I'^^5: 'J, WERNER ^*^ mttt^ ./ Detroit- Illustrated ^if^ "^•VvN V THE COMMERCIAL METROPOLIS OF MICHIGAN. CONTAINING A DETAILED STATEMENT OK ITS Si)racif^ (sfimat'e, ©Y^onilerfuf S^ex«)ourcex^ aTjti ©apa6iPHTe<^. ITS ORIGIN AND HISTORY, INTERSPERSED WITH Illustrations of Its Fine Public and Prixate Buildings and Dwellings, Sketches and Portraits oi' Irs Leading Citizens. Vi DETROIT. nicniGnn^ HARRY H. HOOK, PUBLISHER. pRKss WnuNF.K pKiNTiNt; S: I.iiiro. Co. Akron. Ohio. , * . - . Au<^USt, iSQI. CITY OF DETROIT, i860. In exelange APR 28 ^9'>6 A /"/ D V >v; DEDIGAtORY"- To the memory of its founders and their deceased successors and promoters, this illustrated History of the City of the Straits is reverentially and respectfully dedicated, with the full hope and expectation that it will meet the approbation of the general public, and the appreciation of the present dwellers in Detroit. Contemporaneous in history with St. Augustine (Florida), Jamestown (Virginia), and Quebec (Canada); established a thousand miles from the sea, in the heart of a wilderness densely populated by semi-barbarians, its infant existence in constant peril, and its founders continually exposed to Indian massacre, famine and pestilence; the theater of sovereignty between the Indian and the white man — between France and England, and lastly, between the American and the Briton, it became the center of civilization for the vast region extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Red River of the North to the waters of Chesapeake Bay. It was founded upon the bank's of the Strait from which it derives its name, and through which flows the waters of inland seas covering an area of nearly 80,000 square miles, to unite with other fresh water seas, whence, finally, to mingle in the River St. Lawrence with the waters of the ocean. Encompassed by vast bodies of the purest water in the world, secures for it a climatic temperature, a grateful mean between its tiiree contemporary cities, exempting it from either extreme heat or excessive cold, and from destructive storms. Its central situation upon the longest stretch of inland navigable waters in the world, "the door by which one can go in and out to trade with all nations," gave it prominence and military occupancy, for industrial and commercial enterprises, and for healthful and pleasant homes. The wisdom which selected its location, the confidence in its future manifested by those whose courage and fortitude established and maintained it, and the enterprise of those who followed, is confirmed and realized in the "Detroit of to-day," which we present in these pages as a city unrivaled by any in the land, for location and climate, for its grand surroundings, its broad avenues and parks, the elegance and beauty of its public and private edifices, and the culture and intelligence of its citizens. We further desire herewith to acknowl- edge our indebtedness to the Honorables C. 1. Walker, Gec^gfe'Pi Goodale, James F. Joy, Theodore H. Hinchman, George M. Lane, Alfred Russel, E. W. Pendleton, G. V. N. Lothrop, Samuel P. Dutifield, M. D., Edward W. Jenks, M. D., Morse Stewart, M. D., Bradford Smith, and Fred Carlisle, for their historical, statistical and literary contributions; to George N. Tomlinson as photographer; to the Boston Engraving Company, of Boston, Mass., through whose skill we are indebted for the faithful and artistical reproduction of the "combination" illustrations and pictures, executed in every respect equal to any of similar character done in this country; and lastly, to The Werner Printing & Lithographing Company, of Akron, Ohio, for the mechanical completion of the work. THE PUBLISHER. Detroit, August r 1891. ^^- <-«>.. . >»v V^' jAMKS F. j()^■. RLSSELL A. ALCKR ■% ^f '^^ ^t -^; ■ li ^P "^tj^^^^ ^ T^' ■V ^^^a »' Al.l'KI".!) Kl SS|;LI.. HON. Cll ARI.KS 1. WALKER. Early Detroit. EDITED nv JUDGE CHAS. I. WALKEH. Prom the time when the white mail trod the forests and traversed the inland seas, of what STibse- (juently became known as the Northwest, Detroit was held as the seat of i)olitical govei-nment for the vast territory comprising a region encompassed by the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and the (Ireat Lakes, embracing the territory now occnpied by the five great States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. This entire territory was first under the undisputed control of France, which terminated only when Wolf obtained his victory on the Plains of Abraham, and even then, it virtually remained a part of Canada, until 17UG, when, under the provisions of Jay's treaty, it was surrendered to the United States. From France, Detroit and the territory tributary, received its first laws, its original social polity, and its early religious character; and although the wave of Anglo-Saxon emigration has, within two-thirds of a century, increased its population to millions, it has not obliterated, and it is hoped may never obliterate, the clear and distinct influence upon the social character established by French dominion. We should not forget, but proudly remember, that for the first century of its existence the City of the Straits was essentially French, in all its characteristics. We should never forget that the pioneers of civili- zation and Christianity along the shores of the noble rivers and lakes of the great Northwest, were Frenchmen. That in the face of dangers, toils, sacrifices and sufferings, whicli no language can portray, they bore aloft the torch of Christian truth, amid moral darkness and desolation ; and, sustained by a mental and moral discijjline known only to such as possess an unfaltering trust in God, they welcomed torture and death with a joyousness that finds few parallels in the annals of maidciud. The memoiy of their deeds are enibalnieil in the glowing pages of Bancroft, whose decease is this day (January 17, ISOl,) chronicled, leaving for me, sim|)ly to refer to the ciironological details of the circunhstnncps, f vents and incidents connected with the discovery, occupation and influences controlling during the period from IGIO to 1837. On the third of July, 1608, Champlain foundi'd Quebec. The maps drawn, and which have recently been found, indicate that the straits upon whicii Detroit is situated must have been visited by the white man, and known by Champlain as early as lG10,and from this period we date the discovery of its locality. Doubtless, the Sti-aits were visited by missionaries and hunters from time to time during the interval, but we have no authentic record of the fact, except the following: "In the spring of 1G70, Francois Doliier and /Vbb I5ubant-de-Galinee passed from Lake Erie through the Straits to the foot of Belle Isle, where they jilanted a cross and affixed thereon the French coat of arms." The loth of August, 1G79, ten years subsequent, Father Hennepin, who accompanied La Salle in the first vessel built by Europeans (the "GriflFiu") navigating the lakes, says: "This strait is finer than that of Niagara; the navigation is easy, the coast being low and even. It runs directly fi'oni north to south. The country is fine, the soil fertile, the banks of the straits are vast meadows, and the ])rospect is terminated with Hills covered with Vineyards. Trees bearing good fruit, groves and forests so well dis- posed that one could not have made, without the help of ai-t, so charming a prospect. It is so stocked with stags, wild goats, bears (the latter being better for food than our pork), while turkey cocks, swans and duck are common. The forests are chiefl.y made up of walnut, chestnut, plum and pear trees, loaded with their own fruit and vine. There is also abundance of timber fit for bnilding, so that they who shall be so happy as to inhabit this noble country, cannot but remember with gratitude those who have discov- ered the way, by venturing to sail upon an unknown lake for above one hundred leagues." Hennepin proposed a settlement here, but T^a Salle had grander projects, and jmshed his way west. As eai-l\- as 1 G83 the English of New York sought to obtain control of Detroit River, and deserters from the FrcMich were employed to accompany the Iroquois on such an expedition, but nothing wjis accomplished. The treaty of Ryswick (1(17'.)) suspended for the time further attempts on the part of the English to secure this portion of French territory, but gi-eat efforts were made secretly by the former to draw the Indians of the Northwest to "Orange" and '-Manatte" (as Albany and New York were then called). Th(\so allurements were not without their effect, which was heightened by Iro(iuois endeavors, in tiie Engli.sh interests. In 1G09 Robert Livingston laid before Lord Bellomont a project for taking possession of "DeTroette," as called by the French, and known in the Chippewa tongue as " Waweatanong." The r ~7 VIEWS IN I5ELLK ISLE PARK. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 7 same year LaMotte Cadillac first proposed to the French Government to make a settlement for habitation at the same place. He did not immediately succeed. In 1700, Livingston renewed his project of 1699 with greater earnestness. "It is," said he, "the most pleasant and plentiful inland place in America; there is arable land for thousands of people; the only place for beaver hunting, for which our Indians have fought so long. Here you have millions of elk, beaver, swan, geese, and all sorts of fowl; possessors of it, we control the fur trade of an illimitable territory." La Motte Cadillac, failing to impress the importance of his scheme upon the colonial government, went to France and laid his plans before Count Pontchartain, the French minister. His first object was to make it a permanent post, not subject to frequent changes, "that to secure permanency, it was neces- sary to have French traders and soldiers, and to induce friendly Indians to gather around it, and thus become able to meet the Iroquois. It would also intercept the English trade, as well as ojjcn a way to the Southwest, which could be reached from above. Tiie minister was so favorably impressed with Cadillac's representations and plans, that the latter was directly commissioned by the Crown as commandant, and reaching Quebec on his return from France, March Sth, 1701, left for his new post, June 5, with 50 soldiers and 50 artisans and tradesmen — reached Detroit on the 24th of July, 1701, and immediately enclosed his proposed fort by a stockade. It stood on what was formerly known as the first terrace, being on the ground lying between learned street and the river, between Griswold and Wayne — this point being opposite the narrowest part of the river, and higii enough to command everything within range. Detroit Under the French. Dp to the settlement of Detroit by Cadillac, there was nothing of which an}' political future could grow, as all posts in the Northwest were simply established for military purposes, and had no other significance. Except Detroit, no other establishment was allowed to form a nucleus of settlement, and hence, Detroit may be considered the first European settlement in the Northwest Territory, where any form of law, except military', controlled or was observed. After so far completing the fort as to make it defensible against Indians, erecting some log houses and preparing the ground for fall crops, Cadillac addressed himself to one of the great purposes he had in ^iew — "That of gathering around the infant settlement the Indian nations of the territories, and make Detroit the great center of Indian trade, Indian power, and Indian civilization. In this he was successful, notwithstanding the opposition of a vicious commercial policy that characterized the French Government in the new world, and which had conferred upon the Canada Company the exclusive right to control tlie fur and peltry traffic of the Northwest. How far this was authorized by the king is not evident, but it is known that the next year Cadillac was given certain oversight of the business, although not control of its details. In 1703 several Indian villages had sprung up. Cadillac built comfortable homes for the chiefs, and sought to inspire them with a love for domestic comfort, and the habits of civilized life. He urged upon the colonial minister the establishment of a seminary for the education of the Indian children with those of the French, and sought to encourage permanent settlements by the French and the granting of lands to them. In this he was greatly thwarted by the Canada Company, which, desiring to monopolize the fur trade, was interested in having as few settlers as possible. Strong representations were made by it, and the officials of the colonial government at Quebec, against the continuance of Cadillac's policy, so that in May, 1703, the King ordered the assemblage of the principal men of the country to consider the expediencj^ of its continuance. The Governor General and intondaTit (instead of assembling Cadillac and the pi-incipal inhabitants as requii-ed by the King's order) assembled at Quebec {without notice to Cadilhic) such persons as they saw fit, to pass upon the propriety of continuing the Post, calling only such traders from Detroit as wei-e then in Quebec. These were not pei'initted to leave until they had signed the report declar- ing the i)ost uninhabitable and burdensome, and recommending its abandonment. In the Fall of 1704, Cadillac visited Quebec and was at once arrested by order of the intendant, upon charges previously preferred by agents of the Canada Company, whom he had subjected to imiii-isonnient for fraudulent transactions, one of whom was a brother-in-law of the two prin(ij)al dii'cctors of the com- pany, and the other an uncle to the Governor General. After vexatious delays, Cadillac was acquitted of the charges, June 15th, 1705; but the Governor General delayed his return to his command. In the mean- ■^ THEODORE II. IIINCIIMAN. GEORGE P. (iOODALE. JAMES F. NOYES, M. D. THE LATE lACOI! S. EARKAXD. k ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 9 time, the colonial minister (Count Pontchartrain) had arrived at Qnoheo, and Cadillac presented him- self before him, to vindicate his conduct, and fnlly reinstated himself in the confidence of the minister. In the summer of 17U0 he returned, relying conttdently on the support of the King; meanwhile, owing to the long absence of Cadillac, and the indiscretion of M. Bougmont (who had been sent to take command), the Ottawas had become turbulent, and finally iu the s]n-ing of 170(3 they attacked the Miamis near the fort, killed Father Constantine, a Kecollet, and La Rivere, a soldier, outside the walls. The Indians ]n'olonged this kind of siege for forty days, but did no material mischief. Cadillac being still at (inebec, learning of the attack, determined to have signal redress, and subsecjuently, when the Ottawas sent a deputation to the Governor General suing for peace, after rebuking them sharjjly, he referred them to Cadillac, who had, dui-ing the interim, returned to his post. The deputation then came to Detroit, and most earnestly and humbly besought his pardon and mercy. Cadillac looking upon Le Pesant (or the Bear), a chief of power and influence, as the principal offender, determined that he should be given up for vengeance. The Indian chiefs yielded, but requested that Cadillac should send a canoe to jMnckinaw, where they would deliver La Pesant. He did send a canoe and the old chief was given up, but with that genuine kindness of soul characteristic of him, he pardoned La Pesant, and set him at hbeity. Notwithstanding the favors and honors bestowed l)y Count Ponlchartrain, with which he sent him back to his post iu 170G, powerful interests were at work at Versailles to undermine Cadillac's position. In consequence of the complaints made of his conduct by the Governor General, M. de Vandreuile, and 1\L Baudot (intendant), and of counter charges made by Cadillac, the King on the 30tli of June, 1707, appointed Sieur d' Argumont to visit Detroit, and make careful and thorough incpiiries as to the condi- tion of the post, the character of its soil, the advantages of its location, the facts as to the action and chai'ges of the colonial officers, and the conduct of Cadillac generally. It is not easy to form in our minds a clear and distinct picture of Detroit as it was at this time (1707-8). The location of the fort aud the character of its defences have already been referred to. The soldiers rai'cly numbered twenty-five, and thtn^ were poorly ]iaid and illy clad. There were less than seventy French settlers (propeily so-called), nearly half of whom were traders. Twenty-nine of these settlers had taken ground ])lots within the fort, and had erected small log houses, thatched with grass, situated on either side of the sti-ects, about fifteen feet in width. Besides the settlers, there were found occasionally at the post mauj^ voyageurs and bush-rangers, while around were gathered the Indians in their villages. It was over this mixed element that Cadillac exercised almost absolute authority. The Canadian Company no longer monopolized the fur trade, and with its monopoly ceased also the salary of 2,000 francs it had paid Cadillac, also the supplies it had furnished him. He, therefore, was dependent upon such resources as the place furnished to support himself and family, and to keep up the establishment of the post. Soon after his return fi"om Quel>ec, he bi'ought two canoe loads of French wheat and also a variety of other seeds and grain. Prior to this no wheat had been grown, the oidy grain n.sed being Indian corn — and the Hurons and Ottawas (who were expert farmers) raised it in great abundance, as well as beans, pumpkins and scjuashes. lie also brought machinei-y for a large water mill, which he erected on the Savoyard River, which stream was within the doumin, and ran between the.town and the later fort. For the grinding of grain he charged one-eighth toll. He also charged licenses to mechanics for the exercise of their trade, and to the inhabitants a small rent for the use of the lands they occupied, together with a poll tax of two francs per year. He also kept in store brandy, which was dealt out to each customer in turn, limiting the quantity to one twenty-fourth part of a quart at any one time, and for which he charged at the rate of twenty francs per quart; thus the high price and small (]uantity sold to individuals, measurably prevented intoxication. He made two grants of land within the present limits of Detroit (though not included until within a few years), and as the first land grants in Michigan, and the only manorial grants ever recognized as valid in the State, thej^ deserve mention. One, dated March lOth, 1707, and made to Fi-ancois Fafard-dit-Delorme, was two arpents (400 feet) in width, by twenty in de])t]i, the consideration being that Delorme was to pay annually five li\-res (about twenty-five cents) for Seigneurial dues, and ten livres for other privileges, payable in ])cltries, until a currency was established in the colony, and thereafter in money; that he commence im])roving within three months; that he should plant, or help to plant, a long May pole annually, before the principal manor, and grind his grain at the l)ublic nn'll, giving toll at eight pounds for each minot; that he should not sell, hypothecate, or lease without consent, and that he should be subject to the grantors; a preemjjtion in case of sale as well as to dues of alienation, and subject to the use of timber for vessels and foitifications, as the King demanded. The grantee could not work at any mechanical nits without special p(>i'niit. He was given pei-mission to trade, but must employ no clei-ks, unless they had been domiciliati'd at Detroit. The sale of brandy to the TndiiHis forfeited the li(iu()r and confi.scated the hinds. The grant did Tiot re(piii'e the grantee to re.side ou the lands, because, for many years, life was uiisale witliout the gates of the town. * ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. ti That Cadillac derived sufficient revenue from the foregoing sources to maintain his position and provide for his family, and the expenses of the garrison, without aid from the liome or colonial government is evident, from the comjiarative degree of ])ros|)erity which existed between the period of his return from Ciuebec (in 1707), up to the time of his leaving Detroit to assume the governorship of Louisana, in 1710-11, and notwithstanding the fact that M. D'Aigumont, in November, 1708, reported strongly against the further maintenance of Detroit post, he was able to leave it in a condition which compelled France and the world to acknowledge him as the founder, on the banks of the Detroit River, of a large and flourishing colony. To his memory, as the founder of our city, we owe this tribute of gratitude. There are few names connected with the Northwest that are entitled to so high a place in its liistory. He was eminently frank and truthful— a cordial friend, and an earnest, open foe. His enemies accused him of being aml)itious of gain, but no taint of fraud, corruption, or treachery, rested upon his acts, while r(>corded facts show that he devoted himself with disinterested and self-denying toil and sacrifice to the well-being of the little colony he founded. No special vices seem to iiave nmrked his career, or marred the harmony of his character. Such was De La Motte Cadillac, the founder of Detroit, and the first Governor of Louisiana. We have devoted more space to him and to this portion of the early history of our city, because of the courage, perseverance, and integrity exhibited by him in establishing a colon^^ in the very heart of the new woi-ld, amongst a savage population, a thousand miles from the sea coast, and in opjjosition to the ai)parent policy of the very government whose fostering care he should have received, but which was withlif'ld through the cupidity, intrigue, and tivarliery of high officials of that government. The year succeeding Cadillac's departure from Detroit, it was attacked by a large force of Foxes, which for a time threatened its complete extinction. Du Duisson was in command of the po.st, when earl^' in the Sjn'ing of 1712 the Indians encamped in large numbers, within fifty paces of the fort. They were insolent — claimed the whole country as their own, destroyed the property of the French, and killed their animals. They dared not offer resistance, and Du Buisson was compelled to treat them with mildness, as his whole force consisted of but thii'ty Frenchmen and eight Miami Indians, and his ordnance of two swivels; but when they ventured to come into the fort to kill an inhabitant, he could no longer restrain himself, but took arms and drove them from its immediate vicinity; the Indians, however, intrenched themselves within easy musket shot. Just at the very crisis, a lai'ge force of fi-iendly Indians arrived from their winter hunting grounds. Among these were the Illinois, the Missouries, as well as the tribes in the vicinity — the Ottawas, Hurons, and I'ottawatomies. They were at once admitted to the fort, and supplied with ammunition. The Foxes became at once the besieged instead of the besiegers. For iiineteen days they held their position, when they surrendered at discretion, but no (quarter was given. The Hurons, especially, did not spai-e a single prisoner that fell to their lot. Nearly 1,000 Foxes perished in their attack on Detroit, while the allies lost only GO Indians and one Frenchman. With this siege ended the chief ])erils of the young city. For many j'ears peace prevailed; settlements were made up and down the river, and from 1712 to 17(J() (when French dominion ceased), the jieojjle dwelt in Arcadian sini]ilicity and hap]iiiiess, loving intercour.se of a simple, generous, social, and hospitable chai'acter jtrevailing, free from ambition and its cares. The deej) majestic river, the beautiful meadows upon its banks, with the background of \'ines, fruit and the noble forests, teeming with almost every kind of game; the cultivated soil, rii h in its jiroduction of cereals and vegetables, its waters furnishing the finest of fish, its climate mild and salubi'ious — all united in making it, as the early French state, "the loveliest ])ortion of Canada." A country so abouiKling with beauties and advantages, soon became attractive to settlers from France and the oldei' portions of Can- ada, so that there grew up a, social element, possessing two general national characteristics, yet in some resjiects distinct-: one of gentlemanly traders and farmei-s having noble connections and antcK-edents, the other being voyageurs and peasants. Here on the margin of Detroit I'iver, they lived side by side in perfect harnnjuy, yet each in his own s])here — each contented with his place. The peiisaiit indulging in no dreams of the "('(piality of nmn," while the gentleman, jealous of no encroachment from the peasant, was the indulgent, kind-hearted emjjloyer and patron. They were a gay, light-hearted people — scrupulou.sly hones! , generous and honorable. Surrounded with dangers, they met them with undaunted courage, and when the peril passed, theii- habitual gayety returned. No memory of the past or fear of the future marred the hap]iiness of the present. Sorrow and suffering were soon forgotten, and pi-ivations laughed at or cheerfully endured. Sim])le and fi'ugal in their habits, contented with Iheii' lot, they renewed in the forest reces.ses of the New Woild the lif(> of the old, and the joyous scenes of sunny France were lived over again on the banks of the Detroit. This happy condition continued with slight interruption until 1747, when British agents, aided by the Iroquois, succeeded in leading the Hurons away from the Freiu'li, and about the same time the coun- try was troubled by deserters and renegades fi-om Louisiana. Added to these troubles, the sup])iy of pro- RUSSELL IIOUSE-Literior and Exterior Views, ILLUSTRATE D DETROLT. \% viisioiis from the lands about the settlement began to fail, and for awhile there was danger from famine. Ill 17-tiS it wao (iu(>.stioni'd whether it might not be well to remove the fort to Bois-blane Island, but it was not thought best to do so, as the Indians having become settled, trancjuility was restored and (juiet reigned at Detroit. In 1750, (lovernor De lu Galissonnier, in his report to the Fi-ench Court, after noting the weak points and advantages of various places, makes special reference to Detroit. "This place demands now the greatest attention; did it contain a farming ])opulation of a thousand, it would feed all the rest.'" "Througliout the whole interior of Canada it is best adapted for a town, where all the trade of tlie lakes would concentrate. Were it provided with a good garrison and surrounded by a goodly number of settlements, it would be enabled to over-awe almost all the Indians of the continent." He also made sug- gestions in regard to tlie establishment of manufacturing industries. "In this regard fhere is a great contrast between the English and French in their treatment of their respective colonies— the former ob- structing and prohibiting and the latter encouraging and aiding their establishment." About this time the fort and stockade were enlarged, and pursuant to the suggestions of the (Jovernor, a considerable number of settlers were sent from France, advances being made by the Government, until they were able to take care of themselves. They prospered; but in 17r)2 jiro visions were so scarce that Indian corn reached twenty livres (efiual to 14 our money) a bushel in pelti'ies — and it was feared some of the Cana- dians would have to be sent away. Famine was not the only danger at Detroit. The small-pox also began its ravages in the adjacent villages of the Fott.awatoniies and Ottawas: but by 17.^4, the settlement again began to recover and the colony to flourish. ^Meantime, when the English banished the Acadiaus fi'oni their homes — scattering families and communities — some of the unfoi-tunate victims found refuge in Detroit. During the border war betwe;'n the French and English, which soon after broke out, Detroit militia took an active part, rendering good service; and when the war on the lower St. Lawrence drew towards its close, IVllestre commanded them in several sharp engagements. In Novembei-, 17G0, ^lajor Ilobert Rogei's, with a force consisting of part of the GUtli (Ivuyal Anieri- caiis) and SOth regiments, appeared below the town and demanded its surrender, in accordance with the terms of the ca])itu]ation of Canada. Neither the commandant (\\. de Bellesti'e), noi- the inhabitants, had been appri.sed of the fact "that the garrison at Detroit was included," and therefore (juesticjned the infor- mation contained in the letter of TJogers, but n]ion examining copies of the articles of capitulation, dispatched him by the latter, thr-ough ilajor Ca.mpliell, he was comiiellcd to subnn't, and the British flag was raised over the astounded settlement. Francois Marie, commonly called and signing himself Ti(|u<)te de Bellestre, was the last of the French comnnuidei's of Detroit, and deser-ves a prominent jilace in its history, for the efficiiMicy, sagacity iinil bravery shown by him in jjrotecting its inhabitants during the border war against British and Indian foes. Detroit Under British Rule. 1 7(;o. The white population of Detroit settlement at this time did not exceed 700 or SOO, in place of 2,.5(;0 as estimated by Major Kogers, and were mostly French. The settlements from the fort, up and down the river on both sides, was about six miles. There were within the pickets fi'om (SO to TOO dwellings — all of logs, exce])t the house of the commandant. The fai'ms were all nai'row and dee)), with a frontage on the river, so that the houses were ncai- togcllicr, and, being ncatl.N- wliifcwashi'd, iircscntcd from fhc watera vei-y picturesque ap]i(>arance. When the English took possession of Detroit and its dejjendent territory Wwy found a pcojile who had but little conce])tion of a mnniciiial fri'edom and self-government, or of liberty regulated by law, originating from the will of the governed, and received with e(pial uncpiestioning submissiveness, their law from the king and his subordinates, and their religion from their ]triests. The settlers being comparatiA'ely few in numbers, and all within a line of ten miles long, the new ruh.'i's deemed there was no occasion for any immediate chang(> of legal system. In fact, there was so little for law to operate upon, that the people knew nothing about its necessities. l!y the articles of capitulation, those Frenchmen who chose to do so could disi»ose of th(>ir estate and leave the colony. .\ few availed themselves of these privileges and went to Illinois, .St. Louis and Louisiaini. Bellestre and his gari-ison were escoi-ted East. "^ 'i:'\'Q''<.: u f >' ,Mt#'f' ^l^^l RESIDENCE OF FRANK J. IIECKER. -U ILL I 'S TRA TED DE TROIT. , - Tho Treaty of Peacf was not si,2;np(i until 1768, and altlioniili tlio proclamation of George the Third, of ( )ctober 7, established the oovernnient of Quebec, for Canada. Detroit and the territory west was not included. Hence no civil code was established, except uonnunUy. The magistrates were appointed by the commandant, and the soldiers executed their processes. As a, sequence, mutual distrust and dislike was engendered between the British officers and the people. During the year (May, 1708) I'ontiac, the celebrated Pottawatomie chief besieged the fort— hemmed in and sorely harrassed the garrison, defeated a strong detachment sent out against him, and was onlv repulsed at the end of eleven months by a large force under Ueneral Bradstreet, who subsecinently suc- ceeded Gladwin as commandant of the Post. The fact tliat Pontiac ami other Indian chiefs reo-aided the Fi'eiK-h as their allies, and refu.sed to recognize the treaty of Paris, was perhaps one of the reasons wliv the British regarded the French settlei-s with suspicion. Undouljtedly this had much to do with man\- of the restrictions which the latter comi)lained of. Immediately following the Pontiac war, traders from .\lbany appeared, and obtained somi' foothold. They were a roving class. Sir AVilliam Johnson referring to (hem, says: "They were greedy and unscru- pulous; deceived and cheated the Indians, making Englishmen still more obnoxious to both the French settlers and savages. The greatest number of permanent traders finally settling in Detroit, were of Scottish birth or origin. These gentlemen obtained and retained great ascendency over the Indians, and it was through them that ultimately the Northwest tribes became allies of the English. In 1765 Brad- street urged upon the government the introduction of more settlers, but the trade intei'ests of Great Britain were as much oppo.sed to encouraging American settlements as any of the French intriguers had been. These and the other influences mentioned retarded the growth of Detroit. Referring again to the influence exercised by the Scottish element in harmonizing the French and Indian with the English, we must not forget tlnvt the representatives of the former came from the Highlands of Scotland. They were iml)ued with that old feudal system which produced and encouraged the old habit of courtesy and kind- ness to inferiors, and paid but little regard to the claims of wealth or social relations //,;,ser/ upon it: f hough high temi)ered, they still recognized the i)rinciples of e(|ual and impartial justice, and hence were careful of giving offence, either to the French or Indian element. Detroit During the Revolutionary War. The emigration of original British subjects was somewhat limited during the interim between 1760 and 1778, as, at the latter period, there were only thirty Scotchmen, fifteen Irishmen and two Englishmen. These were mostly traders and without families. No new settlements had been fornie(], and at llieconi- mencement of the Revolution, exclusive of officers and soldiers, the entire population of the .\ort Invest did not exceed 5,000 souls. In 1775, Cohniel Henry Hamilton was sent to Detroit as superintendent of it and its dependencies. The latter included the entire Northwest. He was clothed with absolute authority, both civil and military, ami speri;illv instructed to secure the affiliation of the Indian tribes. From this time. Detroit became the center of British power in the Northwest. The relentless and ci-uel Indian warfare against the bord(^r set- flements of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky, receiv(>d its insjiiration and direction fiome American States. The Bi-itish could only nuiintain their dominion over this i-egion by dei)o]iula ting so much of the Western country as was settled by Americans, and therefcne their i)lans were deliberately laid to excite the Iiulians ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 17 to the iniliscriiiiiiiate slaughter of Americans. From 1775 the tribes were stirred up by British emissaries ag-ainst American settlements. Hamilton, the Lieutenant Governor of Detroit, accepted the well-known ])olicy of the BritisJi (loverninent (wliich, it will be remembered, was eloquently denounced by Lord Chat- ham at the time), and without hesitation offered to assume the office of setting on the savages. Adopting the usual methods, he found Ht subjects to aid him, and raids were made upon the settlements in Ohio and Kentucky, till at length George Rogers Clark set out trom Mrginia and began to change the face of affairs, by ca])taring Vincenues, Ind. (July 4, 1778), and (iLiietiug the hostility of the Indians in that quarter. The news of the victory of Americans over the British caused great excitement at Detroit, and Hamilton at once prepared to re-concpier the country; in the coui-se of which Hamiltf)n reached and re-cnptured Vincenues on the 15th of December. On the 25th of February following, Clark re-took the Post. Hamilton, Hay, De Jean and Lamothe were put in iious and sent to Virginia, and the privates (being mostly French) were i)aroled. This severity was exercised towai-d the former because of their cruelty toward American prisoners at Detroit, it being charged that Hamilton had offered rewai-ds for scalps and not for prisoners, that De Jean was the willing instrument of his cruelty, and that Hay and Lamothe had led scalping parties, who spared neither men, women nor children. The3' were subsequently released upon a stringent parole, through the interposition of General Washington. The capture of Vincenues the second time was temporarily' a turning point in the history of the North- west. By the influence of these events, or through their happening, the northwest boundary of the now American Union was removed from Ohio and Kentucky to the Great Lakes. Nowhere else did the colonies have a foothold in the territory com])rising ^lichigau. Wisconsin, and the great States, North- west — and only for the victory of George Rogers Clark, it possibly would have been to-da}^ jiart of a British Canadian colony. Dui'ing Hamilton's absence, the fort at Detroit was in command of ilajor li. B. Lei'uoult (sometimes written Le Noult), who, after Clark's success, anticipating an attack, built a new fort, locating it on the rising ground between the streets now known as Griswohl and Wayne, Congress, and Michigan avenue. This was called Fort Lernoult until 1818, when it was changed to that of Shelby, in honor of Gov. Shelby, of Kentu<-ky. (It remained until 1827, when it was abandoned to the city.) January 12, 1771), Washington urged the importance of an expedition to capture Detroit ; but while several were projected, none succeeded. Meantime, Arent Schuyler De Peyster succeeded Hamilton at Detroit — who, while at times seemingly arbitrary, was undoubtedly a good officer. He conflicted some- what with the home government and its policy, as the largest number of Indian grants to actual settlers during the legitimate British possession, were confirmed by him soon after his arrival. He is said to have possessed some literary ability, and assumed and ju-acticed duties somewhat multifiii'ious. On occasion he performed the duties of chaplain, and in this capacity married Thomas Williams (father of John R.) to Miss Cecelia Campau, May 7th, 1781. The defeat and capture of Hamilton greatly lessened the prestige of the British name among the Indians, and the British officers at Detroit felt the necessity' of striking some great blow to restore and retain their confidence. The French, who never loved the British, were also becoming disaffected, and when they learned of the ti-eaty between France and the United States, began to express sympathy with the colonies. These facts led to preparations of an extensive character by the English, under the direction of General Ilaldenumd (commandant at Quebec), and accordingly, ample arrangements were made for the most imposing and destructive Indian expedition against the border that had ever been organized. The expenses of the outfit at Detroit alone exceeded f y()U,OUO. It may be interesting to note the situation of Detroit and its social condition, during the period while these extensive ])reparations for fk'j)opaI;ii'mg-the American border settlements were being made (viz.: the winter of 1780-81). As has been stated, the large sums of money to be expended naturally attracted traders and Indians to Detroit. The latter, sporting their ornaments and gay attire, indulged in their savage games and dances, without the fortification, while within the town were gathered army officei's and their families, together with the intelligent and enterprising traders and quite a number of agreeable and attractive French settlers with their families. Shut out for a long winter from the rest of the world, dependent upon them.selves for society, secure from the actual presence of war, they gave themselves up to social pleasure with a joyous zest. The expedition for which such ample preparations were made, organized in the Spring of 1780. Cap- tain Bird, of the Eighth Kings regiment, was jjlaced in command, and was accompanied by the Detroit I\Iilitia, under Chabert De Joncair, Jonathan Scheifflin, Isidore Cheue, as officers, and eighty privates. The Indians who joined the expedition numbered about 800 savage warriors. The regular soldiers were few, only enough to man the six small cannon which were taken. m^ No. I— FOUNTAIN IN (iRANI) CIRCUS PARK. No. 2— FOUNTAIN IN GRAND CIRCUS PARK. Nos. 3, 4, 5— DETROIT RIVER SCENES. Ko. 6— ART MUSEUM. TLLUSTRATED DETROIT. i$ This niotloy forro prooepded soiitli, and in its progress dpvastated small settlompnts in Ohio and Kpn- tuelvv; tlip caidnicii inliabitants wliose livps were s])ai-pd bccanic Indian, rather than British jn-isoncrs. These successes, tlioueli small, served to sharpen the Indian appetite, and the.y urged Captain W'wA to at- tack the lar EDWARD C.WALKER. 1-RED CARLLSLE. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 2, they all sought, should be regulated as between themselves. The principle was, that discovery gave title to the government by whose sul^jects or by whose authority it was made, against all other European governments, which title might be consummated by possession; so that the nation making the discovery had the sole right to acquire the soil from the natives, and establish settlements. Those relations which were to exist between the discoverer and the natives, were to be regulated by themselves. In the establish- ment of these relations, the rights of the original inhabitants, while not entirely disregartled, were to a great extent impaired. They were recognized a.s rightful occupants of the soil, with a legal and just right to i)ossess aud hold, according to their own discn-etion; but their rights to cornplete sovereignty, as independent nations, was diminished, and their power to sell at their own will to whomsoever they chose, was denied by the fundamental principle of discovery, which gave exclusive title to those who made it. Hence, while the different nntious of Euroi)e respected the riglit of the Indian nation to occupy, they claimed the jjower to grant the soil, while yet in possession of the natives. These grants were therefore understood to convey a title to the grantees. subj(ict to Indian right to occupy only. The history of America, from its discovery to the present day, .seems to recognize these princi]>les. The discussions of Spain, respecting boundaries, with France. Great Britain and the t'nited States, shows that she based liei- rights on that of discovery. Portugal sustained her claiTn to Brazil by the same title. France founded her title to Acadia, Canada, and to the territoi'y north, south and west, watered by the Mississi])])i, on this basis. No one of the European jjowei-s gave its assent to this principle moi-e unequivocally than England. As early as 1496 her monarch granted a commission to the Cabots to discover unknown countries and take ]iossessiou f)f them in the name of the King of England. Two yeai's later Cabot discovered the continent of North America, ahjug which he sailed as far south as Virginia. To this d\SGovevy t\\e English tva,ce their title. Further proofs as to the extent to wliicli this ])rinci]jle has been recognized is found in the history of the wars, negotiations and treaties which the different nations claiming territory in America have carried on and held. Between France and (Jreat Britain, whose discoveries and settlements were contemporaneous, contests for the country actually settled or discovered by them began as soon as their settlements approached each othei-. and were continued until finally settled in 17(j.'5, by the treaty of Paris, when the right and title, as acquired by the French to Detroit and its dependencies, passed to the English, who, in turn, ceded them to the United States by the treaty of 1794, known as Jay's treaty with Lord Grenville. The United States having thus succeeded, they asserted in themselves the title to the soil, by which it was first acqiiired and maintained, as all others claimed. "That discovery gave exclusive right to extin- guish tiie Indian title of occu])ancy either by purchase or conquest, and gave also the right to such a degree of sovereignty as the circumstances of the people would allow them to exercise." Hence, the change from French to English, and from English to American rule, was felt but little, and titles to lands held under grants from France or England were not disturbed, except those made by English comnumdants duiing the period of what was termed the unlawful occu])ation, viz.: between 178.'5 and 179G, and in resjiect to these, Congress withheld confirmation. On Amei-ican accession in 1796, Congress extended the provision of the ordinance of 1787 over the Northwest territory. It established temporary rules of descent and succession, and for the disposing of property. It vested original legislative authority in other bodies than Congress. It- i)rovided for a governor, to be a])]iointed by ('ongress for a term of three years, but i-emov- able. A secretary to hold four y,_^ai's, unless removed, and three judges, to hold dui'ing good behavioi-. A majority of the governor and judges were to adopt from the States such laws as were suited to the terri- tory, to continue until disapproval by Congress, or altered by the future Legislature. The governor could lay out counties and townshijjs. and ajipoint magistrates and other civil and military officers. When the popular as.sembly, however, should be organized, all this was subject to legislative control. But Congress retained no powers of immediate legislation for itself. In 1789, when the Constitution was adopted, one of the first acts of Congress adapted this ordinance to it, vesting ap])ointnients in the Pi'esident aud Senate. Detroit for the fii'st tin.e now began to fwl the influence which emanated fVom the ])rote(tion afforded by the establishment of a civil form of government. Travellers who vi. si ted it in 179(). and shortly after, ex])ressed theii' surprise at the number and wealth of its merchants, and extent of their business, and state that all kind of articles are as cheap in Detroit as in New York and Philadelphia. The people were gay aud prosperous, and freely indulged in the pomp and vanities of dress and amusement, as their contenq)()ra lies of eastern cities. Tiie inventories of its iidiabitants include ])late, silks and all maiHier of luxuries. "Till' inhabitants were well supjilicd with ]iio\isions of every desciiption and the fish especially are the huest in the world." "The country around Detroit ascends gradually from the river, and at a distance of 24 miles reaches a height of over 400 feet." In the nuiin, the foregoing is a fair picture of Detroit, when fii-st occupied by the United States troops .Iulvl,1796. CADETS, MICHIGAN MILITARY ACADEMY, ORCHARD LAlvi:, MlCll. ILLUSTRATED DE7R0IT. 23 Deti-oit, iniTnediately after its occupation by the TTiiited States, received accessions from New England, New Yoik and Ohio, and in 1798 it and the territory tributary liad acquired tlie number of inliabitants which entitled it to a general assembly. Three members were allotted to Wayne County, and Messrs. Solomon Sibley, Jacob Visgei- and Charles F. Charbert de Joncair, were chosen. The Legislature was sum- moned and convened at Cincinnati, February 4th, 1799. This Legislature passed laws j)roviding- for tlie courts with e(]uity powers, and set apart every sixteenth section of the lands promised by the government for school purposes; also laws for the protection of the Indians, and to restrict the veto pt)wers of the /ernor. In November, 1801, the legislature assembled at Chillicothe, where it remained in session until .bmu- ary 23, 18U2. It passed acts of incorporation for Detroit, which pi-ovided for a Board of Trustees, witli power to make by-laws and ordinances for the regulation of the town. The town authorities thus created made use of these prerogatives, for the prevention of fires and the use of streets as bowling alleys. There had been few changes in the town since the French days. The streets were as before, but from tiltecn to twenty feet in width. The houses wei-e generally well built, block -houses one and a half story, witli jjcaked roofs, starting but a few feet from the ground, with dormer windows. The lots in the old town were small and the houses stood so close, as to afford no courts or gardens. Hence, when the fire of 1805 occurred, the old town was entirely destroyed. Fortunately a few of the wealthy residents, had. prior to this disa.ster, purchased a space oue arpent wide from the westerly side of the Askin or Brush farm, extending from the river to Michigan avenue, upon which they had erected good and substantial dwellings sur- rouniled by large grounds and gardens. These survived the fire. No vehicles were used, except such as could be drawn by a single pony. In the center of each house arose a huge stone chimney, cooking stoves not having been invented. Baking was done in huge ovens, attached to the chimney or built in the yard. The crane swung in the side of the chimney, and the pots and kettles were suspended over the fire from hooks and trammels. The records of the trustees show numerous fines imposed for failure of the inhabi- tants to keep their Avater buckets full, or their leather buckets com]ilete and within rea.ch, and their ladders sound. There were no engines and at fires the people formed double lines to the river, the men to pass the full buckets, and the women and children the empty ones. Among other offences made the subject for the imposition of fines, the most numerous were those iox horse raciuo; i\,\\A l)owling. The Canadian ])onics and their masters were as prone to racing as some of our modern horsemen, and no amount of fining- could keep the prosperous owners of hoi'ses from trying their sjjeed in the narrow streets of the town. I'ut the more dangerous amusement was rolling cannon balls in the stieets. Nine-]jin alleys seemed to recpiire more room than the short t)locks afforded, aud the narrow sidewalks covered with wooden block, were tempting substitutes, while an eighteen-pound ball required strength and skill to send it swiftly ami ."traJght along the ground. The culprits brought liefore the trustees for these transgressions, were mostly the solid men of business; they indulged in their .simple amusements, ad-libitum. The change of sovereignty took some of the wealthiest merchants into Canada, where they setted at Andiei-atbui'gh and Sandwich. The British Government soon after prepared to build a foi-t at the mouth of the river on Bois Blanc Island. This would have commanded the entrance to Lake Erie, but under a strong protest from the United States the British changed their plans, and built upon the main land. The treaty of 1783 fixed the btjundar^- to run along the middle of the water communication between Lake Ei-ie and Lake Huron, and nothing was said about particular channels or islands, and, therefore, Janua.ry 11, 1805, Con- gress passed an act fixing the boundaries of what became the territory of Michigan, Detroit being made the seat of government, and the ordinances of 1787 and 1789 were adopted as the charter of the territory. June 11, 1805, the old jtortion of the town, as before mentioned, was desti-oyed by fire. It covered an area of about four blocks of tlie present city, viz.: between (ii-iswold and Wayne, and from Wood- bridge to Earned streets. Shortly after. Congress authorized the Governor and judges to lay out a new town. Their labor was completed, and the new plan adopted in 1807. They gave to owners of laud in the old town an ecpiivalent in land in the new, and to each male inhabitant, twenty-one yeai-s of age at the time of the fire, a lot containing G,000 square feet. The town, or so much as was inhabited, was by order of Gov. Hull enclosed by a strong stockade, in order to resist any attack from the various Indian tribes who threatened its destruction. The Territory of Michigan, at this time, contained no white settlements except Detroit and Frenchtown (the river suttleinents), and ^Mackinaw, aud a population exclusive of Indians of 3,00G. '^ 7. .■!*■>%? A 1^ fci Detroit Just Prior to the War of 1812. In 1810, Dotroit had a popnlatinn of 1 ,Gr)0. There was not a, hamlet or farm five miles away from its boundary. Immediately across the liver was a province which was rapidly improving;- in wealth and population, carefully fostered by the British Government, wliile Detroit was separated from other American settlements by several hundred miles of wilderness— inhabited by savage Indian tribes, who were in regular receipt of arms, ammunition and supplies from Great IJiitain, which spared no means to secure and hold the i-espect and attachment of the Indian for the British. These efforts met with no resistance fromourg-overninent, and it might have been foreseen to be dangerous to leave Deti-oit and its inhabitants thus isolated and unprotected, esi)ecially as the allegiance of the people had so recently been changed without there own procurement. This situation presented a strong temptation for our neighbors across the river to make an effort to get bade the territory once conti'olled by them. In adilition, the selection of William Hull as Governor was unfortunate. He was an old Revolutionary officer from Massachusetts. Unlike General Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, he was not familiar witii the character of either the Indians or the border settlers, and failed to secure the fear or respect of the former, or the confidence of the latter. Michigan needed a governor with western ideas, who would give sutficieut heed to the character and ways of its population. It is charged that Gov. Hull exhibited during his entire administration a tinndity which encouraged the hostility of both the whites and Indians, and that his general conduct was characterized by alternate fits of activity and vacillation. He did not lack physical courage so much as infirmaty of mental pur- pose. In the organization of the militia, he sought to enforce that nicety in clothing and equipment re- quired by the regular service. This led to insubordination on the one hand, and anger on the other. He also incuri-ed universal censure by enrolling a separate company of negro militia, composed entirely of fugitives from Panada, who were not native citizens, and could not tlien become naturalized. Detroit in 18U1J had an unusual proportion of educated and refined people. Untbrtunately the first school law passed in this year was never printed. As early as 1798, Father Gabriel Richard established schools, not only for training the children of his own people, but by favoi'ing all other proper schemes for general intelligence. He brought to Detroit the first printing press known in the territory, and during the year i)ublished the first paper, known as the "Michigan Essay, or Impartial Observer," the first number of which is dated Friday, August 31, 1809. He was early an officer and professor of the Uni- versity, and was i-espected and loved by Protestants as well as by Catholics. Among other educators at this period, appear the names of Rev. Dr. Bacon, Miss Elizabeth Williams and Miss Angilique Campau. The peaceful security felt by the inhabitants, at tliis time, was soon to be disturbed by niuttei'ings of dis- content among the Indian tribes. Fi-om all parts of the country reports came that Elliott, the agent at Maiden, was tampering with the Indians, foreboding some mysterious plan of mischief. The wonderful y)ower of organization, as shown by Pontiac long before, induced the effoi-t ou the part of English agents to attempt the unity of Indians, and tribes that had once been hostile were found seeking strength in brotherhood. The principal representative of this policy was Tecumseh, a chief of the Shawnees. No one knew better than himself that Michigan and the adjacent country was better adapted for his confeder- acy than any other on the continent. The blandishments of the Maiden agency had already convinced this sagacious chief that his scheuK* would have the approval of his Canadian friends. There was one notable exception, however, which somewhat interrujited his plans. The Governor General of Canada (Sir Jam(>s Craig) on learning the purposes of Tecumseh, warned our government of them. He did not want to turn the savages loose on the American settlements, and prohibited the Mai- den Agency from sui>piying arms to Indians. He therefore should be ae(]uitted of any c()m])licity with Tecumseh. But it is well known that Indian agents were active in fomenting these troubles, with confi- dence that the home government would ultimately reward and approve their acts. They were correct, as subsequent events show that Great Britain (h'emed it not a sin to try experiments on the Uidted States. Tecumseh failed to get control of the Wyandottes, Senecas, Dela wares, and even the Shawnees re- mained friendly to the United States. The defeat of the Indians at Tii)i)ecanoe by General Harrison in the Autumn of 1811, secured peace in that n^gion until Hull's delays enabled the British to become aggres- sive, and to use the Indians efficiently. Tecumseh r(>})aired to Maiden after his defeat, and his attachment to the British could lu) longei- be concealed. The Michigan settlements, meauwlnie, made but little headway, owing to the discord existing UANIEL SCUTTEN. M. \V. OBKIEN. VIEW ON GRISWOLD STREET. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT 27 in the administration of tlio local aflairs of the territory. In the fall of 1811, Governor Hull left for Washington before hearing of tlu> l)attle of Tii)pecanoe, and hi.s civil administration practically ceased for the time. During Governor Hull's official service, no counties had been laid out. The districts were only divisions, and district judges acted as local admiuistrators ; the only roads were those running up and down the Detroit llivei-. Tiiere was no access to the interior, except by streams and Indian trails. The circulating medium, at this time, was Spanish silver coin. The absence of small change wns supplied Ijy cutting the dollar into halves, quarters and eighths. Accounts were kept in York currency of two and one-half dollars to the pound, or twelve and one-half cents to the shilling. The revenue was mostly from capitation taxes, viz. ; one dollar for every male sixteen years of age and over. There was a specific tax- ation also on horses, dogs and other animals; also on vehicles, and license fees on various occupations. The war of 1812 ended this sorrowful period of no particular progress. June 18, 1812, war was declared. Hull did not receive the news till -Inly 2, while it was known at Maiden June 30. AVhile Genera,! Hull was in Washington, in the winter of 1811 and '12, he must have learned that war was imminent between the two countries. He knew that Congress had adopted legislation, which it would not have done except anticipating such a contingency; that it arbitrarily required the I'resideut to add to the regular army 25,000 men, and authorized him to call for 50,000 volunteers, and that the large force, of w liich he liimsolf was tendered the command, was ordered to prepare for active service; and yet, with a full knowl- edge of these facts, all his subsequent acts were dilatory, contradictory and without positive I'csults favorable to the administration and its aggressive policy. It appears from the evidence produced on his trial, he had from time to time expressed the opinion "That a Briti.sh war wcndd be avoided ; that there was no danger of an invasion of Canada, as contemi)lated, and for which ju'eparation was Ijeing nnule by our government, and that if attempted, it would fail." Entertaining such views, after all the prelimi- naries referred to had been made, and of which he was cognizant, leads us to account for that indiscretion and vacillation exhibited in his subsequent conduct, which ended in his disgraceful surrender of Detroit. It is unnecessary to go further into the details connected with the war, as they are familiar to all readers of I.ossing's General History, and Judge Campbell's Political History of Michigan. We therefore proceed with the history of Detroit Durino; British Possession. On the day of its surrender. General Brock, the Enghsh commander, issued a proclamation declaring that Detroit and Michigan had been cededto his Britannic Majesty without any conditions, other than tlie protection of private property, announcing, "that the laws in force would continue duiing the pleasure of the Kiug;" "that all its inhabitants would be protected iu their religion ;" "that all public property and all arms, public or private, must be dehvered up." General Proctor was left in command. AVhile Brock and most of his officers were not personally disliked by the people. Proctor left in Detroit a reputation for brutality, tyranny and treachery not excelled by his savage allies; neither was he reverenced or held in good repute by the Canadians. On the 21st of August he issued a proclamation providing for a civil government, ]jermitting the courts and civil officers to cojitinue their functions, prohibiting, however, the adoption of tlie laws from the American States. He required that United States duties and taxes should be paid to the Military Treasurer for general expenses, and the local i'(>venues for local expenses. He assumed the office of Civil Governor, and appointed Judge Woodward as Secretary. In violation of the articles of capitulation, private ])roperty was seized and held for the pui-poses of extortion. That such was the fact is .shown by the letter of General Brock, directing him "to return to the individuals the amount which each may have paid as salvage, on any account." Immediately after his taking command, the pillage of propert3r by the Indians began. Even on the day of the surrender, the house of Secretary Atwater was robbed of a large amount of personal property, also a (pmntity of silver plate, belonging to Capt. Whitmore Knaggs;the house of the latter (located on what is now the Hubbard farm) was ])luudered of its contents, his barns burned, and his stock killed or driven away. It is said, and subseipient facts confirm, that this act by the Indians was instigated by Proctor, and based on grounds of jjersonal animosity to Captain Knaggs (at that time a i)rison(>r), who had great influence with the Indian tribes, and had often thwarted Proctor's schemes. Knaggs had turned over to the use of the government, by order of Gen. Hull, his buildings, to b(» used as barracks for U. S. troops. Th(\y had been used as such prior to the surrender. The dwelling, however, had still been occupied by his wife and children, when the British, landing below, compelled Inem (o .seek refuge with Father Richard. The following incident is narrated by F. A. SellL LIE. Cj1:c). e. lawson. INTERIOR VIEW PEOPLE'S BANK. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 29 the son of Captain Wliitmoro Knao'o-s, Colond James W., now residing in Detroit, wlio was a lad of eleven: He says, "My father coninuinded a company of rangers, and was stationed near our house the niglit the British began to cross from Sandwich ; we could see them by their lights, and so could General Hull, who sent down 500 men as far as our house at daylight, and just as my father, with his company, joined them, and was about to march down to meet the enemy, an order came ii'om Hull, calling them back to the fort and directing my father and his company to accompany them; my father, I remember, was very indignant, and em])loyed strong language in protesting against and denouncing the order. Telling my mother to conceal herself and children from the Indians, he moved off with his company. I remember beino- in Father Richard's yard soon after sunrise, when the head of lirock's column appeared, and heard him say to Father Richard, 'You need have no fear of being disturbed.' I also saw and heard old Mr. Uuelo raise his hands and exclaim, 'This means that Hull has sold us." " The savages committed other outrages in and about the settlements, uin-estrained by Proctor. The former friend.ship of the Indians for the French, in some degree protected the latter, but shortly after, insidious attempts were made to bring the French element over to Britisli allegiance, and tlie suggestion of Indhiu hostility was employed by Proctor to such an extent that Judge Woodward left the territory and laid the facts before the public. General Harrison (subsecjuently having been apprised of Proctor's acts) visited upon him a just rebuke. As after the battle of the Thames, Pioctor, on requesting ])rotection for the private property of Canadians, was ignored by General Harrison, who addressed his reply to General Vincent, to whom he gave an account of the outrages, which Prod or had perpetrated or con- sented to. Neither did General Vincent seek to palliate or excuse them. During British occupancy, most of the merchants re-opened their stores, and general business was resumed, under such restraints and disabilities as were impo.sed by Proctor. Following the surrender of Detroit, the whole Northwest was exposed to the ravages of Indian tribes, spurred on and encouraged by the British. The massacre at Monroe (River Raisin), at Sandusky and Chicago (then Fort Dearborn), and the destruction of settlements in Northern Ohio and Indiana, aroused the people of Kentucky and Ohio, and steps were at once taken to raise a volunteer force, which was lilaced under the command of General Harrison, who at once prepared for a campaign to recover Detroit and invade Canada. The sagacity of Harrison led him to keep the forces under his command ready to move either East or West as might be necessary. He had constructed and manned Fort Meigs. The whole line of settlements on Lake Erie was threatened. As the war was being waged by savages, he was not sure when or where the fii-st blow would be struck. Meanwhile, although Proctor had been repulsed at Fort Meigs, on the the :Jlst of July (181:3) he appeared before Fort Stephenson, accompanied by Tecumseh. with 2,000 Indians, but was again re]iulsed. His failure to capture this and Fort Meigs demoralized the Indians, and their confidence in i'roctor weakened. The defeat of Proctor in his attack on Forts Stephenson and ^Meigs induced him, with his Indian allies, to return to Maiden. The latter having in many instances taken their families into Canada, were dependent on the British stores for rescue from starvation ; while several of the Ohio and Michigan tribes who had been in syniapthy with the British, immediately after the fight at Fort Stephen- son asked permission of Gov. Meigs and General Harrison to take part in the coming campaign, and with them they brought 259 wari-ioi's. About the time the British wei'e coniiu'llcd to retire to Canada, Commodore Perry had fitted his fleet at Erie, and on the 31st of July 3,500 volunteers under Governor Shelby had concentrated at Newport, Ken- tucky, and soon after began tiieir march northward. At Urbana this foi-ce was organized into ehn-en regiments, of 300 men each, under commandei's ranking as colonels, who, upon uniting with Ilai-rison's army, were to consohdate but retain their rank. It is due these colonels that they permitted no technical military rule of precedence to govei'u their action, but on uniting with Harrison's little army, they sub- mitted to his dictation. August 5th P(>rry succeeded in getting liis vessels out of Erie harbor, and floated them into deep water. Pi-oceeding up the lake, he reached "Put-in-Bay" on the 15th, when h(> at once l)ut hini.self in communication with General Harrison. Through information furnislied by ^iajor Henry 15. Brevoort, a citizen of Detroit, a nuin eciually at home on land or water, both Perry and llari-ison be- came familiar with the situation of I'roctor on the land, and Barclay on the water. Perry therefore deter- mined to give battle to Barclay, and Hari'isou, seemingly confident of the results, jji'oposed to u.se Perry's tleet to enable him to transi)()rt his troops for attack on Maiden, recover j)o,-i.se.ssion of Detroit, and de- stroy Proctor's army. Their ])lans and conceptions were realized. Perry attacked and captured l'.:i relay's fleet September 10, l.Sl:{. On the 27tli of the same month Harrison marclKnl into Malilen. On the 28th he reached Sandwicii, and ordered Genei-al ^IcAilhur to cross the I'iver, attack and take |)os.session of Detroit. On the 29th Harrison issued his proclamation restoring civil autliority, and llie Stars and Stii])es were again floated over the cross of St. George. Meanwhile, Hairison ])iiisned, overtook and cap- tured Proctor's army at t-hatham on the Thames, October 5th. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 31 At this battle the celebrated Indian chief, Tecumseh, was slain by Col. Richard M. Johnson, of Ken- tucky. On the Tth General Harrison, leaving- the army in conmiaiid of Governor Shelby, of Kentucky, returned to Detroit, and on the l-itli ajii^ointed General Lewis Cass Provisional Governor of Michi<>:an Territory. The victories on I^ake Erie and the Thames virtually ended the Indian troul)les in the terri- torv, and British influence ceased within its boundaries. General Cass was made permnneut Governor of the territory, find William Woodiiridj^e, Secretary. The judges appointed under the ordinance of 1787-89 retained their office under its tenure. Detroit Under United States Laws for Michigan Territory. The war had scattered the ])opulation of Detroit, and it was not until peace was finrdly declared, that it and the surrounding country was relieved from the ravages of hostile Indians. While most of the tribes had made peace individual members were guilty of murders and outrages in the neighborhood of the city, and within its corporate limits. General Cass acted with much energy, and went out himself with the volunteer militia to chastise these marauders. The treaty of peace with Great Britain did not immediately quiet the bad feeling, for while the stijjulations provided for the restoration of all places captured, together with all pajjcrs public and ])rivate, and for fixing the boundary line in those waters which the position of islands made doubtful, and also pledged each government to place the Indians where they were prior to the war, they were disregarded by the British officers, who often pursued deserters into the United States, and even undertook to exercise jurisdiction over American citizens on Grosse Isle and in American waters. Their intrigues with the Indians were also kept up, both about Detroit and in other jjortions of the territory. Governor Cass at once issued a proclamation, enjoining the proper assertion and protection of American jurisdiction. This led to a sharp correspondence betw(>en Colonel Butler, commandant at Detroit, and the British commander (ColonelJames), and it was not until Governor Cass had laid the matters before the authorities at Washington, and had two Indians hung at Detroit for murder, that Ib-itish insolence and aggressiveness was checked, and Indian outrages, instigated by the former, fully sto])ped. The first necessity for promoting the growth of Detroit was more people and more farming settlements; these were delayed, as no survey of lands (except private claims) had been made ])rior to the war, hence no locations could be made of public lands. As soon as the war was over, Mr. Tifiin, the Surveyor General, sent agents to Jlichigan to select two million acres of lauds in Michigan, as bounty lands for soldiers. These agents reported the country to be an unbroken series of tamarack swamps, bogs and land barrens, with not more than one acre in a hundred, and probably not one in a thousand, fit for cultivation. These reports induced a tracsl-r of the bounty locations to Illinois and Missouri, instead of Michigan, and also when made public, furthei' postponed settlements. This prejudice to Michigan was subserpiently increased by the second report of the surveyors, claiming the country " worse and worse " as they proceeded. It is alleged that undue influence was employed with these agents and surveyors, or that they did not desire to run lines through the Indian country for fear of personal risk, and hence drew sketches of large tracts from their imagination, returning them as actual surveys. That Michigan was not unknown, is proven by the description given of the country years before, by ti-aders and others. Also by the ]mblished accouut given of it by Mr. Mellish, who describes the whole lower peninsula as accurately as it could be to-day. On the 21st of November, 1815, Governor Cass, assuming that the surveys would be made, began the county system by laying out that part of the territory in which the Indian title had been extinguished, into Wayne County, with its seat of justice at Detroit. In 1817, Detroit began to receive accessions to its population, but its l)usiness was somewhat confined to exchange of goods for furs and peltries, as the currency in vogue then was Ohio pa])er and private shin- l)lasters. In August of this year. Pr(>sident ^Fonroe visited Detroit. The prospei-t of growth in population induced the passage of an art for incorporating the University of Michigan. Rev. John Monteith and Rev. Gabriel Richard were appointed I0 th<^ various professorships. They estal)lished primary schools at Detroit, :Monroe and :\Iackiiiaw, and a. classical academy and college in Detroit. The Cliippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomie Indians, in token of their desire to have their children educated, gave to St. Ann's Church and to the College at Detroit each, the undivided half of six sections of land; three being on th(^ Macon Reserve, near the River Raisin, and the remainder to be selected thereafter. There were also many other private gifts and subscriptions matle to establish the Detroit ILL I \S TRA TED DE TR OIT. 33 schools and colleges. From this time there was no lack of good schools in Detroit. The first University building was of brick. twL>nty-tbiir by fifty, and was used for school purposes more than forty years. In 1818 the business of Detroit continued to flourish, and in spite of the i-eport of the surveyors, the couutiy began to populate. The lakes were but little navigated and traveling by water was confined to occasional schooners of small capacity. The receipts for this kind of carriage of passengers from Buffalo to Detroit in 1817 amounted to .f 15,000, which for that period was considered good business. In 1818, the exports for fish and cider were f 60, 000. In the spring of 1818, the population had reached the number author- ized under the ordinance to form a representative government, baton being submitted to the popular vote, the proposition was de.'eated by a large majority. August 27, 1818, the first steamboat (Walk-in- the-Water) made its appearance in the straits with a large load of passeugers from Buffalo. The influx of actual settlers weekly by steamboat, increased from this time. The public lands being then in market, were pui-chased and settled rapidly. There were very few foreigners among these settlers, most of them being from New York and New England. In the spring of 1819, Congress provided for the election of a delegate to Congress by the jieople of Michigan. None but white male citizens 21 years of age, who had resided in the territory one year, and had paid a county or territorial tax, were entitled to vote at this election. AVilliam Woodbridge wa.s the first delegate chosen. In 1820 Solomon Sibley succeeded him; he served until 182^3, when the Reverend Gabriel Richard, rector of St. Aun's Chui-ch, was elected over General John R. Williams, his antagonist. It is seldom a gentleman of his profession has appeared in Congress. He was a faithful and efficient member. Through his efforts. Congress ]irovided for the construction of the State Roads, now known as Grand River, Chicago, Pontiac and Fort (jlrati(jt. The opening of these roads promoted the growth of both city and country, and from this time Oi'troit may date its substantial prosperity. On the 22nd of October, 1823, the corner stone was laid for a building intended for a Court House, on the present site of the High School building. Its location was strongly opposed at the time, by many being regarded as too far in the woods, and for many years stood alone in the wilderness, being reached only by a narrow walk of single timbers. It was used until 1847 as a Territorial and State Capitol. In 1824 a city charter was granted to Detroit l^y the Territorial Council, General John R. AVilliams being elected its first Mayor. In 1825, three steamers, the "Superior," "Henrj' Clay," and " Pioneer" were running between Detroit and Buffalo, and the same year Captain John Burtis ran a large horse boat for fer-riage between Detroit and Windsor, which excited as much curiosity as the first steamer. In 1826 seven steamers ran between Buffalo and Detroit, aud the exports of white fish, apples, and cider largely increased. In 1827 the fort was discontinued as a military post and relinquished to the city, aud the grounds laid out in lots. In 1830 the first railroad was chartered and the Pontiac & Detroit Railway Company 'was incor- porated. The project failed, the law being too crude and imperfect. In 1832, the Detroit & St. Joseph Railroad was chartered, which afterwards became the Michigan Central. This was the first railroad charter that was afterwards acted upon. In 1832 the cholera appeared ; many prominent citizens were its victims. All business was suspended, and a rigid quarantine intercepted ordinary travel. Recovering from the effects of this pestilence, Detroit began to make radical changes aud improve- ments in its streets, buildings aud business facilities, and adding to its population men of enterpri.se, wealth and intelligence. On tlie 26th day of March, 1836, the legislature passed an act extending the limits of the corporation. By it and previous acts the boundaries were defined as follows: Southerly by the national line in Detroit River; easterly by what is now St. Aubiii Ave.; northerly l)y the township liue of Greenfield, and west- erly to the line of Fourth Avenue. When Michigan Territory was finally admitted a,s a State (January 26th, 1837), the population of Detroit was 9,763, and the nundier of dwellings and stores, 1.300. TIkm'C were seven churches: two "Catholic," one " Episcopalian," one "Presbyterian," one " Methodi.st," one "Baptist," and one " Ger- man Lutheran." Its public buildings were the "State House" and "City Hall." Both were brick; the former was 60 feet by 90 feet, with a steeple and dome 140 f(>et high, aud the latter 50 by 100 feet. The ])iaces of amusement were " D. C. McKiii.stry's Theater" on State Street; "Museum," corner of Jeflerson Avenue and Griswold Street, and the "Michigan Gardens" on Randoli)h Street. There were three markets: the "City," on the first floor of the City Hall; the "Berthlet," coi-nei- of Ivandol])]] and Woodbridge, and the " Wa.shington," comer of Earned and Wayne. Thirty steamboats navigated the lake, s(>veii1een of which were owned in Detroit. The banks were the "Farmers and Mechanics," "Bank of Michigiu," and "Michigan State Bank;" aggregate capital RESIDENCE OF GEORGE B. REMICK. r RESIDENCE OF EDWARD W. VOIGT. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 35 stock of all, 12,000,000, with about 1500,000 paid-np. The water supply' was furnished by hydrauHc power, owned by private individuals. Tlie insurance companies represented were: "Kalamazoo Mutual," "Aetna" and "Protection," of Hartford, Conn.; "Albany" and "Firemans," of Albany, N. Y.; "New York City Life and Trust," and the "American Life and Trust," of Mai-ylaud, Md. The associations of the day were: the "Young Men's Temperance," "Brady Guards," "Detroit Read- ing Room and Circulating Library," "Young Men's Society," " Catholic Ladies' Association," "French Female Charity School," " Medical Society," "Ladies' Free School." Its charitable institutions were: the "Wayne County Hospital," and "Detroit Orphan Asylum," the "Mechanics," Detroit's Benevolent and the " Algie." The latter was instituted in March, 1832, for the purpose of encouraging missionary efforts among the Northwestern tribes and promoting education, agriculture, industry, peace and temperance among them. Henry R. Schoolcraft, the historian, was its first president. Of the 150 vessels of all denominations employed on the lakes, eighty -four were owned iu Detroit. Five lines of stages furnished facihties for travel by land. The "Western" to Chicago, via Kalama- zoo and St. Joseph. The Eastern to Cleveland and Buffalo. The Northern to Flint and Saginaw. Its principal hotels were the "American," "Michigan Exchange," "National," located on the present site of the Russell House, and the "Steam Boat." The newspapers and periodicals published were, dailies : Detroit Free Press and Advertiser; semi-weekly, Detroit Evening Spectator ; weeklies, JournaJ and Courier; semi-monthly, Michigan Register; monthly, Tlie World. Having thus sketched Detroit from the discovery of its present locality (1610), its founding by Ca- dillac (1701), its change from French to English sovereignty (1700), its transfer to the United States (179G), its disgraceful surrender to British rule (1812), its recapture by the American army (Sept. 29, 1813), its reorganization under United States territorial government, by General Cass (October 20, 1813), to the period when the territory of which it was the capital was merged into the State of which it is the metropolis (1837), we leave its subsequent progress, which has developed the beautiful and prosperous city of to-day, for other hands to detail and portray. Modern Detroit. r!Y CEOur;!'; p. (ioodale. Early in 1S3G, after more than a century of existence as one of civilization's primitive outposts, Detroit awoke to the realization of the fact that she was, and had for some time been, the metro]iolis of the great Northwest. At no other point between the eightj'-second parallel and the Pacific was there a single compact group of 3,500 people, such as had gathered around her shrine, and nowhere else was there a group, great or snmll, having higher hopes, fiercer energies, or more honest and patriotic purpose. For several years it had been her fair figure that had beckoned hither the people of the Empire State, so that in 1836 a continuous caravan stretched itself from the Hudson River across the great commonwealth to the Niagara, where, separating into two grand divisions, it formed an unbroken border around Lake Erie and concentrated at the City of the Straits. It was this triumphal ijrocession, concealing from view the primitive commonplaces and conservatisms of the past, that inaugurated the new era for Jlicliigan's metropolis of the Northwest. It was the never ending an-ival and distribution of this throng that discovered to Detroit the utility of her four gi'cat gifts from the General Govei-nment — her highways, blazed through the forests, and leading to the Saginaw country, to the Grand River valley, to the oak openings of Kalamazoo and her sister counties, and to the swam])y wilds of the ^laumee. In I'eturn, Detroit offered to the traveling pioneers the hospitalities of a well organized government, and, for the times, supei'ior accommodations and ficilities. There were two or three superior warehouses ; the wharves, crude and inexpensive, were yet sufficiiMit; there were several hundred feet of paved roadway along Atwater street, from Woodward avenu(> to Randolph street; there were detached stretches of sidewalk, a fine sewer extended diagonally fi'on the north-east corner (Beaubien and Fort streets) to the south-west corner (the river and Fii-st street) of the city; there were scliools, churches and newspapers, while tlie Young lien's Society, the militia companies, and the fire com[)any comprised the social features of th(> ])lace. Ni.. I, JA.MKS H. LYNCH. No. 2, THOMAS E. LYN'CII. No. 3, INTERIOR VIEW OF SALESROOM. ILL us TRA TED DE TR HIT. y. Detroit, in 1830, was a marvol to those sturdy niiiided pioneers from the East. Fresh from the farms and academies amoug the hills and valleys of New Eujilaud, accustomed to thedeliberate proprieties (jf New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, thej^ wondered at the thrift, the energy and the intellig(>nce of the people who greeted them, and with this wonder came assurance of pi'osperity and happiness far beyond their expectations. In such surroundings, with sailing craft of every description coming and going, with stage coaches and trains of freight wagons trailing in and out, and with industry, thrift, hospitality- and fidelity as the chief factors in her affairs, Detroit (as was nearly every other city in the land) was confronted by the greatest financial storm that had swept over the countrj-. Then the stability of her people was demonstrated, and there was developed that solid steadfastness of purpose which has ever marked the onward march of the city. Detroit was protected and saved from annihilation by a wall of discretion, energy, and firmness. It was built of such men as Lewis Cass, Ramsay Crooks, Gov. Woodbridge, Father Gabi'iel Richard, the Campaus, the Morans, Judges Sibley and Witherall, the Desnoyers, AVni. Scott, John R. Williams, Jonathan Kearsley, E. P. Hastings, Oliver New- berry, DeGarmo Jones, James Abbott, Thomas Sheldon, Elon Fanisworth, John S. Bagg, John Riddle, Sheldon McKnight, Robert Stuart, John S. Barry, Hugh Brad}', Henry Cliipman, Douglass Houghton, Alex. Frazer, Charles Earned, Zina Pitcher, Charles C. Trowbridge, the Palmers, C!iaunc(\v Hurlbut, A. S. Williams, A. T. McReynolds, John Owen, Bela Hubbard, James F. Joy, Alanson Sheley, Horace Hallock, .v. C. McGraw, E. Y. Cicotte, and others of their granite kind. It was behind such a barrier that Detroit took shelter in the financial cataclysms of 1837 and 1857. It was the wisdom and energy of such men, their loyalty, patriotism and public spirit carried Detroit with credit through the patriot war of '30 and ten years later through the ^Mexican war. It was chief! 3- due to these men that the Michigan Central and Lake Shore & ilichigan Southern Railroads were carried to success, and later the third great trunk line, the D., G. H. & M. R. R. When came the greatest of all political convulsions, the American Civil War, Detroit was found in the front rank of the country's defenders. Of men and money she was a prompt and liberal contributor. During the war Detroit's offerings amounted to nearly 7,000 men, and more than .f 000,000; besides which, for the time being, her immediate local needs were put aside that the city might be devoted to the work of receiving, organizing and forwarding of troops enlisted in other Michigan cities. With the close of the war and the return of peace, began the second new era of the city. Its area was enlarged, and then was begun in earnest the work of municipal improvement. Then the project for a new cit}- hall was first discussed and put under way ; the old markets were replaced by new. Business blocks and factories went up on every hand. The street railway s^rgtem which was begun in 1803, was extended and improved. This, in brief, was the modern beginning of what is to-day one of the loveliest cities on the American continent, and in a commercial sense, one of the mo.st important. Having a continuous river front of more than seven miles, Detroit is easily chief of therports of the Great Lakes. From the river it extends inland six miles. The site is a plateau so pitched that at its northern boundary it is about seventy-five feet above the river level. In discussing the plan of Detroit it is the custom to accept the Campus Martins, a quarter of a mile from the river, as the center. The Campus, upon which stands the city hall, is nearly square, each side measuring about 000 feet. From this square radiate Woodward avenue. Fort street, Cadillac Square, Monroe avenue and Michigan avenue, leading thoroughfares, which are regularly intersected by streets at right angles. A quarter of a mile northward from the city hall is the Grand Circus, a semi circular park, which is bisected by Woodward avenue. From this park, which constitutes a sort of second business center of the cit^', radiate Adams avenue, Aladison avenue, Miami avenue, Washington avenue and Bagley avenue. Here fine thoroughfares are likewise intersected by lesser streets. Grand River and Gratiot avenues extend diagonally northwest and north- east, respectively, from points just above the city hall to the city limits, tiience through the market gardens and farms, the first named to Plymouth, Ijansing and Grand Rapids, and the other to Mt. Clemens and the St. Clair river counties. Michigan and Woodward avenues, in their extensions beyond the city, lead respectively to Ann Arbor, Jackson, Kalaniazcjo, and so on to Chicago and Pontiac, Flint and Saginaw Yalley. With her seven miles of river front, with ten lines of railway, and with a belt line around the city, it follows naturally that Detroit is surrounded by factories. Indeed, it is a city remarkable for its manufac- turing interests. It is the largest producer of stoves, of freight cars, of manufactured tobacco, of field and gai'den .seeds, of ])harmaceutical i)repa rations, of confectionery, of varnish and of electrical appliances in the United States, and it is next to the mo.st important drug market in America. To handle this business, Detroit has twenty -three banks, with an aggregate of |8, 000, 000 capital, and the business of the Detroit Clearing House for the current year (18!)!) will amount (the estimate being based on previt)us records) to more than three hundred millions of dollars. DIAMOND MATCH COMPANY Wig DIAMOND MATCH COMPANY ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 39 ■ Detroit's 250,000 inhabitants worship in 150 churches; the 23,000 sittings in her fifty-five pubhc school buildings are not too many for her children, besides their many private educational institutions are filled with pupils. No city is better equipped for the physical and mental care of a large [)opulation than is Detroit. With a river nearly a mile wide, having a four mile current and an average depth of forty feet, the sewer system of the city cannot well be improved, and it consists of 120 miles of public or main sewers and IDO miles of lateral sewers. With such drainage, and with 1G5 miles of paved streets and 129 miles of paved alleys, the sanitary conditions of the city are practically perfect. The eio'hty miles of street I'ailway in Detroit traverse comparatively few of our broad and beautifully shaded streets, but it is sufficient to give ample service to every section. While Detroit, by reason of its lemarkable growth of foliage, is a park in general, there are fifteen distinct "breathing places," any one of which in the average city would be regarded as a valuable privilege. Chief among them is Belle Isle, an island of 730 acres in Detroit Uiver, and connected with the city by an iron bridge, which is maintained by the city free to the public. This park with its natual forest, its picturesque system of lakes and canals, its casino and wharf, its public bathing places, its flowers and landscape gardening, constitutes, already, the first natural park in any city in the world. Its cost at this writing is about f 500,000. Starting at Belle Isle Park and crossing the bridge, one debouches upon the eastern terminus of a grand boulevard 200 feet in width, which encircles three sides of the city, a distance of about 12 miles, and again touches the river on the west. Near the western end of the boulevard is Clark Tark, a beautiful tract of nearly 100 acres, which, although not yet extensively improved, will in time be a fit companion to its island sister. The assessed valuation of the various parks of the city are. Belle Isle Park, |800,000 ; Grand Circus Park (within 40 rods of the chief business center of the city),.f550,000; Cass Park, 195,000; Clark Park, flOO.OOO, and eleven other parks, bringing the aggregate valuation to 12,200,000. Detroit has unexceptionally good water works. They are located on the shore of Lake St. Clair at the southeastern limit of the city. They consist of buildings and parks surrounding them, of three large and powerful pumping engines, inlet pipes, receiving and settling basins, reservoirs and stand pipe, and of nearly 400 miles of mains and distributing pipe, the whole being valued at |3,500,000. In the purity of the water supplied and the excellence of its distribution, Detroit is second to no city. The 44,500 fam- ilies receive 175 gallons per capita per day, at a cost of less than |6.00 per year per family. Detroit has a free public library which in number and character of its volumes is third in importance among the city libraries of the United States. It also has an art museum, a fine building, which holds the Stearns collection of Chinese, Japanese, Corean, and other Eastern curios, which is confessedly the largest and finest display of the kind in America. This museum also contains Scripp's collection of old paintings, an admirable chionological record of the history of ]iainting. There are likewise a number of modern paintings and a well equi])ped school of design and painting. The police equipment of Detroit comprises 11 police stations (valued at f 150,000) and a force of 425 men. The fire department consists of 300 men, the buildings and machinery being valued at fl, 000, 000. The assessed valuation of real estate and personal property in 1S90 aggregated |1G1, 828,570, the real estate being assessed at f 123,391,010. The rate of taxation for 1890 was 15.73 mills. At the end of the present year Detroit will have a debt of |1,311,500. Against that will be the sinking fund, which fi-om its establishment has taken care of Detroit's municipal obligations. IIEXRY A. NEWLAND. M. S. SMITH. HON. W. C. MAY^.L•R^• COL. ]. S. ROGERS. Review of the Leading Industries of Detroit. The liroad river which flows hy eight miles of busy wharves, is one of the pjreatcst hisjhways known to commerce. The tonnage passing through the Suez Canal is nuicli less than that which passes through tlic Government Canal and shallows at the mouth of the Ht. Clair River, twenty miles a)->ove Detroit; past the city itself, carrying the iron and copper from Lake Superior, the wheat and flour from Chicago and Minneai)olis, the lumber and salt from the Saginaw Valley, and tlie coal from Pennsylvania. Over 40,000 vessels pass by Detroit every year; while but 15,000 find their way into the harbor of New York. Over o, 000,000 passengers are carried on the Detroit ferries and other boats every year. The railroad facilities of Detroit are such as to favor her continued g■ro^vth as a manufacturing center. Situated on tlie trunk lines between New York and Chicago, the manufacturers of this city also have access to all jiarts of the State l)v means of the lines referred to in the article on railways, liy Plon. James F. Joy. In reviewing hastily some of the leading industries of Detroit, we may well begin with the largest one — the manufacture of cars. The Michigan Car Company is the head of a series of corporations, which go to make up the most gigantic network of commercial enterprises in INIichigau. Traversing the wilds of the Upper Peninsula of ^Michigan, carrying the wheat and flour from Duluth, on its way to the seaboard, carrying the copper of Keweenaw Point, and the injn from the (Jogeljic region, is the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railroad. Hamtramck, in Detroit's suburb, is the Detroit Iron Furnace Comiiany, which manufactures the Lake Superior iron ore into charcoal pig-iron for car-wheel and malleable use. Part of the output is taken by the Baugh Steam Forge Company, which turns out one hundred car axles and sixty tons of bar iron each day. Another portion goes to Detroit Car Wheel Company, which produces nearly 425 car wheels daily. The Peninsular Car "Works were incorporated December, 1879, by Messrs. C. H. Buhl, R. A. Alger, James F. Joy, Frank J. Hecker, Hiram Walker, Frederick Buhl, and C. L. Freer. The present plant covers thirty-four acres of ground, on which suitable buildings for the construction of freight cars and the operations of foundries have been built. The capacity is now 9,000 cars in the shops, 85,000 car wheels and 18,000 tons of car castings in the foundries per annum. Their present consumption of material is at the rate of 27,000,000 feet of timber and lumber, 40,000 tons of pig-iron, and 18,000 tons of wrought-iron and forgings per annum. Their force-rolls during the year show between 1,300 and 1,400 operatives employed. The Russel Wheel and Foundry Company, of which George H. Russel is president, manufiicture logging, mining, mill, cane and wood cars, car wheels, castings and machinery. Besides its business in wheels, the company turns out about 2,000 cars a year. The Griffin Car Wheel Company, organized in 1877, turns out about 300 car wheels a day, and also has a capacity for fifty tons of soft ca.stings. The works give employment t(j between 200 and .300 skilled men. Thomas I. Griffin, president. In the manufacture of stoves, Detroit leads all other cities in the United States. The three companies here employ over four thousand men, and the annual product of their laboi-s amounts to upwards of $3,000,000. The comi)anies have branch houses iu the leading cities of the United States, and agents in South America, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Germany, France and England. Each company has its peculiar styles, each kind bearing an appropriate name. At the Micliigan Stove Works of which Jeremiah lawyer is ]>resident, lf),000 tons of ii-on are annually turned into 60,000 stoves and ranges, by 1,500 workmen. At the Detroit Stove Works, under the presidency of E. S. Barbour, a like number of men are engaged in making the various kinds of stoves and ranges. The Peninsular Stove Com|)any, organized in 1881, with William B. Moran as president, employs 750 men, and has an annual product of 25,000 stoves, ranges, furnaces and heaters. The total annual j)ro(luct of the three works is not less than §2,500,000. The manufacture of white lead and colors in Detroit is making rapid progress. The Acme works, of which W. L. Davis is president, began in 1884, and now em])loys 100 men. The Peninsular White Lead and Color Works, originally organized by tlie wholesale firm of Farrand, Williams it Company, are eorrodcrs of white lead and manufacturers of dry colors, vermilions, coach colors, tinted leads, ready mixed paints and carriage jiaints, and the quality of their goods adapts them to the most .-severe use in winter. The Detroit White Lead Works, of which Ford I). C. Hinchman is [jresident, besides manufacturing a full line of paints and varnishes, makes several specialties which have met decided wants. One of the most notable instances of western enterprise, is the birth and growth of the great varnish house of Berry Brothers. The firm is composed of Joseph 11. and Thomas Berrv ; and their estaljlishnient is located at the foot of Licb .street, on the Detroit River. They now have eight flourishing branches, located at New York, Philadel])liia, Boston, Baltimore, Cliicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco. The running capacity of the factory is 15,000 gallons of varnish and Japan daily, or about 4,500,000 gallons per annum. The firm mamifaetures all grades of varnish, from the finest railway and carriage varnishes to the cheapest grade of goods, asphaltum, dryers, baking Japans, shellacs, etc., in connection witli their " lianl oil finish," which thev invented and jilaced on the market fifteen years ago. DETROIT CASKET COMPANY. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 43 No (itlicr peed house in the Ignited States does so larije a l)usiness as that of D. M. Ferry {z Company. Their new buildings, whicli occupy half a l)lock in the heart of the city of Detroit, are the head(piarters of a trade that employs ninety travelei-s to sell the product from the hundreds of acres of seed farms, on ^vhich the company grow the finest seeds that the most expert seedsmen can raise. During the busy season 1,500 people are emplo3-cd in and about Detroit, while special growers all over the country are employed to devote their best energies to the iwiTice of the firm. The success of tliis business has been simply enormous. The manner in which the seeds are packed in boxes, assoi-ted for various conditions of soil and climate, has led to an extension of the business into foreign fields. The Detroit 8afe Company enjoys a high rejintation, not only at home, but also in South America, Mexico, England, C'hina, and Japan. It has branch houses in Boston, 8t. Louis, Louisville, St. Paul, Atlanta, and San Francisco; and its annual product of .S,000 safes, besides bank vaults, fire proof cells and other kinds of jail work, employs about 400 men. The tobacco manufactories of Detroit have a product of 84,000,000 annually, and the cigar output is another 82,000,000. Daniel Scotten & Company manufacture plug, fine-cut and smoking tobaccos. The business was established in 18.56, and from the beginning Mr. Scotten has been at the head of it. The output of this house is 7,000,000 potuids a year. The house of John J. Bagley & Co. sends its goods to China, Japan and ^Vustralia. The president of the corporation is J. T. l\Iason. The Globe Tobacco Company, which is the outcome of a business started in 1871, is referred to more in detail elsewhere. The American Eagle Tobacco Company emjiloys 800 people to make the fine-cut, the smoking tobacco and other brands of the house. M. S. Smith is now president. This Company and its business is also detailed elsewhere. The Banner Tobacco Company nuinufactures fine-cut, smoking tobaccos and cigars, and employs upwards of 150 j>ersons on their many l)rands. The [)resideut of the company, ]\I. B. Mills, is also the treasurer of the IMiehigan Stove Compar.y. All the Detroit tobacco fiictories are first class ; they are strong financially ; they use the very best of stock, and thsy all have pusli and energy, and have been successful in the face of strong competition. They have made Detroit the second largest city in America for the production of fine-cut. The house of Parke, Davis & Company, manufacturing chemists and importers and dealers in crude vegetable drugs, witli laboratories and general offices at Detroit, and a large branch house at New York City, does a business enormov.s in amount and international in character. In the laboratories of the company, 640 highly skilled employes are engaged in the manufacture of standard medicinal iiroducts, fine pharmaceutical preparations, pressed herbs, and other like commodities. No other firm in the United States imjiorts so many and deals so largely in crude drugs. The comjxmyhas regular agencies in Ljndon, Berlin, Geneva, Para, Caracas, the City of JMexico, Havana, Auckland, Sidney and Honolulu. The regular publications of the house are The Therapeutio Gazette, The Medical Age, The American Lancet, The Medical Index smA The DriiggiM's Bu/iefin. The firm employs also 150 persons in the manufacture of empty capsules. For the South American trade the company has the services of a native Spaniard. The firm of Charles Wright & Company employs 250 persons in the preparation of a large and comprehensive line of family remedies, which are advertised and sold in all parts of the world. There is a branch house at Windsor, Ontario. The head of the firm is Charles Wright, who, while yet a young man, has ])ushed the products of his firm into both the Ea.st and West Indies, South America, South Africa and Australia, besides covering the United States and the Territories. This house publishes the Americmi J'haniiacisf. In 1876, Frederick Stearns, then the head of the house of Frederick Stearns & Company, manufacturing chemists — a position which he has lately yieldeil to his son, Frederick K. Stearns — began putting up a complete line of remedies, with the formulas printed on the labels, to take the place of the secret or patent medicines which were having so great a sale and often such dire results on the users. You may now find tlie Stearns medicines in South America, in Corea, in Palestine, in Asia Miu(jr, in Liberia, and in the East and West Indies, while in this coiuitry they are knfiwn throughout the laud. The}' import the crude drugs direct, and they keep tra\'eling men in remote lands. There are branch houses in Windsor, Ontario, in San Francisco, and in New York. The house pidilishes The New Idea. H. P. Baldwin 2nd & Comi)auy employ from fifty to seventy-five persons in the manufacture of boots, and W. S. Robinson & Company give employment to about 400 bands in the manufacture of fine shoes for men, women and (hildron. A. C. ^[cGraw are also large manufacturers of lioots and shoes, and have now the most comi)lete factory in tlie ^^'cst. Detroit's shoe industry is gauged by sales amounting to over $2,500,000 a year. The Detroit Dry Dock Company builds the splendid passenger and the powerful freight steamers that navigate tlu? lakes. The company take a contract, for example, to build and equip a 2,500 ton composite propeller I'eady for sea. The business of tlie company amounts to upwards of $1,500,000 a year. The president is Hon. James Meilillan ; the consulting and constructing engineer is Frank E. Kirby, and the secretary and treasurer is Alexander McVittie. As many as 800 men are at times employed in the three yards operated by the company. In wire and iron works Detroit has long been pre-eminent, and the National, the Michigini, the E. T. Barnum Company have a large trade throughout the l'nite(l States and are pushing into iNIexico. They manufacture iron fences, office and jail furniture, and all kinds nf arcliilrrtiii'al wdik. Detroit makes one-sixth (if tlie pins used in the United States, the National Pin Company, of this city, being one of the fourteen factories for the manuliicture of this small l)ut useful commodity. Three million pins a daj' is the output. The W. J. CHITTENDEN. L. A. McCREARV. C. I-I. PRESTON. CHARLES B. HULL. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 45 machinery used is larijly nri-^'inal. Fifty men arc eiiiplnyeil, anil tAvo tliousand jiounds of wire is daily made up into pins flir use in hanks, offices and for the toilet. Dexter M. Ferry is the president. The two large trunk factories of Martin, Maier & Co., and William Brown, manufacture all kinds of trunks, satchels and sample cases, their combined products reaching S275,000. The Detroit Radiator Company, (jf which George II. Russell is president, employs 125 men, and ])roduces 750,000 square feet of radiators every year. The Michigan Radiator and Iron Manufacturing Company, John B. Dyar, president, employs -350 men to make 2,500,000 square feet of radiators. Among other leading articles of Detroit manufacture are crackers, 11,000,000 ; clothing, $2,500,000 ; soap, $350,000 ; candy, $1,000,000; matches, $400,t)00 ; beer, $1,775,000 ; malt, $1,000,000; brick, $375,000 ; billiard tables, $25,000 ; agricultural implements, $400,000; pa])er stock (Detroit Sulphate Fiber Company), $800,000; barrels (Anchor Manufacturing Company), $500,000 ; burial caskets, $500,000 ; passenger cars (Pullman Car Company), $800,000. The Charity and Philanthropy of Detroit. BY BKADFOED SMITH. Detroit by taxation, in which all who are possessed of taxable property share in raising a fnnd of $40,000 which is controlled by the Board of Poor Commissioners, and about .$60,000 which is under the control of the Wayne County Board, all of which is for the benefit of the poor, insane and helpless citizens of Detroit. The money is expended in a most wise and philanthropic manner ; the first object of the poor commissioners is to care for the destitute in their own homes, furnishing them a temporary a.ssistance ; if more help is needed, the county house furnishes a home for such as lung as it is wise to keej) them there. Outside of this philanthropic work, Detroit has l)etween thirty and forty private institutions where the worthy poor receive proper attention and care. First in this list comes the homes, so called, varying according to the age and condition of those who need help, and first in ordei' is the Home of the Friendless, on Warren avenue, near Woodward; 2nd, the Home for the Aged, corner of Scott and Orleans streets; 3rd, the Thompson Home for Old Ladies, Cass and Hancock avenues ; 4th, the Home of the Good Shepherd, 792 West Fort street ; 5th, the Young Woman's Home, Clifll)rd street and Adams avenue, is a home for working women under thirty years of age of good conduct and char- acter; Gth, the Home of Providence, corner of Antoinc and Elizalieth streets; 7th, the Woman's Hospital and Foundlings' Home, on Thirteenth street, near Grand River avenue; 8th, the Home for Boys, 172 West High street; 9th, the Seamen's Home, formerly Sailor's Bethel, corner of Griswold and Atwater streets. All of these homes have one grand object, really named in the first, called the Home of the Friendless. There are at least 1,000 of our best, generous and philauthroi}ic citizens who have charge of these institutions. Next are the Asylums. 1st, the Protestant Asylum, 988 Jefferson avenue ; 2nd, St. Vincent's Asylum, on McDougall avenue, near Jefferson ; ord, the Polish Orphan Asylum, on St, Aubin avenue, corner of Canfield ; 4th, the Zoar Orphan A.sylum and Home for Old People is located at 250 Harvey avenue, but a short distance from Fort Wayne. All of these asylums care fitr the fatherless and those who ai-e without homes, in the truest sense of the word. There are also the Hospitals. 1st, the Harper Hospital, located on John R. street, head of Martin Place; 2nd, Grace Hospital, Willis avenue and John R. street ; 3r(l, iMarine Hospital, Jefferson and Mt. Elliott avenues ; 4th, St. Mary's Hospital, Antoine and Gratiot; 5th, St. Luke's Hospital, Fort street, corner of McKinistry avenue; 6th, Woman's Hospital and Foundling's Home, on Thirteenth street, near Grand River avenue; 7th, Children's Free Hosi)ital Association; 8th, Emergency Hospital, Porter street, near Michigan avenue. All of these assist the needy, dependent, infirm and sick, and care fijr the sick in a most wise and humane manner. If not al)le to pay their way they are welcome to the hospitals. The Emergency Hospital cares for those who are in sudden ake Shore it IMichigan Southern stockholders in tlie interest of that company, which now is in control of the Lake Shore & JMichigan Southern Railroad Company. It is a valuable piece of the projierty of that prosperous company. Now came on a panic and but little was done in the way of building railroads for several years. In 1871 the Detroit & Lansing Railroad was organized under the general law and was built through to I>ansing. It was afterwards, iu 1.S76, consolidated with the Ionia & Lansing and now constitutes the Detroit, Lansing it Northern Railroad. It is an important and valuable road to both city and county. In 1871 the Detroit & Bay City was organized, and quickly built tiirough to both Saginaw and Bay City, and now constitutes a portion of the line from Detroit to Macinac. These two roads were built largely by those interested in tlie Michigan Central Company. About the time of the construction of these two roads, or perhaps earlii'r, the Canada Southern and Chicago it Canada Southern had been undertaken by cajiitalists living in New York, with the purpose of erecting a shorter line between Chicago and Bnflido, as well as one of the easiest grades to cross the Detroit River at Grosse Isle. The enterprise iirovid a failure and the company became banknqit. The whole plan fill through. The Chicago it Canada Southern being jiartly built from Trenton west, was extriicjcd from Trentim to Detroit, and sabsequeiitly from Trenton to Toledo, and became the property of the Michigan Central Company. The Canadian Southern, also in Canaank, June 26, 1865 ; Union National Bank, K\m\ 13, 1886 ; Third National Bank, June 1, 1886. All with $3,250,000 capital in 18«6. The banking law of 1857-8, was far from being satisfactory. It was vague as to liabilities and penalties ; was encumbered with provisions that became useless and obsolete after 1863, and was very deficient in provision for State official su])ervisi(in. The amendments of 1871 made it acceptable for the organization of savings banks. Then attemjjts were made at several sessions of the Legislature to amend or revise the law without result. A bill introduced in 1885 was not passed. There had been an unaccountable distrust of and opposition to new banking laws. A bill was again introduced in 1887, by Hon. (!. J. Monroe, a practical banker, who sought council from the most able and experienced bankers in the State. This bill was a general banking law, establishing a department of supervision, in charge of a commissioner. It was passed, ajiproved .June 21, 1887, and amended slightly in 1889. This law permits State banks to transact commercial and savings banking separately, or combined in departments. It is a new departure in requiring four reports in each year ; in ])roviding for examinations ; by permission to reduce, increase, or make good impaired cajntal ; by requiring reserves to be kept, and by being required to charge off past due paper, at the expiration of six months after due ; also by making distinct the individual liability of shareholders. These are all requirements of the National Banking Law that have been tried, and are indispensable to good banking. The banks of Detroit have been liberal, yet wisely governed. No failure excei)ting a small State bank of 850,000 ca|)ital has occurred since 1857, and very few have discontinued. The Michigan law is better adapted to the needs of the iicojile of the State than the National law, being without some of its objectionable and expensive features. Several National Banks in the inteiior have reorganized into State banks, by which they escape loss from the requirements to l)urchase bonds ; can transact a commercial and savings business, and have power to loan on mortgage security. A few large National Banks are requisite in each city, and in States where State laws are not precise and stringent. They are depositories of reserves of other banks, and their standing with National Banks of other States is superior. Tiiey can also issue liills for circulation (not now considered advantageous.) A small or moderate sized bank in this State under the State law, relying upon home business, is better adajitcd to the wants of citizens. Originally savings instituti(3ns were benevolent in character, and were for the purpose of inducing working people to save. They had no capital stock paid in, and their largo board of trustees were chosen from those with character, wealth, and reputation. The earnings belonged to depositors, and Idsses fell upon them also. Later, savings banks with capital were chartered in some States, by which surplus earnings arc divided to shareholders. In Michigan, savings banks may transact any and all business pertaining to banking. This liberal provision makes such l^anks po|iular with capitalists and depositors, and a large number of organizations have been perfected under the law, and others will no doubt be commenced as needed. While supervision is faithfully exacted, comjietency secured, no excess of banks arc organized and no irregularities or evasions are permitted. This form of banking cannot fail to he advantageous and safe. Several savings banks arc very strong, and have unlimited resources. Much ability has been developed in their management. They are the leading and controlling financial element in Detroit. In one respect there has been a decided change since the origination of savings banks — working people are no longer ignorant (jf their benefits, and do iKit recjuire inducements to deposit their spare earnings. The general tendency is to save, and the results are of lasting lienctit in thrift, economy and temperance to a majority. The banking law of 1887 took effect and force January 7, 1889. T. ('. Sherwood, president of the I'lyniniith Natinnal Bank, was appointed Commissioner of the Banking Department, with an office at tlie capital in Lansing, and has supervision of all banks incorporated under the banking law. January 1, 1889, there were eighty banks doing business under the laws of this State. Thirteen banks and one loan and trust comjiany were added in 1S89. Fifteen additional were authorized in 1.S90. Total of State banks, Id.S; capit;;!, SS,4(10,.S35. Total deposits about 843,080,506.00. Of this number, fifteen State savings banks are in Detroit, and witii cai)ital stock paid in, $3,100,000 ; and surplus, 81,290,000; deposits, $25,675,032. Tiirough the courtesy of Hon. T. C. Slicrwood, Connnissioner of the State Banking Department, and Hon. E. S. Laccv, Conqitrollcr of the Currency, we present herewith an abstract of rei>orts of the State and National Banks in the city of Detroit, at the close of business, May 4, 1891. RESOURCES. Fifteen State B.\nks. Ei(;ht Natioxat, Banks. Loans and Discounts $12,«61 ,255.58 $15,43S,.S92.63 Stocks, Bonds and :\rortgages 13,612,440.21 977,054.20 Overdrafts \ 20,822.69 17,116.15 Due from Banks in R cities 3,357,723.31 1,943,665.90 1 )uc fn AW other Banks and Bankers 12.S, 1 1 .S.63 1 ,09(;,9 1 S. 1 !t Banking House Furniture and Fixtures 232,300,94 1 1 7,(l7(i.2(i Forward 839,212,661.36 819,590,723.33 THE LATE FRANCIS PALMS. KRANCLS V. I'ALMS. GEORGE IL HOPKINS. SAMUEL A. PLL'MMER. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 57 Brought Fonmrd., $30,212,fifil.36 $19,500,723.33 Other real estate 188,40().37 185,639.29 Current Expenses and Taxes paid 90,018.95 39,955.36 Interest paid 17,760.15 Casb and Exchange for Custom House 1,438,460.09 2,680,718.99 Due from U. S. Trea.ni rer 24,886. 31 Premium uu U. S. Bonds 145,500.00 $31,947,306.92 $28,667,423.28 LIABILITIES. Capital Stock paid in $ 3,106,500.00 $4,400,000.00 Surphis and Undivided Profits 1,472,434.46 1,209,938.63 Dividends unpaid 462.00 Due to Bankers and Brokers 1 ,333,804.80 5,697>28o!21 Deposits 26,034,567.66 10,221,897.34 U. S. Deposits 460-538.25 National Bank Notes outstanding 333,090.00 Notes and Bills re-discounted 244,21 6.85 Bills payable 100,000.00 $31,947,306.92 $22,667,423.28 Clearings for 1890 of eight National Banks, ten savings banks and two private banks, are as follows : (Banks not mentioned clear through. National Banks). First National Bank $ 34,308,1 10 Detroit National Bank 34,538,400 American Exchango National Bank 32,1 76,684 Merchants' and iSIanufaeturers' National Bank ' 23,308,349 Commercial National Bank 36,048,076 Meclianics' Bank 12,924,516 German American Bank 7,360,821 Union National Bank 4,315,241 Detroit Savings Bank 10,517,027 Peoples' Savings Bank 13,464,415 Preston National Bank 30,899,018 A. Ives & Sons 7,968,313 .L L. Harper & Co 2,812,150 Third National Bank 11,500,816 Peninsular Savings Bank 14,01(i,()20 American Banking and Savings Association 6,331,997 City Savings Bank 3,794,113 .State Savings Baidv 6,31 3,175 Dime Savings Bank 2,633,413 Citizens' Savings Bank 5,427,326 Total $300,658,010 Historical Sketch of the Board of Trade. BY GEORGE M. LANE, SECEET.VRY. The Board of Trade of the City of Detroit was first organized .luly 15, 1856, and was incorporated in 1863 under a general Act of the Ix'gislature apjjroved ^larch 19 of that year. In its early history thci-e is little Wdrthv of sjjccial notice. Its mend)ership was not large, and the daily .sessions were much like those of a connnercial clid), wIutc members interested in trade met to exchange views, jiass a social hour, and incidentally to transact whatever business thev might have in hand. In 18(J3, for the j)urpose of enlarging the scope and influence of the association, it was incor|)orated, its aims and objects being declared to be, "To promote just and ell, Ijowis F. Starkly. Willioiit niakinp,- any invidious r-onipar- isons, Dr. Dduyla.sss llongliton was evidently the most hberally (>dncatcd of tlie medical men of that time (1832), and was strongly supported by Dr. Zina Pitcher, and liis ]>aitner at one tim(>, Dr. Rice. He had no trouble in getting rapidly advanced in his professional honors until hi' finally became apjxjiiited State Geologist (18-')7) by Governor Mason. Dr. Pitcher's memory has not faded from the minds of man v in Detroit. A gentleman of staid and polished manners, reserved and deliberate in conversation, he was con- sultant and surgeon of St. Mary's Hosintal, with the late Dr. Diodie as his assistant, and the wi'iter took his first surgical lessons under these two gentlemen. During the cholera season, 1 832-1831:, Dr. Houghton was taxed in miail and body in striving with this fatal scourge. lie it was who sat at the bedside of many Detroit citizens stricken down with the disease. General Sylvester Lai-ned being one of those who died. At this time Hon. .lolin Owen was clerk in Dr. Chapin's drug store and stated that he would lend a helping hand in ])i-epa7-ing for his (Di-. Houghton's) chemical lectures before the Young Men's Literary Society, formed in 1832, the year the cholera broke out. 1853—1837. Up to this time tliere had been no medical society, except sonunvhere about 1837 the ol conclusion that the public, girded by the inspiration of the age in whicli we live, have to judge from the signatures to petitions addressed to the legislature on this subject, arrived at the belief that all wisdom (as \vell as all ])ower) are centered in them, rather than in those who have made medicine a study. Tiii;i!i;f()I(E, RcHoIved, That inasmuch as the primary object for which this society was (u-ganized has been withdrawn from our jurisdiction by legislative action, we will dissolve it and promote and provide in other ways the means of professional improvement. [Signed.] R. s. ricp:, GEOIKIE B. RUSSELL, M. I)., President. Z. riTCHLR, LUCULTIUS COBB, Secretary. L. H. COP.B, May 13, 1851. Committee. Thus the Wayne County Medical Society went out of existence. The original members still alive are three, Dr. Peter Klien, the president. Dr. George B. Russell and Dr. Edward Batwell, now of Ypsilanti, Michigan, all men well advanced in years and held in respect by their fellow citizens. Following for some time after this, medical history becomes lost until another Wayne County Medical Society was organized somewhere about 1857-1858. A good many of the old members joined and new members came into the society ; among them were Di-. Morse Stewart and Dr. Brodie, lately deceased, and who was a member at the time of his death of Wayne County Medical Society No. 3, for there have been three different societies tearing that title. The medical histcu-y of Dr. Morse Stewart and Dr. Brodie will be found in this volume. Intellectual excellence has been held in veneration in almost every age and country in the world. Individ- uals of genius, of science, have been honored when living and should be revered when dead. In the silence of hushed pain, beneath the beautiful trees of Elmwood and Woodmere, sleep those who fought disease in many of the families of this city. Their work is finished, but they are sacredly cherished in the hearts of many, and I am thankful that their histories are to be grouped in volume and not to be totally forgotten and their memories blended with the dust. The tombs of these good men should urge us to think of them, in veneration of their work and imitation of their lives. Thus will the honors of the dead, empty as some are wont to call them, reflect solid and lasting benefits upon the generations coming alter them. Their example still lives; it is immortal. BY EDWARD W. JEXKS, M. D., \Aj. I). 18G4-1891. AiiKuig the more prominent, whose acquaintence the writer made in 1804, were Drs. Z. Pitcher, N. D. Stebbens, Jas. A. Brown, James F. Noyes, Morse Stewart, Moses (lunn, S. (}. Armor, Herman Kiefer, Peter Klien, Richard Inglis, D. Henderson, Lucretius Cobb and E. JI. Clark. Among those of the Honurpathic School prominent at this time were Drs. Drake, Lodge and Ellis. Drs. Pitcher and Farrand were, at the time, attendant jihysicians at St Mary's Hosijital, and, under the direction of Dr. Tripler, Medical Director of the U. S. Army, they attended to many wounded soldiers. Dr. James F. Noyes, now retired from jiractice, was here, and had become prominent for his superior skill and discoveries, introduced in the treatment of diseases of the eye and ear. Drs. Inglis, Pitcher and Stebbens also were exceedingly jirominent as general |>ractitioners. They were greatly beloved by their patients, and held in high esteem by the profession for their medical skill and scientific knowledge. St. Mary was then the only i>nblic hospital in the State, but owing to being overcrowded by the U. S. soldiers, there was little room for the sick poor of the city and State. About this time (18(14) the General Government constructed buildings for a soldiers' hospital, upon lands donated by Nancy Martin Harper in 1859 for the founding of a general hos])ital, conveying to a board, to be known as the "Trustees of Harper Hospital." The government, as conditioned, turned over the buildings erected by it to said board, at the close of the war, when Drs. CHARLES L. CLARK. GEORGE M. ANDERSON. J^ % ^ CYRUS JOHNSON. M. P. THATCHER. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 79 McGraw, G. P. Andrews, Samupl V. Duffiekl, D. 0. Fan-and and Dr. Edward W. Jenks were constituted the first board of jjliysicians and surgeons. Former State Medical Societies having beconie extinct, the present Michigan State Medical Society was initiated at a meeting in this city, called for that ])mposc, and held in the office of Dr. Jenks, May 15th, 18(j(j, of which Dr. James F. Noyes was chainuiin, when foinial IM-eliminary action was had, and an invitation was extended to the profession of Ihc State to meet in Detroit on the fifth of the following month, for the purpose of i)erfecting the organization. Tn res])oiise to the call, there assembled in the old Supreme Coui-t room on Woodwai-d Avenue (tlie present hniiht of Rov's book store) more members of the profession than came together for any purpose during several years lliat followed. But the organization was effected by making j\Ioses Gunn temporary president. A constitution and by-laws were adojjted, and C. M. Stockwell, of Port Huron (then a regent of the universitv), was elected president. ( )n June 5th of the following year (18G7) the society met iu the same place, and whcic it continued to meet annually for several successive years. From a small organization, with a somewhat stormy birth, and a feeble childhood, it has attained the age of maturity, and is today an honor to its founders and the State whose name it bears. At the same meeting of the profession, at Dr. Jenks' office (May 15th, 18GG), initial stejis were taken towards the organization of a local society, as none were then in existence in Detroit. :May 30th, 18GG, the first regular meeting of the Wayne County ^Medical Society was held at the ^Mayor's office, and the venerable Zina Pitcher was elected president. This society, aft(T several years of successful life, in consequence of other local societies being formed, and the disaffection of some of its members, ceased to exist for a time, but was soon succeeded by the present incorjiorated bodv, an eminently successful organization, with a large membership, without the fear of similar failure. Detroit had had, pi'evious to this time, several medical jounmls, the PeiihiKnlnv pi-obalily being the principal. The Detroit Review of Medicine was established by private enterprise in l.SGG, and edited nminly by Drs. Andi-ews, Duffleld, ^IcGraw and Jenks. In 18G8 the Detroit Medical College was preliminarily founded, and formally established in 18G9. The faculty elected Edward W. Jenks president, Theodoi-e A. :McGi-aw, secretary and treasurer, and the following as ]jrofcssors: Edward W. Jcidcs, M. D., r)bstetrics and Diseases of Women; Theodore A. McGraw, M. D., Surgery; Geo. P. Andrews, M. D., Practice of Medicine; C. B, Gilbert, M. I)., Materia Medica; James F. Noyes, M. D., ()i)hthalmology aud Otology; N. W. Webbei', M. D., Anatomy; Sam'l 1'. Duffield, il. D., Chemistry; W. H. Lathrop, M. D., Physiology;. J. M. Bigelow, M. D., Medical Botany; Henry P. Brown, present Justice U. S. Supreme Court, on Medical Jurisprudence. There were but few changes iu the faculty for the first ten years of its existence, the most notable being the withdrawal of Dr. Lathrop, and the addition of Drs. R. Liglis, A. B. Lyon and L. Connor. The subsequent history of this institution was subjected to various changes, which finally culminated in the permanent establishment, in 1883, of the present Detroit College of Medicine, by the consolidation with it of the Michigan Medicid College, organized in 1879, of which the faculty consisted of Drs. Lyster, Book, Leonard, Lundy,,yeamens, .Mulhei-on. and LaFerte. The present ]\Iichigau College of Medicine and Surgery is an entirely separate and distinct institution. It was organized in 1888, and is connected with Emergency Hospital, its Board of Trustees being Hal C. AVyman, M.D., president; Dayton Parker, M.D., vice-president; Webster C. Jipson, M. I)., secretary and treasurer: R. B. Robbius, M. D., W. H. Long, M. D., F. Woolfenden and Henry C. AVisner. In 1874 the Detroit Homoepathic College was founded by Drs. E. I. Ellis, Younghusband and others of that school, but ceased when a like school was established in Ann Arbor. The hospitals of Detroit are, St. Mary's, Harper, Grace, Women's and Foundlings', St. Luke's, House of Providence, Detroit Sanitarium, besides several private sanitariums and hospitals. The hospitals of this city are not the shabby structures of former j-ears, but are large, commodious modern buildings. St. JIary's Hospital was founded by the Sisters of Charity iu 1849. Harper's, as previouslji' stated, was organized in 1859, but was not used as a general hospital until after the close of the war. Gi-ace Hospital was founded through the liberality of Hon. James ]Mc]\Iillan, the late Hon. John S.Newberry and Amos Chaffee, and opened for patients iu 1888. It was given its name in memory of a beloved daughter of the first named gentleman. St. Luke's and Church Hou.se founded by H I'. Baldwin. Protestant Orphan established in 183G. House of Providence organized in 18G8. Thompson Home for Gld Ladies, refci-i-ed to in another part of this work, and Women's Hospital and Foundlings' Home speak well for the philan- thropy and humanity of its citizens. The oldest nieilical society which has pa.ssed successfully through all the revolutions and changes of tile Detroit medical world since 18G4, is the; Detroit Academy of Medi(;ine. Its first officers were, Richard Inglis, president; E. W. Jenks, vice president; W. H. Lathrop, secretary; Dr. Lyster, ti-easui-er. The medical societies of Defi'oit are all prosperous, and are designated and officered as follows : The Detroit Academy of Medicine. Di'. Sprague, president; AVayue County Medical Society, Dr. Mulheron, president; Detroit Medical and Lil)i-ai'y Association, Dr. Carrier, president; Detroit Gynecological Society, Dr. Tmirie, president; College of Medicine and Sui-geons, an Homeopathic Society. JOSEPH S. VISGER. THOMAS S. SPRAGUE. w ■r. w C y. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 8i The iiipdical jirofessioii of Detroit takes rank with the best iu the country. It numbers amonn- its members medirul authors, teachers and practitioners whose names are known and recognized not alone in every part of tlie United States, but iu toreiyu countries. There exists an (j.sprit du voi'ps in the jjrot'ession of to-day that is in quite marked contrast to the state of affairs a quarter of acentui'j ago. It does not seem wise to particularize or write fulsomely in praise of those wlio are now actively eng-aged in proii's- sional work in Detroit, as the names of all who have attained distinction in any degree, are as household words in our midst. Detroit may well be proud of its cultured medical profession as it exists to-day. P>ut it must not be forgotten that hei-etofore those who labored in the same fields and have ceased from their labors, have done much for the material prosperity of the city. We should bow our heads in reverence when we recall the names of those who have acted as pioneers iu organizing and establishing the many medical institutions and hos])iials of the city. As the writer recalls the profession of this city as it existed in liSU-t, and remembers the gradual elimination of its number, and the meetings from time to time of tiie profession for individual members to eulogize the dead, and appoint others to bear them to their last resting ]»lace; he feels grateful tliat sucii men have lived and labored in the city they and we love. lie cannot remember that any have left lai-ge estates, nor are their exploits written on tablets of bronze or niai-l>l(^ but their memories are cherished by many citizens now living in consequence of their exercised skill, and by their contiMiiporaries and successors in 1he pi-ofcssion, and witli scarcely a single exception it uiay truthfully be written of them, "They feared God and loved their fellow men." Biographical Sketches. Russell A. Alger. The career of this first citizen of the city and State reads like a romance. Both his military and business careers have been remarkable, and iu each he has shown the qualities that prove him to be one of those rare characters that earns success iu whatever station of life he may be placed. Geu. Al- ger was born on a farm iu the township of Lafayette, Medina county, Ohio, on February 27th, 1836, and at the early age of twelve years was by the death of both his parents left dejiendent upon his own exertions for a livelihood as well as for the suppoi-t of a 3'ounger brother and sister. For seven years he labored on a- farm in Richfield, Ohio, and in the winter months obtained what education there was to be had at a neigh- boring academy. Securing a i>osition as a teacher of a district school, he taught during the winters of his 18th, 19th and 2Uth years, and continued his labors on the farm during the spring and summer until March, 18.57, when he entered upon the study of law with Wolcott & Upson, at Akron, Ohio^ He was admitted to practice by the Supi'eme Court of Ohio iu 1859, and removing to Cleveland, was engaged in the law office of Otis & Coffinberry. Ill health compelled him to relinquish the pursuit of his profession, and he removed to Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he engaged in the lumber trade. He responded to his country's call soon after the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, and his eidistment as a private iv- cruit in the Second Michigan Cavalry followed in August, 18G1. When mustered into service he w-as com- missioned captain and assigned to Company C. His official army record is as follows : Captain Second Cavalry, September 2, ]8(jl; Major, April 2, 1802; wounded and taken prisoner at Rooneville, Jlissis- sippi, July 1, 18(J2; Lieutenant Colonel Sixth Michigan Cavalry, October 16, 1802; Colonel Fifth Michi- gan Cavalry, February 28, 18Gi5 ; wounded in action at Boonesboro, Maryland, July 8, 1803; resigned Se])tember 20, 18(34, and honorably discharged ; Brevet Brigadier-General United States \'olunteers fi)r gallant and mciitoiious services, to rank from the battle of Treviliau Station, Virginia, June 11, 1801 ; IJrevet Majoi-General, June 11, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. The Cydo- l)edia of Michigan refers to General Alger's mihtary career in the following terms: "Tl:e advancement did not come through favoritism, but because each step was honestly and gai- i.iiiljy won. The (pialities that had given him distiintion in ])rivate life were brought into play in the Held, and made him one lo whom others naturally turned in hours of emergency or danger. A born com- ma ndei- of men, and with a natural military gcTiius, it wt)ul(l have been a sti'ange combination of ail verse circumstances that could have deterred him from ])rt)nioti()n dui'ing his yeai-s of army life. He enlisted at twenty-live and was a Colonel at twenty-seven. It would take space far beyond that a.vailahle hereto give a detailed history of General Alger's career while in t Ik^ army, and to relate all the stining incidents ot diinger and heroism that ;ire interwoven therein. * * * In tlie earlier years of the Rebellion, General Alger was active in the Southwest, but the larger portion of his service was with the .Vrmyof thePotonnic. He entei-ed (i(>ttysburg in command of the Fifth and Sixth Michigan Cavalry as Colonel, on June 28, 1803, his being the first Union command to reach that village, and the ovation which he and his men re- ceived from the loval citizens is still regarded by the General as one of the brightest incidents ot Ins mill- ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 83 tary career. One of tlie most important en^>:a2Pments in whic-h General A]f>:er participated was the battle of Boonesville, Miss., .lulv 1, l.S()2, at which time he was ('aptain of Company C, Second Michigan Cav- alry. Genei-al Ciiahners, witli about seven thousand mounted Confedei'ates (VlevtMi regiments and por- tions of regiments), made an attack npon Booneville, which was hehl by Colonel Sheriduu, who, though in command of the Second I'rigade of the Cavalry Division, Ai-my of theMississi]j])i, had with him at the time of the attack but two snuUl regiments, the Second Michigan Cavalry and the Second Iowa Cavalry, both regiments numbering less than nine hundred men, the former of which was armed with Coifs revol- vers and revolving caT-bines, So great was the heroism displayed by these two regiments that (}eneral Chalmei'S was led to believe that he had been deceived as to the strength of the enemy, supposiu"' tlie slaughter accomplished by the Michigan regiment with their carbines must certainly be tlie work of an in- fantry brigade. Each time he advanced he was met with six shots from the carbines, followed bvsix shots from each revolver, which had the effect of checking the advance. Sheridan, with his little Ijodv of men, was in danger of being surrounded and captured, so he decided upon the desperate measure of sending a 'forlorn hope' of ninety ]iicked men, one-half each fi-om the Second Michigan and Second Iowa, in com- mand of Ca]itain .Vlger, to make a cii-cuit of the enemy ami charge upon his I'ear with sabers. This was accomplished, Alg(^r nmking a circuit of eight miles in one liour, and had the desired effect, for as soon as Alger charged upon the reserve of about three thousand men, they broke and fled, the attacking force fohowing, leaving one hundred and twenty-five of their dead upon the field. Captain Alger lost near one half of his command in the charge in killed, wounded and missing, and was wounded himself ( 'olonel Al- ger is frequently mentioned in official reports of engagements for distinguished services, notably' by Cus- ter on the battle of Gettysburg. He was severely wounded in a hot fight on July 8th. near Boonesl)oro, Md., and did not resume service until September. He served with marked distinction during the campaign of 1864, taking part in all the engagements of the Army of the Potonmc, and wiiii his brigade accompa- nied General Sheridan to the Sheimndoah Valley in I8(i4. Of Colonel Alger's famous charge at Trevilian Station, while in command of the Fifth Cavalry, on July 11, 18G4, General Sheridan makes the following statement in his official report: 'The cavalry engagement of the 11th and 12th was by far the most bril- liant one of the present campaign. The enemy's loss was veiy heavy. My loss in captured will not ex- ceed one hundred and sixty. They are principally from the Fifth ]\Iichigam This regiment, Colonel Rus- sell .\..\]ger comnninding, gallantly cluu-ged down the Goi'donsville i-ond, ca]itnr'ing fiiteen hundred horses and about eight hundred prisoners, but were finally surrouniled and had to give them up.' General Alger participated in sixty-six ba.ttles and skirmishes in all, and by bravery and faithfulness merited the distinc- tion which he acquired." His business career has been no less remarkal)le than his success in the calling of arms. Returniu"- to Michigan in 186G, he settled at Detroit, and with limited capital re-entered the pine land and timber busi- ness as a member of the firm of Moore, Alger & Co., which with various changes became the iucorpoi'ated firm of Alger, Smith & Co., of which General Alger is the president and principal stockholder. He is also president or director, or more or less interested, in a large number of other imporlant business and man- ufacturing enterprises in the city and State, notably, the president of the Manistique Lumbering Company and president of the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railway. General Alger's natural ta.ste for politics had no opportunity iov exercise, owing to the necessary attention his vast and growing business required, and it was not until 1884 that he could be prevailed upon to give an^' of his active services to his party. In that 3'ear he was selected as a delegate to the National Republican Convention, and later was nomi- nated for Governor of Jlichigan and elected by 3,953 plurality. He could not be induced to become a can- didate for re-election, but his friends and admirers presented his name for the Republican nomination for the Presidency, and with the successive ballots in the convention his vote grew to 143 votes, when the l)reak was made to General Harrison which resulted in the latter's nonnimtion. He headed the list of electors chosen in Michigan that year. General Alger is the most prominent living member of the Grand Army of the Republic. He is a member of Fairbanks Post, No. 17, G. A. R., of Detroit, and is a Past Na- tional Commander-in-Chief. He is a member of the Loyal Legion and sevei-al other social and beneficiary orders. In his private life Gen. Alger is probably the best and most favorably known person in the city. H(> is a mend)er of the Fort Stnvt Presbyterian Church and a general and liberal contributor to many I'elig- iousand every charitable institution in the city. His charities are broail and go into most every relation of life, the source of many of tluMU being unknown even to tli(> donee. His personal manners and private lile are of the nK)st sim])le character: he is most ea.silj' a])])roached and is most kind and co7isidei-ate in liis business or personal relations with others. He was nmri'ied at Grand Rapids, Aju'il 2, 18()1, to .Miss Annette H. Henry, daughter of W. G. Henry, a highly respected citiz(>n of that city. His fijmily consi.sts of his wife, three daughters and two sons. His eldest daughter is Mrs. H. D. Sheldon, of this city. lie liv(>s in a beautiful and palatial residence on West Foi-t street, where he is hapi)ily surrounded by his family. James F. Joy, a native of New IIani]ishii(\ was born at Durham, Decendjer 2, 1810, took his litei-ary degree at Dai-tmouth College and his law course at Cambridge Law School, having as his preceptors Judge Story and Professor fireenlief. Immediately after his graduation from the latter lie came to Detroit, Sep- tember, 183(), and entered the law office of the Hon. Augustus S. Porter, and was admitted to the bar the GEORGE JEROME. ALLAN H. FRAZER. FRANCIS G. RUSSELL. THEODORE C. SHERWOOD. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 85 following year, when, associating with liinisclf Crcoi-ge F. i'ortei-, he established the law fii-m of Joy k T'or- tei-, and engaged in the active practice of li:s jjiol'cssion. Mr. Joy arrived in Deti'oit at a period wlien Michigan was in a transition state. Although the act of admission had i)as.sed Congress June I.'), 1S3G, conditions were attaclied, recpiiring the as.sciil of the j)eo pic tlirongh a representative convention, in respect to the boundaries defined in the act. This convention assenting, Decendjcr, 1830, the foi'nial act of admission was passed by Congress Jannnry 2(), 1l- ligent population. In all of these great changes, hot h physical and moral, present and future generations must recognize him as the prominent factor. - % >^^, ^'^W S^^^r* BY RON GREEN. \VM. W. IIAN'XAX. M 1^^ 1 ff ^ C ^^■Sh*^''^ 3il I ^^^^^^^BjH|m dl 1 91 JOHN M. BREWER. THOMAS B. GOODWILLIE. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT 87 Tho IIoii. Clias. I. Walker, editor of EiU'ly Detroit, i.s ix native of 1lie State of New York, and was l.orii at Hiitteniut, Otsego coiinly, Ajii-il 25, 1814. The pill )lic sehools afforded the facilities for acquiring the knowledge fitting him for the occupation, and at the age of sixteen he became a teacher. Subsequently he engaged in the mercantile business Iln cariie to ^lichigan first in 183G, as the agent of parties owning Western lands, and in the fall of that year was elected member of the convention, held at Ann Arbor, pursuant to the Act of Congi'ess, providing for fixing the boundaries, pending the admission of the Territory of Michigan as a State. In 1837 he became owner and editor of tlie Grand River Tiiiios. In 1838 he was elected a Justice of the Tcace and also began reading law in the office of the late Chief Justice Martin. After serving as a member of the Legislature, to whicli he was elected in 1840, he removed to Brattleboro, Vt., in 1841, where he completed his law studies and was admitted to the bar in 1842. lie followed the jiracticc^ of his l)rofession in Vermont until IS.jI, when he removed to Detroit, where lie has since resid(>d. On the death of Judge B. F. H. Witherell, Governor Crapo appointed him Circuit Judge of Wayne county, which posi- tion he resigned in 18G8 and resumed his practice, which he has since continued with marked success. Meanwhile he has held several important public positions in the State: Member of the Boai-d of Educa- tion, and Professor in the law department of the State University; as one of the Commissioners a])- iiointed by Governor Baldwin "to visit tlie penal and reformatoiy institutions of other States, and ex- amine the hiws by which they were governed," liis report thereon furnished the basis for the enactment of the laws which have proven so salutary and beneficent in their application to the charitable, penal and i-eformatory institutions of ^Michigan. Twice has he representi'd the State Board of Charities in the Na- tional Prison Reform Conventions, at Baltimore in 1872 and St. Louis in 1874. As a student of the early history of the Northwest, liis papers read and published thereon have constituted him as standard authority on all questions relating to its settlement. Among the papers prepared by him are "The Northwest during the Revolutionary War," "The Civil Administration of General Hull," " Early Jesuits of Michigan, and De La Motte Cadillac," are evidences of i-josc and ca'^eful research. The publishers of "Illustrated Detroit" may well congratulate their good fortune in being able to se- cure Judge Walker as editor of " Early Detroit." Judge Vralker's reputation as a lawyer is not confined to ^lichigan. lie is justly recognized bv the liar of otiier States, as well as that of his own, as the peer of any. for his jn-ofound knowledge and appli- caiion of the laws of jurisprudence, relating to moral obligation. Ill his ]uiblic and private life we find the impress of Quaker an(;estry practically demonstrated by the eonsi ientious discliarge of all moral and religious obligations. F. (\ Theodore H. Hinchmau, now the oldest living wholesale druggist in Detroit, and tlie author of the ar- ticle oil banking in Detroit, is of Welch ancestry and was born in Morris county. New Jersey, March (5, 1818. At the age of seven he removed with his parents to the city of New York, where he attended the public schools until reaching the age of thirteen, when he was placed in a retail drug store, where he re- mained a year, and then obtained a situation in the wholesale grocery house of Johnson & Sons. He con- I iiiued with this firm four years, meanwhile improving his leisure in ac(]uiring a knowledge of books from the ^lercantile Libraiy Association, of which he was a member. While a, salesman in the grocery house referred to, he made the acquaintance of the Hon. John Owen, which led to a proposition from the latter to come West and take a situation in the house of Chapin & Owen. This proposition he accejited in tlu> spring of 1836, and from that time until the present has been a citizen of Detroit. lie continued with this firm as a clerk until March, 1842, when, on the death of the senior member, he became a partner, and from that ]i(M-iod until 1853 the house of John Owen & Co. was well and favorably known throiigliout the East and ^^'est. In the latter year, Mr. Owen retiring, the firm became T. II. Iliiichman it Co. until 18(18, when it succeeded to its present name of T. H. Hinchman & Sons. Mr. Hinchnmii is juesident ot the Merchants' and Manufacturers" National Bank, which position he has held since its organization (in 18(JU). At differ- ent [leriods Mr. Hinchman has s;'rved the public as follows: From 1839 to 18(32 as member of the Fii-e Department; from 1855 to 18G0, Sewer Commissioner; from 18(57 to 187'.), member of the Hoard of Fire Commissioners; State Senator, 187(5; president of the ]\Iei-chants' Exdiange from 1878 to iHSij; memb(»r of the I'oard of Control of the State Industrial School, and appointed by Governor Al,i;-ei- a. member of the Senior Centennial Commission. Mr. Hinchman is the author of t he work enl itled, " Hanks and I'.aiik- ing in Jlichigan," with historical sketches of the bankers and copious I'Xtracts from the b;inkiiig laws of the State and Nation. This work should be u])on the desic of every busini^ss man in the State, if they would understand the obligations of (he li.iiikers to tlie public, and r/c vi'i:s,i, of (he people to the banks. Alfred Rnssel, author of the Legal Histor.y of Detroit, distinguished for literary ability and legal learn- ing, is a lineal dcscendeut of Captain John Rusael, killed at the seige of Fort William Henry in 1757, and l^sSlpi IM ^. .1? . S'l'AR ISLAND— SHOWING HOTEL AND SURROUNDINGS. James Slocum, proprietor. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 89 of Mooro Russel, prniiiinnit as a member of the Governor's Council of Now Hniiipshiro for many years, and on the maternal side his ancestois were kinsmen to the family of Daniel Webster. Mr. Russel is a na- tive of New Hampshire. Aftei- a preparatory course in the schools of his native town, he entered Dart- month College and received therefrom his literary degrees in ISoO, and then spent two years at the Har- vard Law School. In 1852 he located in Detroit, where he has since resided and continuously pu!-sued the practice of his profession. Mr. Russel is recognized by the members of the bar of Detroit, by the legal profession of Jlichigan, and in other States East and West, as the peer of any practitioner before the State Courts, the United States Supreme and District Courts. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him United States District Attorney. He held this position eight years, during which he act]nired a nntionjd reputation for legal acumen in the construction and application of the principles of Federal law, as be- tween the general government, the States, and the general public, and a recognition for his interpretation of the principles of international law by the English, French and German Courts. It was during the Inte Civil war that Secret ar^\- Seward gave him special power aiid duties to perform which called foi- the exer- cise of and demonstrated his ability to cope with and successfully establish the principles which should govern questions between nations, when another is involved in domestic difficulties, and the responsibility of the foreign government which permitted the formation within its tei-ritory of warlike bands, to raid and destroy property of a nation with which it professed friendly relations. Among some of the results achieved by Mr. Russel during the discussion of these questions was the expulsion from Canada of the agents of the Confederate government, the extradition of the Southern refugees who sought the capture of the United States steamer Michigan, and the theory upon which the Alabama claims were subsequently adjusted by the General Commissioners. In the numerous cases brought by ]\Ir. Russel before it, the Su- preme Court of the United States has ever treated his arguments with marked deference. On one occasion the writer was present when, at the close of a long argument, the Chief Justice adjourned court and, shak- ing the hand of Mr. Russel, complimented him for his "masterly effort." Whether in or out of court, Mr. Russel is the dignified, polite and courteous gentleman, and is regarded as one of the most scholarl3' and learned lawyers in the State. Socially and intellectually, Mr. Russel is held in high esteem, not only bj- the citizens of Detroit and Michigan, but by the cultured and refined of the States, East and West. His ef- forts outside of his j)rofession have received the most flattei'ing comments. His oration at the dedication of the City Hall, Julj- 4, 1871, and prior, his address at the commencement exercises of the University of Michigan, during the presidency of the Rev. Dr. Tappan, together with that delivered in 1878 at the com- mencement of Dartmouth Coll(>ge, his subject being, "Some eff(>cts of the growth of cities upon our ])oliti- cal system," were favorably criticised by the press, and largely (]uoted by the literary magazines of this and foreign countries. Professor Edward W. Jenks, M. D., LL. D., of Detroit, one of the editors of the Medical History of De- troit, has demonstrated, and his life thus far illustrates, that^ "Wealth cannot insure success; genius can- not command it; it is to be attained, and comes not as a naturid gift." Di'. .T(>nks was born in Yictoi-ia, Ontario county. New York, in 1833. His parents were New England ])oi-n, and Ids father, Nathan Jenks, who was of Quaker descent, was for main- years a leading merchant in that town. When the doctor was about ten years old his father made large ])urcliases of land in Northern Indiana and Southern ^fichigan, and in 1813 removed his family to Indiana, locating in La Grange county, where he immediately proceeded to lay out a village, which he named Ontario, where he founded and endowed the La Grange Collegiate In- stitute, which suljsequently attained an enviable reputation in Indiana and adjoining States. The Doctoi- was one of the early students of the school, and there acquired the rudiments of practical education. Later he came under the tutelage of private instructors. After some serious thought and investigation he decided that a medical life was his avocation. Accordingly, returning to his native State, he entered the medical department of the University, where he pursued the study of the different blanches of medical science under the instruction of such eminent nuMi as Drs. James R. Wood and William Darling. Refore completing his course, failing health conq)elle(l him to withdraw from the university. Sub.se(]uently he at- tended Castleton Medical College, of Vermont, where he came under the excellent tutelage of Dr. Corydon L. Ford, now of Michigan University. After graduating, he returned to Indiana and began the jiractice of his profession. Later he removed to Warsaw, New York. In the fall of 1803 he again went to New \"ork. The distinguished surgeon, Dr. Wood, his former preceptor, was then connected with Bellevue Hos- pital College. He thei-efore preferred to attend there instead of re-entering the University, and in ISdl received the <-K7cf//K/cz;j degnv'. He at onc(> i-ein(jved to Detroit, wliere he has attained prominence as a skilled practitioner in all the lines of his profession, but more particularly in the diseases of women. His reputation is not aloneconfined to the narrow limits of one city, or even one State, and soon after locating in Detroit he was elected to the chair of surgical diseases of women in Rowdcn'n College, Maine, whi'h work he carried on in connection with his practice in Detroit. He soon found it to be too great an under- o oi w o y. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT 91 takinfi;, owinfi; to tlio distance of the college from Detroit, and in 1875 he resigned the chair. lie was one of the founders and for four years a member of the editorial staff of the Detroit Review of Medicine, which was the j^redecessor of th(> Ainencnn Liiiwet, and first president uf the Detroit Mcdicn] ("oljcgc, founded in 18G8. In addition to his numerous other duties, he served the Michigan Central llaili-oad Company as surgeon-in-chief for many years. In 1879 Dr. Jenks resigned the vai'ious positions he occupied in Detroit, and removed to Chicago to fill the chair of surgical and medical diseases of women in the Ciiicago Medical College, made vacant b^' the I'esignation of Dr. B^ibrd. The selection of Di-. Jenks for this vactuu-y from among the gynecological surgeons of America conferred an honoi- upon him to wliicli he is justly entitled. The climate of Chicago proving injurious to himself and his fainily, comjiciled a, I'esigimtion of his officjjil positions and a rotui'u to Detroit, where the atmosphere was moi-e congenial. TTpon retu7-ni7ig to Detrtnt he soon resumed his place in the front rank of the medical practitioners of the city. His contributions to professional literature ha v(Mvon for him an exalted })osition in the estinmtion and c(jnfidt:nce of liis ])ro- fessional brethren thioughont the civilized world, and have been e.vtensively cojjied l)y the uK^dical jour- 7ials of Europe and America. He is an honorary member of the < >liio State Me(]ical Society, the Maine ^ledical Association, the T(jledo Medical Society, the Cincinnati Obstetrical Society, the Northwestern Medical Society of Ohio, and the Northwestern Medical Society of Indiana ; active member of the Detroit Academy of iledicine, the Detroit Gynecological Society; of the (Jyuecological Society of Boston ; a fellow of the Ob.steti'ical Society of London, England; one of the f(Jund(M's of the American Gynecological Society, and has been honored most where best known, the Albion College conferring u])on him the degree of Ui. D. The success he has won, and the high repute in which lie is lield in the medical woild, are the best ])os.sible proofs of the wisdom of his early choice, and that he has followed the paths nature had designed for him. Henr^' V. Baldwin, a Governor of and snbse(inently representing Michigan in the Senate of the United States, both on the paternal and maternal side is descended from the Puritans of the seventeenth centui-y, his paternal ancestor being Nathaniel Baldwin, who emigrated from Buckinghamshire, England, in 1040, and on the maternal side from Robert Williams, who settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1G38. With such anteced- ents, representing all that make and endxxly the ])iincii)les which the Ci'cator designed nnrn should dem- onstrate, it is not strange that Henry V. Baldwin for fifty-four years should exercise a controlling infiu- ence in the affairs of the City of Detroit, as well as the State of Michigan ; that he should so shape them that both should be recognized in the moi-al, educational and financial world as the peer of any on the continent. Henry P. Baldwin was born Februai-y 22, 1814, at Coventry, Rhode Island, where he received the preliminary education fitting him for the practical work which he has so successfully performed, and in which he has so distingnisheil himself later in life. The city of D(^tr{)it is greatly indebted to him for its financial and commercial standing, and the State for the moral, educational and industrial enterjjrises which he has oi-iginated, established and fostered. He first came to Detroit in the year 1 837, and the year following established the house of H. I'. I'aldwin & Co., and from that time to the present his name has been intimately associated with every enterprise of a public nature, for promoting the growth of Ihe State and its metropolis. His business transactions have been large and extended and so conducted as to cause few complaints from the thousands with whom they have been had. He was a dii-ectoi- in the Michigan State Bank until its charter expired, and the president of the Second National Bank during the term of its charter, and on its reorganization as the present "Detroit National," he served in the same capacity until very recently ill-health comjielled him to I'etire. As a public man Governor Baldwin served in the State Senate in 18G1-2; was chairman of Finance Committee, and on the joint committee to investigate the office and acts of the State Treasui-er ; also a member of the Senate Committee on banks and corpora- tions. He was elected Governor in 18(58, and re-elected in 1870, serving two terms. Among the impoi-t- ant measures initiated by him as Governor was the establishment of the State public school for dependi^it children, the Eastern Insane Asylum, the State House of Correction and the organization of the State Board of Health. During his administration occurred the devastating fii-es of Chicago and the North- west. His prompt, enei-getic,and efficient action in inaugurating means and measures toward relievingthe suiferers, excited the praise and commendation of the charitable throughout the United States and the lasting gratitude of the recipients of his ben(>volent efforts. He succeedeil Z. Chandler as United States Senator, and during his term as such he introduced a bill making an appropriation for the erection of the Federal building now in course of construction. He was also the author of several imijortant bills for tlie better regulation of National Banks. Since his retirement from the United States Senate he lias helil no public office, but he never failed to respond to the call of party obligations. Divie Bethune Duffield was born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, August 2\). Us21, and died at Detroit, Michigan, April 13, 1891. The lineage on both sides was of the besi , as we estimate the value of liiie;ige in America. His great- gi-andfather, the Reverend Geoi-ge Duffield, 1 ).!)., of Philadelphia, held high lank in the Presbyterian ^•s-J RESIDKNCK OF GEO. \V. SNOVER. KIM DIM. I, I )l L.I III I. I,.\1A.N. RESIDENCE OF II. W. LAKE. RESIHENCE OF G. L. WALKER. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 93 cliurch of his tiino, both as a literary man and as a theolooian. He was also a lender in the patriotic tiiought of the Kevolutionary ]icriod, and served as one of the chaplains of the first Continental Congress. Ilis grandfather, Hon. Thomas Duffield, was a prominent merchant of Philadelphia, and held the rcsponsiljle jjost of State Comijtrollcr General under the administration of Governor M( Ivean. Ilis lather, tile llevereiid George Duffield, D. D., was 8 very distinguished divine in the Presbyterian Clmicli, and exerted great influence in the councils of that important body. He was the pastor of tlie cliurch at Carlisle at the time of the birth of the subject of this memoir, and continued in that charge until about 1835, when he accepted a call to Piiiladelphia, and a year or two later one to Mew York City. In 1838 Ik; became the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Detroit, then the most influential religious society in Micliigan. He was a comprehensive scholar, a learned theologian, and a devoted pastor. In this he continued until stricken down, while in the actual services of the pulpit, in 18(57. On his mother's side, ^Mr. Duffield's ancestry was hardly less distinguished. His grandmother, Isabella- Graham, was eminent alike in Scotland and in the United States for piety and intellectual gifts. Slie became the wife of Divie Bethune, of New York City, a leading merchant of his time; one of their children was the late Revei'end Doctor George W. Bethune, widely known and everywhere admired for liis eloipience and his brilliant social qualities. Another child was a daughter, Isabella Graham Bethune, the .sainted mother of the subject of this sketch. As a young lady, Miss Bethune is said to have had unusnal personal cliarms, as could well be believed by those who knew her later in life. In addition to this, she was witty and lively in conversation, of attractive manners, of a sweet and synii)athetic disposition, and, as might be expected with such gifts, was the bright center of every company she entered. Tliis young lady became the wife of the Reverend Doctor George Duffield. A large and distinguished family blessed this union. With such blood in his veins, an ignoble or unfruitful life was hardly jio.ssible to Divie Bethune Duffield. From his earliest years ho gave high promises. He showed great ajititude forlanguages and polite literature. It is said that at the early age of twelve years he might have entered Dickinson College, then a flourishing institution at Carlisle, had he not been exclude should in his own ])erson perpet- uate them, and thus acquire that distinction for which they were so justly entitled to. Don M. Dickinson Avas born at Port Ontario, Oswego County, New York, January 17th, 1846, and brought to Michigan by his parents in 1.S4S. His father, Colonel Asa Dickinson, had previously (in 1820) explored the shores of Lake Erie, Huron ami Michigan in a canoe, and was so impressed with the future of the Peninsular State that he determined to make it his future home, and although twenty-eight years elapsed before being able to gratifv his desir(>, he at the ])eriod refeired to removed from New York and settled at St. Clair, where the subject of this sketch received his primary education and early impressions, which, as they wej-e prac- ticed and developed by liim in subsequent life, have endeared him to the people of Michigan, and made him wai-m friends among the eminent men of other States. From the schools of St. Clair he came to Deti-oit passing through its public and high school, aiid after one year's private instruction in the classics he entered the law department of the University of Michigan, graduating therefrom before he was twenty-one years of age. Not being eligible on account of his age for admission to the bar, he spent the intervening time studying the philosophy and logic of law as practically applied in the management of cases, and on reaching his majority (in 1867) was admitted and at once entered upon a large and lucrative practice, embracing a clientele in various States, iTivolving interests within the jurisdiction of foreign as well as the higher courts of our own country. The following are among the most notable before the United States Supreme Court : "The great telephone case, in which he had Senator Edmunds for his associate for Draw- baugh." "TheSchott & Forbish case, involving a conflict between the jurisdiction of the Federal and State courts ; State jurisdiction sustained, after a conflict of seven years." " Pewabic .Mining Conqiany," involving the validity of the " Coi'i^oration Reorganization Act," of Michigan, and reversing Justice Mathews' decision on the liability of directors after dissolution. '• Hammond & Co. vs. Hastings, reversing the decision of Judge Greshani." Among those in the Federal and State Courts are: "The Lake Superior Ship Canal Com])any." "Ward will case," "Campau will case," and "the Johnson will ease." In 1872 Mr. Dickinson first took an active part in politics, as .secivtary of the Democi-atic State Central Committee. Th(> efficient service rendered by him in this capacity led to his choice as the leader of the young Democracy, and gave him a national reputation. Subsequently chosen as a member of the Na- tional Democratic Committee, the zeal, activity and re-organizing ability disjjlayed by him so impressed President Cleveland that immediately u]Km his inauguration he appointed ^Ii-. Dickinson to the office of Postmaster General. This appointment was hailed by all citizens of Michigan, irrespective of partv affiliations, as a compliment to the State, and was nmde the occasion of a ]>ublii- demonstration in which all classes took i)art in doing honor to Mr. Dickinson, and commending the President foi' his choice. Mr. -ms*^' K g^ " '^4 / s V * >r- \r ILL US TRA TED DE TR OI T. 97 Dickinson, as a ma,n,repi-('sonts llic tnn' Anicric an, a man of nerve, will power, nionlding rather than beinp; moulded, originatinji,' tliou.iilits, ci-eatin,!;' circunistances bv whieli to pi-opel men, inipressin,<;- tlieni witli liis own ideas of successful progi-ess in any undertaking he might engage in. As a lawyer, he is true t(j iiis clients, 7iiaking their cause his own, never abatiug iu effort or interest whether they be wealthy or poor, high or low. and with his brethren at the bar he is recognized, whether as associate or oi)]ionent, as a courteous gentleman and an ai)le and honorable advocate. As a citizen, he is interested iu every enterprise to promote the comfort of the ])eo]ile, the adornment of the city, and the welfare of the State and nation. Patriotism is a. part of his i-eligion : he knows the worth of human liberty, and believes the United States are a peculiar heritage of freedom. William C. Maybui-y, attoi'uey and counselor at law, furnishes an example of what a, proper use of th(! natural gifts cultivated by habits of industry and close application w-ill accomijlish, and is worthy of imitation by all young men who will improve the talents and powers with which God has endowed them, in making for themselves positions of honor and ti-ust iu their own community, and a reputation standing recognized in larger circles as the peer of the distinguished and eminent men of the nation. Mr. Maybury was born in Detroit, November 21st, 1849, where his early education was acquired at the public schools. He ])repared for college at Detroit High School, .ifter graduating from it he entered the University of Micliigau in 188G, and taking his degree in the literary department entered the law branch of the university. In 1872 received his degrees of A. B. and M. A. He was admitted to the bar, however, in 1871, prior to receiving the degrees named. Immediately after his admission he foi-med a partnership with E. F. Conley. In 1875 he was elected city attoiney and served as such for four years, when in 1880 he was nominated for Congress, but defeated. In 1882 he was renominated and elected and re-elected in 1884, serving during the 48th session of Congress ou the Judiciary Committee, and in the 49tli, on the Committee of Ways and Jleans. In 1881, he became a meii'.ber of the firm of Conley, Maybury & Lucking. His relations with them still continue. As a citizen, Mr. Maybury is alive to all movements tending to advance educational intere.sts, the adorniuent of the city of his birth, and in promoting all industrial entei"- prises. He is professor of iMedical Juris]u-udence in the Detroit Medical College, which is greatly indebted to him foi- its present substantial rejnitation. His efforts in securing appropriations for the new Federal building audits location between Fort street and Lafayette should be recoginized, and are appreciated 1)3' his fellow citizens. He is president of the Detroit Motor Company, vice-president of the Home Savings Bank, and director of a uumbei' of other mauufactiuing corporations. Personally Mi-. Maybury is kind and courteous, full of sym]iathy for the unfortunate. He is a prominent and active member of the E]uscopal Church; past commander of the Knights Templar, and a 33 degree member of the Masonic order. As a lawyer he enjoys the respect of the courts, as well as that of his fellow memljers of the bar. Edward W. Peudleton, secretary of the Detroit Bar Association, is a native of the State of Maine, whore he was born in the year 1849, and where he received his early education, including a classical course at Gorham Academy in that State; was a student at Bowdoin College for two years, entered the State University of Michigan, and graduated therefrom, iu 1872. He served as superintendent of the public schools at Owosso, and pursued his legal studies at the university law school and in the office of Hon. C. I. Walker; was admitted to the bar in 1876, and immediately established himself in the practice of his profession. Mr. Peudleton has made a specialty' of that branch of law relating to the management of estates and cases in chancery, in wdiich he has gained much eminence as an equity lawyer. Personally, Mr. Pendleton is genial, frank, and cordial iu manner, impi'essing one as possessing a high sense of honor, public spirited, a cultivated taste for literature, a logical, legal mind, which combined with a peculiai' business sagacity, enables him to practically utilize his knowledge of law. George Van Ness Lothrop, late Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Russia, is a native of Massachusetts, and was born at Ea.ston, Bristol County, August 8tli, 1817. His eai-ly boyhood was spent u])on his father's farm, recei\'ing his jii-eparatory education at Day's Academy. He was admitted to the Freshman Cla.ss of Amherst College, where he pursued his literary studies for a year, and in is:5.") eutei'ed the Sophomore^ Class in Bi-own's University, from which he gi'aduated in 1838, and immediately thereafter |>rosecnted his law studies under the instruction of Judge Story and Professor (ireenleaf, at Harvai-d University. Impaii'ed health, however, intervened to prevent his taking the full cour.se at that institution, and in the autuinn of 1839 he came to ilichigan, making his home with his bi-othei-, the Hon. Ivlwin H. Lothro]), at Kalamazoo, jiui'suing farming as a means foi' restoring his physical powers. Kecovering, lie jiursued his law studies with Messrs. Joy & Porter at Detroit, and in 1843 was admitted to the bar, and at once entered into active jn-actice with the late D. Bethune Duftield, after which jieriod the law fii-m of" Lothroj) iV; Duffield " became a synonym foi- legal acumen by its professional contenqjoraries, bylhe courts, as entitled to res])ectl'nl consideration upon any ))i-inci|)le of law or e(|uity presented by either of its members, ami by its clieiilele as a safe repository foi- any interest submitted by them for its MICHIGAN MILITARY ACADEMY, ORCHARD LAKE, MICHIGAN. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 55 adjustmont. Tn 184S, tlio Attorney Genoial, Edward Mnndy, having resigned, Mr. Lothrop arrf-ptod tlic appointnient a.s liiw .succi ssor, and continued to serve as such until his resignation, in 1851, to accept tlw nomination for the office of Recorder, to which position he was subsequently elected. This was the firsi ]iul)lic position held by him under the city government. Mr. Lothrop has several times received the votes of his ])aity, in the Legislature, for United States Senator, and also the expression of his political friends— nominatiug him for Congress. He was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention of ISOT, nnd was also appointed by Governor Bagley a member of the Legislative Couventiou of 1873, wliicii hr declined. For nearly thirty years Mr. Lothrop was the general solicitor for the ^Michigan Central Railroad Company. It will thus be seen that his professional life has been an active one. The IMichigan rejiorts from the organization of the jircsent Supreme Court (from 1844to 1884) are full of cases represented by him as counsel, or by the flrui of Lothrop & Duffield. As a political leader, Mr. Lothrop has served his parts- honorably and wisely. He was a member of the Democratic National Convention of ISGO, and sei'ved upon the committee on resolutions, which sat for over a week, and considered the questions which involved asepa,i-a,tion between the North and South. Mr. Lothrop stood with the Douglas wing, or constitutional representation of the Democratic party. In May, 1885, he was ap])ointed by President Cleveland ^linister rienipotentiary to the Court of Russia. After a service of three years, finding the cHmate of St. Petersburg- preying upon his ])hy.sical health, he resigned his post and returned to Detroit in the autumn of 1888. He has not resumed the active practice of his profession since his return. Hon. Edward Carey Walker, one of the most eminent and leading attorneys of the Detroit bar, is a native of the State of New York, born July 4, 1820, received his academic education under the private instruction of Professor Ziuas Moise and Nathau Bishop and studied civil engineering with Wm. J. McAlpine, resident engineer of Chenango Canal, until a serious accident prevented him from continuing in the field work, causing him to abandon his original intention of "making civil engineering his avocation," inducing him to adopt that of the law. He therefore preliminarily commenced his cour.se of study under C.W. Fitch, D. D., then principal of Branch University, who prepared him to enter the Junior Class in Yale College, from which he graduated in 1842 in the same class with Professor James Hadley and J. A. Porter, and at once entered the law office of Messrs. Joy & Porter, of Detroit. He remained with this firm three years, with the exception of about one year spent under the tutorship of Judge Story at Cambridge. .\mong his classmates at Cambridge were the Hons. Anson Burlingame and Rutherford B. Hayes. He was admitted to the bai" in 1845, and from that period to the present he has been in the active practice of his profession and has had from time to time as his associates the Hon. Chas. I. Walker (his brother), Hon. .Vlfi-ed Russel and Hon. Chas. I. Kent. At the piesent time he has a ]iartner in his son, Bryant C. Walkei-, constituting the firm of Walker & Walker. Although Mr. Walker in religious matters was born of Quaker parents, he in early manhood united with the Presbyterian Church and has been an active member of the Fort Street Church during his I'esidence in Detroit. As a citizen he is ardent in promoting educational and charitable enterprises and has been largely interested in several manufacturing industries. As a public man he was for years secretary of the Board of Education and was elected Regent of the State University, first in 18G3 and again in 1 881. He also served as a member of the State Legislature during the years 18G7-8, and was chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, and in 1854 was a member of the committee appointed in Detroit for the preliminery inception of the Massachusetts convention at Jackson which gave birth to the Republican party. As a. lawyer '\\v. Walk(M- is recognized as leading authority on (|ucstions of titles to lands and has long been the confidential attorney of Eastern capitalists in the invest- ments made b\' them in the West. Hon. George Jerome, late General Attorney of the Detroit, Grand Haven iV: Milwaukee. Railway, is a native of Tompkins County, New York, and was born in 1824, came with his jiarents to Michigan in 1827, since \\hi<-h time, except the four years spent East in pursuing his education, he has been a continuous i-esident of Michigan and of Detroit since 1844. After a. preliminary preparation and study of law he was admitted to the bar in Detroit in 1848. He represented Detroit in the State Senate of 1855-7-8, serving as chairman of the Judiciary Committee during that period. Was collector of cu.stoms at Detroit from 1800 to 1875, which position he resigned at his own volition. He was attorney and general solidloi- of the Detroit, Grand Haven ».^- ^filwaukee Railroad from 185!) until within the pa.st year, when hr rctii-ed on account of ill health. Mi'. Jei-ome was one of the commissioners on the plan of the city fi-om 1857 to 18()'.). and has held othci' i)ublic positions of lioiuu- and merit. Martin S. Smith, of tlir firm of Alger, Smith & Co., and the founder of the well-known house of M. S. Smith (.V- Co., importers and jobbei-s of fine watches, diamonds and jewelry, is a. native of the State of New York, and boi-n at Ijima. Livingston ("(iunty, in 1884, and came to .Midiigan with liis ])ai-ents in 1S44, they locating in Oakland Counts. (']) to the ag(> of foui-tecTi, Mi-. Smith assi.sted in farm duties, and then obtaiiUMl a situation as clerk in a clothing house at I'ontiac, sulisei^uently l(\aviiig it to accept a posili(ui E. 1. SllMSUN M. SHEELEY. ORRY A. HAKKINGTON. ROBERT H. Vl.sljtK. J. BLAIR SIMPSON. FRANK REAUME. JAMES A. VISGER. //, /, ( 'S TRA TED DF. TROIT. loi Y.ith William M. Thomson, publisher of the Poiitiac Gazette. In ISGl lie raine to Detroit, where lie has ;iince lesided, and which has been the theatre for those operations, which through his industry, enterprise and integrity have secured for him weulth, the contidence and respect of an extended acquaintance anujug business men and philanthropists, at home and abroad. Mr. Smith is treasurer of the Smith, Alger A: rompany, and Manistique Lumber Company, of the Woodmere Cemetery Association, president of the American National Bank, vice-president of the State Savings Bank, of the Michigan Mutual Life Insur- ance Company, and of the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railroad. lie is also prominently identified with other manufacturing and leading industries of the city and State. Mr. Smith is generous with his money and time iu promoting benevolent and educational interests of both city and State. Mr. Smith hns never sought political preferment, although often tendered it. He was, however, member of the lionrd of rolic(! Conmussioners from 1872 until very recently, when ill-health compelled his resignation. The success of Mr. Smith in business is a product of close attention to details and a just regard for the rights of others. Personally, Mr. Smith is courteous and unassuming in manner, sf)mewhat inclined to reticence, pi'efcrring to net rather than talk; is extremely fond of good horses, and devot(\s much of his leisure time and hours of I'elaxation in exercising tliem. Samuel A. Plummer is a native of New Hampshire, and was born at Meredith, March 30th, 1831. His father, in addition to carrying on a farm, was largely engaged in buying and selling live stock for the Boston market. Earlj- in life, following the example and instructions of his father, Samuel exhibited traits of character peculiar to New Englanders, of thinking and acting on his own judgment, and being governed in all his business transactions by a proper sense of his own rights, as well as tho.se belonging to others. He, at the age of sixteen, had established a reputation for sagacity and integrity, which gainc.l for him the confidence of capitalists to the extent that secured for him the necessary means for the large opei-ations he subsequently' conducted on his own account. He continued in the wholesale live stock trade, confining his operations to the New England States, until IBG.j, when he came to Detroit, since whii-h period he has made it the center of his business interests, botli in live stock and real estate transactions, in both of which he has been an extensive and successful operator. Personally, Mr. Plummer is plain and frank in manner and address, means wdiat he says, and avoids a multiplicity of words. He is cautious, somewhat reticent, careful to make no promises unless confident of being able to fulfill them. He has oik! son, who is interested with him iu his business enterprises. Hon. Wm. Livingstone, .Jr., was born in Dundas, Ontario, January 21st, 1842, and came with his parents to Detroit, of which he has since been a continuous resident. He received an academical education anil learned the trade of a machinist. In 18G1 he became connected with the shi])ping interest, and fi-oni ye.ii- to year increased his business, and also made large investments in leal estate, iu lumber, sti-eet rail- I'oads, and other manufacturing enterprises and industries, thereby contributing gieatly to the mateiial growth of the city and State. As a public man, Mr. Livingstone has been piominent for a number of years. In 1875 he was electei-cheron Transportation Com- l)any, which owns the large steamers T. Palmer and Wm. Livingstone, besides a- number of smaller steamers and sailing vessels. Among ves.sel men, Mr. Livingstone is iield in high estimation for his (\irnest and effective advocacy of all measures, means, and influence's tending to advame and |)rotect their interests. He is the ])r(>sident of the park and boulevard commissionei-s of the city, and is also connected with other educational and charitable institutions, and benevolent organizations, devoting much time and money in aiding the successful a,ccom]ilishment of their respective aims and objects. Alexander .V. Boutell, secretary and manager of the Globe Tobacco Woi-ks, was born in Steuben County, New York, January 13tli. 1810. His grandsire, a revoluutionai-y patriot, his father serving as a soldier in the war of 1812, and he himself, together with four bi'otliers, serving in the war wliicli gave ])ermanency to the Tnited States (iovei'ument, entitl(>s him to ])i-ominent consideration among the re])i-esentative men of Detroit. He is a member of Fairbanks Post. 0. .\. 1!. rnol>trusive in dei)ort nient. courteous in business. inde]ienilent in the exjiressiou of sentiments or opinions in ])ersonal iiitei-cours(>, he imi)i-es.ses the thoughtful man as the representative of pure .Vmerican character, ncconqiauied and controlled by a- business sagacity dejiendeut iu its exercise upon the princii)le that all rei)resentative and iiHelligvut humanity is entitled to llie rights which their Creator hns endowed I hem wiHi. Mr. Boutell is the .son of a, farmer; received the education of n fnrmei''s son ; becnine nt the end one ofllie professors in the Enstmnn Comniei-cial Colleoe of Poim-hki>e]isie, New York, from whence h(> came to Deti-oil . ill 1 807, ami engaged wilh Israel Alorey iV: Cf>., tobncconists. Hi- <-oiil iuned \\i1li the cfunpnny until till' decense of Mi'. Morey, becoming executor of his estate. Subse(|iien1 1,\'. he became t he manage:- of J ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 103 the Canadian branch of the Globe Tobacco Works, and i.s now the secretary and chief mauaojer of its works iit Detroit. Mr. Boutell is the president of the .Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange, the ti-easui'er of the Baraga Graphic Alining Company, and is prominently associated in numerous organizations having for their object the elevation of men and women, thereby fitting them for a proper discharge of the duties of American citizenship, and in this direction he has the hearty and active co-opciation of his wife, whose maiden name was Carpenter, a daughter of an early pioneer of Ypsilanti. They have one danglitci-, aged IG, who is now at the Home Day School. Col. Joseph Sumner Rogers, the founder, superintendent and proprietor of the Midiigan Alilitary Acad- emy at Orchard Lake, was born at Oirington, Maine, July 5th, 1844. He had just passed through the l)ublic schools of his native town, when President Lincoln issued his proclamation calling for volunteers to defend the constitutional government of the Union, when in April, LSGl, he enlisted in the Second Ivcgiment of Maine volunteers. With it he participated in the fii-st battle (jf Bull Run, and in all those of the Penin- sular campaign under General McClellan, and was severely wounded in the head at the second battle of Bull Run. His term of service expiring June 9th, 1863, he returned to Maine, and in 18G4: again entered the army as second lieutenant in the 31st regiment of Maine, and the month following was commissioned captain, serving as such until the close of the war. receiving the brevet of major, July 15, 18G5. On the first of October, 18G7, he was commissioned second lieutenant in the regular army and assigned to the First Infantry. Was breveted first lieutenant and captain for distinguished services at the second battle of Bull Run and Gaine's Mills. Served with his regiment in Louisiana until 1SG9, when he came to Michi- gan and was stationed at Fort Wayne. In December, 1872, he was elected major of the " Pelouze Corps." This corps was organized by General L. H. Pelouze, U. S. Army, by selection from the lads of the leading- citizens of Deti'oit, and at the time when Col. Rogers succeeded to the command of the corjts it was com- posed of two companies, numbering about fifty each, with a full complement of subordinate officers. Through the enthusiasm, industry, skill and i^atience of Col. Rogers the corps made great proficiency in drill and soldierh' bearing, and on the occasion of its first public parade, February 22, 1873, was hospit- ably entertained by Governor Bagle3'. In April following, the corps was divided into four companies of fifty each. Its first annual encampment was held June 25, 1872, at " Camp Elwood," Fort Wayne, and at its first annual parade eight companies mai'ched through the streets under the command of Col. Rogers. The adjutant general in his annual report for 1875 thus refers to this corps: "I take great pleasure in stating that the battalion of Pelouze cadets, under the instruction of Major J. S. Rogers, U. S. Army, still continues to manifest that superior discipline and excellent drill for which the cor])s has been justly ac- credited since its foi-mation. Their annual encamijment, under command of Major Rogers, took place in June last, at Orchard Lake, in Oakland County, one of the most beautiful spots in the West, combining lovely scenery both of lake, island and forest. In 1874, President Grant detailed Colonel Rogers as pro fessor of military science and tactics in the Detroit High School. In the report of Genei'al Robertson, above referred to, he says: "The Cadet Corps, made up of the scholars of the high school, under the direction of the Board of Education of Detroit, is now composed of three companies, numbering 150, with the usual complement of officers. This battalion is also under the able instruction ol Alajor Rogers. All interested in the education of the youth are invited to examine the admirable course of instruction afforded ; these organizations being valuable in a military point of view, and also imparting a degree of physical strength and manly deportment which cannot be obtained in any other way, as is imjn-essively apparent among the Pelouze cadets during the three years of their excellent training." In July, 187G, the Pelouze Corps of Cadets, under the command of Colonel Rogers, visited the Centennial Exposition and took part in the grand military parade on the Fourth of July; as the corps passed down Broad and Chestnut streets it was greeted with rounds of applause till the end of the nuirch, the soldierly bearing of the cadets elicitingthe highest encomiums from the spectators wherever they appeared. Alter the parade, the crack comi)any of Pennsylvania, the "Invincibles," received them with the most ra]>turous a])plause as they passed their armory, the ladies clapping their hands and waving their handkerchiefs. As they halted at Independence Hall they passed in review before General Sherman, Pi-inc(> Oscar, of Sweden, Don Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, Vice President Ferry, the Secretary of War, and other notables. Genei-al Sherman remarked, " I never saw better order in any regiment in my life." Along the I'oute they wei-e often taken for West Point Cadets; at other points cries of "them's the fellows to k(>e]) a straight line;" " they drill like Detroit Knights Templar," etc. In tiius giving the history of the Pelouze and High Si-iiool Cadets, we furnish the basis or nucleus which led to the establishment of the Alichigan Military Academy, hence the history of the Pelouze and High School Cadets, and that of the Michigan Military Acast Point, Col. Rogers' services have resulted in specially' interesting the peojile of Detroit and Michigan, and, in fact, the entire Northwest and West, in military- matters and education. A number of schools have been organized in other States after the model of the Military Academy at Orchard Lake. Col. Rogers is a member of the Congregational Church, of the Knights Templar, of the In.stitute of Civics, of the G. A. R., of the Loyal Legion, and of the Sons of the American Revolution. Dominique Riopelle, whose portrait appears elsewhere, presents, both in physi(]iie and personal char- acteristics, the type of the early French of Detroit, and is descended from Pierre and Marguerite Dubois, of St. Pierre, Isle d'Olcron, France, whose son, Pierre 2nd, was the founder of the Riopelle family in ,\meiica Isle d'Olcron of France is in the Bay of Biscay. It belongs to the department of Charente Interieme, and possesses four forts and the towns of Chateau and Pierre d'Oleron, the former of which is fortified. The inhabitants were engaged in shi])-l)nilding, salt making and trade in wine, brandy and grain. It has been successively the pro])erty of the Counts Anjou, the Dukes Aquitaine, the English and the French crowns. It takes its name from Queen Eleanor, who established the maritime law, known as the "Oleron Code," which was ado])te(l by England, and is a ])art of the American law. He married Marie Julian Gnerin in 1G87, and Pierre, third son of this marriage, was born in IGDG, and married JIarie Ann Mayhew Merchant in 1718. Ambroise, the son from this union, came to Detroit about 1760 and in 1766 married Therese Campau, daughter of Antoine and Aiigeli(]ue Pelletier. Dominique l.st, a .son of this marriage, and the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in 1787 and married m 1818 to Colette (Clotilde) Gouin- Boyer, who was the widow of Antoine St. Bernard. Dominique 2nd, the subject above represented, was born in Detroit o\\ the 8th day of December, 1818, and married Elizabeth Gouin. His four sisters were "Adesse" who married Michael G. Payment, "Nancy " who became a nun, " .Viigeli(|ue," who married Fabian Peltier, and " Domitelle," who married Poutiff Gouin. Dominique Riopelle, was of a genial, hos- pitable and kind dis])()sition, but ind(»])endent and firm in his religious and political views. He was adverse to holding political positions, although frequently requested to accept many high offices. Owing to his Ijopularity and the force of political circumstances he accepted the nomination, and was elected Alderman of the old 6th ward in 1852, but never afterward could he be persuaded to accejjt political favors. In business affairs he never sought to accumulate by speculation, relying upon regular and legitimate influences to provide for addition to his financial resources. These proving sufllicient, he led an honest, cheerful and charitable life, giving his children a good education, and left each a reasonable inheritance He died October 28th, 1883. His eldest son, Hon. Claude N. Riopelle, is now a member of the Detroit bar, and has a lucrative practice. He was a member of the State Legislature in 1869, leaving an honorable record, and like his father has never sought, or held up to date, any political office. Samuel Pearce Duffield, M. D., secretary of the Boaixl of Health of the city of Deti-oit, was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, December 24, 183:3. Entered the University of Michigan in 1S50, graduating from the literary department ill 1854; remained one year afterward as resident graduate to perfect himself in chemistry and anattuny. From thence he entered the University of Pennsylvania, taking the regular medical course in the medical department. Being afflicted with failing eyesight, he went to Berlin, in 1856. for treatment by Dr. Albrecht Von Graefe, who relieved him. While there he attended Graefe's clinics for three months, also lectures from Prof Mitcherlich, in the university, after which he visited Munich, where he studied physics and chemistry in Ma.xniillian's University under Baron Von Liebig, and in accordance with Liebig's recommendations he graduated from Ludwig 111 University at Gies.sen Hesse, a doctor of philosophy. In 1858 he returned to Detroit and entered upon the practice of his ))rofession, still coul inning his chemical investigations, and devoting special attention to to.xicology and medical juris- prudence. He soon became known as an analyst, and was frequently called to testify m the courts as an exjjert. In 1886 he si)ent the winter in Russia, studying the Jinalysis of poisons and their separation from poisoned animals under Prof. George Dragendoiff, in tlie laboiatoiy of the Inijierial University of Russia, at Dorpat. May 1st, 1887, he was called to fill the position of health officer of the city of Detroit, wliich position he still holds. Di-. Duffield arranged the chemical laboratory for the Detroit Medical College, and delivei-ed the opening address there in 1868; was professor of chemistry f(U' .several years, also jn-ofessor of medical jurisprudence and toxicology, receiving a diploma fi-oni the in.stitution for his labors there. He read a i)aper on "Relation of Hyiiodermic Medication to Toxicology" before the meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1866, also another pajx-r before the State Association, at its meeting in Detroit in 1 888, on " The Refractometer in Detecting Adulterations in Volatile and Fixed Oils." He has written various papers on medical sui)jects. including " A'cntilation of Sewers," "Contamination of DEARIiORX VIEWS. J. B. MOLONY'S AnUlTIOX. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT 107 Drinking Water," "The Relation of Typhoid Fever to Water riiircnts in S.uidy Roil," "Analysis of Malt by Polai-izntion," "A Case of Aconite Poisoninii,-, Fatal," "Was tlie Babe Born Dead or Alive," "Investioation's of Medical .Inrisjirudence Method in Infanticide, etc.," "Dipiitheria in Sciiools," "The Use and Abuse of the Uterine Probe," "The Rio-hts of Medical Experts." Personally, the Doctor is pleasant and courteous in manner, but bold, manly and enero-etic. His ])rofessionnl brethren recoo-nize him as authority on any question relating to that branch of the science which he has made a specialty. The position now held by him requires much executive ability, as well as scientific knowledge. It being a public one, the ignorant and the l(>ai'U(>(l exeirise the ]irivilege and claim the right to criticise the manner of its conduct, hence it often tries the forbearance of those filling it. The Doctor, however,is governed by what his exi)erience and study enables him to determine is right, and is but little disturbed by censure or commendation, but treats all witli ivspect, find their opinions with pro])er deference. Coming from nn ancestry long distiugni.shed lor iiliilanthropy, learning and reverence for their Creator, he lias inherited many of these qualities, and in his daily intercourse with the social and professional world seeks to practice them. Cliiistian II. P.uhl, founder of the old hardware jobbing house of Ruhl & Ducharme, and senior member of the present firm of Buhl, Son & Co., one of the largest wholesale hardware houses west of New Yijrk, is ,1 nntive of Pennsylviinin, and was born in Butler County, May 9th, ISIO. After comi)letiiig his educa- tion at the sciiools of his native town, he learned the hatter"s trade, and at the age of twenty-one started West to seek his foituue, and in 1833 finally located at Detroit^ where he has since resided. Soon after his arrivid he engaged with his brother in the hat, cap, and fur trade. Thi>ir transactions in i-aw furs extended over the whole Northwest, being maitdy conducted by C. H., while his brother had the super- vision of th(^ hat and cnp dei)artment. To digress for the purpose of illustrating the magnitude of the fur ti-ade of the Northwest, the coml)inations which sought to control it, and which of necessity Mr. P>uhl had to ni(H^t and compete with, it may be well to state that prior to 1842 there were two rival compa- nies seeking to monopolize, "The Hudson Bay" and the "American" Fur Companies. For a long time the success of each was evenly divided, until througli incapacity and bad mnungi'ment of one of its prin- cipal partners, the American Fur Company became embarrassed and all its trading posts fell into the hands of Messrs. P. Chouteau & Co., of New York and St. Louis. It was at this period and under these circum- stances that Mr. Puhl engaged in what he conceives to ha\-e lieen thegreatest achievement of his life, viz. : "By making sucli favoi-able arrangements with Messrs. Chouteau as gave him entire control of the fur trade for all tliat jiortion of the West, North and Southeast as is embraced in the present States of Ohio, Indiana, ^lichigan, Illinois and Wisconsin, and a poi-tion of Ui)])(>r Canada. He continued to manage and control this traitic in the interests of himself and brother until 1853, when they divided their intei'ests, the former taking the hat and caj) department and the latter conducting the fur business on his own account for two years, wIkmi he turned it over to his brother, and with Charles Ducharme ])urchased the wholesale liardware bu.siness of Alex. H. Newbould and Ducharme iV: Bartholamew, and established the house of Buhl & Ducharme, of which (as before mentioned) the present firm of Buhl, Sons & Co. are successors. In 18G3 he became a large owner in the ■West(M-man Iron Company, of Sharon, Pa., and aliout the same time l)ought a controlling interest in the Detroit Locomotive AVorks. lie was also one of the incorporators of the Second National Bank of Detroit, and for eight years prior to the expiration of its charter, he was its vice-president, and was also an incorporator and vice-])resident of the present Detroit National (its suc- cessor) until the resignation of Hon. II. P. I'aldwin as jjresident, when he was chosen to succeed him. This latter position he held u|) to January last, when he refused a re-election. Mr. Buhl was largely inter- ested in the construction of the Hillsdale & Indiana, the Detroit & Butler, and the Eel River Raili-oads, tiie first named now being o]iei-ated by the Lake Siioic & Michigan Southern, and the latter by the Wa- bash & Western. He was the founder and is now ]iresident of the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mills. He is also vice-pi-esident of the Detroit Union l)e])ot Company, and has within the ])ast year interested himself in and is president of the Iron and Huron Range Railroad C()mi)a,ny, of Lake Su|)erioi', it being constructed for the transportation of tiie products of the iron mines of that rejiion. During the fifty-eigiit yeai's in Delioit tiie business career of .Mi-. Buhl has been characterized by integi-ity. energy and industry, controlled and governed by an exhiiiition of sagacity seldom e(pialed and I'arely excelled. \W mo\-cnients and enterprises calculated to advance the liiiancial and commei carefully examined, and if worthy, receive his material aid and heai-ty supi)ort. Being an intelligent citizen of this re]iul)lic, lu^ is oidy a ])olitician in the sense that he deems it his duty I0 kec|i himself informed as to t he manniM' in w liicli t he affairs of the ])ublic ai-e admiiiis- lei-ed by the otKcial icjire.sentat ives of 1 he .se\-cial i)olitical ])ai-ties, favoi-ing only such as base thi'ir ai-tion or jiolicy n])on princijiles of honesty, the ])romo1ion of the general business interests of the counti-y, and the ]irotoction of the ]ieo|)le against wrong and oppression. He is kind, easily a])i)roached, and fully in .synqiathy with all objects of a benevolent and educational character. Thei'e is no disguise about him : he C. UAUMANiN. ALFRED GRANGER. GEO. E. HUITON. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 109 is frank and outspoken, and if inquired of dirortlj, iiis reply will be freely and honestly given. He has no (|ualififation for meeting cvcry-day men with those little eourtesies, simply to secure their good will. And ill tills respect it may be said of him, as has been said of another — "Jerusalem might Inive been burned a thousand times, before ho would have sat at the gates to steal away the hearts of the people." Hon. William Look, lawyer and ex-Cii'cuit Judge, is a native of Detroit, where he was boi-n March IG, 1857. His lilt her was .Vrnolil Nickolas Look, a mechanic in humble cii'cunistances, but withal a nniii oi' intelligence. He was a native of Gleve (Rheinish Piussui), in the District of Dusst'ldorf, (iennaiiy. His gi-,uidf:itlier, Jean Look, was a veteran of XajKjleon's and accompanied the great military leailer on his Peninsular Campaign and ])articipated in many of the memorable battles that convulsed Contin"iital Europe in the early part of the century. In iSoU he came to the United States. He had served niidci- Marshal Davoust, Prince of Lckmuehl, Massena and Soult, and pai-tici])ated in all the engagiMiients in the campaign that terminated with Ansterlitz. Afterward he was at the battle of Loban, and still later took ])art in the defeat of Archduke Charles at Wagram. After Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, Jean Look was mustered out of service at Hamburg, Germany. This was in 1814. He l)ore several severe wounds; the marks wdiich he carried to the grave testified to the character of his services. When in 18(1'.) the 100th anniversary of the birth of Napoleon was celebrated in Detroit, Jean Look as the oldest living veteran of Na]ioleon, was chosen president of the day. He died October 5, 187G, aged 90 years ami -'3 months, resjx'cted and honored. Cares and business perplexities came to Judge Look very early in life. He was the eldest of eight childi-en and at an early age the responsibility of maintaining the family in large part devohed u]5on his shoulders. When 12 years of age he entered the otfice of his uncle Judge Joseph Kuhn in the capacity of office boy. He evinced such marked aptitude in mastering the details of an extensive and intricate business that two years later his uncle made an extended tour of Eurojie, leaving the bo^' in sole ciiai'ge. Judge Kuhn besides doing the largest private banking business in Detroit, dealt largely in real estate and possessed a large clientele of people whose business affairs he managed. There were mortgages to be drawn up, deeds, leases, etc., to be executed, and ap]iraisals of land to be made; and the cosmopolitan character of the people doing business with the institution made it necessary for him to have a thorough knowledge of the German language. During this time the boy had the helpful advice of Hon. William B. W^esson, a man of large affairs, yet who was never so busy that he could not find time to give valuable assistance to the conscientious, prudent, overworked lad, and Judge Look in referring to the circumstances that shaped his life, quickened his perceptions and inculcated sound habits of business, never fails to award the proper meed of jjraise to this early preceptor, now dead. With the exception of a short time s])ent at St. Mary's Academy in Detroit, Judge liOok ac(piired his education in the office and in the solitude of his home In- attention, observation and diligent reading and study. He took up the study of law when a mere lad and, havmg no regular piecepter, often had occasion to seek the assistance of such men as Hon. Don. iL Dickinson, Hon. Edwin F. Conely, Hon. Otto Kirchner, Hon. Wm. C. Jhiybury and Hon. James A. Randall, who treated him with kindness and consideration and straightened out many a knotty problem for him. His law readings were necessarily desultory and irregular, because his duties were yearly becoming nnu'e hai-assing and exacting. He was finally admitted to the bar in 1880, and with his semi- business training in the otfice of Judge Kuhn, he came to the bar far better equipped as a lawyer than thi-ee-fourths of the young lawyei-s seeking pi"actice. \w 1885 Mr. Look was elected a mendierof the Boardof Councilmen,a municipal board now defunct, to fill an unex])ired term. He at once took rank as the most earnest opponent to the loose relations between ci>r)ioration contractors and the city government, and often had to stand alone in the adverse of some principle aftectiiig these relations. In the fall of 1885 Mr. Look accejjted a i-enomination and was elected by an overwhelming majority, leading his ticket by over 1500 votes. While a member of the Board of roiinciliiKMi Mr. Look ivsisted the act of 1885 governing the appointment of Boai'ds of Uegisti-ation and Llection. alleging thai it was unconstitiitionaL After considi'i-ablo difficulty his party colleagues were induced to supjiort him in his position, with the result that the SujiremeCourt at theOctober term in 1885 declared the act to be unconstitutional. His other acts whil(> a member of this imjiortaut body were characterized by the same clear perce|)ti(ni, and while he often lacked the nece.s.sary sni)])ort to carry his point, sul)se(]uent d('vclo]iinents almost iTivai'iably indicated his judgment. The Legislature had passed a bill in 1887 for the abolition of the Board of Conncilmeii, when Mr. Look was nomiiia1(^(l as one of the judges of the Wayne County Cii-cuit Court, and was sub.sccpiently elected by a handsome majority. Judge Look's mind was (>ssentially judicial. From his eai'ly youth he had been in ])ositions where his jiowers of amilysis wei'c brought into constant Jilay. He took his place on the b<-nch. one of the youngest men who had filled that inqiortant jiositioii. and disposed of the cases assigned him with such iM])idity. and yet with such thoroughness, as to excite the surprise and gratification of liotli public and bar. Some of his decisions brought him into general notice throughout the country. RESIDENCK (IF I'HH.IP SANDERSON. ALEWNDF.k A. liol Tl'.l.l, hii(;h a. holmes. RESILIENCE (JL MORLIMER L. SMLl H. N. S. \vrii.;ht. RF.SIllENCE OF F. I>. KOLldN. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT m Mr. Look was niaiTied July 22, 1879, to Miss Cliristiiia Audretscli, a daughter of Martin Audretsch, who establislicd the first pottery in Micliijian. and was one of tlie oldest pioneers tliei'cof. Four eliildren iiave lieen born to tlieni, tiiree girls and one boy, rangiiiy in ages from eleven years to eighteen months. Ml-. Look has one of the largest law i)ractices in the city. He is a Demoemt in polities, and promi- nently identihed with all the (lernian societies of Detroit, of which a number count him among t heii- most prominent nicndjers. He is highly esteemed, not only by the people of German extraction, but by the citizens at large who know his integrity and appreciate his ability in his calling. He is un(picstioiiably one of the most jjrominent Oei-nuni-Ainerican citizens of Detroit, and xvvy seldom a festival or a mectinu of importance is held without Judge Look being invited to address his fellow citizens cjf Gernum descent, a sure sign of his popularity. l^yron Green, member of the firm of Hannau & Co., real estate dealers, well known to the writer for the jKist thirty-six years as being one of the most indefatigable, energetic, enteri)rising ])usliers in all undertakings of a general business nature, was born in Itushville, Ontario County, New York, in 1 S27. After ])assing through the experience incident to farm, village, and the schools of his native town, he embarked in the business of trade, and for a time prosecuted it successfully^ at Elmira and other towns in the State of New York. He, in 1854, came to Detroit, and from thence migrated to Ann Arbor, wliere he maii-ied, and for a series of years conducted a large business, and was largely interested in numerous enteriu'ises calculated to improve Ann Arbor and its material prosperity. Being measui-ably successful pecuniarily, he decided to remcjve to Detroit, as pr(\senting a larger field for the o])erations he had decided to enter upon, and, assoi-iating himself with his son-indaw, "William Hannan, established the well known real estate exchange of ^Villiam Hannan & Company, whose transactions have latterly embraced transfers and sales of real estate reaching millions of dollars. Henry M. L'tley, superintendent of the Detroit Public Library, is a native of Michigan. His father migrated from Vermont at an eai-ly day, and located in Plymouth in 1825. Here he took n\) land h-om the government and spent the remainder of his life, and here the subject of this sketch was born in l.s."$(j. He worked on his father's faini summeis and taught school winters, in the meantime preparing himself for college. He entered the Tni versify of Michigan, where he was graduated in 18G1, and a few years later he was given the degree of Master of Arts by that institution. After graduating, Mr. Utley gave his attention to journalism, and joined the staff of the Detroit Free Press. On this paper and the Post and Tribune he was employed until 1881, when he was appointed .secretary of the Board of Education, a position which he held until, in 1885, he was called to the charp^ of the Public Library as hbrarian and su]ierintendent. Under his management the libraiT has gi-own and inci-eased in ])oi)ular favor nnii-e ra]iidly than ever before. The nundjer of volumes has been doubled, the building has been enlai-ged, the ]iublic facilities have been improved, and the use of the library has inci-eased four-fold. An admirable catalogue has Ijeen prepar(>d and printed, and in evei'v i-esjiect the lilirary has been established on ii basis as a- good,]iractical, useful library, and is not excelled by any in this country. Mr. l'tley has worked hard to accomplish this result, and his labors have been duly seconded by a corps of intelligent and earnest assistants. Marshall 1'. Thatcher, was i)orn in 184U, upon a hirm in Orleans County, New York, where the bre;d-;ing of the surf from the unceasing waves of old "Ontario" formed the Hrst music that lulled him in his cradle. In 1851 the perils of the Erie Canal, and the old side wheel steamer "Atlantic"' from Buffalo to Detroit were safely braved, and a farm in Oakland County was his home until he had outgrown the " Deesti-ict Schule," and became a teacher and student by turns until that eventful year 18()1 came; when he threw his books aside at Ann .\rbor foi- the spurs and sabei- in the Second .Michigan Cavalry. He was early advanced to the rank of second lieutenant, and "Michigan in the War" gi\-es his record as an lionorable on(\ advancing rapidly to the rank of first lieutenant, then captain, serving meanwhile on the staff of Generals Sheridan. Smith, and Campbell, and being with that well known n^iiiment in nearly every en- gagement from St. Louis to the At lant ie. During that period hedevelojied intoa ne\vsi)a|iercorrespondent, and some of the most gi-ajjliicdescrip- tions ol sanguinary scenes, published in the Fi-ee I'ress and Trihinic of that da\'. were voluntar\' sketches tVoni his pen. At the close of the war he was immediately taken upon the editorial staff of the /•'/■(■(■ f'ress, his woi'k alternating bel ween newspaper wi-itmg and mei'cantiie ])ursuits for ten .\-eai-s. In the meantime failing health drove him to I'lorida, wliei-e he renniined uidil 1 SSO, since which time, with varied success, he has been intereste(l in nnnieious enter]irises. al\\a\s with the same energ\' hereto- Ibre exhibited in the face of discouragements, finally emei-ging in ISUO and 'Dl h-om almost overwhelming loads of trouble and business cares, as a successful manage)- of manufacturing, hnnbering. and other en- terjH'ises. He is now the ])resident of a (-oni]>any in Western New York known as "The Vandalia Handle Manufa(-1ui-iiig Company." and also president of a " Walnut Luiabei-, Coal and Mineral Land Conijiany," ISAAC N WOODS. C. H. LAXD. JAMES A. CAMPBELL. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 113 in West Virginia, each of which are rapidly developing and said to be on the threshold of bright financial successes. During tlio residence of Captain Tliatcher in Detroit ho has made many friends, whosymjjathized with him in his misfortunes and now rejoice in that success which, owing to his industry, energy niid per- sevei-ance, he has finally achieved, and now that he is about to leave Detroit, their good wishes for his fu- ture success will accompany him. Theodore G. Sherwood, Baidc Commissioner of the State of Michigan, is of Englisli ancestry, his father. William Sherwood, having been born in the city of York, England; emigrated to the United States in 1827, and settled at Geneva, New York, where the subject of this sketch was born, .lanuniy 29, 1839. In 1854, Theodore, with his father, came to Michigan, where the latter purchased a farm in Wayne county, and it was upon it that he acquired that love for farming which he retains and indulges in up to the present time. Mr. Sherwood received his primary education at the district school, completing it by a three years' course at the higher schools of Ypsilanti. After teaching for four years, he pui-chased a farm with the intention of devoting his time to its cultivation, but in 18(53 he was induced by C. II. Hurd, then Assistant Superintendent of the Michigan Central Railroad, to accept the position of cashier at Kalama- zoo, resigning, however, in 1864, to accept a position in the First National Bank at Battle Creek. He subsequently gave this up and engaged in the wholesale grocery business under the firm name of Leon & Shei'wood. Severing his relation, he in 1872 became cashier of the First National Bank of I'lymouth, which position he resigned to accept the cashiership of the newly-organized Grand Rapids National Bank in 1881. In 1884 ill health compelled his resignation and he returned to his farm. On the organization of the Plymouth National in 1885, he was elected its president, serving in that capacity until appointed Commissioner of Banking under the act of the State Legislature creating a bank- ing department. The organization of this bureau involved much thought and labor, and called for a thorough knowledge of the principles of finance. That Mr. Sherwood has met the requirements of the law and secured the confidence of the financiers of ilichigan is evidenced in the universal approval of his management bj' every banking institution in the State. Mr. Sherwood is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church and of the j\Iasonic fraternity,' and in politics a Republican. He still interests himself in agricultural pursuits, and is the owner of one of the finest farms in the county, located one mile from Plymouth, and takes gi-eat pride in his stock and its improvement in breeding. He is president of the Plymouth Fair Association, which under his ad- ministration has attained great success. Personally courteous in manner, considerate in demands of busi- ness and social obligations, evincing a cultivated intellect in his intercourse with his fellows, has secured for him many devoted friends, and by business men he is recognized as authority on all questions of finance. George H. Hopkins, Collector of Customs. A native of Michigan, having been born in Oakland county, November 7th, 1842, and a descendant of an old English family which was one of the first to settle in America. Y'oung Hojjkins was in the State Normal School at Y'psilanti during the year 1802, when the Union forces were meeting with reverses in the war of the rebellion, and thi-owing aside his books he enlisted and served in the most active campaigns until mustered out at the close of the war. He i-enewed his studies and subse(piently taking u]) the reading of law, was admitted to practice in 1871. He was soon made as- sistant attorney for the Detroit <.^- Milwaukee Railway, and was selected by John J. Bagley, upon the lat- ter's election as governor, as his piivate secretary. He was elected a. member of the State Legislature in 1878 from this city, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882, and during his last term was speaker pz-o tern of tlie House. As executor and one of the trustees of the estate of the late Governor Bagley, the business ability of Jlr. Hopkins has been shown in a marked degree. He is largely interested in various business and man- ufacturing enterprises, and is beside an active and a prominent Republican politician. He was appointed Collector of Customs by Pi-esident Hari-ison, January 14th, 1890, and on confirmation by the Senate, as- sumed the duties of the oflice February 1st, 1890. Allan Howard Frazer, attorney and counsellor-at-law, is the son of Thomas Frazer, a civil engineer, who came to Michigan in 1837, and was connected with the surveying and construction of the Michigan Central and Southern railways. As the name indicates, h(> was of Scottish descent, and retains to this day many characteristics peculiar to that nationality, entei'prise, independence and firmne.s.s. .Vllan,tlie subject of this sketch, was born at Detroit, January 2Gth, 1859 ; received his education at the public schools of the city, and on his graduating from the High School, entered the Uni\'ei'sity of Michigan, taking his d(WTee from the literary dejjai'tment in ISSl; studied law with Messrs. Beakes and Cutcheon, and was admitted to the bar in 1882. The writer cannot pass this without paying tribute to Judge Beakes, an intimate friend from the time he began the practice of law at Ann .\rboi' until his decease, which occuri-ed soon after the firm of Beakes <.t Cutcheon was establislK^d in Detroit. Judge Beakes was a pure man, faithful to all trusts, to his friends especially, to his clients as their legal adviser, to the church, of which he was an ac- tive and efficient mend)ei-, and to benevolent and educational enteri irises he devoted much time and i- S c ILLUSTRATED DETROn\ 115 thought. S. M.Ciiteheon,the otlior nipiiiberof the firm, is well known in Detroit, ancLstands as one of the lead- ing members of the bar. Allan H.Frazer, since his admission, has acquii-ed an extensive and lucrative jjrac- tice, niakinti' corjjorntion and insurance law a specialty. He has served one term as Assistant Proseeutino; Attorney, and among his compeers is recoguized as an honorable and sagacious practitiouer. Alexander D. Fowler, the subject of this sketch, was born in Lockport, New York, June 12th, 1843, of Scottish ancestry, and removed with his parents to Detroit in the following year. His father, George Fowler, was a well known business man in Detroit, and his mother's maiden name was Catherine McNaughton. Mr. Fowler was educated in the public schools of Detroit, and received a thorough business education in a commercial college in this city He commenced the study of law in 1865, with the firm of Lockwood & Clarke, a well known firm at that time in Detroit, and finished his course of studies with Hovey K. Clarke, and in 18(i8 he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Michigan, after having passed a highly creditable examination. In 1870 he commenced practice, which he has continued successfully since. As a practitioner at the bar he has won a flattering success, and his plain, straightforward, truthful, as well as astute manner in dealing with cases that come under his charge, have not only enabled him to retain clients he once gained, but has won for him the respect and admiration of bench and bar. Frank Davis Andrus is of New England ancestry, and was boru at Washington, Macomb County, Michigan, August 21,1850. Primarily educated at the district school, he prepared for college at the Detroit High School, entered the^Iiehigau University, graduating from the Literary Department in 1872. After leaving college for four years he worked summers and taught school winters to defray the expenses incurred through his college course, and to provide for his contemplated legal course. In 187G he entered the law office of Maybury & Conley and after two years study was admitted to the bar in 1878. When after spending one year in the Law Department of the Universit3- he took the degree of LL. D. and settled into the active practice of his profession at Detroit. In January he formed a partnership with Mr. John B. Corliss, subsequently taking in Mr. Thomas T. Leete, Jr., thus constituting the present firm of Corliss, Andrus & Leete. From his firstentry into active practice in Detroit to the present time he has made real estate and titles thereto a specialty, although the firm have a large general practice. Mr. Andrus is the attorney of the City Savings Bank; he has also made several real estate investments which have proved fortunate, reaching nearly- f 100,000 in value. Personally, in manner Mr. Andrus is genial and frank, winning many personal friends, and enjoys the respect of the bar and general public. George House Prentis for thirty -two years has been a member of the Detroit bar, during which time he has been alternately associated with and opjjosed by the most distinguished la\v3'ers in Michigan, by whou) he is recognized as a sagacious and learned practiouer. Mr. Prentis was boru at Monroe, Michigan, Ajuil 28, 1838, and with his parents removed to Detroit in 1843, where he received his primary education and preparation for college, which he entered, graduating from the University of Michigan in . After s]iendingsomeyears reading-law he was admitted to the bar in 1859 and began the active practice of his pro- fession, which he has successfully prosecuted since. Among the most notable cases in which he appeared as counsel are the " Flattery Will Case," "The Hollywood Hardie Will Case," "Falvey Murder Case," and " Burton Ejection Case" and "The Ward Will Case." In the latter case he was associated with Theodore Romeyne and Judge Chipman and opposed by the late Wirt Dexter, D. Darwin Hughs, Ashley Pond and E. W. Meddaugh, and was directly pitted against D. Darwin Hughs. His argument ou the occasion gained him much reputation as a close, logical and aggressive advocate. John B. Corliss was born at Richford, Vermont, on the 7th day of June, 1851. His ancestors were among those who first located and settled the town of Richford, being direct descendants of the original George Corliss, who came to this country before the Revolution and settled in Haverhill, Massachusetts, and took an active pai't in the Revolutionary War, the inventor of the celebrated Corliss engines being a branch of the same family. Mr. Coi'liss was educated at the Vermont Methodist University, graduating in 1871. He then entered the law ofiice of Noble & Smith, attorneys for the Vermont Central Railway, at St. Albans, Vermont, and afterwards entered the Columbian Law College, Washington, D. C, graduating with honors in 1875. In Septembei-, 1875, he located in the city of Detroit for the practice of his profession, whei'e he has since been most actively engaged, having won, by his untiring enei-gy, a creditable position among the leading members of the bar. In 1881 he was elected, upon the Republican ticket, to the ofiice of City Attorney of Detroit, which he successfully held for four years, and during that time prepared the first complete chai'ter of the city of Detroit, which was passed by the Legislature in 1884, and fully revised the ordinances of the city. In 1876 he mari-ied Miss Elizabeth N. Danforth.the oidy child of Judge William ('. Dauforth, of WindsoT- County, Vermont. He has become largely interested in many corporations and business enterjH-ises, and has met with universal success in all his undertakings. He has also devoted much of his time and talent to the interests of Free Masonry, and now holds the position of Commander-in-chief E. \V. \ OIGT. DOMINiqL E RIOPELLE. OUONTLNDER DENTAL PARLOR. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT ir; of the Michigau Sovereign Consistory, the largest and strongest Masonic organization in the State. As a legal practitioner, Mr. Corliss is noted for thoroughness in the prejjaration of his cases, and for his incisive • and earnest manner in their presentation, succeeding at times when the general sentiment of the court and bar are a]jparently against him. Francis Granger Russell, a lineal descendent, on the maternal side, of General Knox, first Secretary of War, was born in Livingston county, Michigan, April 10, 1(S:57. His parents were natives of New Eng- land, but came to Michigan from Monroe county and settled in Livingston county in 1831. His boyhood was spent on the farm and in attending the district schools. To his mother, however, he was indebted for the inspiration which induced him to em])loy his leisure time in the jireparation for the profession whicli he subsequently chose, and which at present he is successfully practicing. At the age of seventeen years he entered the State Normal School at Ypsilanti,from which he graduated in 1858, and immediately accepted the position of jn-incipal of tlie ])ublic scliools of Lansing, which in 18G1 he I'esigned to accept a ])roniinent position in the Interior Department at Washington. He held this office three years, except tlie three months' service in the army. In 1865 he became Secretary of the Board of Police Commissioners; mean- while having applied himself to the study of law, he in 1868, after a rigid examination before the Su])reme Court, was admitted to the bar. Soon after Governor Baldwin appointed him his private secretary, lie served three years in this capacity, when he was elected City Attorney over a very popular eomi)etitor ; at the close of his first term he was re-elected, thus serving as City Attorney four years. In 1855 he was elected Alderman of the old Fifth ward, and during his incumbency was conspicuous in advocating the purchase of Belle Isle for a city park. In the practice of his profession he became distinguished as a man- ager of cases in bankruptcy and in the adjustment of insolvent estates, making that bi-anch of law a specialty. In private, professional and public life Mr. Russell is recognized as a benevolent, enterprising- citizen, an honorable practitioner and an independent, fearless and honest public official. Andrew Howell, born December 18, 1827, in Seneca County, New York, has been a resident of Michigan since 1831, in which year his father. Dr. Joseph Howell, one of the jiioneers of Southern Michi- gan, settled in Mason, Lenawee County. Mr. Howell graduated at the law school of the Cincinnati College in 1858, was admitted to the bar at Adi-ian in 1854, and commenced the jiractice of the law that year in partnersliip with Hon. F. C. Beamen, his former law preceptor. At that time the leading members of the bar at Seneca County were: Hon. Alexander Tiffany, F. C. Beamen, Governor William L. Greenly, Judge S. C. Stacy, Thomas M. Cooley, R. R. Beecher, A. L. Millard and Hon. Peter Morey, the first attoi'uey general of the State, who with Hon. Warner AVing, then the presiding Circuit Judge, made a court and bar of marked ability, learning and vigor. In 1855, Mi". Howell formed a law partnership with Hon. R. R. Beecher, which continued in suc- cessful juactice for many years, and during that time and while he remained at the bar, he was engaged in nearly all the important litigations in the county. In 1865 and 1867 he was a member of the State Senate. In 1871 he was appointed by Governor Baldwin to draft and present bills to the I>egislature for general laws foi' the incor])oration of cities and villages. These were enacted in 1873, and are now a part of the statutes of the State. In 1879 he was elected by the Legislature to re-com])ile the laws of the State, but the bill providing foi- the work was sub- seipiently vetoed by the Governor. His former friend. Judge Tiffany, the senior of the Lenawee bar, had, while in practice, published a couple of small works, "Tiffany's Justice's Guide" and "Tiffany's Criminal Law." After his decease. Judge Howell revised and greatly enlarged both of these works, and has since carried each of them through several editions, and they are now in general ns(» throughout the State. In 1882-3 he completed and published a coniinlation of the general statutes of the State, with exten- sive annotations from the Michigan reports. The work was immediately authenticated and adopted by the Legislature; and in 1889 the State authoi'ized the preparation of a su]i])lemental volume to these statutes, for its use, which has since been cominled. annotated and published. The.se volumes, known as "Howell's .\nnotated Statutes," are now the authorized compilation of the general laws of Michigan. In 1881, :Mr. Howell was elected Judge of the First Judicial Circuit of the State, and filKd that office until his resignation in September, LS87, at which time he removed to the city of Detroit, where, in con- nection with legal authorship, he has since been engaged in the practice of the law. Among the self-reliant, self-educated and prominent legal practitioners of Detroit who have acquii-ed eminence in literature and in the practice of his profession, as well as for personal independence and integrity, Morgan E. Dowling ranks with any member of the Detroit bar. For one whose boyhood and early manhood was a struggle against adverse circumstances, incident to lack of wealth or influential friends, his present enviable position furnishes an examjjle and illustrates what industry and self denial, based upon an inherent discrimination between right and wrong, combined with an ambition to excel in the former, will accomplish, and believing that a short sketch of his life will prove Z •S} w en -J ^ ^ p ^ /" ^ I X a ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 119 of interest and benefit to the young man born under similar auspices, we venture to briefly relate the story of his career. Mr. Dowling is the son of an p]ngiish mother and an Irish father, and was born at Hull. Eng- land, December 13th, 1845. In 1846 his parents emigrated to the United States, first settling in Rochester. N. Y., and the year subsequent came to Detroit, where his fathei- died, leaving him, at the age of six years, dependent u]:)OU his mother. Four years later he began the battle of life for himself For several years he engaged in light employments suited to his age, then as a clerk in a produce store; following this, he entered the foundry of Tatro & Van Sickle, and at the age of thirteen he was competent to run a steam engine. He then apprenticed himself to John Bloom, a sail maker; after serving his time as such he next engaged in the grocery and boot and shoe trades, subsequently becoming a salesman of Geo. Peck, in dry goods. Soon after the firing upon Sumpter, he enlisted in the First Michigan Infantr3', and served tli(> term of his enlistment. He then embarked in the produce business for himself On the call for more men. he enlisted in the 17th Michigan Infantry, serving until the close of the war. As a soldier. Gen. F. W. Swift speaks of his conspicuous gallantry in the battles of South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg, and his behavior in the Vicksburg and Jackson campaigns. At Camplteir.s Station, Teiin.,he was taken prisoner, Nov., 18(53, while acting with the rear guard in covering the I'etreat of (Jen Burnsides' army to Knoxville, and for fourteen months was confined in Richmond, Belle Isle, Andei-sonville, Florence and Charleston, exposed to all the hardships, privations and sufferings wliicli hunger, thirst, cold and warmth, and a confined, feted atmosphere can suggest. At the close of the war Mr. Dowling entered the commercial college of Goldsmith, Bryant & Stratton. and after graduation engaged as bookkeeper for the Croul Brothers, with whom he remained six years, during which period he devoted his evenings and leisure time to the study of Englisli literature and the law. In 1870 he published his "Southern Prisons," a work of 500 pages, hberally illustrated, and which is said to be the most accurate history of the policy and system adojjted by the (Confederates in their treatment of Union prisoners ever given to the public. The edition had a large sale, and afforded a fair revenue to the publisher. In 1871 Mr. Dowling entered the law department of the Michigan University, graduating therefrom in 1873. when he engaged in the active practice of law. In 1875 he formed a co-])artnership with Gen. L. S. Trowbridge, which continued until 1878, when it was dissolved, since which he has been alone. The most notable cases in which iNIr. Dowling has distinguished himself are the '• Pec)])le vs. Brietenbach,"and that (jf " AVolff vs. Insurance Company." The latter was a long and sharply contested ca.se, in which the Lower Court had decided against the plaintiff, and which was abandoned by two eminent lawyers who had l)receded him in its conduct, but was taken up by Mr. Dowling. and after a brilliant legal combat, continuing for five 3'ears, and several trials, the company was forced to pay the amount of his client's claim. In 1879 he established a paper, known as the " People's Advocate." It was ably conducted, but, owing to a press of professional business, he was com])elled to retire fi'om its editorship. In 1882 he ])ub]ished a work entitled " Reason and Ingersollism." This had a large circulation, and has been considered one of the best replies ever made to the brilliant atheist. Mr. Dowling has a revised edition 01' this work now in hand. Mr. Dowling has written numerous articles for the press on economic and other topics, whicli, if collected, would make a volume. Ill 1884 he was defeated as a candidate for the Legislature by 80 votes, by a combination of tlie Laboi- anil Rei)ublican ])arties. In 1880 he was pressed to accejjt the nomination for I'robate Judge, hut declined. In 1800 he was proposed for the noiniuation of State Senator, but was defeated in the ronvention. Had he been nominated, theiv is no doubt he woidd have be(>n electecl. These experiences of Mr. Dowling, thus brietly narrated, inilieates what must be his characteristics- courage, independence, aggressiveness, and a due regard for the rights of others. He is a good judge of men. a close student, fanuliar with the leading issues of the day, ativei-al States of the I'nion in modiiViim- regulations for aduiis- O i ■ ... sion of patients to insane asylums. During the jtast seventeen years his name apjiears fre(|iieiilly in the Michi^MU Supreme Court Re])orts connected with eases of impoi'tanee, and involving (piestions of le^iai interest. He is at present engaged in a cause suggesting nice and interesting ([uestions somewhat new in this State, growing out of an ante-nuptial agreement. Mr. Eiaser is a fine and impi-essive speaker, irreproachable in chai'acter. ])ossesses a logical mind, is tlL'arle.ss and firm in the maintenance of what he conceives to be just and faithful to the interests of his clients. One of the most impressive and elo(pient of Mr. Eraser's public efforts, was on the occasion of the memorial services held in Deti'oit after the death of President Garfield. His effort at that time was eloquent and effective, and ranks with the most fini.shed specuneu of eulog.v of the day. Mr. Eraser is a member and elder of the Eort Street I'l'esbyterian Church. His political affiliations are Republican. I;I;N FLETCHER. T. l;. TRACY. GEO. E. OILMAN. ,^ I \K I 1\ !■ -1 I \ M I !■ A. VV. ABRAHAM. ED I METZGER. \VILLL-\M GAVETT. IIJA'sTRATED DETROIT. 12-5 Samiipl Whiteside Burrnn,i;hs, Prosecuting Attoi'iiey and yonno-est enlisted canipaifiii soldier livinji;. and the first to stand upon the historic Kennesaw Mounlain and wave the Stars and Stripes, is a native of the Peninsular State and of Wayne County, lie was burn at Belleville, in this county, in 1848, and hence was but fifteen years of age when he enlisted in the Fifteenth .Michigan InlVintry at Monroe. He participated in the battles of Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Chattanooga, Dalton, Snake Creek Gaj). Resaca, New Ho]ie Church, Dallas, Altoona Pass, Kennesaw Mountain, Chattahooche River, .\tlantfi, .Tonesboro, Fort McAllister, Savannah, Camden, Columbia, Averysboro and Rentonvllle. .\nd from tlie time he enlirted until the close of the war, he sei'ved with and under Geiieral Sherman. He was with (ien. Shei-num i:i his Atlanta campaign and march to the sea, and the campaign of the Caroliims back to \\'ash- ington, taking part in all the privations experienced and the glories achieved by the soldiers commanded by this departed veteran. After his discharge ft-om the army, in the eighteenth year of his age, Mr. Hur- roughs, taking advantage of the meager o]iportunities offered him, pi-epared himself for enti'ance into the legal profession, and after overcoming many obstacles, among them lack of wealth and influential friends, he was admitted to the bar in 1878, and iminediatel\- entered into active practice, making the profession of a trial lawyei- his specialty. This was the commencement of a struggle with him. ()]iposed to him were influences, the product of fortunate birth, embracing all its accompaniments of money, party and social antecedents. His piesent position of Prosecuting Attoi-ney of the great county of Wayne, including in its territory the metro]iolis of the State, is an evidence of his courage, energy, ability and industry, and worthy of the commendation of all true and indejjendent men, and affords an example worthy of imitation by the young men of America. Oscar M. Springer, the subject of this sketch, was born November 7tli, 1859, at the home of his maternal grandparents in Canada. His parents, Edward R. and Nancy A. Springer, at that time were citizens of the Uiuted States and residents of the State of Michigan. W. the clo.se of the war his fafher sold his interests in Michigan and moved to Oil Springs, Ontario, and speculated in oil lands there and in I'etrolia; but not meeting with success he returned to Michigan. Oscar attended the public schools in Oil Springs, Petrolia, and Forest, and jjrepared himself for the study of law. After matriculatinii' for the study of law he came to Detroit in June, 1880, and at once began the study of his chosen profession in the law office of Edmund Hall and George R. Wilcox. After being admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Michigan, in 18,S2, he still pursued his .studies in the office of Fred. A. Baker, and in 1885 formed a law partnership with Edmund A. Hang. Mr. Hang was elected Justice of the Police Court, and Mr. Spiinger continued the practice of law until 1890, when he was appointed to fill the office of Assistant Prosecuting Attorney' for Wayne Count\-, by Hon. Samuel W. Burroughs. In politics, Mr. Springer is a Democrat, ardent and enthusiastic in his work for that cause. Since assuming his duties as prosecutoi- he has received considerable praise from the public press, as the following from the \)e-\vo\t Evening iiun of July 17th, 1891, shows: "Wayne County can well congratulate itself that it has so efficient a Pfosecuting .Vttorney to re])resent it in the Recorder's Court, as Oscar Springer. Since that gentleman has taken hold of the criminal businessthat is transacted for the people in that tribunal some rapid work has lieen done." Mr. Springer has the credit of convicting the notorious Dr. Cox. In this case the Defroit Evemng Xi'ws spoke of his closing argument as "a praiseworthy effort," and the public generally aiiplaudeil his good work. Cornelius William I'ritt, Assistant Prosecuting .Vttorney of Wayne county, was born in the city of De- troit, October 29th, 18G:^. Availing him.self of the excellent oiiportunities affoided by the public schools of Detroit, he obtained a thorough training in the English and higher educational branches, fitting him for entering into the pi-ofes.sion which he had cho.sen, and in which he proposed to make for him.self a posi- tion which should receive recognition from the older members of t he bar as a younger peer. He commenced his study of the law in 1883 with Messrs. Russell & Campbell, and a year later entered the law offices of Messrs. Douglass & Bowen, and after pursuing his legal studies for five years, he was admitted to ])ractice ill till' Wayne Circuit Couit, July 5th, 1888, after a rigid examination, and being highly c()ni|)linieiited for his knowledge of the law. On December :51st, 1888, he was admitted to jiractice in the Circuit Court of the United States, and on January 10th, 1889, was admitted to ])ractice in the Suiireme Court of Michigan. After his admission to the bar, he continued in the office of Dougla.ss & Bowen until January 1st, 1891. at which time he was appointed .Vssi.stant Prosecuting .Vttorney. ]\Ir. Britt has a s])ecial liking tor criminal practice, and the great amount of time and thought which he has devoted to the stmly of this branch of the law eminently fits him foi- the position which he now occupies. While he was engaged in the study of the law he was a vei-y diligent and earnest student, and he now devotes his entire time and energies to the stmly and practice of hi.s profession. That he has the love of an enthusiast for his profession is evident from the devotion and industry manife.sted by him in the pursuit of all information and knowledge which pertains to it ami its successful pio.secution. D. N. & L. BRIDGE. I 11 1 [IpJ i l| FARRAND & VOTEY ORGAN COMPANY. ..•t*«»^< m ' %^fe° '^^-^-^^ c /-/ / G ^ y\/ CHARLES L CLARK & COMPANY. i iff t^Sw*" "^ '"-"^ i/J^^^^pj^ij^t. OTTAWA BEACH, D. N. & L. R. R.' ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 125 Frank T. Lod<^e was horn in Madison, Ind., on the Ohio River. He is a nephew of General C. M. Terrell, U. S. Army, and Hon. Edwin Terrell, present F. S. ^linister to Beloinni. He was educated and <>raduated from the high school at Indianapolis, being awarded the only honor ever conferred there on an oi'ation in the (iernian language. He studied law in the office of Porter, Harrison tV; Hiues; the first named member of the firm (Hon. Albert J. Porter) was afterwards Govei-nor of Indiana, the second being now President of the Fnited States. At the age of seventeen he went to Wasliington as the private secretary oi Mr. Portei-, then Comptroller of the Treasury. Having made himself familiar with the duties, he was made chief assistant of the division of public lands. Meanwhile he continued his law studies at Columbia College law school under Judge Cox, before whom Guiteau was tried. In 11SS8 he assisted in 1lic canvass for Mr. Porter for governor, and stnmited Indiana. After the latter's election he became the law clerk of Mr. Lawrence, who had succeeded Mr. Porter as Compti-oller of the Treasury. In 1S81 hewassent to Kansas as the representative of the comptroller in the Osage land case, and also adjudicated sevei-al other ditticult matters arising out of troubles in Kansas and Indian Territory. In 1882, i-esigning his ])osition in the Treasury, he entered De Panw Fniversity, at Greencastle (an institution of whicli liis grandfather, Itev. Williamson, D. D., was one of the founders, and a trustee during his life), graduating therefrom 1884, thus completing the four years college course in two years, and in his last senior year filling the chair of modern languages, during tlie absence in Eur'ope of the stated professor. In 1881 he came to Detroit, and was admitted to the Detroit bar in 1881, and to practice before the Fnited States Su])reme Court in 1885. Mr. Lodge makes a specialty of corporation and real estate law. In 1887 the degree of Master of Arts was conferred upon him by his Alma Mater. He is a member of the Beta- Theta Pi fraternity, and the Alumni Chief, of the district composed of Indiana, aiid Michigan. In ])olitics Mr. Lodge is a Republican, in 1888 stumping the States of Ohio, Indiana and ^Michigan for Blaine, speaking both in German and English. Since that time he has taken no active part in jiolitics, devoting his entire time to his profession. He is president of the Snow-Church Com|iany, vice-])resident of the Deti-oit Fruit Tablet Co., and director and general counsel of the E(piitable Loan & Investment Co. and the Home Building and Loan Association. William C. Sprague is a Buckeye by birth, son of Hon. Wm. P. Sprague, long and favorably known in public life in Ohio; graduated with the degree of A. B. at Denison Fniversity, Granville, Ohio, in the class of '81, and two years afterwards received the degree of LL. B. at the Cincinnati law school. On gradu- ating he was admitted to the Ohio bar, but at once w-ent to St. Paul, Minn., and opened an office with Wni. Fonlke, his former precei)tor, uuder the firm name of Foulke & Sprague. In 1885 he removed to Detroit, married, was admitted to pi-actice at the bar of Michigiin, and opened an office. Two years later formed a partnership with Chas. H. Carey, Esq., under the firm name of Sprague & Carey. In 1889 Mr. Carey removed to Portland, Oregon, Mr. Sprague continuing alone until the formation of the fiiiu of Loilge, Sprague t^ Ashley. Mr. Sprague is the editor of the CoWctov, a poinilar business law nnjnthly published at Detroit, and conducts the "Sprague coiTespondence school of law," a system of instruction in hiw for the young men who cannot attend college, based upon the .system of instruction permanently used by Dr. Har])er, of Yale. In other lines he is secretary and treasurer of the Snow-Church Co.. of D(^- troit, a Mason, and a member of the Beta Theta Pi college fraternity, having been for some time one of the editors of its national magazine. Ellwood T. Hance, attorney, and the jyresent postmaster of Detroit, was born .\ugust 28tli, 1850, at Concoi-d. Delaware county, Penn. When three years of age his parents removed to A\'ilmington, Delaware, taking him with them. Here he remained, attending the public schools of that city and at the academy of Clarkson Taylor, a celeln-ated (Quaker teacher. After graduating from this academy he came to Detroit, in LS7(), and entered the law office ol' Mr. Charles Flowers as a .student. In January, 1870, he was ad- nutted to the Detroit bar, and immediately engaged in the ])ractice of his ])rofession. He was a])])ointed po.stmaster of Detroit to succeed .Mr. .V. B. Co])elan(], decea.sed. Since his assuriii)f ion of his ofHcial duties he has instituted many reforms and changes in the service, which have proven very acceptable to the gen- eral ])nlilic and grateful to the employees. Frank A. Rasch, secretary and treasurer of the Fnited States 0]itical Company, an American-German, was born in th(> first ward of the city of Deti'oit cm the 2()th day of June, IStil, and has be(>n a r(>si(lent of this city ever since. He is the son of August Rasch, retired mercimnt, ju-esident of the Ftiiteil States Optical Company, vice ])resi(lent of the I'nion National I'.ank, and ticasuriM' of the Sulphite FibreCom- pany, of Port Huron, Michigan. .\lr. Frank A. Ila.sch in his youth attendeil our ))ublic schools, and later th(> German-.Vnicrican Semi- nary in this city, to ])erfect himself in the study of languages. In the s]iring of 18,S5 he entei-ed the literary deiiartment of the Fniversity of Michigan, grail ua ting from the law de])artment June 25th, 1887. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of this State on the 14th day of April, 1887. passing a satisfac- UNION MILL COLUMBUS BUGGY COMPANY. GIES' RESTAURANT— Exterior. GIES' RESTAURANT— Interior. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT ,27 tory examination before the judges in open session. In llie fall of 1 888 he was nominated as the Republi- can candidate for Circuit Court Comuiissiouer, and made a commendable canvass. In the last muni<'ipal election he was his party's choice I'oi' city attorney, and lacked but two iiundred and seventy-six votes of being elected. In the summer of 1890 he was married to the eldest dauo-htei- of Ex-Park Commissioner Frederick L. Seitz. In the spring of 1891 Jlr. Rasch was ek'cted to represent the fii'st ward as a member of the Board of Edncation, receiving more votes in that waixl than the successful candidate for Jndge of the Supreme Court. He is a practicing attorney, with a steadily increasing clientage, an enterprising^citi- zen, with firm faith in the great future of his native city. Mr. N. S. ^YI■ight, No. 82 Griswokl Street, Detroit, Mich., has been in the practice of patent soliciting and patent law here since 1881, having been for several years witii W. \V. Leggett, \\\) to July, 1887, since which time his offices have been located at the above place. Me is a member of the State and United States Courts. He is thoroughly equipi)ed for success in patent law jiractice, maintaining a position in the front rank of the profession in the West, and enjoys a deservedly large and iufhicntial clientage. He gives his close personal attention to the prosecution of patent business of every nature in the patent office and in the courts, and obtains both American and foreign patents, label, trade-mark and copyriglit registration. His facilities for securing the same are unsurpassed by any practitionei- in tl)e countrv. He has complete sets of Illustrated Patent Office Records for examination. All business is transacted with promptness and fidelity. Mr. Peter Klien was born September 12, 1813, in Oermiuger Canton of Saar Union, Alsace, and i-e- moved with his parents to the United States in 1828, settling in Ei-ie County, near Buflalo, N. Y. He began the study of medicine at the age of twenty -one and afterwards began practicing in Rochester. New York. After continuing foi- over four yeai's Dr. Klien removed to St. Catharines, Canada West, where he resided for two years and became a student in the medical department of the University of Toronto (King's College). He graduated from Geneva College, New York, in 1846. Shoilly after he came to De- troit, where he still resides, being now a member and president of the Board of Health, having been aji- pointed under Mayor Chamberlain and re-appointed under Mayor Pridgeon. Has twice been president of the Board of Health. His term of service will expire July 1st, 1892. Dr. Klien was elected to the State Legislature, representing Wayne County in the House of Representatives 1869-1870 as a democrat. He received 6,769 votes, Watson, republican, 6,260. the Doctor's majority being 539 votes. The Doctor is still a familiar figure upon the streets, and he is called one of the heartiest men for his age, 77 years. Geoi-ge M. Lane, secretary and treasurer of the Board of Trade, born at Romeo, Michigan, May 28th, 1833, graduated at the University of Michigan in 1853. For several years was employed as a civil en- gineer upon the railroads in Michigan. Shortly after the commencement of the AVarof the Rebellion hewas appointed Captain Co.B, First Regiment Michigan Engineers and Mechanics, and served in the Army of the Cumberland in its operations in Tennessee, Mississijuji, Alabama and Georgia. (3n account of serious dis- ability contracted by service in the field, he resigned in May, 1863. In June he was re-commissioned as Captain, and assigned to special staff duty in the Piovost Marshal General's Bureau at Louisville, Ken- tucky. At the close of the war he resigned his second commission, and for nearly twenty years was em- ])Ioyed upon the editorial staff of the Detroit Tribune and the Detroit Post unci Tvihuiw. For over six years he has been secretary and treasurer of the Board of Trade of the city of Detroit. The father of Sec- retary Lane was for a long time Police Judge. He was a most exemplary citizen and Christian gentleman. Never was his integrity and moral administration as Police Judge questioned. Minot T. Lane, as a citizen and ])ul)lic official, was revered and respected by his fellow citizens, as well as by those who suffered the l)enalty of the law as administi-ated by him. Secretary Lane has long been connected with the First Con- gregational Church as a member, trustee, and as one of its deacons. In all the res])onsibilities imposed or assumed by him, wli(»ther of a juiblic or private character, he has discharged them with a due sense of Christian and moral obligation, and in a cultivated and intellectual manner. Jerome \Y. Bobbins, attorney and counselor-at-Iaw, 53 McGraw Building, was born on a farm in Waterford township, Oakland county, Michigan, about four miles from the city of Pontiac where he resided with his ])ai-ents until the age of twenty. He was educated at the distriit schools of his native town, the public .schools at Pontiac, and the State Normal school at "^ i)silaiiti. Teaching for a time, he in 1870 engaged in the study of law with Jndge Ten Eyck, of the city of Pontiac, and was admitted to practice in the State courts January 11.1873, and in theUnited States courts and di.strict coui'ts December 17, 1877. From the time ot his admission to the bar. up to July 1. 1876. he was employed as counsel for mining companies in tli(» Lak(> Snperioi' region, and at the latter date he opened an office in Pontine, wIkm'c he remained until June. 1890. when he removed with his wife and three childi'en to the city of Detroit, whei'e he now resides at the corner of Cass and P>aldwin avenues. During the time he resided in the city of I'ontiac, he was i-etained in many of the most ini]iortant cases in Oakland circuit, and also pra<-tice(l (|uitr' TROITDAI.K SIOCK FARM. Near Ypsilanti, Mich., owiifd In Gt-ii. 11. Ilainmiiiul. ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 139 extensively in other counties of Michigan, and also in the Federal coniw. Since coininji to Detroit, Mr. Kobbins has gained an extended i-(>putation through the successful management (jf th(> Woodward avenue toll-gate case, in which, as attoi-ney for the North Woodward Im])roveinent Association, he caused the "toll road com])any" to remove its gate outside the city limits, thus ridding one of the most beautiful streets in the city of a nuisance; at the time supposed by many prominent lawyers to have the right to remain within the limits for eighteen years longer. Civil law, and the law of private corporations arc his specialties. Geo. M. ATiiicrsoii, of Scottish ancestry, possessing all the characteristics for which that rac<' is noted, was born at Jfaitland, Ontario, February IHth, 1840. Receiving from his parents a fair education and a moral training fitting him to become a "man" in the proper sense and meaning of the term, he entered active life, without capital other than a strong physical form and a fertile brain, controlled in its action bv the principles imbibed and fixed in earlj' youth. After encouTitering and surmounting many obstacles, incident to lack of money and influential friends, he, in 18()G, came to Michigan and aided the Lake Shore in the construction of its road from Jonesville to Lansing. Subsequently he secured right of way and local aid for numerous othei- roads then being projected to perfect the railway system of Michigan and the West, among them the (jrand Trunk R. U. Since that period he has been engaged in the same cai)acity by the Michigan Central, Pcn-t Huron ct North Western and various other railroad companies, also in building a hotel at Eaton Rapids, and latterly the Toledo, Ann vVrbor & Northern, the Wheeling &: Lake Erie in Ohio and \V^est Virginia. He also oiganized the Kalamazoo & SaginaAV. There is scarcely a town in Michigan having railway connections but will recognize Col. Anderson as the prominent factor in securing these railway advantages. The colonel not only enjoys the confidence of the railroad compaines, but also that of the farmer and the bu.siness man in every community w here he has met them. AVhile much preju- dice exists toward railroad corporations (although emphned by them). Col. Anderson has always in his transactions had a just regard for the individual rights of the ]iublic, and in his capacity as aid solicitor has often acted as the mediator or referee in the adjustment of differences between them. The colonel stands over six feet four, stature erect and well proportioned, with a frank, open couuteimnce and a genial manner, at once inspiring confidence in his integrity. Hugh A. Holmes, Esq., Detroit, Michigan. Hugh A. Holmes took his survey of the beautii^s of life in Palmero, Oswego County, New York, in ISoT, and five years thereaJ'ter came with tli(> family to Ovid, Michigan, where he received his education, graduating from the Ovid Union School. He at once began fighting his own battles and has thus f:ir scored a long line of consecutive successes. His first efforts were as a telegraph agent for the I). O. H. ^v: R. R.,at Ovid, which position he held for three years, when he went to Ferrysbiirg as agent and operator. At the time he was dealing in hnnber and he found it more profit- able to dro]) the " operating" and devote more attention and time to lumber. Fi'oni 1877 to 1888 he handled hnnber annually to the amount (jf |325,000, being president of the Owosso Lumber and Coal Co.. of Owosso, Mich.; was the founder of the Detroit Loan and Building Association, its first vice-jtrcsidciit and still one of its most active directors. He is a mend>er of the Rushmere Club, the Michigan Athli'tic Association, but it is in life insurance that Mr. Holmes has made and is adding continually to a jtarticu- larly strong and brilliant record. He first began the study of life insurance in 1873 and has made it a specialty since He is a relative by direct descent to thegreat English historian and wiiter, Macaulay; is, as his portrait shows, a fine looking nmn, just in the zenith of vigorous manhood. He is married and one of the most sociable and affiible of gentleman, his strong weakness being base ball, upon whicli he is (piite an enthusiast. He also dabbles a little in newspaper work, contributing to several commercial journals, and particularly to the Tiinbennan, of Chicago. He was made a master mason in I'alesline Lodge, .No. ;{.~)7. of Detroit; in 1885 received the Royal Arch degrees in Peninsular Chapter No. 17, in 188G,and the seveml grades of the A.& A. Rite through Michigan Sovereign Consistory in 1889, and is Junior Warden in .Mount Olivet Chapter, Rose Croix, D. E. H. R. D. M. He is also a member of Moslem Tenqile, Nobles of the .Mysl ic Shrine, Kniglits Templar, 32 degree Mason. Grand Secretary of the Council of Deliberation for Michigan, representing the Sui)reme Council of the 33 degree, and counts friends bv the thon.sands. Bradford Smith, of Detioit, born at Moira, Fraidclin county. New York, is a lineal descendant of William I'radford, who came from England in the Mayflow(>r and was governor of Plymouih Colony for thirty years. His grandfather was with (ieneral Wolf in the l)attle of Quebec; liis grandfather, a Revo- lutionary soldiei-, wasin the battle of Plattsburg in the War of 1812. His iimteriml grandfather, a Baptist clergynmn of .New Hanijjshire, received a conimissioTi from General Washington to serve in the war for independence. Mr. Smith graduated from St. Lawrence Academy, was a tutor for four years in St. Law- rence county, attended Obeilin College, became a successful teacher, and in 1870 received the degree of A M. from his .M ma .Mater. In 1 8.")3 he removed to Detroit, became j)rincii)al of Houghton Fnion School and superintendent of the schools in connection wilh it. This position he held for eight years, when he 1 30 ILL US TRA TED BE TR OI T. retired and entered the real estate and iusiuanee busines.s. lie is well known as a, proni])t and lumorable business man. He was treasurer and president of the Young Men's Christian Association, of w iiicli he is a charter niendier, anil was for a long time a niendjcr of its board of inanagei's. and chairman of its em])loy- nient committee. Hundreds of young men in Deti-oit aie indebted to him for their start in life. He was superintendent of the Fort Street Sabbath School and teacher of its adult Bible class for many years, and heartily engaged in various missionary schools. He has k)iig been identifieil with the tempeiance cause, acted with the Prohibition jjarty non-politically, but always a Itepublican in all matters of national inter- est. In 1876 the State Prohibition convention ap])ointed Mi-. Smith, in connection with two other gentle- men, to bring the (juestiou of prohibition again before the State Legislature. His effoi-ts were crowned with pai'tial success, looking towards the jji-otectiou of children, securing a prohibitory law in theii- behalf. In 1875 Mr. Smith was appointed by Governor Bagley to look after childi-en under sixteen years of age who were apprehended for misdemeanors oi- criminal offences, and to have sui)ervisi()n of their general deportment, to whitdi he added the responsibility of looking after their attendance at school. He made a careful study of the street boy, and was called guardian-at-large on account of the provision which he cau.sed to be made foi- the up-lifting of the bootblack and the newsboy. It was through his efforts that the law was jjassed by our legislature foi' the establishment of an ungraded school in wiiich children who c(juld not be ke])t in the graded schools nnght get a practical business education. This .school has proved to be of great importaiice, nf)t only to the children who ai'e inclined to be truants, but to ;dl the ])ul)lic schools of Detroit. Mr. Smith has been highly complimented upon his manner of dealing with the troublesome children of the city. Henry M. Cheever, who has acquired distinction for his versatile talents in literature, as well as at the bar, is the son of the Kev. Ebenezer Cheever, D. 1). (who, during his life, was recognized as one of the ablest nunisters in the Presbyterian Church), and of Abbey Mitchell Cheever. Her ancestors were prominent in both Church and State in colonial ilays, her great-grandmother, Abigail Wolcott, being a sister to Gov. Wolcott of Connecticut, oue of those who signed the Declaration of Independence. HeuT-y ]\I. Cheevei-, the subject of this sketch, now one of the oldest lawyers at the Detroit bar (having been in active practice for about thirty -seven years), was born June 20th, 1832, at Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York, removed with his ])ai-ents to Michigan in 184(), was graduated from the I'ldversity of Michigan in 18.")3. taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1850 received the degi-ee of Ma.ster of Arts, studied law in the office of AVilcox & Gray, and having previously studied law during two years of his college coui'se. he was admitted to i)ractice in the fall of 1 854, when just past his twenty-first yeai', and at once entered upon what has become a large and lucrative ])ractice. He has kept out of ])olitics entii'ely, and devoted himself strictly' to his ])rofession and to literary pursuits. He was a member of the old iioard of I'lducation in the city of Detroit fi'om 1857tol8()l, when the board numliei'cd among it.s members Judge Douglnss, D, Bethune Dutlield, H. E. P.aker, AVilliam B. AVilkius, William .V. Mooie, Edmund Hall and Dr. Col)b. He was a member of the State Board of Visitors to the University of Michigan in 1857 and 1858. Mr. Cheever is a staunch Presbyterian, a, man of dee]) religious convictions, though very libei'al in his sentiments, and on the occasion of the banquet given by the Presbyterian Alliance in Detroit, in 1N8(), he was selected to deliver an address upon the subject of " Presbyterianism and Catholicifcy." II(> was one of the organizers of the Westminster Church, has been a mendier of its Board of Ti-ustees for fourteen years, and was for foui- years its president. As a general lawyer, Mr. Cheever has nosu]ierior. His ci-oss examinations excel, and, while he is gentlemanly, he rarely fails to obt.iin tlie tiuth and expose the false. His ;irguments are uniformly good and his wit bi-illiant, but always kind. He does not use a multi])licityof adjectives to give E '/'RO/T. 131 MRS. DOCTOk UAWKS. MRS. MARTHA STRICKL.VND. (as her parents were able to provide for hi-r <;i-atitii-;ition in tliat direction), but was imbued with an enrn- est desire to elevate her sex, and secure for them and lierself a recognized equality with nmn in the business and intcllectnal woi-ld. After much thought and careful consideration, she made choice of the niedicnl pi'ofession, and, much against the wishes of her immediate friends, commenced her preliminary studies at her home under the instruction of a neighboring physician, and in ]S71 entered the medical department of the Universit}' of Michigan, where, after attending th.rco courses of lectures and ]iassing a. most severe ex- amination she took her degree of M. D., in March, 1873. It must not be forgotten that at this time tlic act of the Legislature admitting women to the University had been a law only two years, and she luid 1(> encounter, both at the time of entrance and graduation, the pri'jndices of a gi-eat majority of educators, hence, as Professor A. B. Palmer renia7-ked, "greater pei-fectiou in the requirements are demanded of women than of men, as a compensation for this unreasonable and unjust prejudice." Those jirofessional men who thus suffered thems(^lves to be influenced in their action toward women failed to remember that to "woman" Euroj)e was first indebted for the introduction of inoculation for, the snuill-po.N; ; that it was Lady ilary Woitley Montague, the wife of the English ambassador at Constantinople, who, in 1717, affcr first testing its efficacy by inoculating her own son, indnc('(l Mr. Maitland, the medical attendant of the embassy', to experiment on criminals, which he did successfully, so that in 1721-2 on her return I0 England, she, through her efforts, overcame the prejudices of medical men, and the children of the rnyal family and the nobility sul)mitted to inoculation. Dr. Banks practiced th(> first seven months after gi'a,duating at Ypsilanti, from whence she was aji- pointed resident physician at the Women's Hospital and Foundling's Home in Deti-oit. She remained there one year, i-esigning to accept anothei- field of professional labor which took her to Xew Mexico, where she, in the perfiu-mance of her duties, exposed herself to the disabilities and dang(>rs ini'ident to a fifteen hundred mile journey by stage coach from Las Animas through an urisettled, uncivilized and mountainous 7'egion, and fulfilled these duties to the eiitiri? satisfactioTi of tliose who im])osed them. In regard, to liei- services while resident physician of the Wonum's Hospital, the president, Mrs. Itirliard Hawley, says in her report referring to Dr. Banks, " Her professional services have been charaeteiized by thorough medical knowledge, united with a clear judgment and great ]iru(h'iice in the nianagemeid of the varii-d ami flifficull cases that have come under her care. ( )f the ]()."5 adult ]iat ients and the 129 infants cared for b^' her, only one adult and twenty-four infants died. When it is consid(>i'ed t hat at the peiiod referred to, the hospital conveniences and facilities were exce(Mlingly limited as c(unpai-e(l witli the present, this record of the doc- tor has i-arely been equaled. -Returniiig from her mission to New ^h'xico she engaged in the general pi-ac- tice other profession, which she continues at the present writing, having won the respect and confidence of her professional contemjioi-aries by her skill as a i)i"Tctitioner, and the love and e.^teem of lier patiiMits by her womanly sympathy for their sufferings, and the r(^lief affoi'ded b_\- her ]irolessii)nal ministi'ations. Dr. Banks was one of the first woman physicians to practice in Detroit, and she has learned in her own exper- ience, the truth of the lines : 132 ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. "Tlif world is a iiellU', disturli it, it sliiif.'s: (irnsji it lirinly, it stiiii:-; not," Mrs. Martha Strickland, attoriipy-al-law, is tho daii.nliti'r of tho ioto Hon. Randolpli Strii-klrmd. a- ])r()iniiieiit lawyer aud member of Cong'ress from tlie old (Jt li ('ou<>Tessional district from l.S(jJ)to 1871 . ami diiriiiji,' his lifetime closely identified witli the interests of IMicliiiiaii and the repnblic. Mrs. Sticidand was born at DeWitt, Clinton Conuty, Michiii'an, March 25fli. IS.");}. Her father removing to St. Johns, siic there received her education at the public schools. On the election of her father to Congress she accom- panied him to Washington as his ])rivate secretary. The year following she vi.sited Salt Laki' City, wlieic she remained until a year later with lier uncle, Hon. U. V . Strickland, then I'nited States Judge for I'tali. Upon her return home she taught in the public schools at St. Johns, and in the fall of 1873 entered the law department of the Michigan University. Failing eyesinht, however, prevented her from comijleling Ihc law course at that time, and at the solicitation tjf friends she took the platform and did a gi'cat work for the cause of equal suffrage, and the advancement of women. A very eminent judge of Michitian says of Mi's. Strickland: "She is a highly accom])lished and educated women, and d('ei)ly h'arned in the law. She has for years occupied a prominent place among the most cultivated and refined women of our country.'' Mrs. Strickland continued some years on the platfoi-m as lecturer and speaker, when she resumed her legal studies and graduated from the law department of tlie Michigan T^niversity and was admitted to tin' bar in 18S:5. ^leantime, in 1875, she married Mi'. Leo ^Miller and has one son. I'elieving in the distinct person- ality of women she h.as always retained her maiden name, and is known by it. Soon after her admission to the bar she entered the office of the pros(>cnting attorney for Clinton County, Michigan, and as assistant ])i()secuting attorney took ])art in the trial of all the criminal cases of that county for three years, besides participating in the conduct of a good civil business. It was largely owing to her skill in the trial of the case that the fir.st murderer evei- convicted in that county was found guilty of murdering his thi-cc months' old twin boys, for which crime he is now serving a life sentence in State's prison. In 1887 she removed to Detroit and entered the law office of Hon. Edwin F. Conely, subsequently opening a 71 office other own. She has argued a numl)erof cases before thelNIichigan Supreme Court, and has each time won her case. One ofthem entitled Win. S. Wilson vs. Genesee Circuit Judge, in which the right of women to hold the office of deputy county clerk was involved, won for her iniicli commendation from the nieniiicis of the court and from many eminent jurists in Michigan, as well as those of other States. She has in addition to her law i)rnctice devoted much time to the instruction of women in the knowl- edge of i)arliamentary law, which she has made highly entertaining to a large number of ladies. .Mfied \V. Abraham, the viewer for " Illustrated Detroit," was boin in the Isle of \Yight in 18:5G. From 1 hence he came to the United States, and located in this city in 18()1, where he has since resided, in 1li(> business of photographer, and has taken foi- nminifacturers and othei-s most of the princijial views hei-e- tofoi-e and since published, and of those ai)pearing in this work. They furnish evidence of his skill as well as good taste in the mechanical execution, and the selection of points from which the views are taken, to give them artistic effect, aud to convey a correct impression of the subject or object taken. Caj)tain Wm. A. (Javett, general agent of the D., L. & N. R. T\., whose magnificent suite of officers on the gi'ound tloor of tln' Hammond building, give him the finest official housing of any raili-oader in the city, is a native of Michigan, having iieen born near Adi-ian, in Lenawee County, Februai-y l!)tli, LS+4. 1!\- mei-e subti-action it will be seen that Captain Gavett is not so young as he looks. He is the head of a grown u]> aud partly growing family. His jiarents came originally from Ontario County, New York, removing to Michigan by wagon in INol. At the breaking out of the war of the rebellion, young (iavett enlisted in Co. E, 8th Michigan Infantry, at Lansing, August 4th, 1801, and on October, 30th, 18(jl, was transferred l)y Gov. Blair to Co. H, 1st Michigan Engineers. There was no masterful inactivity in the o])erations this regimeiit was called ui)on to take part in, and the youthful soldier saw ])lenty of active service. Following the capture of ^lurfreesboro, at the close of the winter campaign of 18G2-3, aftei- serv- ing with his company aud regiment on every march and action, being with them at the caiitui-e of Nashville, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, luka, Iluntsville, Bridgeport, rerryville, Lavergne (Stone River), and the capture of Murfreesboro, having mai-ched as a jirivate in the ranks (lii-eetimes across Kentucky ami Tennessee, and once across Mississijipi and Alabama, he was stricken down with typhoid fever, and after becoming unconscious, was carrieil back to the hospital at Nashville. whiM-e he lay many weeks willi ty])hoid lever and rheumatism, unable to lift a hand or turn over in bed. ri)on iiartial recovei-y Gavett rei)Oi-ted at General Roseci'ans' headtpmrters and sought to be sent back to the front; but being unfit for field duty he was ])laced on detached .service by Geninal Roseci'ans, and .a.ssigned to duty with the ^ledical I'uiveyor, Department of the Cumberland. No doubt Captain Gavett is the most popular passenger and e-eiieral agent in Michigan, but limited space forbids our desire 1o say more. ILL US TRA 7:Bn DE TR OIT. 133 Ei'rtin Palmer, attorney and counsellor-at-law, ono of the oldost practitioners of the Df^troit ])ar, wlio. througii a series of storms and disabilities, has been able to preseive a I'ceogiiition by the members of the bar for his legal acumen, and by the public for his integrity, was born in tlie town of Exter, Otsego county, Now York, October 10, 1832. He is a direct descendant (m the paternal side of the I'almei's wlio emigrated from England in 1G2U and settled at Stoniugtoii, ('onn., and on the maternal side fi-oni (!cii. Herkimer, who is so well known in Revolutionary history as associated with Mohawk Valley, New Yoi'k. In 1833 Mr. Palmer's ])ai"ents removed to Michigan and located in the tov.-nship of l'>xter, Monroe conn) v, where the early days of Mr. Palmei- were sjjent, and where he acquired his primary education. At llie age of seventeen he determined to take a collegiate course, and adopt one of the ])rofessions. To provide the means he taught school the first year, nieanwhih^ applying himself to the studies preliminary to his col- legiate entrance. His first year he spent at Kalamazoo Baptist College, and entered the Michigan T'niver- sity at Ann Arbor the following year, graduating therefrom in 1857. He came to Detroit and entered the law office of P.ishop & Holbrook, subse(]uently completing liis law studies with Lotlirop & Dnffield. lie was admitted by the Supreme Court to practice in 1858. Soon after he engaged in practice, he associated himseli' with John Ward, and for twenty years thereafter the firm of Ward ik I'almer was prominently known in ^licliigan as authority upon all questions relating to real estate titles. Pi)on the ex])irati()n of the cf)-|)artnersliip of Wai-d A: I'almer, the latter associated his son, Harry G. Palmer, with the firm iiaini- of Palmer & Palmei-. This firm continued until one year ago, when Harry formed a co-pai-tnershij) witli a weltknown attorney of Cleveland, leaving Mr. Palmer alone. Mr. Palmer is well known in church circles, and has long been an active member of the Woodward Avenue Congregational Church. Daniel Scotten, who has persistently refused to be personated in any of the publications heretofore presented, simply because he does not favor fulsomeness in the expression of adulation by the public, was born December 11, 1819, in the city of Norfolk, England. Although of English birth, his ancestors were Scotch. To that race, therefore, may we ascribe that incision and forc-e which has characterized his business operations in the city of his adoption, which induced him first to emigrate to the United States, and afterwards, finding that Palmyra, New York, was not the field for him and his life's work, to establish himself in Detroit, where he has since resided, and in which he has established a manufacturing industry whose name is recognized and known anywhere within the limits of the United States. Daniel Scotten came to Detroit in 1853 and entered the employ of Isaac Miller, his contemporaries at that time being Ex-Governor John J. Bagley and Hiram Granger, both of whom subsequently engaged in the manufacture of tobaccos — the first on his own account and the latter with Mr. Scotten, constituting the firm of Scotten, Gi-auger & Lovett. The firm, in 18(32, changed to that of Scotten & Lovett (Mr. Granger retiring), which continued the business until within a few years, when, on the retirement of Mi'. Lovett, it assumed the name of Daniel Scotten & Company (Mr. Oreu Scotten, a nephew, being the junior member), nianufactuivrs of the well known Hiawatha fine-cut and plug chewing tobacco. The works of the com])any are located on the corner of Fort street, West, and Campau avenue, and cover an area of about 200 by 1,000 feet. The first building erected by Mr. Scotten, fronting immediately on Fort street, recently destroyed by fire, has been replaced by a handsome brick, five stories in height, supi)lied with all the modern conveniences and ai)])liances necessary for the manufacture of Hiawatha chewing. The city of Detroit is gi-ea1ly indebt(>d to Mr. Scotten for many elegant structures erected by him within the past ten years, among them Hotel Cadillac, occupying nearly an entire block, the massive brick block occupied by Freund Bros., the fine block on the corner of Fort and Twelfth streets, the sjjacious block of residences on Lafayette avenue, as well as numerous other private dwellings and business blocks in different ]iarts of the city. His adw in number, yet, by the force of his character, he has wrought out for himself a business success which has few paralells. In manner, though somewhat abrupt, he, at the same time, is kind and courteous. By habit, he is peculiarly ra])id in his dis])osition of business, and y(>t this rapidity is never allowed to d(\iicnerate into hastiness, but is the result of observation, memoiy and a faculty fin- cutting the mental (Jordian knots without injuring the rope with which they are tied. Amid the multitude of his business cares, Mr. Scotten has found time to do much reading, and keeps himself thoroughly informed in the cui'rent literature of the day. Jacob Shaw Farraiul, among the records of prominent citizens of Detroit, the subject of this sketch, is entitled to a conspicuous place. Jacob Shaw Farrand was a nativ(> of the State of New York, born Alay 7th, 1SI5. anil came to Michigan with his parents in 1825. who after tari-ying for the summer in Detroit l)urclia.'^e(l a farm near Ann .Vi-bor. For two years or more Mr. F.iii'and worked upoii his father's farm ,34 ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. anil ;i poi-tioii of tho timo cun'icl tlii" innil hi'tAVpr-n Ann Arbor and Detroit. After spending: one year in the di-u<>,- store of Lord A: Denton at Ann Arbor, he entered the drug- store of Uice A: I5incutive committee of the Young Mens" State Temi)eraiu'e Society and secretary of tlie Detroit City Temiiei-ance Society. In 1SC)3 he was commissioner to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church at Dayton, Ohio, also a1 its nieetine-s in New Yoi-k in 1869. in Detroit in 1873, and in 1877 a delegate to the Presbytei-ian Alliance held in Edinburgh. Scotland. In many of tlie religious, charital)le and business institutions of Detroit, (where most of his life was si)ent). .Mi-. Fan-and was found to be a ])nnctual, attentiv(\ active, and libi'ral member and officer. As a Chiistian he was meek and hundjle, and his Hi-m and unassuming piety gave him the esteem, confidence and love of his fellow citizens. His time, services and means were always ready to minister to the sick, comfort the affiicted. relieve the needj', and to advance the cause of religion and nuirals. Mr. Farrand was for years ]ii-esident of the First National Bank, a, director in the Wayne County Savings Bank, of the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, trustee of Harjjer IIos])ital and of the Eastern A.sylum of Michigan for the Insane, president of the Michigan ^Mutual Life Insurance Company, and for a number of years president of the Board of Water Commissioners, and a member of the Board of Police Com- missioners. The character and cai-eer of .Mr. Farrand presents a useful exani])le to others. They may serve to show, that good sense, sound discretion, diligence, industry and unaffect(Hl ])iety may accomplish more for the good of mankind, and the advantage of the pos.sessor, than is ever achieved in the absence of these qualities by the most brilliant genius, the most vigorous intellect or the profounde.st ei-udition. Such men are an honor and a blessing to any community. ( )n the third day of April, 1891 , the sun of his earthly life set cloudlessly. Its lengthened rays gave a sweet token to all \\\\o beheld or knew him, of that glorious day, without clouds or tears, ujion which his immoi-tal eyes were then ojKuied. His c(jntempoi-aries. James F. Joy, H. P. Baldwin, C. F. Buhl, A. C. Mc(iraw, James E. Pitman and Sidney Miller, bore his liody to its last resting ])lace, mingling their condolence with his family in its bereavement, and their regrets for the loss sustained by the residents of his adopted city. Dr. James Fanning Noyes, whose ancestry on both sides is easily traced back to the twelfth century, embracing among its members, divines, warriors, lawyers, physicians, and merchants, distinguished for their piety and learning, their probity and business sagacity, was born August 2, 1817, in South Kingston," R. I. He is indebted for his earliest education to an elder sister, who kept a Kindergarten in the summer season for the small children of the neighborhood, and later to his father who taught a private school on the farm during the winter, giving instructions in higher mathematics, geometry, and surveying. At tho age of seventeen, he taujiht during one winter, which was his first and last experience in school teaching. In 1842 he began the study of medicine with Dr. Josci)h Potter, at Waterville, ]\Iaine, continuing there until 1844, when he took his first course of lectures at the Medical Department of Harvaroston, in auscid- tration and percussion. Subsequently he attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which he received his degi-ee of M. I)., March, 1846. While at Philadeli)liia he took a ]n-actical course of ins1 ruction in jjhysical diagnosis of diseases of the chest, with the noted teacher. Dr. Girard. The following year he was appointed assistant physician of the Fnited Stat(>s Marine Hos])ital under Dr. G. B. Loring. recently ^linister to Portugal. October 16, 1846, he was present at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and witnes.sed the first jjublic administration ever made of ant^sthetics (ether) in surgery, then called Letheon, by Dr. Wm. T. G. Morton, a dentist in Boston, the discovoTV of which has proved the gn>atest boon given to humanity in the 19th century. During the winter of 1847, the doctor attended the lectures, and visited the hosjiitals, and clinics in New York, ami Philadelphia, and had for his instructors, Drs. Valentine Mott, Martin, Payne, and Draper, of New York ; ar.d Drs. Cibson. Chapman, Wood, and Horner, at Philadeliihia. In 1849 he entered into general practice at A^'aterville, :\Iaine, spending the winter following in Philadelphia, at his " Alma Mater." In 18r)2, ujion the urgent advice of his preceptor. Dr. Potter, he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio. The following year h(> made his first visit to Detroit to see his brother, then Superintendent of the Michigan Central Uailroad. Rc^tui-ning to Cincinnati he remained there until 1854, when finding his health failing, he embarked in a sailing vessel at New York for Europe to benefit his health, and to make a special study of ophthalmology, in com])auy with Uaiihael ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. '35 PntiijK'lIy, late Professor of Harvard. On arrival tliey proceoded to Hamhnrp:, from tlienf-e to Hanover, where they eiitei-ed the polyteehiiic school, and took lessons in anatomical stndies, and in the (ieruian ianfiuage. Witliout going into detail on this visit to Eiii-ope, he studied ophthalmology under I'rofessor Albrecht Von Graefe, and ophthalmology with Dr. Iticlubi-d Liebreich. He also took a private course in operative sui-gery, with Protessor l$aron Langenbeck. who afterwards became Suigeon (jcneral of the Hmpire. While in Beilin, he dined by invitation, with Bai'on Alexander Von Humboldt, the illusti'ious (jlerman savant, and was most couteously entertained. Proceeding from Berlin to Prague, ho thoiv attended the lectures and clinics of Professors Arit and Petha. November 4, IS.l-t, he left Prague foi' Vienna, where he studied nine months, taking instructions in o])hthalmology undei- Pi'ofessor Edward Jaegar, and the lectures and clinics of Oppolzer, Skoda, Hyrtl and others. In 185G ho retui-ned to Waterville and resumed practice, mainly in the line of his specialty. At a meeting of th(> Maine Medical Association ho (exhibited the first " ophthalmoscope" ever seen by its members, and explained its practical use. August 15, 1857, he made the first operation in this country for "glaucoma." In 1858 he mad(! another visit to Europe, walking the hos])itals of Berlin, Paris, and London. While there he assisted at Paris in the first o])eration made in Europe by the Amei-ican method, for vesicovaginal fistula. Eeturning to the United States, ho again resumed practice at Waterville, where he performed several operations new to the profession, which gained him re])utation, not only in the United States, but in Europe, It was hen; he treated his fii-st case of diphtheria. When the war broke out he was the examining surgeon for the troops mustered at Augnsta until 1862. ■March 4, 18G3, he settled into pi-actice at Detroit, and introduced the fii'st ophthalmoscope and hy])odei'niic syringe ever used in Michigan. He soon entered upon an extended and lucrative practice in the line of his s]>ecialty,in the treatment of the eye and oar, and has justly been considered the pioneer ophthalmologist of the Northwest. He has occupied the chair as l)rofossor in the Detroit Medical College, and of ophthalmic operator at St. Mary's, Harper, and Wonions' llosjiital (as Ignited States Pension Surgeon from 18T(J to 1884), and has represented the American Medical Association (as accredited), to the British Medical and other similar associations throughout Europe, and is an active member of the following: American Medical, American Opthalmological and Otological Society, of the American, ^lichigaii, and State ^ledical, the Delroit Aca.dom^y of Medicine, an().\ ('. iii:.\"i)icitsoN. Ered Carlisle, the second son of Doctor Lewis Carlisle, was educated for a jjliysician. but nc\i'i- pi-ac- ticed. He is well known in Detroit and llirougliout the State, and somewhat throughoul the United Stales, from his Ijoing grand seci-etary of the Union League of America during the late ci\il war, and as super\is- ing agent of the United States Treasni-y Department, also of the PostofRce Dejiartmont from ISdJ to 18(j!). His I'ocord, officially, is found in the history of the Treasury and PostofRce Deiiai-fmeiits, and in t he history of the Uepublican party. At the dictation of the hito Senatcjr Jacob ^I. Ilowai'd, he di-ew the reso- lutions ]iresented by and adojrted at the Jackson convention of 1854, and now has in his possession the original nninnsci'ipt, embracing the ])latform of the Uepublican ]iarty. It is said thnt there is not a town or handet in Michigan whore he is not ju'i'sonally known to some of its re.sidenls. The political liistor_\- of Washtenaw, Jackson, Ingham, Livingsfon, Moni'oo, St. ('lair, ]\Iacomb, Oakland and Wayni' are replete with the mention of his acts in the early histoi-_\- of the Republican i)arty. The following tVoni the ])en of !•]. W. .Meildaugh demonstrates his characteristics: "A nu)re ellicient and faithful man never hold place under any go vernmcmt, as the records of the United States Treasury Department will show." "■ * * And the records of the United States courts in the Noitliern and Northweslei'u States furnish evidence^ as to his oflicial history. July 10, 1S5:5, lie inari-ied Miss ('harlot to M. Ames, a nativ(> of '\'oi-moiit, who was born in t ho town of (ieorgia. on t he shore of Lake Chain plain. .\|iiil 1 -!t h, l'S')5- They have t wo sons and lour daughters, all living. (looi'ge \\'. Patterson, a citi/.on of Detroit and of .Michigan, who for til'ly years p,i si lias cont ribnied to its literature as the ])ublisliei- of dilforont newsi)apors and journals, and at present known as "the old book inaii." was born of (Quaker parents and brought iiji in that fiitli. After his graduation in Ls;54. ho published his " Lectures on (ieography; ■■ the same year he established the first daily paper in ibiflalo, known us the IVvstcru St.-n: After seeing it fairly started, he came to Detroit, ami with Colonrl Daniel ^,6 IL L US TRA TE D DJi TR C >/ 7'. Muno-er ongau'ed oil till' Detroit Five J'lv.ss. The follow ing- year (is;!.",) he viisitod lln'Soiiih. Roturnin^- in 1830, he establiishcil the Cnlliouu Counly Puiriol . .iiid m the fall of the isame year w.is induced to start the Niiigara Falls ■lonvnal at Niagara Falls, t'oi- Hcnjaniiii Ralhlton. Selling liis interests in the other Ijapers referred to, he i)iiieiiaswl the int^'rest of Judge 1. (". Walker in Ihe (iraiid lUver T'//;ie.s-, and estab- lishing it upon a firm footing. He, in 1838, took a journey to Texas, and on Ins return married ^liss Mar\' A. Wright. He then for a time engaged in milliTig and farnnng near .Mai'engo, Callioun county. In 1844 he took charge of the Hillsdale (ru/A'tlr for Mead and S\vei;les. conducting its editorial through the Polk campaign of that year. In 1S4() he, with Col. Munger, started at Deti-oil the l>;iily Conunci-cinl BuUftin, in the intei-est of the Fi-ee Soil rai-ty. In 1.S4S I'attison and Munger established tlie Michig.iii State Journal iithiiui^mix. He subse(]uentiy established at Detroit the ,l/ic/iig;;/y Tcmjicrancc Organ and the Fhvnian's .Journal, and in IHdl as sutler of the 13th Michigan Infantry he accompanied it South. ReturuiTigiu 18(53, he started and couducteil the /'Vv D'niorrat. Thr Workingnian's Friend. Tlie Agriciil- turi.st, and one or two other jouiiials. In 1S()4 lie engaged in the
d, that Windsor and ils dcpenosilioii tojiromptlv jdacoinsnranceat the lowest rates of jireiuium, and to guarantee a speedy and liberal adjustiiieni, nt' Jesses. Jlr. Hunt was born in Detroit, and is prom- inent and popular as a jmblic-sjiiriteil business man and a large owner of real estate. Mr. Leggett is a native of Watei-ford, Mich., a resident of this city since childhood, and a well known menilier of tlie Detroit Club. Roth are yeiing men of the highest social and business .standing, whose continued success and permanent jirosperity Is well as.^ureil. John M. Brewer & Co., real estate, 71(1 Ilamnioiid IJiiihling. This firm handles its own pi'ojiertv and is largely inter- ested in ilown tiiwii, centrally located business ]ir(i|n>rty and Eiust Side .-iub-divisions. In this ]iart of tlu^ city the firm owns nmrc lots than anv other concern or indiviilual in Detroit, and keejis its holding constantly on the move, selling out one sub- ilivision only to jilat another and place it 011 the market. The individual members of the firm arc men of large means, and it follows that John M. Brewer & Co. has a healthy financial rating and is regarded generally as a first-cla.-^s firm. The head of the firm is John ]\[. Brewer, .still a voung man, having been born August 0I, 1857, in the township of Bruce, Macomb County, ^lichigan. He received the benefit of a collegiate education, the full course of the Pontiac high schools lieing followed by taking the degree of B.A. at the I'niversity of IMichigan, at \m\ ^Vrbor in 1880, and he was a meiiilur of the Zeta Psi fraternity. On leaving the I'nivei-sity the young graduate read law at Romeo, jVIicli., for a year, and the year fiillowing entered the law office of Tarsney & Weadock, at I'ast Saginaw, and was admitteil to practice in 18,s2. He after- wards fiirmed a partnership with Lorenzo T. Duraiid, at the time prosecuting attorney of Saginaw County, the firm name being Diirand tl' Brewer. In 1889 ]\Ir. Brewer retired from the firm and the jiractice of law and removed to Detroit, wliere he as.-^ociated himself with W. W. Hannan in buying and selliiv,' real estate, until Jlarch, 1891, when he severeil liis con- nection, dissolving most of their interests, and fitting np offices of his own in the Hammond Building, embarked in business under the firm name of John M. Brewer it Co. The company is John H. and II. Kirk Howry, of East Saginaw. They arc e.xten.sively engaged in the luinbering business, and are also interested in cattle ranches in tlie We-^t. Homer Warren, real estate and .securities, 58 and 59 Buhl lilock. Probalily no roker, who. house, and arc now engaged, by means of dredging and filling in, in making land and imiirovcments destined to transform a dull, flat and uninteresting place into a suburban Venice. The charming cottages, vilhis and club houses of the exclusive and wealthy persons who will sjiend the heated period at this delightfidiy cool and favored s]iot, will serve to make the Moorlands the most attractive jiai't of the Flats. A huge dredger is now cutting wide, canals along the entire length of the chainiel frontage, and the soil thrown up will be converted into a maguilicent driveway, the only thing of the kind on thi' Flats. George W. .Snover, dealer in real estate and loan agent, at 103 Ciriswold street, was born in New Jersey, in 18.35, and came to Michigan in 1851, locating on a farm near Romeo, Macoudj County. He prejiared for college at the Dickinson Institute, of Romeo, Prof. D. B. Briggs, principal, and entered the University of Michigan in 1858, from whence he graduated in 18()2, and at once engaged in tlie book trade at Ann Arbor. Owing to his having been a student himself he enjoyed their patronage, and made business a success for over five years. He delights to refer to the confidence which all young men who attended the University had in him, and he in them, for he trusted them with books when they did not have money to buy with, and during the five years never lost but four dollai's, through a medical student, who subsequently gave his life to his country during the late Civil War, and therefore he considered it jsaid also. The subject of this .sketch (being an invalid) could not go to the front where his heart went, and therefore furnished a substitute, and aided the cause by his unfeigned sympathy, and warm words for all engaged on the side of the Union, and also aided not a little in ridding the luiiversity from the rabid " Southern " element and sym])athizers. On account of jjoor health he changed his business to traveling for a life insurance company, which he followed for ten years, coming to Detroit as general agent in 1871. In 1875 he added real estate and loaning money to his business. A year or two later finding his time .so occupied by the latter he decided to devote his whole attention to it, and abandon insurance. For several years he was one of the four principal real estate dealers in Detroit, and his business grew into such magnitude that his health entirely gave out, comjjelling him to quit the business for a few years. Having regained his health he has once more taken his place in the front rank of real estate and loan agents in this city and State. His business is not confined to Detroit alone, but his transactions involve pine and hardwood lands in large quantities, as well as city projaerty. He is considered one of the best p(jsted and consequently one of the best judges of values of real estate in Michigan, and this knowledge of values he considers as a valuable " stock in trade." Cyrus Johnston, born February 15, 1851, on the site of the present biulding occupied by the Justice's Courts, was educated at the public schools of Detroit from the time he was eight 3'ears of age. He spent eighteen years with his father at Lake Superior, after which he succeeded him (J. W. Johnston) in the real estate business, which he is at {jresent success- fully i)rosecuting. Mr. Johnston is a man full of energy and enterprise, alive to all matters tending to advance the material prosperity of Detroit, full of generous impulses, quick to observe and detect selfish and mercenary designs, and while not vindictive, favors the punishment of all violators of the law and order. His father, J. W. Johnston, was a man who did much in the way of enlarging the boundaries and building up the city. His name ajipcars upon the County Register more frecpiently in connection with the purchase of lands, and his sub-di\nsions of the city, more than that of any man of his day. On his death, Cyrus took entire charge of his extensive real estate business, which he has since closed uj), bringing out for himself and his fellow heirs a handsome fortune. Frederick P. Bolton, the subject of this sketch, is one of the rising and prominent young real estate men of Detroit. Although he has not been identified with the real estate business over three years, he has firmly installed himself in the busi- ness, and by strict attention to the details of his business, coupled with honoralde and conscientious dealing with his clients, he has gained the respect and confidence of the business community. He is rejJuted to be quite a sage on real estate values, his ventures invariably coming out successful. His latest sub-divisions lying on Mack avenue, a short distance east of the city limits, is conceded by good judges to be an excellent investment. Although a member of two or three prominent clubs, and ))osscssing a very jovial disjjosition, he is quite domestic in his habits, and after business hours can usually be found at his cozy and pleasant home, surrounded by his ■wife [daughter of the late Thos. Reath] and his interesting little family. Per- sonally he is very populai-, and his friends predict for him a j^rosperous and honorable career. Frank C. Rcaume, real estate, suite oil Hanmiond building, is to the manor born. His jiarents were Detroit resi- dents, and the subject of this sketch first saw the light of day July 24th, 1865. It will be seen that he thus stands as a rep- resentative of the enteiiirising younger element in the city's business circles. Young Eeaume has been a real estate dealer since the (hiys when \v.\ fashioned marketable nnul pics and he knows Detroit values, and especially down town ones, as well as any old head in the city. His early training made an all around I'ustler aud business man of him. He had an excellent ILLUSTRATED DETROIT 143 common Sfhool pdufutidii, and afU'rvvarrls tuok tlio law course at the University of'Mieliigan at Ann Arbor. He liarl read some law before entering college in the law office of Winsor Scofiekl, of Bay City, and on liis retnrn from the University lie entered the office of Alfred Wilcox in this city, where he completed his studies and was admitted to the bar in 1888. Ojjportunities for making money in real estate fascinated the youthful Blackstone, and tossing aside his books he embarked in the realty market. His success w'as instantcr, and his four yeai-s experience promises a brilliant career. He lias placed tw(j large sub-divisions in West Detroit on the market, and has bought and sold with rapid advances choice down town business and residence p.roperties. Mr. Reaumc is now leading the strong movement in Grand IJiver Avenue jiroperty, wlieio lie lias many choice bargains. Reaume & Gschwind's sub-division, out this direction, recently placed on the market, is being rapidly disposed of. George T. Abrey, attorney and counsellor-at-law and real estate operator, office at 26 Moffiit Building, Detroit, and 102 East Main street, Owosso, Michigan, is the son of Daniel Abrey of this city, and was born at Greenville, ]Monlcalm County, in the month of March, 1886. Mr. Abrey is a graduate of the Detroit High School, and after graduating from the law department of the University of Michigan, wiis admitted to the bar April loth, 1886, since which jieriod he has been engaged in the practice of his profession, in connection with his extensive real estate transactions. His first real estate venture was in Windsor, Ontario, from which he realized i)rofitable returns. Among his present holdings are 2,400 l(jts in Woodland Park addition to Owosso; 1,200 lots, Highland Heights addition to Durand, Michigan; 1,400 lots in Tecumseh Heights (addition to Windsor, Ontario); 110 lots in his Mount Elliot sub-division, and 122 in his SOtli Street sub-division, both the latter in Detroit. As will be inferred from the extent of his real estate operations, INlr. .Vbrey must ])ossess enertrv and enterprise and good business sagacity, which must ultimately place him beyond the reach of i)ecuiilaiy embarrassment. He has a large circle of social and business friends with whom he is exceedingly popular. James A. Visger & Co., real estate, 24 Jlott'att Block. This firm is made up of father and son, ilio fornur a member of one of the old French fiimilies tliat were among the first settlers of Detroit. He was born in Springwells, July 30, 1824, and his long and useful life has been sijent entirely in this community, where he is one of tlie best known of our citizens. Mr. Visger has held public office almost continuously ever since accpiiriiig his majority and he has held the various positions to which he has been chosen with nuieli honor. His son, Robert H. Visger, the junior member of tlie firm, was born at the siliurl) of Ecorse, and after completing his education he was variously engaged in business pursuits, .seliool teach- ing and traveling, until the fii'm of James A. Visger & Co. was formed in January, ] 889. The fii-m does a general brokerage business, besides handling properties on its own account. They have confined themselves largely to movements in the East End and Ilamtramck and have been very successful. Their Little Giant sub-division is now inside the city limits and city improvements will soon be made. L(jt owners will have no city taxes to j)ay until July, 1892. OfRoliertH. Visger's personal characteristics he is described as a most genial, affiilile ami social young man. Ho is square and upright in his dealings and has the confidence of all who have ever done business witli him. He has a wide general acquaintance, is prominent in social circles and one of the most popular members of the Detroit Light Guard. Thomas S. Sprague, real estate, 818 Hammond building. During the i)ast five or .six years, Jlr. .Sprague hte dealt largely in East End real estate. Pie has been a wholesale dealer exclusively, and has given his time and attention to handling some of the most extensive and successful sub-divisions in that direction. AVith Josejih 8. Visger he has had the handling of the Livingston sub-division at Henry and Rivard streets ; Visger & Downie's sub-dixasion in the East End ; Visger & Sprague's sub-division on the West 8iile, and 8[)rague & Visger's sub-diN^sion on the east side of Gratiot and MeClellan avenues; Visger & Sprague's Cadillac boulevard sub-division of 627 lots ; Yeamans & Siu-ague's sub-division, corner of Jefiei-son and ISFc- Clellan avenues, and many acre tracts in the eastern section of tlic city. He only handles ])roperty in which he has a material interest, or is the ow'ner, and buys and sells for speculation and investment. Josephs. Visger, real estate broker, 818 Hammond building. Li the belief that concentrated efibrt is jiroductivc of better results than the spreading of one's interest in every direction, Blr. Visger has aimed to coiiliiie his operations in the real estate market as nearly as possible in the same section of the city, and tliis will ex])lain wliy so many sub-divisions in what is known as the East End bear his name, either in whole or in jiart. In the three years he has been in the real estate business, he has had the handling of various sub-divisions in this (juarter of the city, several of which have been closed out entirely, and now owned and largely occujiied by wage-workers. Chief of these sub-divisions were the Livingifton's sub- division at Henry and Rivard streets ; Visger & Downie's sub-division in tlie Ea.st End; Visger & Sprague's sub-divisiut the kuowledue tliat every irre.u'ularity in tlu! chain of title of his property has been placed before his attorney in such a shape that the attorney can properly decide on its importance, as it aiiects the title. His information can be obtained in no other way tlian by an abstract properly {>;ottcn u[). In Detroit, registers of deeds supposed themselves cai)able of makini,' abstracts from the very earliest date, and one now occasionally finds an abstract made by some register in the " long ago." But their work was very defective, and not to be relied upon. It was not until 18l)() tliat any attvmpt was made to compile a complete ai)stract. The necessity for such an institution has ])een long felt, but no one had been found who was capable and energetic enougli to undertake to carry out the work. The County Auditor in that year requested John "Ward and Eugene C. Skinner to make such abstracts as the circumstances of our records and titles required. jNIr. Ward hadbdu in the money loaning business for some jcars and Mr. Skinner liad recently graduated from the Columbia Law School. They went at the work with the expectation of being able to complete it in two or three years, but not only did they underestimate the length of time necessary to put tlio estalilislunent in work- ing order, they also greatly underestimated its cost, and the sum which they bad originally considered suflicient for the work was used up many times over, before actual abstract making was begun. The office was first opened for business on the first day of January, 187-3, and while the work was not yet completed, a portion of the rinniing expenses of the office was paid from the income, from this time. Before opening the office for business the attorneys of the city were invited to exam- ine the method on which it w-as planned, and they heaitily joined in a reconnueudation of tlie abstract to the jiublic generallv. This recommendation was signed by many attorneys and real estate agents who are still in active life, and ))y man>' also who only live in our recollection. Among the latter are William J. Waterman, Lyman Cochrane, D. Bethune Duffield, William B. Wesson, Phillip J. D. Van Dyke, William P. Wells, Francis Palms, George S. Frost and John S. Newberry. It was not until 1884, eighteen years after the abstract was connnenced, that all the wcn-k in tlic registry office was entered upon the abstract books. Now each day's work in the Register's office is at once transferred to the abstract office, so that the work of the abstract office is from one to two weeks ahead of the Register's office. This process was licgun by Mr. Skinner iu 1883 and has been carried on since with satisfactory results. "\Miile the work of the Probate office and Recorder's Court (so far as they affect real e.state) was abstracted some years ago, no settled and d^'fiiiite plan was ever entered upon to abstract the jiroceedings in the Circuit, Superior, Supreme and United States Courts initil about 1889. In 1884 ^Ir. Skinner disjjosed of his interest in the business to Mr. C! JM. Burton. Mr. Burton's work in the business of examining titles connnenced when he had just graduated from the Law Department of the Universitv and entered the law office of ^Vard & Palmer in 1874, and he devoted himself to that liranch of work almost exclusively from that time. lie was con- nected with the abstract office from 1875, at first as an employe and afterwards from I80.3 as a jiart owner, and, upon the retirement of Mr. Skinner in 1884 the entire chai'ge of the work was taken by Mr. Burton and has been carried on liv him alone since that date. The Business Interests. Upon this and subsequent pages will be found reviews of a number of Detroit business houses. These " write ups," as they are jjrofessionally termed, are entirely gratuitous, and are used in order to show jjcople outside of the city the number and extent of the firms doing business here. Of course, it is not pretended for a moment tiiat every firm doing business in the city is rejiresented, nor have we in any sense made a selection ; we have taken all the firms, large and small, that we could reach in the time at our disposal, so that if any one has been omitted who tlKUight they should be re])resented, they have our sincere apologies. Seeley Brothers, manufacturers and jobliers of Physician's Supplies, 171 Griswold Street. The manufacture and sale of physician's sujijilies has become a special and important branch of business and in tlie instance of this firm it has enlisted the services of men who have a comprehensive, tliorough and intimate knowledge of the requirements of the jirofession. James W. Seeley was for many years connected with the establishment of Parke, Davis & Co., wliere his l)usiness relations with physicians led him to form tlie purpose of estal)lishing the present business. He brought his plans to the attention of his brother, Arthur L. Seeley, a ]n-acticing physician himself, and they received his hearty appnjval. The result was the formation of a partnershi]i, November 1, 1890, and with the growth of business a stock company was organized last ilaivli. The expectations of the conijiany have been more than realized. Each department of business is now under the innncdiatc direction of gentlemen of thorough practical experience. The company maiuifactures and sells surgical instruments of all kinds and of the very highest style of workmanship, ])hysician's sundries, jjharmaceutical jirejiarations and strictly jiurc drags. Country jjliysicians and doctors, who fill their own prescriptions, are able to buy drugs of Seeley Brothei-s that arc not only strictly jiure but which they arc often unable to purchase of drug houses. The company has perfectly arranged salesrooms where a full and C(mi])letc stock is kept, to wliicli every instrument of value and every im])rovement that jiractice can suggest is being added frotn time to time. A specialty is made of jihvstcian's cases, obstetric and gynecological treat- ment bags, medicine cases in various styles and sizes, including both band and buggy ca.*es, pocket vial and double fnld cases. ?Jany valuable impi'ovenients haye been intrdihieed into the instrument medicine easels and bags which are of great convenience and utility to physicians, and all of Seeley Bnither's goods in this line arc of the best material and workman- ship. The com])any has been remarkably successful in attaining a \vide and profitable ))atronage, which is constantly increasing w'herever it becomes known. It offers inducements t« physicians and practitioners that general dealers are un- able to. In the short time the company has been in business it has taken front rank among Detroit manufacturing and mercantile institutions, i 'nil i Ai i I lii rt L __ STORE OF GAMBLE & PARTRIDGE— Interior Views. IL L I 'S TRA TED DE TR 01 T. M/ 1 ~-^mj§Mj "^a^^ JAMES GAMBLE. L. W. Partridge was liorn at Pittefield, .^las,^., Oct. 15, 1851, L. W. PARTRIDGE. iif tliat sturdy New Eiij,daud stock that in the sixteenth and seventeentli centuries did so much to mould and direct public opinion, and shape the de.stiny of the colonies. He is ii lineal de.scendant of Colonel Samuel I'artridge, of Hatfield, who was one of the foremost men of his time, being representa- tive in 1685 and l(i8(j; judge of the Probate Court, one of his majesty's counsel and after the death of Colonel Pynelion in 1703, was the mu.st important man in the west i)rovince. P^rom tliis ancestry he seems to have iidierited that Puiitan iiluck and energy with which he enters into any undertaking determined to win. At the age of sixteen he taught in a district school; at seventeen he left the home of his boyhood with nothing but a homespun suit and a few small articles in a carpet bag, started out to seek his fortune. After two years sei-ving iti a general store near his home, he went to New York Cit\- and after a weary straggle succeeded in getting a j^isition in a jobbing house, where he slept in the store and had the care at times of a million dollars' worth of stock. For nearly eleven years he struggled with changes of wholesale houses, through the panic of 1873, until at last he gained a strong foothold with the great jobbing house of Telft, Weller & Co., being emi)loyed with them for nearly seven years. Leanng them and coming to Detroit with Metealf Bros, in l.SlSl, he remained with tliem until they failed, April 23, 1888. This was a disastrous move, but his genial <)uality, obliging luanner and square dealing won for him a host of friends, and with midaunted courage he undertook to establish an exclusive carpet and curtain house, and how well he has succeeded none can doultt after a visit to the handsome store that the accomjianyini;- cut represents. Mr. Partridge believed that Detroit should and would sup])()rt a fir.st-class carj)et and curtain house, and the recoids show that he was not mistaken. On August 3()th, 18S,S, (iamble & Partridge opened their doors for bu.siness at 221 and 223 Woodward Avenue. The rapidly increasing business denumded more room and in PYbruarv, 18!)0, the firm secured a lease of the adjoin- ing store, 219, and proceeded to fit it up in connection with 221 and 223. This firm lias had a remarkable growth, increa.s- ingsome months 100 per cent, over the same month of the jirevious year, until to-day it stands second to none in the 8tate. Extensive alterations arc now in progress looking to largely increased facilities for continually increasing business. In their store may be found anything neces.sary to furnish a cottage or a jialace, and they enjoy the confidence of rich and poor alike, as all are treated with uniform courtesy and politeness, and their jiatrons are numbered by the thousands and are from all parts of the State. Mr. Partridge has pushed the business day and night with untiring energy, attending jier.-onally to all its details, and wiiile Mr. (nimble did not take an active ]iart for two vears, beino- engau'ed in scttlini;- tlie afiiiirs of the Manistee Salt& Luni1)er Coui])any, his wise counsel, able business ability and .«ound judgment, cou]iled with tlie large ca]i:tal at his command, assisted largely in putting this firm among those of the highest rating, and the firm ajiprcciate tlie liberal support that has contributed to their success, and they have been the furnishers of some of the most notable private residences .and public buildings of the State. Detroit nuiy justly feel proud of such an establishment. James Gamble was born of Scottish descent in Oakland county, INHchigan, October 1st, 183!), and s])ent the greater part of his youth on his father's fiirm. .\fter leaving school he taught for a fi'W years, and in 18(;3 entered the law dejiart- ment of the University of ^liehigan. After graduating with the class of '(55, he jiracticed law for S(jnie time in ICast Sagi- naw, but finding the lumber l)usiuess more suited to his al)ilities, he and David A. Duncan, with a very small caj)ital, formed the firm of Duncan & (nimble, which rapidly developed a most flourishing busines.*. He was elected treasurer of Ka.«t Sagi- naw, and at the close of his term of ofl^ice in 1882 went to St. Paul, Minnesota. The lumber business was transferred to Duluth, where the firm, under the new title of Duncan, Gamble & Co., at once ])laced it.self at the head of the lumber and ])ine land business of that part of the country. During his residence in IMinnesota, Jfr. Gamble had a constant longing for his native State, and in 1888 bo retired from the lumber business and returned to IMiehigan. About this time the IManistec Salt & Lumber Companv f;iiled, anil Mr. Gamble was induced to settle its tangled .• interests concerned. In the meantime, the need of a first-cla.ur hours proves the excellence of Detroit as a distril)uting ])oint. The principal woods used are chestnut, walnut and red cedar. IMichigan jiine is used in large quantities for outside boxes. Blaclv and white broad-cloth, velvets and silk jilush are largely used, but colored ])lushes and broad-cloths, such as drabs, grays, ashes of roses are gradu- ally but surely taking the jdace of soudire lilacks. This Company was among tlie first to introduce colors in caskets. Five traveling salesmen are constantly em])loyed in distributing their jiroducts. The burial case business is popularly supjiosccl to be a bonanza, but like many kinds of business is largely overdone, and every year sees new concerns start out and tlisaster overtakes them. The Detroit Casket Company's success is attril)uted first, to excellent location for distributing goods ; second, superiority of products ; third, acceiitaliility of their patented specialties ; fourth, energy and push combined with conservative management, and while the death rate for the year is so far considerably less than in 1890 or 1889, still this comi)any shows a remarkable increase in the volume of business over any jn-evious year. John H. Kapel, ])resident of th(> Detroit Casket Co., was born 1817 in Berkshire County, Mass., and moved to Otsego County, N. Y., in 1825, thence to Living-ston County in 1832. He came to iMichigan in 1838 and settled in Utica where he engaged in the nmmifacture of fanning mills and merchandi.sing. Moved to Detroit in 1855, was assistant ])o.st-master for eight years and ])ost-master from 1875 to 1879. Has been identiful as stockholder in a number of the most successful business ventures of Detroit and is vice i)resident of the iMichigan Savings Bank. While paany owns a largo dryer known as the " Adt," and which, from 7 A. m. to 5 r. m., turn out 9,000 pounds of tobacco. The sales (}f this company reach nearly §800,000 per annum. It emj)loys twelve traveling salesmen and finds its heaviest sales in the Northwest. One of the patents of this company for keeping its goods in a good C(jndition, and which is greatly ai> predated by the retail dealer and also by the consumer, is a neat tin case with a glass cover, something in |he sha])e of a cigar-box, with a moistened slide fitted along the top containing a porus clay ])ad, which recjuir^s only occasional dampening to keep the tobacco moist. The officers of this company are : Thomius McGraw, president ; W. K. Parcher, vice-jn-esident ; and A. A. Boutelle, .secretary and treasurer. The Russell House, Chittenden & McCrearv, projirietors. This is Detmit's liest and finest hotel, the most complete and elegant hostelry in ]\Iichigan, and (}ne that comjjares mo.st favorably in all its a])pointments with any hotel in Amei'ica. The Russell has been a fauKXis hotel for years, has always catered to and been patronized liy a liigh-class ])ublic, and luus never had occasion to sinirt f )r favor. It has ])ractically l)een under the same management for the ]wst twenty years and as this lias l)een an enlightened, ])rogrcssive and intelligent management, the Russell has never been suffered to droj) behind in the procession. Instead, it has been noted for being in advance of what could reasoiKil)ly be expected of an hotel in a city the size and ini])ortance of Detroit. Long befire Detroit assumed the metropolitan airs it is now entitled to, the Russell Mouse was a metropolitan hotel, and it is a fact that the city was long and is still advertised because of the general exeellc^nce of this, its leailing hotel. To-day there are many fine hotels in Detroit but the Russell stands at the head, a jiosition it has always maintained. The Russell House is too good an hotel to need remodelling, but changes in the interior arrangement and furnishing are constantly being made where they will add to the comfort or convenience of the guest. Nothing is ever allowed to grow old or rusty about the house, and during the past winter and spring im])rovements aggregating many thousands of dollars in cost have been made. The walls of all the hallways have been done in j)lastic in different designs and jiainted in oil. The walls in all the chambers have been painted in oil to a dee]) frieze, and the ceilings have been tastefully decorated. New gas fixtures and electroliers of handsome design have been ])ut in. Thirty jirivate bath rooms have been nuide, connecting with single rooms and suits. All of these bath rooms are fitted u]) with white Italian marble and white tile f )r rtoors, and wainscoting, and the plumbing is of the open kind, the best obtainalile. Thebillianl I'oom of the hotel is now an exceedingly handsome apartment; it has high waincoting of oak, iieautil'ully decorated wails and ceiling, very handsome combination fixtures fin- gas and electric light, and a complete new outfit of the Brunswiek-l5alke-Collender Com- pany's manufacture. Changes have been made on the ground floor that transforms the baggage room into a cozy adjunct of the bar, which will be entirely refitted. New lavatories and closet.s have been built, entirely of nnvrble and a fine niarl)le stairway leads to the handsome barber shop and the public lavatory. The new ladies' ordinary is a gem, perfect in its beauty, and words are insufficient to describe it. Inferior decoratoi-s exhausted their skill and art in making this, the parlors, the grand ])ronienade, vi'stibules and ciiirc -fni attractive. The work has certainly been done in the very highest stvle of art and the magnificent and luxurious furnishings are in ])erfl'ct harmony with the decoraticjiis. 150 ILLUSTRATED DETROLT. Pinj^Tco & Sinitli, manufacturers of bcKit.s and slloc^^, JcHersDU a\-enue and (.'a^^s irtrect. Tliis is the leading representa- tive firm actively engaged in the boot and shoe manufacturing industry in Detroit. The liusiness was established in 1866, by H. S. Pingree and C. H. Smith, who conducted it until 1883, when Air. Smith retired and F. C. Pingree and J. B. Howarth were admitted into partnership, the firm being still conducted under the old style and title of Pingree & Smith. The jH-eniises oecuj)ied comprise a spacious five-story and b:isement warehouse, with a five-story factory, and 750 skilled hands are employed. Tlie capacity of the factory is 3, QUO pairs of l)oots and shoes daily. The firm is i)rogressive and introduces every improved apjiliance and method, with the result that its goods are always in poj)ular demand thrcmghout the West and Soutli. This is the largest and best equij)ped boot and shoe factory in the West, and all goods are fully war- ranted to be exactly as represented. jMessrs. H. S. and F. C. Pingree were born in IMaine, Imt have resided in Detroit for the last twenty-four years, while Mr. Howarth is a native of INIassachusetts. They are energetic and honorable business men, liberal in all transactions, and the house is well worthy of the national reputation it has so permanently secured for its product. Mr. H. S. I'ingree, the present mayor of Detroit, is also a director of the Preston National Bank. This is the only shoe concern in Michigan who manufai'ture all the goods they sell, handling no Eastern (jr jobbing goods of any kind. Their sales exceed one million dollars annually. Thomas Swan, proprietor of the elegant dining rooms Nos. 87 and 89 Woodward avenue, is a native of Scotland and was born May 12, 1841. At the age of seventeen, imbued with the enterprising spirit wliich has characterized his subse- quent life, he emigrated to the United States, landing at New York in 1858. His first service was in the cajiaeity of news- dealer for railroads, then as Imggage master and conductor on tlie Great Western, Grand Trunk and Michigan Central, respectively. The experience in tliese several jiositions atflirded him very correct judgments and knowledge of men, their necessities, tastes and the best way to meet their required wants. He first utilized tliis extended experience on the corner of Griswold and Larned, where he opened a dining hall in 18()!). After a few years his success compelled him to seek a more inviting and commodious locality, which led to the estalilislnnent of his present " Restaurant, News and Dining Halls," on the corner of Woodward avenue and Larned street. The building occupied by him for this purpose is 60x120, three stories in height. The fii'st store is divided into a fruit, news and lunch room on one side, and on the other by a jiublic lunch and dining hall, the .second l)y gentlemen and ladies' jnivate dining rooms. Tlie furniture and equijmients of these halls arc ar- tistic and rich, comprising favorably with those of any city west of New York. His tables are furnished with all the delicacies of the season, which are served with care and dispatch by polite attendants. Ladies who desire private lunches or meals can have their l)aggage or parcels cared for, and gentlemen can have jiostal or telegrajih messengers at their call. The cut elsewhere shown, represents one of his elegant dining rooms, but one should sup or dine there to fully apjneciate its tastefulness and beauty. Micliigan Adamant PIa.stcr Co. This company was organized in June, 1880, and has doubled its business since that time, lia\'ing lately established a l)ranch factory at Manjuette to supply the Upper Peninsular trade. The officers are: Dr. H. W. Longyear, president ; E. L. Thompson, \ace-president; W. I\L Lillibridge, secretary and treasurer; N. PI. Cuher, general manager. The Board of Directors is as follows: Hon. J. M. Longyear and Peter White, of Marquette, ajid E. L. Thompson, W. M. Lillibridge, Dr. H. W. Longyear and N. H. Culver, of Detroit. The cajiital stock is $100,000. The Adamant business has quite a novel if not a marvelous history. Uji to mthin five years ago lime and hair mortar was the only preparation known fiir pla.stering the walls and ceilings of buildings, and wall plastering was the only branch of the liuilding business that had not improved for centuries. It was the invention of a rude and early age, and had lingered to the present time simply fiir the want of a better substitute. During tlie fall of 1886, one of the leading chemists of the East ])roduced a composition called artificial marl)l(% which be brought to the notice of practical inventors, who soon realized that by a slight change it might be utilized for wall pla-stering. After considerable study and experiment, and time s]ient in ])erfectiug the necessary machinery, the first factory was started in Syracuse, N. Y. The result exceeded the mt)st sanguine liopes of the promoters, and within a few years over twenty-five factories were in operation in the L'nited States alone, and similar works in Canada, England, and other countries soon followed. It is now one of the standard building materials of the age. Adamant makes an indestructible interior wall at a moderate cost and can be used in the coldest weather without heat except for ten hours after ap]ilication. It is fire and water proof and does not absorb ga.ses or become the nucleus of disea.se germs; its sanitary qualities conuneud it for use in hospitals and jmlilic buildings. Among tlie ]iresent buildings plastered with this material are the J. L. Hudson Clothing House, the Laboratory Building at Ann Arbor, the Jlilitary Academy at Orcbai-d Lake, the Alma Sanitarium, the ^Michigan Central depots at Bay City and Saginaw, the residences of Gilbert Hart, W. W. Wells, '\7m. A. Moore and H. R. Leonard, Detroit. The Marquette Gjicra House, the residence of Plon. J. M. Longyear, Mayor of Marquette, anil many others. Adamant is largely used in Government and State work all over the country, and is fast revolutionizing the business of house plastering. N. H. Culver, the manager of this ctmqiany, was born in Elmira, N. Y., in 1855, and with his parents moved to Williamsport, Pa., about one year latter. His business life begun in the office of his fiither, E. Culver, who is an architect of note in that section of the country. In 1878 be S])ent some tinic in the field as an engineer on a topographical survey of coal lands in the northern part of Pennsylvania, and in 1879 he moved to Denver, Colorado, and was for some time employed as a draugbtsjuan in the city engineer's office of that city. In IS.SO he returned YaxA. and opened an office as an architect at Philadelphia, and was, until two years ago, the senior member of the firm of Culver & Rogers, architects, of the above city. Becoming interested about this time in Adamant he moved to Detroit and was mainly instrumental in organizing the company of which he is now general manager. Eugene Lallement, importing tailor, 21 Congress street, east. This establishment, which is located in one of the choice business rooms of the Hotel Nornunidie, is termed "The Place of Fashion," and as Mr. Lallement is considered one of the best tailoi-s in the country, his place of Inisiness is rightly named. He acquired his knowledge of what a gentleman should wear to l)c well dressed and how his garments should be fashioned, in Paris, France, the fashionable center of the world, and in his twenty years exjjerience he has gained an artistic skill that places him in the front rank as a high-class tailor. He came to America in 1871, and before engaging in business for himself, was emjiloyed in some of the leading tailoring estab- ments in the country. He has made a great success in Detroit, has a larare trade, and is jiopular with a large circle of friends. Not a little of the success of The Place of Fashi'in is due to T. R. Paxton, who, as man:iger, has attracted a great deal of fashionable trade to liis employer. Mr. Paxton is jiopular and well liked; is a stylish dresser and a good business man. The combiuatiou formed by him and bis employer is one hard to beat. ■ ,. *^ ,..-... • ^ « >. ■■ , <.<.t < *A-^sitA»»j Y^aaa*.^^^^;;**!**;^ ■W» HELLER'S HOUSE. Ik'llcr's ( iardi'iis, Smiiinrr Resort aiih and unique turnouts on the road. A material rea.«on for this is the efHirts put fiirtli iiy the Columbus Bui^uv Comjiany, in introducing their high class vehicles. They are at the head of manufacturers in the world in producing novelties, and then astounding growth from a small beginning in ISTo, to their present mammoth establishment, the larsrest bugiry and carriage works in the world, is a proof of the high appreciation of their vehicles. They scikI tli'-ii- goods to every part of the civilized world, but at no point have they been more successful than in this city, wluic tli" biv-i- '54 ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. ness bas increased in the past four yeai-s from $20,000 to over §100,000 annually. The sales of this company at this point arc now greater than the combined sales of any other companies doing business here. The company has now in course of erection a magnificent repository, a view of which is published herewith, which will be occupied November 1st, next. It will be the largest and finest carriage repository in Michigan, and second to no similar establishment in the entire west. Pi'evious to removing their stock they are now ofiering at their ])resent Avarerooms, the greatest inducements to jnirchasers, and the variety of vehicles to select from is unlimited. They have a most extensive line in stock, including Victorias, Wagonettes, Cianie Wagons, English Brakes, Ladies English Carts, fancy combination Biicklioards, surreys, family carriages and light liuggies of every descriptinu. One who contemplates purchasing a suitalile equijiage of any character, and desires to be in the swim, will not be in it unless he makes his choice from the fashionable stock shown l)y .Mr. Edwards. Courtis & Hmith, Mining and Metallurgical Eng'neers, Assavers and Analytical Chemists, have their office for consultation on mining, metallurgical, or technical subjects at 27 Ijarncd Street, West. In connection witli their office they have a complete laboratory, thoroughly fitted up with all necessary apparatus for testing difl'erent materials, as ores, coals, cokes, pig metals, chemical ])reparations, jjroducts of manufacture or the raw materials. Part of tiieir work is the making of ])lans for tlie ci|nipinent of mines, working drawings for stamp mills, or other reduction works, or reports and survevs on mines or mineral lands. William ]\I. Courtis was b(3rn in Boston, Mass., and received the degree of A. M. from Harvard University, where, after graduating, he studied civil engineering, and then took a three years course in mining and metallurgy at the Royal school of Mines of Saxony. He was chief engineer in the geological survey of Santa Domingo. He came to Michigan in 1871, to assist in the construction of the smelting works for the ores of the celebrated Silver Lslet Mines on Lake Suj)crior. He was manager of these works some years. He has been general manager fi)r periods of three or four yeare for several large mining companies of Boston, New York and London, England, ])utting large mining jjlants into operation on Lake Su]]erior, and in Colorailo, jNIontana, New jMcxico and California. Prof Frank Clemes Smith comes from u family of well known English mining engineers. He was graduated in science, and alsci in mining engineering at the University of Michigan, where he was also instructor in metallurgy, assaying and other branches. He has had [u-aetical experience in tliegold districts of Canada, Colorado, Oregon and Idaho, and in the iron ranges of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, also in the zinc and lead mines of the Northwest. Parties intrusting their mining matters to this firm will be assured of efficient and relialile service. The American Eagle Tobacco Company, 43 to 53 Woodbridge street. This establishment was fiiundcd in l.'^4S, by K. C Barker i^- Co., and was first known as the American Eagle Works, the j)resent company having been incorporated in 18,S.S. The factory now occupies a fine five story brick building, running clear through from one street to another, and having a frontage of 1 1 feet. Employment is given to over 200 workmen, and over twenty reliable standard brands of tobacco are manufactured. The best and most popular brands produced are the "American Eagle," the "Oriental," and the "Plum" fine cut chewing, and the " Periipie," the "Myrtle Navy," the "Eagle Cavendisli," "Old Comfort," and "Old Fair" smoking tobaccos. The compjmy has secured a fine trade for "Double Five," put up in two ounce j)ackages, and other grades of fine cut in the |ioj)ular two ounce bags. The chew^ing or smoking "Java," also put up in two ounce bags has been very popular. " Brazilian ]\Iash," packed in two and four ounce packages, with its fine ])hig flavoring, is ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. I55 regarded very desirable for a smoke or chew. Tlie score or more brands manufactured liy the American Eagle Tobacco AVorks, are familiar and popular in all parts of tlio country, the trade of the comi)any extending in every direction wiiere fine cut tobaccos are in (k'niund. The executive officers of the company are Messi-s. RI. 8. Smitii, president; James Clark, vice-president ; Charles B. Hull, treasurer and manager, and George B. liutchings, secietary. Mr. Hull was a memi)er of the old firm of K. C. Barker & Co., and his ability as a manager has been exeini)lified by the great success which has attended the history of the enterprise since his connection with it, and to his business methods and progressive ideas, are largely due the steady increase in the volume of the business, and expansion of the territory covered by the trade of the company from year to year, in which endeavors he has been ably seconded by his colleagues, all of whom are numbered among the prominent and public spirited business men of Detroit. Buruham, Stoepel & Co. This firm was originally organized as J. K. Burnham & Co., in February 187o; consistnig of J. K. Burnham, F. C. Stoepel, A. H. jNIunger. Their business consisted of jobbing notions, furnishings and white goods at No. 228 Jefferson avenue. In 1880, their quarters being too small, they moved to their present location, corner of Jefiereon and Woodward avenues. They added to their stock in their new quarters staple and fancy dry goods, and clianged the character of the house from a specialty house to a general wholesale dry goods house. Tiieir business increased steadily from year to year until April, 1887, when they bought out the old established business of Tootle, Hanna cV Co., Kansas City, Mo., and reorganized the Detroit house, admitting J. J. Crowley and J. Wilson as general jiartners, with David Whitney, Jr., as special ])artner ; Mr. Burnham and Mr. Monger going to Kaneas City to manage the business there. Since I81S7 they have adde\ Thomas street. Some member of their firm, as well as heads of departments, visit the Eastern markets constantly. This season has been unusually favorable in making contracts at very low prices, and they hope to do an inerea.sing trade in 1891. The James A. Campbell Company (limited), electrical specialties and electrical engineering. Michigan constructors of the Thomson-Houston Electric Comjiany and Michigan State Agents of the Consolidated Temperature Controlling Com];any, of JMinneapolis, Minn., which latter company inanufacturei-s an automatic electric heat regulator for the automatic regulation of furnaces in residences and other buildings. The James A.Campbell Company handles a complete line of electrical supplies and equips all kinds of electrical jilants, from a door push to an electric lighting central station. They Ciinstruct and cqui]i electric street railways and can furnish estimates and specifications to corjiorations anticipating the use of electric motor power. A competent corps of electrical engineers fjr draughting any electrical specifications or for sujier- intendence or inspection can be had of the James A. Campbell Co. The secretary and trea,surer of the com]iany is ISIr. James A. Camjibell, a mechanical and expert electrician. He was born in Canada in 1801 and came to Detroit in 1876, engaging in various occupations until 1881, when he entered the employ of the Brush Electric Light Co. Young Cani])liell showed a natural aptitude for the study of electricity and its applications. He became identified with the Edis(jn Conqiany, of New York, and was employed by them in the constructi(jn of electric lighting plants at different ]ilaces. In 18>^.'j he engaged with the Thomson-Houston Company and Imilt the electric light plant at Kalamazoo, of wliicli he was the manager for three years. A\'^hile at Kalamazoo Mr. Campbell organized a local wiring company, known as Campbell & Ciregory, after- wards merged into the firm of James A. Campbell & Co., Mr. Gregory selling his interest to William T. Benallack, who is now largely interested in the James xV. Campbell Company (limited). In July, 1889, Sir. Campbell resigned to take the man- agement of the Thomson -Houston Electric Light Co. , of Detroit; and immediately reorganized the firm of James A. Canqibell & Co., in order to enter a larger and broader field, and removed the headquarters from Kalamazoo to Detroit. His exjiecta- tions were more than realized, and soon after he was obliged to resign his position as manager of the Thomson-Houston Electric Light Co., in order to devote his entire time and attention to the growing business of the James \. Campbell (V)m- I)any (limited). This concern has located within the past year eleven central station electric light jilants. All of the latest a]iplications of electricity for mechanical and useful ]iurposes are brought out in this fiekl by this company. They invite correspondence addresseil to their main office at 55 Bagley Avenue. Gies's European Hotel and Restaurant. This is one of the most attractive and homelike hotels of any in Detroit. In its location, excellent and able management and the elegance of its accommodations it is second to none. The site, on Mon- roe avenue and Campus Martins, is the most central in town, being close to the princi]3al business sections, banks, theaters, post office, etc., and convenient of access to every quarter of the city. It was ojiened in Sejitember, 1880, by Messrs. Geo. H. Geis & Co., and is five stories in height, and of a large area, having no less than fifty-two rooms for guests. On the first Hoor is the elegant restaurant and cafe, elaborately finished in oak, and second to none west of New Yoik. It readily seats eighty guests. The bill of fare and the cuisine are not ei|ualcd elsewhere in the city for their comprehensive and superior character, while adjoining is the most elegantly a])pointed bar in the city. The stock is of the ]iurest and the best and is a favorite with leading citizens. On the .'Second floor are the handsome offices, reading room and rece]ition room ; the next floor has beautifully fiirnished ]iarlors, the remainder of this floilliard rooms and billiard tallies, scj that body and mind can be amused and invigorated, and the attractions and pleasures of home will be superior to those beyond its boundaries. The Schulenburg Manufacturing Com]5any, at 98, 100 and 102 Rand(jlph street, Detroit, make a specialty of fine billiard and pool talbes for residences and will furnish designs, diagrams and other information free on application. The concern has been located in Detroit for nearly fortj' years and has made for itself an enviable reputaticin for the product of its factories. Its several styles of billiard tables include their " Exposition," " Leader," " Mctor," " Club House," " Brilliant," " Dclphine," " Novelty," "Athletic Club," " Favorite," etc. Prices vary consideral)ly, according to the ek'gence of material, elaborate ornamentation, and difficult workmanship, but they are all alike in respect to their perfect i)laying qualities and their durability. The "Victor" was awarded the first medal for excellence at the Detroit Interna- tional Exposition of 1889. A strong feature of the Schulenburg tables is the exjiert comliinatiou cushions with which all are supplied. It gives the greatest speed and correctness in true angles, its durability and accuracy are but slightly aflected by climate or weather, and the elasticity is uniform in all parts of the cushion. Exjiert authorities concede these cushions to be the best in existence. The Schulenburg billiard tables are in use in any number of the princijial hotels, billiard halls and club rooms of the country and thousands of them are in private residences. The great measure of success achieved by this company is due to the fact that its president, Mr. Charles Schulenburg, is a practical mechanic and has at all times given the company the benefit of his skill and experience in the direction of its aflairs. He learned his trade in Germany, and worked at the bench over twenty-five years and since 1847 exclusively on billiard tables. He is a master of all the details of billiard table manufiictiire and still superintends the mechanical jiart of the business of the Schulenlnirg Manufac- turing Company. This is the most impurtant branch of the business and Mr. Schulenburg's personal attention to it enables him to give with each table his own giuirantee that the workmanship and material are of the very best and the jjroduct the result of the most practical and scientific ideas. Mr. Schulenburg emigrated to America in 1852, and established a billiard table manufactory in New York City. He removed to Detroit in 1856 and went into the present business alone. In 1881 it became necessary to form a stock company in order to handle the extensive business of the concern with the required facility, and Mr. Schulenburg became president of the corporation. He is well kno\ra and highly resjjected. The company gives em])loyment to a large number of skilled mechanics and is regarded as one of the most substantial and progressive of Detroit's industrial enterprises. The Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company of Detroit, No. 95 Griswold street, ranks among the younger of the fire insurance companies of this country, having just completed its first decatle, but it is rapidly coming to the front as one of the strong ones. It commenced business in I\Iarcli, 1881, and from that date the increase in as.sets and net surjjlus Las been steady and continuous each year, with the exception of 1887. The first annual report contained the record of ten months only, and at that time the company had assets of 8213,244, and a net surplus of 11,377. The progress each year from that time on is shown by the following comparative table : YE.iK. ASSETS. Net SuRPLrs. PREjnujis. YEAR Assets. Net SfEPLUs. PREMnjMB. 1881 $213,244 248,444 287,608 315,351 346,228 366,602 $1,377 15,042 35,142 41,035 53,796 64,073 $22,625 73,126 79,224 118,939 137,808 161,770 1887 $362,547 *715,451 735,115 822,891 913,593 $43,209 133,«.S0 114,746 160,481 169,493 $183,690 289,645 388 '^14 1882 1888 1889 1883 1884 1890 480,078 1885 1891 Julv 1st 1886 ^Capital stock increased to $400,000. The gains for the year 1890 were in assets $87,776, in net surplus $45,635, and in premium income $91,864. The total income for 1890 was $525,969, as compared with $434,495 the preceding year, and the total expenditure $447,068, including an 8 per cent, dividend. Since its organization the company has received in jiremiums $2,200,150, and paid out upwards of $1,000,000 for losses. The company's losses incurred last year amounted to $231,299 — a ratio of a trifle over 48 per cent, of the premiums received. As the percentage of losses incurred to premium receipts of all the companies doing business in Michigan during the past ten years was 56 per cent., the Michigan was certainly very successful during the year. The management of this company is both progressive and conservative, and while it manifests a commendable push for business it does so with a caution which insures an excellent and profitable class of risks. This added to a careful financial policy has enabled the management to build up a strong comj^any and at the same time make a good pnjfit for the stock- holders. Its officers are David Whitney, Jr., ])resident, well known as an extensive owner and dealer in pine lands, lumber and city real estate, and vice-pre.?ident of the ^lerchants' and ^Manufacturers' Bank ; D. j\I. Ferry, the vice-president, is at the head of the D. M. Ferry Seed House, and vice-president of the First National Bank of Detroit ; ]\I. W. O'Brien, the treasurer, is the president of the People's Savings Bank of Detroit; Eugene Harbeck, the secretary, has had long exjjeri- ence in the insurance business, as has also E. G. Booth, assistant secretary. The Detroit Business University was established over forty years ago, and its growth as an educational institution has typified the development of the city as a commercial center. To-day the University occupies one of the largest, handsomest, and most substantial business blocks in the city, and in its range of learning and education it is in fidl keeping with its mag- nificent surroundings. The University building is located at the corner of Wilcox avenue and Barclay Place and is in close proximity t» the public library. It is substantially constructed of red brick and stone, and possesses exceptional architectural merit. Its length is 100 feet by 60 feet wide and five stories high. Its interior is most com^jletely and elegantly fumishec" with every modern device and accessory conducive to health, comfort and convenience. Three stories are occupied ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 159 wholly by the University, an inspection of the several departnicuts affording an interesting treat, accessible to visitors at almost any time. W. F. Jewel, president; P. R. Spencer, secretary, and ISIcssrs. E. R. Felton and H. T. Loomis are the present owners of the Business University. In addition to these gentlemen there are also some fifteen or sixteen eminent lircfessors engaged in imparting instruction in the several departments, a couree of instruction comprising theoretical, jjracti- cal, active business and ottice training that leads the student through the business ]iart of a great variety of trade and com- merce, including retailing and wholesaling, jobbing, manufacturing, importing, farming, commission, brokerage, banking, transporting, &c. Commercial law, ty])e-writing, shorthand, ornamental ])ennianship, elocution and languages, arc also among the numerous accom])lishments available in this institution. A careful mentorship is exercised over pupils to advance their social and moral training in conformity with the rules of good society. A course in the Detroit Business University is ample to fit the student for every obligation alike of commercial and private life. The faculty invites the correspondence of ])arents and guardians and young men and women desirous of a thorough and comj)lete business education or special instruction in any of the numerous branches taught at this University. The FaiTand & Votey Organ Co. is the successor of the Whitney Organ Co., the nucleus of which was formed on the co-operative plan as the Detroit Organ Co. in 1881. The ])resent title was assumed in 1887, and from that year dates the unprecedented success of the institution, which has been almost ]ihenonienal. The reed lu-gan trade now extends to all jiarts of the glolie, shipments being made to Yokohama, Singapore, Bombay, JIaritzburg, South Africa, and to points in England, (iernuuiy, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Italy, Australia and South America, and the cajiacity of this dejiartment is pushed to the utmost at all times. The outi)ut at the present time is 500 organs a month. Tlie pre.sent officers of the company are E. H. Flinn, capitalist, president; A. E. F. White, of the seed firm of D. M. Ferry & Co., vice-president; W. R. Farrand, treasurer and financial manager, and E. S. Votey, secretary and practical manager. The ])i] c oi'gan department was started in 18X9, an addition e(puil to one-half the former factory being erected for its accommodation. The jirogrcss of this department, like that of the other, has been veiy great, contracts for organs being now taken for six months in advance. Among the organs already shipped are included ones shipjied to Rochester, N. Y., Scottdale, Pa., Anniston, Ala., Denver, Colo., San Antonio, Texas, Little Rock, Ark., Lis1)on, Iowa, Freeport, 111., and FreuKiut, Ohio, showing the extent of chi.s branch of the business. The largest organ in the State and one of the largest and must comjilete organs in the West is at present in course of erection by this firm fur the First Presbyterian Church of this city. Contracts have been made for organs to bo shipped to Ogden, Utah, Springfield, 111., S])ringfield, JIo., Kansas City, Kas., Reading, Pa., St. Paul, Minn., Tiffin, O., Atlanta, (4a., and Dallas, Texas. The arrangement of the factory buildings and the mechanical a]>pliances for the prevention of lire, the handling of material, dry kilning and manufacturing are the most com|)lete of any in the country. The factory is e([uip[)ed with automatic sprinklers, fire ho.^e, hand grenades, water ])ails and electric alarms, and the men are organi/.ed into a thoroughly drilled fire department. Heservoirs holding .'")8,()0() gallons of water makes the institution independent of the city water supply in a time of need. Ijuploynient is given to l')5 Lands, and the establishment is con- sidered one of the most succes-sful and i)rosj)erous manufactories in the city. Frank H. Ness, Job Printer, corner (iriswold and Congress street. " up stairs," is among those who value printei's' ink a.< a means of disseminating information concerning themselves or their l)usines.<. No one stands higher than the gentleman named above. His lari,''e patronage, secured l)y dint of untiring energy, and zealous devotion to business is taken into account. He makes a specialty of tine printing and does a large amount of society work, such as invitations, ball programs, etc. i6o ILLUSTRATED DETROIT, E. J. Metzer, Photographer, Nos. 146 and 14o Woodward avenue, is among Detroit's leading photo artists. It would be difficult to name one who turns out a finer class of work than iNIr. E. J jVIetzer. ]\Ir. Aletzer is a practical and expert photographer of some nine yeai-s experience in his profession, and is in short, a thorough master of the art in all its branches. The premises here occujjied, comprising handsome reception parlor, ladies' toilet, gallery, studio and operating rooms, are spacious, tastefully fitted up and completely equipped with all the latest improved apparatus, appliances and general appurtenances to a first-class photographic establishment. Photc)graphy in all its branches is executed in the highest style of the art at reasonable prices. Mason L. Bro\Mi, civil engineer and landscape gardener, 52 and 23 Hodges Block. This gentleman is prominent and popular as a civil engineer and landscape gardener, and has been established in the business here since 1886. He prepares plans, estimates and specifications, anfl superintends the erection of water works, and all kind of sewerages, drainage, and general sanitary work ; inijsroves and lays out parks, cemeteries, and private estates; and gives his proni])t attention to platting and snrveving of all kinds. The fidelity and accuracy manifested by Mr. Brown has been generally recognized, and he has been intrusted with some of the most important public and private work that ha.s been carried out in Detroit and vicinity during recent yeare. His services are in constant and imjjortaut recpiisition in different parts of the State, and wherever rendered, he has left a good name behind him. He laid out the jiark and hotel grounds fur the Grand Pointe Improvement Company, in St. Clair County, surveying some 600 acres ; the South Detroit suburb of about 800 acres ; the W. L. Benham grounds, Les Cheneaux ; the Pointe au Pins, summer resort at Bois Blanc, for Jackson parties ; Forest Lawn Cemetery, at Detroit ; Woodlawn Cemetery, at Jackson ; Elm Lawn Cemetery, at Bay City ; sewer work, at Coldwater ; the Baptist Summer Resort, Traverse City; 150 acres water works, at Ithaca ; Universalist Resort Ground, at Traverec City ; and surveying Palmer's Park, sub-division of .50 acres ; the Jerome Park, sub-division of 150 acres ; W. W. Hannan's, Wm. B. jMoran's, The " iloorlands," Hunt & Leggetts, Shelley & Simpson, C. W. Harrah, and the Pingree avenue sub- divisions, all in this city. The appreciation and approljation bestowed upon his waeities until 18,S2, when, at the age of twenty, he settled in Alpena, Mich., where he engaged in the business of catching fish. This venture jjroved very successftd, and he had the iarirest plant of any concern on the lakes, cnq)loyina; as many as a hundred men at a time in the various branches of the business. In 188-t he was married to Miss Belle Butterfield, of Alpena, and in 1886 moved to Detroit He secure^ -^f •'''i th'^ various styles of ooat>, and l)ndd anythnig from a canoe to a steam launch. row and ■ai _ 11ns half-tone illustrations flimi.'she.'; a very pood idea of the kind of w,,rk turned out hv tiieni. Boat buildin-r is an industry of |mi,ortanee in nearly every section of the country, but if it can be said to lie localized at all, most assuredly it w in tiio reirion of thofrreat lakes, and certainly no city is more advantajreouslv situated in this respect than Detroit. 'At all events, this city enjoys the distinction of beinir the home of the aliove concern, which mav iustlv be named the premier l)(.at hmlders feet ileep, whicli will iiffl.rd a fine harbor and winter qmirtcrs for larire vessels. 'Wlien coiniileted', the works will lu- the larirest of the kuul in the world. Anyone contemplatin,' the ]Hirehase of a boat of anv kind sh..uld not fail to inve.4i-ate the exceptional inducements of the Davis P.oat and Oar Co., as they un(|uestionably stand at the head of .\merican boat buildei-s. Charles L. Clark, doin-j; business under the firm name of Cba-. L. Clark c^- Co., was born in Roche.<;tcr, X. Y. He is a eon of the musical author, well known as the "silver voieeil abolitionist," at the time a resident of that city, more recently i62 ILLUSTRATED DETRO/T. of Detmit. The srentiee with IM. S. Smith & Co. In '71 lailinLi; heaUii eonipeiled liim to ijive up the jewelry business for that of the insurance ami real estate with a leading firm. In 1S7!)-''S0, he associated him.self with Collin iV' Camphell and estahlished a house for himself, and at the end of 20 years he had acquired a valualile knowledge of liusiness nietlntds, of men, and of property valuations. While not what is termed a great "j)uslicr" he is conservative and reliable and his ventures (whetiier f ir himself or his customers), have ]iroven sucees.sful and he invariably makes money fir them. His ojiinions on value of JX'troit jiroperty have been recognized by the leading business men of the city :!s authoritative, ]\Ir. Clark is modest, does not conline his real estate transactions to any one class of property. His greatest successes however, have been in im- |)roved pro]ierty, yet he has successfully handled large suburban plats, among them being tie Clark, Liclity, the W. S. Crane sub-ilivisioii, the two Metz farms, the Hart farm, the Longyear sub-division of Bisinark avenue, and the Chcnc street sub-division, aggregating some 1,500 to 1,800 lots. He has also handled and sold many fine acreages, but his largest and most numerous sales have been within the two-mile circ lit and inside resident jiroperty, not only in l)uying and selling but in huildini; and ueLTotiating loans. The largt st transactions consunnnated in the city have been made by him, among \vhieh is the sale of the old Campbell it Linn corner to Hiram Walker for 81().s,(l(H), a Farmer St. deal for 845,00(1, Bamfoi'd stores on .Tetferson avenue for 820,000, the Buncher residence on Warren avenue, SI 8,500, anii the Irving place at 812,500, besides placing many large manufacturing loans, in all aggi-egating over 8500,000 in the ]ia.st two years. Mr. Clark has also had 20 years experience as a fire inderaniter and general insurance agent during which he has never bad a law suit or lost a friend or customer by reason of an unfair or unjust fire settkment. He represents the following substantial and leading insurance conijianies: the General Fire Insurance Co., of Philadelphia, Pa., a.ssets about 81,400,000; Fireman's Fire, of Newark, N. J., assets about 81,400,000; the Providence Washington Fire Insurance Co., of Providence, I!. I., assets about $1,325,000; the National Fire, of Hartford, Conn., as.sets about 82,000,000, and the Newark Fire Co., of Newark, N. J., assets about 8750,000; also the Lloyd's Plate Glass Co., of New York, assets about 8450,000, the largest jilate glass com- pany in the Uniteil States, and the American Employes Liability xVssuranc Corporation, of New York, with assets about $300,000. This company in.sures against accidents, employers' liability of all kinds, (levator and boiler insurance, etc. Alfred Terry, ]iresident of the Supreme Assembly, "National Potare," was born at Ajipleford, England, June 2!), 1845. In ISdO iie left England and after spending- a year in (_'anada, came to IMiehigan and engaged in trade for several years, when he entered the service of the railway company (D. (i. H. and INI.), which he continued for five years, and then engai^ed in the insurance business, making a great success in the latter, and since he came to Detroit f lurteen years since, has devoted his time in developing a system of insurance upon a plan within the reach of the rich and the poor alike, and ea.sily comprehended by all. On the first of April, 18!)0, Mr. Terry received from the legislature of this State authority, and he at (mee prnceeded to organize as proviiled by the laws of Michigan the " National Dotare " by which life and endowment insurance is etf'oted under the sy.stem devisj.4 by him. The incorporators of the order of the National Dotare are men of the largest exjierience and probity. The present officers of the Supreme Assembly are Alfred Terry, president, Detroit; Andrew Harshaw, vic3 president, .Vlpena; T. 1?. Spencer, assistant ])resid'-nt, Saginaw; Fred. J. Weeman, secretary, Detroit; George W. Crook, audltur, Trenton; Fred. B. Harper, treasurer. City Savings Bank, Detroit; Fred. W. Carlisle, past jnvsi- dent, Saginaw. Suliordinate Assemblies have been established in many of the larger cities and towns in Michigan and cm- brace in their membership the leading bankers and business men of these respective localities. ]\Ir. Terry devotes his entire time in looking after and organizing subordinate assembly. His success lias been remarkable in this direction and can only be accounted f'or except through his earnest activity, and that imiiression of integrity and ]writy of purpose cxpre.s.«ed in liis physiognomy and in his words and acts. Mr. Terry in politics is Kepublican, in religion Ei)isco])alian. His family consists of wife, five daughters and two sons. Lodge, Sprague & Ashley, attorneys-at-law, main office Whitney Opera House Building, Detroit, Michigan, branch office. New Carter Building, Jackson, ^iichigan. Specialty, commercial, real estate and corporation law and collections. The firm is counsel for the Snow-t'hurch Company of Detroit, a corixn-ation organized for the pur])ose of making collections in all parts of the world, and representing over 200 jobbers and inanufacturers of Detroit and vicinity. The firm is also Detroit i-epresentativc of the leading exchanges and trade agencies of the East, em])loys a large office force and all modern facilities for doing the large and successful business it commands. The firm is composed of Frank T. Lodge and 'W'ni. C. Sprague, and Byron S. Ashley of Jackson. Waldhaner cfc Seyfiarth, merchant tailors, ;iO Fort street, west. This fashionabl(> tailoring house lias been established for six years under the la-esent style of firm. Both members, however, are practical and artistic tailoi-s, who, jircvions to forming a co-[)artnership, had been engaged in the business many years. A lirief biogra]iliieal sketch of each will show how capable, as a firm, they are to fashionably attire the well to do and wealthy citizens of Detroit. Cieorge L. A\'aldbauer learned the tailoring trade in New York City, and had the benefit and experience of employment under some of the leading and most artistic cutters of that great center of fashions. He came west in 1881 to take a place in Bay City, but liaving passed through Detroit, he was so taken with the city as a ]ilace of business that soon after arriving at Bay City he removed to this city, where he entered the employment of E. M. Burghardt, as head cutter. In a short time INIr. Waldbaner went into business for himself, and later firmed a partnershij) with August W. Seytfiirth, constituting the present firm. ]Mr. Seytfarth is a master at his trade, which he has fillowed for over thirty years, lie is a native of Germany, and first threaded a needle and carried a tape in the mother country. JMr. Seytt'artli has lived in Detroit since 1872, and has a large business and social awiuaintance. The high standing of the firm is shown by the award, for several years in succession, of the contract from the United States Government for siijiplying uniforms for the federal employes in this city. Their place^ of business is centrally located, and they enjoy a large and fashionable patronage. Both memlaers of the firm are men of family, and as merchants and citizens they possess the high rcs[iect and esteem of the community. Thomas & Huyette, 41 and 42 Hodges building, engineers, and daughtsmau, engravei-s, photographers, and blue printers, and make a specialty of draughting mechanical drawings for the use of inventors in yirocuring patents. The United States Patent Office recommends that working drawings should always be sent with the application for a patent, and it is made a requisite by foreign patent offices. These drawings are a great aid to inventors in procuring patents. Thomas & Huyette have been established two years, and already cover a large field and have a large clientele at a distance. They ILL US TEA TED DE TR OIT. 163 1]I.S line invite correspondencp, and are ready at all times to send an expert dranj,ditsman to any part of tlie eountrv, where services may he required. In their engravin;;- department they are prepared to make lialf-tone engravintrs, an(i their print plant is the most extensive of any in the West. John P. Lieberman, wlmlesale and retail eiijars, 84 Gratiot avenue, is to bo found one of the best stocks of cigars, and one of the neatest stores in Detroit. He has aecjuired an elei^ant trade, botli in the city and eountry. His sales from mail orders being especially large, ^fr. Lieberman has a fine location, and is deservedly poiiular. Perrien &Br()., Fort (iratiot Roller Mills, 236 Gratiot avenue, ari' among the most prominent in the city, and enjoy a wide reputation for the sujierior excellence of their product. Mr. Perrien is a native of iVlsace, (ierniany, a resident of this country since 1.S4.S, and .settled in Detroit in 1tical Cbnijiany, u cut of whose manufactory and offices is shown herewith, was organized IMay 1st DSyO. Its officers are : August Kasche, jM'csident ; Eugene Deimel, vice-]iresident ; Frank Rasche, secretary and treasurer; Charles L. Ortman, Henry Koester, Richard W . Allen, and Stanley G. Miner, Directors. The company is ecjuipped with nKjdern machinery and skilled employes. The class of work produced by this company has received the endorsement and commendation of the most reputable opticians and scientists of the city and State. It manufactures all gold and steel frames for spectacles and eye-glasses of all styles, and the len.ses used by them embrace only those which are recommended by London, Paris, and New York experts. Mr. Ilobart Gray, who is superintindcnl, has hail twenty years experience in the jiractical and mechanical nianidiicture of all kinds of glas.- xs, and judging ficim the testimonials, furnish the best of evidence as to competency. Inselruhe, a sketch of which will be fnuiid among the views in Belle Isl(> Park, is beautifully located near the margin of the main channel and near the Deer Park. The building, erected for a relVeshment hou.-^e, is occupied by .Mr. Alexander Kittle, and is known as the Dairy Refreshnu'nt House, where freciuenters of the park can obtain fine meals or lunches at all hours of the day, the tables beiu'^- supplied with all the delicacies of the season, at prices suiting the purse and ta.- gums of the patient while the operation is being jierformed. One who has ever suflered the tortures to be had in a dental chair under the old methods can apjn-cciate with what delight this new treatment is received. When Dr. McCuUough established himself in Detroit, a mere stranger, he did so in modest (juarters, Imt his method of treatment and great practical skill soon made it necessary for him to get a more commodious establishment, and in his ])resent rooms he has what is jinibalily the most elegant and luxurious suite of dental ])arlors in the citv. The recc]ition rooms are pleasant and agrecaiile, and the numerous operating rooms are no longer the ])laces of torture, like rooms were fornii^rly cciusidered. He has a full corps of competent assistants, gradu- ates of the best dental colleges iii the country, and personally superintends the more delicate ojierations in dentistry. The Sachs-Pruden Ale Co. This concern, whose headcpiarti'i-s are at Dayton, Ohio, is represented in Detroit by every wholesale drug house in the city, and its principal product, ale and beef peptonized, is to be found on sale in every retail drug store. This product is tlie result of years of scientific endeavor to combine an extract of malt with a well digested or peptonized beef, giving the strengthening elements of beef and the stimulating and nutritious portions of ale. "Ale aiitl ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. 165 Beef" has been ))lK'noni('nally successful since it was firstplaeed upon tiie niaikct, and as a find medicine it has been regarded as a " Ciodsend " l)y the medical fraternity and the iiublic. It is used with great success in lagri]ipe, tyj)h()id fever, jnd- monary cunsumjjtion, loss of appetite, etc., and may bo termed a life giving drink for invalids. In building up the broken down system of invalids "Ale and Beef" fills every requisite of a perfect food, and the leading practitioners throughout the land recommend its use generally. Many of the most eminent physicians in the country endorse it, and s]ieak of its remedial and sustaining (|ualitie« in the highest terms of praise. The ale u.sed in its manufacture is brewed from the best Canadian malt and freshest of hops, and is never bottled until it is at least one year old, thus eliminating carbonic acid elements, and the peptonized beef is manufactured by Prof Preston B. Rose, lately of the fiieulty of the ]\Iichigan State ITnivei'sity, now one of the leading scientists of Chicago. The component jiarts of tiiis great remedy come from tlu^ highest and most irreproachable soui'ces, and the con.sensus of expressions from leaders in the drug trade is overwhelmingly conclusive as to its merits, and thousanils who have used it gladly emphasize the commendations of leading medical journals, famed physicians, seienti.sts whose names are household words. It is clearly and emphatically the leading, and by all o(lorted the ram and ewes. Determined to have the best or none at all Mr. Hammond during the fillowing year made a trip to Europe and while in England he visited many i)n)minent breeders, saw all the best flocks and attended the leading exhibitions of that year. Before leaving England he ])urchased Sir rihngton. No. 4,21 S i;iii.r|ish l'"lock Book now numbered 1 8, 77!> Ameri- can Flock Book and also the second jirize winner at the Royal Agricultural Sleiw, 1.S88. With Sir Uti'ington, Mr. Ham- monil purchased and brought over all of the second prize vearling ewes, besides a numher of highly connnended ewes, famous \\\ ICngland for their breeding. The following year Mr. Hannnond again visiteil ICngland and from A. E. Mansell, of Astal, Shisnal, Shrojishire, he purcha.sed Windsor King, paying for him the enormous sum of 210 guineas. This perfect ram, a perfect portrait of which we publish herewith, is the best and highest bred Shropshire ram in America. He took the first premium at the Royal Agricultural Show, England, in 1889, a.s a yearling, and also as a two-year-old at the Royal in 1890. 1 66 ILLUSTRArEI^ DEl'ROIJ. vviNUbOR kim;. After liriiiiiiui;- liim to America he was entered at tlie Detroit Iiiteniatioiuil Exposition in 1800, ami took firrt prenimm and won the sweepfitalces. lie was l)y far tlie finest ram tliat has ever l)een exhiliited at an Amcriean exjiositinn and was extravagantly admired for his many pre-eminent qnalities \iy the breeders who saw liim at Detroit. \\'indsiir Kini;' is refjistered No. 4913, in Volume .S, English Flock Book. The full page view of the ram and ewes shows Windsor King grou[)ed with three ewes, also imported from England, and first ])remium winners at the Iloyal. They also took first premium at the Detroit International Expositi)n, when exhibited in 1890, and the ewe to the right of the group is cimceded to be the finest bred ewe in America. The flock now at Troutdale Farm comprises the largest flock of Shrojishire sheep in the United States. Besides Winilsor King and his favorites, Mr. Hammond has ewes from the flneks of Farmer, Muntz, Brown, Fox, Negus, Cook, Hendricks, Lewis, Bradlmrn, RIansell, Harding, Nock, (irahani, jsnd other famous breeders of Shropshire, England. Mr. Hammond has alwavs entertained a lively interest in tlie cultivation of highly bred >Shro| shires, and his large and extensive means have enal)led him to have none but the very best bred animals from the most famous English flocks. The surroundings at Troutdale Farm are perfect for the jiroper breeding and care of shee]). No ex])ense has been s|)ared in providing for comfort and convenience. The main barn 24x200 feet is especially fitted up for the housing of the animals, and the latest mechanical contrivances for cutting and ])re])aring tlieir food are kejjt. A limited number of rams and ewes are offered for sale from Troutdale at the following (irices: Ewe lambs, §1.5 to $30; yearlings, $25 to S50: ram lambs, $25 to $75; yearling rams, $50 to $200. The Star, Cole and Red Star Line Steamers. This is a consr., in amjile time to make a short trip around the city, and connect with tiie I't. Huron steamei-s, ^vhich leave the same dock daily fin- I't. Huron and way j oints at 9 A. M. and 3:30 I'. i\i. Owing t) the almo.-.'ortlH'i'n railway, the Deti'oit endofthis extensive svste;n, runs in its main line from Detnjit to (Jrand Rapids, and as the " Jjausing Koute" is known as the shortest, best and ipiickest route to and from the first and second cities of ]\Iiehigan. The steel tracks for ITiO miles pass thi'ough the richest and most fertile part of the State, reaching Howell, Williamston, Lansing, Grand Li'assenger service comprises every modern convenience ai:d comfort known to railroad travel, new, luuidsome, and luxurious day coaches, i-ieli and superb parlor cars and elegant Wagner sleejiers. With a perfect road-bed, the heaviest steel tracks, and the most ]iowei-fid locomotives, the D. L. &. N. is able to attain the highest speed consistent with safety, and no time is lost over this route. The Chicago and AVest IVliehigan, known as the " Fruit Belt Line," ex- tends from La Crosse, Indiana, to Traverse City, Michiaan, and is n:)^v jiushing far reaching extensions in the Kortheni ])art of this State. At New Buttalo, where it ctmneets with the IMichigan Central Railway, the connection is made for Chicago, entry into that city being had over the tracks of the latter comjiany. At an early day this company ho[ies to have an entrance to Chicago over its own line. By its conuectioii at fSrand Ra]nds with the D. L. & N., passenger to and from the cast and west are enabled to make quick time. This line reaches all points on the east shore of Lake IMichigan, and in western and northw'4 Michigan. The Saginaw Valley and St. Ivouis Railroad is operated by the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Roail, ami is known as the " Saginaw, tirand Rapids Short Line," covering adistance of 11 5 miles, with a brancli lino of seven miles, running from Alma (the seat of the renowned Sanitarium) to Ithaca. Tlie total mileage of the entire system known as the " Fruit Belt Line," and the Lansing route, is 000 milesnnder one nunuigement. By means of this gnat system the most attractive and ]iopidar sununer resorts in the State are reaclu'd by the i)leasure loving public. All tl'.c celebrate 1 trout and grayling .streams, tlie beautiful clear water lakes that so numerously dot tlie surface of IMiehigan, and the charming resorts on the shores of I>ake Michigan, chief of which are St, Jose]ih and Ottawa Beach, are on the line of these roads and their connections. ( Htawa Beach and Macatowa Park, at the entrance of Black Lake into Lake Michigan, combine to make one of the most beautiful resorts to be found in the entire West, They are but thirty miles from (!ranromiscu- ously. In this way the pujul is placed on his own resources and given a chance for independent thought and study. This also is the plan employed in the school of elocution at Grand Rapids and the schools in Buffalo, N. Y., Indianajiolis, Lid., and London, Eng.j all of which have been fijunded by Mrs. Noble since the beginning of the Detroit school. The school in London is located at LS Dorset street, I'ortmau Square, West, and is in charge of ]\Iiss Fannie J. ISIason, formerly of Detroit, and a graduate of the Detroit school." — Detroit Free Press. The Detroit school has two courses — a two year's course and a three year's course. A class which has conqileted work in these courses is graduated each year, each member receiving tlu' di[iloma of the school. At tlui conclusion of the junior year certificates are awarded those who satisfactorily comi)lete the work of the school u]> to that time. The two years' course for graduation includes elocution, vocal culture, gymnastics, a'sthetic ])hysical drill, criticism, de]iortmeut, Sliak(>s- peare, English literature and sixty private lessons in expression. Moreover, each member of the graduating class is reipiired to give a program of readings and recitations before an audience invited by the school. Examinations written and oral, are given every five weeks, and those who jia^s these satisfactorily are spared the usual final cxaminati(.ms. The gymnastic classes are instructed in accordance with the Swedish system as taught liy Claes Enebuske, of the Bfiston Normal School of Gymnastics. Special instruction in dramatic work^ resthetic gynmastic and fencing is given by a teacher who has recently spent a year in Paris under the instruction of M. Got, of the Conservatory, and M. Petipas, director of a^sthetical training in the Grand Opera. Classes in French and Italian will be organized as (lesired by a jiupil of the In.stitute Polyglotte, I'aris. Circulars more fully describing the work of the school will be sent on application. From the earliest times, the art of recita- tion has been to mankind a source of information, culture and diversion. In connection with oratory, it has been cultivated in every age, but never has greater attention been given to it than in our own day. AN'hatever may be said of crud<> ellorts, of unwise instruction and unnatural effects, nothing is more certain than that the reciter who can, with ease, freedoin, sim- plicity and harmony, interpret for an audience any human experience embodied in a literary form, wields a distinctive power to instruct, to persuade, to commaml and to delight. As the musician orthe musical society, by the interpretation of worthy compositions gradually raises the musical taste of the masses, so all who recite worthy things in a worthy manner, do much' toward cultivating the general literary taste. Among the schools which are engaged in promoting it, the Detroit Training School aims to hold first place. ILL L rs TRA TED DB TR OIT. 169 Detroit, Grand Haven and Rlilwaukee Railway Company. This line of raihvay, now operated as a part of the Grand Trunk railw:ty system and in connection with the Chicago and Grand Trunk Railway, is the pioneer railway enterprise of Detroit, and one of the oldest lines of railway in the United States. It is called the "Old Reliable," and the name is applied becauff! of the long familiarity of the public with the operation of this road. For many years it was the only line of railway by wiiich one could reach central and western Michigan points, and, while in the early jiart of its career it passed through many financi9,l vicissitudes yet its trains always went through on time and according to schedule. Under the present arrangement, the " Old Reliable " is on a strong financial baifis, and its operations are controlled by some of the most capable railway men in the country. For some time past the company have been improving their passenger train service, and it is now equipped with new and handsome passenger coaches, the heaviest and speediest locomotives, the most luxurious of Pullman slee])ers anrl drawing njom coaches, and provided with every comfort fir the traveler. By means of arrangement with the Grand Trunk Railway, of Canada, and the Chicago and Grand Trunk Rtiihvay Company, passengers from Detroit to far Western or Eastern points are enabled to make the entire trip without change of cars, through sleepers being attaclied to all trains connecting at Detnjit and Durand for the East or West. The main line of the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee is 1S9 miles in length, and is almost directly through the center of tlu' State from east to west. At tJrand Haven, on Lake Michigan, direct connection is had by lake for Chicago and Milwaukee liy means of two large and magnificent lake steamers, the " City of Milwaukee " and the " Wisconsin," two cf the finest and staunchest side-wheel steamers on the lakes, and the boats of the Goodrich line, which make connection every day except Svmday, and the service furnishes an excellent opportunity for a delightful trip across tlie lake. This ride across Lake Michigan is a charming recreation, and a most pleasant change after a few hours on the rail, and greatly enjoyed and appreciated by those who have made the trip. During the summer months, while this service across the lake is m operatation, the Detrnit, Grand Haven and IMilwaukee is the favorite line between Detroit and Chicago, Milwaukee and western points. The present company is the outgrowth of Detroit's first railroad, the old Detroit and I'ontiac R. R. Co., which was chartered as long ago as ]\Iarch 7, 1834, and the old Oakland and Ottawa R. R. Co., chartered in 1848, and consolidated in 18.')5 as the Detroit and Milwaukee Raihvay. The Detroit and Poutiac line was comjjleted in 1844, and the line west of Pontiac to Grand Haven completed by the consolidated company in 1848. The active management of the road in Detroit is in the hands of W. J. Spicer, general manager ; A. B. Atwater, superintendent ; J. W. Loud, traffic manager ; Ben Fletcher, traveling passenger agent, and these gentlemen and their associates are among the most popular railway officials in the city, and to their personality is largely due the general popularity of the " Old Reliable." One of the latest improvements in the service is the arrangement made with the Cincinnati, Saginaw and jNfackinaw R. R., which enables the D. G. H. & JL to run three trains daily from Detroit to the Saginaw Valley and Bay City, connecting at Bay City with the Bay City and Alpena line of steamers. Floyd & Foster, incorporated. Geo. A. Foster, president ; F. W. Floyd, secretary and treasurer. This firm was organized in 1887, and incorporated March 4th, of that year, under the title of The E. G. Miles Turf Goods Co., and succee'Jed to the business established in 1875, by R. Malcolm, at 22o Jefferson avenue. Floyd & Foster bought «ut the entire plant and good will of the Inisiness of the E. G. IMiles Ti.if Cioods Co., in July, 1888, and now occupies the four story brick builcliij^ at 214 Jefferson avenue. In their stock will be found not only u complete line of every descrij)tion of turf goods kuc.wn to hoi-semen or breeders, but also the largest line of hand-made harnes=, including coach, coupe, light driving and track harness. Tlie business of Floyd & Foster has rapidly grown into prominence, and extends now into every State in the Union, a.s well ass foreign countries, "which is shown by the fiict that the firm have recently made shipments of their goods to England France, Germany, Scotland, and Australia" The firm own ]nitents on nearly all practical devices used in connection with the development of the trotting or running hoi-ses and includes the Stick-Fast Toe and Side AA'eights, the Ecli]ise and Chicago Weights, the Springsteen Patent Driving Bit, the L. T. Crabb Over-check Bit, the 'Woodimtt Patent (iaiting Wheel, whiidi is a i new device used in regulating and extending the sjieed of the trotting horse, the Springsteen Patent Stallion Siiield, iuade in four stvles, also the JMartin Half-penny Stallion Shield, which is a recent invention, and promises to come into national reputatiim. Messrs. Floyd A: Foster are also manufacturei's of the celebrated AVolverine brand I if Horse Boot<, ;\hich i- hown in their new lithographed catalogue, in 275 .styles, the goods l)eing made of the fine.st domestic and imported leati.<>rs. The firm have an agency in nearly every city in the countrv, and the business of manufacturing these boots and o '-<^r specialties of the firm, keep in constant employment over fifty skilled workmen. The specialties of the firm are sold fi-im their houses in Detroit, and from a branch house which is maintaini'd at Windsor, Out., a start' of travelling salesuicn being employed to represent the house to the trade. The goods sold i)y the firm are of the highest merit, and the fairness and accuracy of its business methods have secured for them a high po.sition in the cdufidence of the trade, and they enjdV a steadv expan. n in the vnhnue of their liusiness, and to-day the firm is justly regarih^l as one nt the largest turf goods houses in the co'^ntr^•, employing more skilled labor, jierhaps, than any other manufacturer in this line of trade. The business is under the management of Jlr. F. W. Floyd, who is assisted by a large I70 ILLUSTRATED DETROIT. office force. He has proven an efficient and confident business man, with large and pytended acquaintance among the trade. ]SIr. Tico. A. Foster, the presi(h»nt of the firm, is also a stockholder iu the Stand'.fi) ( )il Company, and is manager of the Michigan business of this firm, and lias an dliice at 46 Jt-fferson avenue. Detroit Residences — that Detroit is a city of superb residfences a ride through its inanv beautifld streets, avenues and boulevards will ani])ly testify. At ever," hand are to be found evideofcs of t8e eidture and refinement, which, cou])led with the energy and enterprise of its people, has made the name of Detroit famous tlie^couutry over. For vears it has been the custom of the would-be wits of the. Eastern pre.ss to decry Western claims to elegance and refinement. .\11 that their oblique vision could see was the particidar enterjirise for which a city was famed. Thus, Cliicago, with its hui.dreds of palatial homes, outranking anything found in any of the cities of the East, presented to their deformed eyesight nothim- but an aggregation of stockyanls, and in their assiniue way they saw, or jn-etended to see, everything through the niedium"of* pig-sticking nuichine, and were wont to make merry at the claims to culture set up by Detroit. It is safe to .say that of the numerous cities ot the I'nited States of the same size as our city, none surpass, and few equal it in regard to the number and variety of beautiful residences its contains. Among those of whom illustrations can be seen in our jxin'cs aiv the beautiful homes of Col. F.J. Ilecker, ^Ii-s. Ellen Haumioud, W. A. Avery, Frank E. Kirby, George B. Reniick, Edward W. \'oi<,'-t, George G. ]?ootli, C. M. Burton, Gilliert Hart, Philip Sanderson", G. L. Walker, 11. W. Lake, Geo. W. Snove;, C. F. Biel- man, Thomas Sprague, Josepli E. Visger, etc. Mortimer L. Smith, of the firm of M. L. Smith & Sons, architects, 17 and IH Walker block, is a native of Xew York and was bt)rn in 1840 at Jamestown, that State. He was educated at Oberlin and Sandusky, Ohio, and came to Detroit with his father, Sheldon Smith, in l'S5."), who was also an architect and well known in Detroit and elsewhere, with whom he was a.ssociated froni 18G1 to 1ecinieus of their skill as designers and architects of more recent construction are the Woodward Avenue Ba])tish Church, and the New Hudson building on Gratiot, near Woodward avenue, the latter being 100 by 211 feet, 136 feet high, eight stories and basement, with six elevators, and a complete lighting and heating plant. Mr. Smith has acquired an enviable reputation as an artist for his winter sketches and scenes. Among the most noted is that representing the Falls of Niagara in the winter of 1881. Mr. Fred L. Smith, his son, now 28 yeai-s of age, bids fair to become equally as distinguished as his father and grandfather, and personally has ae(pured a popularity rarely achieved by one so young. Both father and son are genial and courteous gentlemen. The cut shown elsewhere in this work is another evidence of the cultivated and refined taste of JMr. Smith. The Diamond ^[atch Conqiany of Detroit, organized iu 1880, Charles H. Preston, ^Manager, is the immediate successor of the Riciiardsou ^Mateii Company, establislied in i8.56, the late Hon. D. M. Richardson, l)eing the company, and in reality the founder of tlie enterprise in Detroit. In 18l)0 the works were entirely destroyed by fire, but were rebuilt and continued to be used until 18(i.'5, when tiiey gave place to the j)resont works erected, and covering one entire block, iiounded by Fort, Woodl)ridge, Eightii and Ninth streets, occupying nearly three acres of ground for lumber works and storage buildings. The Richardson Mati'ii (bmpany was then organized, (}f which Gen. R. A. Alger was president, Frank H. Buhl, secretary and treasurer, and D. M. Richardson, manager. As stated, this company was succeeded by the Diamond jNIatch Company, its present manager being Charles H. Preston, and its superintendent Peter Burns. The factory and works of this company are the largest and most complete in the United States. The works are capable of consuming over 1,800,000 feet of fine jiine lumber for splints, 1,200,000 feet of conunon for packing cases, 300 tons of strawlxiard, 150 tons of paper, 160 tons of brimstone, 20 tons of glue, 22,000 pounds of jihosjihorus, together with a large quantity of other materials, and employs over 500 operatons. It manufactures over eighteen styles, adapted to the markets and climate of ditterent States, as well as of foreign countries. The extent and importance of this industry reflects credit upon its fbiuiders, while its increstsed volume of business speaks well for the energy and capacity of its present management. Mr. Chas. H. Preston has been connected with the works for a number of years; was superintendent, and on the retirement of Mr. Richardson succeeded hiiv, f- mauager. Union Flouring ^lilU, F. L. Kidder tfe Comjiany (successors to Kidder & Pijier) iiroprietoi-s. This„ mill is the largest in Detroit, having a cajiacity of 1,000 barrels dailv, and is located on River street. Its receiving and shipjiing facilities are exceedingly convenient, as the tracks of the Michigan Central Railroad are laid immediately at its door. Jlr. L. Kid- der, the present senior member of the firm, has \vm\ eleven years experience in milling. Prior to coming to Detroit he resided in Terre Haute, Indiana. His first experience in the liusiness was renting a small mill, in whicli he fired the boiler and ran the mill, and practically did all the work. Disposing of this mill and two others which he afterwards owned, he spent about four months in looking around for a new location^ finally deciding that Detroit ofli^red the most advantages, and after nine months experience, he is satisfied that kgs the best place for a wintei- wheat mill. Tiiis mill is the fourth full roller mill which ho lias been personally interostecWn, sui)erinteiiding the Imilding and all the ajjpliances. Jlr. Kidder is also the proprietor of the Michigan Linseed Gil Works, which have a capacity of '2,500 gallons of pure linseed oil daily. Mr. Kidder, although cDiniiai-atively a young man, impresses yon as I)eing - -uau of energy, enterprise and business ca- pacity. It is a truism, much to be regretted, that the American peo])le as a e'