 
 
 Wessels mill, 177 
 
 
 Westchester, 98, 100, 102, 110, 111, 112, 120, 
 
 
 121, 122, 226, 240 
 
 
 Westchester avenue, 109, 110. 114. 115 
 
 
 Westchester bridge, 112 
 
 
 Westchester county, 185, 227 
 
 
 Westchester creek, 112, 113, 223 
 
 
 Westchester path, 21, 31, 98, 101, 102, 07, 
 
 
 110, 116 
 
 
 Westchester road, 109. See Westchester ave-, 
 
 
 nue 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDEX 
 
 Westchester-Eastchester path, 241 
 
 Western avenue, 192 
 
 West Farms, 106 
 
 West Farms road, 109, 111 
 
 Westminster Heights Park, 151 
 
 West New Brighton, 191, 231 
 
 White, A. T., 158 
 
 Whitehall street, 51, 52 
 
 Whitehead, W. A., 205 
 
 White Plains road, 111, 118 
 
 Whitestone, 172 
 
 Wickquaskeek, Wickguaskeek, 32, 76 
 
 Williamsbridge, 30, 100, 101, 118, 240 
 
 Williamsbridge reservoir, 117 
 
 Williamsbridge road, 103 
 
 Williamsburg, 145-146 
 
 Willis avenue, 108 
 
 Willow avenue, 174 
 
 Winippague, 151, 152, 154, 228. See Bergen 
 
 beach 
 Winthrop, 37 
 Wolf's lane, 123 
 Woodbridge (N. J.), 197 
 Woodhaven, 179 
 Woodhull, 180 
 Woodlawn cemetery, 118 
 Wood Point road, 146 
 Woodrow, 194, 233 
 Wood, Silas, 129 
 Woods of Arden, 195, 234 
 Wort farm, 194 
 Worth street, 49, 220 
 
 279 
 
 AND MONOGRAPHS 
 
280 
 
 INDIAN PATHS 
 
 
 Wrights island, 223 
 Wyckoff street, 139 
 
 Yellow hook, 168 
 Yonkers, 38, 92; 94, 95, 226 
 Y'ork street, 133 
 
 Zeregas neck, 223 
 
 
 INDIAN NOTES 
 
INDIAN NOTES 
 
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