AN ADDRESS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CESSION OF LOUISIANA 
 
 TO THE FRENCH; 
 
 AND ON THE 
 
 LATE BREACH OF TREATY BY THE SPANIARDS: 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 THE TRANSLATION OF A MEMORIAL, ON THE WAR OF ST. DOMINGO, 
 AND CESSION OF THE MISSISIPPI TO FRANCE, 
 
 DRAWN UP 
 
 BY A FRENCH COUNSELLOR OF STATE. 
 
 A NEW EDITION 
 REVISED, CORRECTED AND IMPROVED. 
 
 ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS. 
 
 PUBLISHED 
 
 *Y JOHN CONRAD, & CO. NO. 30, CHESNUT STREET, PHILADEL- 
 PHIA; M. AND J. CONRAD, & CO. NO. 140, MARKET -STREET, 
 BALTIMORE; AND RAPIN, CONRAD, & CO. WASHINGTON 
 CITT. 
 
 H. MAXWELL, PRINTER. 
 
 1303. 
 

ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 THE reception which the first edition of this work has 
 met with, has induced the publisher to issue a second impres- 
 sion, in a cheaper and more convenient form. The editor has 
 retrenched nothing new from the memorial, but the passages 
 respecting New Holland, which were thought to be no wise 
 applicable to the present situation of our affairs. 
 
 The measures which have lately been taken by the govern- 
 ment, are widely different from those which the editor, in com- 
 mon with a large part of the community, ventured to recom- 
 mend. These measures are, in every point of view, of the 
 utmost importance, and their true consequences, whether they 
 be beneficial or not, deserve to be fully investigated and dis- 
 closed. Reflections on this subject, drawn up by the editor of 
 this performance, will shortly appear, and it is hoped that they 
 will not prove altogether unworthy of attention. 
 
 The editor withholds his name on this occasion, merely 
 because no name can give a just title to that audience which 
 his arguments may fail to obtain. Conscious of no sinister or 
 factious views, he will cheerfully encounter, if necessary, all 
 that the adverse zeal or clashing interests of others may sug- 
 gest against him, and assumes no merit with those who ap- 
 prove, since he merely repeats what is to be heard in all public 
 places, and urges considerations already familiar to the best 
 part of his countrymen. 
 
 Feb. 18, 1803. 
 
AN ADDRESS 
 
 TO THI 
 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 ON THB 
 
 CESSION OF LOUISIANA, &c. 
 
 IT may be deemed presumptuous, in an obscure 
 citizen, to address the rulers of his country, on a theme 
 of such importance as War or Peace ; nor would the com- 
 piler t>f this address, have ventured to assume the office 
 of a counsellor, were he not impelled by peculiar circum- 
 stances. He is not instigated by his own interest, for he 
 and his affairs are far remote from the scene of action ; and 
 his prosperity is wholly disentangled from any effect, which 
 the acquisition of the Missisippi, will produce on private 
 conditions. He is not impelled by a vain conceit of his 
 own abilities, for he means to draw his arguments from the 
 mouth of an enemy, and, instead of relying on his own 
 abilities, desires to exact attention and regard to nothing 
 but these arguments themselves. ...In fine, he would not 
 have thought of addressing his country thus, had he not 
 just procured an extraordinarv performance, in vvhich the 
 views of the French, relative to Louisiana, are unfolded, 
 too plainly for the interest and safety of the United States. 
 This performance came into his hands by the friend- 
 ship of a traveller at Paris. A few copies were published, 
 without a name, while the negociations were pending at 
 Amiens, and circulated through a few hands. By a few 
 persons it was well known to be the production of a coun- 
 sellor of state, who thought, perhaps, that the goodness of 
 his counsel would atone for his plain dealing; or that tliR 
 
suppression of his name, would screen him from any per- 
 sonal inconvenience. In this paper are enumerated, all 
 the disadvantages of the war of St. Domingo, and the 
 benefits of the cession of Louisiana; and the conduct in- 
 cumbent on a true friend to the interests and glory of 
 France, is very forcibly displayed. 
 
 What the dictates of this interest and this glory are, it 
 shall now be my business to explain ; and for this purpose, 
 I shall, without any further preliminary, but that of in- 
 treating the patience of the reader, proceed to detail the 
 substance of this memorial. 
 
 The author addresses his reflections to the First Con- 
 sul, and by skilful flattery, confounds the personal glory of 
 that fortunate adventurer, with the enlargement of the em- 
 pire. It is evident that the author is a military enthusiast, 
 but a passion for arms does not blind hi4n to the peaceable 
 means of distinction; and his schemes of enlarging power, 
 by the multiplication of people, and by territories won from 
 the waste, are not unworthy of praise. 
 
 He begins by enlarging on the exploits of tne Consul, 
 by which France was rescued from intestine misery and 
 foreign humiliation. He descants, in very glowing terms, 
 on the grandeur and utility of those projects, which carried 
 the French arms into Egypt and Syria; by which the most 
 fertile portion of the globe was to be made a province of 
 France, and a post of strength and safety from which the 
 French might put in their claim for conquest and glory in 
 the east. He artfully extenuates the failure of these pro- 
 jects, and considers them as merely postponed to a more 
 convenient season. He insinuates that a small delay will 
 open a safer and shorter road to the same object; that the 
 ignorant and tottering councils of Turkey may be easily 
 persuaded to give up that which they are unable singly to 
 defend, and which, when the powerful succour of the Eng- 
 lish is withdrawn, they cannot wrest from the hands of their 
 own slaves. After a short enumeration to this effect, and 
 after conducting his readers to the prospect of a general 
 peace, which was then in view, he proceeds in this manner. 
 
 " His warlike labours at an end and the world pacified, 
 what will remain to occupy the genius of the First Consul? 
 The object of these labours, hitherto, has been the welfare 
 of France. Her internal tranquillity and harmony, the 
 acquisition of rich provinces on the Rhine and Meuse, the 
 reduction of the happy and hitherto impregnable Flanders., 
 
which the whole power of the greatest of the French prin- 
 ces was exerted in vain to acquire in a former ;-ge: the 
 subjugation of Holland, that opulent republic, which pos- 
 sesses the trade of the world; of Switzerland, the fand of 
 good laws and heroic manners, hitherto invincible; of 
 Italy, the nursery of arts and the paradise of Europe, are 
 the great things which are now accomplished. The ener- 
 gies which effected them will not be weakened by the peace. 
 They will only be strengthened. A few years or industry 
 and trade will renew those sources. of wealth, whi< h a long 
 inaction has nearly drained. A few years of 1. gal security 
 will efface the ravages which foreign and intestine v> ars 
 have made in the number of the people. The abolition of 
 the feudal tyranny will give a new spring to the multiply- 
 ing principle, and all the chasms, occasions d by the revo- 
 lutionary cruelty, will disappear. The nation will speedily 
 become the most numerous, enlightened and enterprising 
 of the western world. The power of the head of the natioji 
 will experience a pi-oportionable increase, and the mere 
 impetus of numbers and wealth, skilfully directed, will 
 carry us forward, in ten years, much further than the last 
 ten years of military exploits. 
 
 " But what direction shall be given to this force, in order 
 to produce the most beneficial effects? In the general tran- 
 quillity of nations, what avenues will open by which to 
 exert this force beyond the circle of our own immediate 
 territories, and different from the mere extension of trade 
 and commerce ? There is no necessity of letting entirely 
 drop the sword, and though our neighbours are no longer 
 our foes, there may be distant enemies to tame and terri- 
 tories to acquire. 
 
 " To questions like these the answer will be obvious, 
 and the eye will immediately be turned to St. Domingo. 
 Alas! what have been the miseries of that devoted colony! 
 Beneath what an ignoble yoke does it now groan! and how 
 lost are its inestimable treasures to the parent nation ! And 
 shall not our first efforts be directed to regain these trea- 
 sures? to break' the iron sceptre of the negroes; that has 
 already nearly crushed all the fair fruits of European cul- 
 ture, and which in a few years, by a series of cruel wars 
 and revolutions, will convert those beautiful plantations 
 into an African wilderness? 
 
 " 1 he riches of this isfctnd are familiar to every French- 
 man. Ke is sensible that his dailv and most delicious 
 
food, is procured from it ; that millions are supplied bv it 
 with wholesome luxuries, and thousands, by the indirect 
 influence of its trade and commerce, with employment and 
 subsistence. Shall all these be relinquished without a 
 struggle ? And to whom relinquished ? To quondam slaves 
 and naked banditti? Shall the arms of the First Consul, 
 which have achieved such arduous and signal victories, 
 against equals in numbers, arms and courage, be baffled 
 or intimidated by a dastardly and raggamuffin host of 
 cave-keeping robbers, and barbarian mountaineers? 
 
 " And how better can the legions be employed, whom 
 the general peace will reduce to idleness? Some of them 
 justice will demand to be dismissed to their homes and 
 families. Some will return to the loom, the plough and 
 the anvil, which have not wanted them till now, when the 
 re-estabiish;nent of trade will set them going; but the 
 larger number must remain at their post, and some of 
 these, unnecessary for anv purpose at home, will crave 
 employment abroad. The honour and interests of France 
 poinc out the road Which they ought to take, and the la- 
 bours to which they ought to be devoted. Not all the 
 glories we have lately acquired would save us from con- 
 tempt, should we suffer that noble island to remain in the 
 hands of a servile and barbarous race. 
 
 " Against the dictates of such laudable pride will any- 
 one dare to whisper an objection? But, whatever be our 
 courage, why should we be blind to unquestionable con- 
 sequences? Of what advantage are observation and expe- 
 rience, if they do not apprise us of the obstacles which 
 will oppose our designs ; and what merit is there in that 
 courage, which is sure to fail of success? 
 
 " Courage and enterprize, unaccompanied by caution 
 and deliberation, are qualities of brutes, and not the vir- 
 tues of men. What shall he deserve of his country, who 
 throws away the lives of his brave soldiers on an imprac- 
 ticable scheme? Or on a scheme in which justice and 
 humanity forbid him to engage ? Or on one in which suc- 
 cess may be gained without a military effort; by means 
 less hazardous and less destructive to the conquerors and 
 the conquered than war and blood-shed? Or, lastly, 
 who expends the blood and treasure of the nation, in a pro- 
 ject in every respect less beneficial, even though crowned 
 with success, than a different project? 
 
"The great mind, though formed u for dignity and high, 
 exploit:" though jealous of its country's honour and riglus, 
 and prompt to vengeance for insults, will pause in its most 
 indignant career at the voice of caution and experience* 
 Methinks this is the momentous pause; and let me there- 
 fore take advantage of it to place in a true light, the war 
 of St. Domingo, and to point out a different path, in whi h 
 the energies of France may be directed to her infinite glory 
 and advantage. 
 
 " Courag:, the French courage, can do all things! and 
 if courage be inadequate, can it fail when reinforced by 
 numbers? And are not the numbers of our troops, when 
 compared with the nature of this- warfare, inexhaustible? 
 
 " Alas ! there is something in the nature ot this warfare, 
 which makes courage and numbers avail nothing. It is 
 not men with whom alone our troops must contend. 
 These though numerous, ierocious and zealous, are insig- 
 nificant, in this comparison. Our troops are destined to 
 fight against nature; to contend with the elements. The 
 atmosphere of this island, salutary to a native of the soil, 
 and to men imported from congenial climates, breathes 
 pestilence and death, upon the stranger from Europe. 
 Inactivity, and the repose of the sword will afford to our 
 unfortunate troops no security from pain and death. De- 
 structive as the field, contended with such enemies will 
 certainly be, the carnage will be infinitely greater and 
 more deplorable in camps and garrisons. Courage will 
 avail nothing in contention with the malignant operation 
 of the air and with the pangs of disease. That is an tin* 
 discriminating evil; falls equally on the head and mem- 
 bers, the officers and soldiers, the cowardly and brave, the 
 ignorant and skilful. 
 
 " When I think upon the graves, the ignominious graves, 
 that are now gaping, in the plains of St. Domingo, for the 
 conquerors of Kgypt and Italy; the inevitable iate, from 
 the sword of banditti and slaves, or from the hovering pes- 
 tilence, which aw r aits those veterans who have vied, in the 
 usefulness and grandeur of their past exploits, with all 
 that history or poetry has embalmed, I tremble with com- 
 passion:.. ..and with fear.. ..(why should I not rather say 
 with hope?) that when apprized of these impending evils, 
 they will refuse to go. 
 
 " Advantage may, indeed, be taken of their present 
 ignorance ; glittering and permanent rewards may be pro- 
 
8 
 
 mised to their valour; they may be inspired with con- 
 temptuous notions of the blacks whom thev are going to 
 subdue ; and it may not be till successive armies, the flower 
 of the French chivalry, are swallowed up and lost without 
 advantage, in this insatiable gulf, that the government may 
 be mortified by murmurs and mutiny. M Heaven shield 
 us from this mortification" is my hopeless prayer, at one 
 time, and at another, it is the wish of my heart, that if the 
 government be deaf to the claims of these brave men, they 
 may take uj on themselves the assertion of them. ...But how 
 many evils would be prevented by declining this fruitless 
 struggle with the elements? how many lives, glorious to 
 themselves and useful to their country, might be saved by 
 a wiser policy? 
 
 " Perhaps I may be charged with exaggerating the dan- 
 gers to be dreaded from the climate. Why, it will be 
 asked, has not this dreadful havock been experienced on 
 former occasions? The island has always been garrisoned, 
 and why did not some sagacious counsellor commend die 
 desertion of it, on account of this hostility between the air 
 and the soldier? Why dread these evils now which were 
 never before felt? 
 
 u These evils have always been felt. It is well known, 
 that in all the calculations of the servants of the monarchy, 
 on colonial supplies, the destruction of two-thirds of the 
 soldiery, by the climate, in a few months, was regularly 
 taken into account. The whole number was small, be- 
 cause no enemy was at hand, and therefore the enormous 
 waste was less perceptible. But now how different are 
 our circumstances? Not only there will be no end to our 
 detachments thither, but the life of ceaseless toil, in moun- 
 tain marches and midnight skirmishes, with a lurking and 
 marauding enemy, will give tenfold force to the unwhole- 
 some elements. Formerly a few hundreds were sufficient 
 to guard the public peace, but now how many thousands, 
 think you, will be requisite to dispossess an armed nation, 
 fighting under a provident and valiant leader, for their soil, 
 their liberty, their very being? 
 
 u Do we not all know what the revolution has done on 
 both sides of the ocean? It has changed an half a million 
 of helpless and timorous slaves, the mere tools of the 
 farmer and die artizan, the sordid cattle of the field, inte 
 men, and citizens, and soldiers. 
 
9 
 
 " What a fond mistake to imagine that these will be less 
 formidable enemies, than the bands of Russia and Austria. 
 There is not a circumstance in which they diifer, that is 
 not in favour of the blacks. The two scenes of war, are 
 unlike, and in every dissimilar particular the superiority 
 of danger is on the side of St. Domingo. 
 
 " The robust body and strenuous mind was never denied 
 to the African; and, Frenchmen! will you be so unjust to 
 your own cause, to that principle which has inspired your 
 raw peasants, and ennobled your town-rabble ; to the influ- 
 ence of your arts and discipline; and, above all, of your 
 libertv, on this robust body and strenuous spirit? Can you 
 forget their hardy training, their perfect knowledge of the 
 rocks and valleys Of their country, their simple diet?.... 
 They draw health and vigour from the air, which will be 
 poison to you. They have your arms and your discipline, 
 and whatever generous consciousness raised you above the 
 Austrian and Russian mercenary, will raise the blacks of 
 St. Domingo above their invaders. 
 
 " It is the fashion to revile them by the name of robbers 
 and banditti*. What more silly, than to call a nation, that 
 has trampled down all opposition, in a territory three times 
 as large as Switzerland ; that have numerous garrisons, and 
 a regular army; treasures and arsenals; laws and trade; a 
 wise and able prince at their head, by the same name with 
 the wretched fugitives from servitude, trembling in their 
 caves by day, and at night prowling for scanty fare round 
 the cultivated fields. Soon will you detect your mistake, 
 when landed on that shore. You will there find enemies, 
 as well disciplined, as numerous, and far more implacable 
 and obstinate in their defence, than any you have encoun- 
 tered at your own doors. The most arduous of your wars 
 is still to come. 
 
 " The heart of humanity must bleed at the prospect of 
 this war. The havock made among the most valuable 
 children of France, the soldiers to be sent thither, is the 
 chief, but not the only e\ il, to be deprecated. With their 
 death, will be completed the destruction of the colony. 
 Fire will devour all the vestiges of cultivation. The 
 sword will sweep away the remaining proprietors of town 
 and country, and the list of exiles will be swelled by those, 
 whom timely foresight of the danger, shall enable to escape 
 
 * Brigands. 
 B 
 
10 
 
 to a land of strangers and poverty. It will soon be found, 
 that to conquer, it will be necessary to exterminate. Hav- 
 ing done this, if it can be done, (which I think impossible,) 
 let us look around us and meditate the spectacle. The 
 best blood of the nation has flowed. The flower of its 
 military force has perished. We have completed the doom 
 of death or of exile, on the last of our countrymen on that 
 shore. The fields, which we have acquired, are reduced 
 to a desert, and therefore of no more use to the end, for 
 which we coveted possession, than the wilds of New Hol- 
 land, which we may have without fighting for. 
 
 u What can equal our folly I we fight for fields which 
 we value only as we till them. We cannot till them with- 
 out cattle, and yet, in our rage to get them, we kill the 
 cattle. We covet not the hills and valleys, but the coffee 
 and sugar which they are able to afford us. Any other 
 hills and valleys in the same climate, have the same natu- 
 ral capacities; but the house, the mill, the labouring hands, 
 and the various utensils constitute the difference in the 
 value : but these, half destroyed already, a tedious and ex- 
 terminating war will annihilate. The golden prize, for 
 which we face such perils, and inflict such miseries, will 
 vanish in our grasp. 
 
 " In forbearing to molest this island, we gain every 
 thing. The praise of clemency will be ours. We shall 
 escape the infamy of resuming the gift of liberty, which 
 we bestowed; of endeavouring to degrade men and citi- 
 zens, to the servitude from which we have just raised 
 them. We shall gain their gratitude, their friendship, and 
 every benefit which one nation can confer upon another. 
 The products of the island, the fruits of commerce, the 
 luxury of millions, and the industry and subsistence of 
 thousands 6f our countrymen, we shall gain. In the folly 
 of conquest, and the cruelty of war, all these will be de- 
 voted. Those who will be most useful to vis as allies, 
 as friendly consumers of the products of our ingenuity and 
 labour, will be no more; and their isle, when conquered, 
 will be just as beneficial to France, as any other desert 
 and unpeopled land. 
 
 " Cannot experience make us wise? Have we heard, 
 without benefit, the lesson which the English in their 
 treatment of their colonies have taught us? Is it worthy of 
 us to afford a new, and even a more flagrant example of 
 the desperate and execrable folly of that nation ; who 
 
11 
 
 drained the vitals of the people to support ridiculous claims 
 of supremacy over a distant empire; who laboured to 
 establish their own ruin ; and who were finally compelled 
 to accept as a voluntary gift from friends, those benefits, 
 which they had in vain endeavoured to exact, as tribute 
 from slaves! 
 
 " O ! that a vain chimera, a sanguinary dream had less 
 power over nations than the plainest dictates of wisdom 
 and policy; that the man whom I now address would rise 
 as far above the rest of his race, in this, as he has already 
 done, in other respects. I am jealous ybr him, and would 
 fain see the glory of my hero as bright as heaven, and as 
 lasting as the universe. I would fain see him imitate the 
 divine beneficence, and do good without hoping or expect- 
 ing a requital. Yet I counsel nothing which involves the 
 sacrifice of personal glorv, or national advantage. I do not 
 persuade him to injure himself for the salvation of others. 
 Pacific measures are equally conducive to his own, and the 
 nation's glory and prosperity. Hostilities will be equally 
 destructive to both, and if all considerations must yield to 
 the honour of vanquishing rebellion, let us yet lay down 
 our arms, since arms will never vanquish it. What triumph 
 can we hope for but in exterminating, and he that dies in 
 opposition is not subdued. 
 
 " Forbearance, however, is a hard task. No eloquence 
 that I can use, may shield from odious imputations the 
 counsels I have now given. It remains for me, however, 
 to shew that while I recommend peace and concession to 
 revolted subjects, I am not the advocate of ignoble ease. 
 To give up what has once belonged to us, the rabble will 
 denominate mean, but I abhor the meanness as much as 
 the rabble who condemns it. To contract our empire is not 
 the end of my counsels. On the contrary, my heart beats 
 high with the hope of adding to it, not an island, indeed, 
 but a world. 
 
 " The general who should aim at the acquisition of a 
 wealthy province, whose boundaries are undefended ; into 
 the hear,, of which he can march without impediment or op- 
 position; whose numerous people are prepared to meet 
 him with joy and gratitude, and which will hasten to 
 coalesce with its conquerers,is surely no timorous or sordid 
 counsellor, even though, in order to effect this conquest,he 
 should dissuade us from consuming innumerable lives and 
 treasures in the siege of a fortified rock, whose defenders 
 
12 
 
 may reasonably upbraid our injustice in attacking them, and 
 whose last mound will be their dead bodies. 
 
 " As little as such an one, do I merit the blame of a 
 public enemy. The conquests I shall recommend, will 
 reconcile objects so rarely allied as the power and glory of 
 the nation, (even as the rabble of statesmen estimate these,) 
 and the felicity of the whole race. 
 
 " I come now to a theme on which I hardly know in 
 what terms to begin. Its beauties and advantages fill my 
 mind, in a bright confusion, and how to separate, and dis- 
 pose my thoughts so as to convey light and conviction to 
 others, with a force answerable to their truth, and worthy 
 their importance, I scarcely know. I must begin, however, 
 though conscious that my feeble powers will degrade, not 
 enoble the subject.... 
 
 " In little more than an hundred years ago, North Ame- 
 rica was a wilderness. It was so thinly peopled as to merit 
 this name. Such, particularly was the forlorn condition of 
 that district which occupies the eastern coast, and which 
 extends through the finest climates. This space corres- 
 ponds in its favourable situation, and almost in extent, 
 with Europe. Then it only exhibited a dreary variety of 
 forest and morass. All its capacities of giving food, shelter 
 and raiment to the human species, of pouring forth the 
 boundless happiness of intellectual beings, were inert. It 
 was the wild range of beasts and savages. 
 
 " Let us noxo cast our eyes thither, and meditate the 
 change that has taken place in so short a period. Morass 
 and forest, a savage and naked race, have mostly disap- 
 peared. A christian and European nation has sprung up 
 in their place. That side of the sea has become a counter- 
 part to this. Towns and villages, language, institutions, 
 arts and manners seem as if transferred by magic from one 
 coast to the other. Distance and a stormy ocean, which 
 had been for so many ages insuperable obstacles between 
 them, and screened one region even from the knowledge 
 of the other, have dwindled into nothing. Extremitieshave 
 approached each other, have coalesced, have become one, 
 and the effects which in former times contiguity alone pro- 
 duced, are now found by no means incompatible with the 
 utmost distance. A numerous, civilized and powerful 
 people are spread over this district, which in all respects 
 will bear an honourable comparison with any nation ol Eu- 
 rope. 
 
13 
 
 " And whence this wonderful change ? From what be- 
 ginnings has arisen an empire which casts contempt upon 
 the miracles of fancy, and the metamorphoses of poetry? 
 In tracing their original we see only poor fugitives from 
 these shores, whom tyranny has cast out naked and helpless: 
 who have roamed abroad, nearly unprovided, in search of 
 new homes; whose quiet settlement was obstructed by the 
 thousand evils of a pestilential climate, churlish soil, and 
 faithless neighbours ; whom distance and poverty could 
 not remove bevond the reach of their former masters, 
 whose tyrannv as it originally drove them into exile, con- 
 tinued to vex and harass them ; to counteract all the benefits, 
 to aggravate all the evils of their new condition ; to check 
 their increase; to lessen their subsistence ; to deprave their 
 morals; to disturb their peace. We behold them, at one 
 time, bending all their strength to maintain their post 
 against the ancient possessors of the soil; at another en- 
 gaged in a feeble and ruinous struggle with their European* 
 ancestors, who having endeavoured in vain to strangle the 
 infant in his cradle, now poured their whole strength on his 
 still undisciplined and immature manhood. 
 
 " In spite of all these evils, in spite of that fatal policy, 
 which has cut up a people of the same blood, manners, and 
 laws, into a score of independent and unequal states, and 
 thus laid the eternal foundation of wars and feuds. ...has a 
 nation sprung up in an age, opulent and powerful, as those 
 whose beginnings are bevond the reach of history. 
 
 " These miracles were not wrought by the sword. It 
 was not wars and victories that have added five millions of 
 civilized men to the human race, and to the English name. 
 These may rob millions of their happiness and indepen- 
 dence ; millions they may easily destroy ; but they cannot 
 call into existence; thev cannot compel to change their 
 language, manners, or religion. 
 
 " All the solid glorv, all the genuine benefits of extend- 
 ing their empire and augmenting their numbers, have 
 been gained, (though without design and without merit) 
 by the English. If there be any advantage in unity of 
 power, that advantage thev might still and forever have 
 enjoyed: Their own unpardonable folly cast it away. 
 
 " When an observer of mankind survevs the world from 
 his closet.... when he notices the worthless ends and the in- 
 adequate means which engage the ambition and industry 
 of nations, he seems, in his own opinion, to have fallen 
 
14 
 
 among a race of maniacs. The ends they propose are 
 silly or wicked; the means they adopt counteract their de- 
 signed purpose. Such, above all, is the lesson which the 
 history of the English colonies affords ; a series of purposes 
 iniquitous and abortive : of means puerile aud nugatory. 
 Tiie greatest good springing up without the wishes and 
 against the efforts of the actors, and the cause of human 
 happiness and of national prosperity insensibly advancing 
 in defiance of human guilt and follv. 
 
 " And how happened it that the English rather than the 
 French had the glory of peopling a new world ? While the 
 greatest of the French kings had near half a million of 
 soldiers in his service ; of men fed, clothed, housed and 
 equipped, for the purpose of extending his empire, a few 
 English fugitives were building up a mighty nation in 
 America. Without provision or furniture, in hardships 
 and poverty, they were busied in securing the rapid popu- 
 lation of one fourth of the globe. 
 
 " All the schemes of the French king were defeated. 
 His own people were impoverished and famished; his 
 neighbours overwhelmed with the same evils ; his territo- 
 ries narrowed and his pride subdued. Had some good 
 genius inspired him with foresight, and could he have been 
 persuaded to have begun the race of colonization, as early 
 as the English, what a glorious privilege would the French 
 nation have possessed. 
 
 " The foliy of the English, for a long time after their 
 discoveries, left the field open to this competition ; but the 
 spirit of adventure began to prevail among us when too 
 late, and being actuated by the same motives, and conduct- 
 ed by the same principles, and blindly directed to the same 
 portion of the world, they met the fate they merited. 
 
 u The gradual advancement of the English settlements, 
 begin at length to draw towards them the attention of 
 Europe. The stupid rage of ambition, could see nothing 
 desirable, but what our neighbours already possessed. The 
 illimitable wilds of America Mere open to our enterprises ; 
 but no! lives without number, and treasures without end, 
 must be lavished, fruitlessly lavished, to wrest provinces, 
 already occupied, from their possessors. 
 
 M Had the minister Richlieu applied one years subsidy 
 of Gustavus, or the treasures expended in one siege or one 
 campaign in Flanders, in founding a settlement on the De- 
 laware or Chesapeake; had a cheap asylum been provided 
 
15 
 
 in the new world for the million of protestants which his 
 bigotrv condemned to exile, not only all that part 61 
 world which is now English, would have been French, 
 but its population and power would have as much exceeded 
 its present state, as the beginnings thus made, would have 
 been more ample and effecLaal than the early efforts of the 
 English. 
 
 " The feeble and ill provided emigrations of the sixteenth 
 century!, have produced the spectacle we now see. Let us 
 imagine then, that the thousands sent to perish under the 
 walls of a German fortress, the arms, the amunition, the 
 tools, the various apparatus provided for such an expedi- 
 tion, had been sent to America. In fine, had the wisdom 
 and power of our government been employed to people 
 deserts with a hundreth part of the zeal and vigour with 
 which they have been devoted to the annoyance of our 
 neighbours, the whole of North America would, at this 
 dav, have been French, and its people three times as nu- 
 merous as at present. 
 
 " What a theme of humiliation and despair is this to the 
 friend of mankind; to the lover of his country! Such an 
 opportunity lost! Improved by others without design or 
 merit ; lost by us through stupid inattention and misguid- 
 ed ambition. The seed most carelessly thrown, would have 
 taken root, thrived, and produced innumerable fruits. An 
 obscure adventurer, embarking from a French port, in the 
 time of our Francis the first, would have given us the 
 empire of America. Slothful and proud Spain would have 
 been excluded from a scene, which she overspread with 
 devastation and horror, at her first entrance upon it, and 
 which she has since maintained in poverty and weakness, " 
 and the great and enlightened genius of the French would 
 have wrought such wonders on the Plata and Maragnon, as 
 the English have exhibited on the Chesapeak and Hudson. 
 
 u Amidst the painful regrets which these reflections 
 produce, the mind naturally inquires... .Is it yet too late? 
 God forbid that it should ever be too late to advance 
 the cause of national happiness. Why should we dream 
 that it is too late ? Are the last years of the world at hand? 
 Is the nation sunk into decrepitude? Its towns dwindled, 
 its villages depopulated, its rulers become barbarous? Are 
 all the vacancies upon the globe, supplied with occupants 
 and owners ? And can no footing be gained on foreign 
 shores, without encroaching upon formidable neighbours? 
 
16 
 
 " It ought to be our pride to say, that none of these things 
 have happened. Since the discovery of America, the na- 
 tion has hourly become more compact, numerous, opulent, 
 and enlightened. It has just emerged from anarchy and 
 danger. A fortunate and glorious leader has raised it in a 
 few years, to a dazzling elevation above its neighbours. 
 It is about to receive all the blessings of peace, from the 
 same hand that adorned its brows with the palms of victory. 
 All the impediments, which hampered and repressed its na- 
 val and commercial enterprises, are soon to have an end. 
 The art of navigation has been continually improving, and 
 the ocean may ho, ferried over now with incredibly more 
 safety, facility, and expedition than in former times. In- 
 stead, therefore, of an sra, too late for colonization, we 
 touch the very period when it can be most effectually car- 
 ried on. The view of the past, instead of sinking us into 
 despondent inactivity, should fire us with emulation; we 
 should disdain to incur the same charges from posterity, 
 which our ancestors incur from us ; charges heavier on us, 
 and more justlv merited, since our inducements and abili- 
 ties are so much greater than theirs. 
 
 " But, it has been asked, is not the world already appro- 
 priated? Let us look abroad for an answer.* Letais, once 
 more, turn our eyes to America, and consider a little more 
 distinctlv, whether we are totally excluded from this field. 
 
 " Bv what can we be excluded? It would be the most fla- 
 grant folly to consider America as already occupied. Can 
 that be occupied which has never been visited; which has 
 never been seen: as to which there is no certainty whether 
 it be land or sea, mountain or plain? There are vast regions 
 in the North and the South; regions vaster than Europe or 
 New-Holland, of which no European nation knows any 
 thing; to which, therefore, it can urge no claim ; or no 
 claim, at least, that ought to be admitted ; or which it would 
 bfedifiicultte set aside by either of the great national engines, 
 negotiation, money, or arms. 
 
 " After all the reasonings of the sage and the patriot, we 
 must fear that the nearer scene will occupy our chief atten- 
 tion. America has now grown familiar to our thoughts. 
 The value of provinces beyond the main, the progress of 
 population and power in a land newly setded, have been 
 
 * The reveries, which follow, concerning New Holland, being of no 
 immediate importance to Americas readers, are omitted, T. 
 
17 
 
 realized only in the western hemisphere. With that only, 
 will the imaginations of men most easily connect ideas of 
 future progress. 
 
 "It was this foible of human nature which led the French 
 to make their settlements in the isles of the West-Indies, 
 and on the eastern coast of America. The English, how- 
 ever, had pre-occupied the best part of the field. The 
 French were forced to content shemselves with a barren 
 region, in the north, and with some feeble attempts at set- 
 tlement, on the Missisippi. We cherished the vain hope, 
 that we should be able to wrest from our hereditary rivals, 
 all their western colonies. 
 
 " What a deplorable instance of infatuation was this! 
 Instead of turning our efforts towards the west, where de- 
 lightful and immense plains stretched to the southern ocean; 
 where our advances were obstructed by no enemy, and no 
 jarring claims; from which the egress was safe and easy, 
 into the Atlantic, by the Missisippi and St. Laurence, and 
 into the South Sea by a thousand probable streams, we bent 
 the whole force of our arms to reduce the English set- 
 tlers to subjection, to establish over freemen the hated 
 authoritv of conquerors, and to create a channel for our 
 blood and treasure to flow uselessly away. 
 
 " Happily for us, we had to contend with prejudices 
 equally strong, and failed in the contest. Superiority of 
 numbers, and the chance of war, gave to the English the 
 unprofitable victory. No reasonable Frenchman will re- 
 gret this consequence, in respect to Canada; but all our 
 wonder and sorrow must be alive, when we reflect upon 
 the loss of the Missisippi. What consideration could 
 prompt such a sacrifice? What equivalent could the worth- 
 less Spaniards afford, for relinquishing a footing in the 
 very spot where the continent was most accessible, where 
 that footing had already been made firm by numerous plan- 
 tations, a populous town and a thriving trade ? 
 
 " Forty years has the genius of the French nation slept. 
 Under the influence of the old government, all our faculties 
 were benumbed. St. Domingo, indeed, was permitted to 
 advance. Our islands prospered under that wretched po- 
 licy, which converted men into cattle, and grasped at pre- 
 sent benefits at the hazard of all the evils, by which they 
 have since been overwhelmed. But to a few Islands, and 
 to a morass in the torrid" zone, was our genius limited, 
 while the English name spread itself abroad, with incredi* 
 
 c 
 
18 
 
 ble rapidity, over all the eastern part of the continent: and 
 the middle and western regions, were resigned to the torpor 
 and desolation which are the natural effects of the Spanish 
 policy. 
 
 U It is time to awaken. Should this fatal sleep continue 
 under the auspices of Buonaparte, fortune will have smiled 
 in vain on that hero. Should the present opportunity of 
 repossessing ourselves of the banks of the Missisippi, by a 
 peaceable bargain with Spain, be suffered to escape, he will 
 have gained his present pre-eminence in vain. Should he 
 seize this opportunity, and improve it with diligence, we 
 will pardon the destruction that impends over St. Domingo. 
 The torrents of blood that are going to flow in that devoted 
 colony, and the completion of its ruin will be petty conse- 
 quences, when compared with the eternal benefits of begin- 
 ning a fresh career in the continent of North America. 
 
 u Let us consider the scene of this career; the situation 
 of the country; the advantages of which we are already in 
 possession; those which we shall speedily acquire; the ob- 
 stacles to be dreaded from the jealousy of England, and the 
 clashing interest of the United States ; and our future pro- 
 gress, in defiance of the opposition of these States, of 
 England, and of Spain. * 
 
 " Our nation had the vain honour of conferring a name 
 on a portion of the globe, not exceeded by any other portion 
 Of it, in all the advantages of climate and soil. Before the 
 war of 1757, it was an immense valley, watered by a deep 
 and beneficent river. This river first acquires importance 
 in the latitude of forty-five, north. It flows in a devious 
 course about two thousand miles, and enters the bay of 
 Mexico, by many mouths, in latitude 29. In these lati- 
 tudes, is comprised the temperate zone ; which has been 
 always deemed most favourable to the perfection of the 
 animal and vegetable nature. This advantage is not mar- 
 red by the chilling and sterilifying influence of lofty moun- 
 tains, the pestilential fumes of intractable bogs, or the 
 dreary uniformity of sandy plains. Through the whole ex- 
 tent, there is not, probably, a snow-capt hill, a moving sand, 
 cr a '.olcanic eminence. 
 
 " This valley is of different breadths. The ridge which 
 bounds it on the east, is in some places near a thousand 
 miles from the great middle stream. From this ridge, 
 secondary rivers of great extent and magnificence flow to- 
 wards the centre, and the intermediate regions are an un- 
 cultivated paradise. On the west, the valley is of similar 
 
19 
 
 dimensions, the streams are equally large and useful, and 
 the condition of the surface equally delightful. 
 
 " Beyond the eastern ridge, and as far as the Atlantic, 
 are the dwellings of the English, and the war which ensued 
 the mutual approaches of the two nations, terminated in 
 the expulsion of the French from the eastern slope of this 
 valley. 
 
 " On the west, the country is but little known. The 
 south sea, which is its natural boundary on that side, is 
 some thousands of miles distant. The coast of that sea 
 has been claimed by the Spaniards, since their permanent 
 settlement in Mexico, but the western limits of Louisiana 
 were, nevertheless, sufficiently ample. The peace of 1763, 
 left these limits undisturbed, and the validity of the trans- 
 fer to Spain, of the western slope of this valley, and of 
 either bank of the river, near its mouth, has never sinca 
 been disputed. The English colonists have since become 
 a sovereign people; but their emigrations have hitherto 
 scarcely reached the river, and the Spanish dominion of 
 the opposite bank has been recognized by solemn treaties. 
 The settlements along the river, have chiefly been previous 
 to the transfer of Spain; a town of no mean extent was then 
 founded, and all the regular means of subsistence, to a nu- 
 merous people, in cultivation and trade, had been regularly 
 established. 
 
 " We must first observe, that in gaining possession of 
 this territory, we shall not enter on a desert, where the 
 forest must be first removed, before a shelter can be built; 
 whither we must carry the corn and the clothes necessary 
 to present subsistence, and the seed, the tools and the cattle 
 which are requisite to raise a future provision. We have 
 no wars to wage nor treaties to form with the aboriginal 
 possessors. The empire thus restored to us will not be 
 over English or Spaniards, whose national antipathies 
 would make them ever restless and refractory, but countiy- 
 men and friends; the children of France who are impatient 
 of a foreign yoke, and who are anxious to return to the bosom 
 of their long estranged ancestors. The ministers of the 
 nation need not be an army, with their brandished bayo- 
 nets, since there will be neither foreign foes to intercept 
 our passage, nor intestine rebels to refuse us admission; 
 peaceable agents and commissioners will be hailed with 
 filial joy, and these will be sufficient to establish a wise 
 code of commercial and internal policy on the ruins ot 
 
20 
 
 Spanish tyranny and folly. Under a wise government, the 
 imagination can scarcely set limits to the progress of a colo- 
 ny; but the utmost caution may surely proceed as far in, 
 conjecture, as the experience of the neighbouring English 
 will justify. 
 
 " Population has prodigiously advanced in the United 
 Staces, since their settlement; but there is no reason to ex- 
 pect a smaller progress in the French. Our neighbours, 
 indeed, are, at present, in that state, in which the doubling 
 of their numbers is the adding of millions to millions, and 
 a state in which the duplicate ratio will be equally produc- 
 tive, in Louisiana, is lar distant. The circumstances, how- 
 ever, which will bring this state nearer, are not few or in- 
 considerable. 
 
 " There cannot, in the first place, be imagined a district 
 more favourable to settlement. In addition to a genial 
 climate and soil, there are the utmost facilities of commu- 
 nication and commerce. The whole district is the sloping 
 side of a valley, through which run deep and navigable 
 rivers, Avhich begin their course in the remotest borders, 
 and which all terminate in the centra^ stream. This stream, 
 one of the longest and widest in the world, is remarkably 
 distinguished by its depth and freedom from natural impe- 
 diments. It flows into a gulf, which contains a great 
 number of populous islands. Among these islands are 
 numerous passages into the ocean, which washes the 
 shores, of Europe. Thus, not only every part of the dis- 
 trict is easily accessible by means of rivers, but the same 
 channels, are readv to convey the products of every quarter 
 to the markets most contiguous and most remote. 
 
 a The progress of a nation may be obstructed by bad 
 laws, and by natural impediments. Men will not plant 
 and reap for nothing. Thev will not leave their present 
 'homes without the prospect of bettering their condition. 
 In the spot that chance may throw them, they wall expend 
 no labour in raising more than they can consume, unless 
 they can exchange the surplus for something necessary or 
 agreeable, the fruits of the labour of others. Subsistence 
 must always be scanty and mean, and the great spring of 
 population, must, of consequence, be languid and power- 
 less, when supplied by our single ingenuity and labour. 
 Many men must combine their various skill and diligence 
 to make life a blessing to each, and inspire him witii incli- 
 nation to give life to others. 
 
21 
 
 " A barren soil may deny to our utmost efforts more 
 than a scanty and precarious subsistence. If the soil be 
 fertile, yet there may be no method of disposing of its sur- 
 plus products. There may be no streams, which are the 
 easiest conveyances to distant markets. The surface may 
 be broken up into hills and rocks, whose summits and 
 defiles are impassable, or passable only at such labour and 
 expense, as are disproportioned to the gain. The rivers, 
 if there be any, may be impeded by cataracts, or their 
 mouths be barred against us by some hostile nation that mav 
 possess them. The interests of rival neighbours may deny 
 us access to the most eligible marts, or all these obstacles 
 may be absurdly supplied by an evil government, which 
 mav prohibit the cultivation or export of those products, 
 which the condition of the soil or the prudence of the 
 planter would naturally suggest. 
 
 " Which of, these obstacles will have place in this new 
 colony? Will only one or a few of the means of opulence 
 be enjoyed by it? The most opulent nations cannot boast 
 the possession of every blessing. Either the rigours of 
 the climate and soil are redressed by the wisdom of the 
 government, as in Switzerland and Holland; or the mis- 
 chiefs of misgovernment are somewhat compensated by 
 the bounties of nature, as in Egypt and Sicilv„ But fancy 
 in her happiest mood can not combine all the felicities of 
 nature and society in a more absolute degree, than will be 
 actually combined, when the valley of the Missisippi shall 
 be placed under the auspices of France. Not one of the 
 impediments to opulence will be found here. Not one of 
 the advantages, the least of which have made other regions 
 the envy and admiration of mankind, will here be want- 
 ing. 
 
 " The Nile flows in a torrid climate through a lo/ig and 
 narrow valley. The fertility which its annual inundations 
 produce, extends only two or three leagues on eitlier side 
 of it. The benefits of this fertility are marred by the neigh- 
 bourhood of scorching sands, over which the gales carry 
 intoilerable heat and incurable pestilence, and w/iich har- 
 bour a race of savages, whose tradte is war an<i pillage. 
 Does this river bestow riches worthy of the greatest efforts 
 of the nation to gain them, and shall the greater Nile of 
 the Western hemisphere be neglected? A Nile whose in- 
 undations diffuse the fertility of. Egypt twenty leagues from 
 its shores, which occupies a valley wider than from the 
 
22 
 
 Duna to the Rhine, which flows among the most beautiful 
 dales, and under the benignest seasons, and which is skirt- 
 ed by a civilized and kindred nation, on one side, and on 
 the other by extensive regions, over which the tide of 
 growing population may spread itself without hindrance or 
 danger ? 
 
 " But of what avail will be all these advantages, unless 
 a market be provided for the produce of the soil? Now 
 this market is already provided. For all that it can pro- 
 duce, France alone will supply thirty millions of consumers. 
 The choicest luxuries of Europe are coffee, sugar, and to- 
 bacco. The most useful materials of clothing are cotton 
 and silk. All these are either natives of the Missisippi 
 valley, or remarkably congenial to it. The cultivation of 
 these, and the carriage to market, are as obvious and easy 
 as the most ardent politician can desire. The whole extent 
 of the river will be our own, and in the lower and most fer- 
 tile portion of its course, the banks on both sides will be 
 our indisputable property. 
 
 " Let us consider these advantages with a little more 
 minuteness. Let us reflect on their complexity and ex- 
 tent. The more deeply we consider them, the more fer- 
 vently shall we desire the possession of them, and the more 
 distinctly shall we perceive how much the happiness and 
 glory of France are concerned in the resolutions of the 
 present moment. 
 
 " Habit has familiarized to us, and reason has endeared 
 to us the use of sugar. Our islands in the West Indies 
 have hitherto chiefly supplied us with this article. That 
 source, it is greatly to be dreaded, is now about to be dried 
 up. Anarchy and misrule have already nearly ruined them. 
 The foal seal will be put to their doom, by any hostile at- 
 tempts to wrest them from the blacks. Their independence, 
 whether it be the prize of their valour or the gift of our 
 benevoience or policy, will make them strangers or ene- 
 mies, aid to trade with them as equals, or with the Eng- 
 glish, will be an injury to us, inasmuch as it will be a be- 
 nefit to those who may do us mischief, and as it will exclude 
 us from Lie greater benefit of trading with our brothers and 
 children. It must likewise be remembered that the utmost 
 produce oi" these islands was always a meagre supply; that 
 what we cannot ourselves consume, may, with great and 
 manifest advantage to the nation, be distributed to the rest 
 •f Europe and of the world. 
 
23 
 
 *' The friend of the health, longevity and useful pleasure 
 of the human species, and of the opulence of France, could 
 not devise a better scheme than one which should enable 
 every inhabitant of Europe to consume half a pound of 
 sugar a day, and assign to Frenchmen the growth, the car- 
 riage and the distribution of thus much.* Now this 
 scheme is no other than the possession of the American 
 Nile. But this end may be too magnificent to be deemed 
 credible. Let us then confine ourselves to the consump- 
 tion of France ; for this alone will be adequate to the em- 
 ployment and conducive to the wealth of a vast number of 
 cultivators. 
 
 " A much less beneficial luxury is coffee, but this our 
 habits have equally endeared to us. We have hitherto 
 drawn it from the same fountain which has supplied us 
 with sugar : the trade in it must follow the same destiny, 
 the same benefits will flow from increasing the supply, and 
 from drawing this supply from the valley of the Missisippi. 
 
 " I shall pass over, without mention, manyother articles, 
 such as tobacco, indigo, and the like, for which France and 
 the rest of Europe will supply an unlimited consumption, 
 and hasten to articles which are of more importance, and 
 these are cotton and provisions. 
 
 " The most beautiful production of nature is cotton. It 
 was more than the caprice of fashion that went to the ex- 
 tremities of the east in search of this material, for there is 
 none capable of a greater number of uses, of so many forms 
 and such various colours. Its texture may constitute the 
 lightest and most beautiful of ornaments, or the best de- 
 fence against the intemperature of the air. 
 
 " The nations of the east have used it immemorially, 
 and from them has it gradually been brought to Europe. 
 The use of it seems to have been limited by nothing but 
 the power of procuring it. Like sugar, the use of it has 
 increased since it has been naturalized to the soil of Ame- 
 rica. The consumption has, in like manner, been eager to 
 outrun the supply. 
 
 " The American states have of late become sensible of 
 the value of the commerce in cotton, and their success sup- 
 plies us with a new example, and a powerful inducement 
 
 * 225,000,000 Cwt. the produce of an area, not exceeding that of 
 Guienne, Normandy and Britanny, and not a twentieth part of the valley 
 *f the Missisippi. 
 
24 
 
 to appropriate, in part, the territory of the Missisippi to 
 the same culture. 
 
 " In this, as in other articles, we have to struggle with 
 competition, only in relation to foreign markets. 1 he home 
 market is inexhaustibly abundant, and may be all our own. 
 All competition may be excluded hence, if not by salutary 
 regulations, yet by the superior excellence and cheapness 
 ol the article, and the cotton that shall clothe thirty mil- 
 lions, will require numerous hands to grow and to manu- 
 facture it. Who shall count the number of these hands, 
 or of those which shall be employed in supplying the groxu- 
 ers of cotton with ail the conveniencies and luxuries of 
 Europe? What limit shall we fix to the increase of wealth 
 and numbers, which will thus be accumulated and multi- 
 plied on both sides of the ocean? 
 
 u Sugar, coffee and tobacco are luxuries. Cotton will 
 admit of an imperfect substitue in the homely productions, 
 the fiax and hemp, of our own soil, but the inestimable 
 good which recommends this acquisition, is, that it af- 
 fords a granary whence all deficiencies of the parent coun- 
 try can be supplied. 
 
 " One of the benefits of extensive empire, consists in 
 its lessening the danger of famine. This, however, is, in 
 truth, one of the effects of extensive commerce, by which 
 any occasional scarcity in one province, is immediately 
 supplied by the superabundance of another. As the rigours 
 of season are unequal in extent, this benefit is unequal on 
 different occasions; but the commercial chain that binds 
 together Europe and America, has supplied the surest an- 
 tidote to this evil, which is compatible with the dimensions 
 of this globe. The causes that modify the seasons and 
 produce scarcity, may possibly extend from Sweden to 
 Sicily, from Courlandto Normandy, but theyare not likely 
 to operate, at the same time, in both hemispheres. The 
 causes that are thus extensive, will equally affect the whole 
 globe. This is one of the hitherto unmentioned benefits 
 of the colonization of America. This benefit will be more 
 extensively secured by the plantation of the Missisippi. 
 The advantage of receiving this supply, and of imparting 
 it will be secured to France, and the calamities of one part 
 of the empire, will redound to the profit of another part; 
 instead of enriching, as at present, strangers or enemies. 
 
 u I will not pretend to explain, what are so generally 
 understood, as the causes cf population. The country 
 
25 
 
 gives food to the town. The town repays the country in 
 works of art. The number of townsmen increases with 
 the surplus product of the country. The series being once 
 begun, each acts, by turns, as a cause and effect. The town 
 grows because the country grows. The country increases 
 because the town increases. It matters not whether the 
 town and country, connected by this mutual influence, be 
 near or remote from each other, provided they can easily 
 communicate. Thus the advancement of cultivation in 
 America, adds numbers, by finding them employment, to 
 Birmingham and Liverpool. Thus the Loire and Ga- 
 ronne will flow among more flourishing farms, numerous 
 villages and crowded cities, in consequence of new men 
 springing up, and new harvests waving on the Missisippi 
 and Missouri. As the American colonies advance, France 
 itself grows more rich and more populous. The products 
 of her art and labour will purchase food from her colonists. 
 The products of colonial tillage, will purchase her art and 
 her labour. The perfection of navigation will create a 
 bridge over the sea, and the chain of mutual dependence 
 will bind them together, faster than a chain of fortresses. 
 
 " In evtry civilized nation, there must be a certain pro- 
 portion of wretchedness and poverty; of men whom the 
 pressure of distress compels to great and anxious efforts to 
 improve their condition. To favour these efforts is the 
 end of all good governments ; to promote equality without 
 detriment to order is the great political secret. The obvi- 
 ous and most eligible means for effecting this is not by 
 agrarian schemes subversive of established property, but 
 by appropriating new ground, and distributing it among 
 the needy. Nor ought this distribution to be by the direct 
 and entire agency of government. To ascertain the limits 
 of the new province ; to divide it into convenient portions ; 
 to set, on each portion, a moderate price; to subject the 
 tenure to easy conditions ; thoroughly to apprize the world 
 of this price and these conditions; to instruct those, whose 
 inducements to emigrate are strongest, in the benefits of 
 emigration; to facilitate their voyage and settlement; to 
 defend them in their new possessions by wise laws and 
 prudent treaties; are the onlv duties incumbent on the go- 
 vernment, and such as are easily performed. 
 
 " Let us reflect a moment on the consequence of these 
 arrangements. The chasm, which emigration produces in a 
 thriving country, is momentary. The emigration of the 
 
 D 
 
26 
 
 poor by affording larger room for the remnant, conduces 
 to the benefit equally of those who go and those who stay. 
 The chasm indeed immediately closes, as the chasm has 
 already closed, which the loss of two or three millions in 
 the late revolution produced; which famine, earthquakes 
 and pestilence produce ; but the chasm produced by colo- 
 nization is not by the loss of people, but by the transfer of 
 them to a space, in which they will become happier in 
 themselves, and more beneficial to the whole. The reser- 
 voir is not lessened by what thus flows from it. On the 
 contrary, the reservoir becomes ultimately fuller as the 
 streams that flow from it become more numerous and 
 copious. 
 
 " The noblest and most extensive of such reservoirs is 
 France. What a mighty emigration must that be which 
 creates here even a momentary chasm? If wars and vio- 
 lence have swept away upwards of two millions of French- 
 men in the last ten years, and no vacuity is now visible, 
 neither would their place have missed them, had they 
 emigrated to America; and France, could thus, without 
 detriment have created a nation beyond the Atlantic, as 
 numerous as that of the American states at the close of their 
 late war. If a single grain be sown, and twenty years 
 growth be required to make the product double the seed, 
 one grain will only produce, in twenty years, two grains ; 
 but this increase is equally certain, whether the seeds be 
 few or many- The American states have been nearly two 
 centuries growing to their present numbers. The careless 
 spectator wonders at the greatness of the harvest, forgetful 
 that, had not the seed been originally cast among sands and 
 rocks ; had the planter been less sparing of his store ; had 
 he fostered and protected its growth with half the zeal with 
 which he has blighted and trampled it; the present harvest 
 would have been greater in a tenfold proportion than it 
 now is. 
 
 " But now comes the fearful and scrupulous head to clash 
 these charming prospects. Obstacles to these great achieve- 
 ments multiply in his timorous fancy- He expatiates on 
 the length of the way; the insalubrity of uncultivated lands; 
 of a climate to which the constitution and habits of the 
 colonists are uncongenial: of a soil, part of which, and 
 that accessible and most valuable, lies under a torrid sun, 
 and is annually inundated. 
 
27 
 
 " Now all these difficulties are imaginary. They arc 
 real in relation to a first settlement. They ought to be 
 taken into strict account, if our projects extended to New 
 Holland or to California. In all real cases, these difficul- 
 ties have been great by reason of the ayarice, injustice and 
 folly of the colonizing nation; and the wisest plans could 
 not totally exclude, though they would greatly lessen and 
 easily surmount them. But Louisiana is not a nexv settle- 
 ment. It is one of the oldest in North America. All the 
 labours of discovering and of setting the first foot on a de- 
 sert shore, were suffered and accomplished long ago. The 
 task allotted to us now, is not to kindle the first spark, but 
 to add fuel to a flame already kindled. The progress that 
 cultivation has already made, will disarm the climate of the 
 lower Missisippi of half its rigours to future emigrants, 
 and the climate itself in the upper regions of the valley, i3 
 prolific of life and health. It v^es with the finest districts 
 of France in this respect; and the emigrant instead of 
 finding strange or unfriendly seasons, will meet with no- 
 thing but the excellencies of his native air, free from its 
 defects. To the truth of this picture the inhabitants of the 
 eastern part of the valley, bear witness. The emigrations 
 hither from the sea coast, are great and incessant. New 
 towns and new states are continually forming, and the hu- 
 man species multiplies beyond all former example. 
 
 " As to the length or difficulties of the passage, the art 
 of navigation has nearly reduced these to nothing. How ma- 
 ny thousand persons are continually crossing the ocean? 
 How many thousands with the cumbrous furniture of war, 
 have been sent to America, and maintained for years while 
 there, by France and England, during the last century, not 
 indeed to cultivate the ground and rear children, but to de- 
 stroy and be destroyed ? Nobody will dare affirm that the 
 end, either proposed or accomplished by these armed emi- 
 grations, will as fully justify the trouble and expense laid 
 out upon them, as the emigration of artizans and husband- 
 men;.... which yet requires not the tenth part of the ex- 
 pense, nor incurs the hundredth part of the hazard, which 
 a military expedition of equal numbers requires and incurs. 
 
 " But, exclaims the objector, what does all this display 
 of argument effect, but the destruction of the very end for 
 which it v/as produced? If such are the benefits tc 
 from the possession of the Missisippi to France ; if its 
 wealth and its power are to gain such magnificent acces» 
 
28 
 
 sions from this scheme, will the neighbouring nations 
 passively look on ihe while? Will Spain resign to us a 
 colony, which though of little value to her, while in her 
 possession, will be of infinite detriment to her when pos- 
 sessed by an active and enterprizing people? Will she 
 thus open the door to her most formidable enemy, and ex- 
 pose her valuable mines and provinces to easy and una- 
 voidable invasion ? The Spanish possessions lie on the 
 west and south. The road to them is easy and direct. 
 They are wholly defenceless. The frontier has neither 
 forts, allies nor subjects. To march over them is to con- 
 quer. A detachment of a few thousands would find faith- 
 ful guides, practicable roads, and no opposition between 
 the banks of the Missisippi and the gates of Mexico. The 
 unhappv race whom Spain has enslaved, are without arms 
 and without spirit; or their spirit would prompt them to 
 befriend the invader. They would hail the French as de- 
 liverers, and persecute the ministers of Spain as tyrants. 
 
 " The Spaniards must be thoroughly aware that their 
 power in Mexico and Peru, exists by the weakness and 
 division of their vassals, and by the remoteness and com- 
 petition of their European enemies. Unwise and imbecile 
 as that nation has generally appeared in latter times, the 
 admission of the French to a post from whence their do- 
 minions may be so easily annoyed at present, and from 
 which their future expulsion is inevitable, is a folly too 
 egregious even for them to commit, and of which the most 
 infatuated of their counsels has not hitherto given an ex- 
 ample. 
 
 u If Spain should refuse the cession, there is an end to 
 our golden views. Our empire in the new world is stran- 
 gled in its cradle ; or, at least, die prosecution of our scheme 
 must wait for a more propitious season. But should the 
 fortune of our great leader continue her smiles ; should 
 our neighbour be trepanned or intimidated into this con- 
 cession, there is removed, indeed, one obstacle, of itself 
 insuperable; but only to give way to another, at least, 
 equally hard to subdue ; and that is, the opposition of En- 
 gland. 
 
 " That nation justly regards us as the most formidable 
 enemy to her greatness. Of late, if her pride would con- 
 fess the truth, she would acknowledge that not her great- 
 ness only, but her very being was endangered, either by 
 the influence of our arms or the contagion of our example. 
 
29 
 
 She was assailed in her vitals, as the confusions of Ireland 
 will testify. She was attacked in her extremities, as the 
 expedition to Egypt, a mere prelude to the conquest of 
 Hindoostan, will prove. Her efforts to repel both these 
 attacks, were suitable to their importance, and evince the 
 magnitude of her fears. The possession of the vantage- 
 ground enabled her to crush the Irish. Her naval su- 
 periority and the caprice of the winds enabled her to check 
 our victorious career in the east. But has she, indeed, 
 defeated our attempts? No. The seeds of rebellion are 
 far from being extirpated in Ireland, since they were plant- 
 ed by the injustice and oppression of the English, and the 
 issue of the late commotions has rather tightened than 
 slackened the reins of a tyrannical government, and since 
 our means of fanning the ilame, will rather be augmented 
 than diminished by the expected peace. The road to India 
 is far from being shut against us. Our next attempts will 
 be more successful as we shall have gathered wisdom from 
 experience, and shall lay our plans with more caution. The 
 English will, perhaps, have rescued themselves from pre- 
 sent destruction, by their naval successes, and have put 
 their evil day further off by cutting off our succours to 
 Ireland ; but they have not been able to hinder the exalta- 
 tion of France. Their enemy is far more powerful, and 
 themselves more feeble than at the beginning of the 
 contest. We have given them new reasons for suspicion 
 and jealousy, and what more likely to exasperate these 
 passions and raise their resistance, than the project of this 
 colon) ? 
 
 u Will they suffer France to possess herself of the most 
 effectual means of prosecuting future wars to a different 
 issue? Their navy and their commerce, are, at present, all 
 their trust. France may add Italy and Germany to her 
 dominions with less detriment to England, than would 
 follow from her acquisition of a navy, and the extension 
 oi her trade. Whatever gives colonies to France, supplies 
 her with shipsand sailors; manufacturers and husbandmen. 
 Victories by land can only give her mutinous subjects; 
 who, instead of augmenting the national force, by their 
 riches or numbers, contribute only to disperse and enfeeble 
 that force ; but the growth of colonies supplies her with 
 zealous citizens, and the increase of real wealth and effec- 
 tive numbers is the certain consequence. 
 
30 
 
 " What could Germany, Italy, Spain and France, com* 
 bining their strength, perform against England? They 
 might assemble in millions on the shores of the channel, 
 but there would be the limit of their enmity. Without 
 ships to cany them over ; without experienced mariners to 
 navigate these ships, England would only deride the 
 pompous preparation. The moment we leave the shore 
 her fleets are ready to pounce upon vis ; to disperse and 
 destroy our ineffectual armaments. There lies their secu- 
 rity : in their insular situation, and their navy, consists 
 their impregnable defence. Their navy is in every respect 
 the offspring of their trade. To rob them of that, therefore, 
 is to beat down their last wall and fill up their last moat. 
 To gain it to ourselves, is to enable us to take advantage of 
 their deserted and defenceless borders, and to complete 
 the humiliation of our only remaining competitor. 
 
 lt The trade which enriches England, lies chiefly in the 
 products of foreign climates. But her Indian territories 
 produce nothing which the Missisippi could not as easily 
 produce. The Ganges fertilizes a valley less extensive. 
 Its Deltas, as well as those of the Nile, are in the same 
 latitudes, and these rivers generate the same exuberant 
 soil, only in smaller space and in less quantities than the 
 great western Nile: but the Missisippi comprehends, in 
 its bosom, the regions of the temperate zone as well as the 
 tropical climates and products. The Arctic circle in 
 America, will be equally accessible to us and to the 
 English. Our ancient possessions in Canada, will in due 
 season return to us of their own accord ; and, meanwhile, 
 a double portion of anxiety, and double provision of forts 
 and garrisons, will fall to the lot of the usurping English. 
 The progress of the French will expose their islands, first 
 to be excluded from the markets of Europe, and next to 
 be swallowed up by military power. At present, the 
 protector and the enemy are at an equal distance, but 
 then there will only be a narrow frith between the Missi- 
 sippi and the isles, between the invaders and the objects 
 they covet, while the defenders would be, as now, afar off; 
 neither apprized of our designs nor able to defeat them. 
 
 " This nation could not bury itself in a more inaccessible 
 fortress, than this valley. The mouths of this river, as to 
 all attacks by sea, are better than the bastions of Malta. 
 All around the entrance is impassable to men and horses^ 
 
31 
 
 jand the great channel is already barred by forts, easily ex- 
 tended and improved. A wise policy would teach the 
 English to divert our attention from this quarter, by the 
 sacrifice of Valletta or Gibraltar! 
 
 " Can we imagine the English, so vigilant, so prudent 
 in all affairs connected with their maritime empire; so 
 quick in their suspicions ; so prompt in their precautions, 
 can be blind to the dangers with which this cession will 
 menace them? No defeats or humiliations, short of the 
 conquest of their island, will make them acquiesce in such 
 arrangements. 
 
 " It is contrary to all probability that either Spain or 
 England will be tractable on this occasion; but if the 
 danger by being distant is invisible to them ; or if the 
 present evils, arising to England from continuance of the 
 war, or to Spain from the resentment of the French 
 government, should outweigh, in their apprehensions, all 
 future evils, and prevail on one to grant and on the other 
 to connive at the grant, by what arguments, by what pro- 
 mises, by what threats, by what hostile efforts, shall we 
 extort the consent of the American states ? How shall we 
 prevail on them to alienate the most valuable portion of 
 their territory; to admit into their vitals a formidable and 
 active people, xvhase interests are incompatible, in every 
 point, -with their own; whose enterprises will inevitably 
 interfere and jar xvith theirs ; xvhose neighbourhood will 
 cramp all their movements ; circumscribe their future 
 progress to narrow and ignominious bounds ; and make 
 incessant inroads on their harmony and independence? 
 
 " Of Spain they have no reason to entertain any fears 
 or suspicions. She is a harmless and an useful neighbour. 
 The colony that owns her sway must forever stand stili. 
 All is imbecility and torpor, where her influence is felt. 
 The western regions are at present an empty house, of 
 which the states, whenever it is perfectlv convenient, may 
 take quiet possession. Meanwhile the rights of the present 
 crazy old lord are very serviceable to the future claimants, 
 since they exclude those nations of Europe who are 
 ardent with youth and ambition ; who would be inclined to 
 take effectual possession, and would prove restless and 
 dangerous neighbours. 
 
 " The states acquiesce in the title of Spain, only on 
 those politic principles. They tolerate her claims only as 
 far as their convenience has dictated. All the eastern part 
 
32 
 
 of this great valley they have already taken to themselves* 
 and are proceeding, with incredible rapidity, to cover it 
 with farms and villages. Such is the extent of this region, 
 however, that some years must elapse before it can be 
 fully appropriated. Meanwhile it is no ones interest to 
 cross the river. The opposite dales may be resigned for 
 a time to the reign of nature, to the helpless savages, who 
 will sell it, when wanted, for blankets and rum, or, what 
 is better, to the nominal authority of Spain; for this 
 authority will never stand in their way when they chuse 
 to pass or descend the river, and will, meanwhile, divert 
 to other channels, the ambition and the enterprise of 
 France, England and Holland. 
 
 " The tenants of this valley find already the passage of 
 the river indispensable to their existence. Their surplus 
 produce cannot be consumed at home, and this is the only 
 outlet to the ocean, by which it can be sent abroad, and 
 exchanged for something which they can consume. The 
 Spaniards are stationed at the mouth, and govern the 
 passage of the river, but they must not dare to intercept 
 this passage. They must grant free ingress and egress to 
 the ships of the states ; and as the vessels that bring down 
 the produce of the country, are unfit for the broad sea, 
 they must allow their town of New-Orleans, to be a ware- 
 house, to which the river-boats may bring and) deposite 
 their cargo, and whence the sea-boats, from the Atlantic 
 states, may carry it away at their leisure. And this 
 communication must be free from all restraints; all impe- 
 diments ; all customs ; unless a scanty rent for the quays, 
 at which the vessels unload, may deserve that name. 
 
 " On these conditions will they suffer Spain to domi- 
 neer on this river. Their present wants require no more 
 than a thorough-fare, to their eastern harbours; to the 
 islands; and to Europe; but this they must have. When 
 morels wanted than the privilege of" passing up and down 
 the stream, Spain must grant more or lose all. For Spain, 
 in this quarter of the world, is powerless. She exists here 
 by the sanctity of treaties, and the contempt and conveni- 
 ency of' her neighbours. Should she dare to obstruct the 
 r, or to levy tribute on the passengers, her empire 
 would vanish like smoke.* The hardy zvarriors of the upper 
 
 * Ab.s! The event has not conformed to the prophecy; unless it vas 
 meant that they would obey, with alacrity, the orders of government to 
 this effect. 
 
33 
 
 country would fall doxvn upon her like lightning, and her 
 feeble garrisons, unsupported by her subjects, {for these 
 are aliens to Spoilt) would be swept away by the first tor- 
 rent. 
 
 " The American states are fully apprized of all this. 
 They know the advantage of the neighbour they have, 
 and can they be unacquainted with the spirit of French- 
 men? Can they already have forgotten the panic and 
 dangers which encompassed them, when the entei-prising 
 genius of France pressed upon them in former times, 
 from this very quarter and from Canada? Their own force 
 was unable to defend them. Numerous succours from 
 England were requisite to drive the invaders beyond the 
 mountains which separate the Missisippi valley, and the 
 Atlantic colonies. They are no strangers to the progress 
 of the French, since that period, in numbers and arts; to 
 the energy with which the power of the nation is now 
 wielded by a single hand; to the force with which it will 
 overflow, when only one outlet is afforded.... And this will 
 be the only outlet ! 
 
 " If the benefits to France be such, from colonizing 
 these regions ; if the access be so easy to the Mexican 
 provinces, will the states be insensible to these benefits, 
 which we cannot appropriate to ourselves without be- 
 reaving them ? Benefits, somewhat problematical, per- 
 haps, in our case, but most certain and most obvious in 
 theirs. The foundations of future empire, which we are 
 to lay, by slow and painful emigrations, they have already 
 laid. Their colonies have already made considerable 
 progress in this great valley. Emigration from the coast 
 to the western waters is constant and vast. Twenty years 
 ago, there were known to have passed the mountains 
 twenty thousand emigrants in one year. One of the new 
 formed states of this valley, could now supply thirty thou- 
 sand hardy warriors for any great enterprise. Even should 
 they permit our entrance, can we hold our footing against 
 such powerful neighbours ? We shall have no option but 
 to destroy or be destroyed. Either our colonies must be 
 absorbed in theirs, or we must be engaged in incessant 
 war. With such inequality of forces and advantages the 
 issue cannot be adverse to them. Success will be hopeless 
 to us.".... 
 
 u These are plausible arguments, and have, I know, 
 feeen industriously whispered in the ear of him, whose 
 
 £ 
 
34 
 
 wor^l will on this occasion be the law of France, England, 
 and Spain ; but these arguments are nugatory. Plausible 
 they are when first heard, but yirhen closely examined, they 
 disclose their own confutation: for to what purpose do they 
 tend ? What do they mean who urge them ? To discourage 
 the attempt ? Spain will not listen, it seems, to such de- 
 mands. What then ? Their conduct, when the demand is 
 made, will best decide the question. If they will not 
 listen, they xv ill not. It is surely worth the trouble of 
 making the demand, even if their concurrence be extremely 
 improbable. 
 
 " But, in truth, all these difficulties exist only in the 
 dreams of the timorous. Who, that is not utterly a stranger 
 to the present state of Spain, does not see that she dare not 
 say nay to much more important requisitions. If such be 
 the consular will, Spain will hasten to say...." Let it be 
 *done"....Woe be to her, should she hesitate I 
 
 u But there is no fear of hesitation on her part. Have 
 we not the reins of peace and war in our own hands ? In 
 adjusting the terms of the impending treaty, may we not 
 pay what regard we please to the interests of Spain? And 
 cannot we proportion this regard to the kindness which she 
 shews us ? And will she not readily give, what will be a 
 blessing to her to bestow? Will she not, to oblige her great 
 ally, yield that which has been only a burden and incum- 
 brance to her? Great as will be the advantage of this pro- 
 vince to us, it is only a devouring plague to her. It has 
 only hitherto defrauded the Spanish treasury of a yearly 
 .million (?f dollars. All they have hitherto enjoyed is the 
 trouble and expense of governing. We know the nation. 
 Their absurd and flagitious policy, which has trampled on 
 every privilege and happiness of their colonies, which aims, 
 not at multiplying men and ships, but at the accumulation 
 of gold aud silver, has ruled only to weaken and destroy. 
 To import cargoes of the precious metals into Spain is the 
 end of ail her labours in the new world. Wnatever lessens 
 this import is an eA'il she is anxious to shake off. By the 
 destruction of commerce, in this colony ; of that commerce 
 by which the pecuniary income of the riding state is increas- 
 ed; by foregoing all tribute from the trade which the Ame- 
 rican States prosecute before her eyes; by a profuse esta- 
 blishment, civil and ecclesiastical, this pro\ ince has only 
 been a source of enormous expense. It is plain that she 
 cannot lessen this expense by impositions and restrictions 
 
S5 
 
 on the American trade. The States would not bear this, 
 though a natural consequence of territorial properly, and 
 Spain is too feeble to resist them. 
 
 " As to the possible evils to be dreaded for their Peru- 
 vian and Mexican empires, the) r must place' their trust as' 
 others do in the sanctity of treaties. And since the exclu- 
 sion of the French, will only be the admission of the Anglo- 
 Americans, their safety will not be enhanced by this exclu« 
 sion. On the contrary, the cession will most probably 
 prolong the date of their power. The French will have a 
 different interest from each of their neighbours. The in- 
 terests and hostilities of the American and European Eng- 
 lish, will engage part of their attention. If Spanish Ame- 
 rica must, ultimately, be a prey to its encroaching 
 neighbours, it will longer escape violence when there are 
 several assailants, who are jealous of each other's success, 
 than when there is but one. 
 
 " Long ago would the lesser princes of Italy and Ger- 
 many have disappeared, if Sweden, France, Prussia and: 
 Austria had not stood ready to snatch the spoil from ea:h 
 other. Long ago would the Turkish robbers have been 
 driven back to their native deserts, if any single nation of 
 Europe had been suffered by the rest to execute that easy 
 task. ...But the Spaniards know that Spain and America 
 must one dav fall asunder. Why then should they decline 
 a present- benefit, in order to pi-eclude one means of an 
 event, which vet by other means, if not by these, will ine- 
 vitably happen? 
 
 " As to England, all the disadvantages with which this 
 event is said to menace them, are real. All the conse- 
 quences just predicted, to her colonies, to her trade, to her 
 navy, to her ultimate existence, will indisputably follow. 
 The scheme is eligible to us chiefly on this account, and 
 these consequences, if they rouse the English to a sturdier 
 opposition, ought likewise to stimulate the French to more 
 strenuous perseverance. 
 
 " But, in truth, every Frenchman must laugh with scorn 
 at the thought of British opposition. What would the 
 Spaniards say were they told by the English.. ..You must 
 ' not give away this colony. Though a great incumbrance 
 to you, and a great benefit to those whom it is your intere t 
 and duty to oblige, you must by no means part with it.. . 
 What patience, either in France or Spain, would to! era; e 
 an interference thus haughty, from an enemy to both? 
 
36 
 
 But when is this opposition to be made? This is not a 
 subject of debate between the agents of England and 
 France. It falls not under their discussion. It cannot 
 therefore be the occasion of their interviews. There is no 
 room for opposition to what comes not under our notice. 
 The cession must be made without their knowledge. It 
 is only to be published by its execution, and when the 
 French are safely lodged in the Missisippi, thegainsayings 
 of the English will be too late. 
 
 " Will they go to war in order to wrest it from us ? 
 Against that event be it our future business to provide. 
 The First Consul will not be wanting to such an exigence. 
 A fleet and army will find a safe lodgement in the Missi- 
 sippi, and though it might be possible for England to hinder 
 the passage of the ocean or the entrance of the river, they 
 may be securely defied when the ocean is passed, and the 
 harbour is gained. The vantage-ground will then be ours. 
 We shall have reached a fortress, which an hostile fleet 
 cannot starve ; which need not rely for its subsistence on 
 an open sea, between America and France; which will 
 enjoy, within itself, and in the neighbouring states the 
 means of recruiting all its forces and magazine s. 
 
 u But great as the evils are which England may dread 
 from this cession, the vigour of that nation can no longer 
 supply its resentment with arms. The continuance of the 
 war, or the speedy renewal of it, are equally beyond their 
 power. The terms we shall afford them, will be conve- 
 nient to us, but indispensable to them. They may touch 
 the sceptre we hold out if they will, provided they allow 
 Flanders and Holland, Italy and Switzerland, Portugal 
 and Spain, to bow to our supremacy ; provided we may 
 purchase South America from its present owners,- pro- 
 vided they molest us not in prescribing the future destiny 
 of Greece, Asia and Egypt. ...if they will not accept the 
 proffered olive upon these conditions, they may take the 
 consequence, and incur new wounds in the vain endeavour 
 to avoid death. 
 
 " But there is a nearer, and, it must be owned, a more 
 formidable nation to gain. If there be any truth in the 
 picture heretofore drawn of the value of this province to 
 France, it must be, in a still greater proportion, of value to 
 the American States. If the powers ol this rising nation 
 were intrusted to the hands of one wise man;... .if the 
 founder of the nation was stiil its supreme magistrate and 
 
3T 
 
 he had no wills to consult but his oxv n, the French most 
 probably would never be allowed to set their foot on that 
 shore ; but the truth, the desirable truth, is, that opposition 
 is the least to be dreaded from those who have most reason 
 to oppose us. They whose interests are most manifest 
 maybe most easily deceived; whose danger is most im- 
 minent may most easily be lulled into security. They 
 whose vicinity to the scene of action puts it most in their 
 power to enact their own safety ; whose military force 
 might be most easily assembled and directed to this end, 
 we shall have the least trouble, in dividing, intimidating, 
 and disarming. 
 
 " I come now to the last difficultv which the most scru- 
 pulous objector has discovered ; and this difficulty will be 
 dissipated with more ease than the rest. Ou what foun- 
 dation does it repose but the visionary notion, that the con- 
 duct of nations is governed by enlightened views, to their 
 own interest ? The rulers of nations have views of their 
 own, and they are gained by the gratification of these pri- 
 vate views. The more individuals there are that govern, 
 and the more various their conditions and their character, 
 the more dissimilar are their interests and the more repug- 
 nant these interests to those of each other and the interests 
 of the whole. 
 
 " Was there ever a people who exhibited so motlev a 
 character; who have vested a more limited and precarious 
 authority, in their rulers ; who have multiplied so much the 
 numbers of those that govern ; who have dispersed them- 
 selves over so wide a space; and have been led by this lo- 
 cal dispersion, to create so many clashing jurisdictions and 
 jarring interests, as the States of America? 
 
 " They call themselves free, yet a fifth of their number 
 are slaves. That proportion of the whole people are ground 
 by a yoke more dreadful and debasing than the predial ser- 
 vitude of Poland and Russia. They call themselves one, 
 yet all languages are native to their citizens. All countries 
 have contributed their outcasts and refuse to make them a 
 people. Even the race of Africa, a race not above, or only 
 just above the beasts, are scattered every where among 
 them, and in some of the districts of their empire are nearly 
 a moiety of the whole. Already there are near twenty 
 states, each of which is governed by a law of its own ; which 
 have formed a common union, on voluntary and mutable 
 principles; and a general constitution, whose end is to se- 
 
38 
 
 cure their utmost efficacy to popular passions, and to prevent 
 the scattered members from coalescing into one symmetri- 
 cal and useful body.* They are a people of yesterday. 
 Their institutions have just received birth. Kente their 
 characters and views are void of all stability. Their pre- 
 judices are all discordant. Their government is destitute 
 of that veneration which an ancient date, and of thatdistinct- 
 ness and certainty in its operations and departments which 
 long experience, confers. Their people are the slaves of 
 hostile interests ; blown in all directions by froward pas- 
 sions ; divided by inveterate factions, and the dupes and 
 partizans of all the elder nations by turns. 
 
 u Such is the people whom we, it seems, are to fear, be- 
 cause their true interest would make them our enemies ; 
 with whom tve are to contend in negociation, or, if need 
 be, in arms! We, who are as much a proverb for our skill 
 in diplomatics as in war: who have all the unity in counsels; 
 the celerity in execution; the harmony of interests; the 
 wis lorn of' experience; and the force of compactness, of 
 which this pat.hwork republic is notoriously destitute.. 
 Their numbers 1 That, when the parts are discordant, is only 
 fuel more easily kindled, and producing a more extensive 
 and unquenchable flame. Five millions of jarring and fac- 
 tious citizens are far less formidable than a disciplined and 
 veteran legion of as many thousands. 
 
 " But their opposition, like that of England, -whatever 
 efficacy it tnight have, when seasonably exerted, will come 
 too late. This cession will be known to America, as it will 
 be to Europe, only by its execution. They, whom it would 
 be easy, perhaps, to exclude, by shutting the door against 
 them, it will be impossible, when they are once in the house, 
 to turn out. To gain possession, we must get leave of door- 
 keeper Spain, and that being obtained, the English on this 
 side of the ocean, and their spurious progeny beyond it, 
 may rail and bustle as much as they please. 
 
 " Will the states go to war? And have we any reason to 
 dread their hostilities? Can they not be easily diverted or 
 intimidated from open violence ? Or should pacifying mea- 
 sures fail of success, are they not susceptible of deeper 
 ■wounds than they are able to inflict? 
 
 " Let us consider the matter a little more distinctly, and 
 all apprehensions on their account will completely subside. 
 
 * A different picture could not be expected from the court of the Fir»t 
 Consul. T. 
 
39 
 
 Let us be just to ourselves, and let us form our judgment 
 of them, by the unerring test of experience. Let' us pre- 
 dict their future conduct from their past. 
 
 " This is a nation of pedlars and shop-keepers. Money- 
 engrosses all their passions and pursuits. For this the}' will 
 brave all the dangers of land and water; they will scour the 
 remotest seas, and penetrate the rudest nations, 'iheir 
 ruling passion being money, no sense of personal or national 
 dignity must stand in the way of its gratification. These 
 are an easy sacrifice to the lust of gain, and the insults and 
 oppressions of foreigners are cheerfully borne, pro\ 
 there is a recompense of a pecuniary nature. Insults and in- 
 juries that affect not the purse, affect no sense ih.it they 
 possess; and such is the seemingly inconsistent influence of 
 the mercenary passion, that the pillage of their property, 
 while it produces infinite discontent and clamour, urges 
 them to no revenge. The dictates of a generous nature, 
 which prefers honour to riches, and will hazard property 
 and life itself, in the assertion of its own or its country's 
 wrongs, are strangers to their breasts. When the counsel 
 is war, they prudently reckon the expense, and determine 
 rather to keep what is left them, than to risk it in endea- 
 vouring to regain that of which they have been robbed. 
 
 " Such is their history since they have grown to sufficient 
 size to attract historical attention. In a former age, when 
 attacked at their own doors, by assailants who were ob- 
 liged to cross the ocean to reach them, they were panic 
 struck and helpless, and would have fallen an easy prey to 
 their invaders, had not succour been offered them by the 
 fleets and armies of England. 
 
 u Afterwards, when England sought a revenue from, 
 them, by way of compensation for past and future expenses, 
 and ventured, for this purpose, to tax a ridiculous luxury 
 called tea, the nation instantly flew.. ..fa complaints. Eng- 
 land proceeded to coercion, and the colonies to summon 
 their citizens to arms ; but what an ignominious series en- 
 sued of ineffectual calls ! of unskilful arrangements in the 
 fiscal and military departments! of successive defeats! 
 These defeats did not prove fatal to their liberty, merely 
 because their country was too wide to be garrisoned; be- 
 cause the adverse generals forbore to push them to their 
 ruin; but chiefly, because their ancient enemy deigned to 
 clothe their beggarly troops, to fill their empty magazines, 
 and to send his veterans to fight their battles. By his aid 
 
40 
 
 they extorted from their British masters, the acknowledg- 
 ment of independence. Since this period they have grown 
 in wealth and numbers, and have been busily employed; 
 and how have they been busy? In bringing their disjointed 
 members into some sort of combination ; in building up and 
 pulling down their separate constitutions ; in quelling tu- 
 mults excited by attempts to levy taxes on a liquid poison 
 called Whiskey ; in supplicating France and England, that 
 they would be good enough to repay the value of the plun- 
 der committed by these nations on their commerce, and 
 Spain, that she would be pleased to let them pass up and 
 down the ?/iissisippi ; and in the most furious and disgrace- 
 ful animosities of party, fomented by the two great rivals 
 in Europe, and convertible at will into more successful en- 
 gines of conquest than armies and fleets. Instead of pro- 
 viding for their own defence, against foreign and domestic 
 foes, by armed ships and disciplined troops, they have re- 
 lied, on the power of intreaty, and on a rabble of militia. 
 Instead of asserting their natural claim to the continent 
 of North America, they have left all their southern dis- 
 tricts, and the mouth of their most useful river in the hands 
 of a nation, despicable and defenceless; whose claims are 
 groundless and ridiculous, asserted by themselves, but for- 
 midable and fatal when transferred to others. 
 
 " What topics, likely to produce conviction, can be urged 
 by the advocates of hostile measures? The future occupa- 
 tion of the western world, by a race congenial to them- 
 selves ; the extension of their name and language over so 
 large a part of the earth ; the future acquisition of the 
 wealth of Rlexico; are splendid images which might se- 
 duce the sage in his closet, or the despotic prince, whose 
 private will is the law of his people, and whose private 
 ease would not be impaired by the incidents of war, but 
 are idle and ineffectual dreams in the view of the farmer, 
 trader and artizan. These classes must provide immedi- 
 ate bread for their children, and comfort and respect for 
 their old age. Chimerical and distant goods would hardly 
 extort from them a petty contribution to the public ; or 
 tempt them to march a hundred miles from home with a 
 musket on their shoulder; or to risque the rotting of the 
 corn in their granaries for want of a market; the loss of 
 customers to their shop for want of an assortment ; and 
 the inaction of their ships for want of freights. The rulers 
 •f America are either farmers or merchants themselves, 
 
41 
 
 or they hold their powers at the caprice of ploughmen and 
 helmsmen. Among such there is rarely an understanding 
 to conceive, much less any disposition to deny themselves 
 their customary pleasures, for the sake of national glory ^ 
 or the benefit of distant generations. 
 
 " As for the prospect of future settlements on new lands, 
 they must have keen optics indeed, who can look beyond 
 the Missisippi. Ages must pass away before the Miami 
 and Ohio will acquire equal wealth and population with 
 the Rhine and Danube. The emigrant tide must flow west- 
 ward for many propitious years, before their great North- 
 western territory will be occupied even by such slender 
 numbers as are at present found on their sea coast. 
 
 " We may, as long as Ave please, avoid encroaching on 
 their borders, or even disturbing them in the pursuit of 
 their own advantage. They have solemnly acknowledged 
 the rights of Spain to the western slope of the great valley, 
 and to the mouths of the river. These rights will be trans- 
 ferred entire to us. We shall not create unnecessary diffi- 
 culties by exerting too soon our rights over the passage of 
 the river. This is all that they have hitherto demanded. 
 This is all that their convenience will, for some time, de- 
 mand, and this we shall readily concede to them. 
 
 " The prosperity of our colony xvill indeed demand the 
 exclusive possession of the river. This possession our sta- 
 tion at the mouth of it, will give us the right and the power 
 to assume, whenever we please, but a short time may be 
 allowed to elapse before we claim it. We must first make 
 sure our footing: and yet it would be strange if ten thousand 
 veterans in a colony that is still French, did not make sure 
 this footing, after one day's military occupation of the pro- 
 vince. 
 
 " Should we bar up this passage immediately, or levy 
 custom on the passengers, what will be the consequence? 
 They will send ambassadors to France to explain their 
 rights, to solicit redress for the wrong. Etiquette will make 
 a diousand delays. The common forms of diplomatic dis- 
 cussion, will create a thousand more. New terms may be 
 given to the controversv ; new ambassadors and new pow- 
 ers will follow the old, and the distance of the parties will 
 put to as great a distance the appeal to arms;. ...and the 
 worst that can ensue, will be the necessity of warring with 
 an undisciplined and faithless rabble. 
 
 r 
 
42 
 
 ** A careless observer may imagine that in a contest be- 
 tween the American States and France, the disadvantage 
 must be wholly on our side; but this is a strange opinion; 
 for in the first place the States are vulnerable in every way 
 and at every point. They have extensive commerce, which 
 is undefended by a navy. They have a long line of sea 
 coast, on which all their great towns are situated, and 
 which hostile armaments will find every where accessible. 
 The greater part of their national revenue flows from their 
 foreign commerce. To molest or despoil that, therefore, 
 is to aim at the sources of their whole strength. To pil- 
 lage or destroy their great towns, is to inflict wounds 
 equal!}' mortal. Their inland frontier is a waste, destitute 
 of all defence against invasion, and unfitted for the main- 
 tenance or march of armies into a hostile territory. 
 
 " But the great weakness of these States arises from their 
 form of government, and the condition and habits of the 
 people. Their form of government, and the state of the 
 country, is an hot bed for faction and sedition. The utmost 
 force of all the wisdom they possess, is exerted in keeping 
 the hostile parts together. These parts are unlike each 
 other, and each one has the individualizing prejudices of 
 a separate state; all the puerile jealousies of the greatness 
 of others ; all the petty animosities which make neighbours 
 quarrel with each other without cause. How slight an ad- 
 ditional infusion is requisite to set this heterogeneous mass 
 into commotion? to make the different parts incline dif- 
 ferent ways, on ;.he great question of war? 
 
 " The master of the Mississippi will be placed so as to 
 controul, in the most effectual manner, these internal waves. 
 It is acknowledged that he holds in his hands the bread of 
 all the settlements, westward of the hills. He may dispense, 
 or withhold at his pleasure. See we not the mighty influ- 
 ence that this power will give us over the councils of the' 
 states? 
 
 " Nature has divided this nation, by the hills that turn the 
 great waters opposite ways. The interests of those who 
 shall occupy the two slopes of the great valley are the same. 
 Mountains separate mankind; rivers draw them together. 
 The maritime and the jSuvial states are combined by acci- 
 dent. The constant tendency is to part, while the tendency 
 is no less strong in the states divided by the river, to coa- 
 lesce. These different tendencies is the easy province of 
 
43 
 
 France, in her new colony, to manage so as to make their 
 enmity or rivalship harmless to us. 
 
 " The peculiar colour of their factions is, also, extremely 
 favourable to the designs of a powerful and artful neigh- 
 bour. They quarrel about forms of government. These 
 forms are not subtile threads, and scarcely visible, drawn 
 from the bowels of their own invention, but are the gross 
 and clumsy models taken from European examples. The 
 rivalship between France and England has extended to the 
 speculations of this people, and by natural consequence, a 
 prejudice is thus created, which makes, one faction friendly 
 to France and the other to England. 
 
 " One party is extremely sensible to all the encroach- 
 ments of the English. Here their vigilance is all alive. 
 They have great facility at discovering harm, when it 
 comes from this quarter. They are prone to every thing 
 which may give offence to the nation they bitterly hate. 
 They rejoice in its distresses. They mourn at its triumphs. 
 On the contrary, they are governed by a bias equally strong 
 in favour of France. Their hearts are ours, even when 
 their heads would disapprove. They conceal or palliate 
 our crimes; they pity our calamities; they connive at in- 
 juries and insults from us. Suspicious, vengeful and ir- 
 rascible to England, their " charity thinks no wrong, en- 
 dures much, and is easy of entreaty" to Frenchmen. 
 
 11 What obvious and convenient tools will these prove 
 in anv critical affairs ? How easy to enforce this natural 
 bias, by arguments addressed to their selfish passions, and 
 personal interests. We have learned to set its true price 
 on republican virtue and national spirit. The same glaring 
 illusions that brought Holland, Switzerland, and Genoa 
 into our snares, will, with as much facility, entrap republics 
 that will lie more at our mercy, and of which the members 
 are more dissonant and motley. 
 
 " This party, always formidable in its spirit and num- 
 bers, has la,.elv gotten the mastery. The majority of the 
 people, and their present rulers, are pliant clay nttcst for 
 our use. From these we may exact neutrality to all our 
 schemes. They will take pains to shut their eyes against 
 future evils. Thei/ will be remarkably quick-aighted to the 
 •danger of a rupture with vy. Their scruples agaim 
 violation of treaties and against offensive war, will be zvon* 
 Jt if idly strong.* They will eagerly swallow the opiai.es 
 
 * Predictions already fulfilled. T. 
 
44 
 
 that we shall provide for them, and thank us for any potion 
 that annihilates their own fears or enables them to lull those 
 of the people. 
 
 " And not without strong reason may they deprecate a 
 quarrel with France, whom its new position on their bor- 
 ders, will render a useful friend, but a fatal enemv. When 
 war becomes the topic of discourse, this people will turn 
 their eyes to the calamities of St. Domingo, and then to 
 their own provinces, where the same intestine plague ex- 
 ists in a degree equally formidable, and where their ut- 
 most care is requisite to prevent the struggling mischief 
 from bursting its bonds. 
 
 " Devoted to the worst miseries, is the nation which 
 harbours in its bosom a foreign race, brought, by fraud and 
 rapine, from their native land; a race bereaved of all the 
 blessings of humanity; whom a cruel servitude inspires 
 with all the vices of brutes and all the passions of demons; 
 whose injuries have been so great that the law of self-pre- 
 servation obliges the state to deny to the citizen the power 
 of making his slave free; whose indelible distinctions of 
 form, colour, and perhaps of organization, will forever pre- 
 vent them from blending with ( their tyrants, into one peo- 
 ple ; who foster an eternal resentment at oppression, and 
 whose sweetest hour would be that which buried them and 
 their lords in a common and immeasurable ruin. 
 
 " W :th what prudence can this nation attack a neighbour, 
 who can fan at pleasure, the discontents of this intestine 
 enemy; who can give union, design, and arms to its de- 
 structive efforts at revenge? Who can raise, at any mo- 
 ment, a Spartacus or L'Ouverture to distract the counsels, 
 and employ the force which might othei~vvise annoy him- 
 self; whose own sad experience has informed him of the 
 power of this weapon against the public peace ; whom the 
 maxims of war will justify in turning this weapon against 
 his enemy ; and whose local situation enables him to raise 
 this weapon with most facility, and direct it with most 
 force ? 
 
 " This nation is not insensible to all these dangers. An 
 example is before their eyes of the consequences of a ser- 
 vile war. Their country is full of exiles from the scene of 
 such a warfare. Their travellers, their dailv papers sup- 
 ply them with the picture, in all its circumstantial horrors. 
 They are shaken by panics on this very account already, 
 
45 
 
 aind no consideration would have a stronger influence on 
 their conduct than this. 
 
 " There is still another rein, however, by which the fury 
 of the States may be held in at pleasure. ...by an enemy 
 placed on their western frontiers. The only aliens and 
 enemies within their borders, are not the blacks. They 
 indeed are the most inveterate in their enmity ; but the 
 Indians are, in- many respects, more dangerous inmates. 
 Their savage ignorance, their undisciplined passions, their 
 restless and warlike habits, their notions of ancient right, 
 make them the fittest tools imaginable for disturbing the 
 states. In the territory adjacent to the Ohio, Missisippi 
 and Missouri, there are more than thirty thousand men, 
 whose trade is hunting and whose delight is war. These 
 men lie at the mercv of any civilized nation who live near 
 them. Such a neighbour can gain their friendship or pro- 
 voke their enmity with equal ease. He can make them 
 inactive, or he canfrouse them to fury: He can direct their 
 movement in any way he pleases, and make it mischievous 
 or harmless by supplying their fury with arms and with 
 leaders, or by withholding that supply. 
 
 " The English colonies have been miserably harassed, 
 in all the stages of their progress, by these savage tribes. 
 At an early period, they suffered terrible disasters from 
 that quarter, and were sometimes nearly driven from the 
 country. As the colonies advanced the Indians declined, 
 but while the enlargement of the circle of settlements gave 
 safety to the centre, the borders of the circle were infested 
 as befdre. 
 
 u There was some egregious defect in the colonial poli- 
 cy, which exposed them, at all times, to these evils: but in 
 the two American wars, it was no wonder that the sword 
 and fire of the Indians committed such multiplied mis- 
 chiefs, as they were guided by the French at one time, 
 and by the British at another. Since their revolution, 
 when these powerful agents have been withdrawn, the 
 hostility of these tribes has cost them much treasure and 
 a great many lives, and their neutrality is purchased by 
 large and constant subsidies. 
 
 " The pliant and addressful spirit of the French has 
 always given them an absolute controulover these savages. 
 The office, which the laziness or the insolence of the Bri- 
 tish found impracticable, was easily performed by us;.... 
 
46 
 
 and will be still easier hereafter, since we shall enter oa 
 the scene with more advantages than formerly. 
 
 " We shall detach thither a sufficient force to maintain 
 possession against all the efforts of the States, should they, 
 contrary to all their interests, proceed to war with or -with- 
 out provocation. We shall find, in the Indian tribes, an 
 army permanently cantoned in the most convenient sta- 
 tions ; endowed with skill and temper best adapted to the 
 nature and the scene of war, and armed and impelled with 
 far less trouble and expense than an equal number of our 
 own troops. W^e shall find a terrible militia, infinitely 
 more destructive, while scattered through the hostile set- 
 tlements, and along an open frontier, than an equal force of 
 our own. We shall find, in the bowels of the States, a 
 mischief that only wants the touch of a well-directed spark 
 to involve in its explosion, the utter ruin of half their na- 
 tion. Such -will be the powers we shall derive from a mili- 
 tary station and a groxving colony on the Missisippi. 
 These will be-certain and immediate effects, whatever dis- 
 tance or doubt there may be in the remoter benefits to 
 France, on which I have so warmly expatiated. As a 
 curb on a nation whose future conduct, in peace and war, 
 will be of great importance to us, this province will be 
 cheaply purchased at ten times the cost to which it will 
 subject us.".... 
 
 I have now gone through the reveries of this French- 
 man. I was unwilling to stop, or to omit any of his topics, 
 though some of them may be thought fanciful, and his 
 style, notwithstanding my pruning knife, may be charged 
 with redundancy. It cannot but be useful for us to know 
 the notions of the French, on a subject which late transac- 
 tions have rendered of so much moment to us. To be 
 fully aware of the hopes and views of this restless govern- 
 ment could not fail to profit us at any time, but now that 
 an unexpected incident, has put into our hands the means 
 of preventing every real, as well as possible evil, to be 
 dreaded from the entrance of the French into America; it 
 seems in the highest degree desirable to know the full ex- 
 tent of these real and possible evils. 
 
 This writer has given such a portrait of us as was most 
 suitable to his views. Our national pride will induce us 
 to deny, perhaps, the truth of the picture; and surely we 
 are not quite so fluctuating and distracted in our counsels; 
 
47 
 
 so irreconcileable in our interests ; so inveterate in our fac- 
 tions as he thinks proper to paint us. With all our faults, 
 are we, indeed, incapable of vengeance for unmerited 
 wrong? Is our country, its rights, its honour, its prosperi- 
 ty, no dearer to us than any foreign land? Do the people 
 of the coast regard as aliens and enemies, those beyond 
 the mountains ?v Do those of the northern states, however 
 distant in place and dissimilar in manners, regard with 
 no brotherly emotions, the happiness or misery of their 
 southern countrymen? Is our government a tottt ring fabric 
 which the breath of foreign emissaries can blow down at 
 their pleasure? Has corruption made such strides among 
 us, that the purse-holders of France can purchase our for- 
 bearance, when our nearest interests, our most manifest 
 honour are assailed? 
 
 No. The American war supplies us with an eternal 
 confutation of the slander. It was then evident that the 
 ploughman and mechanic at either end of the continent, 
 could recognize a common interest with each other; could 
 sacrifice their ease, their fortunes, their lives, to secure a 
 remote and general benefit; that the passion for gain could 
 not deter us from repelling encroachments on our liberty, 
 at the cost of every personal advantage; that all the biasses 
 in favour of the nation we sprung from ; the sense of inter- 
 nal weakness; the want of forts, armies, and arms of unity 
 of government and counsels, slackened not the zeal of our 
 resistance, against a nation that abounded in all that we 
 wanted. Mutinous slaves in the heart of our country; 
 hostile garrisons and fortresses on one side ; numerous and 
 tumultuous savages around us ; the ocean scoured by the 
 fleets of our enemy ; our sea ports open to their inroads; a 
 revenue to create out of paper ; the force of an established 
 government.. ..all these affrighted not the men of that day 
 from the pursuit of an end most abstracted from personal 
 ends; from the vulgar objects of gain; an end which only a 
 generous spirit, a mind that makes the good of posterity 
 and distant neighbours its own, that prefers liberty and ail 
 its hardships to servitude, that hugs her chain in pomp;.... 
 could have loved with ardour, and pursued with perseve- 
 rance. 
 
 And what change has twenty years made, that should 
 make us doubt the display of equal spirit on the same oc- 
 casion? Has this period added nothing to our numbers 
 and wealth? Has the enjoyment of independence only 
 
48 
 
 weakened our affection for it? Is it easier to fetter the full 
 grown man, than to keep the child from bursting his bonds? 
 Kasa national government, and twelve years of its benign in- 
 fluence, done noth/ngtowRrds the union and coherence of the 
 stales? Surely the force of the nation; the power of direct- 
 ing it to common ends; the wisdom and foresight of its 
 rulers; the jealousy of foreigners are not lessened by the 
 progress of time; the increase of wealth, numbers and har- 
 mony, and the contemplation of European scenes. The 
 French, in possession of the Missisippi, and incroaching 
 on our rights or our territory, would surely find no irreso- 
 lute or despicable enemies. Their garrisons could hardly 
 be so strong, or their settlements so rapid, as to repel the 
 whole force of the states. The French cannot occupy the 
 river but to our exclusion. They will not fail to use their 
 own ground, and to exclude others from the use of it. 
 This will drive the parties to a war. This consequence is 
 unavoidable. And what force from Europe can stand in 
 competition with our force, exerted on our own ground? 
 The ultimate event of such contentions is too plain to be 
 missed by the blindest archer. Provocation could not fail 
 to be given by one party; resentment to be manifested by 
 the other; and the contest to terminate in the deliverance 
 of America from every foreign intruder. 
 
 But let us not indulge a prejudice as far beyond the 
 truth as that of the Frenchman falls short of it. Let us 
 not overrate our own force, or underrate that of France. It 
 cannotbedeniedthat our intestine disputes, though no more 
 than are incident to human nature, under popular forms of 
 government, and though less unruly and ferocious than the 
 popular commotions of other states, have led to national pre- 
 ferences, too favourable to the arts of intriguers. It is plain 
 that our division into numerous states, tends to the production 
 of hostile sentiments, and promotes the success of those who 
 wish to conquer by disarming, to resist by dividing us ; the 
 « blacks are a bane in our vitals, the most deadly that ever 
 nation was infested with. They are indeed a train of pow- 
 der, so situated as to.make it not impossible for the French 
 in Louisiana, to set fire to it. The Indians have ever been 
 destructive neighbours whom it has been extremely difficult 
 for us to manage, but by some peculiarity in the formation 
 <>! Frenchmen, always easily controuled by them. A war 
 in these? half peopled wilds, even against savages, has always 
 
49 
 
 been vexatious and expensive. Our new neighbours will 
 make a considerable preparation for war, at all times neces* 
 sary, and an actual war against them, will only be less doubt- 
 ful in its issue, less tedious in its progress, and less destruc- 
 tive of life and revenue, than the war of the revolution. It 
 would be vain to deny these truths. 
 
 No man can look upon these evils with indifference. 
 Yet no wise man will think a renewal of all the devasta- 
 tions of our last war, too great a price to give for the ex- 
 pulsion of foreigners from this land; for securing to our 
 own posterity, the possession of this continent. 
 
 ■ We have a right to the possesion. The interests of the 
 human race demand from us the exertion of this right. 
 These interests demand that the reign of peace and con- 
 cord should be diffused as widely, and prolonged as much 
 as possible. By unity of manners, laws and government, 
 is concord preserved, and this unity will be maintained, 
 with as little danger of interruption, as the nature of hu- 
 man affairs will permit, by the gradual extension of our 
 own settlements, by erecting new communities as fast as 
 the increase of these settlements requires it, and by shel- 
 tering them all under the pacific wing of a federal govern- 
 ment. 
 
 To introduce a foreign nation, all on fire to extend their 
 own power; fresh from pernicious conquests; equipped 
 with all the engines of war and violence ; measuring their 
 own success by the ruin of their neighbours ; eager to divert 
 into channels of their own, the trade and revenue which 
 have hitherto been ours ; raising an insuperable mound to 
 our future progress ; spreading among us, with fatal dili- 
 gence, the seeds of faction and rebellion:. ...What more 
 terrible evil can befal us ? What more fatal wound to the 
 future population, happiness and concord of this new. world? 
 The friend of his country and of mankind, must regard it 
 with the deepest horror. 
 
 It will cost some anxiety, some treasure, some lives, 
 to drive this formidable neighbour from his post; but such 
 are the fatal consequences of allowing his possession, that 
 the whole ,force of the States ought to be instantly directed 
 to this quarter. Our whole zeal; all our passions ought 
 to be engaged in its success.. ..For the dullest apprehen- 
 sion cannot fail to perceive, that every new moment adds 
 strength to the enemy; and multiplies the evils we have 
 to fear., 
 
 G 
 
50 
 
 But why alt these efforts to inspire courage? The enemy- 
 is not at hand. The French have not yet entered the river. 
 We need not put ourselves in warlike array against ten or 
 fifteen thousand veterans; and bring up ships and cannon 
 to dislodge them from their strong hold. The coarse of 
 events is as if modelled by some tutelary angel of America. 
 Instead of gaining the first knowledge of the design, by 
 the execution o*f it, the execution is delayed long alter the 
 design is formed and known. Abundant leisure is afforded 
 to deliberate and resolve, and the means suddenly and un- 
 expectedly thrown into our hands of preventing all these 
 evils, without hazard or expense ; without incurring or 
 inflicting any of the miseries of war. 
 
 The cession of this province to France has never been 
 formally avowed. This official publication was unnecessa- 
 rv. For the reasons stated by this memorialist, which are 
 evidently just reasons, it would have been injurious. It 
 would only have created cavils and obstacles on both sides 
 of the ocean. Such an important event, however, could not 
 fail to be suspected, and all difficulties were to be precluded 
 by its rapid execution. Measures for this end were taken 
 with that dispatch which distinguishes all the conduct of 
 the present ruler of France. 
 
 Our good genius, however, seems to have been active 
 in befriending _us on this occasion, and made of no avail 
 the wisdom of his counsellers. The pride of a conqueror 
 would not brook a partnership with the negro chief of St. 
 Domingo. Kis vanity could not question, for a moment, 
 the success of his arms againsi a nation of quondam slaves. 
 As to the havock of such a war, of all conquerors Bona- 
 parte has been the most prodigal of human life, and the 
 general peace has made the murder of half his soldiers, not 
 at all to be regretted: Nay, it has been no undesirable con- 
 sequence. As to the danger of delays, he has said.... u My 
 d ssigns on the Missisippi will never be officially announced, 
 till they are executed. Meanwhile the world if it pleases, 
 may fear and suspect, but nobody will be wise enough to 
 go to war to prevent them. I shall trust to the foil) of 
 England and America, to let me go my own way in my 
 own time."* 
 
 Events have happened which/pride would not foresee. 
 Ail the preparations of the French were immediately 
 
 * Words said to have been repeated by Talleyrand, as those of Bona- 
 parte. 
 
51 
 
 engrossed by their island war. Instead of a prompt sub- 
 mission from the blacks, a delay of a few days to settle 
 the government, and a speedv prosecution of the vovage 
 to Louisiana, an arduous conflict commenced, and, agree a- 
 blv to the prediction of the memorialist, the flower of the 
 Italian and Egyptian armies has fallen before the sword 
 and the pestilence. The island is further from conquest 
 than ever, but such are the illusions of vulgar glory, that 
 their resolution to conquer it is only strengthened by past 
 misfortunes. Extermination is now the word, and the 
 point of honour will not allow them to recede. 
 
 Meanwhile the fate of the Missisippi is suspended. 
 The co'ouists look forward with despair to the threatened 
 invasion. They are weary cf the intolerable yoke of 
 Sp^in. Their birth on the soil, and the long separation of 
 their government from France, have annihilated all the 
 ties which once connected them with their parent country. 
 They remember when that parent country made them 
 over as a worthless chattel to their present rulers. They 
 recal the bloody acts with which the new tyranny com- 
 menced. They feel that their birth and situation have 
 made them interests of their own, separate from those cf 
 European powers ; and uniting them with the neighbour- 
 ing states, whose mild and equitable policy seeks to make, 
 not slaves, but citizens ; not to impose a foreign and 
 military yoke, and the burcjen of maintaining a numerous 
 array, but to raise them to the dignity of ruling themselves 
 and to secure to them the benefits of union and p 
 This picture their forboding fancy contrasts with the new 
 restrictions, the arbitrary levies on their property and 
 persons, and the insolence of foreign troops which will 
 i ,■■ vitably ensue the arrival of the French agents. Many of 
 them, though Spaniards by name, are emigrants from these 
 States, or from the British islands. To such, an alliance with 
 us is the subject of their passionate longings: the appr 
 of the myrmidons of Bonaparte, the object of their deepest 
 dread. 
 
 But their only portion, till lately, has been despair. 
 They have looked in vain towards the states for any 
 movement in their favour. These states have implicitly 
 acknowledged the rights of Spain. They have exact d 
 no hing but the freedom of the river; and as long as Spam 
 faithfully performs this condition, the States are bound, 
 
52 
 
 by their solemn stipulations, to refrain from new encroach- 
 ments. 
 
 The transfer to France, indeed, is a virtual infraction of 
 the treaty. It is now wholly at an end. The new possessors 
 will hold themselves free from all former obligations. The 
 States will be placed in a new relation. There is no compact 
 between America and France relative to this river. To 
 transfer the country, without our leave or knowledge, to 
 another, when our dearest interests forbid this transfer, is 
 a manifest breach of his engagements in the present lord. 
 To drive him out. therefore, without delay, is a just pro- 
 ceeding. At least, to forbid the transfer, and to prevent 
 its execution, by forcible means, if need be, is indisputably 
 just. 
 
 But this, alas! (exclaimsthe colonist,) though unspeakably 
 desirable to us, whose interests, surely, are of greatest mo- 
 ment in the question, if reason, and not prejudice, were 
 umpire in the fray ;... .though essential to the interests of 
 the States, who will thereby escape a thousand calamities, 
 and secure to themselves and their posterity, a million of 
 benefits, will never occur to their governors. Timorous 
 and pacific is their policy, and they will never be aroused 
 to arms, till the new possessors reject all their overtures 
 to friendship; till they cut off the subsistence of the west- 
 ern people, by shutting up the river. Then the magnitude 
 of .the evil may drive them reluctantly to arms, and they 
 will fight under the infinite disadvantages from which 
 seasonable and precautionarv measures would be free. 
 
 Such is the melancholy strain which the conduct of the 
 States has hitherto but too well justified. We have look- 
 ed on with stupid apathy, while European powers toss 
 about among themselves the property which God and 
 Nature have made ours. 
 
 Far be it from me to sanctify the claim of conquest. 
 America is ours, not only as the interest of the greater 
 number and of future generations, is the paramount and 
 present interest; and therefore Louisiana is ours, even if 
 to make it so, we should be obliged to treat its present 
 inhabitants as vassals : but it is ours, because the interests 
 of that people and of ourselves are common : not only be- 
 cause the peace and happiness of these States assign it to 
 us, but because their welfare claims our alliance and 
 protection. 
 
53 
 
 To these pleas, however, our rulers have been hitherto 
 deaf; and fortune, as if to put our discretion to the hardest 
 test, as if to take away from our conduct, every possible ex- 
 cuse, has, at last, thrown the golden apple at our feet. It 
 now lies before us, and we need only to stoop to take it up. 
 
 I need not dwell minutely on recent events. We all 
 know the terms of our treaty with Spain. We know that 
 they were plain and unequivocal; that not only the river 
 was to be free to us, but that a ware-house was to be pro- 
 vided on the river, where the inland and foreign trade 
 
 might conveniently meet and exchange their cargoes 
 
 Each of these conditions have been broken. New-Orleans 
 is shut against us. No other depository is provided 
 for us. A disgraceful and exorbitant tribute is levied on the 
 commerce of the river. 
 
 Shall we try to explain this conduct in the intendant of 
 the province? Is he not a native of the soil? Has he not 
 large possessions in the country? Has he not the Creole 
 jealousy of Spain; the national antipathy to France? Does 
 he not call the province his country; and does he not desire 
 the promotion of his own importance, andhis country's true 
 interests, by the only measure likely to rouse the States into 
 action? Were the heads of our government endowed with 
 the French subtlety, we should incline to suspect a concert 
 on this great occasion between them and N the Spanish 
 officers. ...Or is this breach of treaty committed in pursu- 
 ance of the mandate of Bonaparte, who disdains to take 
 the gift, clogged with any troublesome or disagreeable con- 
 ditions? Or is it the blunder of a well-meaning man, 
 dressed in a little brief authority, who interprets the treaty 
 in this manner ? 
 
 None of these suppositions are improbable, except the 
 last. But the true clue to the riddle is undoubtedly this. 
 Spain, however loath, could not refuse this province when 
 imperiously demanded by France ; but her cunning suggest- 
 ed an expedient, by which the French might be prevented 
 from obtaining possession, without exposing herself to 
 any blame. Secret orders, orders not to be avowed, were 
 dispatched, that, on the arrival of official information of a 
 general peace, the treaty between Spain and the States 
 should be broken by the shutting up of the port. They 
 ho^ed that this flagrant provocation would instantly rouse 
 the States to arms; that their troops would, without delay, 
 fall down the river, and the province be thus transferred 
 
54 
 
 to a nation, whose pacific policy and fidelity to their en- 
 gagements make them far more eligible neighbours to new 
 and old Mexico, than the restless, ambitious and warlike 
 French. No one that reflects upon this event, can fail to 
 explain it in this manner; for all resistance to an army 
 from the States is chimerical. No one in Louisiana dreams 
 that resisance will be made, or is intended. The conquest 
 will not cost a single drop of blood. 
 
 No matter, however, for the cause. We are only con- 
 cerned for the event, and its effects. By whomsoever it 
 was performed, it was undoubtedly dictated by the good 
 genius of America, since by this means only could our true 
 interests be made manifest to every eye. By this means only 
 could every heart be engaged in the cause. By this means 
 only could an effectual impulse be given to the people of 
 the Western country. This impulse is noxv given. The 
 nature of this injury is perfectly intelligible to men of 
 every profession and rank. The merchant, the artizan, 
 the planter, comprehend with equal clearness, in what 
 manner, and to what extent the obstruction of the river 
 will affect their private interest. They are eager to act 
 in this cause, for the same reasons which would prompt 
 them to act against the midnight robber. They lay their 
 hands already on their musquets, and look with one accord, 
 to the general government for orders to march. 
 
 They hesitate, they wait for orders, only because they 
 are sure that the desired leave will be given. The flimsy 
 cobweb of law will not restrain them. They profess the 
 most obsequious readiness to do what the government will 
 please to enjoin ; but this obsequiousness is built on nothing 
 but the firm belief that they will be enjoined to do what 
 they are already resolved to do. 
 
 They cannot conceive anv motive in the government for 
 hesitation. There is no formidable preparation to make ; 
 no mercenary armv to levy ; no floating batteries to build 
 and to equip. The boats that carry down the trader 
 his goods, are ready and willing to carry soldiers. In this 
 cause, the crews are eager to add muskets to their oars. 
 There are less than two thousand wretched soldiers dis- 
 persed throughout the province, in posts fit only to sur- 
 render to the first shot or the first summons. The incli- 
 nations of the people are our allies ; and if hindered for a 
 moment, from affording us active succour, would aid us 
 by all the means that unarmed citizens possess. 
 
55 
 
 The government will not hesitate for fear of France; 
 for the fear of France must stimulate to expedition. 
 France is to be dreaded only or chiefly on the Missisippi. 
 The deadliest blows from that nation must come from that 
 quarter. To prevent their entrance, therefore, is the most 
 urgent measure of defence. Assailable we may be, and. 
 exposed to annoyance from other quarters, but here their 
 assaults will inflict inexpressibly greater mischiefs than 
 elsewhere. If they have made no such bargain as we 
 dread with Spain, or will never carry the sale into effect, 
 our conduct can neither injure nor provoke them. If the 
 bargain is made, we are not officially informed of it. We 
 resent the conduct of Spain. We attack a Spanish pro- 
 vince. If the French resent the attack as made upon them- 
 selves, or demand the restitution, let them resent and de- 
 mand. We shall not, surely, buy their friendship by 
 putting a poniard in their hand, and opening our bosom to 
 the stroke. We shall not value their resentment, since it 
 is incurred by an act of self-defence, and since the admis- 
 sion of their troops, or the restitution of the province, will 
 be a deeper injury to us, than their most implacable resent- 
 ment can inflict. 
 
 The government will not hesitate, because pacific means 
 ought first to be employed. They will not dare to send 
 their messengers across the ocean, with memorials and 
 remonstrances under one arm, and books of the law of na- 
 tions under the other. They will not make the rights of 
 their country, in this respect, the subject of tedious and 
 impertinent discussions. With the means of reparation in 
 their own hands, will they have the execrable folly to for- 
 bear effectualing their claims, and doing justice to them- 
 selves ? Will they argue by means of envo) s, with a despot, 
 three thousand miles off, when assertions and replies must 
 travel to and fro for months at a time, while the honest citizen 
 stands ready, at a moment's notice to open the door to li- 
 berty and commerce, but is not suffered to move a step? 
 It is for us to redress the wrong by our own power, and 
 then to give a candid hearing to those whom our conduct 
 has offended. Ii is lor us to be besieged with petitions and 
 remonstrances, and give an audience to those who may 
 properly demand it at our own doors. 
 
 The government must not hesitate. The western peo- 
 ple will not be trifled with. They will not bear that injuries 
 to their dearest rights should excite no emotion in that qo_ 
 vernment wiiose claim to their regard is founded on the 
 
56 
 
 equality and efficacy of its protection. There never was a 
 time when this government might gain the hearts of that 
 important portion of its citizens more effectually than now. 
 To let the opportunity pass unimproved, will be a deadly 
 wound to its popularity. It will probably be followed by 
 some immediate act of rebellion. The loss of the affec- 
 tions of the western states will be, the certain consequence. 
 And what inexpiable evils will ensue, should the French 
 be enabled, by this delay, to take possession? 
 
 Their warlike bands, far different from the wretched 
 militia of Spain, in spirit as in numbers, will instantly dis- 
 perse themselves over the province. Every station favou- 
 rable to defence, will be marked by their skilful eyes, for- 
 tified with diligence, supplied with artillety, and magazines, 
 and manned with their veteran soldiers. Their chief town, 
 besides a little army in its walls, will be compassed by forts 
 and bulwarks. The banks of the river will be lined with 
 trenches and cannon, and the empire of the Missisippi, un- 
 less regained by some great, sudden, and strenuous effort, 
 will be lost to us forever. 
 
 It is impossible to sav but at this crisis, a single hour may 
 decide our destiny. Yet not hours only, but weeks and 
 months have been suffered to pass idly away. Perhaps the 
 government may not be without excuse for deliberating 
 hitherto, and a legislative co-operation may have been 
 thought requisite on so important an occasion. This con- 
 currence may now be had, since all the branches of the go- 
 vernment are now assembled. On them, therefore, are the 
 eyes of every citizen now turned, with impatience and 
 anxiety. 
 
 FROM YOU, assembled Representatives, do we de- 
 mand that you would seize the happy moment for securing 
 the possession of America to our posterity: for ensuring 
 the harmony and union of these States: for removing all 
 obstacles to the future progress of our settlements : for ex- 
 cluding from our vitals the most active and dangerous 
 enemy that ever before threatened us: for gaining the af- 
 fections of your western citizens by enforcing their rights : 
 by rescuing their property from ruin. Give us not room to 
 question your courage in a case where courage is truly a 
 virtue ; to doubt your wisdom, when the motives to decide 
 your conduct are so obvious and forcible. The iron is 
 now hot; command us to rise as one man, and strike! 
 
 THE END. . 
 
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