« Mm® w«w» *+*H+*HHS PSSiL. TSSthT '"T JUT'S is^sillliPP^ 3& Sh^KJOS^ «sn*H^Hfi rOfSlK^K xE&3muEU£uE£&LE ^*^ , VTTH'T M ^•*^'M , t"JsT'•^ , ' |*.H.H***H+**tt TflTJTilTTTi ^flSQ*fQ$" li t" gM HWW *f:M as T!ff BIT. s» ?8!p«M!!ra*l5!r^ff fir EffifiST* P**f$p •*K~HHW r^HJ.A.ijij.i EraSK t±tSMBtfcH±3S^ HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Its Cost and Efficiency BY RICHARD T. DANA Consulting Engineer Mem. Am. Soc. C. E.; Mem. A. I. M. E. Mem. Am. Soc. Eng. Con. CHICAGO : THE MYEON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO. LONDON: E. & F. N. SPON, LTD. 1914 TA«\o .113 Copyright 1914 BY THE MYRON C. CLARK PUBLISHING CO. Chicago i£P 29 1914 is°~ LINOTYPED AND PLATED BY PETERSON LINOTYPING CO., CHICAGO >CI.A379763 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. It has been a considerable time since my office commenced to gather the data that have been collated for this book, and during all of that period the manuscript sheets, and later the page proofs bound up for convenient handling, have been in almost daily use. Consequently many of the items have been used and verified; so that I have rather more confidence in the usefulness as well as the general accuracy of the material than if it had not passed through a fairly thorough period of seasoning. This time of seasoning has its disadvantages, however, as well as its benefits. Changing conditions in certain industries have affected prices, and a number of items have been radically revised in the making. It is to be expected, moreover, that the same thing will continue; and as I have said in the introduction, page 3, these figures should be checked by actual bids where a plant is to be appraised, etc. In order to facilitate this, lists of the principal manufacturers of the plant described are given. My principal reason for thinking that these notes would be useful to others is that I found them all but indispensable in my own practice, and not available in other form. My justifica- tion for the alphabetical method of classification is that this scheme admits of more rapid service on my desk than any other and I have attempted to supplement this arrangement by a very full index. For encouragement in this plan of procedure I am indebted to many of my engineering friends, who have aided by suggestions and useful criticisms. Finally, the keynote of the book has been practical utility to the man who has to buy, sell or use construction plant, or who needs to know what can be done with it. The existing facts in the shortest time on the reader's part, rather than interesting theory and clever comparisons have been kept most in mind. Be- cause of this, a large wealth of material that would probably be of intense interest to the economist and the engineering student has been put aside for publication some time later if it seem de- sirable, but for which there is no space in this volume, which has grown to just double the size originally planned for it. A more general idea of the scope of the work, its field and its limitations may be found in the introductory chapter which fol- lows this preface. RICHARD T. DANA. 15 William Street, New York, N. Y. INTRODUCTION The notes that I had on the elements which go to make up equipment charges on construction work were so often on my desk, and so necessary, in view of the scarcity of other con- venient sources of the information, that it was decided to com- plete them as far as might be practicable and publish them in this form for the benefit of other engineers who are obliged to make many estimates of construction cost. The efficiency of equipment is increasing much faster than the efficiency of labor, consequently the employment of equipment is becoming more and more necessary for economical operation, and a fairly comprehensive list of the available plant with its approximate cost is now essential to a fair estimate. The material covered in this volume comprises the larger part of the contents of four loose leaf books that form the Construction Service Company's file on "Plant." For his excellent work in arranging the data and in obtaining a great many quotations to round out the material that was in the file, as well as for many contributions from his own notes, my sincerest acknowledgements are due to my Principal Assis- tant, Mr. Harold Chandos Lyons, who was materially helped by Mr. A. C. Haskell, to whom we owe many of the tables and extensive checking of the text. The problem of how to carry out a given plan of construction at the lowest cost is year by year becoming more complex, and it is becoming more and more necessary to apply to it scientific methods in order to meet the growing competition between various men, methods, and machines. The contractor of long experience who applies to his work, even in its simplest opera- tions such as moving earth by scrapers, the methods that he knows absolutely were the best ten years ago, is competing, whether he knows it or not, with men who have developed up- to-date methods that are very likely to be twenty, thirty, or even forty per cent more efficacious or economical than the best old ones. It is of vast importance to know the relative costs of different methods, some of the reasons for which it seems worth while to outline here. Before bidding on new work, it is generally not INTRODUCTION 3 difficult to find out what methods the other bidders are accus- tomed to, and, by making independent estimates based on the probable methods for the most dangerous competitor, to reach a figure that is something better than a mere guess .at what his bid may be. Of course, it must be distinctly understood that this is not a.n attempt to eliminate human nature from the contract- ing business. The "most dangerous competitor" may suddenly change his methods and upset a lot of calculations, and whether, he will do this or not is just as much a matter for psychologic study as what sort of hand he is drawing to when he takes one card. Nevertheless the man who knows his competitor's usual methods, and knows the relative efficiency of those methods as compared with his own, is in a position to bid much more intelligibly than he otherwise could. With the increasing disuse of old methods it is necessary to know the value of the new ones in order to know whether it will pay to change from old equipment to new, and how much (if anything) the change may be expected to save; and it is vastly important to know what is the very best method for the work to be done. Even if a contract .can be carried out at a handsome profit by the second best or third best method, the man is a fool who would hesitate to discover and apply the first best, thus converting a handsome profit into a still handsomer one. When, moreover, a loss is being faced, it is almost always due, according to my experience, to the fact that the wrong methods were in use, rather than that the contract had been taken at "impossible figures." In such a situation the first and most necessary move is to ascertain the very best method and apply it immediately; and to assist the contractor and the engineer in the selection and application of the best method in the least time is the main object of this volume, which is devoted to Field Equipment. It is a fact of common experience that if we want, or think that we may want, a piece of equipment for certain work, we can have a large amount of free literature upon the subject, backed up by the extensive experience and earnest enthusiasm of the. salesmen of equipment houses. Such information is not always reliable and it is generally confusing. Moreover, before it can be applied to the work in hand it must be sorted, collated, studied and verified, a process requiring a ruinous amount of time for every investigation. This book attempts to save the estimator and contractor a large part of this time, which is ordinarily lost. The author has never sold any kind of equipment on commission and has never received a commission of any kind for recom- mending the adoption of any machine or tools for any purpose, and has no interest whatever in any statement contained in this book except to see that it correctly represents the economic facts in a useful and convenient way. Although it has been carefully checked for errors, it is possible, of course, that mis- takes may have escaped notice. If any such should be noted, a memorandum, mentioning page-number and line would be greatly appreciated. 4 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The main features of equipment which bear upon economic operation are as follows: C Cost, ready to commence work. Q Capacity, minimum, standard and maximum. B Operating expense, including depreciation and repairs. A Adaptability to the conditions governing the work. No effort has been spared in preparing this volume to put the information into such form as to make it available, with the minimum of time and trouble, and it is believed that with the aid of the information contained in these pages an intelligent estimator of practical experience can determine within reason- able limits the figures for each of the above features. Prices vary from year to year, and terms of sale change with the con- ditions; but within a limit too small to affect materially an esti- mate of unit cost for plant performance, I believe the facts here given may be safely used. For making appraisal of a plant to be sold, if these figures be used they should of course be checked by actual bids from the manufacturers or dealers to the ap- praiser. In nearly every instance the prices here given repre- sent bona fide quotations made to the author, but since the book is not written to advertise anyone no names are given. Except where. otherwise expressly stated the prices are f. o. b. the manufacturer's works. (C) The cost, ready to commence work, includes (p) the purchase price, the (t) cost of transportation, and the (a) preparatory cost, including unloading, erecting and getting into working position. When possible the shipping weights have been included here, and the freight rate may be obtained from the nearest railroad agent, usually on the telephone. Data on the cost of erecting and installing machinery are not very plentiful. I have included them wherever possible from the available information. (Q) The capacity of equipment is a very elusive quantity. That of a wagon, ship, bucket or scraper is usually listed by the manufacturer as the "water measure" capacity and must be corrected to obtain the "place measure" capacity. The capacity of a steam shovel in theory is the "water measure" of the bucket multiplied by the rated number of swings per unit of time; in practice it is likely to average from 20% to 70% of this, with the odds on the lower figure. Therefore the capacity figures must be taken as purely relative for the purpose of defining the size or type of equipment mentioned. A good many elements enter into this, not the least of which is often the skill of the operator. A steam shovel, in particular, is dependent for its capacity upon the skill of the runner and the manner in which the runner and craneman work together. The character and condition of the material that is handled may greatly affect the performance, so that capacity under ideal conditions (which 1 is the manufacturer's assumption when rating his machines) is simply the maximum, and is rarely to be equaled in working practice. Moreover, the capacity of such a machine as a steam INTRODUCTION 5 shovel is limited by that of the cars into which it is loading, and is affected by the necessity of "moving up," and of changing trains, etc. (E) The cost of operating a machine depends a good deal on the skill of the operator, as well as on the layout of the work, weather conditions, etc. In estimating this quantity, there should be included the incidental and necessary costs without which it cannot work to advantage. The cost of operating a hoisting engine, for example, includes that of coal "on the plat- form," which may include the cost of hauling coal from a delivery point, and should include the cost of coaling at night, watchman's time, etc. The operating cost and operating capacity are reciprocally dependent on each other. (A) The adaptability of a particular machine to the condi- tions governing its work is often, if not always, the most important feature to be considered in its selection, since on this feature its practical efficiency for the work in hand largely depends. Adaptability is affected by the peculiarities of the work on which it is to be employed as well as those of the machine itself, and for a proper judgment as to its value an intimate knowledge of the machine and a thorough knowledge of the conditions under which it is to work are necessary. Unfor- tunately the working conditions are not always ascertainable With sufficient exactness to be sure of selecting the most suitable plant, and, more unfortunately, reliable information about new equipment is scarce. Salesmen, while probably no worse than the rest of mankind, are always biased by their personal interest in the product that they handle, and they cannot be expected to give due weight to the faults of their own machines or the virtues of those sold by their competitors, and are poor advisers in consequence. Theoretically, a way to avoid this disadvantage would be to call in rival salesmen and let them talk out the whole subject in the presence of each other. The writer tried this plan just once, at the request of a client, and it was a howling failure. Advertising statements, while honestly meant, are apt to be outrageously deceptive. As an instance of this the following was cut out of one of the technical journals. "DUMP WAGON COSTS "OUR COSTS "Bight men can shovel one "This cubic yard machine is cubic yard of loose sandy loam loaded in % minute; therefore, into a dump wagon in 3 min- in a 10-hour day one man on utes, therefore, in a 10-hour this machine can load 2,400 day these 8 men could load cubic yards of material, or 12 200 cubic yards of material. times as much as 8 of your At $1.50 per day, 8 men cost competitors' men can shovel $12.00; therefore, the labor cost in a 10-hour day. alone on 200 yards would be "On the above basis we fig- 6 cts. per cubic yard. ure the two teams and their drivers, and even then taking this cost at $10. 0a, the cost per cubic would be .004, or four mills. "There are a number of items and incidentals yet to be added to both of these costs but the ratio of cost is as 1 to 21 in favor of this scraper." 6 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT This is cost analysis gone mad with a vengeance, yet the man who wrote it in all probability thought that he was highly conservative. A great many manufacturers use special care that the statements in their trade literature shall be undeniably on the safe side on account of the very bad moral effect of an exaggeration. One of the large manufacturers of electrical machinery has been known to permit salesmen to state as the working efficiency of certain machines a percentage of the results shown by mechanical tests, on the ground that a dis- appointed and disgusted customer is the worst advertisement possible. Notwithstanding this fact, there are many machines that would be much more generally used did contractors feel confidence in the statements regarding them. The old and tried machine that is not especially well adapted to the work in hand is thus often used for lack of reliable information about the new and unknown one. No book can tell a contractor automatically what equipment is the best for his use, but it is possible to put him in possession of vastly more information than has heretofore been available, and this has been attempted in the present volume. The object of this book being primarily to furnish the in- formation needed by contractors, and the material having become rather voluminous, it was thought advisable to leave out a great many items which might be useful to a very few contrac- tors, but which would not be generally employed by the vast majority of them. The author will appreciate hearing from contractors who would like to find more material than obtained in the book, with a view to finding out the exact demand for extra matter, and will endeavor to insert such additional material in future editions. A most important point to which attention is called is that all the illustrations in this volume are for the purpose of illus- trating types of machines of which costs and performances are given. No quotation or price mentioned in these pages is to be taken as referring exclusively to any one machine illustrated or to the production of any one manufacturer. The prices are frequently averages of several quotations, while the illustration that goes with this price is that of a standard piece of equipment. AIR COMPRESSORS These machines are for the purpose of putting power into proper form for convenient and economical transmission. Many of the operations that formerly were done only by hand are now being accomplished by machinery and machine tools driven by compressed air or its substitute, compressed steam. Under many circumstances a drill can operate by steam as well as by air, while for the hand tools, such as riveters, stone cutters, etc., the use of steam is not convenient because of its high temperature and sometimes because of the dense white cloud of condensing steam which is opaque and wet. In general, air is never at a disadvantage as compared with steam in con- venience of working; and where they are equally convenient the ruling economic feature is the distance to which the power must be transmitted. A boiler is less expensive than a boiler and compressor of the same power; hence for short distances the steam power is more economical, other conditions being equal. As the distance of transmission increases, the relative economy of the steam transmission decreases, on account of heat losses, and there is, therefore, a point at which the extra economy of the air transmission equals the extra cost of the compressor. For greater distances than this the air transmission is economic; below it direct steam is the less costly. The actual position of this critical point for each set of conditions depends on the conditions themselves and can be worked out when they are all determined. It should be remembered, when considering such a problem, that it is quite possible to carry steam for half a mile in well lagged pipe with inconsiderable heat losses. The chief peculiarity of air compression for these purposes is that, as the air becomes compressed, its temperature rises. It may then be cooled at the place of compression by artificial means, or it may be admitted to the transmission pipes without first being cooled. In the latter case it becomes cooled more or less in transit, necessarily losing some of its pressure by the act of cooling, with a consequent loss of efficiency. For large installations, therefore, it is customary to do the cooling in the engine by a water jacket, or water jets. A cubic foot of "free" air, at normal atmospheric pressure of 14.7 lbs. per square inch and initial temperature of 60° F., will have a temperature of about 225° F. and pressure of 2.64 atmospheres when compressed to one-half its original volume if there be no escape of the heat which is necessarily generated by the increase of pressure. This is "adiabatic" compression, or compression without loss of heat. If by a cooling arrangement the generated heat could all be removed as fast as generated, so that the temperature should remain constant, then the final pressure would be two atmospheres for the above example, and the compression would be "isothermal." In actual practice some heat is lost through the cylinders, so that neither the adiabatic nor isothermal curves represents accurately the facts. 7 8 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT If V represents final volume, V represents initial volume, P represents final pressure, P' represents initial pressure. Then in general, . p (V \ a (O p7=lv) (2) For isothermal compression, n=l (3) For adiabatic compression, .n=1.4 For commercial machinery the exponent will be somewhere be- tween these figures, depending upon the efficiency of the machine Temperature, Degrees F. CM ' ■\ "" .a — r- O ■«: b - < » ?o I y ^ it) £ K! a) o 10 S\ *j i- § «t °* o */ ~ s ~ \ / 2 i g / in o>. \ / f {2, 8 to P ? -S \ \ 04 .*• 3: "■" S to OJ — •4j.-no 'gujnio^ AIR COMPRESSORS and the amount of cooling- that is introduced into it. These three simple formulas combine the theoretical facts. The diagram on page 8, Fig. 1, giving in graphic form the adiabatic curves for temperature, pressure and volume will enable the approxi- mate temperature to be obtained without tedious calculation. There follows also a diagram, Fig. 2, from "Rock Drilling," by Dana and Saunders, from which may be obtained the cubic feet of free air required to run any number of drills at sea level and at various elevations. Compressors may be divided into two general classes. The first classification divides them into the straight-line corn- Pressure in lbs. per sq.inch. 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 / 4fi 0° A Fc ictc rst y v /hi h tc Mi it; r lY for 4 \ V^ rio IS/ Itit ude s / IU,C 00 bl. ^ / a nd 'res sur 65. 4 ', -6,0 00 » 4 ' / '/ '/ 00 on ' n s it / Y< rV <\ O / ' A O Y (^ s / y s % £ $ Y / "% 11 V> W s S s y ^ '? s y- / „ / /, / / / ', s /// 's > s 1 % /, y\ I % u 3,000 % 10 30 40 20 Number of Drills. Fig. 2. Diagram Showing Cubic Feet of Free Air to Run from One to Forty Rock Drills at 75 lbs. per sq. in. Pressure. pressor in which the steam and air cylinders are arranged in a straight line and the power is applied through a single long piston rod connecting all pistons; and into the duplex compressor which consists of two compressors set side by side, each made up of a steam and an air cylinder connected to a crank shaft carrying a single balance wheel. The cranks of the two sections are set at a 90° angle to each other with the object of producing no dead center and to enable the machine to operate at very low speeds. 10 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The straight line machine is usually of lower cost, requires lighter foundation, occupies less room than the duplex, is more reliable in the hands of an average engineer and is a machine for every day service in moderate capacity. The duplex has more uniform operation, higher efficiency and greater steam economy. Another advantage is that in case of accident one side of the machine may remain uninjured and can be run in an emergency. The second general classification divides them into steam driven and power driven compressors. In the former the steam cylinder is an integral part of the machine. In the latter the compressor is operated by power outside of the machine and may be driven by belts, ropes, chains, gears, or a direct shaft connection. Of these the belt driven is the most common and the direct shaft is used only with electric motors or water wheels. Compressors may be classed also as vertical and horizontal. The vertical type is advantageous where space is limited, as the machine is small, and is commonly restricted to the power driven class. The horizontal type is generally considered the better. Another classification is that of the single stage or compound stage. This has to do with the degree of compression to which the air must be subjected. PI : l } :f::i;'Sftf- ; '' \g Irs'i 1 : : - r .. .....— 1 aaj i ' *^^_ 3 Fig. 3. Standard 9y 2 -inch Compressors on Portable Boiler. Locomotive Compressor. The simplest type of air compressor is the standard locomotive pump used for air brakes. This ma- chine is of the straight line type and was originally designed for locomotive air brake use, but has since been applied to over one hundred different kinds of service, such as small pneumatic tool operation, cleaning metal surfaces, sand-blast outfits, in sewage ejectors, for pumping and conveying liquids. "Westing-house Standard steam-driven air compressors are illus- trated in Fig. 3 and the Cross-Compound by Fig. 4. AIR COMPRESSORS TABLE 1 Cross compound 8-in. 9% -in 11-in. 10% in Diameter of steam I H. P. 8%" I L. P. 14%' cylinder 8" 9Va" 11" Diameter of air cylinder 8" 9y 2 " 11" r h. p. 9" i L. P. 13% Stroke 10" 10" 12" 12" Steam admission pipe 1" 1" 1" 1" Steam exhaust pipe IVi" l-%" 1V 2 " 1%" Air admission pipe 1%" ,iy 2 " 1V 2 " 2" Air delivery pipe. . 1%" IVi" Ui" lVa" Rated speed, single strokes per min. 120 120 100 100 Displacement at rated speed 35 cu. ft. 49 cu. ft. 66 cu. ft. 115 cu. ft Average actual displacement . . 20 cu. ft. 28 cu. ft 45 cu. ft. 50 cu. ft. Overall dimensions 42x18x14" 42x18x15" 51x22x16" 52x37xlS" Net weight 450 lbs. 525 lbs. 850 lbs. 1,500 lbs. Weight, boxed 550 lbs. 625 lbs. 975 lbs. 1,750 lbs. Price, f. o. b. fac- tory $90 $100 $150 $325 Fig. 4. One of Two Cross Compound Compressors In- stalled at the Plant of Heath & Milligan Manufacturing Co., Chicago, III. This type of compressor requires no foundation (being bolted to a column or wall) nor accurate alignment of parts. The usual method of installing a water jacketed compressor of this type is 12 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT shown in Fig. 5. If the conditions do not require a water jacket the water pipe connections and valve, and radiating discharge pipe may be omitted. The approximate prices of the chief ele- -5 is «- 3 8 •S S AIR COMPRESSORS 13 merits are: Lubricator, $6.50; Governor, $14.00; Air gauge, $2.50; Main reservoir, $24.50; Drain cock, $1.00. Standard electric railway compressors without water-jacket for use in connection with direct current and wound for 600 volts, have also found a great variety of uses where the operation is not continuous for over 20 minutes or 50% of the time. Fig. 6. Direct Current Motor Driven Air Compressor. TABLE 2 Cyl. Diam. Displacement, and stroke, cu. ft. per Shipping inches min. 100 lbs. air Price weight 5 x3 14V 2 $275 750 lbs. 5y 2 x4% 25 325 1,100 lbs. 7 x5 38 425 1,400 lbs. 7%x5 50 475 1,600 lbs. Compressors of this type with direct current motors wound for other voltages, and with single, 2 phase, and 3 phase alternating current motors of various voltages and cycles are manufactured, but the prices vary too greatly to be tabulated. Cost of Installation. In Gillette's "Rock Excavation" the cost of installing a compressor plant is given as follows: Band, Class C. 24x20-in. compressor, original cost, $4,000.00. 150 H. P. locomotive boiler which cost $1,000.00 (2nd hand). Plant could furnish 1,300 cu. ft. free air per minute at 80 pounds pressure, or enough to run 10 or 12 drills. Cost of installing boiler: 22 days, laborers, at $1.50 ' $ 33.00 23 days, engineers, at $3.00 69.00 13 days, mechanics, at $4.00 52.00 13 days, mechanics, at $2.00 26.00 1 day, bricklayer, at $4.00 4.00 Total $184.00 14 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Cost of installing compressor: 120 days, laborers, at $1.50 $180.00 4 days, engineers, at $3.00 12.00 22 days, mechanics, at $4.00 88.00 80 days, mechanics' help, at $2.00 160.00 50 days, carpenters, at $3.00 150.00 3 days, bricklayers, at $4.00 12.00 6 days, teams, at $4.00 24.00 8 days, foreman, at $3.00 24.00 Total $650.00 Cost of materials: 15 M B. M. lumber for housing compressor, at $25 $375.00 1,400 sq. ft. tar paper (1 layer) 21.00 32 cu. yds. concrete, at $4.00 128.00 5 M brick, at $7.00 35.00 6 bbls. cement, at $2.00 12.00 Sand 1.00 Total $572.00 Cost of large compressor plant. The following is the estimated cost of a compressed air plant in a western mine designed to furnish air for 20 drills of S^-in. size. 4 high pressure boilers (66 in. x 16 ft.) $ 6,000.00 Housing and installing boilers 2,000.00 Duplex compound air compressor 16,000.00 Housing and installing compressor 2,000.00 Pipe, 1,000 ft. 6-in. and 1,500 ft. 1-in 1,200.00 Machine shop and tools » 800.00 Total .$28,000.00 Estimating- Costs. Mr. Gillette says it is usually safe to esti- mate on a basis of $1,000 per drill for the cost of a large and efficient compressor plant, and temporary housing and pipe line, Fig. 7. Power Driven Single Stage Straight Line Air Compressor. to which must be added the cost of the drill itself. If a more permanent building is provided, the corresponding cost of the compressor plant may be $1,500 per drill. The prices of air compressors vary with the type, size, equip- ment and other conditions under which they are to be used. AIR COMPRESSORS 15 Prices are herein given per cubic foot of displaced air for the commonly used sizes of compressors. Only a few of each type are tabulated as it is impossible to include all that are manufactured. POWER DRIVEN, STRAIGHT LINE, SINGLE STAGE, HORI- ZONTAL AIR COMPRESSORS Size of air S3 * . C CO >- Air Pressure Brake H :. p. 0) > g Cylinder (Lbs .) at Belt Pulley. o ^ CB^-> nS c'j A s2 es fl 2? ft 3-- a i c 2iv 1 QS £S 5 § & § § S 6 6 40 45 100 5.5 8.5 5x2 1,420 8 8 100 50 100 12.5 19 6x2.5 2,500 10 6 115 15 20 8 10 5x2 1,750 10 10 180 55 100 25 36 7.5x3 4.000 12 8 205 20 30 16 22 6x2.5 3,100 12 12 310 60 100 46 62 11.5x4 7,500 14 10 335 25 35 30 38 10.5x3 5,000 The prices of compressors of this type range from $4.75 per cu. ft. of displaced air in the 6x6 size to $2.25 per cu. ft. in the 14 x 10 size. TABLE 4 STEAM DRIVEN, STRAIGHT LINE, SINGLE STAGE, ZONTAL AIR COMPRESSORS Steam Pressure 80-100 Lbs. Size of Cylinders Dimensions -"-KS ,-v *-;^ 0>-t->!=H S 0) Vi ^ ft * -U ft 3 .3 Q Air LHP . in *~i ^ ^^ 05 >> w Pressure Steam & 60 a cu a ^j +j" £ ho '3 Steam C Diam. (In Air Diam (Ins.) ' -1 O C U02 (Lbs.) Cyl. s i is '3 6 6 6 40 45 100 5.5 8.5 7 2 5 2,000 6 10 6 115 1 5 20 8 10 7.5 2 5 2 500 8 10 S 145 30 50 14 20 9 2.5 5 3,700 10 10 10 180 55 100 25 36 10.5 3.5 5 6,100 10 12 10 260 35 55 28 38 11 3.5 5 6,500 12 12 12 310 60 100 46 62 15 4 6 9,100 The prices of compressors of the above type range from $8.30 per cu. ft. of displaced air tor the 6x6x6 size to $3.10 per cu. ft for the 12x12x12 size. 16 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The larger sizes of steam driven, straight line, single stage compressors are as follows: Steam Pressure 80-120 Lbs. Size c««J of ( Uylin< lers Di mensi ons / _ > ! '■j ST ft Ai tr I.H.P. in ^N ,-v 09 o Pressure (Lbs.) .s i Steam Cyl. .5 i to s to g 1 5 5 w p a § g § J ? ffi £ 18 18 18 630 40 80 75 115 15 4.5 4.5 17,500 18 20 24 805 40 90 90 150 19 5.5 5.5 24.500 20 22 24 975 40 85 110 175 19 5.5 5.5 25,500 20 24 24 1,150 25 50 95 150 19 5.5 5.5 26.500 22 22 24 975 50 100 124 188 19 5.5 5.5 27,000 24 24 24 1,150 40 80 125 200 19 5.5 5.5 27,500 The prices of the above type range from $3.20 per cu. ft. of displaced air in the 18x18x18 size to $2.50 per cu. ft. in the 24 x 24 x 24 size. TABLE 5 STEAM DRIVEN, TANDEM, TWO-STAGE, HORIZONTAL COMPRESSORS Steam Pressure 80-150 Lbs. Size of Cylinders fj o « inders, Sea /-> 9 ■2 r to ££ u Ti u m © o a v C 99 s b m a o Diameters m to a 0> CD .5 ai a ^ <~ W ■° ™ a £ m X ~£ ft ,Q (J w (O bU Ph'S o ftU J <= 2 S '3 02 h4 W W~ w 5-H3 o 00 s£ 5 £ 7 10 6 10 205 32 35 9x5 8,900 9 14 9 12 445 70 80 10.5x6 13,000 12 19 12 16 890 140 160 13.5x9 25,500 16 25 . 15 20 1,700 270 300 17x11.5 55,000 18 28 17 24 2,380 375 420 19x12.5 68,000 Fig. 9. Ingersoll-Rand Straight Line Stear Stage Air Compressor. Driven Two- 18 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The prices of compressors of the above type with simple steam cylinders vary from $5.50 per cu. ft. of displaced air for the 7x10x6x10 size to $3.00 for the larger sizes. These com- pressors are usually sold with cross compound steam cylinders, which cost approximately 35 cents per cu. ft. extra. Fig. 10. Ingersoll-Rand Duplex Corliss Steam Driven Air Compressor. CORLISS ENGINE DRIVEN COMPRESSORS, SIMPLE STEAM, TWO-STAGE, AIR CYLINDERS Steam Pressure 90-120 Lbs. Size of Cylinders Diam- eters _ m o G I.H.P.in Steam Cylinder at Dimensions Ft. 9 * * 16 27 16 18 30 18 20 33 20 22 37 22 2,000 2,590 3,340 4,200 305 390 505 320 410 530 665 342 440 560 705 75,000 92,500 125,000 158,000 The prices of these machines with simple steam cylinders range from $3.75 to $2.90 per cu. ft. of air displaced. They are usually sold with cross compound steam cylinders, which adds about 35 cents per cu. ft. extra to the price. The foregoing list of compressors gives a complete line of the commonly used compressors starting from the small capacities of the less efficient designs through the various stages of de- 20 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT velopment to the larger and more efficient units of the highest type. COST OF COMPRESSOR INSTALLATION An air compressor, electric generating, and pumping outfit was installed for the Water Board of the. City of New York at Corn- wall Landing on the Hudson River, about 2,000 ft. south of the West Shore Railway Station. This plant was used to supply air for drills, pumps, and general shaft and tunnel work, in driving the siphon under the Hudson at Storm King Mountain. Compressor equipment installed. Two (2) ^f-x-fljiX 16 Class "HH-3" cross compound steam driven air compressors, having a piston displacement each of 1392 cu. ft. designed to operate con- densing; air pressure 100 to 110 lbs.; steam pressure 150 lbs. One (1) 48" improved type of vertical aftercooler. One (1) 54" dia. by 12' vertical air receiver. Boiler equipment and pumps, etc. Three (3) 130 H. P. Sterling boilers. Two (2) 6x4x6 outside packed boiler feed pumps built by the Buffalo Steam Pump Co. ■ Two (2) 6 x 5% x 6 piston type tank pumps built by the Buffalo Steam Pump Co. One (1) 10 x 18 x 10 independent jet type condenser built by the Buffalo Steam Pump Co. One (1) 400 H. P. enclosed Berriman type feed water heater built by the F. L. Patterson Co. One (1) 20 K. W. Kerr steam turbine generating set built by the Atwood Reardick Co. One (1) station panel complete with necessary switches, etc. One (1) feed water tank. 2,500 ft. of 6-in. black wrought iron pipe. 2,500 ft. of 1%-in. 2 conductor cable. The above equipment was installed on rented property on the Hudson River and immediately adjacent to the right of way of the West Shore Railroad. Cost including this equipment plus the cost of the railroad siding, actual building and foundations, piping in power house, boiler setting, together with all labor and other charges for putting this equipment into operation, laying the air pipe from the plant to the shaft, some 2,400 ft. distant, and electrical connections between shaft and power house, and adequate well to obtain boiler feed water and making proper connections to the Hudson River with strainer, etc. for condensing and circulating purposes, approximately $35,000.00, which includes the following costs: Compressors, aftercooler and receiver, approximately $13,500. Balance of equipment, con- sisting of boilers, pumps, generator set, water tank, pipe and electric conductor, etc., about $10,000. Railroad siding, building and foundations, piping in power house, boiler settings, well, erecting stacks, labor, superintendence, charges for placing plant in operation, rental, lease for railroad siding, and incidentals, $11,500.00. AIR COMPRESSORS 21 Portable compressors. The Consolidated Gas Co. of New York uses lead wool for its gas mains and caulks it with a chipping hammer having a 3-in. stroke. This is operated by air supplied from a portable compressor outfit of light weight, having a self- contained water cooling system and a simple gasoline engine. The capacity is about 50-75 cubic feet of air, which is sufficient for 7 or 8 hammers. Table 9 (from an article by Colin C. Simpson, Jr., written for the American Gas Institute, 1910) shows the cost, air capacity, etc. of the various types of outfits in- vestigated. Hand work, the method formerly employed, required Fig. 12. for each joint 2Y 2 hours in yarning and 7 hours in caulking with lead woOl; two men completed one joint in a 10-hour day. About 160 lb. of lead wool were used. With the compressed air outfit it is stated two men can yarn and caulk two joints in a 10-hour day. The men stand on either side of the main and the caulking iron is alternated between them. The pressure of the caulking iron is said to be uniform and to insure a perfect joint, using the same amount of lead wool pressed into a smaller space. The gas engine consumes about 1 gal. of gasoline per hour and the pressure maintained averages 600 lbs. W C+-> O UQ £ o w o >, fJ o S3 a) tu •- ■-iO £g O.S-S1 .3 ctf i £° £ Cm * hn fe o m be c .« u o I s Eh 02 8^ to o U uo <^u o 01 01 0) Pi" 1 a S o o O B^ 02 >> o E-i u C5 £ C K 00T 02 I jo ajnssaad: jy 1 OS (Suiteh S,.ijj\[) H P,I9(I ' U IIM J 3d 3 jiV eea^ •*£ -no tli ' bo 60 ' SB o cs o cri 3 § ~1 § I1 In e o « u £<,+> aj 03 p, aj to p+J r* rrt 3 nt r* 3 ^ P. 3*2 s] $bOd «w Pn ^--> s £ 3 0) oo : to <3J 50 bo-Pi «C SO-r, ;y;no jo 851BH g 3C aj 3" £3 h : -mcQ u AIR COMPRESSORS 23 Gloucester, Mass., has large areas covered with glacial boul- ders, which add greatly to the cost of any sort of excavation and here steam tripod drills, operated by portable boilers, were used to blast these boulders until March, 1910, when a single stage air compressor, driven by a 15 H. P. gasoline engine, the whole mounted on a steel truck, was purchased by the city. An air cylinder of 8 x 10 inches gave 96 cubic feet of free air per minute Fig. 13. Sullivan "WK-3" Air Compressor Outfit and Sullivan "DB-15" Hammer Drills. at 165 revolutions with 80 to 100 lbs. air pressure. A hoisting attachment was mounted on the rear of the truck for pulling rock fragments from trenches, etc. Besides this, the machine was provided with a gasoline tank, cooling tanks, and an air receiver. The outfit weighed 8,000 lbs. Hammer drills were used, and holes 5 ft. deep were frequently drilled in 30 minutes. The price of a similar machine complete is $1,350.00. An outfit like this with 3 hammer drills has been used at Yonkers, on similar work. Each drill averaged^ 50 ft. per day and the cost of operation was as follows: 3 drill operators at $3.50 per day $10.50 Compressor attendant 3.50 Gasoline, 15 gallons at 20c 3.00 Interest, renewals, wear and tear 6.00 Total cost $23.00 This gives a cost of 14% cts. per ft. of hole. The work was formerly done by hand at 30 cts. per ft.; each man received $1.50 per day and averaged 5 ft. of hole. = N o w }5 O < *c «c -s 1 J.K* 1 5 w^ Capacity 1.00 4 c 2 WS6 2 J*-3 >-XiD *7/flff J ^1H IiDt *W * r> >- r iD U-fcl W "J « r o U-'uJO WOL - r on. ui a o WS9 X vSU. UJ a o & q/09 s u. ui a O (Q< 5? c a o o o o S itf«S o S Js :V AIR COMPRESSORS 25 Directions: 1. If the drills are not of the 3-in. size, find out the number of 3-in. drills which equals the drills proposed for use. The diagram of "Relative Capacity of Rock Drills" is for this purpose. 2. Observe the height above sea level. 3. Determine the air pressure that you would carry on the drill. 4. The size of the compressor in free air capacity at the given altitude will be found in the diagram. In the table of altitudes opposite each height and under the line of pressure is found a letter, as for 8,000 ft. under 76 lbs. we find H. On the diagram we find horizontal lines A, B, H, M, etc. We also find diagonal lines leaning to the right marked with numbers of 3-in. drills; also diagonal lines leaning to the left marked "cu. ft. free air per minute." The meeting point of the rock drill line with the lettered altitude line will indicate the r free air capacity needed in compressors. For example, 10 drills, at 8,000 ft. and 76 lbs. We find the 10 drill line meets the line marked H just below the cu. ft. capacity line marked 1,300; thus indicating the capacity needed in the compressor. In the same way 88 lbs. at 6,000 ft. altitude take the letter I, and for six drills the drill line meets I just below the air capacity line 900, or 20 x 20 compressor. As it is a very common practice to use air in drills and light machines at full stroke, I append a table of efficiency of com- pressors when the air is so used at 60 lbs. per sq. in. gauge pressure, and at various heights above sea level. fir- TABLE 10 Height in Feet Above Efficiency of Com- Sea Level Barometer, Inches pressor, Per Cent 30 100.0 500 29.42 98.4 1,000 28.85 96.9 1,500 28.34 95.5 2,000 27.78 94.0 3,000 26.74 91.1 4,000 25.70 88.1 5.000 24.73 85.9 6,000 23.83 82.8 7,000 22.93 80.2 8,000 22.04 77.5 9,000 21.22 75.1 10,000 20.43 72.7 12,000 18.92 68.0 WM +J <£ ,.^00000 t-Olo(OOCONOtDO» >> 3 •'- 1 fi ffi is "> C" °» '-' •*• XlIOBd'BD 0»OH1C#000!010 ■£ *j o3 m "hvhhnn +J jaAJ.OdaS.IOH MTf ' t ~ 0; 'rtSS«NOTS S G-O m ^ fa ^^SSSSSS m « XI) m fa H K &H o o o 53 fa o EQ H 0) N 02 hJ | 03 02 fa 3 K W i?-OINmiOtC A "-""H-rHrH j9Ai.odas.ioH co^SoiwSSMi-tt-M 'Cvf-ajS §Q s HHHWCQCOIO ^3«a 2 PS o3 S P HQ l-M >Ort(MTfia — " COHHHriH JOOOt fa ^H^ftS Q Eh .2 fa m Q jaMoa aB jo H 5SSSS2§2£2£ «*i*i*j. £fa $sa#S§SSS3 Si 1*18 §p SPsg gg -. -, 0J 03 - -" H 'H' H '- | '- |,H es . > o3 UIB9^S JO -UIBia r,HriHHNNNCg WM £^-h fa >> [0 J9 P »Gff*ft£P** ^^1 -raoo jo -ui-Bta rt,HrH '- , ' HNo;, £j2 - ■■ «• gS"3 u S P fa •2 « 2 „j rq ■ S qrrooooe J9P ^ fflM o N ^o™ -2 03 o ^ ' ss9J d -uti^D JJV •uiBia ^^St;SSnS^^^ wooJ-m Eh eStVBO 26 ' MM ■*■#-* CO CO CO 00 1- O 0) bC I 73 K eo co 10 10 oo oo oo oo oo oo oo ■* ■* o g c g eS H t- n co'-^io'rat^odenoT-icoeo'ioc^ ° O •.-<.-, P^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Tf< ■* rf ■* ■» Tf OS £?0^ O »*N 50-* * COOOlOt--'a M ^Q rt) o lo/NNOooocceorHcnwo,^ £~£ • - c g W^ nHHHHHilrti-'NNKIN 73 [0 £ jS a) cot-McOTHiocot-ooc-cn ^— a> aJ +J '3 2 Jx] co eoTHTHioiocococoivc-ooooen ,d P< m^ai K tf ththththt-^thththth^ ^ o g, g^ LJ TH Cn tH en TH en TH CO CO O0 Jr CJj, R§ N 523233SSSSSSS 2 o £ §|g r, r^ oot-iocoeoooc-coTHeooo P<^") - _ WO M ^ ini>H^i»HTi<«oacqioou3 °3 C -m^tS ° 03 hJ - oJ - o5 222ddlid222!3 o $ § © * 3 -= L Q Tj TH t- J-t CO OO CO 50 T-I lO Oi CO . £ " £ „ C >> GS g „ w HMOaN^tvO.N^UH.0 £ » Q .5 •- « Q Or, M tH t-< OOOOOOOOCSOimOlOOOrtH q3 <1J OO £ "O r* * J << M « tHtHtHtHt-h „) 5JJ ^ _ Ph Eh S Q, O r-t CS tH CO CO LO CO t- CO lO qj E CS 0) CO § H^ g S SIOIOH p i c-' r^ c- 1- c~ oo c 0) 03 « -M . ^ «oi>t^i>r~c-'i>odoci ".S *""™ f^5 teoo^ioNoO'* torn eg o'S rtti ^-"S HP t_ ^"5C Q M »Olo'l _ O -ti-iioot-coco iocn-*c-to gj$ OO ^ q, «£, OOOHN^BC-fflOrtCOlOOO 2^ C - Q « t -'2 E-i qj ■* ■* 10 io 10 10 10 to to to co co to C+-> a> 3 c°^- .„_ cocniHi^ Tft-cnrHcoeo © j> C M " qj t ~ "* z; co en o Sid HO ^^^^^^^.0,0,0,0,0,0 -SW-hSU fL, in eo' co co' co co co ^^ ■*■*■*■*■* _jn oj.^ J°^ a> . 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Mill board is made in standard sheets, 40x40 ins., and 41x40 ins. It varies in thickness from 1-32 to % in. and in weight from 2 to 27 lbs. per sheet. The net price in 100-pound lots is 5c per pound. Transite, asbestos wood, used for fireprooflng, ventilators and smoke jackets, comes in standard sheets, 36x48 ins. and 42x96 ins. The prices f. o. b. factory are as follows: Price Thickness. Weight. per sq. ft. % inch 1 lb. $0.08 ft " ltt " -12 % " 2 i " .16 ft " 2% " .20 % " 3 " .28 ft " 3y 2 " .28 % " 4 " .32 ft " 4V 2 " .36 % " 5 " .40 % " 6 " .44 % " 7 " -48 1 " 8 " .52 1% " 10 *' .56 I i /2 " 12 " .64 1 % " 16 " .72 2 " 16 " .80 Asbestos cements are used for covering boilers, domes, fittings, etc., and all irregular surfaces, and may be used over asbestos air cell boiler blocks, when it makes an excellent covering. When mixed with water to a consistency of mortar and applied with a trowel, it forms a light porous coating which is the most efficient non-conductor. The cost of this cement is $33.00 per ton. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT ASPHALT PLANTS ASPHALT MIXING PLANTS A semi-portable asphalt mixing- plant (Fig. 15) designed to meet the requirements of paving contractors and municipal street repair work consists of a double drum dryer with cold material elevator. The dried materials are delivered into a hopper and thereby conveyed to the hot material elevator, from which they are discharged directly into the revolving screen which is located above the hot material bin. This bin is sup- ported in a tower and from it the hot materials are delivered to a measuring box in which the materials may be either measured or weighed. The melting tanks (of one thousand gal- lons capacity each) are arranged in a battery of six and are pro- Fig. 15. Iroquois Semi-Portable Asphalt Mixing Plant for Mu- nicipal Repair Plant or General Contractors' Use. vided with suitable covers, and from them the asphalt is con- veyed to the bucket by the dipping process. This bucket is arranged with trolley track and each batch of asphalt can be weighed. The mixer is provided with two sets of shafts which may be easily interchanged for mixing either binder or topping. The power plant consists of a locomotive type boiler with a 50 h. p. engine mounted thereon. The engine and boiler are mounted on skids and there are no heavy foundations necessary, thereby making the plant easy to ASPHALT PLANTS 31 remove. The plant has 1,000 square yards per day capacity; total weight, 63, tons; price, f. o. b. Buffalo, N. Y., $10,500. An asphalt mixer was used in Lincoln Park, Chicago, during 1910 to construct an asphalt surfaced driveway. The road was 40 ft. wide x 4,631 ft. long, and had 2 inches of asphalt on an 8 in. base of crushed stone. The total amount of asphalt was 22,318 sq. yds. The material was mixed in an asphalt mixer in the following proportions; Lbs. 1 part torpedo sand 16S 1 part bank sand 165 3 parts ^-in. stone 504 Asphalt .'. 81 Total 7 cu. ft. or 1 box 921 The total costs were as follows: Labor on stone, per sq. yd $0,498 Labor on asphalt, per sq. yd 352 Stone for base, per sq. yd 394 Asphalt material 394 Total per square yard $1,638 Labor cost of curb, per lin. ft 64 Material cost of curb, per lin. ft 21 Total cost of curb $0.85 These costs include all repairs to the plant, but no depreciation. The cost of the plant was as follows: Link Belt Co., asphalt mixer $ 5,590 Gasoline tractor 1,200 6-ton roller 1,800 15-ton roller 1,500 Asphalt tanks and tools 1,000 Total value of plant $11,090 ASPHALT REPAIR PLANTS The municipal asphalt repair plant of Indianapolis, Ind., is described in Engineering and Contracting, Vol. XXXI, No. 4. The plant has a capacity of 1,200 square yards of 2 in. asphalt per day, and cost $15,525. The total cost, including one 5-ton steam roller, four dump wagons, five wagons, office building, roller, stone dust and tool sheds, all tools necessary, and the preparation of the yard was $20,557.68. From June 16 to December 31, 1908, 101,743 square yards of surface mixture were turned out at a total cost of about 64 cents per square yard. One day was lost on account of rain, four days waiting for material and seven hours for repairs to plant. The cost of material used was, for California asphalt $23 per ton, for Trinidad asphalt $29 per ton, for limestone dust $3 per ton, for residuum oil (average) 5 cents per gallon, and for sand 90 cents per cubic yard. 32 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT The municipal asphalt repair plant of New Orleans, La., was erected on a lot 175 ft. x 260 ft., and covers about 1,500 square feet of ground. The cost of plant was as follows: Demolition of old garbage plant buildings $ 475.00 Asphalt plant — Warren Bros. Asphalt Paving Co.'s con- tract, $16,862.50; city alterations and additions, $2,736.50 19,599.00 Yard fences and gates 859.00 Switch tracks 1,189.00 Yard pavements and drains 6,721.00 Tower tank and filter 1,330.00 Water pipes and outlets 1,015.00 Waterhouse and platform 1,471.00 Asphalt shed 289.00 Blacksmith shop and equipment 222.00 Stable, rolling pen and wagon shed 5,311.00 Stone crusher and storage bin 1,966.00 Yard material bins 332.00 Office and store room building 5,509.00 Landing bins and roads 1,132.00 Lighting 352.00 General cleaning of premises 298.00 Total .- $48,370.00 In addition to 134 tools of various kinds included in the con- tract price, the plant is furnished with the following: 1 roller- mounted platform scales; 1 4-wheel hand truck; 12 wheelbarrows, 18 shovels; 10 axes; 6 picks; 8 crowbars; 8 sledge hammers; and a number of small tools. The shed tools consist of the following: 2 tool boxes; 18 street barriers; 1 8-ton steam roller; 1 3% -ton steam roller; 1 1,000-lb. hand roller; 1 fire wagon; 1 mixing kettle; 18 asphalt irons; 66 asphalt axes; 107 picks; 18 mattocks; 142 shovels; 24 wheelbarrows; 6 axes; 200 ft. of hose; 6 sledge hammers: 8 chisels; 10 iron bars; and other small tools. The testing laboratory is equipped with cement testing apparatus, oil testers, brick testers, etc. In addition, 17 mules, 3 horses, 8 sets harness, halters, blan- kets, etc., for the stable, and 10 wagons, 8 carts, 2 farm wagons, 1 float dray and 1 buggy were purchased. This equipment cost as follows: Live stock, harness and stable equipment $ 6,197.00 Rolling stock and equipment 3,180.00 Plant tools 837.00 Street tools 5,492.00 Office furniture 447.00 Laboratory equipment 1,490.00 Total • $17,643.00 Additional equipment was as follows: 1 7-ton steam road roller $1,113.00 1 steel road grading machine 150.00 1 700-gallon capacity road sprinkler 396.00 Rolling stock 1,027.00 Railroad plows with extra points 39.00 Wheel scrapers 140.00 Harness 139.00 Live stock 1.700.00 Total $4,704.00 ASPHALT PLANTS 33 From September 1, 1906, to August 31, 1907, supplies cost as follows: Av. Unit Cost Total Asphalt, 465.99 tons 18.50 $8,561 Fluxing oil, 125,527 lbs 0075 940 Naphtha, 6,753 gals 15 1,019 Lake shore sand, 2,580 cu. yds 99 2,566 River sand, 1,779 cu. yds 1.64 2,920 Tchefuncta River sand, 250 cu. yds 1.60 400 Mineral dust, 321 tons 5.50 1,764 River gravel, 564 cu. yds 2.27 1,272 Cement, 1,936 bbls 2.04 3,944 Coal, 389 tons 2.84 1,105 Clay gravel, 3,178 cu. yds 1.50 4,786 New small granite blocks, 3,240. 07 227 Old small granite blocks, 4,600 04 184 New building brick, 9,000 98 Old building brick, 8,500 25 Pine wood, 49 % cords 5.68 283 Oak wood, 41% cords 6.74 280 Lake shells, 3,618 cu. yds 1.46 5,304 Brickbats, 696 cu. yds 1.48 1,032 Cast iron, 32,924 lbs 1,289 Drain pipes and Ys, 3,026 lin. ft 979 Laboratory supplies 24 Office supplies, stamps, etc 436 Engineers' supplies 606 Oats, 122,172 lbs 015 1,820 Bran, 6,600 lbs .01 66 Hay, 39 % tons 24.72 983 Stable supplies 309 Blacksmith supplies 87 ?43,309 During the same period of time the plant turned out 88,947 cubic feet of wear surface which equals 49,415 square yards of 2-inch pavement. The largest # day's run was 205 boxes of wearing surface mix- ture. One box, or 9 cubic feet, will lay 5 square yards of 2-inch pavement. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT AUTOMOBILES These are of two main classes, those for transporting men, and those for materials and supplies. Passenger Cars. For use of a superintendent, the passenger automobile, enabling him to go from place to place with speed and convenience, is practically indispensable. Their first cost is known to almost everyone who reads the papers, but the cost of operation, which is the important feature, seems to be a mys- tery to owners until a few months after they have had their cars in commission. The medium priced car, say from $1,200 to $1,800 for a five-passenger touring car equipped, is worth at the end of its first year a little less than two-thirds of its first cost if in proper repair, newly painted and usually with two new tires. After the first year the rate of depreciation is a little less, say, 25 per cent of the original cost when new. It is reasonably safe to figure about as follows for a standard American car: Depreciation per year 25%— 40% Interest 6 % Repairs and painting 10%-20% Storage (garage) (if in cities) 15%-30% (Less in country) Gasoline and oil, 10,000 miles 5%-15% These figures are intended to represent average conditions, and may easily be exceeded by careless handling or rough usage, and, on the other hand, may be too high for certain condi- tions. The very high priced cars will not depreciate as fast as 25 per cent, while the very low ones may depreciate faster than 40 per cent. If given less than average use the repair bill will be low, and the gasoline and oil costs will be reduced in propor- tion. If not used at all, but stored at a minimum rate of 5 per cent, the above costs will foot up to 36 per cent of the cost of the car new, while with very moderate usage 50 per cent would seem none too high. The proper unit for gasoline cost is that of the car mile, but here it has been assumed to be on the basis of gasoline at 15 cents per gallon and twelve car miles per gallon of gasoline. I have allowed % cent per mile for oil, making 1.5 cents per mile in all, or $150 for 10,000 miles, which would be 10 per cent of the first cost of a $1,500 car. The other figures are properly in terms of percentage of first cost per year, and the fuel costs have been assumed as above to get them into the same units for comparison. The last item is relatively unim- portant, and becomes insignificant if the car is not much used. If the average $1,500 car is used 200 days in the year, aver- aging fifty miles per day, its daily cost on the above basis will be $6.45, which, allowing for chauffeur and overhead expenses, checks with the ordinary rental charges. The automobile manu- facturing industry at present (1912) is growing faster than the AUTOMOBILES 35 demand for cars, with a rapidly decreasing price for standard cars, at the same time that competition is keeping up the quality of the marketable cars. There will be, therefore, a smaller demand and lower prices for second-hand cars; hence the figures for depreciation will in the future tend to increase. The price of gasoline is not likely to be lowered, but is gradually advanc- ing, and repair and storage rates tend to increase with the lapse of time. Consequently, the total percentage for annual mainte- nance cost, in terms of the selling price, is likely to grow from year to year the country over, the selling prices tending to steadily decline until they reach a standard cost of production plus standard overhead charges and reasonable profits. At the present writing, 1914, they are still at a considerable distance from this standard point. Many figures of "sworn statements" as to repair costs have been published in the interests of the manufacturers of cars. These may be useful as advertising matter, but they are hardly a safe guide when financing a purchase. Preight Cars, Trucks. The value of an automobile truck for handling materials and supplies depends on a good many factors that are often not familiar to a contractor, especially when he has no data except those furnished him (for nothing) by the willing salesman. The motor truck has certain marked charac- teristics that place it in a distinct class by itself. When com- paring it with two-horse wagons these peculiarities must be considered to avoid an erroneous conclusion. The common unit of possible comparison is the ton of "live load" transported. The cost of loading and unloading may be assumed to be the same with motors as with horses. The essential factors are, therefore, as follows: W=net live load in tons, average, M=dead load of vehicle in tons, S=speed loaded in feet per minute, KS=speed empty in feet per minute, D=distance of haul in feet, one way, L=lost time in one average round trip, waiting to load and unload, breakdowns, etc., in minutes, F=fixed charges per working day, such as I=interest and insurance, D=depreciation, S=storage, O=operating expenses per working day, such as f=fuel, waste, oil, etc. L=chauffeur and other labor, R=repairs, m=number of minutes in the working day, R=transportation cost per ton. n=number of round trips per working day of m minutes. Then we have the following formulse: (1) — =time in minutes for a loaded trip. ^~ =time in minutes for an empty trip, 36 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT (2) L+—= actual non-productive time per round trip, ^ ' — =total number of round trips per day. This in L4-2|(-(-i| tne majority of cases must be either an in- T S \ K./ tegral number or an integral plus Vs. since the truck must usually tie up for the night at one end of the trip. — ^ — -Y"=Average load transported per day, in tons. L+ ?( 1+ £) (6) (0+F )[ L + S( 1+ ±)] =R=cost of transportation per ton for distance D >. M (7) "w - =live load divided by total load, giving the measure ■M-+W of carrying efficiency of the vehicle. There are eight factors composing the quantity R, and these seven formulas give us all the essential relations for determining the economic policy to be pursued for any given conditions from which the values of the eight factors can be determined. Several of these may be taken as standard, while two, namely, the practicable net load and the distance of haul, will vary with the nature of the work and the hourly conditions on the work. To make proper comparisons between an automobile truck and other means of transportation, the cost curves for each method should be plotted and the costs thus readily be estimated. Automobiles range in price from $500 for a 700-pound deliv- ery wagon to $6,000 for a 7-ton truck. Prices as given are usu- ally for the chassis alone and do not include the body, which latter may be had in a variety of forms at little above actual cost. Some types of body are very ingeniously designed and the removable body is of especial interest. This is made sepa- rate and of a size to suit the work it has to perform, and is mounted on rollers and can be removed from the chassis and rolled onto a hand truck or other support and while it is being loaded or unloaded the chassis is performing its work with another body of the same type. This is very valuable on short hauls, or where material which is difficult to handle is being carried, where the loading charge would be a large part of the total. Mr. Charles L. Gow, in a paper read before the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, cites an instance where the 5% -mile road from the railroad to the work was in such bad condition and of such steep grades that 2-horse and sometimes 4-horse wagons were unable to make more than two trips per day, carrying 3,000 pounds. A steam traction engine failed of greater success on AUTOMOBILES 37 account of the bad reads and because the steep grades going up hill caused the steam dome to be flooded -and going down caused the crown sheet to be uncovered. A gasoline traction engine failed because of the presence of sandy patches in the road which destroyed the tractive force of the wheels. A 2-ton 38.5 horsepower automobile truck was introduced with great suc- cess, making six trips per day over a longer but better road. However, the use of the truck on the steep, icy roads became too dangerous and was stopped during the winter. Mr. Gow says: "It is highly probable that had two of these trucks been purchased at the beginning of the work great saving would have been effected in the cost of handling materials." Forbes & Wallace put a gasoline machine in service May 1, 1909, to deliver bundles from their department store. The result of eight months' use is as follows: Total number of bundles delivered 2,700 Expense including storage, oil, parts and labor $ 368.00 Tires and repairs 217.00 Gasoline 119.00 Registration 10.00 Wages 559.00 Total $1,273.00 Depreciation, 33 1/3% per annum. Cost of delivering bundles by automobile, 6%c, by horse, 9 8/10c. Four Overland delivery cars were used by the United States Mail Service at Indianapolis for eighteen months. Each car replaced three horse-driven wagons and covered sixty to seventy- five miles a day. During the winter of 1910 in New York City a motor truck carried ten cubic yards of snow, as compared with five cubic yards carried by an ordinary contractor's wagon. The return trip from the unloading point to the dock took the motor truck on an average forty minutes, while the best record trip with a two-horse truck was one hour and twenty minutes. At the rate of 36 cents per cubic yard, the motor truck earned $7.20, while the best of its horse-drawn competitors earned $1.80. A New York contractor hauls heavy stone to the crusher and broken stone away from it. A 3-ton motor truck in one and a half days does the work that five teams took two days to accomplish. In New York City a 5-ton truck delivered 963 tons of coal in twenty-six working days with no delay from breakdowns; it aver- aged twenty-eight miles per day and thirty-seven tons per day. A 10-ton truck delivered eighty-four tons a day and covered two and a half miles on each gallon of gasoline. An industrial concern on Staten Island used one 3-ton gasoline truck, one 3-horse truck and one 2-horse truck over a round trip of twenty miles. The horse-drawn trucks made one trip each and the motor truck two trips per day. The 3-horse truck hauled 4V2 tons at a cost of $10.03, the 2-horse truck hauled three tons 38 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT at a cost of $7.31. The motor truck hauled six tons at a cost of $13.40. The Chicago Public Library has been using six 1-ton gasoline wagons to deliver books to their branches. They were installed in November, 1904, and the following statement was estimated to April, 1909. .$4,000.00 . 939.23 . 450.15 35.02 199.00 Interest at 6% 1,080.00 Storage 800.00 Drivers' wages Gasoline Oil and grease. Parts Painting Machine work . . . Parts replaced . .. $ 117.01 1,304.02 .... 968.97 .... 52 44 Supplies 210.78 .... 600 00 90.00 Total $10,846.62 Average miles per day, 33; average cost per ton mile, 18c. This service formerly cost 20c per ton mile with horse drawn wagons. The Manz Engraving Company replaced four double teams with one 3-ton truck which made two trips daily on a round trip of more than fourteen miles. Five gallons of gasoline were used per day. In the Boston American Economy and Reliability contest, held in October, 1910, for motor trucks, the cost of gasoline and cylin- der oil per ton mile ranged from $0.0068 to $0.0892 and for the twenty-eight cars the average was $0,026, with gasoline costing 16 cents and oil costing 50 cents per gallon. Standard speeds for motor trucks were formally adopted at a convention of the National Association of Automobile Manufac- turers held in 1912. Those speeds, as reported in the Power Wagon of Chicago are as follows: TABLE 1( Load Rating % ton . 1% " '■ 2 " . I s : : 3% " • 4 " . Miles per Hour 16 15 14 13 12 11 .... ioy 2 10 Load Rating 4% ton. Miles per Hour .... 9% 5V 2 5 TYPES OP TRUCKS There are several types of motor dump trucks for use by contractors and others who handle material in bulk. These trucks are so made that the body, together with its load of from three to ten tons, can be raised at the front end and the load slid out or else raised vertically to a sufficient height to permit chutes to be used. One of these trucks has a bddy that is raised at the front end by a pair of chains moved by a train of gears driven from the transmission set of the truck. Another is simi- larly operated, except that the chains are wound up on the AUTOMOBILES 39 drums, which are worm driven from the primary shaft just back of the clutch. There is also a dump truck that is operated by compressed air. A valve on the dash is opened to admit compressed air to a long vertical steel cylinder behind the seat. This raises a plunger whose rod is connected to the top of the front end of the body, thus hoisting the body with the load. Releasing the air from the cylinder allows the body to settle back to normal position. The compressor is operated by the vehicle engine. A new and valuable feature of some of the dump trucks are the automatic tail boards with which they are equipped. These are hung on trunnions at the top and so connected to a system of toggle arms at the lower corners that they open automatically as the front end of the body is elevated, thus enabling the driver to dump the load without leaving his seat. Upon lower- ing the body the tail board closes and is locked into position. Besides the trucks suitable for general contractors' and build- ers' hauling, illustrated in Figs. 17 to 22A, there are a variety of trucks for special purposes, such as hauling lumber, refuse removal and for department purposes. In what follows I give such data as have been collected on the cost of motor truck operation. COSTS OF MOTOR TRUCK OPERATION Costs of motor truck operation specifically for contract work are somewhat rare, but they have been obtained in two cases which follow. Operating costs as compiled by manufacturers and as given for other lines of work than contractors' hauling are, however, nearly as serviceable, and a number of examples follow. Manufacturers' Averages. From data made public by manu- facturers and covering often several years of operation, the following averages have been compiled: A tabulation compiled by one motor truck builder shows that the daily cost of a two-ton truck that averages 70 miles a day is $10.60; that of a three-ton machine averaging 62 miles a day, $12.20; of a four-ton truck averaging 55 miles a day, $13.80, and of a five-ton truck averaging 50 miles a day, $15. Another company has compiled a similar cost table covering a period of more than six years. This shows the average daily cost of running a one-ton truck to be $8.07, of a two-ton truck; $10.25, a three-ton truck $11.30, five-ton truck $14.80, seven-ton truck $16.45 and of a ten-ton truck $18.50 a day. The figures given for the trucks of one to ten tons capacity include all items properly chargeable to the hauling service, both actual running expenses and overhead expenses. Drivers' wages are figured at $16 to $22 per week, gasoline at 12 cents a gallon, oil at 30 cents; garage at $225 to $300 a year; tires at $275 for a one-ton machine to $1,650 for a ten-ton truck; overhauling and general repairing at $300 to $550; depreciation at 15 per cent; interest at 5 per cent, and fire and liability insurance at $150 to $240 per annum. 40 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT One of the electric commercial vehicle companies furnishes the general average operating costs for the three models which it makes. Fixed charges on the delivery wagon amount to $303 a year for interest and depreciation on non- wearing parts; main- tenance for maximum service to $389 a year, and garaging, including charging current to $108. This amounts to $800 a year, or $2.66 per working day, not including drivers' wages. At $15 a week, wages would bring the total daily cost to $5.16. On the same basis the total cost of running the light truck is $5.63 a day and that of running the heavy truck $6.91 a day. Larger and heavier makes of electric trucks cost from $7 to $8 a day to operate. Contractors' Cost of Hauling Blasted Bock. The following data on motor truck work hauling blasted rock are furnished by the Charles P. Boland Company, engineers and contractors of Troy, N. T. The contract called for the excavation and removal of 23,000 cubic yards of rock. The rock was blasted and hauled in two 3-ton trucks. These were equipped with patent dumping bodies and were used continuously, day and night shifts. The excavated material was hauled in some cases a distance of one and a half miles. The records show that these trucks carried about twice the ajnount usually hauled in a W 2 - cubic yard dump wagon and made the trip to the dumping ground and return in just half the time required for a team to make it. Experience proved that it was necessary to keep the trucks continuously on the move in order to work them eco- nomically, and with this idea in mind large steel bottom dump buckets were used in loading the trucks; thus no time was lost in loading, as several buckets were full at all times and the operation of reloading the trucks took only the time required to hoist the buckets over the trucks. The actual loading operation required but a few minutes. In the hauling of materials from the freight house to the build- ing site, the records show that hauling cement cost about 1 y 2 cents per bag, or 30 cents per net ton. Eighty bags were car- ried on each trip and eight trips were required to unload a car containing 640 bags. Increased efficiency was obtained by having at least six laborers to do the loading, as little time is lost if the loading force is large enough. The average record of each car of cement from the freight house to the site of operations, a distance of about 1% miles, was as follows: 6 Laborers, 6 hrs. each day, at 16c $5.76 1 Chauffeur, 6 hrs. each day, at 25c 1.50 Fuel, oil, etc 55 Percentage of maintenance charge 1.00 Total .$8.81 Referring to their experience on this work the contractors write as follows: In the care of .an automobile truck, our experience has taught us that it is economical to keep every part well lubricated at AUTOMOBILES Fig. 17. Pierce-Arrow 5-Ton Truck with Hydraulic Hoist. Fig. 17A. Pierce-Arrow 5-Ton Truck, High Level Tipping Body. 42 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Fig. 18. Packard Dump Truck. Ij ! til 'if mlfl "^^vV^'^R^P^ .'i' ~ Fig. 18A. Packard 5-Ton Dump Truck. AUTOMOBILES - - . _ .-- J! ■ . J Fig. 19. White 3-Ton Truck. HH^H ____>^*tr J1 ■ v HUH HBPl - 1 ■ 7 1sm*L Fig. 19A. White 5-Ton Truck. 44 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Fig. 20. Mack 7!/ 2 -Ton Automatic Dump Truck. Fig. 20A. Saurer 6'/ 2 -Ton Truck with Wood Hydraulic Hoist. AUTOMOBILES Fig. 21. Peerless 5-Ton Rear Dump Truck. Fig. 21A. KisselKar 3|/ 2 -Ton Truck with Hydraulic Hoist. 46 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Fig. 22. Garford 5-Ton Dump Truck. Fig. 22A. Knox Tractor with Trailer. AUTOMOBILES 47 all times. A cheap or an inferior grade of oil should not be used, as the carbon forming qualities of a cheap oil more than offset the saving in the price. Where more than one truck is in use at least one chauffeur should be employed who is a thoroughly practical man. This will enable one to have each truck carefully looked over each day and any disarrangement corrected before damage is done. We have had little or no trouble with these trucks. The main expense in connection with the maintenance of the trucks is the wear and tear on tires. We are now using a wire mesh tire made by the Diamond Rubber Company which seems to give us good service. The company referred to sells these tires on a guaranteed mileage basis, and if renewals are necessary before the mileage is completed, a replacement is made by them and an adjustment made on the basis of the mileage obtained. Owners' Reports on Costs of Motor Truck Operation. The fol- lowing data on the cost of operating motor trucks are condensed from a paper by L. It. Dutton before the American Gas Institute: Electric Trucks. One company reporting five 1-ton trucks (all of one make) one and one-half years old, one %-ton truck, and one 2-ton truck, in use only a few months, furnishes the following operating costs. Total mileage of the seven cars, 39,507 miles: Cost. Total Per mile Battery man $1,100.00 * $0,028 Battery maintenance 595.71 0.015 Chains and sprockets 146.58 0.004 Chassis repairs 54.09 0.001 Current ". 282.38 0.007 Generating plant 133.21 0.003 Tires 591.06 0.015 Wagon repairs ! 17.00 0.000 Wagon washing 587.83 0.015 Miscellaneous 387.01 0.010 $3,894.87 $0,098 Insurance $ 539.90 $0,014 Battery maintenance accrued 984.57 0.025 Tires depreciation accrued 199.08 0.005 Depreciation at 10 per cent 2,054.00 0.052 Interest at 8 per cent 1,739.40 0.044 Total cost $9,411.82 $0,238 The following figures are given on a 2-ton electric truck cov- ering two years' service: Total Cost cost per mile Current at 2% cts. per k-w h $ 253.88 $0.0275 Labor for maintenance 486.78 0.0528 Maintenance and repairs 1,130.04 0.1225 Total expense $1,870.70 $0.2028 Miles traveled, 9,225. This truck is reported out of service for maintenance in the two years, 12:14 per cent of the working hours. The same com- 48 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT pany reports the following summary of expense on a 1,000- pound electric truck, covering a period of two and a half years' service — total mileage, 10,274. Total Cost cost per mile Interest on $1,668 at 6% $ 250.20 $0.0244 10% depreciation on the value of wagon 244.20 0.0237 Maintenance and depreciation of batteries 601.02 0.0586 Tires and repairs 210.00 0.0204 Wagon expense, repairs 145.12 0.0142 Miscellaneous charges 48.54 0.0047 Total expense $1,499.08 $0.14( It will be noted that the owner of this vehicle suggests differ- ent depreciation values on various parts of an electric machine. He divides it as follows: First, depreciation on wagon; second, depreciation on tires; third, depreciation on batteries. These expenses are complete, because the expense is included up to the point where the truck has a new set of tires, and is in good condition except that the wagon needs painting. It also had a new battery installed during the past year. Valuable infor- mation (Table 17) on the operation of electric vehicles can be obtained by consulting the Report of the Committee on Electric Vehicles, National Electric Light Association, June, 1911. TABLE 17 — COST OF OPERATING 1,500-LB. AND 3,000-LB. CAPACITY DELIVERY WAGONS. -Average Cost- Fixed Charges and Per Per mile. General Expense month Total Cents Drivers' salary $ 65.00 $ 5,687.50 9.0 Supervision 5.22 456.75 0.7 Garage rent 5.18 453.25 0.7 Wheel tax 2.67 233.62 0.4 Washing, oiling, etc 13.00 1,137.50 1.8 Interest at 5%, taxes at 1.5%, and insurance at .5% on total cost of wagon 14.58 1,275.65 2.0 Depreciation: Batteries, 66% per year on $255 14.17 1,239.87 2.0 Tires, 100% per year on $225.60 18.80 1,645.00 2.6 Balance of wagon, 10% per year 15.99 1,399.13 2.2 Total general expense and fixed charges $154.61 Total supplies and repairs 29.44 Grand total expense $184.05 $16,105 Gasoline Cars. The following is the cost of operation of three 30 horsepower cars used by superintendents and managers of a gas company. They cost, new, somewhat less than $2,000 each. AUTOMOBILES 49 TABLE 18 1st Car. 2d Car. 3d Car. 9,474 Miles. 11,600 Miles. 15,651 Miles. r-2 Vs Yrs. Use-, ^1 % Yrs. Use-^ ,-2 y 8 Yrs. Use-, Total Cost Total Cost Total Cost cost, per mile cost per mile cost per mile, Gasoline ...$109.66 $0,012 $106.75 $0.0092 $154.60 $0,010 Oil, etc 6.28 0.001 20.85 0.0001 34.27 0.002 Tires ...'.. 168.17 0.017 186.49 0.0161 243.48 0.016 Repairs ... 68.63 0.007 90.62 0.0078 76.43 0.005 $352.74 $0,037 $404.71 $0.0332 $508.78 $0,033 One company reports the use by salesmen of three cars cost- ing $750 each. Being low-priced cars and covering only from 500 to 800 miles per month, the depreciation was high. The amount charged for depreciation was the actual amount, because the cars were sold at the end of the year and the loss was known. The operating expense on the first car was 4.8 cents per mile; on the second, 10 cents per mile; on the third, 10% cents per mile. If these cars were used by only one salesman it would indicate that the cost was unusually high. A well-known company in another line of business, having salesmen in various parts of the country, furnished fourteen of its men with runabout cars costing $1,000 each. The cars average four months' operation; mileage of car 3,830. Item of expense: Gasoline, oil and grease, repairs to motor, deprecia- tion, 25 per cent per annum. Total cost per mile, 14.9 cents. Gasoline Trucks, 1,000 Pounds Capacity. Cost of operating five 1,000-pound trucks of a well-known make, costing $750 each, with large wheels and solid tires: Cost Mileage per mile Truck No. 1 2,000 0.0926 Truck No. 2 9,210 0.042 Truck No. 3 8,160 0.045 Truck No. 4 3,565 0.045 Truck No. 5 3,924 0.045 The cost of the above trucks include gasoline, oil and grease, tire repairs and sundries. The average is very uniform, except with car No. 1, the additional expense originating from a broken I motor caused by an inexperienced driver learning to operate. The different companies operating these trucks all state that the depreciation cost is very high. In most cases the truck can only be kept in use a few months or a year and traded in for a new one. At least 50 per cent depreciation should be charged the first year. A practically similar experience was reported by a com- pany with a truck of the same capacity and low cost, built by a different concern. One Ton Trucks. Three companies report on the use of 1-ton trucks of different makes. Company No. 1 reports on two 1-ton trucks; total mileage, 18,550; cost per mile, 10 cents. This in- cludes gasoline, oil, tires and motor repairs. The opinion of the owner is that the depreciation is 33 1-3 per cent per year. Com- 50 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT" pany No. 2 reports on three 1-ton trucks. The report covers gasoline, oil, tires and repairs. The owner estimates depreciation 15 per cent. Truck No. 1, 6,060 miles; cost per mile, 11 cents; truck No. 2, 6,300 miles; cost per mile, 10y 2 cents; truck No. 3, 8,000 miles; cost per mile 8.6 cents. ' Company No. 3 reports on the operation of one 1-ton truck. The expenses on 2,600 miles are as follows: . Total Cost cost per mile Gasoline, at 11 cts. per gal $ 34.05 $0,013 Oil, at 50 cts. per gal 8.45 0.003 Tires (accrued) 48.00 0.018 Repairs, none. ■ Total $ 90.50 $0,034 The item of tires mentioned above was owing to the rear tires being too light. They were removed and 1 inch heavier solid tires installed, at the above cost. The motor is of the two-cycle type. One and One-half Ton Tracks. Only one company has re- ported on a truck of this capacity and similar make. The report covers a total of 11,150 miles and the truck was in use fourteen months. Total Cost cost per mile Gasoline, at 15 cts., 7 mill, per gal $ 236.70 $0.0212 Oil, at 35 cts. per gal 35.00 0.0031 Tires and repairs 150.00 0.0134 35.10 0.0031 Total expense $ 456.80 $0.0408 The owner believes 12% per cent depreciation should be charged on this truck. Its makers have reports from the owners of hun- dreds of these cars and claim the operating costs to average 8 cents per mile, made up as follows: Five per cent interest on investment; depreciation, 25 per cent; gasoline, oil, tires, motor repairs and maintenance, 70 per cent. Two Ton Trucks. From the reports received only three com- panies are using the same make. One of the three furnishes detailed costs of operation, which report is very complete. Truck was owned fourteen months, or 352 working days; days in use, 227; days idle for repairs, 75, or 21 per cent. The owner reports that, although this car has been on the market for several years, an unusual amount of time was lost because of poor service rendered by the manufacturers and agent, owing to delays in obtaining repair parts. When parts were received they either did not fit the machine or were not perfect. Time lost was due as follows, in days: To springs, 5; to tires and wheels, 13; to motor, 33; to transmission, 15; to radiator, 9. The mileage was 11,300; gallons gasoline used, 2,250, or 5 miles per gallon; miles traveled daily, 41. A summary of the operating expense of this truck is shown as follows: AUTOMOBILES 51 Total Cost cost per mile Gasoline $ 298.23 $0.0265 Oil 100.41 0.0089 Tires and repairs 432.98 0.0384 Car repair and sundries 370.22 0.0328 Labor, cleaning, etc 514.27 0.0456 Total $1,716.00 $0.1522 Standing Expense. Insurance $ 68.29 $0,006 Depreciation, 2% month 653.90 0.058 $2,438.30 $0,216 It should be noted in connection with this truck that a com- mon fault was found of installing tires under capacity on the rear wheels. The wheels also were too light for the load, owing to the overhang of pipe and poles from the rear of the truck. When the proper equipment was installed it was found that good service was received. The same difficulty was experienced with the springs, but they were changed to heavier type. It would appear that this make of truck would prove very satisfactory, after taking care of the usual difficulties experienced, by having it properly equipped for the work to be performed. The second year's operating should prove much more economical. Three Ton Trucks. Carefully compiled figures show that 3-ton trucks, covering 40 miles a day, and operating 300 days a year, can be maintained and run at an average cost of $9.75 per day. The items making up this charge of an establishment of ten trucks, three tons capacity, are: Wages, 10 drivers at $2.50 . . . $25.00 Wages, repairmen, helper and washer 7.00 Gasoline, 80 gals, at 12 cts 9.60 Lubricant, 1 ct. per mile 4.00 Maintenance, 10% per year. 10.00 Superintendence 3.20 Incidentals, light, heat, tools, etc 2.87 $61.67 Average running expense per truck $ 6.17 Interest at 6%, depreciation at 20%, insurance at %%, all on $3,000 2.65 Storage, 200 sq. ft. at 50 cts. per year 0.33 Add 20% for 2 spare machines 0.60 Total operating and maintenance cost per day $ 9.75 Total operating and maintenance cost per mile 0.24*6 The tabulated cost of four 3-ton trucks, four years old, oper- ating forty miles per day in Chicago follows. Each truck saves $9 per day on horses formerly used: 52 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Standing Expense Per day. Per mile. 5% interest on $3,500 $0.58 $0,015 Insurance 0.28 0.007 Running Expense Gasoline, 10 gals, at 11 cts $1.10 $0,027 Oil and grease 0.57 0.015 Tires and general repairs 2.00 0.050 Machine cleaning 1.31 0.32 Total $5.84 $0.14 Five Ton Trucks. Only two companies report on 5-ton trucks. These have both been in use a year and the exact cost has been ascertained. The trucks are manufactured by different concerns. The operating costs are shown as follows: First 5-Ton Truck Total Cost cost per mile Gasoline, at 15 cts. $0,033 mile per gal $ 300.00 $0.05 Oil, at 35 cts. per gal 105.00 0.0175 Tires 260.00 0.0434 Maintenance and repairs 87.36 0.0145 Total expense $ 752.36 $0.1254 Annual mileage 6,000 miles=per day 22 miles. It is interesting to note that the owner of this truck states it has depreciated only 5 per cent, and that the truck performs the same work as a horse equipment costing $14.15 per day. Second 5-Ton Truck Total Cost cost per mile Gasoline, 3 mile per gal. at 10 cts $ 350.00 $0,034 Oil, at 55. cts. per gal 140.00 0.013 Tires 798.00 0.076 Repairs and maintenance 1,400.00 0.133 Total expense $2,688.00 $0,256 Annual mileage 10,500 miles=35 miles per day. It is interesting" to note that the owner of this truck estimates 24 per cent depreciation. The worm drive which has been adopted by builders of motor vehicles abroad is installed in this truck. Very little attention has been given to it by American builders, although the housing of the worm drive in the rear construction, its simple design, easy lubrication, and noiseless running, should favor its high efficiency and long life. The following was abstracted from the Oct. 5, 1912, edition of the Electrical World: Electric Trucks. A study of the cost of operation of battery- propelled trucks was carried out by the Waverly Company, Indi- anapolis, Ind., some time ago, comparisons being made for ve- hicles of 600-lb., 1,500-lb. and 2,500-lb. carrying capacity. In these figures it was assumed that the 600-lb. car would travel 40 miles per day, or 12,000 miles per year, and the 1,500-lb. and AUTOMOBILES 53 2,500-lb. cars 30 miles per day, or 9,000 miles per year. The cost of repairs and renewals given in the table was computed on a ten-year life of the car, and all parts were charged at regular list prices. The cost of batteries and tires was estimated at market price to the customer, although no account has been taken of the labor item of putting them on. For the purpose of the calculation, batteries and tires were fig- ured at one year's life, and gears, chains and sprockets at two years (gears, four years; bearings, four years; driving gears, ex- posed, one year; driving chain, one year). Electrical energy has been charged for at 4 cents per kw-hr., and rent, light, heat, etc., are estimated at $1 per square foot. The depreciation allowed is based on writing off that part of the vehicle not covered by maintenance in ten years. Interest is computed at 6 per cent of one-half of the purchase price, as the investment is being written off. Under these conditions the conclusions shown in the accompanying table were reached: Z£ ft ^5 ft 20 >> >i id v„% n«0 S-, 0_0 « £ 3-M )!CC-OOOSOi 58 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Notes in regard to the above items: Item 1. Depreciation: The makers of the car offer $650 cash for it as it stands now, this being their regulation price for 1909 cars, irrespective of condi- tion; that is, of course, within reasonable limits. To put the car in shape to run another season will cost approximately $500, this including complete overhauling, new parts where necessary, four new tires and painting, and at the end of this season it would hardly bring more than $300 or $400, so that the depreciation charge is not too high. Items 2 and 3: The tires used were 33x4. Including the four tires on the car when it was bought, seven shoes and nine inner tubes have been in use, of which there now remains only one shoe in fair shape and two or three inner tubes which may be used for spare next season. The writer believes the tire expense to be lower than usual. This item increases very rapidly and in much greater proportion as the weight of the car in- creases, and also is liable to be more on an old car in which some of the parts of the running gear become worn and pres- sures are not evenly distributed. Item 4: This item is largely for small repairs and adjust- ments which might have been made almost entirely or at least half of them by the writer, except for the fact that he did not consider it economy to spend his time in this way, or to get as dirty as would have been necessary had he done so. Items 6, 7 and 8: It will be noticed that these items for fuel and oil amount to a very small proportion of the total. Item 9 is for tips to employes at the garage, and charges for greasing and oiling the car. The writer usually made a point of examining the car all over about once every two months, and at these times greasing everything up, but this took not less than five or six hours and used up a whole Saturday afternoon, so that in between times this work was done at the garage. Item 10: This included washing the car and polishing the brass work as well as storage. This item can of course be cut down where the car is kept in one's own garage. "Washing and polishing in this case if done at a public garage costs about $1 each time for a moderate sized car. If the car is run all winter, however, as this car was, the garage must be heated. Item 11: This covers a period of two years. AXES Net prices at Chicago for axes are as follows: TABLE 19 Weight Price Price Lbs each per doz Single bitted 3^ to 4% $0.50 $5.35 Single bitted 4 to 5 .55 5.75 Single bitted 5 to 6 .65 6.50 Double bitted 4 to 5 .85 8.50 Handled axes bring the following net prices: Each. Doz. Single bitted, Michigan pattern, 4 to 5 lbs $0.80 $ 8.25 Single bitted, Michigan pattern, 5 to 6 lbs 90 9.00 Double bitted, Michigan pattern, 4 to 5 lbs 1.10 11.00 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT BARGES AND SCOWS "Wood Barg-es. The following data are vouched for by Mr. C. W. Dunham (Professional Memoirs), and were published in Engineering and Contracting, July 17, 1912. They cover a very interesting and instructive record of initial cost, repairs and life of various classes of floating plant used on the Upper Missis- sippi Improvement during the last thirty years. During this period of thirty years, this improvement has owned and employed 282 barges (scow), 12 barges (model), 90 quarter- boats, office-boats and store-boats, 3 steam, drill-boats, 4 dipper dredges, 5 hydraulic dredges, 7 pile drivers, 23 dump boats, 3 snag-boats, 16 tow-boats of various sizes, and a very large num- ber of small steam and gasoline launches, motor and ordinary skiffs, pontoons, and other small pieces. It will not be practicable within reasonable limits to follow the destinies of so many pieces, and therefore certain character- istic groups of various kinds are taken, from the experience of which conclusions may be drawn. Pieces built within the last few years are not considered. I would say that none of the pieces up to 1908 had any kind of wood preserver except, occa- sionally, Carbolineum Avenarius laid on with a brush, but during the past three years, 80 barges, 4 dumps, 3 dredges, 33 pontoons, and 3 quarter-boats have been built, of which most of the lumber- in the hulls has been treated with creosote by the open tank or dipping process. Sufficient time has not elapsed to show the value of this treatment. In 1911 we treated lumber in barge construction by a pressure process. Scow Barg-es. The standard barges used in this district are 100x20x4% ft. and 110x24x5 ft. in size. The barges used in the earliest years of this improvement for carrying rock and brush, were mostly of smaller size than those at present employed, were built of white pine, and with calking and nominal repairs, gave good service for periods ranging from eight to eleven years. Model Barges. Early in the improvement six oak model barges, 135x26x5% ft, were built on the Ohio River, three by Howard, of Jeffersonville. Ind., and three by Cutting, of Metropolis, 111. These barges, numbered 60-62 and 88-90, were built in 1882 at $3,500 each, and were not condemned until 1901, but for five or six years previous the repairs were very heavy. These barges were in use eighteen years. 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(Cjic comooo oc <= IG "3 w HNMMW lOTt <£ (e >> ©©CM© *i to to to to m to 'to V V a i number of el es. When thr nt. When iro ' the capacity t Pocket Batt to - 3 © a> ai a> a> a> © a 1 a 3 II to to to to so to a V 3 3 3 33 u O u o o 3; .2.5: S ft o 3 to s at 'E 'E 'E 'E 'C °E'£ 1 'E 31 || o o o o o o c e t 0} © 4) © © ai a > ai ■>* *.o.a £ W t fc £ Ph.2 p I©© .a = c i maxi two ] capac ng ma electri «i c c ; -KKPP: {=P. P- a 9) "3 p. ONeoeoT) ■*f a ir * * e 1 d d d o' C d c c C C )£!z fc £ 2 2 2 2 £ 3 as & BLASTING SUPPLIES (See also Explosives) ^r — BLASTERS' THAWING KETTLES Gross Capacity, Shipping No. Lbs. Weight, Lbs. List Price "Bradford" 1 22 25 $4.75 "Bradford" 2 60 30 7.25 "Catasauqua" 1 30 4.75 "Catasauqua" 2 60 7.25 The price of "Bradford" is net: of "Catasauqua," 10% discount. F. o. b. distributing points east of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico. BLASTING AUGERS Augers may be conveniently used to bore holes for inserting dynamite under tree stumps, etc. They cost as follows: Inches List Price *Dirt 1 y 2 $1.25 *Dirt 2 . 1.35 *Dirt 2% 1.50 Wood iy 2 1.75 Wood 2 2.25 Wood 2% 2.75 Auger Handles 1.25 *Without handles. F. o. b.: Cincinnati, O., Pittsburgh, Pa., Indianapolis, Ind. BLASTING CAPS TABLE 38 List Price* List Price* Per 1000 Per 1000 Weight of Charge Lots of 1000 Lots of Brand No. Grains or Grammes or Over Less Than 1000 Silver Medal... 3 8.33 .54 $ 6.00 $ 6.25 Gold Medal 4 10.33 .65 6.50 6.75 Du Pont 5 12.34 .80 7,00 7.25 Du Pont 6 15.43 1.00 8.00 8.25 Du Pont 7 23.15 1.50 10.00 10.25 Du Pont 8 30.86 2.00 13.25 13.50 * The discount from above is about as follows: In lots less than 20,000 at factory, net. In lots of 20,000 or over delivered, 10%. Caps are packed in the following- size cases without extra charge. Case 500 caps to the case Case 1 1,000 caps to the case Case 2 2,000 caps to the case Case 3 3,000 caps to the case Case 5 5,000 caps to the case 81 82 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT BLASTING FUSE The price list of fuse given below is subject to about the following discounts: In lots of less than 1000 ft 2% to 10% In lots of 1000 to 5000 ft 7% to 15% In lots of 6000 ft. and over 17% to 25% depending on the section of the United States where it is sold. TABLE 39 Packed in Price per Barrels, Kind of Fuse and Use 1000 Ft. Ft. Hemp, for use in dry ground $3.05 Cotton, for use in dry ground 3.55 Superior Mining, for hard tamping 3.75 8,000 Beaver Brand, for use in wet ground... 3.90 8,000 Single Tape, for use in wet ground 4.05 8,000 Anchor Brand, White Finish, for use in very wet ground 4.65 8,000 Crescent Brand, White Finish, for use in very wet ground 4.65 8,000 Reliable Gutta Percha, for use in very wet ground 4.65 8,000 Double Tape, for use in very wet ground 4.85 8,000 Stag Brand, White Finish Gutta Percha, for use in very wet ground 5.60 8,000 Special No. XX, Gutta Percha, semi- smokeless and almost free from lateral emission of sparks 5.60 8,000 Triple Tape, for use in very wet ground and will bear rough treatment 5.70 7,000 Special No. XXX, Gutta Percha, designed to be even freer from smoke and sparks than Special No. XX 6.70 8,000 The packages weigh approximately: Barrels, Lbs. Hemp and Cotton 135 Triple Tape 150 All Others 145 Cases, Ft. 12,000 12,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 Cases, Lbs. 135 125 115 ELECTRIC FUSE TABLE 40 (Copper Wires) List Prices per 100 Weight of Charge No. 4 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 (Single (Double Strength) Strength) Length of 10.03 Grains 15.43 Grains 23.15 Grains 30.86 Grains Wire or or or or Ft. .65 Gramme 1.00 Gramme 1.50 Grammes 2.00 Grammes 4 $ 3.00 $ 3.50 $ 4.00 $ 4.50 6 3.54 4.04 4.54 5.04 8 4.08 4.58 5.08 5.58 10 4.62 5.12 5.62 6.12 12 5.16 5.66 6.16 6.66 14 5.70 6.20 6.70 7.20 16 6.24 6.74 7.24 7.74 18 6.78 7.28 7.78 8.28 BLASTING SUPPLIES 83 TABLE 40 — Continued Length of 10.03 Grains 15.43 Grains 23.15 Grains 30.86 Grains Wire or or or or Ft. .65 Gramme 1.00 Gramme 1.50 Grammes 2.00 Grammes 20 7.32 7.82 8.32 8.82 22 8.32 8.82 9.32 - 9.82 24 9.32 9.82 10.32 10.82 26 ... 10.32 10.82 11.32 11.82 28 11.32 11.82 12.32 12.82 30 12.32 12.82 13.32 13.82 Longer lengths (made to order), $1.00 for each additional 2 feet. The discount from above is about as follows: 5,000 or over, delivered 25 % 1,000 or over, factory 15% Less than 1000, factory 10 % "Waterproof electric fuses cost about 30% more than the above. Electric fuses with iron wires cost about 15% less. Electric fuses are packed as follows: Number of Number of Total Number Length of Wires Fuses in Carton Cartons in Case of Fuses in Case 4 ft. to 16 ft. inc 50 10 500 18 ft. to 30 ft. inc 25 10 250 BLASTING MATS Mr. H. P. Gillette, in "Rock Excavation," says: "Use of a Blasting* Mat. For preventing accidents due to flying rocks, all blasts in cities should be covered either with timbers or with a blasting mat. This should be done to avoid suits for damages, regardless of city ordinances. A blasting mat is readily made by weaving together old hemp ropes, 1% in. diameter or larger. To make such a mat, support two lengths of 1-in. gas Fig. 29. Blasting Mat. pipe parallel with one another and as marty feet apart as the width of the mat is to be. Fasten one end of the rope to one end of the pipe; carry the rope across and loop it over the other 84 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT pipe; bring it back around the first pipe; and so on until a suffi- cient number of close parallel strands of the rope have been laid to make a mat as long as desired. Starting with another rope, weave it over and under, like the strands in a cane-seated chair, until a mat of criss-cross ropes is made. Such a mat, weighted down with a few heavy timbers, will effectually pre- vent small fragments from flying at the time of blasting. The mat and its ballast may be hurled into the air several feet, upon blasting; but it will serve its purpose by stopping the small pieces of rock which are so dangerous even where light blasts are fired. The mat should be laid directly upon the rock. Such a mat will save a great deal of labor involved in laying a grillage of timbers over a trench. It will also make it unnecessary for the blasters to stand far from the blast when firing." Manufactured Mats. Close woven blast mats made of 1*4 in. diameter rope with a loop in each corner and binding on sides, can be bought new in New York for 80 cents per square foot; mats made of 1-in. diameter rope cost 70 cents per square foot. (Fig. 29.) BLASTING WIRE Connecting "Wire. No. 20 B. & S. Gauge on 1-lb. and 2-lb. spools. Leading Wire. No. 14 B. & S. Gauge both single and duplex in 200 ft., 250 ft., 300 and 500 ft. coils. Leading wire reels $4.00 Connecting wire holders 2.00 The price of wire varies with the locality, but is about as follows: Leading wire No. 14 $24.00 per lb. Connecting wire No. 20 29.00 per lb. Connecting wire No. 21. . . 31.50 per lb. This is subject to the following discounts: Less than 50 lbs., one sale, one delivery 10% 50 lbs., or over, one sale, one delivery 15% 100 lbs., or over, one sale, one delivery 25% BLOCKS TABLE 41— WROUGHT IRON GIN BLOCKS FOR WIRE ROPE, STIFF SWIVEL HOOKS AND BECKETS Heavy Pattern, Phosphor Bronze, Self-Lubricating, Bushed Diam. Sheave, For Rope Diam. Price Inches Inches Description Each Single $ 5.50 10 % Double 9.00 Triple 14.00 Single 6.25 12 % > Double 10.00 Triple 15.50 Single 7.50 14 % Double 11.50 Triple 18.00 Single 9.00 16 % Double 13.50 Triple 23.00 Single 11.50 18 1 Double 16.00 Triple 26.50 TABLE 42— WROUGHT IRON BLOCKS FOR WIRE ROPE, HEAVY PATTERN WITH STIFF SWIVEL HOOKS e*-i • >o s Phosphor Bronze ss 3 Metaline S i elf- w2 . Lu b r i c a t i ng m %v o — Iron Bus! < — o o ft o ■2 Q fa w Q b* cc H 10 % $ 7.00 $10.00 $14.00 $ 8.50 $13,00 $18.50 12 % 8.00 11.50 15.50 9.50 14.50 20.50 14 % 9.00 12.50 18.00 10.50 15.50 22.50 16 % 15.50 20.00 23.00 18.00 25.00 32.50 18 l 17.25 22.50 30.00 20.00 28.00 37.50 TABLE 43 — STEEL TACKLE BLOCKS, WITH SHACKLES 6 S Phosphor Bronze C ^ or Metaline Bushed, Self- Size Sheave, S~~l —Iron Bushed — Lubricating. (Ins.) ngl oub ripl ngl oub ripl -fa hT m Eh 02 A Eh 6%xl%x % 1% 10 $ 2.16 $ 3.50 $ 4.59 $ 2.97 $ 5.13 $ 7.02 8 xl%x % lVo 12 3. 38 5.54 8.10 4.23 7.30 10.80 9y 2 xl%x % 1% 14 4.86 8.10 10.80 5.94 10.25 14.04 12 x2%xiy 8 2% 18 10.80 18.90 27.00 85 12.40 22.14 31.88 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT TABLE 44 — TACKLE BLOCKS Size Sheave a> O -Iron Bushed- — Bronze Bushed — (Ins.) j3^ a> £ m Weight, Cu. Ft. Ins. Length Width Height Lbs. Price 18 24 6'9" 4' 0" ' 3' 8" 900 $54.00 27 24 7'4" 4' 2" 3'11" 950 58.00 40 . 24 8'1" 4'11" 4' 5" 1,325 70.00 27 30 7'7" 4' 2" 3'11" 1,000 60.00 40 If 8'1" 4'11" 4' 7" 1,425 78.00 54 8'8" 5' 3" 4'10" 1,675 yo.oo 40 36 8'1" 4'11" 4' 8" 1,500 80.00 54 36 8'8" 5' 3" 4'11" 1.7 70 92.00 Hand operated brakes % 20 per car extra. Unloading thirty 30-in. gauge 36 cubic feet capacity cars, similar to above, from, flat cars and hauling about one mile, cost $39.50, or about $1.32 per car. Foremen, 35 cts.; teams and drivers, 50 cts., and laborers, 15 cts. per hour. 113 114 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT In excavating- a bank of hardpan with a 14-ft. face in 1907, the following equipment and men were used: 10 steel double side dump cars, 36 cubic feet capacity, 36-in. gauge at $72.50 $ 725.00 2 brake cars at $92.50 185.00 2 switches complete at $30.00 60.00 1,500 ft. of 30-lb. rail and plates, etc. = 600 ft. of track and 1 turn-out at 19 cfes. per ft 285.00 200 ties, 6"x4" spruce, 5y 2 ft. long 49.50 Spikes and bolts 40.00 Total cost of plant $1,344.50 Fig 1 foreman at $3.00 $3.00 6 pick and bar men at $1.50 , 9.00 12 shovelers at $1.50 18.00 1 horse and driver at $3.50 3.50 y 2 trackman at $1.50 75 1% dumpmen at $1.50 2.25 Total labor cost per 10 hours $36.50 The earth, which was extremely hard, was undermined and pried down with picks and bars, and loaded into a train of six Fig. 47. cars. The whole gang then started the train, which ran down the 4% grade to the dump by gravity. After being dumped, it CARS 115 was hauled back by one horse. Thirty-three trains or 198 cars, well loaded, per day, was the output. A car was found to contain about 1 cubic yard of earth place measure. This gives a labor cost of about 18.5 cents per cubic yard. About $1.75 per day was spent on repairs to the equipment. On another job two trains of ten cars each were used. The gang was as follows: 1 foreman @ $3.50 $ 3.50 20 loaders (g) 1.50 30.00 1 dump foreman @ 1.60 1.60 3 dump men @ 1.50 4.50 2 brakemen (a) 1.60 3.20 1 trackman @ 1.60 1.60 2 pickmen @ 1.50 3.00 1 waterboy & 1.00 1.00 2 extra men @ 1.50 3.00 1 hauling ream and driver @ 5.00 5.00 1 plow team and driver @ 5.00 5.00 Total ; $61.40 The earth was of hardpan and sand and the cut ranged from to 15 feet. The fill was about 9 feet in height. The average haul was 800 feet. Thirteen hundred feet of track was laid at The Oliver 4- Yard Car. a cost of $75. The average daily output was 330 cars, or yards, making a labor cost of about 19 cents per yard. Cars similar to these were loaded by a 30-ton traction shovel for 10 cents (contract) per yard, and dumped and hauled back by horses for 7 cents per yard, average length of haul 1,500 feet. 116 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The repairs on cars were very high, amounting to about 4 cents per yard, but had stronger cars of the same type been used, the repairs would have been nominal. Fig. 49. 8-Yard Car in Dumped Position. A diamond frame double side dump car of wood and steel, costs as follows: Fig. 50. TABLE 72 Capac- ity, Weight, Yds. Lbs. Equipment Price 4 6,000 Link and pin coupling and air brake $195.00 6 11,000 Automatic coupler, hand brake 275.00 6 11,000 Automatic coupler, air brake 325.00 12 28,000 Double trucks, automatic coupler and air brake 750.00 Fig. 50. A two-way dump car, diamond frame, of white oak, strongly reinforced with steel, costs as follows: Listed Capacity, Yds. Weight 4 5,988 6 10,875 8 16.500 12 28,000 Trucks Single Single Double Double Gauge 36" Brake Hand Hand and Air Hand and Air Hand and Air Price $165.00 255.00 435.00 750.00 CARS 117 The manufacturers present the following figures: Capacity of 4-yard car 3,9 cu. yds — of 2 cars 7.8 cu. yds. Capacity of 8-yard car 9.8 cu. yds. Length of 4-yard car over all 13'6 — of 2 cars 27' Length of 8-yard car over all 22'6" A train of twelve 4-yard cars hauls 46.8 cubic yards of earth. A train of six 8-yard cars hauls 58.8 cubic yards of earth; a gain of 25 per cent. A train of twelve 4-yard cars is 182 feet in length. A train of six 8-yard cars is 135 feet in length. Length saved in "spotting" by using 8-yard cars, 47 feet; a gain of 2 per cent per train foot, and a 50 per cent saving in time dumping. The increased diameter of wheels under an 8-yard double-truck car enables a dinky to handle more yardage than with 4-yard cars. Fig. 51. Revolving dump cars similar to Fig. 51 cost as follows: TABLE 73 Capacity Cu. Ft. Track Gauge, Ins. Weight, Lbs. Price 18 18 27 27 18, 18, 20 or 24 30 20 or 24 30 540 740 to 550 560 to 750 760 $45 50 52 55 Plat cars with 4 wheels, having frames and platforms of wood. steel axle s, and cast iron wheels, cost as follows: TABLE 74 Capacity, Tons Gauge, Ins. , Platform , Width Length Weight, Lbs. Price 2 5 10 15 20 36 42 56% 56% 56 y 3 50 57 76 81 84 72 84 96 108 120 750 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 $ 26.00 34.00 56.00 100.00 170.00 118 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Double-truck platform cars with wooden frames and trucks with wooden or steel bolsters (Fig. 52) have the following capacities: TABLE 75 Capacity, Tons ill 20 | 25J 30 Track Gauge 30", 36'" 42", 39.37' , — Platforms — , Length Width 20' 6' 30' 32' 34' Weight, Lbs. 6,000 9,500 11,500 13,000 18,000 22,000 24,000 Price $220.00 300.00 330.00 400.00 475.00 520.00 620.00 4'8%" 36' 8'6" These cars are regularly equipped with hand brakes working on one truck only, and link and pin couplers. For brakes working on both trucks add $12 to $15. For automatic couplers add $14 to $20. For air brakes add $50 to $60. Cars similar to above with steel frames and trucks cost 25 per cent more. Inspection and hand cars operated by foot or hand are of three general types: foot driven, velocipede type, 4 wheels, weight 70 lbs., price $70; hand driven, 3 wheels, weight 140 lbs., price $40; hand driven (Fig. 53), 4 wheels, weight 500 lbs., $40. Platform Cars with steel frames similar to Fig. 47 cost as follows: TABLE 76 Capacity, Track Gauge, , Platform , Weight, Tons Inches Length Width Lbs. Price 2 to 3 2 to 3 2 to 3 20 24 24 4'9" 3'0" 5'0" 3'4" 6'0" 4'0" 500 550 640 $28.00 29.00 32.00 Ordering*. In ordering cars or making inquiries from manu- facturers the following points should be noted. Gauge of track. Weight of rail on which cars run. Radius and length of sharpest curve. Style of car (give number of catalog cut nearest to your re- quirements). Material to be handled and its weight per cubic foot. Capacity of car in tons or cubic feet. Give dimensions of car, if possible. Any limitations as to height, length or width. Style of coupling and drawbar. Distance from top of rail to center of drawbar. Method of operation — hand, animals, steam or electricity. Whether to be used singly or in trains. Number cars to a train. Diameter of wheels and axles already in use, if new cars are to be used with old ones. Style of axle boxes, if inside or outside, roller bearings, etc., if with or without springs. Any other points to be considered. Depreciation and Repairs. Ten new dump cars, some with steel and some with wooden bottoms, costing '$50, drawn by horses, had a life of 4 years, and averaged $1.75 per car per month for repairs the first 18 months. The following tables give the original cost and average repairs per month on about 22,000 cars on a large railroad system. I am indebted to Mr. J. Kruttsehnitt for the data from which it has been compiled. STEEL OB STEEL TJNDERPEAME CABS Type of Car Original Cost No. of Cars Ballast $ 889.81 460 Box 1,085.00 2,304 Coal 674.65 1,594 Dump 1,461.63 300 Flat S45.00 2,289 Furniture 802.29 297 Gondola or ore 1,210.00 1,419 Oil 2,110.00 871 Stock 1,030.00 1,693 Monthly Average Repairs $ 5.17 1.57 3.47 4.37 1.05 3.61 3.16 10.01 1.10 120 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT WOODEN CABS TABLE 78 Monthly t Average Cost of Type of Car Original Cost No. of Cars Repairs Ballast $ 589.09 457 $4.78 Box 440.00 6,247 3.92 Coal 557.58 127 3.76 Flat 581.20 512 102 Furniture 530.00 278 7.44 Oil 1,800.00 247 13 05 Stock 450.00 2,700 3.61 The average cost of repairs on steel underframe cars was $2.79 and on wooden cars $4.04 per month. Reports from various railroads indicate that the average cost of repairs of wooden cars varies from $35 to $85 per car per year, and of steel or steel underframe cars varies from $9 to $10 per car per year. The average life of a wooden car is about 15 years, and of steel cars about 25 years. The cost of repairs on cars per year in percentage of the original cost is as follows: "Wood Type Steel Cars Cars % % Ballast 7.0 9.75 Box 1.7 10.7 Coal 6.2 8.1 Dump 3.6 Flat 1.5 2.1 Furniture 5.4 16.8 Gondola or ore 3.1 Oil 5.75 8.7 Stock 1.3 9.6 In the Railroad Gazette, October 11, 1907, Mr. William Mahl, comptroller of the Union Pacific and Southern Pacific railways, gives some valuable data as to the life of equipment on the> Southern Pacific Railway. The following are averages for the period of six years, 1902 to 1907, the costs being the average cost per year. Expenditure on each per annum Class No. Serviceable Repairs Vacated Locomotives 1,540 $3,165 $183 Passenger cars 1,504 759 104 Freight cars 42,983 70 17 In "repairs" are included the annual expenditure for repairs and renewals of each locomotive or car, other than the expendi- ture for equipment "vacated." In "vacated" is included the cost of equipment destroyed, condemned and dismantled, sold or changed to another class. From 1891 to 1907, a period of 17 years, the average number of freight cars "vacated" each year was 3.63 per cent of the total number in service. Dividing 100 by this 3.63, we get 27%. which is, therefore, the average life in years of each freight CARS 121 car. These cars were nearly all wooden cars, of which the cost of a box car did not exceed $450, excluding air brakes. The number of freight cars constantly in repair shops was 5 per cent of the total number for the three months ending March 31, according to Statistical Bulletin No. 4 of the American Railway Association. For the previous quarter the percentage was 5% per cent. Each car averaged 23% miles traveled per day. The above figures are based upon averages of almost. 2,000,000 freight cars. In Group IV (Virginia, West Virginia, North and South Carolina) there were 124,000 cars, 7 per cent of which were in the repair shop at any one time. This group made the poorest showing of all. On the Panama Canal work during the six months ending June 30, 1910, the cost per day of repairs to cars of all kinds was $1.03. For the same period the cost of repairs to plant and equipment per unit of work done was as follows: Item Cu. Yds. Per Cu. Yd. Dry excavation 10,515,443 $0.0795 Wet excavation 5,274,633 0.0713 Concrete 565,459 0.1741 Sand 316,028 0.2789 Stone 581,812 0.2410 Dry fill 1,913,963 0.0065 Wet fill , 1,556,745 0.0587 The compartment type of rock car is now being used by the Los Angeles Pacific Railway Co., and it has proved very success- ful. In this type of car a box is built on an ordinary fiat car having a floor raised about 2 feet along the center line of the car and sloping to each side. This box is divided into twelve or more compartments, each having two doors, one on each side of the car. The teamster drives his wagon along the side of the car and adjusts a board between his wagon and the car which prevents the spilling of any rock on the ground. He then, with his shovel, loosens the hook holding the door in place, which allows it to swing up and discharge the whole two yards which each compartment contains. The whole operation is consum- mated in about one minute. Mr. H. R. Postle gives the following bill of lumber for building such a box on a 34-foot flat car: 6 — 2x 4 in. x 18 ft. 12— 4 x 4 in. x 8 ft. 6 — 4 x 6 in. x 16 ft. 4—2 x 16 in. x 16 ft. 60—2 x 12 in. x 16 ft. Total, 2,643 ft. at $22 per M ft. <= $58.15. He does not give the amount of bolts and iron required, but says that the shop foreman of the railroad told him that each car costs a total of $250. 122 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT CARTS Dump carts, one horse, with three-inch tires, cost: Capacity, Cu. Ft. Light cart Heavy cart. 2,500 3,500 Weight, Lbs. 700 Price $42.00 45.00 For hoppers 10 inches deep add $9.50 For tail gate add 2.00 For automatic end gate add 8.50 For 4-inch tires add 5.50 For steel bottom add 5.00 Ten new railroad, one-horse dump carts, some with steel and some with wooden bottoms, cost $50 each. Repairs cost $1.75 per month each during eighteen months' use. Six old carts about two years old averaged $2 per month for repairs for twelve months. Other carts also averaged $2. The life of wooden dump carts is about Ave years. Fig. 54. Mr. D. J. Hauer says that average dump carts, without a tail- board, hold about 0.6 cu. yds. of earth, or 0.35 cu. yds. of rock, place measure. From Morris's data, quoted by Mr. H. P. Gillette in "Earth Work and Its Cost," the average speed of a cart is 200 feet per minute and the average load % cubic yard on a level and x 4 cubic yard on steep ascents such as when making railroad fills; and the lost time for each trip in loading and dumping averages four minutes; these data having been obtained on some 150,000 yards of work. In a great deal of one-horse cart work it can be so arranged that one driver attends to two carts, the undriven horse being trained in a very few days to follow his leader. CARTS 123 Concrete spreader carts similar to Fig-. 55, having- a capacity of 21 cubic feet and weighing- 985 pounds, cost $99. Pick-tip carts or beam trucks, having- two wheels and a raised axle, are used for picking up and hauling iron pipe, timbers, structural shapes, etc. Fig. 55. Spreader. They are usually drawn by hand. Diameter of wheels, 40 ins.; weight, 400 lbs.; price $34 Diameter of wheels, 48 ins.; weight, 450 lbs.; price 35 Diameter of wheels, 54 ins.; weight, 500 lbs.; price 42 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT CEMENT SIDEWALK AND CURB FORMS Adjustable steel sidewalk and curb forms are rapidly cominj into use, and where the amount of work is large, their extra cost is justified. Fig. 56. This Cut Shows the Use of the 6-inch-radius Curve TABLE 79— SIDE RAILS (RIGID) 10 ft. Rails, 4 in. high $1.75 10 ft. Rails, 5 in. high 2.00 10 ft. Rails, 6 in. high 2.25 10 ft. Rails, 7 in. high 2.50 ] ft. Rails, 8 in. high 2.75 10 ft. Rails, 12 in. high 4.00 10 ft. Rails, 18 in. high 8.50 10 ft. Rails, 24 in. high 10.00 Rails shorter than 10 feet to be used in "ending up" work may be purchased at a cost proportionate to the 10 ft. lengths; i. e., a 5 ft. length would cost one-half the amount of a 10 ft. length. Flexible side rails are made in any length to make any desired radius, at the same proportionate prices as the rigid side rails. TABLE 80 — SIDEWALK DIVISION PLATES Width of , Cost of Plates » Sidewalk 4" Depth 5" Depth 6" Depth 3 feet $0.50 $0.65 $0.80 4 fppt 70 .85 1.05 5 feet 85 1-06 1-30 ISSt ::::::::::::::: 1.00 1.25 1.45 CEMENT SIDEWALK AND CURB FORMS TABLE 81 — COMBINED CURB AND GUTTER DIVIDING PLATES Height of Curb 12" . 12" . 12" . 12" . 12" . Thickness of Curb 5" 6" 6" W»dth of Gutter 12" 18" 24" 30" Cost $0.65 .75 .-90 1.15 1.40 Fig. 57. 12" 12" 16" 18" 24" TABLE 82— CURB DIVIDING PLATES Thickness of Curb 6" Cost $0.40 .40 .50 .55 .75 Cement Workers Tools. The following are net prices at Chicago for tools used in constructing and finishing cement sidewalks. The prices are for iron nickel plated tools. 2% in. wide, 6 in. long, each. $0.54 NARROW JOINTER 1% in. wide, 8 in. long, y 2 in. blade, each.. 1% in. wide, 8 in. long, % in. blade, each.. $0.60 126 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT STRAIGHT END JOINTER 3 in. wide, 6 in. long, % in. deep, each $0.60 NARROW STRAIGHT END JOINTER 1% in. wide, 8 in. long, y 2 in. blade, each $0.60 1% in. wide, 8 in. long, % in. blade, each... 60 DRIVEWAY GROOVER The following are net prices for driveway groovers, 3 in. wide and 9 in. long: Groover, % in. deep, each $1.10 Groover, half round, each 1.10 A 6-in. V-groover, % in. wide, y 2 in. deep, costs 52 cts. each. STRAIGHT END GROOVER 6-in. V-groover, % in. wide, y 2 in. deep, each $0.60 EDGERS The net prices of edgers, % in., 2% in. and 6 in. long, are as follows: % in. turned edger, each $0.52 % in. turned edger, 10 in. long, each ... 1.35 NARROW EDGER 8 in. long, 1 % in. wide, each $0.60 6 in. long, iy 2 in. wide, with guide 52 A reversible handle edger, right or left, 1 in. turned edge, % in. radius, 3 in. wide and 6 in. long, costs 60 cts. CIRCLE EDGERS %-in. radius, each $0.45 94 -in. radius, each 45 A square edger 3 ins. wide, 6 ins. long, both edges rounded, with 1V 2 -in. cutting edge, costs 75 cts. Bevel edgers, 2% ins. wide, 6 ins. long, with either %-in. bevel or %-in. bevel, can be bought at 53 cts. each. Corner tools, one end straight, the other curving back, 6 in. long, \y 2 ins. wide, also cost 53 cts. each. Curbing edgers with 2 in. turned back with radius of iy 2 ins., 3% ins. wide, 6% in. long, cost $1.09 each. Raised (tuck) pointers, A, x k, A. % or y 2 -in. size, dost 45 cts. each. Long handled finishing tools cost as follows: Trowel with one long adjustable handle, one short handle, one wrench; price, 15 in., $4; 24 in., $6. Jointer, with one long han- dle, one short handle, one wrench; price, $4. Edger, same equip- ment, $4. Six-ft. compasses, $3.50. CEMENT TESTING APPARATUS On large concrete jobs it is desirable that all cement shall be tested. The usual practice is to engage a specialist, who sends a representative to obtain samples from the job for testing at his own laboratory. This is undoubtedly the best way, but where work is located far from large cities testing in this manner is very expensive. The way this difficulty is generally overcome is by selecting samples from the cars immediately before they leave the factory and then sealing the cars. On work where these methods cannot be used, a field laboratory can be installed. Such a laboratory, exclusive of the building, water supply, and few pieces of furniture will cost as follows: 1 Cement testing machine $135.00 Or 1 Improved cement testing machine 185.00 1 Percentage scale V 2 to 16 oz. ; to 100% 5.40 1 Even balance scale with brass weights 6.75 2 3-section gang molds @ $10.80 21.60 1 Ground glass plate. 24"x24" 8.10 1 Galvanized iron pan, 24"x24"x3" deep 1.80 1 Set Gilmore needles , 4.50 1 16 oz. measuring glass .90 1 Small trowel 70 1 Large trowel .90 1 Set cement test sieves, 50, 100 and 200, with lid and bot- tom, brass 13.50 1 Set sand test sieves, 20, 30, with lid and bottom, brass.. 7.00 Total, $256.15, or $206.15 Shipping weight, 600 pounds, or 500 lbs. Where any considerable amount of testing is to be done several more gang molds with some sort of damp closet are desirable, costing an extra $30 or $40. HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT CHAIN BELTS (See Belting for Power Purposes.) CHAINS Chains possess about % the strength of single bars of iron. They should be very carefully tested, as one weak link means that the whole chain is weak. The diameter of sheaves or drums should not be less than thirty times the diameter of the chain iron used, and for hoisting purposes, chains should be of short links with oval sides. The life of a chain is greatly increased by frequent lubricating and annealing. B. B. Crane chain is of refined iron having a tensile strength of 48,000 pounds per square inch, and is for ordinary use. B. B. B. Crane chain is of iron of 50,000 pounds per square inch tensile strength. Special Dredge chain is of iron of 53,000 pounds per square inch tensile strength. In the following table the safe load should be taken as % the "proof." The breaking strength is about double the "proof." ■C0 , *«Ct>Q0OHWl0«>E^00OHN'*Ot'05ONM'*W0i r 03 •ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo •ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo ■lOinoOOOOOOOOOOOOrfOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ! 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Fig. 61. Diagram Showing Power to Operate Belt Conveyors. carried the materials to the mixer was 20 inches wide, 228 feet long and had a rise of 34 feet. It traveled at a speed of 350 feet per minute and required but 6 horsepower to drive it with its load of 100 tons per hour. In the Transvaal a belt with a horizontal carry of 200 feet and a vertical lift of 48% feet, con- 135 136 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT veying 71.4 tons per hour, required 8.1 horsepower to drive it. A belt with a horizontal carry of 500 feet and a vertical lift of 25% feet required 8.6 horsepower to convey 90 tons per hour, and 2.9 horsepower to drive the unloaded belt. The capacity of belt conveyors is shown in two diagrams (Figs. 61 and 62), published by Mr. R. W. Dull in the Chemical Fig. 62. 18 22 26 30 34 3ft 42 44 48 Width of Belts. Diagram Showing Capacity of Belt Conveyors. Engineer, August, 1909. These are based on good feed- ing conditions and variations as great as 50 per cent are likely. Some .of the curves are stopped off at certain sized belts, as with large pieces it is not advisable to use a conveyor any narrower, regardless of what capacity is required. It is advantageous to install a feeding device of some kind if the feed is irregular. Materials should be delivered to the belt in the direction of mo- tion of the belt and with as near the same velocity as possible. "Wear. Small belts of stitched canvas or woven cotton are often used and are usually well oiled. For large, permanent con- CONVEYORS 137 veyors, rubber belts composed on a cotton duck foundation are most satisfactory. Mr. George Frederick Zimmer in Cassier's Magazine for August, 1909, gives the following table showing the wear on different materials subjected to a uniform sand blast for 45 minutes: Rubber belt 1.0 Rolled steel 1.5 Cast iron 3.5 Balata belt, including gum cover 5.0 Woven cotton belt, high grade 6.5 Stitched duck, high grade 8.0 Woven cotton belt, low grade 9.0 The rubber covering performs two offices, that of resisting wear and that of preventing moisture from reaching the body of the belt. The number of plies necessary is given by Mr. C. K. Baldwin. Belts 12 to 14 inches wide, not less than 3-ply; 16 to 20 inches wide, not less than 4-ply; 22 to 28 inches, not less than 5-ply, and 30 to 36 inches, not less than 6-ply. The pension on a belt must not be more than 20 to 25 lbs. per inch per ply and a good belt should have a breaking strain of 400 lbs. per inch per ply. Belts are usually troughed because this increases the capacity. A sufficient number of idlers should be provided, as this lessens the chance of damage. Idlers should be kept weri lubricated with a viscous lubricant as oil is liable to spill on the belt. The best method of joining belts is with a butt-joint held together by clamps. Costs. For contract purposes the belt conveyor is generally mounted on a more or less elaborate wooden framework, housed or otherwise, the cost of which must be estimated in accordance with the special conditions and design of the outfit. The belt conveying apparatus proper consists of a driving mechanism, which is often belted or sometimes directly connected to electric motors; the idlers and belts; and the troughing rollers. The price will vary considerably, approximate ones only being here given for purposes of rough estimates. TABLE 89 Maximum Weight per Width Diam. of Ft. for Belt, Approximate of Lumps of Return Idlers Cost per Belt Material Speed and Troughing Lineal Ft.* 12" 2" Up to 200 ft. per minute 14 lbs. $ 2.50 to $ 4.00 IS" 4" Up to 200 ft. per minute 30 lbs. 4.00 to 6.25 24" 6" Up to 200 ft. per minute 46 lbs. 5.75 to 8.75 7" 7" Up to 200 ft. per minute 62 lbs. 7.25 to 11.75 6" 9" Up to 200 ft. per minute 100 lbs. 10.50 to 14.25 "Depends upon kind of belt. 138 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Note. At speed of 300 ft. per minute a 12" belt should not carry material more than %" in diameter; 8" belt, material not more than 1%" in diameter; 24" belt, not larger than 3"; 30" belt, not larger than 4"; 36" belt, not larger than 6" in diameter. Wlhen speeds up to 600 ft. per minute are used material larger than 2" size is not likely to stay upon the large belts and for material 1" and larger a belt no smaller than 18" should be used. W. R. Ingalls says that the cost of a 12" belt plant capable of running at 300 ft. per minute would be about $600 for lengths of 100 ft, each, and if properly installed would consume about 3 to 3% horsepower. He says that the cost of repairs should be about 12y 2 per cent per annum upon the cost of plant if given such service that the belt will last about five years; while if the belt is so used as to last only 2% years the repair cost must run up to about 20 per cent per annum. In one actual case in a plant where many belt conveyors were used repairs did not average more than 12% per cent. Mr. George F. Zimmer is an English authority for the state- ment that the cost of repairs for 100 ft. of traverse varies from %c to lc per ton per 100 ft. for coal, to 2c for coke and 8c for sulphate of ammonia. These figures are given also in the table following. 140 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Mr. Edwin H. Messiter says that for ordinary mine run ore the largest lumps of which do not contain over 1 cubic foot, a 30" conveyor is suitable. Sizes of lumps which may be carried by the several sizes of conveyors are: Lumps Conveyor *Tons per Hour 12" 30" 560 8" 24" 360 6" 20" 250 4" 16" 160 3" 14" 120 2" 12" . 80 Speeds up to 400 ft. per minute may be used and 700 ft. in special cases. Inclination should be limited to 20° from horizontal, but 26° may be used with steady feed and fine material. Life of belts varies with tonnage. If correctly designed and made of proper materials on large conveyors, belt renewals will approximate 0.1c. per ton of ore. Cost is greater on small conveyors than on large ones. Horsepower required will average about 0.00015 horse- power per ton per foot of horizontal distance carried, plus 0.001 horsepower ton per foot of height elevated. Automatic reversible trippers are designed to distribute mate- rial carried by belt conveyors on long piles or large bins. They travel on a track between two points, automatically reversing and discharging their load continuously. They can be so regulated as to discharge at one point. Their cost is about as follows: Width of Belt, Width of Belt, Inches Price Inches Price 12 $320 20 $425 14 345 24 .475 16 370 30 555 18 345 36 635 Hand propelled trippers discharge materials at fixed points, to which they are moved along a track by hand. Width of Belt, Width of Belt, Inches Price Inches Price 12 $180 18 $215 14 190 20 225 16 200 24 250 ♦Last column is capacity for ore weighing 100 lbs. per cubic foot at a speed of 400 feet per minute. CONVEYORS TRQUGHING AND RETURN IDLERS. > < I k-A.-H<~ - G *i Fig. 63. DIMENSIONS IN INCHES idth of Belts A B C D* Et F G H 1 12 11% 5 7% 3% 3 ny 2 12 22 ItV 14 12% 5 7% 3% 3 i2y 2 14% 24 ItV 16 13% 5 7% 3 i2y 2 16% 26 ItV 18 13% 5% 9% 3% 5 13% 18 32 1% 20 15% i6 y 2 5% 9% 3% ft 13% 20% 34 m 24 5% 9% 3% ft 14 y 2 24% 40 iy 30 18% 5y 2 10% 4y 2 5 16 31% 46 IV, 36 21% 5% 12% 5 b 18% 37% 52 i% Pulleys are of cast iron on hollow steel shafts, turning in cast iron brackets mounted on hard pine or steel base, for attaching to stringers. Guide idlers are of cast iron and consist of two inclined pulleys mounted on cast iron brackets. dth of Belt, Inches 12 14 16 18 Troughing Idlers $ 3.25 ' 3.70 4.25 5.80 Return Idlers $3.10 3.30 4.25 5.10 5.50 7.00 7.30 8.50 Guide Idlers $3.70 3.70 3.70 20 6.40 4 60 24 30 36 7.70 9.60 12.75 4.60 5.20 5.75 A bucket conveyor, with 18"x24" buckets capable of running at a speed of 10 ft. per minute, should cost about $3,600 per 100 ft. length, which includes the driving mechanism and an electric motor. The power needed to operate, about 1 horsepower; re- pairs and renewals for a number of years would average from 1 to 2 per cent per annum on the first cost. This of course does not include depreciation. For this opinion I am indebted to W. R. Ingalls, who has been quoted above. Mr. F. W. Parsons is authority for the statement that a con- veyor 95 ft. long and a cross conveyor 71 ft. long for conveying * Minimum depth of stringer allowable with Standard Idler Boards, t Maximum width of stringer allowable with Standard Idler Boards. 142 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT coal into a boiler house, including miter gears, countershaft, self- oiling pillow block, sprockets, etc., should cost about $475 f. o. b. factory. For driving machinery from main shaft to countershaft and from countershaft to lead shaft $75 ought to be added to this, and $175 for lumber, bolts and iron for chutes, and $200 for erection, total cost, exclusive of freight, being $915. Belt elevator. The life of belts of the same grade varies widely between limits according to tonnage carried, the length of belts, and the economic layout of the whole arrangement. On large belts of course the cost for repairs per unit of material delivered will be considerably smaller than on small belts. For special work, such as crusher plants and outfits of similar kind, the operation is almost automatic and with the exception of renew- als which can be made rapidly there is practically no interrup- tion to continuous service. Fig. 64. At the Union Stock Yards in Chicago a belt carrier with 24"x24" buckets and a vertical lift of 58 feet with a 38-ft. horizontal run had been in operation about five years handling an average of 2,500 tons of coal per week, with no cost for repairs, and in 1908 was not likely to need repairs for another five years. In Pittston, Pa., operating on a 25° incline and conveying coal 355 feet with 48" wide buckets, a belt carrier installed in 1902 handled 130,000 tons a month and after four years was in excel- lent condition. Cost of repairs averaged: material, .04c per ton handled; labor, .06c per ton handled, these repairs being the re- newal of the carrier rollers and the driving pinion of the head gear. The illustration (Fig. 64) shows a twenty-four inch conveyor CONVEYORS 143 one hundred feet long supplied Charles F. McCabe by the Robins Conveying- Belt Co., for removing- 10,000 cubic yards of earth and rock at 181st street and Jerome avenue, New York. The picture shows the very disadvantageous circumstances under which such a belt conveyor will work to advantage. Earth was shoveled on to the conveyor by hand and was discharged from the head end to wagons. Pieces larger than a man's head were frequently placed on the conveyor, and were carried suc- cessfully, although it ran at times at an upward inclination of over 23 degrees. A Mundy engine, located in a pit beneath the tail end, drove the conveyor. if ®f *? ■ ■ ■ HJfBJi- - ■HI . ' * - : ' r 9|E ;J s#«&T s- s.« ; P**$? ||§^ ill IH1B Fig. 65. In the installation illustrated and described in the foregoing it was impossible to support the conveyor by any other than the most crude supports. This fact, however, did not interfere with the successful operation of the conveyor, nor did it injure the machinery to any appreciable extent. The belt itself, when the work was completed, showed little signs of wear. Figure 65 shows a Robins Belt Conveyor used by Ryan & Parker in excavating for the foundation of the power house of the New York Gas and Electric Light, Heat and Power Co. The earth was delivered to the conveyor from wheel scrapers through 144 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT bridges, and the excavating was done by practically the same means, employed more recently by F. M. Stillman & Co., for their work at East 12th street, New York. The conveyor was driven at its head end by a small horizontal engine, very little power Fig. 66. being required. It was subjected to the roughest kind of usage; rocks weighing over 100 pounds were constantly dumped upon it, but never caused a moment's stoppage during the entire work. The width of the belt was 30 inches, and the actual Fig. 67. Movable Tripper. quantity removed exceeded 1,200 cubic yards per day. The work was all done during very cold weather, in December and January. The conveyor used on this contract was also employed by CONVEYORS 145 Messrs. Ryan and Parker for similar work in a gre ( at number of places, its length being increased or diminished as desired by easily made changes in the number of idlers and length of belt. The illustration (Fig. 66) shows the conveyor described in the foregoing, carrying the cement bags up the incline to the mixer house. It was driven by a Lambert engine placed on a platform I t» e mMM Fig. 68. in the mixer house, and run at a speed of 325 feet per minute. This engine also drove a 24-inch Robins Belt Conveyor which carried concrete from Smith mixers and discharged it through a long chute to cars, which carried the concrete to all points where foundations and retaining walls were being constructed. In order to prevent the material from adhering to the belt, a Robins high- speed rotary cleaning brush was attached to the discharge end of 146 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT the conveyor. This brush was belt driven from a small pulley on the shaft of the end pulley of the conveyor. Hullett-McMyler Cantilever Crane or Conveyor. This machine is illustrated in Fig. 70 and was used on the Chicago Drainage Canal. The skip is of steel and has a capacity of 3.7 cubic yards water measure, or 1% cubic yards of solid rock. A 9xl2-inch engine working under 80 lb. pressure and with 200 revolutions Fig. per minute does the hoisting. The total weight of the crane is 110 lbs. and its cost is about $9,000. The daily (10 hours) ex- pense of operating each crane was: 1 engineer $ 2.50 1 fireman 1.50 Machinist service 1.00 Superintendence 75 1 V-l tons coal 2.50 Oil and waste 25 Repairs (?) 50 Track maintenance 1.50 Night watchman : 50 Total .$11.00 The two handled 168,470 cubic yards solid rock in 337 10-hour shifts, 250 cubic yards per shift per machine. 147 148 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Hullett-McMyler Derrick. Fig. 71 illustrates this machine, which handles a skip weighing 2,400 lbs., making, with its full load of 1% cubic yards of solid rock, 3% tons loaded. It weighs 95 tons and costs $15,000. The cost of operation is practically the same as for the Hullett-McMyler Conveyor. Two of these machines moved 279,300 cubic yards in 492 (10-hour) shifts averaging 568 cubic yards per shift for the two machines. Fig. 71. Hulett-McMyler Derrick. A steel incline and tipple is often used to convey earth from a steam shovel to the top of a high bank where it is dumped. Sucn a machine is illustrated in Figs. 72, 72A. The steel truss of the incline weighs 8,500 lbs., and the total load of boilers, with- out cars, etc., is 100 tons. The engines are ll"xl8", double cylin- ders, and their cost with the boiler was $2,700. The shovel cut was 20 ft. wide, 18 ft. deep and the best month's record was 920 cubic yards per 10-hour shift. The whole machine cost about $4,000. CONVEYORS 151 The Brown Cantilever Crane. Eleven of these machines shown in Fig. 73 were used on the Chicago Drainage Canal, and after the first year a monthly output of 15,000 to 16,000 cubic yards, 600 cubic yards per 10-hour shift per crane, was attained. The trusses have a slope of 12%°, a carriage or trolley travels along the track on the lower chord of the truss, the hoisting power being a 10%"xl2" engine and a 120-horsepower boiler. The skip can be dumped automatically at any point. It has a capacity of 75 cubic feet water measure and carries 1.5 to 1.7 cubic yards of solid rock. The average traveling speed is 150 ft. per min- ute. The weight of the entire machine is 150 tons and it costs about $28,000. The daily cost of operating each crane was as follows : Engineman $ 3.00 Fireman 2.50 Oiler 1.75 Operator 2.75 1% tons of coal at $1.75 3.00 Oil, water and waste (estimated) 50 Laying track (estimated) 50 Total $14.00 MECHANICAL CONVEYORS.* Mechanical conveyors, of which there is a great variety, may be classified as of (1) the push or drag type, and (2) the carry- ing type. In the former the material is pushed or dragged for- ward in a trough. In the latter type it is continuously carried forward on a belt, or in a series of connected pans or buckets, which take the place of a belt. In a horizontal conveyor the only mechanical work to be done consists in the overcoming of friction. It is obvious, therefore, that a well-mounted belt or series of buckets can be moved with less friction and therefore require less power than any form of conveyor in which the material has to be pushed or dragged forward. All of these conveyors are used in practice, some of them extensively. Some of them are extremely efficient machines; others have very little to commend, yet are useful for some special purposes because of limitations in the application of bet- ter types. The special form of conveyor must always be chosen with view to the work that is to be done. In this article the writer has reference only to the use of conveyors for the trans- portation of ore and other mineral substances. There is a dearth of practical information on this subject; even the manufacturers appear to lack a good deal of important data, and it will be useful if readers are led to contribute results of their own experience. It is obviously a subject in which experiences may differ widely under varying conditions. * This article, by Mr. Walter Renton Ingalls, is so practical and so full of valuable data that it has been abstracted almost in full. It appeared in The Engineering and Mining Journal in 1904. p*^pf--* CONVEYORS 153 Push or Brag- Conveyors. Among the conveyors of this type are the screw, the scraper, and the reciprocating-. All of them have the advantage that ma- terial can be discharged without complicated machinery, at any desired point, which makes them especially useful for the filling of a series of bins. Screw-Conveyor. The screw-conveyor is one of the oldest of conveying devices. Also it is perhaps one of the most inferior. The screw-conveyor consists commonly of a trough of iron or steel, with semi-cylindrical bottom, in which is turned an end- less screw, composed of a shaft, solid or hollow, and a spiral of steel or cast iron. The shaft is supported in boxes at each end of the trough, and by intermediate hangers in long conveyors, and is driven by pulley, gear or sprocket wheel. The shaft is generally made in sections, which may be united in any suitable manner, though certain devices are much better than others. The spiral is ordinarily of 8-in., 10-in. or 12-in. diameter. In trans- porting ore it is inadvisable to turn a 9-in. or 10-in. screw at more than 50 to 75 rev. per min., since a higher speed is apt to throw material out of the trough and produce too much dust. Obviously the speed should diminish as the diameter of the screw increases. The capacity of a screw-conveyor depends upon the diameter and pitch of the screw, its speed of revolution, and the specific gravity of the material to be transported. One manufacturer gives the capacity of a 6-in. screw, run at 100 rev. per min., at 3 tons per hour; of a 9-in. screw at 70 rev. per min., 8 tons per hour; and of a 12-in. screw at 50 rev., 15 tons per hour. It is presumable that these figures for capacity refer to quartzose ore, which may be taken as weighing 100 lbs. per cu. ft. An- other manufacturer estimates the capacity of a 5% -in. screw at 120 rev., 42 cu. ft. per hour; 7y 8 -in. at 110 rev., 71 cu. ft.; 9% -in. at 100 rev., 141 cu. ft.; 11%-in'. at 80 rev., 247 cu. ft. It is quite right to state these data in cubic feet instead of by weight, but the speeds given are too high for good practice. However, the capacities appear to be stated moderately, notwithstanding. On the basis of material weighing 100 lbs. per cu. ft., the ca- pacity of the 5%-in. screw would be 2.1 tons per hour; of the 7% -in. screw, 3.55 tons; of the 9%-in. screw, 7.05 tons; and of the 11% -in. screw, 12.35 tons. The figures of either of these manufacturers seem to be on the safe side as to capacity, since a 9-in. conveyor run at 70 rev. per min. will certainly transport 10 tons per hour of ore weighing 150 lbs. per cu. ft., or 6% tons of ore weighing 100 lbs. per cu. ft. Ideas as to the power required to operate a screw-conveyor are less definite. In the transportation of any substance hori- zontally, friction is the only element which has to be overcome, not only the friction of the material itself but also that of the mechanism. It is evident, therefore, that the power required is a function of the weight of the material, the distance to which it is carried and the speed, plus the similar factors for the 154 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT mechanism. One manufacturer states that a 5% -in. screw run at 120 rev. per min. requires 0.5 h. p. per 33 ft. of length; a 7%-in. screw at 110 rev., 6.75 h. p.; and a 9%-in. screw at 100 rev., 1 h. p. These figures are rather lower than practice indi- cates, and would appear to correspond more closely to the power required to drive the conveyor empty than full. Another manu- facturer gives the formula, H. P. = WL-=-3 X33000, in which W is the weight in pounds of the material to be carried per minute and L the distance in feet to which it is to be carried. According to this the power required to carry 10 tons of ore 100 ft. per hour would be only 0.33 h. p., which, of course, is absurd, since it would require far more power than that to run the conveyor empty. A 9-in. screw conveying that quantity of material would probably require 4 to 5 h. p. The formula should evidently be expressed as H. P. = [WL-=- (3 X 33000)] + PL, in which F stands for the power required to turn the screw itself at a specified speed. The screw is wasteful of power, because not only is the ore pushed through the trough as in the scraper conveyor, but also the screw presents a greatly increased frictional surface, while it is subject to all the frictional resistance of a poorly supported and carelessly attended line of shafting, running in grit all the time. The screw-conveyor is the cheapest of all conveyors to install. A 9-in. screw, 100 ft. long, ought to be put up for about $300. On the other hand, all of its parts are subject to heavy wear, and repairs and renewals may easily amount to 100 per cent per annum, this depending upon the work required of it. There are some cases wherein it is advantageous to use a screw, notwith- standing its serious drawbacks. They are at their best when used for finely-crushed and dry ore. They are more troublesome with wet, clayey ores, and are quite unsuitable for coarse ores. A very long screw is apt to be a nuisance anyway. A short screw often makes a good feeding device. The screw-conveyor with externally heated trough has been proposed as a drying and roasting furnace. It has been used occasionally for the former purpose, but not for the latter. Neither arrangement commends itself. Rotary-Conveyor. The screw-conveyor is often referred to as a spiral conveyor. Another form of spiral conveyor consists of a cylinder with an interior spiral, the cylinder beii\g supported on rollers and revolving like a cylindrical roasting furnace. Con- veyors of this form are seldom used. They would appear to be costly, clumsy and difficult to repair, while material can only be fed at one end and discharged at the other end, which in adaptability would make it the least advantageous of all con- veyors. If the cylinder be set on an incline, or if it have a taper, of course no interior spiral is necessary. The cylindrical dryer and several forms of roasting furnaces are really forms of this type of conveyor, just as other mechanical drying and roasting furnaces embody the principle of the scraper conveyor. Roast- ing cylinders as long as 60 ft. are used in Europe, and cement kilns as long as 120 ft. are used in the United States. CONVEYORS 155 Scraper-Conveyor. The scraper-conveyor consists essentially of a trough in which the ore is dragged forward by a series of transverse push-plates, called flights. The method of connecting the push-plates is subject to a large number of modifications. Thus there is the continuous cable, dragging circular flights through a V-shape or semi-cylindrical trough, and the monobar conveyor, in which the flights are carried by a series of single linked bars. One of the commonest forms of this type of con- veyor is, however, the double link-belt chain, supported on rollers, wheels or sliding shoes, which run on rails at each side of the trough, carrying the flights between them. This is known as the suspended-flight conveyor. The chains pass over sprockets at each end of the conveyor and return on overhead rails. The sprockets at one end are keyed on the driving shaft, while those at the other end are carried in boxes which can be adjusted to take up the slack in the chains. The monobar conveyor can be constructed so as to make a bend in the horizontal plane, or even make the complete return circuit. The scraper-conveyors have the advantage that they can be arranged to be fed or to discharge at any point. They have the disadvantages of involving a good many wearing parts and re- quiring considerable power to drive. The Link-Belt Engineering Company gives the following formula for power: H. P. = (ATL + BWS) ~ 1000, in which A and B are constants depending on angle of inclination from the horizontal, T is the tons per hour* to be conveyed, L the length of the conveyor in feet, center to center, "W the weight in pounds of chains, flights, and shoes, and S the speed in feet per minute. For horizontal runs, A = 0.343 and B = 0.01. According to this formula, the power required to move 10 tons of ore per hour the distance of 100 ft. would be 3.5 h. p., but we should hesitate to reckon so low. Anyway, it always requires more power to start a conveyor than to operate it and therefore a larger motor should be provided. Scraper-conveyors are usually operated at speeds of about 100 ft. per minute. The weight of the chains, scrapers, wheels and axles or rollers, amounts to about 30 to 35 lbs. per foot, center to center, for a 10-in. or 12- in. suspended flight conveyor, which at 100 ft. travel per minute will have capacity for moving about 10 tons per hour of ore weighing 150 lbs. per cu. ft. The cost of a suspended flight con- veyor 100 ft. long, installed, will come to about $450. The capacity of a scraper-conveyor depends upon the width of the trough, the speed of the chain, the volume of the ore, and the frequency of the flights. The flights are commonly set 16 in., 18 in. or 24 in. apart. Obviously the flights will not push the ore ahead in an even sheet, but will crowd it up into little heaps, a succession of which will be moving through the trough. There- fore the more frequent are the flights, the greater the capacity of the conveyor. The suspended-flight conveyor is superior to other forms; it requires about 20 per cent less power than the 156 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT simple drag, runs more smoothly and is not so noisy. The point of special weakness in these conveyors is the chains, the break- age of which is likely to cause costly and vexatious delays. The monobar is better than the chains; the latter, if used, should be provided of greater strength than is frequently the case. The scraper-conveyor gives the best results with fine ore and mod- erate lengths. Many examples of large and long installations for the handling of lump ore, coal and rock are to be seen. They are very noisy and are subject to frequent breakdowns. Reciprocating' Conveyor. The reciprocating conveyor is a new modification of the scraper-conveyor, which is finding consider- able favor. In this the ore is. pushed forward in a trough by a series of flights which are hinged at regular intervals to a ladder- like frame, composed of a pair of channel beams joined by suit- able cross-bars and mounted on rollers. This frame is given a reciprocating motion by a crank mechanism, which can be placed at any convenient point. In another form, the nights are fixed tp a reciprocating rod, as an iron pipe of suitable strength, which is supported by wheels and axles. In either case, the nights are so hinged that in their forward motion they bear against stops, and push the material along, while in the backward motion they return to the starting point by dragging back over the top of the material. In this way the ore is literally shoveled forward stroke by stroke. The reciprocating conveyor has these advantages: It can be fed and discharged at any point; it occupies less height than the chain scraper-conveyow; and all of its wearing parts, which any- way are comparatively few, are outside of the grit, save the flights themselves and the trough. On the other hand, it is un- economical of power, owing to the frequency with which motion is reversed. At every stroke the inertia of the entire lot of ore in the trough has to be overcome and this will probably limit the usefulness of this type of conveyor to a comparatively mod- erate length. Moreover, they are obviously inapplicable to con- veying materials containing lumps. They are considerably more costly than the ordinary scraper-conveyor, the cost varying ac- cording to the details of manufacture. Thus to install a recipro- cating conveyor 100 ft. long, capable of transporting 10 tons per hour of ore weighing 150 lbs. per cu. ft., would cost from $700 to $1,200 (actual quotations, with an allowance for cost of in- stallation). A 15-h. p. motor should be provided to drive. The capacity of this form of conveyor is determined by substantially the same factors as in the case of the scraper-conveyor. Another form of reciprocating conveyor consists of a light trough, supported or suspended in a suitable manner, to which a to-and-fro movement is imparted by suitable mechanism. This form of conveyor is not in general use, but the writer has seen it employed with good success for transports of several hundred feet, the entire installation being of the simplest construction. Obviously, however, it is suitable only for fine, dry material, or else a loose pulp. In either case, the forward travel of the CONVEYORS 157 material will depend upon the slope of the trough and the length and number of the jerks. The Wilfley conveyor, which is of this type, is used for the transport of wet concentrates, the motion of the trough being given by the same mechanism that is used for the "Wilfley table. A patented reciprocating trough-conveyor has the bottom of the trough made in a serrated form, so that at each jerk the material goes over a ledge and therefore attains a positive forward movement. Carrying 1 Conveyors. The conveyors of this type consist substantially of an endless belt, or a continuous chain of pans or buckets. There are numer- ous modifications of both forms. Belt Conveyor. The belt conveyor is essentially a band sup- ported on idlers and running over pulleys at either end, by one of which it is driven. A suitable arrangement at the other end serves to take up slack and keep the belt tight. The simplest conveyor of this type has a flat belt, which has to be quite wide in order to prevent material from spilling off. To obviate this, the belt is concaved, and to reduce the wear of the belt by being thus flexed it is manufactured in various ways. There is also a great variety in the composition of rubber employed and in the design of the supporting rollers. Rarely, a flat belt with side rims is run over plain rollers. i Irrespective of these modifications in design and construction, the belt conveyor is for many purposes the most efficient of all conveyors. It requires the least power to drive, save for the highly developed forms of continuous bucket conveyors; its first cost is moderate, and the expense for repairs and renewals is less than for any other form of approximately equal first cost. It is adapted to a great variety of uses, carrying ore up consid- erable inclines and at changes of angle, and has great capacity, but it has the drawback of inability to discharge at intervals, save by the use of a rather awkward and expensive tripper. It is possible, however, where electric power is available, to install a movable conveyor, run by a self-contained motor, and to cause the belt to discharge over the end into any one of a series of bins, by moving it forward or back; and the direction of the belt travel can be reversed. Thus, a line of bins 200 ft. long can be filled by a conveyor of a little more than half that length, the feed being received midway in the line of the bins. Sim- ilarly such self-contained conveyors can be constructed in port- able form and used for work about the yard, such as the loading of railway cars. These are things which can not be done so conveniently with any other type of conveyor. Moreover, this can be used as a sorting belt at the same time as a carrying belt, and in taking ore to breakers and rolls a magnet can be set over the belt to pick out drill points and other undesirable pieces of steel and iron. The rubber belt is quite durable and it may be reinforced on the wearing side by an extra layer of rubber, like elevator belts. 158 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT It is, however, unsuitable for carrying- ore from dryers, etc., which is of such temperature as to affect the rubber. The limit of rubber belting in this respect is soon reached (it would be unsafe to attempt to carry ore so hot as 150° C.) but in such cases the Leviathan or Gandy belts may be substituted. Such cotton-duck belts are, however, less durable against abrasion than the rubber. The capacity of a belt conveyor depends upon the width and speed of the belt and the weight of the material to be carried. If the belt is troughed it is safe to estimate that the load will cover one-half of the total width of the belt and that the depth in the center will be one-quarter of its own width. The cross- sectional area of the load (which may be considered as an in- verted triangle) multiplied by 12 will give the number of cubic inches of material per running foot of length, and from the weight of the material and speed of the belt the capacity may easily be calculated, but an allowance must be made for irregu- larity in feeding. A flat belt will carry only about one-third as much as a troughed one. A belt speed of about 300 ft. per min. is commonly used, but 450 ft. per min. is not excessive; belts have been observed to run smoothly at speed as high as 900 ft. per min., but. the wear on both the belt and the idlers was then excessive. A troughed 12-in. belt, run at 100 ft. per min., is able to carry 187.5 cu. ft. per hour, or 14 tons of ore weighing 150 lbs. per cu. ft., but to perform the duty that we have assumed for other conveyors in this article, viz., the transport of 10 tons per hour, we should install practically a 12-in. belt and run it at about 300 ft. per min. The cost of such a conveyor installed would be about $600 for a length of 100 ft. It would require about 3 to 3.5 h. p. to drive, assuming it to be properly installed. No gen- eral rule can be given for estimating the power required to drive a belt conveyor, which depends largely on the arrangement of the idlers. If they are too far apart the belt will sag down between them, increasing the load; if they are too near together the frictional resistance is increased. The greatest item of repairs in connection with a belt conveyor is the replacement of the belt, which is the most costly single piece of the apparatus. If the belt lasts five years the cost of repairs will come to about 12.5 per cent per annum; a belt life of only 2.5 years would mean a repair cost of about 20 per cent per annum. In a cer- tain large works where a good many belt conveyors are em- ployed the actual expense for repairs is not much more than 12.5 per cent per annum. Continuous Bucket Conveyor. The pan and bucket conveyors consist essentially of an endless chain of overlapping pans and buckets, which may be arranged in a great variety of ways. One of the simplest is the endless traveling trough conveyor (re- ferred to also as the open trough conveyor and apron conveyor), consisting of a series of overlapping sections of light sheet steel trough, which are secured on the under side of a heavy link-belt chain (or to a pair of chains) ; the chain passes over a sprocket CONVEYORS 159 at each end of the conveyor and the pans are supported on rollers attached to the frame. These conveyors are considerably more expensive than the belt conveyors. The first cost of a 12-in. conveyor of this type, which would have capacity for 10 tons of ore per hour, would be in the neighborhood of $11 to $12 per foot, installed. Ordinarily they have the disadvantage of being able to discharge only at the end, where the pans pass over the tail sprocket (although in the forms wherein the pans are car- ried between a pair of chains, they can be arranged to dump at intermediate points by having a dip in the rails) and in this respect are of more limited application than the belt conveyors; but on the other hand they are suitable for conveying hot ma- terial or substances that would injure a belt. Conveyors of this type, of heavy construction, are used at various places for the transportation of hot slag and when properly installed give good service. It is only a little step further to the casting and con- veying machines for pig iron and other metals. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT CRUSHERS Machines for crushing rock, ore and similar hard materials are in two usual forms. Jaw crushers and gyratory crushers. Jaw crushers are usually of smaller capacity than are gyratory crush- ers. The jaw crusher operates in general in the following manner: An eccentric shaft in revolving imparts a backward and for- ward movement to a lever arm whose fulcrum is at the outside end. At a point between the power end of this arm and the fulcrum is a "toggle" to which is imparted a forward and back- ward movement by the arm and which in turn imparts the same" movement to the lower end of a corrugated steel or cast iron crushing plate free at its lower and hinged at its upper end. Opposite this plate is a somewhat smaller fixed plate and the two together form the "jaws." By changing the toggle for a larger or smaller, the "set" or size of the opening at the bottom of the jaws is regulated, and thereby the size of the product. The "jaw opening" is the width by the length of the opening between the upper ends of the crushing plates and determines the great- est size of stone that can be introduced. The jaw crusher is of limited capacity, its product is not uni- form, and the machine itself is subject to frequent breakages due to the severe shocks it has to sustain. For these reasons the gyratory crusher was invented and is used wherever a uni- form product of great quantity is essential. The principal objec- tion to it is its non-portability. In this type of crusher a per- pendicular shaft, to which are fastened the inner crushing plates, revolves with an eccentric motion, inside of the stationary outer crushing plates. The actions of the inner jaw plates are both rolling and crushing. The horizontal distance apart of the lower ends of the concentric jaws determines the size of the product and is regulated by raising or lowering the inner jaw. JAW CBUSHERS CLIMAX ROCK CRUSHERS TABLE 91 Opening Capacity, Tons Weight, Not Mounted (Ins.) per Hour (Lbs.) Price 7 xl3 Small $ 425 8 xl5 10 to 15 MOO 465 9 x!6 12 to 18 7,000 570 10 x20 15 to 25 9,250 780 10%x22 15 to 30 15,500 860 12 x28 25 to 40 27,000 1,300 14 x28 50 1.430 CRUSHERS CHAMPION ROCK CRUSHERS TABLE 92 Jaw Type Opening Capacity, Tons Weight, Not Mounted (Ins.) per Hour (Lbs.) Price 7x13 8 to 12 5,500 $ 425 9x15 12 to 18 8,800 465 10x20 16 to 24 12,500 780 11x22 18 to 26 15,000 880 11x26 24 to 35 20,000 , 1.260 14x26 1,400 11x26 Heavy 2,620 The following are prices of crushers made in the middle west: TABLE 93 No. Jaw Opening, Inches Capacity Per Hour, Tons Approx. Weight, Lbs. Speed HP. Req. Price 8 9 10 11 8x16 9x18 • 10x22 11x26 10 to 15 10 to 20 16 to 25 24 to 30 7,500 8,500 11,500 13,500 300 300 280 275 12 15 20 25 $ 5^0 620 865 1,170 Crusher complete, mounted on trucks with heavy steel axles, and steel or wooden wheels, having an output of 15 to 30 tons per hour when the jaw (ll"xl8") is set at an opening of two inches (weight 10,100 lbs.) with an elevator 14 ft. long with folding device (weight 1,200 lbs.) and a screen, of the chute type of steel rods or perforated metal, costs $1,120. An 18 horsepower engine is necessary to operate it. The dimensions, weights, capacities, required power and prices of some of the smaller sizes of rock and ore breakers are here given: SAO 5-5° 2 >& lO^CS to bo cvd o u o ^ . ^cjO tobfl £os-, ~ - ©5 bo SK.S .S3 31 > •n >> ■ m OS OJB o$ V H § j5 K u KB 3 O m3 o .So- SB o> O fc-o 0) o o 02 Q a U £ 1% 32x12 400 14 to 21 $1,180 1% 36x14 375 22 to 30 1,550 2 40x16 350 28 to 45 2,030 ,XviGo u 11 11 2 2| 3 8x30 22,000 15 20 25 30 40 .. 10x38 32,800 .. 30 40 50 60 70 12x44 48,000 .... 50 70 80 90 Equipment suitable for use with the above crushers is as fol- lows: Screens: One 32"xl0' iron frame screen complete. Revo- lutions driving pulley, 55; size driving pulley, 42x8*4; approxi- mate horsepower, 6; weight, 5,900 lbs.; price $490; one 40"xl4' iron frame screen complete. Revolutions driving pulley, 45; size pulley, 54"xll%"; approximate horsepower, 10; weight, 9,250 pounds; price, $590. 162 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT ELEVATORS , — Buckets — s Weight, Size Gauge Lbs. Price With geared head, 50' centers 13x10 No. 14 4,650 $490 With geared head, 50' centers 16x11 No. 14 5,835 585 "Back Gear Driving Connection" is an arrangement for driving the elevator and screen, particularly used with the smaller sizes, and takes power from the breaker. Fig. 74. Geared Elevator, Left- Hand Driven. Countershaft. The cost of the iron work for one of these is about $50. CRUSHERS 163 Breakers suitable for general contracting use have the follow- ing capacities: •*&•£ '3°fl ^2-s-Sg ^ g e^-a& *« ft * ««£ «&t)G bJi dS, fli^fiH^Sf; d)H c ffl 'Jin g a) _,** s.Sp o- ftSo^^^gsS-Sft.s^ £-S o t: Q A £ U OQ OfrM « W ft 6x21 6x42 8,400 6 to 12 1% 24 8 450 7 to 12 $600 7x22 7x45 14,480 10 to 20 1% 28 10 425 10 to 16 $800 Equipment for above costs as follows: One 32x14 iron frame screen $420 One No. 3 elevator, 50' centers '. 445 One No. 3 back gear drive (iron work only) 40 Mounted crushers (small size only) cost about $350 extra. A portable crushing- and screening- plant consisting of 10x18 crusher, 17 ft. folding elevator, 30 inch by 9 ft. revolving screen and a 15-ton portable bin costs $1,575 complete. This plant with a 9x16 crusher costs $1,385 and a 20 horsepower traction engine is necessary to operate it. The following is the estimated cost of a complete portable crusher and plant for macadam road building. 1 crusher, 9x15", with rotary screen.... $1,000.00 Portable bins 200.00 1 15-H. P. engine 200.00 1 20-H. P. boiler 600.00 12 wheel scrapers 500.00 12 drag scrapers, shovels and picks 100.00 . 2 graders 100.00 2 steam drills 500.00 1 15-H. P. boiler for drills 400.00 Water and steam pipes, quarry tools, etc 300.00 1 sprinkling wagon 500.00 ~t 10-ton steam roller 2,500.00 Total $6,900.00 ROTARY CRUSHER Approx. "Weight to s s S > S * s .5 aft M « 5 * 2 ftp, s- o O u £ « a &D +j bu r> - 1 13x18 1 to 6 6 to 10 300 24x 8 6'7" 3' 2" 2' 4,000 4,700 2 18x28 8 to 15 15 to 20 250 30x12 8'8" 3'10" 7'2£" 9,000 10,500 3 26x35 15 to 35 25 to 30 250 36x16 lO'O" 5' 3" 10'5 " 20,000 22,000 Prices: No. 1, $360; No. 2, $810; No. 3, $1,810. 164 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The cost of moving a 9x15 crusher plant with non-portable bin a few miles and setting up ready for crushing is about $75 under average conditions. Repairs. In crushing 224,203 tons of rock in 1886-7 an average of eight sets of crusher apparatus being in operation, the follow- ing new parts were required. 12 levers .' . . @ $25.00 $300.00 9 jaw plates @ 15.50 139.50 12 jaw plates @ 12.00 144.00 Toggles, check plates and sundries 247.80 Total $831.30 or an average of about $100 per crusher. This does not include babbitting the bearing or labor of making repairs. Repairs for Bolls. 7 pairs tires @ $120 $ 840.00 Gear wheels and pinions 335.00 Total $1,175.00 or about $147 for each pair of rolls. The tires of the rolls used for coarse crushing are not turned when worn, but are re- placed by new ones. For the screens 21 sets of perforated plates @ $60.75 = $1,275.75 were required, or an average of 2.6 sets per year per screen. The average life of the wearing parts of a jaw crusher is therefore about eight months; a set of screen plates about four months. In Camp's "Notes on Track" there is a description of a crush- ing plant installed by the Pennsylvania railroad for the crushing of track ballast. It consisted of a gyratory crusher of 40 to 50 cubic yards per hour capacity and a smaller auxiliary crusher. The stone from a large crusher was taken by a belt conveyor to a revolving plate screen 12 feet long by 4% feet in diamete^ divided into three sections having one-inch, two-inch, three-inch holes. On the outside of the one-inch hole screen was an auxili- ary screen of %-inch mesh. The rejected material was led through a chute to the smaller crusher whence it was again conveyed to the screens. After the stone had been screened it dropped into four bins. The products of the stone were 17 per cent screenings, 8 per cent %-inch stone, 33 per cent 1%- inch stone, 42 per cent 2 %-inch stone. From the bins the mate- rial was chuted directly into cars. This plant was operated by a 150-horsepower engine. The labor necessary consisted of one fireman, one oiler and four laborers whose total wages per hour were $1.19%. The repairs and renewal of broken parts cost $500 for four hundred working hours. The Dolese & Shepard Company of Chicago have, estimated the life of their new stone crushing plant at twenty years with 5 per cent annual depreciation. They have found from experience that repairs to crushers cost 5 per cent annually, repairs to screens and conveyors 15 per cent. The large size stone wears CRUSHERS 165 the screens and conveyors much more rapidly than the small size stone. For example, the screen for No. 9 crushers had to be re- newed in nine months, whereas the other screens had been in service eight months and showed no wear. The Illinois Stone Company, at Lemont, 111., has a stone-crush- ing plant with a capacity of 700 cu. yds. in 10 hours. The plant is a timber structure and cars are hauled up a short incline to the main crusher where they are dumped automatically. The stone passes through a No. 7% and two No. 4y 2 gyratory crushers, and 3-ft. cylindrical screens of sizes from % in. to y 2 in. The original cost of the machinery, the three crushers, screen, belts, etc., was $23,000. The cost of repairs given below is for new parts and does not include the labor of making repairs. First Year $1,900.00 Second Year 600.00 Third, Fourth and Fifth Years 1,400.00 Total for Five Years $3,900.00 Average per Year $780.00 The % in. steel plates have been replaced about twice a year. DISC CRUSHER A third type of crusher is of the disc pattern (see Fig. 75). This was not employed in ordinary hard rock work until 1909, but is now coming into use. It is especially useful for crush- A and 8 are Crush/no Fig. 75. Symons Disc Crusher. ing the tailings of gyratory crushers and for breaking gravel or boulders. It can be quickly adjusted to crush any size of product between ft in. and 3 in. The crushing is done by the two discs of manganese steel, which are dish-shaped and are set with their hollow sides facing each other, and at an inclination towards each other. Both discs rotate in the same direction at the same speed. When the stone 166 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT is fed through a central feed opening it is thrown by centrifugal force into that part of the hollow where the discs are wide apart. It is then carried around with them to where they are close together and is thereby crushed. The small pieces fly out from between the discs while the large particles are caught again and the operation repeated. TABLE OF SIZES AND WEIGHTS Approx. Min. Exit Size Shipping Wt. Opening for of Crusher Lbs. H. P. Required Best Results Price 48" 30,000 50 to 65 1 " $3,000 36" 19,000 30 to 40 %" 2,150 24" 8.50O 18 to 25 y 2 " 1.250 18" 5,600 12 to IS %" 950 13" 3,000 10 to 15 Yi" 600 LISTED CAPACITY IN TONS PER HOUR Size Crusher Size Ring Tons per Hour Size Crusher Size Ring Tons per Hour 4S" 1 45 to 70 24" 1% 25 to 30 48" 2% 85 to 100 18" 5 to 8 36" % 25 to 30 18" 1 12 to 15 36" 2 50 to 60 13" Vi 4 to 5 24" % 12 to 15 13" % 8 to 10 ESTIMATED COST OF QUARRY PLANT, GABBRO The following estimated cost of constructing and operating a quarry plant suitable for manufacturing ballast for railroads, is obtained from the Proceedings of the American Railway En- gineering and Maintenance of Way Association, 1909. Cost of Plant. From published figures, the cost of building a plant of 1,000 tons daily capacity, and its cost of operation to quarry, is as follows: Capacity, 1,000 tons daily 300,000 tons annually 900 cu. yds. trap per 10 hour day 270,000 cu. yds. annually Crushers, 4, 250-ton Farrell, at $1,250 $ 5,000 Engines, 4, 60 H. P., 14x12 at $500 2,000 Foundations 100 Belting, 13", 200 ft. at $2.75 550 Boilers, 2, 200 H. P. and setting 7,500 Steam fittings 4,000 Boiler house 2,500 Engine house 1,500 Stack 2,000 Scales, 60 ft., including foundations and timber 1,225 Bins 600 Elevators with platforms, 4 at $1,500 (for tailings) 6,000 Pump for water supply, 5,500 gallons per hour 200 Tank, 50,000 gallons 1,200 Steam drills with tripods connecting hose, 20 at $245.... 4,900 Screens, rotary, 54", 4 at $950 3,800 Small tools, forges, bars, wedges, hammers etc 1,200 Derrick, small stiff leg 150 Total $ 44,425 Contingencies, 8 per cent 3,553 $ 47,978 Land, 50 acres at $150 per acre 7,500 Cable railway and dump cars for haul to crusher, this being a varying item as quarry is worked 5,000 Total cost of quarry $ 60,478 CRUSHERS 167 COST OF OPERATION OF QUARRY PLANT, GABBRO 18 drillers at $3 per day, 300 days $ 16,200 IS helpers at $1.75 per day, 300 days 9,450 3 blacksmiths at $3 per day, 300 days 2,700 50 bar-sledgers at $1.75 per day, 300 days 26,250 60 coal loaders at $1.75 per day, 300 days [1,E00 8 crusher men at $1.75 per day, 300 days 4,200 1 quarry boss at $5 per day, 300 days 1,500 1 fireman at $2.50 per day, 300 days 750 1 engineer at $3 per day, 300 days 900 4 bin men at $1.75 per day, 300 days 2,100 .1 scale man at $2 per day, 300 days. 600 1 carpenter at $3 per day, 300 days 900 10 laborers at $1.75 per day, 300 days 5,250 1 clerk at $7TpO per year 750 Fuel, 2,700 tons of coal at $2.70 7,290 Oil waste, etc 500 Dynamite, 7 lbs. per cu. yd.; 270,000 cu. yds. — 189,000 lbs. at 15c 28,350 Drill repairs, 1 machinist at $4 1,200 1 heluer at $2.50 750 Supplies at $1.25 per month per drill 270 Blacksmiths included above ... Total $141,410 4 per cent on first cost of plant $2,418 10 per cent depreciation on machinery, except crushers 2,160 16% per cent depreciation on crushers 833 5,411 $146,821 Contingencies, 8 per cent 11,750 $158,571 This shows a cost per yard of 59 cents. 168 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Outputs of Stone Crushers. Very little has appeared in print regarding the outputs of stone crushers, and accordingly the accompanying table showing the actual output of a number of stone crushers may be of interest: (1) (2) (3) (4) \B < *r & £ Size of crusher 7 % ... Size of broken stone, inches 2% 2%, 1^,1% 2% 2f and screenings Number of men feeding crusher. ... 2 1 22 Output in cu. yds. per 100 hours.. 300 600 360 80 to 120 Aver, output in cu. yds. per 10 hrs.300 600 450* Best output in cu. yds. per 10 hours. 450 750 500* * Tons, f Nothing larger than will pass a 2 in. screen. (1) Information furnished by the Breckenridge . Stone Co., Breckenridge, Minn. The rock was a limestone. In addition to the two men feeding the crusher, about 45 others were employed by the company on other work about the crusher and quarry. (2) Information furnished by the Lake Shore Stone Co., of Bel- gium, Wis. The rock was a very hard dolomite limestone. The "one man" referred to in the table keeps the stone from "bridg- ing" and keeps the hopper free. In addition, 44 men were em- ployed loading stone into cars going to the crushers. (3) In- formation furnished by the Elk Cement & Lime Co., Petoskey, Mich. The crushers were side by side, the Gates being used for rejections. The rock was a hard limestone. The size of broken stone from the crusher ran up to 2y 2 in. (4) Information fur- nished by Holmes & Kunneke, Columbus, O. The rock was a hard limestone. COST OF OPERATING A STONE CRUSHING PLANT BY CITY EMPLOYEES POP. THREE AND ONE-HALF MONTHS, BOSTON, MASS. The Boston Finance Commission, in 1908, made a statement to the effect that in 12 years the city of Boston had wasted $1,000,000 by operating its own stone crushing plants instead of buying crushed stone from contractors for street work. Upon the request of certain city employees who professed confidence in their ability to turn this tide of extravagance, the mayor promised that for a limited time one crushing plant would be placed at their disposal to demonstrate their claims. The em- ployees chose for the experiment the Church Hill Ave. plant and the Boston Finance Commission placed the work of recording the results in the hands of its engineers, Metcalf & Eddy, of Boston. The full report of the engineers is given in Vol. III. of CRUSHERS 169 Finance Commission's report recently made public and from this I take the following- data: The crusher plant occupies an area of 570,000 sq. ft., pur- chased in 1882 for $30,000 and having an assessed value in 1907 of $79,800. The tract is used in part for other than quarrying and crushing purposes. The plant consists mainly of a 30xl3-in. Farrel crusher, a 72xl6-in. Atlas engine, a 66-in. x 17-ft. tubular boiler, the usual elevators, bins, extra parts and tools, and of three large and one baby steam drills. The estimated cost of the plant was $16,653; interest was calculated at 4 per cent and de- preciation at 6.75 per cent annually, which gives an amount of $1,791 which in the costs following was applied on a monthly basis. The charge for steam drills is based on a rental of 50 cts. per working day. Force Employed. The force employed, with wages, was in gen- eral as follows: Labor at Ledge: PerDav 1 sub-foreman at $3.50 $ 3.50 1 blacksmith at $3 3.00 1 blacksmith's helper at $2.25 2.25 3 steam drillers at $2.25 6.75 3 steam drillers' helpers at $2.25 6.75 10 stone breakers at $2.25 22.50 5 hand drillers at. $2.25 13.25 1 powderman at $2.25 2.25 9 loaders at $2.25 20.25 Total $ 78.50 Labor at Crusher: 1 engineer at $3.50 $ 3.50 1 fireman at $3.25 3.25 1 weigher at $3.50 3.50 1 oiler at $2.25 2.25 3 feeders at $2.25 6.75 1 pitman at $2.25 2.25 Total $ 21.50 Teaming: 6 single teams at $3.50 $ 21.00 Total $121.00 The force consisted largely of men who were in some degree skilled in rock work. The majority of the men were young and all were vigorous and skilled to such an extent that the force as a whole was skillful and efficient. There was a marked lack of interest on the part of some of the employees, which undoubt- edly had its effect in reducing the amount of work done con- siderably below the amount which would be done under contract conditions; on the other hand, it should be stated that some of the men took a lively interest in the work and did their full duty. Preparatory Work. To put the plant in condition for the test there were expended the following amounts: Items Cost Labor $207.51 Teaming 7.50 Materials 38.34 Total $253.35 170 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT This made a charge of $0,028 per ton of output during the test run. There were also $68.44 expended on repairs to scales which, being permanent repairs, were not charged to the test; they amount to a charge of $0.0076 or about % ct. per ton of output. To house and prepare plant and tools for the winter after the con- clusion of the test run cost $18 or $0,002 per ton of output. Method of Operation. The quarry was first stripped of the earth overlying the ledge, after which holes were drilled in the rock by means of steam drills. These holes were loaded with dynamite and exploded, thus throwing out great quantities of stone. Much of the stone thus thrown out was in large blocks, ' which required breaking before they could be put into the crusher. In some cases this could be done by sledging and in other cases holes were drilled in them by means of a baby steam drill and hand drills, and the blocks cracked by use of dynamite. The stone thus prepared for the crusher was hauled to the loading platform, where it was dumped into the crusher and upon the platform. Men were stationed on the platform to feed the rock into the crusher. After passing through the crusher the broken stone was delivered by elevator to a revolving screen where it was separated into two grades; the very fine, or' dust, being conveyed to one set of bins and the cracked stone to another set. These bins hold approximately 400 tons; and when the demand for stone for use upon the streets was not equal to the output of the crusher, and the bins were full, it became necessary to haul the balance of the output to a pile in the yard — about 2,259 tons of broken stone and 194 tons of dust being stored in the yard for this reason. There was a misunderstanding with regard to hauling of stone from the bins to the pile in the yard, which caused a slight delay on July 1, 2 and 3, during a portion of which time the crusher was shut down. This delay amounted in the aggregate to not over two days of crusher service, during whicl^ time the quarrying was proceeding as usual. After July 3 there was no appreciable delay on account of causes beyond the control of the foreman, except such occasional delays as are inevitable upon such work due to temporary disablement of the plant. In this connection it should be noted that the capacity of the bins being only about 400 tons, they were sufficient only for about 2% days output of the crusher as it was operated. The normal capacity of the crusher is claimed by the manufacturers to be about 250 tons per day, while the maximum output for any one day during this test was 225 tons. During three weeks in July, three drills were operated, but this was found to be inadvisable because the force of laborers was unable to handle the rock as fast as it was blown out. Periods of Operation. The results of this test have been di- vided into three periods, so that the comparative progress from time to time can be noted, as well as any improvement in the cost of operation. The dates of closing these periods were so selected that the amount of uncrushed stone which had been CRUSHERS 171 quarried was comparatively small, being in no case in excess of 200 tons. First Period — The first period was from May 28 to July 13, inclusive, but included only that drilling and blacksmithing done up to July 6, inclusive, which corresponded to the output of the first period. The work and expense of this period may be sum- marized as follows: Work Done: Stripping removed 174 tons Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drills 1,069.5 ft. Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of period (esti- mated) 200 tons Broken stone ready for crusher at end of period none Total output of crushed stone during this period 1,651 tons Cost: Labor and teaming per ton of output $1.21 Materials used per ton of output ., 0.11 Total cost per ton of output $1.32 In this summary, as in the summaries of the other periods, no account is taken of interest, depreciation or rental of plant, and certain general items of expense, or a few incidental supplies. The final summary covering the entire period, however, includes all of these expenses. It should be noted, in the consideration of the first period, that the cost per ton of output includes all of the preliminary work, which amounted to approximately $0.15 per ton of the output of this period. Deducting the cost of the preliminary work from the cost per ton of output, $1.32, for the first period leaves the net cost for this period $1.17 per ton, which cost can be compared with similar costs for the second and third periods. Second Period — The second period extended from July 14 to 11 a. m. of July 21, inclusive, and includes the drilling and blacksmithing applicable to this period. The work and expense of the second period may be summarized as follows: « Work Done: Stripping removed 85 tons Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drills 402.7 ft. Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of period (esti- mated) 50 tons Broken stone ready for crusher at expiration of period none Total output of crushed stone during this period 906 tons Cost: Labor and teaming per ton of output $0.80 Materials used 0.08 Total cost per ton of output % $0.88 Third Period — The third period extended from 11 a. m. of July 21 to September 10, inclusive, and final date of the test. The work and expense of the third period may be summarized as follows: 172 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Work Done: Stripping- removed 125 tons Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drills 2,087.9 ft. Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of period (esti- mated) 200 tons Broken stone ready for crusher at expiration of period none Total output of crushed stone during this period 6,397 tons Cost: Labor and teaming per ton of output $0.76 Materials used 0.08 Total cost per ton of output $0.84 It should be noted that the cost per ton of output during the third period was very close to that of the second period. The reduction in cost of stone crushed during the second and third periods below that of the first period, after deducting the cost of preparatory work, shows the result of the experience acquired by the force and improvement in organization. Results of Entire Test. As already stated, the duration of this test was from May 28 to September 10, inclusive. The details of the cost of this test are given in Table B. The work accom- plished during the test may be summarized as follows: Work Done: Stripping removed (a large part of the stripping had been done prior to the beginning of this test and is not included herein) 384 tons Holes drilled (2%-in. diameter) by steam drill 4,160.1 ft. Unbroken stone on hand at beginning of test none Unbroken stone on hand at expiration of test (esti- mated) 200 tons Broken stone ready for crusher at expiration of test. none Broken stone on hand at expiration of test none Total output of crushed stone during test: Dust 1,970 tons (22 per cent) Stone 6,983 tons (78 per cent) Total • 8,953 tons The cost to the city of producing the 8,953 tons of crushed stone, exclusive of $68.44 paid for permanent repairs to the scales, may be summarized as follows: Cost: Per Ton Labor and teaming $0,881 Material used 0.106 Interest, depreciation and rental of tools and machinery.. 0.069 Estimated equivalent cost of stripping done prior to begin- ning of test 0.025 Total cost $1,081 Less cost of quarrying 200 tons of unbroken stone remain- ing at expiration of test 0.006 Net cost of crushed stone produced $1,075 The major items of the foregoing summary may be subdivided into a comparatively small number of items which will show the cost of the various parts of the process of preparing crushed stone. (See Table A.) CRUSHERS 173 TABLE A — SUMMARY SHOWING APPROXIMATE DISTRIBU- TION OF EXPENSES AT CHESTNUT HILL AVENUE CRUSHER gi si o OO O O (k Quarrying and breaking ($50 having been deducted on account of un- broken rock remaining at the end of test.) $4,263.27 $0,476 44.3 Stripping 244.54 .027 2.5 Stripping done prior to test (estimated) 223.83 .025 2.3 Loading and delivery to crusher 1,980.99 .221 20.5 Crushing: Operation (including feeding crusher) . . 1,255.89 .140 13.0 Interest and depreciation on plant (3 months at $149.25 per month) 447.75 .050 4.7 Special expenses: Weighing stone 181.57 .020 1.9 Weighing stripping 19.67 .002 0.2 Hauling bins to pile (2,453 tons) 281.15 .032 3.0 Holidays 705.75 .079 7.3 Absent with pay 27.58 .003 0.3 Total charged to output $9,631.99 $1,075 100.0 Permanent repairs to scales 68.44 Total cost of test " $9,700.43 * Output equals 8,953 tons of crushed stone (including dust). These units may be grouped as follows: Quarrying and breaking $0,749 Crushing 0.244 Holidays and absent with pay 0.082 Total $1,075 Distribution of Cost of Foreman, Engineer, Fireman and Coal. The foreman devoted his time almost wholly to the work of quar- rying and breaking the rock for the crusher, and only a small portion to the operation of the crusher. We have, therefore, charged 30 per cent of his time to the quarrying, 60 per cent to the breaking and 10 per cent to the crushing. The steam for running the steam drills was furnished from the boiler, which constituted a part of the crusher plant. This boiler was under the general direction of the engineer and was cared for by a fireman. We have not charged any portion of the time of the engineer to quarrying, but have charged one-half of the time of the fireman as well as one-half the cost of the coal used. Stripping. In certain places the ledge was covered with a layer of earth, which it was necessary either to remove before blasting or separate from the^stones after blasting. A portion of this material had been removed from the ledge prior to the beginning of this test. The quantity of stripping removed dur- 174 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT ing the experimental run was 384 tons, and our estimate of the amount which was moved prior to the beginning of the run (the cost of which should be charged against this experiment) would be 350 tons, or an amount nearly equal to that removed during the test. The cost of stripping done during the test was $0,637 per ton of soil stripped from the surface of the ledge. At this rate, the stripping done prior to the test would have cost $222.95 had it been done by the same force as a part of the experiment. This estimated cost of preliminary stripping amounts to $0,025 per ton of output. Allowance for Rock Quarried but Not Blasted. As already stated there was no quarried rock on hand at the beginning of the test, but there was a quantity of about 200 tons remaining at its close. This should, of course, be credited to the experi- ment, which has been done by deducting the cost of quarrying it from the entire cost of the experiment. The cost of quarry- ing, including stripping, was about $0.25 per ton of rock quar- ried (8,953 tons of output + 200 tons unbroken rock = 9,153 tons quarried). The cost of quarrying 200 tons was therefore $50, which amounts to $0,005 per ton of output, which has been de- ducted from the total cost of output. Resume of Results of Test. This test has covered a period of time sufficiently great to demonstrate with accuracy the cost of producing crushed stone at the Chestnut Hill avenue crusher by day labor, under the conditions of the test. The force apparently consisted of men skillful and competent as could be selected from the entire organization of the division, and certainly gave evi- dence of being reasonably skillful and able-bodied. So far as could be seen the foreman in charge of the work was given an absolutely free hand to organize his force as he deemed best, and to adopt such methods of handling the work as he might desire. With very slight and unimportant exceptions he was fur- nished with tools and supplies promptly, so that there is no rea- son to think that the output could have been increased by the improvement of conditions depending upon the co-operation of his superior officers in the Street Department. The net result of this test appears to be that the crushed stone was produced at a cost to the city of $1,075 per ton. These figures make no allow- ance for the cost of the quarry to the city, or the cost of ad- ministration and clerical services at the office, the latter of which is estimated at $0.05 per ton of output. This experiment has been carried out under the very best of conditions. The quarry and crusher selected was the most favor- able of any which the city has worked in the past, and pro- duced crushed stone in 1905 more cheaply than any other crusher. During that year each of five crushers produced more than 30,000 tons of broken stone — the Bleiler, Centre Street, Chestnut Hill Avenue, Codman Street and Columbia Road crushers. Of these the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher yielded the smallest out- put, although the cost per ton of crushed stone, $1,148 was lower than that of any of the others. The cost of producing crushed stone during the test was therefore reduced less than $0.08 below CRUSHERS 175 the cost of producing crushed stone at this crusher during the year 1905. We have already called attention to the marked increase in efficiency of the force employed at the crusher during the second and third periods of the experiment. It is reasonable to inquire what the cost of the output would have been had all the work been done with the same . efficiency. Such an estimate may be obtained by adding the cost of interest and depreciation, rental of machinery and tools, temporary repairs, and the stripping done before the beginning of the test, to the cost of any particular period, or an assumed cost. These items amount to over' $0.10 per ton of output, so that it is reasonable to estimate the cost of operating the crusher at $0.95 to $1 per ton of output, based upon the efficiency attained during the second and third periods. This estimate, as in all other cases, does not include any charge on account of administration or office expense, nor does it include any charge for the cost of owning and maintaining the quarry. Comparison with Market Pricels of Crushed Stone. According to the report upon stone crushers already cited, the market price of crushed stone f. o. b. cars at the crusher is 50 cts. per net ton. While it is not possible to determine accurately the market price of crushed stone f.> o. b. cars Boston, under a contract simi- lar to one which the city might negotiate, an estimate was given in the report, from which we have just quoted, amounting to $1 per ton f. o. b. cars, or $1.10 loaded upon wagons ready for hauling to the streets. It thus appears that the cost of crushed stone produced during this test was more than twice that of crushed stone f. o. b. cars at the crusher of a private corporation, or more than twice the price for which it could be produced at the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher by a contractor, and that the cost was about $0,025 less than the estimated contract price of crushed stone purchased in the local market and loaded upon wagons fh Boston. These figures include no part of administra- tion or office expenses, and no portion of the cost to the city of owning and maintaining the quarry. The administration and of- fice expense would doubtless amount to as much as $0.05 per ton of output, but we are not in position to make any estimate of the cost to the city of owning and maintaining the quarry. We made the statement that the cost of crushed stone produced during the test was more than twice the price for which it could be produced at the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher by con- tract, upon the assumption that conditions could be the same at this crusher as at the large commercial crushers in use. As we understand the law, a contractor producing stone at this crusher for the use of the city woujd be obliged to confine the hours of labor to an eight-hour day, which would materially increase the cost of his work. It is also probable that the city would find it impracticable to take the maximum output of the crusher at all times, which would also be an important factor in the cost of operating this plant. As stated in our report, the companies furnishing crushed stone within reasonable railroad distances of Boston appear to be very 176 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT willing to dispose of their product at 50 cents per ton f. o. b. cars at crusher. We have one instance where crushed stone of one size (not the run of the crusher) was furnished at a cost Of 55 cents per yard, or about 44 cents per ton delivered in place, including more or less freight expense. Obviously this stone was sold at a price at least as low as 40 cents per ton at crusher. It should be borne in mind, however, that these plants are very large ones, much larger than the Chestnut Hill Avenue crusher. We have obtained the following data relating to the cost of operating a small temporary crushing plant on a trap rock quarry from. April to October, 1906. The crusher was a 10% by 18 inch Acme — a smaller outfit than that in use at Chestnut Hill Avenue. The cost of producing the stone is given in detail in the following table: Cost Cost per Ton Picking or drilling $1,165.08 $0.0628 Breaking 1,937.23 .1042 Loading j 1,843.99 .0994 Hauling 800.00 .0432 Crushing 1,229.73 .0662 Superintendence 437.10 .0235 Coal, oil, etc 520.00 .0280 Dynamite and exploders 416.00 .0224 Total $8,349.13 $0.4497 Plant rental ($210 per mo.) .07,92 $0.5289 It appears from the foregoing table that the total amount of stone, 18,559 tons, was quarried and crushed for 45 cts. per ton, not including rental of plant. The rental of plant — actually a rented plant — was $0.0792, which added to 45 cents would make a total cost of 53 cfents per ton. It is important to note that during the test run of the Chest- nut Hill Avenue crusher, the average output was 120 .tons per day for three months (75 days) of actual operation of crusher. The nominal capacity of the crusher being 240 tons, it appears that the output was just one-half of the capacity. Under good management there should be no difficulty in turning out 240 tons of stone per day, and this could have been turned out during the test run without materially increasing the expense of the output, except for the cost of quarrying and breaking. These items would have been materially increased if the methods, discipline and character of labor remained the same. In considering this subject, it should be borne in mind that i there is not sufficient rock available at this location to warrant the establishment of a very large crushing plant. There is probably stone enough to supply the present crushing plant for a period of three or four years. (This is only a rough guess be- cause no measurements have been taken upon which to base an opinion.) From a further consideration of the statement in our report, which we have quoted above, we are of the opinion that a con- tractor might produce crushed stone at the Chestnut Hill Avenue CRUSHERS 177 crusher for about one-half of the cost of crushing stone during the test run. This, however, would probably not include the contractor's profit, and would necessitate his having an abundant market which would enable him to work the plant to its maxi- mum capacity. It is not probable that the city could let this, work to a contractor for a sum as low as one-half the cost of the output during the test run for the reasons already given. Cost of Hauling Crushed Stone to the Streets. An examina- tion of the teaming checks covering a period of about three weeks, a portion of which Was during and a portion after this test, showed that the cost of delivering stone amounted to about $0.40 per ton for the first mile, and about $0.10 per ton for each additional mile. Thus, with stone costing $1,075 per ton in the bin, the total cost to the city of such stone delivered to the street, at a distance of one mile from the crusher, would be $1,475 per ton, or at a point two miles from the crusher, $1,575 per ton. For comparison with contract prices, this figure should be increased by the amount of the cost of purchasing and main- taining the quarry and the proportionate cost of administration and office forces, not only on account of the quarrying and crush- ing, but also on account of teaming. TABLE B— DATA ON COST OF OPERATING STONE CRUSHER AT CHESTNUT HILL AVENUE LEDGE, BRIGHTON, MASS., FROM MAT 28 TO SEPTEMBER 10, 1908, INCLUSIVE Cost per ton figured Item Total cost on output Labor: Supervision (foreman): Quarrying and breaking 90 per cent $ 253.58 $0,028 Crushing, 10 per cent 28.17 0.003 Buildings 93.36 0.010 Installing drilling plant 77.21 0.009 Removing and storing drilling plant 18.00 0.002 Operating drills 453.95 0.051 Furnishing steam for operating steam drills. . 114.16 0.013 Cleaning rock for drills and moving same... 100.66 0.011 Blacksmith on ledge tools and pipe fittings.. 382.57 0.043 Blasting and care of explosives 182.29 0.020 Breaking stone 1,362.42 0.152 Hand drilling (block holes) 515.55 0.058 Loading stone 1,010.87 0.113 Removing and loading stripping 124.00 0.014 Weighing stone 181.57 0.020 Weighing stripping 19.67 0.002 Feeding crusher 331.61 0.037 Crusher operation (engineer, fireman, oiler and pitman) 539.74 0.060 Crusher repairs 55.54 0.006 Absent with pay 27.58 0.003 Holidays 705.75 0.079 Teaming: Buildings 4.50 0.001 Drilling plant 3.00 0.000 Hauling stone to crusher 929.28 0.104 Hauling stripping 111.47 0.012 Hauling product to pile 281.15 0.031 Total $7,907.65 $0,882 03 WJ3 OOCM r-lO ooooo ooooo lOOMfflOO COMt-HUJOOONtlOH i !£> 00 M CO oq Hmtot-rtCOOMtOIfiH '^oiwOO CNOcOCOOOOCOtDOrHCD O O O C- t- o o pqpq'f +»* J *^ P* C C fl +j *> jj o ■. t-J « SmopemoK fit |Ss"2 , jh tn b/)bobo ^C +j+->j-»0-'-j 0) CD <1> CD "4-J ggg-3gcSoooc5§ , ^ft^sS-s: 178 OlOO ooo si ooo oo rINHMCOOlOO 03 05 U5 CO 3 o CD tDI0MP3OO^(D O 35* oc- 1G>© U5 03 60- OS 99- w CD 53 a> B^ ° Ol00)l>0000 o Be B B fi 3 ™ -

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Tons per Hour Between 36 and 12 and 3 and 1% in 12 in. 3 in. l%in. and under Run in mine 55 40 15 15 Feed to first crusher 55 Product of first crusher 30 15 10 Feed to second crusher 70 Product of second crusher . . . Feed to third crusher Product of third crusher .. .. 60 In asking for estimates on crusher plants, the following in- formation should be given the manufacturer: The nature of the material to be crushed. Tons or cubic yards to be crushed per day of ten hours. Sizes into which the material is to be screened. The different sizes to be obtained. Storage capacity for crushed stone desired. (This information will enable the determination of the proper length of elevator if one is needed.) Whether power plant is wanted. (If so, kind of power preferred, steam or electrical. If elec- trical, advise whether direct or alternating current, and voltage, phase and cycle.) System of delivering rock to the crusher best fitted to local conditions: A — Incline and automatic dump cars. B — Level with end dump cars and tipple. C — Level with side dump cars. D — Incline chute.' E — Incline track. F — Dump cars on tramway. G — Horse and cart. Give an idea as to the character of the ground in the proposed location; whether level or on a hillside. If on a hillside, give approximately the grade with a rough sketch of the site, if pos- sible, showing the position of the quarry relative to the plant and the position of railroad tracks. Answers to the above questions, together with such other sug- gestions and directions as may be offered by a prospective cus- tomer, will facilitate very much the preparation of plans and the selection of appropriate machinery for the plant. DERRICKS LIGHT DITCH DERRICK 3"x4" spruce, 12' high, with drum, gear and cranks $50.00 4" square spruce, 14' high 60.00 3 leg tripods, 12' high, no gear 16.00 3 leg tripods, 14' high, no gear 18.00 All ironed and painted. No rope or block. Fig. 76. TRIPOD DERRICK OP PIPE AND DROP FORGED FITTINGS Size of No. pipe legs Weight Safe capacity Price 1 1 "x 7 ' 38 lbs. 1000 lbs $ 3.75 2 1 "x 8%' 45 lbs. 1000 lbs 4.10 3 l^"xl0 ' 88 lbs. 2000 lbs 6.75 4 1 % "xl2 ' 100 lbs. 2000 lbs 7.50 5 2 "xl2 ' 145 lbs. 3000 lbs 10.50 6 2 "xl4 ' 165 lbs. 3000 lbs 11.50 Sulky derrick about 15' high. One man, one ton, with brake, blocks and 50' of 1 / £" steel wire rope or 100' of 1" manila rope. Weight, 3,500 lbs. Price, $60.00. See Fig. 76. 190 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT LIGHT DERRICKS WITH WINCHES OPERATED BY HAND POWER Fig. 78. These can also be operated by an engine and can be set upon a small car. Fitted with manilla rope for light work. Sheaves arranged for three lines in the boom tackle and two lines in the hoisting tackle. Fig. 77. Plant for Loading Earth. 1 Derrick, 1500 lbs. capacity with 18' mast and 18' boom.. $46. 50 100' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for boom line, at 4c ft 4.00 150' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for fall line, at 4c ft. .'. 6.00 300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines at 5c ft 15.00 3 7" single wood blocks for hoist and boom line, at 75c 2,25 1 boom winch, used for operating the boom 12.00 Total $85.75 Same outfit with 16' mast and 16' boom $85.25 Same outfit with 14' mast and 14' boom 84.75 Same outfit with 12' mast and 12' boom 84.25 1 light car, 4'x6', with flat wheels, complete 25.00 1 No. 1 light car, 4'x6', with flanged wheels, complete...... 28.00 All derrick irons for derrick (no rope, blocks, boom winch or timbers, but with drawings for mast and boom) 31.50 DERRICKS 191 FITTED WITH STEEL HOISTING CABLES FOR HEAVY WORK Sheaves arranged for three lines in the boom tackle and three lines in the hoisting tackle. Fig. 78. Parker Derrick No. 4 — Hand Power. * 1 Derrick, capacity 1500 lbs., with 18' mast and 18' boom..} 46.50 100' of %* best flexible steel cable, estimated for boom line at 7c ft 7.00 200' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for fall line at 7c ft 14.00 300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines at 5c 15.00 3 8" single steel blocks for %" cable, with plain hooks, at $4.50 13.50 1 8" single steel block for %" cable, with swivel hook... 9.00 4 %" Crosby clips, at 20c 80 2 %" galvanized thimbles, at 10c 20 1 No. 1 boom winch, used for operating the boom 12.00 Total $118.00 Same outfit with 1 6' mast and 16' boom $118.00 Same outfit with 14' mast and 14' boom 117.50 Same outfit with 12' mast and 12' boom 116.50 1 Light car, 4'x6', with flat wheels, complete 25.00 1 Light car, 4'x6', with flanged wheels, complete 28.00 192 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT All derrick irons for derrick (no rope, block, boom winch or timbers, but with drawings for mast and boom) $; 31.50 Price of two wooden stiff legs (complete) to take the place of 4 guy lines 15.00 Price of two wooden stiff legs (irons only) to take the place of 4 guy lines 10.00 2 single sheave brackets for steam, power 5.00 In building 1,000 ft. of 15" pipe sewer at Big Rapids, Mich., a trench 4' wide and about 15.5' deep was dug in gravel and boulders. About 8 cords of stone, many of them large size and near the bottom of the trench, were removed. A fuller description of this work is in Gillette's "Cost Data," p. 817. The first 5' were taken out with a scraper and a team and driver. The remainder was removed in buckets with a derrick of the above type. About 50' of sewer were completed per day at the following cost: Per Day 1 foreman at $2.00 $ 2.00 1 scraper team and driver at $3. 1 5 3.75 1 man holding scraper at $1.50 1.50 1 man dumping scraper at $1/50 1.50 2 men pulling sheeting and carrying it at $1.50 ; . . 3.00 1 man pulling sheeting and carrying it at $1.50 1.50 1 horse and driver on haul line at $2.50 2.50 4 men filling two 1-6 cubic yard buckets at $1.50 6.00 1 man laying pipe and $2.00 2.00 1 pipe layer's helper at $1.50 1.50 Total . . '. $25.25 This gives a cost of 50.5 cents per lin. ft. of sewer. The actual cost of excavation was 20 cents per yd. for scraper and 12.6 cents for derrick work. The derrick was moved two or three times a day, which took about seven minutes each time. Fitted with Steel Cable for Heavy Work. Sheaves arranged for three lines in the boom tackle and three lines in the hoisting tackle. 1 Derrick, capacity 4000 lbs., with 20' mast and 30' boom. .$ 76.00 150' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for boom line, at 7c ft 10.50 300' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for hoisting • line, at 7c ft 21.00 300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines, at 5c ft . ... 15.00 3 8" single steel blocks, with plain hooks, for %" cable, at $4.50 13.50 1 8" single steel block, with swivel hook, for %" cab'e. . . . 9.00 4 %" Crosby clips, at 20c , 80 2 %" galvanized thimbles at 10c 20 1 boom winch, used for operating the boom 14.00 Total $160.00 Same outfit with 20' mast and 24' boom 157.25 Same outfit with 18' mast and 18' boom 154.50 1 Light car, 6'x8', with flat or flanged wheels, complete. . . 30.00 All derrick iron for above (no ropes, blocks, timbers or boom winch, but with drawings for mast and boom) .... 53.50 Price of 2 wooden stiff legs (complete) to take the place of 4 guy lines 20.00 Price of 2 wooden stiff legs (irons only) to take the place of 4 guy lines 12.00 2 Single sheave brackets for steam power 6.00 DERRICKS 193 Special Outfit Designed for Lumber Vards. Fitted with steel hoisting cable. Sheaves arranged for three lines in the boom tackle and three lines in the hoisting tackle. 1 Derrick, capacity 4000 lbs., with 20' mast and 30' boom. . $76.00 150' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for boom line, at 7c ft 10.50 300' of %" best flexible steel cable, estimated for fall line, at 7c ft 21.00 300' of %" pure manilla rope, estimated for 4 guy lines, at 5c ft 15.00 3 8" single steel blocks, with plain hooks, for %" cable, at $4.50 13.50 1 8" single steel block, with swivel hook, for %" cable... 9.00 4 % " Crosby clips at 20c 80 2 %" galvanized thimbles at 10c .20 1 No. 4 boom winch, used for operating the boom 14.00 Total $160.00 Same outfit with 20' mast and 24' boom 157.25 Same outfit with IS' mast and 18' boom 154.50 1 extra heavy lumber yard car, 6'x8', with flat or flanged wheels, complete 50.00 1 8" snatch block for %" cable, with chain, for horsepower use 5.00 1 pair skidding tongs, open up to 10" 2.25 1 pair skidding tongs, open up to 14" 3.00 1 pair skidding tongs, open up to 20" 5.00 Shipping weights vary from 300 lbs. to 2,500 lbs., according to size. All irons for 1,500-lb. derrick weigh approximately 300 lbs. All irons for 4,000-lb. derrick weigh approximately 550 lbs. HAND POWER BREAST OR BUILDERS' DERRICKS. Length of timbers (feet) 16 24 40 Size of timbers (inches) 4x6 6x8 8x8 Diameter of drum (inches) 6 6 9 Length of drum (inches) 42 60 72 Price complete without timbers or rope $36.00 $45.00 $58.50 Price complete without rope 56.70 67.50 100.00 Derricks for operation by steam engine cost: 5 ton stiff-leg derrick with bull wheel and 30' boom $350.00 10 ton guy derrick with 50' boom 550.00 15 ton guy derrick with 65' boom 650.00 Mr. Saunders gives the following detailed cost of a large quarry derrick with a capacity on a single line of 20 tons. Timber for mast 24"x24"x75' $ 45.00 Timber for boom 65' 28.00 Expense of delivering timber 16.50 Carpenter work on mast and boom at $12.50 a day 25.00 Derrick irons, sheaves 219.00 2,400' of best galvanized 1" iron rope for 8 guy 237.00 Thimbles, clamps, etc 25.00 500' steel hoisting rope, 1%" 240.00 Labor on dead men, 4 men, 2 days at $1.40 11.20 Labor raising derrick, 8 men, 2 days at $1.40 22.40 Labor fixing guys, 8 men, 2 days at $1.40 22.40 Total $891.50 194 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Stiff -leg derrick complete capable of operating %-yard clam- shell bucket on a 50' boom. Equipped with 8' bull wheel, guide sheaves, framed complete with all irons. Boom 12" x 12" x 50'; mast 10" x 10" x 32'; stiff legs 10" x 10", framed 10 horizontal to 12 vertical; sills 10" x 10". Price, $415.00 f. o. b. N. Y. RIGGING FOB STIPP-IEG DERRICK 1 14" single block with shackles $10.50 1 14" double block with shackles 15.50 310' of 4 part topping line 115' of 4 part bull-wheel line with clips 26.00 425' of %" C. C. S. wire rope 300' of 3" holding and closing line 26.00 Total $78.00 Fig. 79. Derrick fittings bought for second-hand derrick of similar description as above for use with 3 drum hoist and a clam shell bucket -cost as follows: 1400 lineal feet %"x6xl9 crucible steel W. R. cable $102.33 3 14' double bronzed bushed blocks at $13.75 41.25 1 14' single bronzed bushed blocks 9.35 2 12" sheaves bronzed bushed blocks at $1.75 3.50 12 guy clamps and bolts for %" rope at 24c 2.88 1 12" snatch block bronze bushed 11.55 Total $170.86 A car provided with an A frame, a hoisting engine and light jack arms, capable of lifting' 5-ton boulders, etc., costs from $1,500 to $2,000 new. See Fig. 79. DERRICKS 195 IRONS FOR POWER-OPERATED STIFF-LEG DERRICKS The following- list, to accompany Fig. 80, enumerates the most important metal parts of stiff-leg derricks to be operated by power. It does not include guide sheaves, blocks, or other running gear. Iron Work Complete for Power Stiff- Leg Derrick — As Regularly Furnished. 1 Mast Top with straps and gudgeon pin. 1 Mast Bottom complete with step, double sheaves and strap for boom. 1 Flat Bolted Boom Band with 2 links. D. 1 Single Boom Sheave with boxes, for center of mast. E. 1 Double Sheave Mast Bracket. F. 1 Top Stiff Leg Iron. H. Lower Stiff Leg Irons (two of these furnished), and all necessary bolts. 196 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT Prices of derrick (not including timber, engine, bull wheel or guide sheaves, blocks, hoisting rope, clamps or thimbles) are: Size of mast timber (inches) .... 8x8 14 x 14 18 x 18 Length of mast (feet) 24 40 36 Size of boom (inches) 6x6 12 x 12 16 x 16 Length of boom (feet) 32 54 54 Size of stiff legs and sills (in.). 6x6 12 x 12 16 x 16 Capacity in tons 1 to 2 10 to 12 20 to 25 Shipping weight (lbs.) 750 2100 7000 Price with self-lub. sheaves $80.00 $150.00 $375.00 On railroad work in Newark it took six men and a foreman one day to move a stiff-leg derrick with a 50' boom 150 feet and one day to set it up, at a total cost of $24.00. This includes moving the engine and the stone used to weight the stiff legs. Two guy derricks with 70' masts and 80' booms were used for two years in building a concrete filter. During that period they were erected once, moved five times, and finally removed once at a cost of $1,400, an average of $100 per move. As a rule, however, a guy derrick can be shifted more easily than a stiff- leg derrick, as there are no stones to be handled. Derricks should be provided with a bull wheel where possible, as the wages of two tagmen will soon pay for it. Sizes and prices of steel bull wheels complete with braces: Diameter, feet For booms, length in feet Weight complete Price 8 12 14 16 40 60 70 80 1600 2000 3000 3700 $ 85.00 110.00 215.00 280.00 Guide sheaves and rollers in frame for leading rope from bull wheel to swinging drum of engine: Diameter of large Self-lubricat- sheaves (inches) Common sheave - ing sheave 10 $ 4.50 $ 5.25 14 6.75 9.25 18 11.00 14.75 A derrick formerly known as the Kearns derrick was used in the construction of a 14' concrete sewer at Louisville, Ky. The sewer was 4,230 ft. long and had an average depth of 39.3'; the average number of yards per ft. was 26.5. The derrick excavated to within 14' of the bottom, and a Potter machine excavated the remainder and carried it to the rear for backfill. The derrick operated a %-yd. clamshell bucket, which loaded into wagons for spoiling or into Koppel cars for backfill. The output was about 1,500 cu. yds. per week. The machine consisted of a stiff-leg derrick mounted on a turn-table. The power plant was a 7 x 10 in. engine with three drums, and a 30 H. P. boiler. The entire outfit cost about $6,500. DERRICKS 197 FLOATING DERRICKS. (See also Boats.) A floating derrick was purchased by the city of Chicago in 1905 at a cost of $5,287.26. It was used on the hydraulic filling of the Lincoln Park extension in 1910 for various purposes. It was in commission ten hours per day and was operated by a crew consisting of an engineer, fireman and a varying number of deck hands, usually four. The cost of operation during 1910 was as follows: Hours in commission 1,783.50 Labor of operation $1,871.29 Fuel and supplies.... 599.07 Insurance 100.00 Labor repairs 268.70 Towing 17.62 Total $2,856.68 Total cost of repairs 286.32 Total cost of operation 2,570.36 Total cost per hour 1.60 Total cost per day 16.00 During 1911 the derrick was in commission for 440 hours with a crew of two men, and for 1,254 hours with a crew of six men. The cost of operation and repairs for the 1,694 hours in service is given as follows: COST OF DERRICK OPERATION AND REPAIRS. Operation Per hour Labor, watching $ 178.67 Fuel 237.68 Supplies 244.63 Insurance 96.50 $ 757.48 $0.45 Repairs Labor $ 188.70 Material 140.75 Teams 14.00 $ 343.45 $0.20 Total operation and repairs, excepting operating labor $1,100.93 $0.65 April 1 to Aug. 1, 440 hrs. Operating labor $ 568.55 $1.29 Fuel, supplies and repairs 0.65 Cost per hour, 440 hours $1.94 After Aug. 1, 1,254 hours. Operating labor $3,155.95 ' $2.52 Fuel, supplies and repairs 0.65 Cost per hour, 1,254 hours. $3.17 Total cost for year $4,825.43 198 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT DIVING OUTFITS A diver's outfit consists of a metal helmet or head covering, a breast plate, an air-tight diving suit, and shoes with weights. "Weights are also attached to his waist to overcome buoyancy. The helmet always has one window in front, usually one on each side, and sometimes one near the top. The air hose runs from the pump to a valve either in the helmet or breast plate. Besides this one, a safety and a regulating valve for controlling the pressure are provided. The diver is raised or lowered by a rope attached to his waist called the safety line. The air pump is always operated by hand power, may have from one to three cylinders, may be single or double acting, and of either the lever or fly-wheel type. The prices of diving apparatus are as follows: Helmets, $100; suits, $30 to $60; other equipment, $100 to $150; air pumps, $100 to $400. The cost of a complete outfit varies with the depth of water where it is to be used. For shallow water an outfit costs from. $300 to $450; for moderate depth, $450 to $700; and for deep sea diving, $700 to $800. The net weight of helmets varies from 37 to 74 pounds.; gross weight, 77 to 144; shipping space, 5 to 9 cu. ft. The net weight of air pumps varies from 30 to 1,400 lbs., and shipping space from 3 to 40 cu. ft. Diving dresses weigh (net) 16 to 32 lbs., and occupy 1% to 4 cu. ft. Diving shoes weigh (net) 36 lbs., and occupy 1 cu. ft. of space. Air hose weighs about 22 lbs. per length of 50 ft. and occupies 2 cu. ft. of space. Be,Iow are given itemized lists of two complete outfits: DIVING OUTFIT No. 1. Complete in all respects for one or two divers as supplied for general use of contractors, divers, etc. 1 Air pump. No. 1. Two cylinders, double action with two patent indicating gauges to denote the air pressure and depth of each diver; with water cistern, two fly-wheels in ash chest, with iron rings for lashing .$500.00 These pumps have removable tills fitted into the pump cases, in which are furnished and packed the following small parts : 1 union joint, double male. 1 union joint, double female. 1 nut for securing pump handles (spare). 1 oil can. 1 overflow nozzle. 12 washers for air hose (spare). 1 socket wrench. DIVING OUTFITS 199 1 screwdriver. 3 double-ended spanners. 1 10-inch monkey wrench. Spare valves, inlet and outlet. 1 Improved diving helmet, 3 lights, sectional screw, to receive air in the head-piece, or one to receive air in the breast-plate; either style, including safety valve, ad- justable regulating valve and recessdd gasket seat....$ 100.00 2 rubber diving dresses; Size No. 2, at $50.00 100.00 150 feet standard white air hose (3 pieces) with couplings, at 40c 60.00 1 set diving weights, belt pattern 22.00 1 pair diving shoes, with lead or iron soles. . , 15.00 2 pairs rubber diving mittens, at $5.00 10.00 1 pair rings and clamps 5.00 1 life or signal line (150 feet) 2.50 1 pair cuff expanders 5.00 1 knife, belt and air-hose holder 10.00 6 feet snap tubing, at 60c 3.60 1 pair chafing pants 4.00 1 helmet cushion 3.00 2 pairs diver's stockings, at $1.25 2.50 2 woolen shirts and drawers, at $1.50 6.00 2 pairs woolen mittens, at $1.25 2.50 1 woolen cap 1.25 1 basket for helmet, dresses, hose, etc 18.00 6 extra bolts and nuts for helmet (spare), at 25c 3.00 1 set extra couplings (spare) 2.00 1 yard rubber cloth for repairs . . . 2.50 1 can rubber cement for repairs (1 lb.) .75 1 cutting punch .75 Complete outfit for one diver $879.35 Complete outfit for 2 divers will include duplicate of each of the above items except the pump 1258.70 For one diver: Net weight, 950 lbs.; gross weight, 1,100 lbs.; shipping measurements, 56 cu. ft. For two divers: Net weight, 1,260 lbs.; gross weight, 1,500 lbs.; shipping measurements, 80 cu. ft. DIVING OUTFIT No. 2. Complete in all respects for one diver. 1 air pump, No. 4, single cylinder, double action, ash chest, iron brake, made in sections, for packing inside pump chest, strong brass handles for lashing $125.00 The equipment furnished and packed in this pump is as follows: 1 oil can. 1 10-inch monkey wrench. 1 improved diving helmet, 3 lights, sectional screw to re- ceive air in the head-piece, or one to receive air in the breast-plate, either style, with safety valve, adjustable regulating valve and recessed gasket seat 100.00 1 rubber diving dress, No. 2 size 50.00 100 feet standard white air hose (two pieces) with coup- lings, at 40c 40.00 1 set diving weights, belt pattern 22.00 1 pair shoes, with lead or iron soles 15.00 1 pair rubber diving mittens 5.00 1 pair rings and clamps 5.00 1 life or signal line (125 feet) 2.25 200 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 1 pair cuff expanders $ 5.00 1 diver's knife, belt and air hose holder 10.00 2 feet snap tubing, at 60c 1.20 1 pair chafing- pants 4.00 1 pair diver's stockings 1.25 1 woolen shirt and drawers, at $1.50 3.00 1 pair woolen mittens 1.25 1 woolen cap 1.25 1 basket for helmet, dress, hose, etc 18.00 1 helmet cushion 3.00 3 bolts and nuts for helmet (spare), at 25c 1.50 % yard rubber cloth for repairs 1.25 1 can rubber cement for repairs (1 lb.) .75 1 cutting punch .75 $416.45 Net weight, 360 lbs.; gross weight, 475 lbs.; shipping measure- ments, 27 cu. ft. SELECTION OF DIVING APPARATUS. In the selection of an outfit the following points should be given careful consideration: 1. Duration of the work. 2. ■ Whether it is to be conducted with long or short spaces of time intervening. 3. Depth of water. 4. Whether the outfit is to be used on rocky or sandy bottom. 5. Character of the work. 6. Selection of the pump. The selection of the pump is the most important point, and in view of recent experiments and tests of the work that can be accomplished by a diver at different depths, buyers are apt to order pumps of too small capacity. A volume of air equal to that ordinarily breathed at the surface (about iy 2 cubic feet per minute) should be introduced into the helmet. The volume of free air that must be taken in by the pump at the surface to deliver \y 2 cubic feet per minute at 5 fathoms is about 3 cubic feet; at 16 fathoms, about 6 cubic feet; at 27 fathoms, about 9 cubic feet, etc. The following table gives pressure in pounds per square inch at a given depth of water: 30 feet, 12% pounds. 60 feet, 26% pounds. 90 feet, 39 pounds. 120 feet, 52% pounds. 150 feet, 65% pounds (usual limit). 180 feet, 78 pounds. 210 feet, 91% pounds. 240 feet, 104 pounds. DRAWING BOARDS Drawing boards of thoroughly seasoned, selected narrow strips of white pine, and either finished natural or with a light coat of shellac, cost as follows: One face for drawing 12x17" $0.55 One face for drawing 16x21" .SO One face for drawing 20x26" 1.05 Both faces for drawing. 12 x 17" .55 Both faces for drawing 16x21" .88 Both faces for drawing 20x26" 1.05 Both faces for drawing 23 x 31" 1.45 Both faces for drawing 27 x 34" 2.40 Both faces for drawing 31x42" 3.20 Drawing boards of white pine, with hardwood ledges attached by screws, arranged to allow for contraction and expansion: One face for drawing 16 x 21" $1.20 One face for drawing 20 x 26" 1.75 One face for drawing 23x31" 2.60 One face for drawing 31x42" 4.20 One face for drawing 33 x 55" 6.80 One face for drawing. 36 x 60" 8.00 Extra large drawing boarclc c" pine: 36 x 72" $12.80 36x84" 14.40 42 x 60" 12.00 42 x 72" 14.40 42 x 84" 16.80 42x96" 20.80 48 x 72" . 19.20 48x96" 26.40 48 x 120" 35.20 54x96" 32.80 54 x 120" 40.00 60x96" 37.50 60 x 120" 46.50 Trestles and horses for drawing boards. Wooden horses, light construction, 37" high. 35" long, per pair, $2.60. Ditto, fine quality, 37" high, 35" long, per pair, $4.40. Ditto, fine quality, with removable sloping ledges, 37" high, 35" long, per pair, $4.80. Adjustable wooden horses, best workmanship, 36" long, adjust- able for height from 37" to 47" on level or slope, per pair $6.00. Folding hardwood trestle, 37" high, with drawing board, 31 x 42", each, $12.80. Ditto, 33x55", each, $16.00. Adjustable drawing table with iron supports: SI x 42" each $21.00 Board, 33 x 55" each 23.00 Board, 36 x 60" each 24.50 Board, 42 x 72" each „ 28.50 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT DREDGES There are four types of dredges: (1) The dipper dredge; (2) the grapple dredge; (3) the bucket elevator dredge; (4) the hydraulic dredge. For harbor work or where the water is rough the scow containing the machinery also has pockets for the material, which it conveys to sea or some other dumping place. This is called a hopper dredge. DIFFER DREDGES A dipper dredge is really a long-handled steam shovel mounted on a scow. The dippers range in size from % to 15 cu. yds. This type of dredge is adapted to work in all kinds' of materials. Mr. Gillette, in Earthwork, describes a home-made dipper dredge, the cost of which was as follows: 1 Hoisting engine and boiler (single drum, dbl. cyl., 8 H. P., 4% x 6 ins.; weight 3,500 lbs) .". .$ 500.00 2 Scows, 3,200 ft. B. M. (6x34 ft.) 150.00 10 Sheaves, 6 in. . . . 20 00 120 Ft. & in. hoisting chain, 250 lbs., @ 8c 20.00 160 Ft. % in. iron, 250 lbs., @ 4c 10.00 1 Dipper % yd., 400 lbs., @ 10c 40.00 40 Ft. cast iron rack, 200 lbs., @ 10c 20.00 1 Turntable plate and rim, 100 lbs., @ 10c 10.00 100 Bolts, % x 12 ins., 200 lbs., @ 5c 10.00 1,000 Ft. B. M. yellow pine 30.00 Labor and sundries 190.00 $1,000.00 This dredge can be loaded on two flat cars or four ordinary wagons. The crew consists of three men and the total cost of operation is about $8.00 per day. In digging a trench 18 ft. wide by 12 ft. deep the average capacity in 10 hours is 60 yards of hardpan or 175 yards of river gravel. In Engineering News of October 30, 1902, is described a dipper dredge with a 2% cu. yd. bucket which excavated in clay 20 ft. below the water, depositing the material in two scows, each having a drop pocket of 140 cu. yds. A tug boat towed the scow containing material to the dumping ground. The total cost of the outfit was $43,000. Six per cent interest plus 6 per cent depreciation over 100 working days gives a cost of $51.60 per day. The usual rental of such a plant is $100.00 per day. The daily wages and coal bill average about $30.00. The average output in 10 hours was 745 cu. yds. at a total cost of lie per cu. yd. COST OF BUILDING A 2% CU. YD. DIPPER DREDGE AND ITS FIRST SEASON'S WORK. The following notes on the cost of dredging were abstracted from a report by B. F. Powell, engineer for the Fort Lyon Coal Co. at Las Animas, Colo., and appeared in Engineering and Con- tracting for May 29, 1912. The company, previous to 1911, had DREDGES 203 let all its excavation work by contract, but after an investi- gation it decided to purchase a dredge and do its own excavating. Accordingly a contract was let to the Marion Steam Shovel Co. for a 2y 2 cu. yd. dipper dredge, with an 80-ft. boom. It was estimated that the probable cost of the dredge, with boat, etc., equipped and ready for operation, would be $26,000. It was esti- mated that the work could be done at a cost of operation not exceeding 4 cents per cubic yard, while the low bid received for the work was 8% cents per cubic yard. The difference on 1,000,000 cubic yards to be excavated would thus be a saving of $47,000. Out of this the dredge would be paid for and leave a balance of $20,000, and the machine would be had for future work. The dredge was built under the supervision of the Marion Steam Shovel Co. Work on it was commenced April 3 and the hull was completed and launched on May 26, 1911. The boilers were steamed up on June 5 and used from that time on to furnish power for erecting the balance of the machinery. The fifteen-day test was begun on July 1, when it was demonstrated that the dredge would excavate its estimated yardage. The hull of the dredge is 100x41x8 ft. and required 135,000 ft. B. M. of lumber. It has two 120 H. P. boilers, one double 10 x 12-in. hoisting engine, a double 8 x 10-in. swinging engine, an 80-ft. boom and a 2V 2 cu. yd. bucket. The amount of work accomplished by the dredge in the soft material in which it worked is given below: Cu. Yds. July 74,000 August and September 130,000 October 71,750 Total 275,750 The cost of operation as given for the month of October was $0.0315 per cubic yard. The dimensions of the irrigating and storage canal now being completed are 120 feet on top and 100 feet on the bottom for the first two miles from the head gate; for the next mile the width is 20 feet less, and after the third mile the width is again reduced 20 feet, making the bottom width 60 feet, with 1 :1 slopes. The depth is 10 feet. The actual cost of the dredge follows: COST OP DREDGE. Materials ; Dredge equipment $14,932.00 Extra boiler 1,600.00 Electric light plant 500.00 Freight 413.96 Tools 250.00 Extra machinery 571.17 Boiler flues 236.80 Oakum 4.50 Steel and castings 427.70 Wire rope 510.75 Oil 317.27 204 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT COST OF DREDGE— Continued Coal and hauling $ 2,896.68 Hardware 1,880.22 Groceries and camp supplies 1,611.45 Lumber 5,033.27 Total $31,185.77 Labor: Constructor $ 584.70 Foreman ■. . 984.92 Cook 155.00 Dredge runner 722.83 Labor '. 1,717.03 Carpenters 1,232.05 Hauling 404.45 Sundry expenses, materials, teams, labor 2,818.33 Total $ 8,619.33 Total, labor and material $39,804.08 The above table shows the cost of the dredge, its construction and its operation until theend of the season, November 11, 1911, as shown by the company's books. If we multiply the yardage excavated by about 4 cents (the cost of operation) and deduct this amount, $11,030, from the total shown in the table, the result should give the cost of the dredge ready for operation. This is $28,774. The following data were abstracted from an article by Mr. C. W. Durham in Professional Memoirs, and reprinted in Engi- neering and Contracting, July 17, 1912: The equipment includes three dipper dredges, Ajax, "Vulcan and Phoenix, and two pipe-line dredges, Geyser and Hecla. As will be noted, the care and upkeep of dredges are very expensive, and in the case of suction dredges the pontoons and catamarans also require much repair. The Ajax has hull dimensions 70x26x6 feet; she was rebuilt in 1894 and, with large annual miscellaneous repairs, has been kept in good condition. The Vulcan, oak hull, 80x30x8 feet; nominal repairs to 1890; hull rebuilt in 1892-1893 and 1898-1909; condition now good, although annual repairs have been large for the past eight years. The Phoenix, oak hull, 80x8 feet; nominal repairs to 1890; hull rebuilt in 1895-1896; burned and entirely rebuilt, using a portion of the old machinery, in 1908-1909, at a-cost of $19,581.29; now in good condition. The Geyser, with eleven pontoons, was built by the United States at small cost, using an old boiler and pump; hull pine, 100x20x4 feet; pump, 12-in. suction; large expenditures each year for pump, pipe pontoons, etc., in addition to hull repairs; condition bad. The Hecla, 15-in. suction dredge, with eleven pontoons; built by United States; large repairs every year; hull fir and oak, 120x26x5 feet; rebuilt 1909-1910; good condition. *l *i S" 5* 4* S' ►? ►? E' ►*' n ►? 4 >-J° S' E? 4*. 4* 4 4' S" 3 MKPMtS. itoaioi-jotofflc * * * * MMMMKIMMM COCO MM COM to« «0 CD OO -a OX CD CO CT OO CO Oi OO to SO HD CO COCT fflMUfc *.-cn cococo^MOoenoococo-jt-o 03OT-3OT05CnCOOCOtO*.-a01COi^-q-JCOCTl 00* ►(-CI oc *.C0H00HC0(O05C0Wi^ffi00fr*k-J(OOffl M*.a5COCOO. >. *s «j, I 2 Si si 1 U iU in o'r'S *o°sS £ .a .c 5 2 S -2 E "2 « g ^c g S 5 a g ooj o oj a * to I s s« § ell? « *,Ji IS** . | J * „. j ISM)? OS J= c •3 A J3 5f If* gj To" ° , o«3 3 , S,-3i' s e-.- « M"5 £j>;>>j>&| | |. ^ go" to? « »oototo«o c» •* oo rtOiH«JOOoo o o to to ■ t- ■ .S-°P tV";? OS < Sujjnp sjnoqlauio inn;". . ! : ; M • '-. *-. "1 = m«c»»=c-." , :'= ■* °>. ". «; "* ■gSS&^ci- t>< SujUaoAV iBnjov^^^ i— *• * t- • « « » k» cow coco cocoa - M « •uoiBBiaiuioo m amix »fil93lOn> o.* J dK-™ "1 ■ ^ " T " jllli^lll do" 6 66 6 6 6 a 6 6 d b d 6 b Suivsco,, £6 g Sg g g g ^ gg go g E ■§ "55 S,_5£M'a ££££ £££££ Si rS'I £&££££! £ £ I gg 1 pgflpgS Ot-WO. »CWO« CO N ■* O. rtCONCMNOT Delays 218 40 36y 2 DREDGES Causes of Delays: Hrs. Weather 57 Short pipe 31 Suction pipe, pumping and plug 11 Pontoon line 31 Swinging cables 15 Main engine 24 Spud engine Cutter engine Cutter shaft Moving dredge to new cut 5 Towing and preparation 34 Miscellaneous 1 Stones 6 218 5 9.5 40 5.28 20 1.89 55 5.32 10 2.52 4.0 25 0.08 '5 V.82 5 5.68 10 0.19 45 1.12 sate^KSirf Fig. View of 30-in. Hydraulic Dredge "Francis T. Sim- mons" in Operation in Lake Michigan. COST OF OPERATION AND REPAIRS OF DREDGE, 1910; TOTAL TIME IN COMMISSION, 4,320 HOURS Operation. Totals. Labor $13,855.45 Fuel 17,000.35 Supplies, tools, sleeves, oil, etc 4,323.52 Commissary labor and supplies 6,010.90 Field repairs, labor and material 6,040.82 Tug service 13,587.83 Derrick service 327.20 Motor boat 584.00 Insurance 3,500.00 Winter repairs and fitting up: Labor '. . . . 5,267.68 Material 2,164.25 Fuel commissary and tools 1,025.41 Tug service 753.08 Totals: Operation 65,230.07 Repairs 9,210.42 Operation and repairs $74,440.49 Per Per. hr. cu. yd. $ 3.2073 $0.0243 3.9353 .0300 1.0008 .0076 1.3914 .0104 1.3983 .0106 3.1453 .0238 .0757 .0005 .1352 .0010 .8102 .0060 1.2194 .0093 .501 .0037 .2374 .0018 .1743 .0013 15.0996 .1142 2.1320 .0161 $17.2316 $0.1303 taw- d m * S S S S OS OcqNOOOOOO a; g O lO 1M (M CO (gj N* (M O S 2 s 5 S » OS OOO • -OOO nOOOOOOMHO • 'OrlO n * Md S"o> o o .._ . a> ctf » .„ 3 *, bo o . g i la S fi K3 B «j po (3 cS OJ3 Atlantic Manhatt 274'0" 47'6" 25'0" 18'0" 2,300 2@9'0" 180 10 600 2,149 *220 1,800 10 $350,000 TO O to-* - " .T3oi £,C« ** X o se 1 « -I ftTO^ O U 02 DO jot . C S B B to +JOOOCO ^j ""J 00 00 CO 00 o V. « S .B3 60 ni-^ w t, «2 ^B JMQQffitn D3 DRILLS TABLE 99— CATALOGUE DATA ON ROCK DRILLS. (As given in the various catalogues of the makers.) RECIPROCATING TYPE. Ref. No. Manufacturer. Unit. 2. Kind of drill 3. Model 4. Diameter of cylinder Inch 5. Length of stroke Inch 6. Displacement of piston hammer Cu. in. 7. Approximate strokes per minute under 75 lbs. pressure at drill No. 8. Approximate displacement of piston hammer per min- ute at 75 lbs. pressure Cu. ft. 9. Length of drill from end of crank to end of piston. . . .Inch 10. Diameter of octagon steel used Inch 11. Size of shank Inch 12. Depth of hole drilled without change of bit (length of feed) Inch 13. Depth of vertical hole each machine will drill easily from 1 to Ft. 14. Number of pieces in set of steels to drill holes to depth as stated 15. Diameter of holes drilled as desired (at bottom) Inch 16. Diameter of supply inlet (standard pipe) Inch 17. Size of boiler for ample steam supply, 1 drill.... H. P. 18. Diameter of steam pipe to carry steam 100' to 200'.. Inch 19. Weight of drill unmounted with wrenches and fittings, unboxed Lbs. 20. Weight of drill unmounted with wrenches and fittings, boxed Lbs. 21. Weight of tripod, without weights, unboxed Lbs. 22. Weight of holding down weights Lbs. 23. Weight of drill, tripod, weights, fittings and wrenches (boxed) Lbs. 24. Weight of double screw columns, complete 25. Weight of one 50' length of hose (boxed) Lbs. 26. Price of drill unmounted, with wrenches and fittings, without tripods or column* $ 27. Price of drill complete, including drill, tripod, weights, throttle, oiler and wrenches* $ 28. Price of double screw column, complete* $ * Subject to a discount of from 15% to 40%, depending upon the makers, size of order, and price of steel. HAMMER DRILLS. 2. Kind of drill 3. Model 4. Diam. of cylinder Inch 5. Length of stroke Inch 6. Displacement of piston hammer Cu. in. 7. Length over all Inch 7 -A. Length of air feed stoping drills extended Inch 8. Diameter of hexagon steel used Inch 9. Size of shank Inch 10. Depth of hole each machine will drill easily Ft. 11. Diameter of holes drilled as desired (at bottom) Inch 12. Diameter of supply inlet (standard pipe) Inch 13. Size of hose used Inch 14. Weight of drill (unboxed) * Lbs. 15. Weight of drill (boxed) Lbs. 16. Weight of 50' length of hose (boxed) Lbs. 17. Price of drillf $ tSubject to a discount of from 10% to 30%, depending upon the makers, size of order and price of steel. 232 5 EH Hi" 33 O -* 00 CO O CO i-l t-I CO .t I ,_( r-IOCMlO | Jaj .C ■I t-I CD ^33^. ^3^ M co ^ a« .^OHffiHoTfoonHOrHioioimoiooot fflOHlfl | ^ CM CM i-l I i-l OtOl-t>MrtOC MOrfOKHrlOriOOOOlOifOO ^^0 -<4I CO CO CM CO CTi CO i-l CM -i C"*MtO»003cOH®^if t-NHKjHlOlfllOlflOrJlOO I cS"*" -*io ^* I XlMH I CO CO CO GO t- -* O ^f. rH «H0CHOOlfllom*OO ■* lO ■* I X CM t-I | OOCOCOOOCO^O-* 1 co i-i cm oo co t-I cm 3?3? ^ g^r- co ^5^ 3* ^cqcDQOloWcXJHlOTfOWWHOOHOOlOlOlOmOC 1 COD- rf I X«rt I C-CMCOOOlOlOOe '*NS1010l»Hj|l l ''OI»IOHHOOriOlOIOOOI>00 CM CMO ijil^r<(M I Oi CO CO D- lO CM O O J, lO vOO iH T-I CM i-l CM t- CM i-l CM 1 1- OO CM CO ^r> O C a! . f £3*^ a* # O ^COCOCO • ■ffiOOrt •O • Id • loiuoioo 2l " : : NNH 1 th •CI • IO • oooocot- •CO TH CO CO "C «~ Ofi^^oo ^ ss JOS M»H . .CO 00 03 i-l • IO gbDg .INrH I 1-1 :£ • CO • in •COHHM a? .!D-*t-H • 10 . m ■ CO .(M • 10 ■CCHC-qcN! ,a«s«« • -* .NH ■OUjOO !^}s fc<3*3* 00 ^ IPS* »•«>;>, ,M»t-ONMH ■■*O0Ttdr tHt,< --$; "-S3 iracecoeo i£S* °? 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H .ou- ■*-* T-irHoq -T-i Fh la tS ^ S*3* Si? -*H UO OlOUO •!£ 02 g 3 : :s* I th S5 -z Cco-fiistec^ooosOrHoaeoTpiocot-ooosoT inn oqoqoqoq fS ; • ;««> • jrj oo : ,Z • -M . rt Eh> M fi~ 0) - ~i5 . >- 3* oo t« H2 SfJ SfS*- S^^^J ,/' Cm |9o2. # I'-s : o . fS ts »OOH . . . «50 £*< 3eiOH«OJ*l OS*' 3-*U5CCC~ 238 . .eoss- •N mo 10 • •coo CNIIN OJ HN 1-, .2 Cth • S^S? * • | oooo-* ao iHrHT-l >>pq Eh -Rand terfly" BC-21 2 4 •Jfcl&f jfS* >d nooio CI rH '.^ c-oo-* +■> C O O S CO^ + ^ u ID -, V N "* • en oooo-* OOfflOT- CM 03 -* lO CO t- ON cq . . . J CO • • . s* 1 Eh &5s# sP # * <^ J? 1 rH •i-tiH^cooq . iO • • • sOu • z ^ 6 '. ' '. * ^ N «-*" J CO L- 00 05 O 7-1 C T-HiHr- 3 n — a g a °o « s is a 03 » O O ft O ft ■* a s a I? . M j, fl o* a.3 _* flS? .a ftS 3 -- 100 fir-" 5 ** 0)^ , =£°> .£ do -o^aj S 3 ft ( a> pq , £5 Is a a = £ u B "tl 10 3I0H 'tRdea «9 t- M ^ 00 « b p fen ^O ■p^H £5" O 3 5 „• •gsto 1 - a) 82 . nwi jo pais 1 0) < 3 t Ii| 3 m H 0) 3 82 y £ 7 V y *5g s . O a 3 3 O 9 Is" 3 X .0, M 3 « a "a ^ s 1 a c c ' a a a P a c c ^l to O 73 •0 a ~ 7 a sj-a+j sjnaa 'aioH jo 3 jooj; jaa ioqB-i *: r-sts s a OH Q w£^?Sa t a .8 i Ohi 55 O tf E e~ a; si 61 oj 3 reS la £ 3 CO r ^IO t.' On o> St = ga>5a> S (5 t> K£ E £c o«P o c g d S M Q S 1E a iI s P »UJ y ecu a) 5/E 0» :^M CNN N CM «» s ^ ^ o En c * » CN C « o w c J. ^i < t- to o fc. o J H « 6 < E E E EE : E E SE E H a C8 S OS s o ji 9> < tc c K O ? BE sc wa >« 3 E ^ £ c 1 a." 92 •a to a* || J |S| S a 3 •j ZI 3 a M 1 >- . 1 c E I c = | c tt X 0) B M til .5 c a 3 a 3 3 I t | O-t- ■* Xi = s ' p o • c : s l C 3 5. 3 >•.= 3 5 f 0) C 3 §S = Ct V 1 c St C a a c SI C« £ B 03 | c £ a a □. 8 & w, £ a* 3-5 .o ,a 1 u c b 3 C k 3 s 3 kHk 3 if C C KC H H c o ''■'co eq as C Ov OJ OS c ee »s eo ir t o Box for truck ft. in. 3 6 1° 9 Box for armature .ft. in. 3° 1° 1° Box for "DC" switch and rheo- stat ft. in. I 6 is 1° Box for "AC" controller switch ft. in. I 5 1° 1° Box for tripod ft. in. 3° l 6 10 Box for tripod weights ft. in. 2 7 l 1 10 Price, f. o. b., factory $1,050 400 850 320 88 370 125 390 276 495 330 100 60 125 95 75 ' 53 100 80 320 88 370 125 375 183 490 220 9-0 34 120 50 34 34 50 50 3 1 2 10 Oio 04 2 2 0" 2 2 10 2* JJU 1- V 2» ]io V o 2° 1" 1 B 4 2 1° 0» 2" 2" 0" 2 6 qio O io 2 s Oio i* l 10 l 3 I s 1° 1° 0* !4 !i 1 2 1 2 1° 1» 45 18 ()10 8« I 3 0» 27 io ()10 2° |)W (W 51,000 $750 DRILLS 245 An excellent general idea of this drill is given by Fig. 86. The electric air drill is driven by pulsations of compressed air caused by a "pulsator," which is driven by an electric motor. The air is not exhausted, but is simply used over and over again, working backward and forward in a closed pneumatic circuit, from which some leakage of air is necessarily inevitable. This leakage is provided for by compensating valves on the pulsator, adjusted to automatically maintain a constant average pressure in the circuit. The drill is practically a cylinder con- taining a moving piston and rotation device, without valves, chest, buffers, springs, side rods and pawls. The cylinder is larger than that of the corresponding air drill, but the piston is shorter, thus involving no great difference in weight between this and the older types. The pulsator requires no intake and Fig. 86. 'Electric Air" Drill at Boutwell Milne and Varnum Quarry, Barre, Vt. discharge valves nor water jackets. It is geared to a motor which may, of course, be of either direct or alternating current, and is mounted on a wheeled truck for convenience in handling The pulsator and drill are connected by two short lengths of hose, each of which acts alternately as supply and exhaust. It is claimed by the manufacturer that with the electric air drill there is far less loss of power than in the case of the ordinary air or steam drill, and this claim seems, on theoretical grounds, to be well founded. 246 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The following time studies were taken under my direction on the Kensico dam work at Valhalla, N. Y.: From these tables an accurate idea can be obtained of the working conditions and performance of these drills. The holes were vertical. The rock was for the most part a gneiss, with a tendency toward granite. It was hard and solid in some places, but in others seamy and presented difficulties to continuous drilling. The number of holes shot depends upon the progress of the work and at the quarry upon the amount of rock desired for crushing. Dupont 60 per cent dynamite used. Sticks 1%" in diameter by about 8" in length, weight 12 oz. The charge is calculated to average about V 2 lb. of dynamite per yard of rock. Dupont exploders. Blasting gang at the dam on day of observation, one loader and two tampers. There were said to be twenty drills at work at the dam and ten at the quarry. The a. c. motor is rated at about 5 h. p. The length of shift, eight hours. One shift per day. The smith's work consisted of sharpening drills and included also all the work pertaining to other machines on the job. He estimated that 75 per cent of his time was devoted to the drills. Estimate of coal burned by smith, 500 lbs. per day. Oil used by drills, 3 quarts each. Power consumed, from 30 to 40 K. W. H. per eight-hour day. TIME STUDY (QUARRY). Lineal feet drilled, 31 feet. Average depth of holes, 22 feet. Total working time, 7 hours, 27 minutes, 53 seconds. Rock, gneiss and granite, seamy in places. TABLE 101— FOLLOWING ARE THE OBSERVATIONS RECORDED IN MINUTES AND SECONDS. S Interest at 5% and depreciation (life 4 yrs.) on $6,000 outfit Total cost per foot of hole , per Ft. Hole $1.14 0.59 .27 .10 .10 .16 .20 DRILLS 251 The monthly average of the cost per foot of hole drilled varies with one company from $2 to $3. In another instance, where holes are drilled further apart and the drilling is poorer the cost per foot has run as high as $5. When drilling is the only means of development being used on a property, the cost of camp maintenance and incidentals considerably swells the cost account. Mr. H. P. Gillette gives the cost of drilling blasting holes on the Pennsylvania railroad work. The drills used were the ordinary portable churn drills having engines of from 4 to 8 h. p. driving a walking beam which raised and lowered a rope, to which was fastened the churn bit and rods. A 5% -inch bit was used in this work. Each drill averaged three 20-foot holes, or 60 feet, in shale per 10-hour shift. In limestone, however, and in hard sandstone, not more than 10 feet of hole were drilled per shift. Had the bits been reduced to 3 inches, and the drill rods suitably weighted, much better progress would have been made in hard rock. Advantages of Churn Drills Certain advantages of this type of drill over the regular rock drill are as follows: (1) A drill will not so readily stick in the hole because of the powerful direct pull of the rope that operates the drill rods; (2) there is no limit to the depth of the hole and the deeper it is (up to any limits possible in blasting) the better the drill works, due to the increased weight of the rods; (3) this type of drill consumes less fuel than the ordinary steam drill; (4) the weight of bits to be carried back and forth from blacksmith shop is much less than for the ordinary machine drills; (5) the driller will drill through the earth overlying the rock, so that no stripping is necessary; (6) the hole at bottom is much larger than with the ordinary drill, thus allowing the bulk of the powder charge to be concentrated at the bottom of the hole, where it should be. For the same reason a lower grade of explosive can be used. Holes drilled with bits to give 3 inches diameter at the bottom of the hole, with depth of 24 feet, in solid brown sand- stone in Eastern Ohio. In 14 days of 10 hours each the driller put down 692 feet, or practically 50 feet per day. Drill runner $3.00 Drill helper and fireman 2.00 Pumping water 60 6 bu. (480 lbs.) coal at 10 cts 60 Total for 50 ft. of hole $6.20 This gives a cost of 12% cents per foot of hole, not including interest and depreciation, and bit sharpening. The best day's work in the brown sandstone, using all the weights, was 53 feet, but in blue sandstone, which was softer, 60 feet were drilled per day, using light weights. In the same brown sandstone cut an 8-day test was made with a 3% -inch Rand drill for comparison. The holes were 20 252 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT feet deep, 1% inches in diameter at the bottom (as against 3 inches with the well driller), and 28 holes were drilled in the 8 days, making 70 feet the average day's work. A 10 h. p. boiler furnished steam. The daily cost of operating the Rand drill was: Drill runner $3.00 Drill helper 1.50 Fireman 2.00 Water 75 10 bu. (800 lbs.) coal at 10 cts 1.00 Total for 70 ft. of hole $8.25 This was equivalent to 11.8 cents per foot of hole, not including interest and depreciation, and bit sharpening, or slightly less than with the churn drill. Mr. William R. Wade, in the Mining World, gives some costs of churn and core drilling in exploring for turquoise mines in the Burro Mountains, New Mexico. The machines used cost $4,300, fully equipped and on the work. About 30 feet of 4-inch hole were cut in &y 2 hours at a cost of $1.00 per foot, including interest, repairs, superintendence and incidentals. Six barrels of water and % cord of juniper (equal to pine, cedar or similar soft wood in fuel value) were used per day. Mr. Wade states that with a crew of three men the actual drilling, cost about 50 cents per foot, including labor, interest on the drill, supplies and $1.00 per day for repairs, but not including office expenses, superintendence, assaying, etc. DRILL REPAIRS In the South African gold mines the cost of drill repairs is about $300 per drill per year, or 50c per shift for two-shift work, and the size of the average drill is about 3% inches. Mr. Thomas Dennison is authority for the statement that the average monthly cost of keeping a drill in repair when working in the Michigan copper mines is as follows : Supplies $ 1.31 Machinist labor 8.45 Blacksmith labor $ 1.60 Total per month $11.36 Number of drills in shop at one time is about 15 per cent of the total number. Mr. A. R. Chambers has used 25 Sullivan U. D. drills for 11 months' work in hard red hematite. The holes varied from 6 to 8 feet in depth, and a drilling record of 104 feet was made in one ten-hour shift. The drills were mounted on columns with arms, and the cost of repairs was: Materials $5.30 Labor 2.00 Total $7.30 per month per drill, or about 30 cents per ten-hour day per drill. DRILLS 253 Mr. Josiah Bond kept record of drill repairs for three years and they show a cost of $102, $101.50 and $93.75 per year per drill, respectively, for the three years. It is his opinion that a drill used night and day for one year is sufficiently worn at the end of that time to scrap and that its life for single shift work is three years. Mr. Charles H. Swigert is authority for the following data on tunnel work in very hard basaltic rock. In 9y 2 months the total of 65,400 feet of hole was drilled, being an average of 29 lin. ft. of hole per drill. The drills were of 3" size. Cost of repairs for four drills was as follows: Per Lin. Ft. Per Cu. Yd. Repairs of Hole Excavated Labor 0.60 cents 2.80 cents Material 1.40 cents 6.80 cents Total 2.00 cents 9.60 cents The total drill repairs amounted to 58c per eight-hour shift. In the 9y 2 months 2,262 shifts were worked. Mr. Hauer states that on one Ingersoll-Sergeant drill of 3%" size, class F, the repairs, not including repairs to hose, amounted to $5 per month for a period of four to five months. I am indebted to Mr. John Rice, vice-president of the General Crushed Stone Co. of South Bethlehem, Pa., for the following information as to drill repairs: 2 |§ I > %% ^ & "s 1*3 &% §? t*ri K d ffi - sg o IS d £ d gSS sjsS -SIS |s £5 Z Z < § g K Quartzite — 1904. 9 F 9 101,379 1,525 6.65 7.03 6.12 *0.61 Quartzite — 1905. 8 F 9 118,597 1,383.5 8.57 9.25 7.55 fO.64 Limestone — 1903. 7 F9 93,118 922 10.1 10.7 9.37 *0.31 Limestone — 1904. 7 F9 114,430 1,130 10.13 11.47 9.32 fO.56 7 F9 107,837 913 11.8 12.69 10.0 f0.57 Exceeding Hard Trap — 1905. 5 F9 36,973 1,411 2.62 3.05 2.58 tl-7 4 A 32 2.57 2.24 * Drill parts only. t Drill parts, steel and hose. Note: The Ingersoll-Sergeant drill F 9 has a cylinder 3% ins. in diameter and a 7-in. stroke. The Ingersoll-Sergeant drill A 32 has a cylinder 2% ins. in diameter and a 5-in. stroke. 254 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Mr. Bond (quoted above) observes that a well-made heavy bar or column should outlast four drills, and arms are generally strong enough to finish three drills. He considers that repairs and depreciation on a stoping drill are about 50c per shift. The cost of repairs to two Ingersoll drills 3V S inches in size at the Melones mine was $91.00 for over 2,600 feet of tunnel. The following drill repair costs are given in "Rock Drilling," by Dana and Saunders: The cost for putting in shape for work nine drills on the D., L. & W. cutoff was $1,100. Repairs on fourteen drills for the first 13 months after the commencement of the work amounted to $695.62, or an average of $3.80 per drill per month, or 38 cents per drill per shift. At Thornton, 111., the repairs on fourteen drills during nine months in 1909 cost $3,058.47, or 93 cents per drill per day, single shift work. v --.. Fig. 87. Quincey Mining Company's Drill Shop at Hancock, Mich., Equipped with Four Standard Drill- Making and Sharpening Machines. DRILL SHARPENING MACHINES A drill making and sharpening machine, with a capacity for sharpening any sort of drill up to 20 feet in length and 800 to 1,000 bits per eight-hour shift, requires one man to operate the machine and one man to heat the steel. With the machine is furnished one set of dies and dollies for sharpening cross or X bits from 1% to 3% inches gauge. Such a set usually lasts ten months, double shift work. Spares for X bits cost $75.00. Compressed air at 80-90 lbs. is used for the pistons, and a small motor or other drive for the drill rest. About $100 per year will cover repairs to the machine. The price, f. o. b. N. Y., is $1,350, the net weight about 5,000 lbs., and shipping weight 6,000 lbs. One drill sharpening machine was operated by one man who attended his own forge and made necessary repairs. It ran on DRILLS 255 an average of 4 hours per day and sharpened approximately 36,000 drills, averaging 50 drills per hour. The amount of fuel used was about one-half that required in hand work. To form and sharpen new drills required iy 2 minutes. The life of a bit sharpened by this machine is longer than when done by hand, the bits being better compacted, and drills can be sharpened at the same machine by the same dies. Before this machine was used two blacksmiths and two helpers were necessary, the ma- chine showing a, saving over hand labor in 6 months of $1,738.50 and saving in coal for 1S3 days, $83. Total saving for 6 months, $1,821.50. (No record as to machine cost.) In the South African gold mines each drilling machine uses an average of twenty drill points per shift, which amounts to 600 lbs. of drills removed to and from the job for each machine ^ *~.--k i £Nv Fig. 89. Drilling "Down' Holes with the "Little imp" Drill. Fig. 88. Drilling "Up" Holes with the "Little Imp" Air Feed Drill. per shift. One blacksmith with a helper will keep 5 to 7 drills supplied with sharp bits. In medium rock a bit must be sharpened for each 2 ft. of hole, in hard rock, for each iy s ft., and in soft rock for each 4 ft. The direct cost of sharpening bits by hand is about as follows: HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Blacksmith Helper Charcoal . . ,$3.00 , 2.00 Total 140 bits at 4 cents = $5.60 Mr. T. H. Proske says: "The power drill- sharpener has re- moved many of the shortcomings attend- ant upon the hand sharpening process, with the result that where these machines are used it is possible to accomplish from 25 to 100 per cent more drilling than under the old methods." I take this to mean 25 to 100 per cent more drilling per trip to the shop on the part of the drill tender, which statement is well within the facts. Es- pecially is this true when the machine sharpening is com- bined with the selec- tion of special drill steels. Fig. 89 A. HAND HAMMER DRILLS Hand Hammer Drills are light, powerful, small tools which are adapted to light work in mines and quarries. Imperial Hand Hammer Drill No. MV2, complete $60.00 1 drill, 12-inch 1.15 1 drill, 24-inch 1.55 1 drill, 36-inch 2.00 1 drill, 48-inch 2.50 1 dolly 2.50 25 ft. of %-inch, 7 -ply air hose complete 7.20 Total $76.90 Performance of Small Hand Hammer Drill The writer examined with some care the operation of a small hand hammer drill in the field operating in granitic schist in a New Hampshire quarry. The accompanying photographs, Figs. 89A and 89B, show the drill in operation with the dust coming out DRILLS 257 of the hole and being carried away by the wind; and the operator in the act of releasing drill steel from the chuck. This operation of changing steels required an average of 11% seconds on the part of a highly skilled operator. The field notes of this test were as follows: ; Time . Hours , 1 Minutes Seconds 3 25 37 54% 20 31% 20 % 13% 221/2 Start of first steel Finish of first steel Start of second steel Finish of second steel Start of third steel Finish of third steel Start of fourth steel Finish of fourth steel Start of fifth steel Finish of fifth steel Total depth of hole, 55% in. Average depth per steel, 11 in. The steel used was %-in. hexagonal hollow rolled steel. First bit, diameter, 1% in. Last bit, diameter, 1% in. After the hole was finished, dust filled the hole to about a depth of 8 in. until blown out, which time for blowing out is not included in the above time study. The elapsed time for the entire operation was 6 "min. 19% sec, or 6.32 min. The total time to change steels was 44% sec, or .75 min., making 5.57 min. for drilling time, or practically 10 in. per minute. This, of course, did not include the time of getting ready for a new hole or blowing out the old hole, both of which operations could eas- ily be accomplished in 30 seconds by an average operator. This example is given to show the adaptability of these small hand machines for rapid and economical work on comparatively shallow holes. In addi- tion to the air pipe is shown a pipe running to the pressure gauge, which registered 102 lbs. when the drill was not working and 85 Fig. 89 B. 258 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT lbs. with drill running. The former pressure represented the pressure at the compressor. In this drill some of the exhaust goes down through the bit and blows the rock cuttings up out of the hole, producing a heavy cloud in a strong wind. SUBMARINE DRILLS There are two general methods of submarine drilling: (1) "Platform Method," so-called from a platform or staging sup- ported on "spuds." This method is applicable where currents are excessively disturbing influences. (2) The "Barge Method" employs a floating scow or barge carrying the drills and other equipment, anchored in place by cables or chains. The height of the framing, length of feed, etc., and resulting price of equip- ment, depend upon depth of drilling. A number of plants for subaqueous drilling are described in "Rock Drilling," by Dana and Saunders, from which the following data are abstracted: The Platform Method. Cylindrical telescopic tubes with a conical taper, fitted with an ejector attachment, rest on the rock, with upper end above the surface of the water. Drilling, washing and charging are performed through these tubes. The use of the water jet is usually very economical. The boilers, shops, pumps, diving apparatus, etc., are usually carried by barge or scow moored to the platform and by anchors. In the operations on Black Tom Reef, New York harbor, which commenced May 2, 1881, S44 actual working days were occupied in drilling 1,736 holes, a total of 17,658 lineal feet (av. depth 10.17') and removing 5,136 cu. yds. The cost of plant, including alterations and additions, was as follows: Barge No. 4, hull and equipment $ 6,640.00 Drill Float, No. 1 4,095.70 Drill Float No. 2 4,987.40 Machinery, etc 3,815.51 Total $19,538.61 The foregoing cost of plant and the following cost of operation are excessive, due to the experimental work prior to the introduc- tion of the improved methods of operation. The operating expenses were as follows: Cost Cost per Lin. Ft. per Cu. Yd. Total Cost Drilled Removed Labor $9,203.88 $0,521 $1,792 Explosives 9,461.00 0.535 1.844 Actual repairs to plant 1,575.57 0.089 0.307 Repairs to drills 93.31 0.005 0.018 Repairs to ejector pipes 267.54 0.015 0.052 Steam and water hose 491.18 0.028 0.096 Connecting wire, 7714 lbs 52.08 0.003 0.010 Rubber tape for connections, 7 rolls 12.25 0.001 0.002 Water 500.55 0.029 0.096 Coal, 200.2 tons 823.03 0.047 0.160 Total $22,480.39 $1,273 $4,377 DRILLS • 259 Area drilled over 32,100 sq. ft. Dynamite used , 20,461 lbs. Exploders used 1,844 Number of drilling machines 3 Steels used (octagon 1 1/12") 18 Total loss of steel by abrasion and dressing (59.5') 394.5 lbs. Average depth of hole to each cu. yd. rock re- moved '. 3.44 1in.ft. Barge Method. The drill boat used by the Great Lakes Dredge Dock Co. at West Neebish Channel, St. Mary's River, in 1909. was of timber, 126 ft. long by 30 ft. beam, covered by a house in which were boilers, shops and men's quarters. The equipment .included the following: 1 Scotch marine (3 fire) boiler, 14' long x 13' diameter. 1 Bach blacksmith's forge, anvil, block with stack, bench, vise, pipe clamp. 17 Span drill bits. 1 Hydraulic cylinder, 12"xl5' 6", with 3%" piston and traction chain for moving drills. 1 Small feed pump. 2 Force pumps. 1 dynamo (and switchboard) driven by one cylinder belted en- gine; dynamo 110 volts and 42 amperes, D. C, 5 h. p., 1,600 r. t>. m. 1 Small vertical washout boiler. 5 Drill machines, 6%" on track of 2' 6" I beams. 2 Steam driven capstans. 4 Spud engines, 6"x6%". The cost of the plant was approximately $35,000.00. The drill boat "Earthquake" used by Dunbar and Sullivan on Section No. 3 of the Livingstone channel, Detroit River channel improvement, had a steel hull 106 ft. long, 30 ft. wide and 5 ft. 9 in. deep. The deck was of 2-in. planking, and the house, 89x19x13 ft. high, also of wood. The framework of the hull was composed of standard angles and brackets, and divided into four watertight compartments by transverse bulkheads. The equipment includes the following : 4 Drills and equipment. 4 Spud anchors. 4 Spud anchor engines. 2 Steam capstans. 17 Bits. 1 Hydraulic cylinder, 11 ft. long x 12 in. diameter for shifting drills. 1 Boiler, 12%x7% ft. 1 Feed water heat. 1 Injector. 1 Small engine for boiler feed. 1 Small pump for washout. 1 Pump, 10x7x10 in., for hydraulic lift. 1 Each anvil, forge, bench, vise and pipe clamp, small blower and blower estimate. 1 Dynamo and small engine for lights. 1 Tank, 7x21x3 ft., for heating feed water for hydraulic lift in winter. 1 Cutter and 1 powder boat. The cost of the plant was approximately $45,000. 260 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT On the Hay Lake and Neebish Channels improvement of St. Mary's River, Mich., Section No. 4, the following plant was used: 3 Drill boats, approximate value $ 34,000 2 Dredges, approximate value 45,000 4 Dump scows, approximate value 30,000 1 Floating derrick, approximate value 6,000 2 Tugs, approximate value 10,000 Total '. ..$125,000 The drill boats have wooden hulls, 98x25x6 ft., 90x30x6 ft. and 65x16x5 ^ ft, the two largest having 3 drills each and the smaller 2 drills. The following tabulation of the cost of subaqueous drilling is also abstracted from "Rock Drilling": CT-jrt^ooo-a-j O5oso!cncn^>^*.co i-" Actual drilling bbs'Mffl-CHM «o «o ct bi co bo bi "*. bi bs labor per ft. of co *. ooococoocnotoco to hole (cents) bi ffi m m mm mmmm mmmmmmmmm m o o> a> a> cDtt) »ttira(t> J?(?!?ro *SI ...P* p p p p p p pppp ppppppppp p Drill 3 3 3 3 33 33 3^3 333333333 3 en -J • to ^ Ol O rf CO 00 OS o o en to £f to >^ oo i-" en o © © "2 0°"0>i) OjMK>Mi i- CT> *° i O O O © OS Depth of Hole (ft. and in.) £ toto. . *.£. eoww *.*.»£ >* Starting bit ss^: : *" : r&£;£ &8° jr (inches) to to- toS^stototototo- tototo to No. of men td ~2 to drill t* jsj o 23 a gw s^wg -K ?2 W ? W^tdgg«p: m 5S^^ - o w ra&psr, dft ffi n ^ =s.s- =s g.«ng w 3 Q O U ffiQ ffiffiOQ GdUdGGbbU U >> S £ ' £ P O £ --p^ppppppppp g ^ O" O* C 3 do* hnhrirSa* 333333333 3 £. a> a> a> p crq oo^* ppppppppp s° b* 3- 3- 3 S3- ftQ 3- 2 p oq orq a a 33 3 261 262 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT MISCELLANEOUS DRILLS CHANNELERS. These machines are used generally where the output of quar- ries consists of dimension stone, but sometimes, as on canal work, it is more economical to channel rocks to a required face than to drill and blast beyond the "pay" limit. Another definite advantage in the use of channelers is noted in the building of the Chicago Drainage Canal, where the walls were required to be left smooth and solid. The depth to which a channeler can cut depends upon the character of the rock. A cut as great as 17 ft. has been accomplished, but very rarely. The general aver- age is from 7 to 10 ft. With a 9 ft. cut in shale, a machine under my direction, in February, 1908, cut from 80 to 250 sq. ft. per day of three shifts with a total of 3,139 sq. ft. for the month. The width of a channel cut will vary with the conditions from iy 2 in. to 5 in., more or less. The cost per square foot channeled was 13.5 cents labor and about 4 cents for coal. These costs are exclusive of plant, superintendence and overhead charges. In the fixed-back channeler the movement of the steels is limited to two vertical planes and the cut is vertical with square ends. The swing-back track channeler is intended for angular cutting in quarries where the floor is to be enlarged. And it is desirable to follow it without removing overlying rock. The Broncho channeler has a purpose intermediate between the heavy track channeler and the light quarry bar and drill. The under- cutting track channeler is designed to meet conditions in rock in which there are no free horizontal beds, and the cleavage of the stone is nearly vertical. 3® w ® aj eo«ooo Ml I «^« *« ** 1 1 1 1 i ass? * mi i llllisess 3 P. 5ES ill S a o en . i a® N . o- sSt2 go® :- : : :2SP||3*3FS3*33 IS oS-§ | W §®o ho oS <=> fl ,„ to fe ® o u o o o o £ « g.5 wi ° : 8 s -£ *c •« »®.s CO ••_, .S?a>.2 a^ ®,cc ffl 264 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Standard track equipment furnished with channelers provides for a total length of forty-two feet in three sections. Eighty- pound rail is used. A tool chest with a very complete equip- ment, boiler tools, etc., is supplied. Steels are furnished according to the stone to be channeled, as follows: They cost about $2.50 per foot per gang or $5 per foot per set of 2 gangs. Steels for Marble and Limestone When Used with Crosshead. Fifty pieces of steel constitute two sets (10 gangs, 5 pieces to each gang), to channel to a depth of 7 ft. in marble and lime- stone. Size of steel, % in. by 1% in. 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 1 ft. 6 in. long 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 3 ft. 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 4 ft. 6 in. " 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 6 ft. 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 7 ft. 6 in. The Blacksmith's Gauge for Steels for Marble and Limestone commences at 1% in. and reduces 1-16 in. on each length from the 3-foot lengths up. The starters and the 3-foot lengths have the same gauge, iy s in. All gangs of the same length have the same gauge. Steels for Sandstone When Used with Crosshead. Thirty pieces constitute two sets (10 gangs, 3 pieces to each gang), to channel to a depth of 7 ft. in sandstone. Size of steel, % in. by 2% in. 2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 1 ft. 6 in. long 2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 3 ft. 2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 4 ft. 6 in. " 2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 6 ft. 2 Gangs — 6 pieces, each 7 ft. 6 in. The Gauge for the Sandstone Bits commences at 3 in. and reduces % in. on each length from the 3-foot lengths up. The starters and the 3-foot lengths have the same gauge, 3 in. All gangs of the same length have the same gauge. Steels for Ddarble and Limestone When Used with Boiler Guide. Fifty pieces of steel constitute two sets (10 gangs, 5 pieces to each gang), to channel to a depth of 7 ft. in marble or lime- stone. Each gang uses 3 steels 1 in. by 1% in. and 2 steels 1 in. by 1% in. 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 2 ft. 6 in. long 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 4 ft. 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 5 ft. 6 in. " 2 Gang's — 10 pieces, each 7 ft. 2 Gangs — 10 pieces, each 8 ft. 6 in. Note: It will be noticed that these steels are longer for a given depth of cut than when a crosshead is used, but this extra length is used by Roller Guide. DRILLS 265 The Blacksmith's Gauge for Steels for Marble and Limestone commences at iy 2 in. and reduces 1-16 in. on each length from the 4-foot lengths up. The starters and the 4-foot lengths have the same gauge, iy 2 in. GADDER. The Gadder is used to drill a number of parallel holes in a plane, at any angle from horizontal to vertical, or, in connection with the channeler, in drilling the horizontal undercutting holes. In "plug and feather" work it is used to break the large blocks cut free by the channelers. The equipment includes the following: One truck with corner pins, 1 standard back screw, 1 long back screw and extra short back screw for frame, 1 set of oilers, 1 set of wrenches, 1 tie rod 8 ft. long. Price of gadder frame $465, f. o. b. factory; weight 2,550 lbs. Price of drill (extra) 36 in. feed, $165. Ap- proximate shipping weight of frame and drill complete, 3,150 lbs. QUARRY BARS. PQ p 3 XIX O &£ 5 -SQ m to^-u °3 O o K 9 Kl too ^ £53 to a

CD CD CD Q . - oswwaiwaicDCB "tyie a a tt. cd fl> a> % £ 22. hmmh*.hm m Size tSSMMM MCOto M >l ^S£2©""S& Weight (Lbs.) Length (Ins.) >0O_q©-qt i-»totoMtoi-»t>oto *.*. Length of Feed (Ins.) eo*.*.eocnco*.*. Diameter from Side to c^^^^*S^#^ Center of Spindle (Ins.) ^ Morse Taper Socket !> to*.eo *.eo*.eo (Ins.) W m. «. m mm Square Tap Socket E S&3° SI" %& (Ins.) H toi-. cotton* Size Twist Drill Will 2 S&&K i£j£ Drive (Ins.) *.to Size of Wood Bit Will ;£ Drive (Ins.) mm to mm Reaming (Ins.) mm M to M Tapping (Ins.) M ^ *" Flue Rolling (Ins.) CO to tO 00 M to to tO -D T> Tl,r „* OA T T.™ en co -a en -o to "• "• M. at 80 LbS. ©encnooooo Cubic Feet of Free Air to co to to*, to eo to at 80 Lbs ocncnocnocnoi aL ou J -' uo - &;&&£;&&£;£ Hose Connection (Ins.) 272 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT SAND PUMPS. "Down" holes in rock forming a mud which will not splash out must be cleaned at intervals — usually at every change of steels. For this purpose the sand pump is used. It is a sec- tion of wrought iron boiler tube having a valve at its lower end which opens to admit the slush, but closes when the tube is lifted. At the upper end of the tube a chain should be attached, made up of several links of rod by which the pump is forced to the bottom of the hole. A ring at the last link pre- vents the chain from dropping in the hole. The two-foot length is used for cleaning holes without moving the drills; greater lengths are intended for deep holes. Standard sizes and prices are tabulated below. TABLE 107— SAND PUMP WITH BAIL Outside Diam. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 in ins . . l^-inch l^o-inch lH-inch 1 }f -inch 2 % -inch Standard Sizes Ln. Price Price Price Price Price In stock 2 ft. ...$1.00 $1.00 $1.25 $1.50 $2.50 In stock 4 ft. . .. 1.50 1-50 1.75 2.00 3.00 To order 6 ft. . . . 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.5.0 3.50 For each addi- tional foot of length add . ... .25 .25 .25 .30 .30 Note: Above prices are for pump complete with valve and bail, but do not include a chain or rod. Net price for stone drills at Boston is as follows: Stone drills, 1 and 1%-in. octagon steel, 2 to 6-ft. lengths, 12 cts. per lb. The net prices at Chicago for hand drills for stone, marble and granite are as follows: Ball drills, 7 ft. long, 8 lbs. weight, $2.85 each. TABLE 108— MISCELLANEOUS DRILLS Each %-in.x 8-in $0.30 %-in.xl0-in 35 %-in.xl2-in 40 %-in.xl4-in 45 %-in.xl6-in 60 %-in.xl6-in 70 l-in.xl6-in 75 Net price for drills is as follows: Stone drills, 1 and 1%-in. octagon steel, 2 to 6 ft. lengths, 12 cts. per lb. Blacksmith drills operated by hand power, for drilling holes up to iy 2 ins., weigh from 90 to 150 lbs., and cost from $12.00 to $25.00. 'er Doz. $3.00 3.60 4.00 4.50 6.00 7.20 7.50 Fig. 95. 274 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT ELECTRIC GENERATORS An electric light plant with generator driven by a gas engine of special design has the following specifications: Direct connected sets: TABLE 109 "R .5 "'g S>s k~ a So eg c& p^ C n -rt oj ^ . ^n H 2 £ J °~ S3 -3 °0 -C ' w p- 03 . o p. loioiooioooiooooooiooiaoiooiooiooocioooooioiooo lOJ^^O^OeO^OOOCOOOOlOOlOONCOOlOMOOMHNOOrHOHMWlOl- lHrH^}«1-lTlC~CO©ir5C ■ ©© .©© > ■* 00 00 ■* o ■* SOC00MHN •U5©©©©©©© •©©< ■ t-oiooioiooo -in©! • 00 lO HlOt-L-OM -©IOC "l-T tHN rtHN ' 1-T ,©^N©0O©©©IO©©00tJ« ,com,-ioooia©ia©eoe»ca»-:iO*t< ■ cooo-*coc-i-iT»-coir;c-i-ic £ j Ph >©©©©©©©©©©©©©©0©©©©©©©©00©©©©©©©©© JOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO :i>;^cocoi>-'rtMt^[^cooiecoo©05o6o!Xoioi©ci , CO©-C<3© CO r 1H T-Tcq T-Ti-HN 1-J «H IWU50U5000IOU50 010© )t--ieMCO (l-llHegNC©©©(MlOlOl«»OC 3 a ,fafa fe ft 278 ® HH r-i HriHHHHHHINHINN a HXXXXXXXXXXXXXXKXXXKXX 3 eooeoeooooeoeoeoeooseooooeooooo.- oooooo n. i-tHHHNNHHHHNriHINMHNNNNMeq »C5 r«e •©©00000000000000 •oooooooooooooooo K O Eh O Q « ooioc ft[-OS L02 ,_f COt>a5DCOI>ON^HL'- 00i-lcoosmc-«DCO«OCS00-**3«O t, 000M?3'*D3l.'J'*ini>10'* >O«00MO <«10«l>00 >t>OSinOSOS i a) looiooiooooooiooiooi Q) n©WOt-HU)lOOWHOI>MC Qlt-ffl(0OSCOC.|t~O®l»lOt-lOM< loraoiooo r • oooooooooooooooooooooo g OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO .r-i «oco^'odo'505ir5ajO I «Sc ioiooooooiooioowwowowoo lOt>HWU5Qir5HOt>«(MI>i0(Nt>H0SH 3 w H CQ 005WlflOOOO|OlflOOlflOOOoOlfllflO»J !!&&Eft&E&fcEfttaE&&£S 280 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Prices are for shunt wound open type motors, and include sliding base, standard pulley and Cutler Hammer, automatic re- lease. For compound wound motors add 3 per cent to net price. For semi-closed motors with gridiron doors add 5 per cent to net price. If sliding base or pulley are not wanted deduct 2 per cent from net price for base and 1 per cent from net price for pulley. Frames G-6, AAF, AF, BF and CF are bi-polar machines; the remainder are multi-polar. When operated at 110 or 220 volts, speeds will be approximately 4 per cent less. Speeds may vary 5 per cent above or below those listed. TABLE 113— SINGLE PHASE SELF-STARTING MOTORS FOR 110 OR 220 VOLTS, 60 CYCLES y 2 H.P. 1,800 R.P.M. $ 56.70 % H.P. 1.200 R.P.M. ? 6S.40 % H.P. 2.800 R.P.M. 64.10 ?4 H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 72.60 1 HP. 1,800 R.P.M. 68.45 1 H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 71.90 1% H.P. 1,800 R.P.M. 72.60 1% H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 87.20 2 H.P. 1.800 R.P.M. 77.00 2 H.P. 1.200 R.P.M. 102.50 2y 2 HP. 1,800 R.P.M. 85.05 3 H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 119.50 3 H.P. 1,800 R.P.M. 94.05 4 H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 162.20 3% H.P. 1,800 R.P.M. 98.30 5 H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 177.70 4 H.P. 1,800 R.P.M. 106.90 7V 2 H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 200.00 5 H.P. 1,800 R.P.M. 115.20 10 H.P. 1,200 R.P.M. 256.00 IVz HP. 1,800 R.P.M. 177.50 10 H.P. 1.800 R.P.M. 200.00 15 H.P. 1,800 R.P.M. 256.00 Starting boxes are furnished with 7%, 10 and 15 H. P. motors only. Prices include sub-base and belt tightener attachment. ... I ISl HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT ELEVATING GRADERS These machines are generally drawn by twelve horses (eight in front and four hitched to a push cart behind) or more, or by a traction engine. The machine consists primarily of a plow which casts a furrow on a transversely moving belt that elevates the earth, and dumps it into wagons or at one side. See Figs. 96 and 97. An elevating grader of the best type with a combined wood and steel frame weighing 10,000 lbs., sells for $1,050 f. o. b. Indiana. The advantage of the combined wood and steel frame lies in the fact that, a machine of this type being subject to great strains, if a steel channel, angle, or tee is badly bent it is generally necessary to send to the factory for a new part; if a wooden beam is broken a new one can be made and fitted on the job. This machine will excavate and dump on the bank 1,000 yards per ten-hour day, or load 500 to 600 yards in wagons, wherever stone or roots are not of sufficient size to impede prog- ress in plowing, and where the ground is free from frost, and is •-■a Kfc*O00Hl0O co "»iocq Sot- o> m X©ce»s< jjiflH' Ot-IOHOOOO M CO CO CO 00 C- OS •* CO os^Xocaco^inc^'-irH V 'en O , O .ph 55 r; . ; a> . : -ft '■ •*£ : :° a . ■3S3 rt -^';g • ■?? •■So, °So2-s 00 2 22 2-2 287 288 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The stationary steam engine shown in Figure 101 is of the box-bed type, made very heavy; balanced fly-wheel and pulley, D slide valve; complete with all fittings except steam connec- tions, exhaust pipe, and governor belt. Horse-power No. of revolutions .... Cylinders, diameter and stroke, inches S^xlO Diam. of flywheel, ins. . Leng. of bed plate, ins.1,000 Width of bed plate, ins, " Diam. of pulley, ins. . . Face of pulley, ins Weight, complete, lbs. 2,700 Price $312.00 $338.00 $505.00 $670.00 $716.00 15 25 40 55 60 175 150 130 125 125 4x10 10x12 121,4x15 14x18 14x20 6G 81 96 107 108 000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,500 80 87 100 122 134 34 48 54 60 60 9 12 1.4 16 16 700 4,700 7,000 9,000 10,000 Fig. 101. Stationary Engine. ESTIMATING THE HORSE POWER OF CONTRACTORS' ENGINES. The size of an engine is usually expressed in \erms of the diameter of the cylinder bore by the length of the piston stroke. In a 6x8 engine, the cylinder has a bore of 6" and the piston has a stroke of 8". This stroke is, of course, just twice the length of the "throw" of the crank arm. Bear in mind, therefore, that ENGINES 289 the "size of cylinder" as given in catalogue is the bore of the cylinder by the stroke of the piston, and not by the full length of the cylinder. If a contractor's engine is designed to have a piston speed of 300 ft. per minute, and is using steam with a boiler pressure of 100 lbs., it is an easy matter to deduce a very simple rule for estimating the horse-power of the engine. The following rule is precisely correct when the product of the piston speed by the mechanical efficiency is equal to 1050; and this is ordinarily the case with contractors' engines having cylinders of 8" or more in diameter. RULE: To ascertain the horsepower, square the bore of the cylinder and divide by four. Thus, if the engine is 8x8, we have a cylinder bore of 8. Hence, squaring 8 we have G4, and dividing by 4 we get 16, which is the horsepower. This is the actual delivered, or brake, horse- power. For small engines, whose piston speeds are usually less, it is safe to divide the square of the bore by five instead of by four. A 6x6 engine would, therefore, have 7 horsepower. If the engine has two cylinders (duplex) of course the horse- power is twice that of a single cylinder. Gasoline Engines are usually furnished with the machinery they are designed to operate, and for that reason when machinery which may be operated by gasoline is described, the price of the engine is included in the total cost. However, at times, it may be desirable to equip a piece of machinery now driven by steam or other power, with a gasoline engine. The price of 4-cycle marine engines of the very best type is as follows: TABLE 115 No. Rev. :. p. No. Cylinders. per Min. Weight, Lbs. Price. 12 2 500 240 $ 450 18 3 500 800 600 24 4 500 980 925 40 6 550 1,350 1,425 20 2 450 1,050 825 30 3 450 1,400 1,275 40 4 450 1,850 1.375 60 6 500 2,600 2,200 50 6 700 1,000 1,875 80 6 650 1,900 2,450 This price includes all equipment. A gas, gasoline, distillate or alcohol driven engine, of horizon- tal, water-cooled type, Fig. 102, has in a single casting combined a cylinder and cylinder head, which does away with joints in the water jacket. Both induction and exhaust valves are me- 290 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT chanically operated and separately caged. The igniter is of the make and break type and is attached to the end of the cylinder as a single plug. The governor is of the flyball type running in ball bearings. Each engine has two fly wheels with split hubs, lugs on the arms provide for attaching pulley to either side. When equipped for gas it is provided with an improved type of cock which is graduated to obtain and instantly regulate the mixture. When equipped for gasoline, distillate or alcohol, a pump delivers the liquid fuel to the vaporizer. The ratings, dimensions and prices are as follows: H. P 4 Rev. perm. 350 Pulley . . . 12x6 Approx. fl. space .. . 24x36 325 15x6 275 18x6 15 250 24x8 20 25 30 220 200 190 26x8 28x8 28x10 8x56 32x66 38x83 44x95 48xli space ... iiAoo <:o.x.oo DiAoo ooxoo iiA33 lOAJua auAiiu Price $185.00 $260.00 $320.00 $525.00 $675.00 $750.00 $850.00 ■Mr Ilri'.I Up j y WStBtoamHa-^^^^ttk Fig. 102. The engines are furnished with the following equipment: Oil cups, wrenches, exhaust pot or muffler, can of cylinder oil, bat- teries and gas regulator. Twenty gallon gasoline storage tank, cooling tanks, magnetos or dynamos, friction clutch pulleys and other accessories are not considered a regular part of the equip- ment as requirements in each installation are apt to be special. A magneto costs $10.00. A clutch costs $20.00. A small but powerful gasoline engine, known as the Farm Pump Engine, may be attached in a few minutes, and used to operate small pumps, saw rigs, grind-stones, etc. This engine is of the vertical type, air-cooled; its weight with battery box, ignition coil, and batteries, is 280 lbs., crated, 330 lbs. It con- ENGINES 291 sumes about 2 qts. of gasoline in 10 hours. The price f. o. b. cars, factory, is $70.00. (See Figs. 103 and 104.) This engine, mounted on a wooden base, with a side-suction diaphragm pump costs as follows: 3 in. pump, without hose, Fig. 103. The Diaphragm Pu $110.00, capacity, 2400 gals, per hour; 4 in. pump, without hose, $130.00, capacity 3800 gals, per hour. With a bottom suction diaphragm pump, without pipe, this engine costs as follows: The Grindstone. 3 in. pump, $108.00; 4 in. pump, $125.00. The engine without pump or hose, but with frame and all connections, costs $90.00. 292 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The same machine equipped with a double acting force pump costs: 5 in. pump, $105.00; 3 in. pump, $100.00; engine with frame and attachments, $85.00. The same outfit with a tank pump, costs $105.00. The shipping weight of any of the above outfits is about 500 lbs. Fig. 105. The Pressure System. A very simple gasoline engine is shown in Figure 106. It is of the open-jacket water cooling system, gas-tank in iron base, governor of the inertia type, make and break ignition, and the equipment includes muffler, coil, wrenches, oil can, etc. Fig. 106. 8 and 12 H. P. "Bull Dog" Sawing Outfit, Complete • with Friction Clutch and Saw Blade. H. P. Speed. Weight. Pulley. Price. 1% 400 275 6x4 ins. ' $ 70.00 2% 400 475 8x4 ins. 110.00 5 375 800 12x6 ins. 200.00 6 375 1,050 14x6 ins. 215.00 8 375 1,800 18x6 ins. 295.00 2 360 2,100 20x6 ins. 425.00 The price of the above engines, mounted on a truck, is $56.00 extra. Engines up to 6 H. P. are mounted on a hand truck, and the 8 and 12 H. P. on a steel truck. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Vertical gasoline-driven, water-cooled engines of a certain make are furnished in the following models and outfits: Model T — Outfit A. — Equipped with automatic throttling gov- ernor, iron foundation base, and driving pulley. Governor is of the vertical fiyball type which may be set to operate at any desired speed by means of a thumb nut. This engine is suitable for driving saw-rigs, small machinery, and in small machine shops, electric lighting, etc. Model T — Outfit B. — Same as outfit A, except that the base is extra, and the driving pulley is different. Suitable when mounted on skids or trucks for portable rigs, harvesters, binders, mixers, well-drills, etc. Model T — Outfit C. — Same as B but without the governor. Suitable for steady pumping, etc. Fig. 108, Outfit Model R — Outfit D. — Equipped with iron base, extra fly wheel, with driving pulley, and automatic ball governor. Suitable for small machinery. Model R — Outfit E. — Same as outfit D, but without the base and the extra fly wheel with driving pulley, for which a cup pulley is substituted. Suitable for portable work in driving small pumps, saw-rigs, etc. Model R — Outfit F. — Same as outfit E, but without governor. Suitable for pumping, driving railway velocipedes, hand cars, etc. Extra fly wheel for Model T outfit costs $10.00. Foundation bases for T-B or T-C engines, $16.00; for R-E and R-F outfits, $10.00. Extra pulleys for R-D or R-E engines, $3.00. Magneto for T-A and R-D engines, $16.00. Portable hand trucks for these engines, fitted for 7 in. iron wheels, cost: 4 to 6 H. P., $12.00; 8 to 12 H. P., $16.00. ENGINES 295 TABLE 116 Price List. Standard Pulleys. Diain Face. H. P. Price. Model. Inches- Weight. 12 Outfit A $219.00 T-A- 10 X 10 600 12 Outfit B •196.00 T-B 10 X 6 482 12 Outfit C 176.00 T-C 10 X 6 460 8 Outfit A 186.00 T-A 10 X 10 540 8 Outfit B 168.00 T-B 10 X 6 437 8 Outfit C 152.00 T-C 10 X 6 420 6 Outfit D 124.00 R-D 8 X 4 368 6 Outfit E 110.00 R-E 8 X 4 245 6 Outfit F 84.00 R-F 8 X 4 228 4 Outfit D 104.00 R-D 8 X 4 334 4 Outfit E 90.00 R-E 8 X 4 215 4 Outfit P 76.00 R-F 8 X 4 195 3 Outfit F 65.00 R-F 6 X 4 140 The equipment furnished includes spark coil, dry cells, switch, muffler and 5 gallon gasoline tank. Extra fly wheel for Model T outfit costs $10.00. Foundation bases for T-B or T-C engines $16.00; for R-E and R-F outfits, Fig. 109. $10.00. Extra pulleys for R-D or R-E engines, $3.00. Magneto for T-A and R-D engines, $16.00. Portable hand trucks for these engines, fitted with 7 in. iron wheels cost : 4 to 6 H. P., $12.00; 8 to 12 H. P., $16.00. Horizontal gasoline driven engines (see Fig. 109), having the open water jacket cooling system, are regularly fitted with the following equipment: Standard pulley, oil and grease cups, wrenches and pliers, muffler, batteries, coil, oil cans, etc. The cost of the engine mounted is as shown on following page. 296 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT TABLE 117 Revolu- Size of Standard Rated tions Pulley Approximate Shipping H. P. per Min Diam. Face Floor Space Weight Price 3 400 lOx 5 28x42 900 $115.00 5 375 14x C . 34x51 1,500 182.00 7 350 16x 8 38x55 1,900 245.00 9 320 18x 8 44x70 2,500 305.00 12 300 20x12 43x71 3,600 400.00 15 280 24x14 48x82 4,700 470.00 18 280 28x14 ' 48x82 4,800 525.00 HOISTING ENGINES Steam driven engines are manufactured in an immense variety of styles. Below are given the average prices of the types most generally used. These prices and weights vary greatly, but they Single Cylinder, Single Friction Drum, Hoisting Engine. are accurate enough to be used for estimating. For the purpose of tabulating, hoisting engines have been arbitrarily divided into the following classes (See Table 118): SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINES 1. Reversible link motion, single friction drum, ele- docks, stevedores, ships, Class, vator sheaves. Adapted to coal yards centrifugal pumps, pile driving, etc. Class. 2. Single friction drum. Adapted for same uses as Class 1 engine. Class 3. Double friction drum. Suitable for general hoisting purposes, moving pumps, for docks, coal yards, pile driving, etc. 298 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT DOUBLE CYLINDER ENGINES Class 4. Link motion, single friction drum, elevator sheave. Adapted to general contracting use, and especially for operating material elevators, and, in larger sizes, for use on barges, docks, etc. Class 5. Single friction drum, suited to general hoisting, erect- ing, log skidding, etc. Class 6. Double friction drum, link motion engine especially adapted to small cableways, sewer and general contractors' work. Fig. 113. Double Cylinder, Four Friction Drum, Link Motion Engine. Class 7. Double friction drum engine. Adapted to hauling cars, pile driving, bridge building, operating derricks, and gen- eral hoisting purposes, circular saws, concrete mixers, centri- fugal pumps, etc. Class 8. Double friction drum, with boom swinger attached for derricks. Class 9. Independent swinging engines for derricks. Double winch, non-reversible. Class 10. 3 friction drum, with reversing gears and drums, for boom derricks with clam-shell or orange-peel buckets. Class 11. 4 friction drum, link motion engine, especially adapted to logging, quarrying, etc. I s S° © -S3 a £ oSSo ooo ooo oooo eioia ooot- t-ooo> * H oooo ooo ^-fl, ooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooo oooo f 5 ooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooo oooo I •£« o'dwdwH^tctldNteddia oudddddduioddddodoQoddo dodo (-(T Iftlrtt-NUSOOt-CQeO^OOt^lOOiM ONOlO-*(MOfOHOWMi-iOOlO«Oai«i«>t-. QOOA & ^ g 5^3 oo ooo ooo oooooooooooooooooooo<=>ooooooo< & ;^;oo= g 3 O 10 00 00 O 00 O ON00OON»0000OON00OOONl»00OOON»OONNQeoON»OONONOC «j ^io(et-uswoooiawaioioiowtfK»0(D(Dt-wC"io(e«t-eooiowt-oooLS«D»Oiateoo©t-oob ^j ^aoNO^ooiaio^wifliaceooNuoooocdoooiKNeeooooovooooccoooovooooc 300 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The prices of electrically operated hoist engines, including motors, vary with the current, voltage, etc., but for estimating purposes it is generally true that motor driven hoisting engines cost more than steam driven engines complete with boilers. A hoist engine used 10 years on pile driving with minor re- pairs was then used three years. The original cost was $750.00. The average cost of repairs after 10 years' use was $10.00 per working month. The cost in labor of unloading from cars and setting up a hoisting engine ready for work averages from $35 to $50. Fig. 114. Gasoline "V" Friction Hoist. Several types of hoisting engines are illustrated in Figs. Nos. 110 to 115. GASOLINE HOIST A single drum 2% H. P. gasoline hoisting engine, having a capacity of 1000 lbs. on a single line. Engine, 2y 2 H. P., gasoline, electric ignition, complete with batteries, coil, muffler, etc. Drum, 514 ins. diameter, 25% ins. between flanges, "V" fric- tion, 24 in. diameter, rope speed 25 ft. per minute. Floor-space, 4 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Price, equipped with foot brakes, friction clutch, and shifting lever, $280.00. SMALL BELT DRIVEN HOIST A reversible friction hoist designed to be operated by a gaso- line engine or motor through a belt has the following specifica- tions: ENGINES 301 Fig. 115. Reversible Hoist. DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITY Weight, 1,200 lbs. Floor space, 3 ft. 8 in.x2 ft. 8 in. Drum: Diameter, 6 in.; between flanges, 19 ins. Capacity of drum, 2,000 lbs. on a single line. Elevator sheave, 24 ins. diameter; capacity, 400 lbs. lift. Hoisting speed, 150 ft. per minute. H. P. required, 5. Complete with winch head, drum, elevator, and pulley, but not belt nor engine. $220.00. 302 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT EXCAVATORS LAND DREDGE OS GRAB BUCKET EXCAVATOR In building irrigation ditches in the Modisto and Turlock dis- tricts along the San Joaquin river in California in sand and hardpan a land dredge or grab bucket excavator was used for part of the work. The machinery is mounted on a skid plat- form 18x30 feet which rests on movable wooden rollers running on planks on the ground. The dredge moves along the axial line of the canal receding from the breast as it is excavated. It is moved ahead from 3 to 5 feet at a time by means of a steel cable anchored to a "dead man" and wound on a drum driven by the engine. The A-frame which supports the boom is 20 feet high. This boom inclines about 45° and may be swung 180° horizontally by a bull-wheel but has no vertical motion. The bucket is of the clam shell type, one cubic yard capacity, weigh- ing 2800 lbs. The operator stands on a platform on the A-frame and controls the machine by 3 levers and 2 foot brakes. A 25 H. P. single cylinder gasoline engine furnishes the power and Fig. 116. Clamshell Dredge Cleaning Canals In Imperial Valley, drives a series of combination gear and friction brake drums controlling the motion of the excavating bucket. The machine cost $5,000. Wages of the crew of 5 men and a team during one month amounted to $305.00. The supplies, which included 400 feet of %-inch hoisting cable costing $50.40, rollers costing $21.00, a large intermediate gear costing $14.00, depreciation of machine $40.00, and gasoline, oil, explosives, etc., amounting to $216.24. Fourteen thousand cubic yards were excavated at a cost of $0,035 per cubic yard. Traction driven machines (Fig. 116), equipped with 15 cu. ft. clam shell buckets, were used by the California Development EXCAVATORS 303 Co. for cleaning canals too small to float dredges. These ma- chines have a 40 ft. steel boom carried on an all steel frame. The maximum width of cut is 14 ft. The power is supplied by a 15 H. P. Gasoline engine. The machine has two forward trac- tion speeds and one reverse. These machines cost $5,000 each, and the cost of handling material with them was about 13 cents per cu. yd. The Bridge Conveyor Excavator illustrated in Fig. 117 was used on Contract 6 of the New York S.tate Barge Canal. It is an adaptation to earth and rock excavation of a type of conveyor- ' • \**£f& v^X ~y:\ ■ -j' ■" tic. ::* .^C^. 4 ). fJBff ilfeF^ Fig. 117. Bridge Conveyor Excavator on Section 6, New York State Barge Canal. excavator long employed at Great Lake ports for unloading ore vessels. The machine has proved fairly economical, and cost $105,000. The machine consisted of two towers, each 90 ft. high, resting on a steel framework supported on 32 car wheels. The towers carried a two-truss bridge having cantilever arms extending over the spoil banks on each side. One tower was rigidly at- tached to its car frame, while the other had two sets of bear- ings, one of which permitted a variation of the distance between the cars, and the other allowed the tower to swing on an arc of 17° at right angles to the bridge axis. All the machinery was operated by electric power obtained from the Rochester Railway & Light Co. 304 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The bucket was of the clam shell type, weighed 9 tons, and had a nominal capacity of 8 cu. yds. The average load was, how- ever, about 3 cu. yds. After the rock had been blasted, it was excavated and conveyed to the banks by the bucket. The total wages per 8-hour day were as follows: 1 Operator at $6.00 $ 6.00 1 Electrician at $4.00 4.00 1 Oiler at $3.25 3.25 2 to 5 Laborers at $1.50 and $1.60 $3.00 to 8.00 1 Team at $4.00 4.00 1 Watchman at $2.00 2.00 Bookeeper, part time at 125.00 per month Timekeeper, part time at 80.00 per month Superintendent, part time at 250.00 per month During the 24 months of 1908 and 1909 the total output was 510,406 cu. yds. of rock and 39,721 cu. yds. of earth. During this period the machine was laid up an aggregate of 2 months on account of fire and for repairs to the bucket. The cost was as follows: Total Cost Per Cu. Yd. Repairs $22,332.77 $0.0400 Electric power 26,630.00 0.0484 Drilling, rock 0.0212 Blasting rock 0.0715 Removal of spoil 0.3091 Total for 550,127 cubic yards $0.4902 This cost does not include interest or depreciation. SCRAPER EXCAVATOR A power operating grader was worked successfully in con- structing the Tacoma and Eastern Railway in Washington. The device consisted of a riveted sheet steel scraper of special con- struction operated by a double drum engine through a hauling rope and a pull back rope. The scraper consisted of two vertical side plates with the front ends cut square and the rear ends to a semi-circle. Connecting the semi-circular rear ends across the scraper was a half-cylinder of steel plate with top and bot- tom edges shod with cutting knives. To keep the front ends of the side plates rigid they were braced together by a cross-strut. They also had bail connections on top and bottom. In operation the scraper was pulled ahead and the bottom knife edge shaved off a strip of earth which piled against the hollow back plate and was dragged along to the dumping bank. By having two knives the scraper could be reversed, top for bottom, when one knife was dull, by simply shifting the bail. Dumping was accom- plished by simply pulling the scraper back from the load. These machines are made in two sizes: 5 ft. wide, 30 ins. high and 6 ft. long, for 5 cu. ft. capacity, and 7 ft. wide, 36 ins. high and 9 ft. long for 7 cu. ft. capacity. For the smaller size a 9x10 in. engine is required and for the larger size a 10x15 in. engine. The hauling line should be 1 in. steel cable and the pull back line % in. steel cable. Ordinarily it takes three minutes to haul EXCAVATORS 305 800 to 1000 feet. The price of the scraper is $250.00 for the smaller size and $300.00 for the larger size. The Drag Scraper Excavator* has been used with great suc- cess on the New York Barge Canal. Where canals are being dug and a large waste bank must be built, or where a heavy fill is to be made in ground which is average and has no large boulder or tree stumps, this machine is very successful. The scraper bucket is suspended by cables from the end of a long boom. Booms 90 ft. or 100 ft. long, giving a reach of 100 or 110 ft. from the center of the machine to the end of the boom, are practicable. The entire machine swings on a circular turn- table. The bucket is filled by pulling it directly toward the center of the machine by means of a cable so there is no strain on the boom except that due to its own weight and the weight of the bucket and its load. As a result the booms of this type of machine can safely be made lighter and consequently longer than is the case with the booms of dipper dredges of similar size and strength. A machine of the type illustrated (Fig. 118), 1 *®m^z^ ^K, ^wL^ ^^ - 1 \ - !, -- r *r. z'r~ Fig. 118. Drag-Scraper Excavator Used on New York Barge Canal. used on the New York Barge Canal, has an 85 ft. boom, a reach of 96 feet and weighs 147 tons. A 2 yd. dipper is used which in operation is usually filled full and sometimes carried 4 yds at a load. The engine is of 15 H. P. capacity and the boiler 54 H. P. The machine is probably strong enough to operate a 3% yd. dipper. It excavated earth 90 ft. from the center of the machine on one side and deposited 100 ft. from the center on the other side. It can deposit material on banks from 20 to 35 ft. in height. A machine is usually moved forward by means of cables. ♦Compiled from U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bui. 230. EXCAVATORS 307 During May, 1910, the items of cost of operation were as fol- lows: Engineer, at $90 per month $ 90.00 Engineer, at $95 per month 84.04 Firemen, pumpmen, watchmen and laborers at $1.75 per day 363.00 Coal, at $3 per ton 147.00 Repairs 15.82 Total $699.86 The first cost of this machine was $10,000. Table 119 gives the cost of operation of this machine on the New York Barge Canal: TABLE 119 Item April May June July August Fitting up $426.80 Excavation 319.74 $684.29 $747.7/ $ 850.69 $1,118.57 Repairs 15.82 62.60 48.23 75.12 Interest and depre- ciation, 21% 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 175.00 Shifting on work * 77.02 Total $921.54 $875.11 $985.37 $1,150.94 $1,368.69 Average cost per yd. $0,177 $0,048 $0.0388 $0.0348 $0.0289 Yards complete dur- ing month 5,205 18,365 25,333 33,055 47,363 * Machine fell into canal. Electrically Operated Drag: line Machines. Average cost for the season, including all charges, 4.1 cts. per yard. Two large electrically operated drag line scrapers were used on the Calu- met Sag Channel near Chicago. These machines had 100 ft. steel booms and were equipped with 2V 2 cu. yd. scraper-buck- ets, and each weighed about 120 tons. The following de- scription is reprinted from Engineering and Contracting, Jan. 22, 1913: The arrangement of the operating machinery is shown in the accompanying drawing (Fig. 119), The double drum hoist is operated directly by a gear on the shaft of a 112 H. P., 60-cycle, 3-phase motor, making 690 r. p. m. A 52 H. P., 60-cycle, 3-phase motor, 855. r. p. m., operates the bevel swing gear as shown. The air brakes are operated through power furnished by a 25 cu. ft. motor-driven air compressor. The current is furnished by a public service company and is brought from Blue Island, several miles away, over a high tension line at 33,000 volts to a trans- former house on the work where the voltage is stepped down to 2,300 volts. It is again stepped down to 440 volts through a portable transformer which is attached to the dragline ma- chine by a cable and is pulled along on its trucks as the machine moves ahead. On the machine the current is stepped down to 110 volts for the incandescent lamps and to 35 volts for the searchlight which is placed on the front of the house and just under the boom. The machine is operated by two men on board and two men 308 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT outside for handling the track. While moving to position for commencing work one of the machines was moved 410 ft. in one day. The track sections upon which the machine runs are 15 ft. long and are built up solidly. They are built of a solid 3-in. plank bottom upon which are fastened the ties set about 8 ins. apart. On top of the ties are 8x16 in. timbers on edge under the 90-lb. rails. The whole is bolted together and has eyebolts near the ends of the 8x16 in. timbers so that it can be handled by a four-way chain. The work upon which the machines are engaged consists of about 8,000 ft. of canal section from 31 to 37 ft. deep, 36 ft. wide on the bottom and with slopes of 2 on 1. The south berm will be about 90 ft. wide or will extend 150 ft .from the center line of the canal and the north berm will be 40 ft. narrower, accord- ing to the plans. About 8 to 12 ft. of the bottom work on Section 5 will be rock and it is not yet decided by the contractor how this will be handled, though it is likely to be handled in skips by a derrick with a very long boom. The dragline machines are se-t on opposite banks. The one on the south will excavate half the canal section in two cuts. That the use of electricity will be economical is illustrated by macliines in California which actually used % of a K.W.H. per cubic yard of material handled. The cost of the current there was on a sliding scale ranging from % to 1 ir/7 rM affrer/'fr refer* /air s//*ts tre/i'xZfff m*n ffr/iSs r/*S/r/Sarr/ft/e/7f/es to /fir re/t/rn ///it S/TfCM/f. Fig. 120. Sketches Showing Operation of Field Tower Excavator. rests on a trussed platform or car which carries the hoisting engine, coal and other supplies. The tower is rigidly secured to the truss and guyed by back stays to the projecting back end of the platform. The platform or car runs on four solid double flange cast steel wheels, 16 ins. in diameter and 4 ins. tread. The track consists of two 90-lb. rails each spiked to 6 x 8 in. x 4 ft. ties spaced 2 ft. apart and bolted to two 2 x 12 in. x 30 ft. planks. The engine may be any good make 10 x 12 in. engine with double drums and two niggerheads. The hauling line is % in. and return cable is % in.; 18 in. sheaves are used. The tower is moved forward or back by a 1% in. manila line secured to a deadman suitably placed, passing through sheaves secured to the platform and around the niggerhead. The track is also moved ahead by the same means, the deadman being dispensed with and line passing around the end of a boom which is a part of the tower. The line around the niggerhead is op- erated by the fireman. The operator's cabin is placed up about one-third the height of the tower in full view of the work, and the engine is manipu- lated by suitable levers and brakes connecting the operating cabin with the engine. f/ycmtf. Fig. 121. Details of Tower for Field Tower Excavator. EXCAVATORS 311 Scraper Bucket. The distinctive feature of the excavation is the scraper bucket which is shown by Fig-. 122. This bucket has a capacity of 48 cu. ft. level full, but in ordinary material it will "crown up" to 2 cu. yds. capacity. Particularly easy and certain control are claimed for this bucket. These advantages are brought about by the combination of two sheaves placed at the rear end of the scraper at right angles and vertically to it, the return line passing reversely over the upper and under the lower sheave, while the bottom of the scraper is fitted with two curved cradles or shoes, resulting, in connection with the pulling line, in such control of the cutting edge that the scraper can be sus- tained at any vertical angle at the will of the operator. Cost Data. The chief first cost of this plant is in the hoist- ing engine and cable, which are all standard commercial designs and usable for other purposes. The following is an estimate furnished by the Atlantic, Gulf & Pacific Co. of the cost cf a tower scraper plant, including everything: 5,080 ft. B. M. lumber at $38 per M $ 193.04 360 ft. B. M. white oak at $45 per M 16.20 540 lbs. iron bolts and nuts at 6 cts 32.40 120 ft. % in. wire rope backstays 13.20 2 % in. turnbuckles .80 1 headblock sheave and bearing 10.00 1 hauling sheave and bearing 4.00 1 S^xlO Lidgerwood double drum hoisting engine.. 1,089.00 1 scraper bucket, complete with cutting edge, sheaves, etc 300.00 Labor directing based on condition in northern New York, carpenters at $2.50 per 8-hour day 200.00 Total $1,858.64 The following is an estimate of the operating cost of the plant also furnished by the Atlantic, Gulf & Pacific Co.: Cost Item. per Month. Wire rope $160.00 20 tons coal at $4 80.00 Oil, waste and repairs 15.00 Total $255.00 To this is to be added the labor cost. Each shift requires the following force: 1 foreman at 37% cts. per hour $ 3.00 1 engineer at 37% cts. per hour 3.00 1 fireman at 22 cts. per hour 1.76 1 signal man at 25 cts. per hour 2.00 5 laborers at 20 cts. per hour 8.00 And an additional 4 laborers at 20 cts. per hour 6.40 Total $24.16 312 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Assuming 26 working days and two shifts per day, the labor cost for one month is $1,256.32, which, added to $255 given above, makes a total cost for operation of $1,511.32. Assuming interest on plant at y 2 per cent per month we have an additional $9.30, making the grand total $1,520.62. Assuming an output of 700 cu. yds. per day we get a cost per cubic yard of 8.4 cts. This cost included, however, a proportion of the field office expenses. In regard to the life of the cables used, the Atlantic, Gulf & Pacific Co. writes: Fig. 122. Scraper Bucket for Field Tower Excavator. "While the life of the wire rope used depends almost entirely upon the character of material to be excavated; in clay and loam, the plant working two eight-hour shifts per day, 26 days each month, excavating approximately 700 cubic yards per day, will use 800 to 1,000 ft. of wire rope per month." cooJq nJ cS • • o o o • o o • •TtiOOtO • NO • H S H H O h 2 H H L,x***-sr^ ifi'-rHT-li-l.-lrH^iH mOOO .OOO .. OOO .000 b£££ • £££ 5 "2 00 0100* X X X X -XXX i t t s .s 5 s ■NrHrH -Hr-Jr; -XX *h :## 3iM .Tturq- rt«WN XXXX S I s s i s s s o W-J ^MUNOONM HCO«>HffiHH CO ^ . R 000000c 5000000000 o O^C^CqcOOOC-lftl • O'B'^OOO'SNI'C >oooooooooooo cqooc*ioo X x xx : CM-*O0tH-*iHt-IC ig «JMOQHfaOW>-^Wt-]§ZOkG> p* WtHp>^XfHN^^: .&S£& t^S cS 3 oJ 314 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT The Tower Excavator.* The principal parts of this appa- ratus are a hoisting engine; a tower 65 ft. high, guyed to cables extending to the ground on each side, where instead of being Fig. 123. Tower Drag-Scraper Excavator. stationary, they slide on other cables stretched parallel to the ditch and fastened to deadmen, thus giving stability to the tower, while allowing it to move parallel to the ditch; the scraper Fig. 124. Bucket Used with Tower Drag-Scraper Excavator. bucket in which the earth is moved; and cables for operating the bucket. The machine is built upon a platform and is moved on rollers by winding a cable fastened at one end to a deadman. * Abstracted from Engineering News. EXCAVATORS 315 A more efficient provision- for moving the machine would doubt- less result in considerably reducing the cost of operation. The operation of the machine is illustrated in Pigs. 123 and 124. Its cost is about $1,500. With the strengthening of parts necessary to fit it for extra heavy work the cost would be about $2,000, of which $1,200 would represent the cost of a hoisting engine. In operating the excavator the bucket is loaded by pulling it toward the tower by winding up the cable, which, passing over the lower sheave on the tower, is attached to the front end of the bucket. The bucket is then dumped by winding over the drum the cable which passes over the sheave on top of the tower and which is attached to the back end of the bucket. The bucket is returned to the ditch by further tightening the upper cable and loosening the lower one, then it quickly slides back by gravity to the starting point. The earth is deposited between the ditch and the machine. The following is the cost for each eight hour shift in operating this machine: Engineer $ 3.00 Fireman 2.00 Foreman 3.00 Signal man 2.00 Cable shifter 1.60 Horse and man, moving track 3.00 4 Laborers, at $1.60 each 6.40 lYz tons of cpal to the shift, at $3 per ton 4.50 Total $25.50 If to this is added $1.50 per shift for maintenance, depreciation, interest, and repairs at the rate of 50 per cent per annum on the original cost of the investment, the total cost per shift is $27. By arranging for the operator to work from a station in the tower, where the work would be in full view, the signal man would be eliminated' and by placing the machine on a track with an arrangement for moving the machine ahead on the work by means of gearing attached to the axles probably two or three more men could be dispensed with, thus further reducing the cost. The bucket used on this machine had a capacity of about 2 yds., but in ordinary operation at least 3 yds. were carried at each load. While in operation about 1 bucketful was excavated and deposited in each forty seconds. This would make a rate of 4 cu. yds. a min., and the contractor was of the opinion that he could maintain an output of 1,000 yds. per eight-hour shift for an entire season's run on continuous work of a favorable character. The work actually done was not carried on continu- ously, and the best record made was 40,000 c\i. yds. per month. for two shifts for one machine. At a cost of $50 a day for two shifts this .would amount to about 3 cts. per yd. for the month's work. The machine has a reach of 210 ft. from the far side of the ditch to the near side of the waste bank. That is, all the dirt must be excavated and deposited in a space of 210 ft., making a 316 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT waste bank about 20 ft. high if necessary. The bucket is re- markably well under control. This machine was in many ways crudely built, and its excellent record is due apparently to the exceedingly simple principle of its operation, and to the economy of power, motion and time in ex- cavating. The bucket moves on a straight line, across the ex- cavation and onto the waste bank, and when dumped slides with great rapidity down the tightened cable to the position for dig- ging. With a construction including modern devices for moving on the work and the improved bucket, it seems that this should be a very important addition to the types of excavating machinery. It is fitted for digging ditches 20 to 100 ft. wide and 2 to 30 ft. deep, though its greatest economy of operation is in constructing the larger sections. \}.\ EXPLOSIVES .Nature of Explosive Action. The value of explosives in con- struction work is derived from the volume of gas generated upon detonation or explosion, and the speed at which the generation takes place. The pressure of the generated gases is equal in all directions (contrary to the belief of many "practical men"), but a slow burning black powder will take many times as long to generate the gas as a detonant like nitroglycerine. Dyna- mite will shatter a rock without even a mud cap, because the gases are liberated with such extreme velocity that the effect is produced on the rook before the atmospheric air can overcome its own inertia and yield. Gunpowder. There are the following general classes of black powder manufactured: Nitre Powder, the highest grade, consists of 75 per cent salt- petre (KN0 3 ), 15 per cent charcoal, and 10 per cent sulphur. It usually comes in 25 lb. kegs, and costs about $2.10 per keg. Soda Powder contains sodium nitrate (Na N0 3 ), which de- teriorates in time by absorbing moisture from the air. It usually comes in 25 lb. kegs and costs about $1.25. The average weight of loose powder, slightly shaken, is 62% lbs. per cu. ft., or 1 lb. occupies 28 eu. ins. Judson Powder, which is a free running black powder, comes in 50 lb. kegs and costs about $7.25 and under. It is a soda powder and contains from 5 to 10 per cent of nitroglycerine. Nitroglycerine 5 % Sodium nitrate 64% Sulphur 16% Cannel coal 15 % Dynamite consists of any absorbent or porous material satu- rated or partly saturated with nitroglycerine. The absorbent is called the "dope." If 40 per cent of the weight of dynamite is nitroglycerine it is known as 40 per cent dynamite; if 75 per cent, it is known as 75 per cent dynamite. High explosives are usually packed in cases containing 25 and 50 lbs. "Car load" means 20,000 pounds dynamite net weight, except where the railroad requires a larger minimum quantity, in which event that minimum quantity is considered a car load. Prices on 200 pounds or more usually include delivery to the nearest freight station. The prices of high explosives vary in the different sections of the country as much as $4.00 or $5.00 per one hundred pounds. For instance, in greater New York and most points in Colorado and Florida they are high; in Maryland, Pennsylvania and the greater part of New Jersey they are low as a rule. The price in any section is liable to change without notice and their variation is due to many different causes, such as high or low freight rates, local ordinances regarding the method of delivery, etc., hence, the rates given below are aver- 317 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT age and are mainly of use in determining the relative prices of different kinds and grades of explosives. Atlas, Hercules, Giant & Red Cross (latter not less than' 20%) from 15% to 60% Repanno, For- cite, Giant & Hercules- from 35% to Nitroglycerin grades only Nitroglycerin, (25% Semi - Gelatin J 27 % and Ammonia ] 30% grades only 1.33% jerin, /"35% latin, 40% and^ 45% n ia 50% Uo% Nitroglycerin, f35% Semi-Gelatin, Gelatin Ammo grades Gelatin grades j"| J ^ only 180% Blasting Gelatin Carbonite Nos. 1 Carbonite, Nos. 3 Monobcl, Nos. 1, 2 Judson R Judson F Judson FF Judson FFF R. P. 5% 10% 15% 20% Car- loads, 20,000 Lbs. 10.00 10.15 10.40 Cents per Lb.- 23.50 12.00 11.20 13.00 9.50 10.00 10.40 2,000 Lbs. or Over 11.75 11.90 12.15 10.80 12.55 10.95 12.70 11.20 12.95 31.45 13.20 9.50 11.25 11.75 12.15 Than 2,000 Lbs. 12.50 12.65 12.90 13.30 13.45 13.70 13.95 11.60 13.35 14.10 12.00 13.75 14.50 12.50 14.25 15.00 13.00 14.75 15.50 14.00 15.75 16.50 15.00 16.75 17.50 15.50 17.25 18.00 16.00 17.75 18.50 23.25 24.00 13.75 14.50 12.95 13.70 14.75 15.50 10.00 12.00 12.50 12.90 Red Cross Explosives are especially valuable in cold weather because although they will freeze, they do not freeze readily and will thaw when ice melts. Identical in appearance and similar in action to other standard grades. Ammonia Dynamite has a strong heaving and rending effect, producing a minimum of fine material. Fumes not objectionable. Difficult to ignite by "side spitting" of fuse. Suitable for open or underground work. Semi-Gelatin is an excellent explosive for wet work. No ob- jectionable fumes. Gelatin Dynamite is dense, plastic, fumes not objectionable. Little affected by water. Blasting Gelatin is a very high power, quick-acting explosive with good water resisting qualities and a lack of objectionable fumes. For use in rock too hard for 80 per cent Gelatin Dynamite. A "permissible explosive" is one which has been approved by the United States Government as "permissible for use in gaseous or dusty coal mines." Monobel No. 2 and Carbonite No. 1, are recommended for anthracite coal, bituminous coking coal and other coal where a quick acting explosive is needed. Monobel No. 3 and Carbonite No. 4 are slower in action, and should be used where a maximum of large lump is desired. EXPLOSIVES 319 Carbonite No. 2 is slower than No. 1 and quicker than No. 3. Monobel No. 1 is designed for use in quarries and ore mines. It does not require thawing, and is practically fumeless. Judson powder is intermediate between dynamite and blasting powder. It is especially valuable in soft and friable work. Judson R. R. P. has already been described. Judson F, FF and FFF are put up in cartridges like dynamite. The weight of dynamite per inch of stick is about as follows, and all of the grades weigh about the same per stick: Diam of Stick (Ins.) Wt. per In. of Length (Lbs.) 1 0.042 IVi 0.065 1% 0.094 1% 0.128 2 0.168 2% ...• 0.212 gp ^^^^•^^^-e^^c^e^ XXXX y X X X X X X OC^ti ^ 0000005000500 m fa tn 55 * 5 5 • 2 xxxxxxxxxx c^SJ^c^ S*ScS S?s£ < COCDCOCO"'3«« 32 • fa O (>''? 0505050505 P-i_l cm cm cm cm c-q 05HrtH^ H 3 Ci CO CO rt CO CO Q • W M • c^^S^^Si* S&S* 2 <* jS C fifa 050505 O- 05 OS 05 05 05 OS OS 0505 xxxxxxx XX Sj^n^c^c^^t^c^ eiSeS- IB O O cj C> 050505 CC bK S xxx * CO O CO CD 05 co CO coco z X X X X X X X XX O ^v^-^-^,^ ^^ 02 GO 00 00 CO "5 00 00 COCO s . sss * 8 1a io m 1a no 10 10 ions CO CO CD CO CD CD CO CD CO S fa 2*3* ^a« Q CO gQ 05 OS 00 00 i-l 05 ^ j .2 xxxxxx C5 rH t-H OS t-I i-l 53 XX X X X X y do fisl ££ JJJJg p CXI CO CO CO CO CO o >>£.§ XXXXXX 2 -3 A fa ^^^ XXX XX X fa ^^^^^^ o § fa-fa-fa-fa-fa-fa- t- l>- c- c- c- c- fa O >"^ 000000000500 COOO^oO IO CD CD 00 CO CO fa > . 4> cSd^fa'p a 1-1 CM CO -# W CO CX1C0^>U5 fa . . . .000066 « < 52 >>Q 01 fa 02 c Z c z c z c z z z a z a. z z z s »« o rtP'P O Oo o 00 0° OOOOO fa ^X"Q35'5'S5°°°Sc13cdSc3c1 EXPLOSIVES STORE HOUSES Professor Courtenay de Kalb, in his "Manual of Explosives," says: ^'Storage (of explosives) in caves, tunnels, earth or stone cov- ered vaults and in log structures should under no circumstances be tolerated. The chief objection in all these cases is that the structure will hold dampness, and any dampness in a magazine containing any explosive^into which nitrates enter as an essential or accessory ingredient is certain to affect its quality and render it more or less dangerous in subsequent use. This applies to gun- powder (common black powder) and to practically all dyna- mites . . ." Professor de Kalb recommends a building of tongued and grooved boards, blind nailed, with tar-paper covered roof, and if danger of fire is apprehended, steel shingled covered roof and walls. An ordinary tool box covered with tin or sheet iron and painted red with large, distinct "danger" signs on all sides is excellent. However, it is possible to obtain ready made magazines. In a recent catalogue of the Du Pont de Nemours Powder Com- pany a number of storage houses are described, and the follow- ing data are compiled. On October 1, 1911, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Cali- fornia, and Oklahoma had laws regulating distances at which specific quantities of explosives might be stored with reference to dwellings, public buildings, railroads, etc. Almost all cities and towns have laws regarding this and all who intend to store explosives 'should inform themselves on all state and local laws. Where no laws affecting storage of explosives are in force, we recommend that magazines be located in compliance with the American Table of Distances, to-wit: TABLE 121 Pounds of Distances to Distances to Distances to Distances to Explosives. Inhabited Unprotect- Passenger Unprotect - Buildings ed Inhabit- Ry's. When ed Passen- When Mag- ed Build- Magazine ger Ry's. azine Is ings (Ft.). Is Barri- (Feet). Barricaded. caded (Ft.) (Feet.) 100 180 360 110 220 200 260 520 155 310 300 320 640 190 380 400 360 720 215 430 500 400 800 240 480 600 430 860 260 520 700 460 920 275 550 800 490 980 295 590 900 510 1,020 305 610 1,000 530 1,060 320 640 1,500 600 1,200 360 720 2,000 650 1,300 390 780 3,000 710 1,420 425 850 4,000 750 1,500 450 900 5,000 780 1,560 470 940 '321 322 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT Where municipal regulations do not prohibit storing- explosives within city limits, powder or dynamite in quantities of 100 pounds or less may be kept in a small portable magazine. Al- ways mark on this magazine the words "Powder Magazine." Fuse may be kept in store and blasting caps or electric fuses, not exceeding 500 each. Always keep magazine locked. Sidewalk Magazine Without Wheels. A magazine built of 2-in. boards covered entirely, on the outside with No. 20 flat iron, having the lid secured by ordinary hinges and fitted with hasp, staple and padlock. (No magazine should be allowed to rest on the ground because powder absorbs moisture.) . COST For 50 lbs. powder, 22" wide x 27" long x 17" high $ 5 to $10 For 100 lbs. powder, 27" wide x 27" long x 22" high 6 to 12 For 50 lbs. dynamite, 19" wide x 28" long x 13" high. . 6 to 12 For 100 lbs. dynamite, 19" wide x 28" long x 22" high.. 7 to 14 For 200 lbs. dynamite. 25" wide x 36" long x 22" high. . 9 to 18 For 300 lbs. dynamite, 25" wide x 50" long x 22" high, . 11 to 22 Sidewalk Magazine with Wheels. Similar to that without wheels, but supplied with four 6-in. cast iron wheels on the outside at the bottom. COST (Has same dimensions as those without wheels) For 50 lbs. powder $ 6 to $12 For 100 lbs. powder 7 to 14 For 50 lbs. dynamite 7 to 14 For 100 lbs. dynamite 8 to 16 For 200 lbs. dynamite 10 to 20 For 300 lbs. dynamite 12 to 24 Iron Magazines for storing explosives are of two kinds; the portable sidewalk magazine on wheels, and the storage maga- zine. The former is furnished in five sizes from that with a capacity of eight kegs, size 24"x23"x25", weight 150 pounds, price $15 f. o. b. Ohio, to that with a capacity of thirty kegs, size 30"x30"x50", weight 450 pounds, price $37.50. The latter kind comes in ten sizes, from the smallest, capacity 108 kegs, size 3'x6'x6', weight 700 pounds, price $56.25, to the largest, capacity 1,848 kegs, size Il'x8'x21', weight 4,400 pounds, price $337.50. General Specifications for Sand Filled Bynamite Magazine are as follows: Foundations: If a post foundation is used, posts spaced 5 ft. c. to c. and charred or tarred. If brick foundation is used, 9-inch wall stepped to 12 or 15 inch- footing course, all laid with lime or cement mortar. If stone foundation is used, wall may be laid dry. If concrete foundation is used, wall need not be more than 8 inches thick. Floor: Joists: 2 in.x6 in., spaced 12 in. c. to c. Floor: %-in. matched boards, blind nailed, or 1-in. board with nails countersunk. EXPLOSIVES STORE HOUSES Sills and Plates: 2x6 in. Studding: 2xb in. Siding: %-in. tongue and groove, or shiplap. Lining: Sheath inside of building from sills to plate with %-in. tongue and groove blind nailed, or shiplap with nails countersunk. Bullet Proofing: As inside sheathing is put on fill space between the sill, plate, studding, outside and inside sheathing with coarse sand, well tamped. Do not use gravel or stone. Roof: Rafters: 2x4 in., spaced 24 in. c. td c. Sheathing, 1-in. plank. Roofing: No. 24 galv. corrugated iron. Cornice: (Under eaves) No. 26 galv. fiat iron. To make roof bullet-proof from above, nail plank on rafters and fill with sand. Iron Covering: Sides and ends to be covered with No. 24 or No. 26 black or galv. flat or corrugated iron. Door: 3-in. hardwood, covered on outside by %x62x40 in. steel plate. All hinges to be secured by bolts passing through to inside. Ventilation: 3-in. or 4-in. globe ventilator in roof. "Ven- tilator holes to be cut in foundation. COST. For storing 1,000 lbs., size 6x6 ft $40 to $ 60 For storing 2,000 lbs., size 6x7 ft 50 to 80 For storing 3,000 lbs., size 7x7 ft 60 to 90 For storing 4,000 lbs., size 7x8 ft 70 to 100 P or storing 5,000 lbs., size 8x8 ft 80 to 120 Distance from ground to floor, 3 feet. From floor to eaves, 6 feet. Brick Magazine. These have 8 in. walls, have floors of and are lined with "%-in. plank, and have roof covered with corrugated galvanized iron. COST For storing 1,000 lbs., size 7x 6 ft $ 60 to $ 80 For storing 2,000 lbs., size 7x 7 f t 70 to 100 For storing 3,000 lbs., size 7x 8 ft 80 to 110 For storing 4,000 lbs., size 7x 9 ft -90 to 130 For storing 5,000 lbs., size 7x10 ft 100 to 140 324 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT FIRE EQUIPMENT CHEMICAL ENGINES. This engine, Fig. 125, has proved to be a most valuable piece of fire fighting apparatus for use in warehouses, factories, lum- ber yards, private residences, etc. The construction consists of a forty gallon steel cylinder,. r-ig 125. Ci Engine. tinned inside and out, set up on two suitable wheels 42 inches in diameter, either of the sarvan or all steel wide tire pattern, the cylinder being properly balanced between the two wheels so that when the engine is set upright on its bottom the wheels clear the floor or ground; suitable handles are provided by which the engine is easily run from place to place and when required for village fire department use a Suitable drag rope is furnished. The equipment consists of 50 ft. % in. chemical hose with Tabor American Spanner. . Spanner. Fig. 126. Standard Underwriter Equipment. FIRE EQUIPMENT 325 couplings and shut-off nozzle. Dimensions, height 52 inches, diameter 16 inches, width over hubs of wheels 35 inches, track 29 inches. Finished in aluminum, bronze or any color Japan. Charge consists of 17 lbs. bi-carbonate of soda and 10 lbs. sul- phuric acid. The price of this engine, tinned inside and out is $175.00 net, lead lined, $210.00 net. STANDARD UNDERWRITER EQUIPMENT. (As illustrated in Fig. 126.) Price Net Steel crowbar $ 1.50 each Fire hooks, 6 ins. long 1.25 each Fire hooks, 12 ins. long 1.75 each Fire hooks, 16 ins. long 3.50 each Fire axe with pick back, heavy 21.00 doz. Fire axe with pick back, light 16.80 doz. Fire axe holder, polished brass 90 set Tabor hose spanner 2.10 doz. American hose spanner 2.10 doz. Galvanized iron pails, 12 qts 3.00 doz. Galvanized iron pails, 12 qts., round bottom 4.35 doz. Fig. 127. Hose Nozzle and Expansion Ring Couplings. TABLE 121- -HOSE NOZZLE AND EXPANSION RING COUPLINGS. Hose Nozzles, Plain. Size (Ins.) Length Price per Doz. % net 6 $ 2.S0 1 8 3.60 1% ' 10% 7.20 2 11 11.40 2% 12 1S.24 Hose Nozzles, Screw Tip. Size Coup. (Ins.) Length Price per Doz. % 8 $ 4.00 12 5.00 1 8 5.00 12 6.00 1% 12 12.50 20 1S.0O 2 12 19.00 20 25.00 2% 15 26.25 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT EXPANSION RING HOSE COUPLINGS. 1% in $0.95 net. Medium iy 2 in 1.60 net. 2 in 1.05 net. Medium 2 in $2.00 net 2y 2 in 1.35 net Medium 2y 2 in 2.60 net EXTRA HEAVY EXPANSION RING COUPLINGS. Price Underwriter Approved Type per set net $2.10 Fire Department Service per set net 2.10 Navy Bronzed Pattern per set net 3.10 Mill Type 1.85 FIRE EXTINGUISHER. Made in three gallon size (Fig-. 128). Guaranteed tested 350 lbs. pressure. Price, Net 3-Gallon, polish copper $9.00 3-Gallon, red Japanned 9.30 3-Gallon, nickel plated 9.60 Fig. 128. Fig. 129. TUBE FIRE EXTINGUISHER, DRY POWDER. The Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher, illustrated (Fig. 129), con- sists of a tube 22 inches long and 2% inches in diameter, filled with a dry chemical compound, the chemicals being deadly to fire but absolutely harmless to anything else. Price, $1.05. FIRE EQUIPMENT 130. Linen Fire Hose. LINEN FIRE HOSE. Hose to Withstand a Pressure of 300 Lbs. (Price per Ft.) 1-in. 1%-in. 2-in. 2%-in. 3-in. $0.09 $0.13 $0.15 $0.17 $0.24 Hose to Withstand a Pressure of 400 Lbs. (Price per Ft.) 1-in. 1%-in. 2-in. 2% -in. 3-in. $0.12 $0.15 $0.18 $0.21 $0.30 Fig. 131. Swinging Hose Rack. Fig. 132. Swinging Hose Reel. HOSE RACK. (Figs. 131 and 132.) Price Brass, size 7-8-9 $9,00 Iron, aluminum finish, 7-8-9 2.75 Malleable iron with wall plates, aluminum, gold bronze and Japanned, any color, size 7-8-9 4.70 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT FORGES Small rivet forges, with pans 18" to 24' 12" in diameter, weigh from 110 to 130 It to $20.00. (Fig. 133.) and blower fans about 3. and cost, from $13.00 Fig. 133. Larger forges, suitable for horse shoeing and small repair work, cost, complete, with water tank, as follows: Size of Firepan Weight Kind of Blower (Ins.) (Lbs.) Price Hand blower 28x40 265 $ 27.00 Electric, with motor 28x40 285 $60.00 to 75.00 Hand and electric .28x40 300 90.00 to 105.00 Without tank, less $4.00. A first-class blacksmith forge for a permanent blacksmith shop, costs, complete, $125.00. FORKS Stone or Ballast Porks. Net prices for extra grades stone or ballast forks in quantities, at Chicago, are as follows: Length "Width Weight Tines Fork per Doz Price No. Tines (Ins.) (Ins.) (Lbs.) per Doz. 8 13% 11% 76 $12.00 10 13% 14% 88 15.00 12 14% 13% 96 17.40 The above prices are for forks with natural finish, wide strap ferrules and heavy caps, with wood "D" ash handles. FORMS Used for the assembling of column and girder forms. (Fig. 134.) ADJUSTABLE STEEL FORM CLAMPS. Grip Wt. 100 Pieces Clamp No. (Ins.) (Lbs.) Price 22 22 592 $29.70 30 30 680 S2.85 36 36 647 36.00 42 42 933 41.40 Fig. 134. 330 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT FURNACES AND KETTLES A gasoline lead or leadite furnace (Fig. 135), having a melting pot capacity of 325 lbs. of lead or 50 lbs. of leadite, weighs, crated, 170 lbs., and costs $50.00. Fig. 136. Asphalt and Tar Kettles. Asphalt and tar kettles (Fig. 136) of very heavy steel plate, reinforced with angle irons, for burning wood or coal, cost as follows: Kettle, 38 ins. diameter, 21 ins. deep $21.00 Mantle, 40 ins. diameter, 36 ins. deep 18.75 Mantle, with door and grate for burning coal 37.50 FURNACES AND KETTLES m Fig. 137. Portable Asphalt and Tar Melting Furnace. Asphalt or tar melting furnaces (Fig. 137) cost as follows: Price Capacity (Gals.) Not Mounted Mounted 50 $42.50 $ 63.75 100 63.75 85.00 150 85.00 114.75 200 148.75 250 191.25 Fig. 138. Lead Melting Furnace. Lead melting furnace (Fig. 138). Price, including pot, bar, grate and ladle: On Wheels On Legs 18-inch $21.00 , $16.25 24-inch 24.50 19.5:1 30-inch 31.50 24.40 Asphalt and tar kettle of 100 gallons capacity, mounted on wheels, complete, $135.00. (Fig. 139.) HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT ' Fig. 139. Asphalt and Tar Kettle. Fig. 141. Tar Furnace. Standard fire wagon, mounted on wheels, length of body 5 feet 1% inches, width 2 feet 6% inches, depth 1 foot; complete, $95.00. (Fig. 140.) Fig. 140. Standard Fire Wagon. GLASS Skylight Glass. The prices range as follows: Thickness (Ins.) Price per Sq. Ft. % $0.07 A 10 ^4 15 Wired skylight glass, ^-in. thick, is $0.25 per sq. ft. Vault Liglits. Contractors furnishing their own moulds can obtain glass at from 4 to 5 cents per pound. Bull's eyes, 3 in. in diameter, are 3 cents each, and square lights, 3%x3%, are 5 to 6 cents each. Plate Glass. On plate glass there is a discount of 89% from list. In the accompanying table the net price of polished plate glass is figured at this discount. These prices apply to the glass only, an extra charge being made for boxing or cutting to special sixes. Window Glass. The discount from jobbers' list is 90% and 5%. This quotation is not strictly adhered to. The net prices per box of 50 sq. ft., at the discount named, are as follows: AMERICAN WINDOW GLASS. Size of Glass (Ins.) A B. 6x 8 to 10x15 $2.27 $2.16 12x14 12x13 to 14x20 2.37 2.27 18x22 20x20 to 20x30 2!70 2.50 15x36 to 24x36 2.80 2.55 26x28 to 24x36 2.95 2.65 26x34 28x32 to 30x40 3.27 2.85 30x30 32x38 34x36 to 30x50 3.80 3.25 30x52 to 30x54 4.05 3.55 C-000000000000000000000 rtoio-.HtooiwiooooinmoinOMUSMioooo O ^CD*o6i^COin^OL~^-^'t>-Cqb-'inOC^COCOCNi'rt HHHhHNNIM . M< *Trc-oqCDC0 >■£> N CO lO CO t-^ OS O eg Cvi 00 •oooooooo ■ teiOTf-^oiooui * o m cd as csi iri o co .cocococOTMnco'o 5 100U5U500 " -* i-ioieo'* N CO •<* in CO I> OS OOOIOOOO! H*NMOffiC r-i eioN 'CNieOlMlNCNlCO-*-* (NNMTjlia oq OHrltq ' .oooo .ooc-ooc- ■ Oi O iH N • ooo© • ■C<105t-Tl< • Vi> erodes '. .OOOO .COOU5 05 '■"^inifjin GRADING MACHINES (See also Elevating Graders.) Machines which move earth by sliding or rolling over the ground and by either pushing the earth before them or into them by a combination of the two actions, thereby conveying the earth to the place of deposit, are known variously as scrapers, road machines, graders, spreaders, levelers, etc., and are of many RAILROAD GRADER. A v machine mounted on standard gauge trucks, which spreads and grades the earth in railroad embankment work and is oper- ated by compressed air taken from the train line, needs only one man to operate the machine itself. The theoretical capacity of the spreader is 179 20-yd. cars, or 3,580 cu. yds. in 13 minutes. It will make 17 yds. of heavy stone fill in one hour. The oper- ating power required is a 17x24 locomotive, but a 20x23 is better. The machine weighs 6,500 lbs. and costs $3,000. Allowing $25.00 per day for the engine and crew and $3.00 for the machine crew, the cost of operation is $28.00 per day, or 16 cents per cubic yard for stone filling. The commonly used scrapers are of three kinds: wheel, drag and buck or Fresno. In all three, as in the case of all scrapers and levelers, except where the soil is very sandy and loose, the earth must first be loosened by plows or picks. In the three kinds of scrapers the cutting edge of the machine digs into the soil, thereby loading itself, and the drag scraper slides over the ground carrying its load, the wheel scraper rolls along carrying its load and the Fresno scraper both drags, and carries and pushes a load in front of it. Drag scrapers are efficient for a short distance only, from 50 to 100 feet, while Fresno scrapers can be used economically up « to about 275 feet, when wheel scrapers should be substituted. The drag scraper is pulled by two horses and the driver dumps the scraper as well as drives. An extra man is usually needed for loading. In the case of the Fresno scraper, which is usually puiled by three or four horses, the driver is able to both load and dump the machine and to spread the earth to the proper depth while dumping it. The wheel scraper, however, needs a loader and an extra snatch team at the pit. , — — - WHEEL SCRAPERS. The sizes of wheelers most frequently used are Nos. 2, 2% and 3, of which the ideal size for average work is No. 2%. The capacity of scrapers, as rated in the catalogues, can never be attained in actual work, the actual being about one-half. 335 336 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Listed Capacity List Cu. Ft. Price Weight, Lbs. No. 1 9 25.50 330 to 400 No. 2 12 37.50 500 to 600 No. 3 16 $42.75 650 to 750 Add $6.00 to No. 2 and No. 3 for automatic tail gate, and add 10% for patent hubs and spring draft. Repairs. Six new wheel scrapers: first cost, $45.00 to $50.00. Repairs for 6 months averaged $2.50 per scraper per month; life, 4 years. Second-hand wheel scrapers, original cost $45.00 to $50.00. Repairs, blacksmith at $3.50 per day over a period of 8 months, averaged $3.50 per scraper per month; life, 4 years. These scrapers were two or three years old when these data were collected. DRAG SCRAPERS. Drag scrapers likewise hold about half the listed contents. TABLE 123. o • ~ . «• ° o'b «a £ % s s fe-s-g i« p 3 life n 1 A fc o 73 fc Drag Scrapers. 6 No. 1 American Scrap- ers, with runners 56x40x27 630 540 35 7 $3.60 6 No. 2 American Scrap- ers, with runners 56x36x26 567 480 30 5 3.30 6 No. 3 American Scrap- ers, with runners 54x34x24 535 450 25 3 3.10 6 No. 1 Imp. Cham. Scrap- ers, with runners 56x40x31 715 618 40 7 3.75 6 No. 2 Imp. Cham. Scrap- ers, with runners 56x37x30 630 540 35 5 3.45 6 No. 3 Imp. Cham. Scrap- ers, with runners 55x35x30 535 450 33 3 3.25 6 No. 1 Slusser Scrapers, * with runners 54x27x41 635 540 35 7 3.60 6 No. 2 Slusser Scrapers, with runners 54x27x38 570 480 33 5 3.30 6 No. 3 Slusser Scrapers. .53x26x35 537 450 27 3 3.10 American and Improved Champion Scrapers are of steel with round back. ' Slusser Scrapers are of steel with square back Four drag scrapers, originally costing $7.00, had a life of three years in good loam and others lasted but one year and a half in sand. In an average taken over four months of work, repairs to scrapers amounted to 20 cents per month each. FRESNO SCRAPERS. This type of scraper is ideal for building railroad embank- ments from side ditches and for wasting earth taken from cuts when the earth is free from large stones and roots. It has been the author's experience that if the scraper is pulled at right angles to the line of the plow furrows the loading will be com- GRADING MACHINES 337 pleted in a much shorter time than when the scraper is pulled parallel with the furrows. No. 1, 5-foot cutting edge, capacity 18 cu. ft, weight 300 lbs $14.00 to $18.00 No. 2, 4-foot cutting edge, capacity 14 cu. ft., weight 275 lbs 13.50 to 17.50 No. 3, 3% -foot cutting edge, capacity 12 cu. ft., weight 250 lbs 13.25 to 17.00 The listed capacity of the Fresno Scraper has been found by the author to be about twice the actual place measure capacity. TONGUE SCRAPERS. This machine is composed of a wooden platform drawn at an angle of about 60° with the surface of the ground and the horses are hooked to the pole. It is a very valuable machine for filling ditches, leveling roads or other uneven places. The author has found it an extremely economical machine for spreading top- soil which had been previously stacked in piles. It has a steel cutting edge 48 inches wide, which can be easily replaced. The weight is 120 lbs. and the price $6.15. THE DOAN SCRAPER. This machine is very useful for cleaning out and back filling ditches or leveling uneven surfaces. Manufacturers claim that it will back fill as much earth as 50 men with shovels. Price, $4.50. Keystone Drag Scraper — Price, $12.00. Happy Thought Road Scraper — Price, $15.00. Beach AH Steel Scraper for dragging dirt roads can be drawn at any angle. Price, $15.00. GRADERS AND ROAD MACHINES. The difference between graders and scrapers is that the scrap- ers pick up a load, transport it a certain distance and unload it at one place, while the road machine is used mainly for cutting off high places and filling up the adjacent low places while the machine is in motion. Another function of the grader is that of moving earth into winrowSi or of spreading it from winrows in thin layers. The following machines are drawn by two horses and operated by the driver alone: 20th Century Grader (Fig. 143) is a machine on two small steel wheels, with a 6-foot blade, which may be raised or lowered, tilted or set at any angle by the driver, who occupies a seat directly be- hind the wheels. This machine is very valuable for light road grading, crushed stone spreading and for any work that does not require the very heavy standard road machine. It weighs about 600 lbs. and costs $150.00 delivered anywhere in the United States. The Iiittle Yankee Grader (Fig. 146) is a machine weighing about 900 lbs., on four small wheels, with a blade 5% feet wide. It is used for light grading and leveling and for spreading crushed 338 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT stone. Price, $135.00, complete with diggers and fenders; $125.00 without the diggers and fenders. The Shuart Grader (Fig. 148) is a three-wheel machine, of a type similar to the Little Yankee Grader. It weighs 525 lbs. and costs $47.50. Indiana Reversible Road Drag (Fig. 150). Price $15.00. Blade 7 ft. long. Panama Road Drag- (Fig. 151). Price $23.00, with lever for changing vertical angle of blade. Humane Tongueless (Fig. 152). Price, $35.00, with lever for changing vertical angle of blade. Panama Junior Reversible Leveler (Fig. 153). Price, $40.00. Adjustable for pitch and angle. Panama Senior Reversible Leveler (Fig. 154). Price, $125.00. Adjustable for pitch and angle. The following machines need one or more men besides the driver for operation: The Steel Reversible Road Machine is made in two sizes. The standard size has a blade of direct draft and can be set at any angle and can be shifted 30 inches outside of the wheels. Price, $175.00. The small size weighs 1,400 lbs. and has a 6xl5-inch blade. Price, $125.00. The Buckeye Reversible Road Machine is made of steel, weighs 2,000 lbs. and costs $260.00. The Reversible Steel Road Machine weighs 2,400 lbs., costs $175.00 and is drawn by two horses under ordinary conditions. The small size weighs, 1,400 lbs. and costs $125.00. The American Champion Reversible Road Machine, designed for hard, rough work, weighs 2,000 lbs. and costs $210.00. The Little Winner Reversible Road Grader is drawn by two horses and needs one operator besides the driver. It has a blade six feet long, weighs 1,500 lbs. and costs $125.00. A Gravel Spreader was used in the construction of the Colo- rado River Levee. This spreader was built on an ordinary flat car and is of extremely simple construction. A small, well- braced tower is built in the center and on each side 8x17 in. pine stringers are firmly bolted to the side sills and to stringers laid across the top of the car body. Ten 1^4 in. eyebolts run up through these stringers and from these are suspended two isosceles triangular wings, one on each side of the car. These wings are raised and lowered by means of ropes and blocks at the point of the wings and at the top of the tower and are raised by braking the car and hauling on the line by a loco- motive. On the outside the wings are faced with iron and have a reach of 15 feet. The 45-yard side-dump cars were unloaded when standing still, so that the top of the dumps on either side were from 3 to 4 feet above the tracks. In spreading this ma- terial the machine is put through the entire length at a speed from 7 to 10 miles per hour. Several trips with the wings at different heights are sometimes necessary. The cost of spread- ing material per yard is about 1/10 cent, the cost of construct- ing machine about $300.00, and its operation requires the service Of a locomotive and of four men to handle the wings. GRADING MACHINES Fig. 144, Fresno Scraper. 340 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Fig. 145. GRADING MACHINES Fig 148. Shuart Grader. ^— ^5i5 Fig. 151. Panama Road Drag. 342 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Fig. 152. Humane Tongueless Scraper. Fig. 153. Panama Junior Reversible Leveler. Fig. 154. Panama Senior Reversible Leveler. GRADING MACHINES 343 ■mM* Fig. 155. McCann Spreader and Grader. Fig. 157. Doan Scraper. 344 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT JORDAN SPREADER. On the Hudson Division of the New York Central & Hudson River R. R., where considerable double tracking work was in progress, the Walsh-Kahl Construction Company were using a dump car train and Jordan spreaders (Fig. 158) to widen out shoulders sufficiently to lay a construction track so as to clear Fig. 158. Jordan Spreader in Use on Four Tracking. the present main line tracks. With a good locomotive and crew a train load of 150 to 200 cu. yds. of ordinary material can be leveled so as to clear passing trains in 8 minutes and can be leveled down to 2 ft. below top of rail in from 10 to 15 minutes. The cost per day of a spreader may be estimated as follows, assuming all items liberally to insure their covering the cost in any case: Depreciation on $5,000 machine at 15 years life, 250 days per year $1.33 Interest at 5 per cent 1.00 Repairs at $50 per year 20 Labor, 1 operator 2.50 Oil, waste, etc 10 Total $5.13 This does not include cost of locomotive and crew. This will indicate what may be the cost of using a spreader. If the machine is taken care of it should be sold at the end of 15 years for a reasonable price, but no account is taken of the scrap value in this estimate. The machine can easily handle all material which can be sup- plied by trains which might be anywhere from 1,000 to 20,000 yards per day. GRADING MACHINES COST OF LEVELING GROUND WITH AN ELECTRIC DRAG SCRAPER. By James C. Bennett.* The gold-dredging industry of California has given rise to a method of leveling ground that offers possibility of a con- siderably more general application than has been developed to date. The method, by the electric drag scraper, was originated in the Oroville field, where one of the dredging companies was required by the municipality to restore to an approximately level surface the ground that it had dredged within the city limits. Although some such leveling had been done by means of horses and scrapers, prior to the development of the electric drag scraper, it had been on small tracts only, and the cost had been almost prohibitive when the acreage involved amounted to more than one or .two, or possibily three, acres. A few months ago, the writer was called upon to arrange for grading a piece of ground. The work involved leveling down some piles of gravel to a grade suitable for building lots, making a roadway 60 ft. wide by 600 ft. long, half the width being a cut and the remainder a fill, and filling a large water hole to a grade above the level of standing water. Practically all previous work had been done by owners on force account, and, since the only object to be gained was to level the ground to any con- venient grade, no attempt had been made to determine the yard- age involved, hence no unit cost was available. The nearest approach was based on the cost per acre, which ranged from $175 to $200 per acre. In this, however, it was impossible to secure any suggestion even as to the approximate yardage represented. In preparation for the proposed work, an attempt was made to determine the approximate yardage involved by a rough measure- ment, but without success. Some idea may be gained of the diffi- culties of making measurements on ground of this character from the statement that, for purposes of railroad construction in this field, it was found necessary to make cross-sections at 10-ft. intervals. An estimate based on previous acreage costs would be unreliable in this instance, owing to the necessity of working to grade. The writer and the contractors made a joint estimate of the time required to do the work. As the approximate daily expense was known within fairly narrow limits, this afforded the most equitable basis of cost. Seventy-five working days was agreed upon as sufficient time to complete the work. This was to include lost time on account of repairs, setting deadmen, moving lines and blocks, and moving machine from one position to another. During, and upon com- pletion of the work, the following data were obtained : Abstracted from Engineering News. 346 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Daily Expenses 1 Winchman $5.00 2 Helpers @ $2.50 | 5.00 ' 1 Horse (for moving lines, etc.) 1.00 133.33 kw-hr. @ 2 & cents 3.00 Making a total daily cost of $14.00 Time Required No. days actually scraping 62 No. days moving lines and winch and making repairs 10 Making total days worked 73 No. working days in which no work was done 10 Making elapsed working time days 82 Costs 72 days @ $14.00 $1,008.00 Repairs, materials only 35.00 4-horse team, man and scraper, surfacing street grade, 1 day 10.00 600 ft. second hand, 1%-in. hauling line 54.00 600 ft. second hand, %-in. back line 30.00 Depreciation at 10 per cent 120.00 Making a total cost of $1,257.00 In the foregoing figures, as will be noticed, a charge is made against the job for the full cost of the ropes. In doing this, the job is being charged with a little more than is really legitimate, as the same ropes are good for probably two to three thousand yards additional. Also, the depreciation charge is probably lib- eral, as there is very little severe wear and tear on anything but the scraper. A close tally was kept of the number of trips made, or loads hauled, and, from time to time, the loads were measured. An average of 1% cu. yd. per trip is believed to be very nearly correct. The total amount of material moved, based on the number of trips made, was 15,300 cu. yds. The actual cost per cubic yard was thus 8.2 cents. For the 62 days of actual scraping, the average running time was seven hours per day. Average length of haul 175 ft. Average day's duty 247 cu. yds. Largest day's duty 425 cu. yds. Average hourly duty 35.2 cu. yds. The equipment consisted of a winch, motor, transformers, drag scraper, hauling and back lines, and snatch blocks. The winch was of the type commonly used on gold dredges, having been taken from a dismantled dredge. It was driven by a 50-h. p. motor, through one belt and two gear reductions, giving a rope speed — both lines — of about 130 ft. per minute. There was but one drum on the winch, having a central flange to separate the ropes. The hauling speed proved a very satisfactory one, but the return rope should have been speeded up to at least 150 ft., and possibly would have worked satisfactorily at 175 ft. per minute. GRADING MACHINES 347 In fitting up the winch for the scraping work, the original cast- iron frame was discarded in favor of a much lighter timber frame, in which skids were made a part of the machine. For transmitting power from the transformers to the motor, an armored three-conductor cable was used. This permitted the winch to be moved about the field with its own power, and made unnecessary any moving of transformers. During the execution of the work, the winch was moved twice, that is, had three posi- tions, including the original. The transformers were not disturbed after being originally connected, as the nature of the ground permitted the selection of a location within reach of the several positions of the winch. The power company made no extra charge for running the neces- sary pole line — some five or six hundred feet — and connecting the transformers and motor. The scraper was made of 2-in. planks, the cross-section being of the shape shown by the accompanying sketch (Fig. 159). The Fig. 159. Section Through Bucket Used on Electric Drag Scraper. inside measurements were 18x18 in. and it was 12 ft. wide. A little experimenting was necessary at the beginning of the work to determine the correct angle at which the bail irons should be set. It was found necessary to make one or two changes of this angle during the progress of the work, owing to different conditions of ground and material. The planks were well strapped together with bar steel, and the ends were of steel plate. One, and some of the time two, pieces of rail were fastened to the top of the scraper for added weight. Both hauling and back lines were second-hand mine hoist ropes, in very good condition, but discarded for mine use in compliance with state mining laws. With the exception of one or two small portions of the work, the hauling line ran over only one snatch block, while the back line ran over three blocks a large^ portion of the time. A fairly liberal use was made of deadmen, it being more economical than to move the winch. 348 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT HANDLES Shovel Handles. Net prices at Chicago for white ash "D" shovel, spade and scoop handles are as follows: Per Doz. Shovel, bent and riveted $2.55 Spade, bent and riveted 2.46 Scoop, bent and riveted 2.55 Ditching spade, bent and riveted 3.00 Shovel or spade, straight, riveted 2.46 Shovel, straight, Maynard pattern 2.46 The net prices for long shovel, spade and scoop handles are as follows : Per Doz. 4% -ft., shovel, bent $2.40 4% -ft., spade, bent 2.10 4% -ft., scoop, bent 2.40 4^ -ft., shovel, straight, Maynard pattern 2.10 Malleable "D" with wood head and malleable fork and socket can be bought for $1.00 per dozen. Malleable "D's" with iron head cost $1.25 per dozen. Tool Handles. Net prices at Chicago for tool handles in full crate quantities are as follows: Per Doz. Nail hammer, adze eye, 14-in $0.45 Riveting hammer, 12-in 40 Riveting hammer, 14-in 40 Blacksmith, 18-in 50 Blacksmith, 20-in 60 Hatchet, regular, 14-in 45 Hatchet, broad, 18-in 60 The above are for second growth hickory with wax finish, clear and white, and free from all imperfections. They are packed 5 dozen to the case. The net prices for hickory axe handles, both single bitted and double bitted, 36 in. long, are $2.45 per dozen for extra grade and $1.25 for No. 1 grade. Rail- road pick handles, 36 in. long, can be bought at $2.88 per dozen for extra grade second growth hickory, at $2 for second growth ash, and at $1.50 for second growth hickory, plain finish. The net prices for sledge, tool and maul handles are as follows: Price per Dozen Length, Ins. Extra Grade No. 1 Grade 24 $1.00 $0.70 28 1.25 .80 30 1.40 .95 36 1,70 1.15 Grub hoe handles, 36 in. long, of second growth hickory, with wax finish, can be bought for $2.90 per dozen. Adze handles can be bought for $2.52 per dozen. Cross-Cut Saw Handles. Supplementary for one man saw, $1.00 per dozen. One man $1.85 per doz. End handles 6 to 25 cents per pair HARROWS A light gardener's tooth harrow, with runners on the upper side, costs: With 25 teeth $6.00 With 30 teeth 6.50 A common square harrow of simple but strong construction costs : With 15 teeth, for one horse $6.00 With 19 teeth, for one horse, heavy 6.25 With 23 teeth, for two horses • 7.00 A hinge harrow with runners on the reverse side, made in two sections hinged together, has 40 teeth and costs $9.50. A steel disc smoothing harrow, with a frame 6 ft. 8 in. by 6 ft., has 4 sets of rollers and 58 discs, 8 in. in diameter. Price, $17.00. A flexible disc or cutaway harrow of steel, regulated from the driver's seat, costs as follows: Two horse, with twelve 12 to 16-inch discs, 6 feet wide. ... $20.00 Whiffle trees and neck yoke 1.50 A tooth harrow, original cost $25.00, averaged for repairs for 3 months, $1.30 per month. Cultivators, which cost $12.00 to $15.00 when new, averaged $1.05 per month for repairs during 3 months. HEATERS A heater consists of a steel framework (Fig. 160) the sides of which are built up of perforated shelves arranged so that the Fig. 160. A Portable Gravel and Sand Heater. gravel or stone drops from one shelf to another and is heated by a fire built beneath. It will dry gravel or stone up to 2 in. in size, but cannot be used for drying sand. Capacity "Weight No. Cost Tons per Hour Lbs. Delivered 1 $250 6 1,600 At once 2 225 5 1,240 10 days 3 200 4 1,035 10 days 4 175 3 775 10 days A portable heater for warming stone for bituminous surfacing of highways (Fig. 161), which may be had arranged with a self- contained batch mixer and binder melting tank, consists of a revolving steel cylinder with concentric walls, engine and an oil heater with compressor for vaporizing the fuel, all mounted on heavy steel trucks. This machine has a capacity of 150 cu. yds. per day, heating stone to 250° F. It can be heated by coal, but this is not recommended. It consumes 1 gallon of oil or 10 lbs. of coal per hour. Weight with engine, 22,600 lbs.; price, $3,000; weight, without engine, 20,000 lbs.; price, $2,500. Equipped with mixer and heating tank for bitumen, $1,000 extra. 350 HEATERS 351 This machine may also be obtained in the large, semi-portable type for $2,850, without engine or mixer. A combination sand, stone and water heater is herewith illus- trated (Fig. 161A). It was used to heat the materials used in constructing concrete culverts on the New York Central & Hudson River R. R. It consists of a semi-cylindrical sheet of steel 10 ft. long and 2 ft. high. One end of the arch is closed Fig. 161. and a short smokestack is erected on top. On the other end a water tank having a capacity of 97 gallons and with a radia- tion of 12 square feet is constructed. A wood fire is built under the work and the sand and gravel to be heated are heaped on the top and sides. It weighs 1,200 lbs. and can be built for about $50.00. ELEVATION COMBINED WATER, SAND AND STONE HEATER FOR OONCRETE WORK IN WINTER i "i =-■ " " z ~^ ^^^ n o| .L^^Jj ; Fig. 161A. PLAN Combined Water, Sand and Stone Heater for Concrete Work in Winter. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT HODS Mortar and Brick Hods. *The net prices for wooden mortar and brick hods in quantities at Chicago are as follows: Mortar hods, carrying 150 lbs., 80 to 90 cents each, or $8 to $9 per dozen; wooden brick hods, carrying 90 lbs.: 60 to 70 cents each, or $6 to $7 per dozen. The hods have tin lined shoulder blocks and rough hickory handles. Steel mortar and brick hods can be bought at the following net prices at Chicago: Brick hods, 23x7x10 in., weighing, with handle, about 8 lbs., $1 each, or $10 per dozen; mortar hods, 24x11 %xl2 in., weighing, with handle, about 11 lbs., $1.20 each, or $12 per dozen. HOES The net prices at Chicago for garden or field hoes, forged from the best hoe steel, with 4% -ft. selected white ash handles and 7%-in. blade, are $4.35 per doz. for hoes with solid socket and $3.90 per doz. for hoes with solid shank. Grub hoes, adze eye, can be bought at the following net prices: No. "Weight, Lbs. Size, Ins. Price, Each Price per Doz. 1 2 3 3% 3 4% 3%xl0% 4 xll^ 4%xliy 2 $0,295 .31 .315 $2.95 3.10 3.15 GARDEN 1 OB FIELD HOES. Contractors' special caisson grub hoes, heavy pattern, 5 lbs. weight, 4 1 / 4xll%-in., can be bought at the net price of 60 cts. each, or $6 per doz.; an extra heavy pattern for hard pan, 8 lbs. in weight and 3x12 ins. in size, can be bought at the net price of $1.50 each, or $15 per doz. Mortar Hoes. The following are net prices at Chicago for mortar hoes forged from best hoe steel, with 6 ft. selected white ash handles and solid shanks. Mortar hoes, weighing 45 lbs. per dozen, 55 cts. each or $5.75 per dozen; mortar mixing hoes with two holes, 60 cts. each or $6.25 per dozen. Stone Hooks. Hop or stone hooks in quantities can be bought at Chicago at the following net prices: 4-tined, diamond backed, extra heavy hook, 5 ft. handle, at $9 per dozen; 4-tined diamond backed, light hook, iy 2 ft. handles, at $5.80 to $6.80 per dozen. HOISTS Material elevators constructed so that one platform is moving up at the same time that the other is moving down are built of wood reinforced with iron. The price includes all the necessary sheaves and %-in. 6x19 crucible steel rope. Length of Guides (Ft.) 110 120 135 150 , — Weight in Lbs. — * , Price , With Without With Without Guides Guides Guides Guides 2,200 1,200 $140.00 $100.00 2,400 1,200 150.00 105.00 2,600 1,200 160.00 107.00 2,700 1,200 170.00 110.00 2,800 1,200 175.00 115.00 3,000 1,200 180.00 120.00 " m \s /*-• ) Jt\W // i / Py . H N Fig. 162. The sizes, prices, etc., below are those of a bucket, sheaves, etc., but do not include the engine. Capacity, Cu. Ft. Weight, Lbs. 10 500 20 750 30 1,000 40 1,250 Price $ 70.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 The following prices are those of a hoist which was used to deliver concrete in a %-cu. yd. bucket 175 ft. above the mixer. The round trip was made in 35 seconds, 160 cu. yds. were actually raised in 10 hours, using a hoisting engine having a speed of 300 ft. per minute. 353 354 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Bucket, 300 ft. of rope and friction clamps $150.00 Tower to 197 ft. high complete 450.00 Steam winch, new 650.00 The following prices are those of a hoist complete, including gasoline engine, winch and all fittings. Capacity, Lbs. Engine H. P. Speed Price 1.1SS l % {"•&»,!»■} J 3 2 1:SS 2,000 5 I per minute J 335.00 A contractor's or builder's portable material elevator furnished with an overhead horse made of strong pine supporting the upper sheaves, and strongly braced and having two cages with ash platforms 4x6 ft. in size, costs complete with the necessary %-in. rope for the four wire guides and ^-in. hoisting rope as follows : 50-ft. Guides $100.00 75-f t. Guides 140.00 80-f t. Guides 145.00 90-ft. Guides: 150.00 100-ft. Guides 155.00 * 120-f t. Guides 175.00 A builder's hand power, double acting hand elevator with a capacity to a height of four stories of 20,000 to 30,000 brick in ten hours. Space required, 3 ft. 6 ins. x 6 ft. 3 ins. Each cage carries 2 hods. Price complete with overhead horse and sheave, winch, 2 cages, lower sheaves, rope for hoisting and guides, 10 brick hods and 5 mortar hods, $180.00. The labor cost of unloading and building an elevator tower 50 or 60 ft. high, and placing in condition ready for work, is about $50 or $60, with an extra charge of about $1 for each additional foot in height. AUTOMATIC CONCRETE ROLLER HOIST. This concrete elevator is carried under the mixer at the bottom and dumped into a hopper at the top, these movements being positive and automatic. The bucket is controlled by steel guide angles bolted to top and bottom ends of vertical wooden guides, whose direction controls the position of the bucket when being filled or dumped. The tower is constructed of wood throughout. Complete equipment includes bucket, wire rope sheave in bucket bail, and set of 5 angle guides. Capacity Weight Wire Rope H. P. at Cu. Ft. Lbs. Required 60 Ft. per Min. Price 12 445 y 2 -in. 9 $60.30 18 530 %-in. 12 63.00 27 665 %-in. 18 81.00 36 975 %-in. 24 90.00 COMBINATION HOIST. This is a platform elevator with a detachable automatic con- crete bucket. With the bucket removed the frame is large enough to carry wheelbarrows or carts. Complete equipment includes elevator frame and bucket assembled with wire rope sheave in bail of frame. Wooden guides control the dumping of the bucket. Capacity Cu. Ft. Weight Lbs. Wire Rope Required H. P. at 60 Ft. per Min. Price 12 18 27 36 640 750 1,000 1,150 1/2 -in. %-in. %-in. %-in. 9 12 18 24 $64.80 67.50 85.50 99.00 Hoisting frame only, $34.50, weight 435 lbs. RECEIVING HOPPERS. These hoppers are economic when the lead from the elevator to the dump is great, as the elevator is not delayed thereby. They are easily set in place. Dimensions and prices of hoppers with gate: Capacity, Cu. Ft. Weight, Lbs Gate Opening Price 24 425 12x8 in. $58.50 30 465 12x8 in. 63.00 40 635 12x8 in. 72.00 54 725 12x8 in. 85.50 Hopper gate only $11.70; weight 55 lbs. STANDARD SHEAVE SETS. For use particularly in connection with the foregoing concrete hoists. DIMENSIONS— OVERHEAD SHEAVE SET. Diam. of Sheave (Ins.) Diam. of Shaft (Ins.) Weight per Set (Lbs.) Size Wire - Cable Price 12 14 1ft 1ft 50 65 %-in. %-in. $8.10 9.90 DIMENSIONS — BOTTOM SHEAVE SET. Diam. of Sheave (Ins.) Diam. of Shaft (Ins.) Weight per Set (Lbs.) Size Wire Cable Price 12 14 1 36 42 %-in. %-in. $3.60 4.50 CONCRETE CHUTES. The concrete is usually elevated by hoist to a hopper placed at the proper height to give sufficient fall or head to the line, the chute leading off from this hopper by the special "Hopper End 356 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 1/ XS,^r|724 Fig. 163. Item Wt. per pc. No. Item Length (Lbs.) Price 1703 Closed Chute 3' 30 $1.80 1705 Closed Chute 5' 45 2.70 1710 Closed Chute 10' 83 4.95 1805 Open Chute 5' 50 2.70 1810 Open Chute 10' 97 4.95 1721 Flexible Chute 12' 6" 125 9.90 1722 Extra Flexible Joints .. 1'9" 17 1.44 1723 Hopper End Section 2' 6" 40 2.70 1724 Turning Section 1' 5" 22 2.00 1725 Swivel Section 2' 33 4.50 1726 Remixer 2' 6" 67 6.75 1750 Chute Hooks 1 .15 Spouting made of No. 14 blue annealed steel plate. Allow 6 ins. for each joint. HOISTS 357 Section" attached to the hopper gate. The joints are made by- inserting the end of one chute into the end of another with three chains on one chute and three corresponding hooks on the other. The diameters of the chutes are: Open, 7% ins.; closed, 8% ims. The bail of the chute is hung over "Chute Hooks" tied to the ends of small ropes running through blocks fastened to a cable at distances corresponding to the length of chute to be used. This makes easy the adjusting of the slope of the chute, and relieves the joint of all strain. The "Turning Section" and "Swivel Sec- tion" are used for sharp turns or feeding dependent lines. The concrete is spread by the "Flexible Chute Section" the upper end of which is attached to a "Swivel Section." If found desir- able, the concrete is dropped from the end of the line through the "Remixer," where the throwing of the concrete against the side of the box sets up a rotary movement in, and ensuing re- mixing of the mass. This box may also be used as a head chute to receive the concrete direct from the mixer when the work is below grade. The inclination of the chute at the hopper should be about 45°. The subsequent grade is determined by the consistency of the mixture, the head available and the necessities of the work. The minimum grade should be about 25°, average 35°, and maximum 50°. With the closed chute a better head can be maintained. HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT HOISTING TOWERS A wooden tower was used for placing the concrete in a grand stand built at the University of Chicago. The grand stand was 484 ft. long by 114 ft. wide, and it was necessary to move the tower four times in order to place all the concrete. The tower was 72 ft. high and 8x8 ft. in section (See Fig. 164). A % Sectional Elevation aa 6'BSIIi afO'L V 1 5 -s s uotg 'tats >. ■d'Of osts ■' .-fl'«« 1 i === tf — 1 — ' r ' J £ Sectional Elevation b-B Fig. 164. Movable Wooden Tower for Concrete Chuting System. HOISTING TOWERS 359 cu. yd. mixer was set on the bottom framework of the tower so that it would discharge into a bucket, which in turn elevated the concrete to a hopper on the side of the tower, 60 ft. above. The chutes were of the open-trough type, 10x12 ins. in size, of galvanized iron, and were suspended from cables run from the tower over the grand stand. The tower was placed on 6-in. wooden rollers placed on a plank runway, power for moving being sup- plied by a cable from the hoisting engine. Six men were re- quired to place rollers, runway and cables while moving. A move of 50 ft. occupied about 4 hours. The cost of the tower, including labor and material for erection and labor for dis- mantling was about $600. COMPARISON BETWEEN TOWERS OF STEEL AND WOOD. The cost of a wooden tower is about $600. If we figure that it will be good for only one job, that job must be large enough to warrant the expenditure of $600 to avoid using the ordinary wheelbarrow method. The difference in cost of placing concrete by the two methods is usually about 75 cts. per cu. yard of concrete so that if we have a job containing more than 800 cu. yds., or say 1,000 cu. yds., the chuting system will be the more economical. If the tower is built carefully and so that it may again be erected on other work it will pay to build one for smaller jobs. It will cost about $200, however, to erect such a tower on any job, so that on a job containing less than 200 cu. yds. it would not be practicable to use a tower, especially a tower of such size. There will be no difference in the cost of concreting as between wooden and steel towers, as their operation is practically the same. The difference in first cost is the main consideration and for towers 75 ft. high this is about $400. The wooden tower can not, however, be expected to maintain its rigidity for more than a half dozen jobs and there is no doubt that if a permanent tower is desired, a steel tower will be more economical than a wooden tower after five or six jobs have been built. This is very well illustrated by comparing the cost of setting up. Assuming that the cost of the erection of the wooden tower is $200 and the cost of erecting the steel tower is $100, we have added $800 to the original cost of the wooden tower by the time it has been erected for its fifth job. The money invested in it then is $600+ $800 or $1,400. By the .time the steel tower is erected for its fifth job the money invested in it is $1,000 + $400 or $1,400, an equal amount to that invested in a wooden tower. The wooden tower may still be in fair condition but it is reasonable to believe that the steel tower will remain in good condition for a much longer time and it will cost only about half as much to erect. We may assume, therefore, that a portable wooden tower is economical for jobs above 1,000 cu. yds. and until it has been erected five times, and that a portable steel tower would be more economical if its use is contemplated for more than five jobs. 360 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The first towers used for hoisting concrete were naturally of wood and were located entirely within an area to which chutes could be run in all directions. Later, auxiliary towers were used in connection with very high main towers to carry concrete to a considerable distance, this distance always being controlled by the f : \ -""" m F'- r"^"" ■ ;-f;. \jL#|| *? :r >C >^\ ^ 1 y y A V — '""""'"'"' •$ i ' A Sr I-.it hi i^* k -- — aH 1.Mj Fig. 165. View of Concreting Tower. angle of the chute (about 23° to 30°), and the height of the main tower. The steel tower was primarily substituted for the wood tower to provide a permanent "knock down" structure which could be used over and over. Its rigidity as compared with the wooden tower has finally led to the portable feature. This feature makes HOISTING TOWERS 361 the steel tower more economical than wooden towers as auxiliary towers and also makes the steel tower more economical than a fixed wooden main tower under the conditions illustrated in Fig. 165, which pictures the construction of a thirty-stall concrete roundhouse for the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, and is described in Engineering and Contracting, August 2, 1912. Here, it was at first planned to build three wood towers for the construction of this roundhouse, which is 405 ft. in diameter. These were estimated to cost at least $2,200, as against $1,000 for a single steel tower, which could be moved from place to place. Other towers built for this purpose will no doubt be improved, as the experience with this one has shown to be advisable. A swivel post should be placed at the top to fasten the guys, so that the tower may be turned around more easily, and probably some sort of truck placed underneath would facilitate the shifting of the tower. Figure 165 shows the' construction of the tower which is 72 ft. high. The steel work is carried on wooden skids which lie across two railway rails forming a truck. On the bottoms of the skids, where they rest on the rails, are steel plate shoes which are fitted with clamp butts for anchoring the tower to the rails. The tower is also guyed, the guys running through blocks at the deadmen. Referring to Fig. 165, it will be seen that attached to the tower is a main spcut 60 ft. long consisting of a U-shaped trough 10 ins. across at the top and 10 ins. deep, made of galvanized sheet iron. This trough is open, except at its lower end, where it discharges into the 30-ft. swivel pipe leading to the forms. The concrete can be spouted 95 ft. with this arrangement of 110 ft. with an extension pipe, which is kept at hand. This trough is supported by a light steel truss, which is shown in the photo- graph. A special feature is the support of this spout and truss by a 40-ft. boom which is rigged from the top of the tower and held in place by a steel cable running to a winch placed at the foot of the tower. The construction of the trough on top of the truss is such that the wearing parts may be easily removed and replaced without disturbing the truss itself. A PORTABLE PLANT FOB, MIXING AND CONVEYING CON- CRETE FOR FOUNDATION WORK; LABOR COSTS OF 36,000 CU. YDS. OF WORK.* The accompanying photograph (Fig. 166) illustrates a portable concrete mixing and conveying plant which was used by the Great Lakes Dredge & Docks Co. on foundation work for a blast fur- nace plant near Chicago. The concrete plant is built on a plat- form 20 ft. square which is mounted on rollers. On the platform * Data taken from a table appended to paper by Victor Win- dett, presented to Western Society of Engineers on June 7, 1911, published in Engineering and Contracting July 5, 1911. 362 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT a 75 h. p. horizontal boiler is mounted which furnishes steam for the operation of the Ransome mixer and Lidgerwood hoist. The 1-yd. mixer is placed near the rear of the platform and a hopper bin is erected above it, which has a capacity of 10 cu. yds. of stone and 5 cu. yds. of sand. The bins were filled from cars on a parallel track, by means of a locomotive crane and clamshell Fig. 166. View of Portable Mixer and Conveyor Used for Massive Foundation Work. bucket. Storage is provided for 500 bags of cement on the platform at one side of the mixer. The material from the storage bins is dumped into a 1-yd. batch hopper. From the mixer the concrete is delivered to a Ransome tower bucket which is raised 75 ft. and delivered into the chute. The chute consists of a 12- in. galvanized pipe, supported by two 80-ft. booms. From the ends of the booms lines run to equidistant points on the chute thus supporting it uniformly and keeping it in a straight line. The booms are swung horizontally over the work by hand. The lower 60 ft. of pipe is made in movable lengths of 8 ft. The plant itself is pulled along on its rollers by attaching a line to a deadman and taking it in on the hoist. The concrete work consisted of foundations for power house and blast furnace buildings. The work was started in 1910 and continued through the winter and spring of 1911. The work on the blast furnace building was massive concrete HOISTING TOWERS 363 work, the blast furnace foundations consisting of concrete slabs 50x70 ft. square, and having a firebrick core averaging 23 ft. in diameter. There were 10,809 cu. yds. of concrete placed at a complete labor cost as given below: Sq. ft. forms per cu. yd 7.57 Sq. ft. footing surface (no forms) 8.54 Total days work 110 Actual concreting time, days 88 Labor days of 9 hours 5,020 Concrete placed per day of concreting days (yds.) 123 Concrete placed per day of total time (yds.) 98.5 Labor cost per cu. yd. per day per man $ 0.46 Total cost ner cu. yd $ 1.43 Fig. 167. The work on the hot blast stove and boiler foundations was massive work, including 10,064 cu. yds. of concrete placed during the summer at the following cost: Sq. ft. form surface, per cu. yd 9.74 Sq. ft. surtace without forms, per cu. yd 16.1 Total days work 79 Total days concreting 57 Total labor days of 9 hours 3,977 Concrete per day of total time (yds.) 128 Concrete placed per day of concreting time (yds.) 172 Cost per cu. yd. per man, per day $ 0.40 Total labor cost per yd $ 1.24 This work was done in the winter. The power house founda- tions consisting of light piers, floors and some massive piers, including in all some 3,733 cu. yds., were placed as follows: 364 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Sq. ft. form surface per cu. yd 12.8 Sq. ft. surface without forms, per cu. yd 14.4 Total days work 75 Total days concreting 36 Total labor days of 9 hours 2,310 Yds. concrete per day of total time 49.6 Yds. concrete per day of concreting time 103.5 Cost per cu. yd. per man per day $ 0.62 Total cost per cu. yd $ 2.02 The casting machine building foundations were built in the spring. These consisted of light piers and walls amounting in all to 1,225 cu. yds. This concrete contained no reinforcement. Sq. ft. form surface per yd 14.2 Sq. ft. surface without forms Total days work 17 Total days concreting 14 Total labor days of 9 hours 922 Yds. concrete per day of total time 72 Yds. concrete per day of concreting time 87.5 Cost per cu. yd. per man per day $0.75 Total cost per cu. yd $2.32 The work on the wharf consisted of 3,344 cu. yds. of concrete in massive work. Two rows of piles were capped with concrete forming a base for the walls supporting the rails of the unload- ing crane. This work was done in the winter and early spring. The data on the work are as follows: Sq. ft. form surface per cu. yd 6.1 Sq. ft. surface without forms, per cu yd Total days worked 24 Total days concreting 20 Total labor days 1,290 Yds. of concrete per clay of total time 139 Yds. of concrete per day of concreting time 167.5 Cost per yd. per day per man $ 0.39 Total cost per yd $ 1.21 The construction of the piers for the steel trestle consisted of moderately heavy work amounting in all to 6,971 cu. yds. of concrete. The work was done in the winter and the chuting system was not used. Instead the concrete was delivered in hand pushed Koppel cars of 1 cu. yd. capacity. Sq. ft. form surface per cu. yd 8.69 Sq. ft. surface without forms, per cu. yd - 14.7 Total days worked 70 Total days concreting 62 Total labor days 3,900 Yds. concrete per day of total time 100 Yds. of concrete per day of concreting time 113 Cost per yd. per day per man $ 0.56 Total cost per cu. yd $ 1.74 The general averages and totals taken from the above data furnish the following : Total yds. concrete placed 36,146 Sq. ft. forms per cu. yd 9.0 Sq. ft. concrete surface without forms (per yd.) 13.0 HOISTING TOWERS 365 Total days worked 375 Total days concreting ._,... 277 Total labor days of 9 hours 17,419 Yds. concrete placed per day of total time 96.5 Yds. concrete placed per day of concreting time 130 Cost per yd. per man per day $ 0.482 Total average cost per cu. yd $ 1.49 Included in the above labor costs is the placing of 500,000 lbs. of steel reinforcement, or about 14 lbs. per cu. yd. of concrete, and the labor for erecting and dismantling the plant for handling the concrete. The rate of wages paid averages $0,344 per man per hour including the entire force employed. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT HORSES AND MULES The price of horses and mules varies very greatly with the locality, season of the year and also from year to year. Gen- erally speaking, a good horse or mule costs from $200 to $350. A mule weighing 1,100 lbs. will do as much work as a horse weighing 1,400 lbs., and is less liable to sickness, can stand harder treatment, and eats slightly less than a horse. Twenty- eight mules bought in Kentucky and Missouri in 1910 were of an average weight of 1,100 lbs., average age 6 years and cost on an average of $255, including expenses of transporting to New York. As a rule a mare mule is more desirable than one of the other sex. A freight car load of horses or mules contains 22, an express car load 28. It takes about three weeks to acclimate a green animal. The annual depreciation of a horse used on con- struction work is about 15 per cent. In figuring the cost of feeding horses on construction work it should be appreciated that the horses will eat hay the whole year round, while they will require grain only during the period when they are actually work- ing. Hay necessary for one horse for one day is 14 lbs. of hay grown by irrigation or 22 lbs. of cultivated timothy arid red top or 30 lbs. of native hay. One horse or mule eats as much as three burros or jacks. The average daily feed of each horse or mule used by the H. C. Frick Coke Company during a period of six years was 26 ears of corn (70 lbs. per bu.), 6 qts. of oats and 16% lbs. of hay. A water supply sufficiently large to give 14 gallons of water to each horse should be allowed for. In the southern portion of the United States horses on large jobs may work almost every day, but in the north it is ordi- narily possible to obtain 180 days' work each year. In a Brooklyn St. Ry. cost of feeding 2,000 horses was $20.00 per month each and the depreciation per horse was considered to be 25% per annum. Besides about 4 gallons of water per day each animal consumed the following amounts of food: Feed Consumed. Total (lbs.). Oats 14,281,172 Hay 9,991,330 Straw 1,893,633 Bran 775,396 Meal 95,041 Salt 122,267 Corn 29,219 Pounds Cost per Horse. per Horse. Per Day. 7,690 $108.50 $0.2975 5,385 48.75 .1334 1,020 7.72 .0198 418 4.26 .0116 51 .85 .0023 66 .46 .0012 16 .25 .0007 $170.79 $0.4665 According to some records in Manhattan, Bronx and Brooklyn, the cost with the average number of horses kept for th\s period HORSES AND MULES 367 were as shown below, the costs and averages being figured on the basis of 365 days per year: Totals and Manhattan. Brooklyn. Averages. Average number of horses kept. .. .1,174 681 1,855 Stable rental $ 41.44 $ 19.94 $ 33.50 Stable labor 237.00 268.00 248.00 Feeding and bedding 171.00 171.00 171.00 Shoeing 18.36 17.75 18.12 Veterinary 5.63 . 9.08 6.89 1473.43 $475.77 Mr. Richard T. Fox of Chicago, in a report to the Street Cleaning Department of Boston, gives the following figures: Total number of horses owned by the department 128 Maintained directly by the department 95 Boarded by the Sanitary Department 33 Net cost per horse per year for rent, repairs, shoeing, veterinary services, medicine and feed $517.83 Mr. Fox found that S. S. Pierce & Co., wholesale grocers of Boston paid $27.65 per horse per month for maintenance and shoeing, veterinary services and boarding in a public stable. For shoeing, the Street Cleaning Department's bill amounted to $33.43 per year per horse. He found that Pierce & Co. paid a little less than $12.00 per year for veterinary services and .medicine. In constructing the water purification works at Springfield, Mass., the teaming and horse work was done mainly by teams owned by the company or hired and kept by it. The greatest number of horses owned was 43 and the greatest number hired and kept was 10. Hired horses cost $1.00 per day per horse for rent. A stable 100 ft. long by 30 ft. wide was constructed, and the equipment consisted of 20 bottom dump wagons, 6 wheel scrapers, caravans, express wagons, etc. The roads were in bad shape" and had very heavy grades. All the horses were young and cost on an average $230 each, cost of shoeing and keeping these horses, including all expenses, was as follows: COST OF TEAMING WORK— 72,474 HORSE-HOURS. Buildings. Per Horse-hour. Cost of materials used in building stable $0,006 Cost of labor on same 0033 Cost of proportion of material used in blacksmith shop. . . .0001 Cost of labor on same 0010 Total cost of buildings $0.0104 Depreciation and Repairs: Cost of depreciation on horses, including freight $0,041 Cost of depreciation on harnesses and repairs on same 01 Cost of depreciation on wagons and repair parts for same. .01 Cost of labor on wagon repairs 0036 Total cost of depreciation and repairs » $.( 368 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Cost of insurance $0,006 Cost of rent paid for hired horses 02 Cost of teamsters and barn men 1137 Cost of labor shoeing $0.0055 Cost of materials shoeing 002 .0057 Cost of fodder of all kinds 0845 Grand total cost of keeping horses per horse-hour actually used $0.3067 Cost of single teams per hour $0.39 Cost of double teams per hour 605 The entire cost of the stable and a fair proportion of the cost of the blacksmith shop is charged against this one season's work. Had the horses been kept for the two seasons, the figure would be reduced one-half. The depreciation on the horses represents the value of five horses lost and shrinkage in value of the remainder after one season's work. This figure would also probably show some im- provement if extended through two or more seasons. The wagons received rather severe usage under the steam shovel, and repair bills were correspondingly large. A 4-horse team averaged 16^ miles per day over fine macadam roads as follows: Case I. Case II. Loads per day 14 7 Length of lead, ft 3,000 6,200 Level, ft 2,400 2,400- 5% Grade, ft 600 3,800 Gross load, tons 3.65 3.15 Ton 0.65 0.65 Net load, tons 3.00 2.50 Tractive force on level, lbs 255.5 220.5 Tractive force on 5% grade, lbs 646.0 578.0 Duty per day, foot pounds 16,000,000 21,000,000 Mr. H. P. Gillette has maintained teams at the following per month per team: 31 Ton of hay, @ $10.00 $ 5.00 Bu. of oats, @ 35 cents 10.50 Straw for bedding 1.00 Shoeing and medicine 2.00 $18.50 Twenty-five horses working for a period of 12 months on road construction in San Francisco, cost per horse per day as follows: 28 Lbs. wheat hay .@ $15.50 per ton $0,215 12 Lbs. rolled barley @ 24.10 per ton 0.150 1V 2 Lbs. oats ~@ 27.40 per ton 0.020 % Lb. bran @ 2.20 per ton 0.003 1% Lbs. straw bedding @ 13.80 per ton 0.009 $0,397 Wages of stableman ($775 for 12 mos.) and hauling forage ($281 for 12 mos.) 0.113 HORSES AND MULES 369 Material packed on animals should be divided into two equal portions and slung on each side of the back. A fair load for a horse is 300 pounds, for a mule 200 to 300 pounds, for a burro 100 to 150 pounds, for a South American llama 50 to 75 pounds. How- ever, the proper load for a pack animal varies with the size of the animal and the condition and grade of the road to be traveled. HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT HOSE Rubber water hose, regular construction. , Price per Foot , % Inch Diameter. 1 Inch Diameter. 2 Ply $0.10 $0.12% 3 Ply 12% .20 4 Ply 15 .25 6 Ply 22% .37% Diameters run from % inch to 8 inches. Rubber steam hose, regular construction. , Price per Foot s % Inch Diameter. 1 Inch Diameter. 3 Ply $0.23 $0.35 4 Ply ' 28 .43 5 Ply 35 .53 6 Ply 42 .64 7 Ply 49 .75 8 Ply 56 .85 ' Diameters run from % inch to 3 inches. The following table shows the proper ply hose for pressures of from 30 to 100 pounds: Heat Gen- erated. 30 Lbs. = 274° %" 3-ply 1" 4-ply 1%" 4-ply 1%" 5-ply 50 Lbs. = 298° %" 4-ply " 5-ply 1%" 5-ply 1%" 6-ply 60 Lbs. = 307° %" 5-ply " 5-ply m," 6-ply 1%" 6-ply 80 Lbs. = 324° %_" 5-ply " 6-ply i%" 7-ply 1%" S-ply 90 Lbs. = 331° %" 6-ply " 6-ply i%" S-ply 1%" 9-ply 100 Lbs. = 38S° %" 6-ply I" 7-ply i%" 8-ply l%"10-ply Seamless cotton rubber lined hose. Internal diam. 1" 1*4" 1%" 2" 2%" 2%" 3" 3%" 4" Price $0.17 $0.22 $0.25 $0.30 $0.33 $0.35 $0.50 $0.75 $1.00 These prices do not include couplings. Unlined linen hose costs about half of the above. Coverings for rubber hose designed to protect it from excessive wear may be woven cotton, wire wound, marlin woven or marlin wound. The disadvantages of various covers are as follows: In wire wound hose the wire is liable to cut the hose when the latter is stretched, woven cotton and marline absorb moisture and rot, marlin wound covering is liable to become loose as soon as one strand is cut. These coverings add about 15 per cent to the price of plain hose. Metal tube hose consists of a metal armor with asbestos pack- ing and a rubber coating. It is adapted for use with steam, gas, oil, or any fluid which has a tendency to cause rubber to de- teriorate rapidly. Size, diameter %" %" 1" 1%" 1%" Price per foot $0.90 $0.95 $1.20 $1.50 $1.80 HOSE 371 A flexible metallic hose designed especially for hot water is a peculiarly prepared rubber cover with non-rustable metallic armor. Size, diameter IY2" 2" 2%" 2V 2 " Price, per foot $0.70 $1.10 $1.25 $1.40 A flexible metallic hose designed to withstand the action of oil and air and fitted for rough service is covered with braided wire. Size, diameter V 4 " V 2 " %" 1" 1%" 1%" Price, single cover $0.18 $0.25 $0.30 $0.44 $0.69 $0.79 Price, double cover 22 .30 .37 .53 .79 .96 An expecially strong flexible hose is armored inside and out, adapted for hard service with drills, etc. Size, diameter ... %" %" 1" 1%" 1%" 1%" 2" 2%" 3" Price, per foot. . . $0.45 $0.55 $0.70 $0.S0 $0.97 $1.25 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 Suction hose reinforced spirally with flat wire is made with smooth bore for use on large dredges and centrifugal, pumps and rough bore for use on diaphragm and small steam pumps. Internal diameter %" 1" 1%" 2" 3" 5" Price per foot, rough bore.$0.28 $0.36 $0.60 $0.92 $1.60 $3.00 Price per ft, smooth bore. .32 .40 .68 1.05 1.80 3.40 Internal diameter ..... 6" 8" 10" 12" 15" 20" 21" Price per foot, rough bore $3.80 $6.00 $8.00 $ 8.80 Price per foot, smoothbore $4.20 $6.35 $9.00 $10.80 $16.00 $27.00 $30.00 372 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT HYDRAULIC MINING GIANTS The nozzles first used in hydraulic mining ranged from plain pipe or hose to simple nozzles. The first improvement in dis- charge pipes was a flexible horizontal iron joint formed by two elbows, one working over the other, with a coupling joint be- tween them. These elbows were called "Goose Necks." These joints were very defective, the water pressure causing them to move hard and "buck." The evolution of the hydraulic nozzle was from the "Goose Neck" to the "Globe Monitor"; then, suc- cessively, the "Hydraulic Chief," "Dictator," and "Little Giant." The "Hydraulic Giant" is a modification of the Little Giant, and is shown in Fig. 168. Fig. 168. Hydraulic Mining Giant. Under high pressure the "deflector," which is fitted to the butt of the discharge and carries the nozzle, should be used. By means of the "deflector" the Giant can be turned with the greatest ease. In the table of sizes, weights, etc., of Giants, the column headed "Approximate Amounts of Gravel Washed in 24 Hours" is based on the assumption that the water carries about 2.86 per cent of solid material. This percentage varies widely and depends upon a number of conditions, but mainly upon the nature of the soil, direction of washing, and slope of the sluices. Under extremely favorable conditions it is possible to carry as large a percentage as 20 or 25, but in many cases the proportion of earth to water is as 1 to 200 or more. Size Number. Diam. of Pipe Inlets (Ins.). H > Diam. of Butts with Nozzle Attachment. (Inches.) Effective Head in Feet. • % to co *. ca *? <; ,* "*. j-co r ,0100)1 s aotoca cn^H. >N oO»Mi-i( 2 3 2 I cis en os r 1 w ta ho M O o >4^tO-jS tOOOCOOjN OSCT*.N lOOOg oooo£,oooN ►-►-. 2 k o y oooiloooo2,oooojooo g^goE" g N P Jj *T]N ■ 3^^3 i M Weight of <=• Heaviest Part. ° (Pounds.) Shipping- Wt. (Pounds.) Double- Jointed. Bail- Bearing-. o x (D -' 373 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT JACKS TABLE 125— HYDRAULIC JACKS. Plain Jacks: Tons lift 4 Run out, inches 12 Height, inches 24 Price, dollars 48 Weight, pounds 50 Broad Base Jacks: Tons lift 4 Run out, inches 12 Height, inches 25 Price, dollars 50 Diam. of base, inches. 9% Weight, pounds 65 Screw Jacks: Number 1 Diam. of screw, inches IVi Height when down, in. 8 Net rise, inches 4 Whole height, in 12 Est. lift cap., in 5 Weight, pounds 9% Price $2.00 7 10 20 18 24 18 32 39 33 58 88 116 75 110 155 7 10 20 30 50 18 18 18 18 12 31 31 32% 33 28 60 70 110 150 190 10 12 13 13i/4 15 97 130 206 260 320 4 8 13 17 1% 1% 2 2% 12 16 20 24 7 10 13 18 19 26 33 4? 8 12 15 20 22 33 45 82 $3.00 $4.00 $6.40 $10.40 LABOR AND WAGES UNION WAGES IN NEW YORK CITY The following table shows the prevailing rate of wages for various classes of union labor in New York City. When not otherwise stated the rate given is per day: April 6, April 5. 1910. 1911. Asbestos workers $ 4.50 $ 4.50 Asbestos workers' helpers 2.80 Architectural iron workers 4.80 4.80 Bluestone cutters 4.50 4.50 Bluestone cutters' helpers 2.80 3.00 Blasting foremen 4.00 4.00 Bricklayers and masons, per hour 70 .70 Blacksmiths, average 4.06 4.00 Boiler makers, Brooklyn , 3.25 Boiler makers, Queens, per hour 32 Boiler makers, Richmond 3.20 Building material handlers, per 1,000 40 .40 Caisson and foundation workers 3.50 3.50 Carpenters and joiners, Brooklyn 4.50 4.50 Carpenters and joiners, Queens 4.00 4.00 Carpenters and joiners, Manhattan 5.00 5.00 Carpenters and joiners, Bronx 4.50 4.50 Carpenters and joiners, Richmond 4.00 4.00 Cement masons, all boroughs 5.00 5.00 Cement and asphalt laborers 2.80 3 00 Cement workers 2.80 2.80 Chandelier makers 3.00 Coppersmiths 4.50 Derrickmen and riggers 3.75 3.75 Double drum hoister runners 4.00 4.00 Drop forgers 3.50 3.50 Dock builders, average 4.00 4.00 Decorative glass workers, average 3.50 ... Decorative glass art workers 5.00 Electric linemen 4.00 Electric linemen, Brooklyn 4.00 Electric linemen, Manhattan 4.00 Electric linemen, Richmond 4.00 Electric inside wiremen 4.50 4.50 Electric fixture workers 4.50 4.50 Electric helpers 2.20 2.20 Elevator constructors 4.50 5.00 Elevator constructors' helpers 3.20 Excavators, per hour. ."» 22 .22 Engineers, portable 5.50 5.50 Engineers, stationary 4.50 4.50 Engineers (marine) 3.27 Framers 5.00 5.00 Firemen, Queens 2.60 Firemen, Bronx, average, per trip 4.25 Firemen, Richmond 2.04 Granite cutters 4.50 $4.50 & $5 Housesmiths 4.80 4.80 Housesmiths and bridgemen 4.80 5.00 Highway laborers 2.25 2.25 House shorers and movers 3.50 3.50 House shorers' helpers 2.65 Iron workers 5.00 Iron workers' helpers 3.50 Iron workers' apprentices 3.00 Lathers, Brooklyn, per bunch 27 Y 2 c 27y 2 c 375 376 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT UNION WAGES IN NEW YORK CITY— Continued. April 6, April 5, 1910. 1911. Lathers, Queens, per 1,000 2.75 2.75 Lathers, Manhattan 4.50 4.50 Lathers, Bronx 4.50 4.50 Lathers, Richmond 3.25 3.25 Laborers, Brooklyn, per. hour 37%c 37^c Laborers, Manhattan, per hour 37%c ZTVzC Laborers, Queens, per hour 37 V 2 c 37 %c Laborers, Richmond, per hour Z7y 2 c 37 %c Machine stone workers 4.25 4.00 Marble cutters and setters 5.00 5.00 Marble carvers 5.50 5.50 Marble bed rubbers ■ 4.50 5.00 Marble sawyers 4.75 4.75 Marble cutters' helpers 3.00 3.00 Marble polishers 4.25 4.50 Machinists, Brooklyn 3.75 Machinists, Manhattan 5.00 Machinists' apprentices, average, per week 7.00 Metallic lathers 5.00 Millwrights 4.50 Mosaic workers 4.50 Mosaic workers' helpers , 3.00 Paper handlers, average, per week 15.00 15.00 Painters and decorators, Brooklyn 4.50 4.50 Painters, Queens 3.28 3.28 Painters and decorators, Manhattan 4.50 ^ 4.50 Painters, Bronx 4.00 4.00 Painters, Richmond 3.00 3.00 Paperhangers 6.00 Price list Pavers, Brooklyn 5.00 5.00 Pavers, Manhattan 5.00 5.00 Pipe calkers and tappers 4.00 4.00 Plasterers, Brooklyn 5.50 5.50 Plasterers, Queens 5.50 5.50 Plasterers, Manhattan 5.50 5.50 Plasterers, Bronx 5.50 5.50 Plasterers' laborers 3.25 3.25 Plate and sheet glass glaziers 3.50 Plumbers, Brooklyn 5.00 5.50 Plumbers, Manhattan 5.00 5.50 Plumbers, Bronx 5.00 5.00 Plumbers, Richmond 5.00 5.50 Plumbers' laborers 3.00 3.00 Rock drillers 3.50 3.50 Roofers, Brooklyn 4.00 4.00 Roofers, Queens 4.50 4.50 Roofers, Manhattan 4.75 5.00 Roofers, Richmond 4.00 4.00 Rockmen, per hour • .30 .30 Riggers 3.50 4.00 Stone cleaners and pointers 3.06 3.06 Stone cutters, Brooklyn, per hour 62 V z c 62 %c Stone cutters, Manhattan 4.00 4.00 Steam shovel cranemen, per month 124.00 124.00 Stair builders 5.00 5.00 Steam fitters 5.00 5:00 Steam fitters' helpers 3.00 3.00 Stone masons, Brooklyn, per hour 55 .55 Stone masons, Manhattan, per hour 55 .55 Stone setters 5.50 5.50 Stationary firemen 2.00 2.00 Tar, felt and waterproof workers 3.75 3.75 Tile layers 5.00 5.00 Tile layers' helpers 3.00 3.00 Terra cotta workers, average 2.95 2.95 o PS p H S o o 02" & w P5 W W J -1 H £* U S Q£ ^H ^ 02 M OK Eh 02 « »-l O W h t-> Ph O 5 O OS : E^ .o» oooo ( o o £2 3 | S ^ a o 5? fi« . . . . .o -mo -oo • -©in •© -m . . . • • •© . : 1°" '. 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Pi^r-H ™ g'S--c3 O a) O^ •-•-o'Oia :* .■H T3©+J c«9- Jj fficS «*^-©--« T3 « oofS ST sg6S«2 J.J+J 2« OW9-IM S iniifl . cfl * *im ^§^©.-o2 ...A3 •e£>°°2 SCO d) 4i ^ee-N M n LON » US /O M !L|US t>OJ •OOOOOiOO -CTOOOO • rt so3 ^3 n„ mo ~ CB3^iOW03o-rtCSc8eacSn!cS SsSi-siHiSs >.5^SS§"© ^Sf2 og "So ^ ^«f CM I U ■ - ■ n ■n'HcxiiO'Vusio 391 3+J8^© ram c« ir* 03 3»*3 tO OJg 14 »o_o l ft goo* C "* «o ■ S-3^2 s lf f J3 ..iq+j^jo fi io-«»-_: © 5 1^ «'of„ IflUi £ OW-W9-CS1IM fi«» HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT UNION WAGES IN CHICAGO. From Engineering Neivs we reprint the following list of posi- tions in the Engineering Service, Class "B," city of Chicago, 1912 : No. of Positions. Assistant architectural draftsman 8 Draftsman 9 Laboratory engineering assistant 3 Map draftsman 19 Rodman 41 Totals and average, grade I. Architectural draftsman 10 Assistant engineering chemist 6 Clerk of the works , 5 Electrical engineer 1 Engineering draftsman 11 Junior engineer 31 Map engineering draftsman 9 Mechanical engineering draftsman 12 Plan examiner 2 Title searcher 2 Totals and average, grade II. Architectural designer 6 Arcnitectural engineer 8 Assistant engineer 24% Assistant superintendent of construction. ... 4 Bridge designing engineer 3 Building inspector in charge Chief draftsman, maps and plats City forester • Deputy smoke inspector in charge Designing engineer Electrical designing engineer Engineering chemist Examiner of efficiency (technical) Expert asphalt chemist Heating and ventilating designing engineer. Mechanical designing engineer Sanitary designing engineer Totals and average, grade III . . . . 6 Assistant chief engineer, sewers Assistant chief engineer, streets Chief architectural designer Chief deputy smoke inspector Chief street engineer City architect Deputy commissioner of buildings Engineer (harbor, wharves and bridges) .... Engineer in charge of bridges Engineer of bridge construction and repairs Engineer of bridge design Engineer of tests Engineer of track elevation Engineer of water surveys Engineer of water works construction Engineer of water works design Expert on system and organization Mechanical engineer in charge Secretary and engineer Superintendent of construction y 3 Average Salaries. $1,095.00 1,187.00 1,080.00 1,131.00 1,116.00 $1,131.00 $1,566.80 1,500.00 1,500.00 1,620.00 1,535.00 1,521.00 1,487.00 1,510.00 1,830.00 1,800.00 $1,535.00 $2,093.33 2,220.00 2,102.00 2,600.00 1,788.00 2,500.00 1,740.00 2,000.00 1,800.00 1,794.00 2,400.00 1,960.00 1,920.00 2,400.00 2,400.00 1,800.00 1,920.00 $2,l'll.00 $2,700.00 2,700.00 3,600.00 3,000.00 3,600.00 4,500.00 4,000.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 3,000.00 3,600.00 3,000.00 4,200.00 3,000.00 4,000.00 3,600.00 3,000.00 7,500.00 3,600.00 3,200.00 LABOR AND WAGES UNION WAGES IN CHICAGO— Continued. No. of Positions Average Salaries 1 1 4,000.00 4,500.00 Superintendent, maps and plats Superintendent, water pipe extension . Supervisor mechanical engineer and deputy inspector 1 3,000.00 Third assistant superintendent of streets in charge of street repairs 1 3,600.00 Totals and average, grade IV 24% $3,695.00 Architect, board of education 1 $6,000.00 Assistant architect, board of education 1 4,000.00 Assistant city engineer 1 5,000.00 City engineer 1 8,000.00 Engineer, board of local improvements 1 3,600.00 Totals and average, grade V 5 $5,320.00 Total number of positions 270 Total salaries $484,354.00 Average salaries 1,796.00 The hours of labor established by law in California are eight, and the following are the rates paid by the San Diego County commission on highway work during 1910. Camp superintendents (foremen), per month and board. . .$125.00 Sub-foreman, per month and board 70.00 Blacksmiths, per month and board 75.00 Timekeepers, per month and board 50.00 Cooks, per month and board 60.00 Flunkeys or scullions, per month and board 35.00 Corral bosses, per month and board 40.00 Night watchman, per month and board 35.00 Freight drivers, per month and board 40.00 Water wagon drivers, per month and board 40.00 Carpenters, per day 4.00 Carpenters' helpers, per day 2.25 Teamsters (2 or 4 horses per day) 2.25 Teamsters (6 horses or more), per day 2.75 Plow holders, per day 2.75 Wheeler loaders, per day 2.50 Wheeler dumpers, per day 2.50 Snatch drivers, per day 2.50 Drillers, per day 2.25 Blacksmith helpers, per day 2.25 Fresno loaders, per day , . . 2.00 Cart drivers, per day. 2.00 Common laborers, per day 2.00 Team of 2 animals and harness, per day and board 1.00 Team of 2 animals, harness and driver, per day and board. 3.25 Team of 2 animals, harness and driver, per day 4.25 Compressed air workers in New York City have made a new wage agreement with the contractors whereby they will be paid in accordance with the air pressure rather than the depth to which the caissons are sunk. The new scale is as follows: $3.50 a day for six hours' work at 22 lbs. pressure; $3.75 a day for six hours at 30 lbs. pressure; $4.00 a day for four hours at 30 to 35 lbs. pressure; $4.25 a day for three hours at 35 to 40 lbs. pressure, and $4.50 a day for 1 hour 20 min. work at 40 to 45 lbs. pressure. 394 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT On B. & O. R. R. bridge across the Susquehanna River the above were paid as follows : Elevation to — 55 ft.: Foreman, eight hours $4.00 Laborers, eight hours 2.75 Elevation — 55 to — 70 ft.: Foreman, six hours $4.25 Laborers, six hours 3.00 Below — 70 ft.: Foremen, four hours $4.50 Laborers, four hours 3.25 Locktenders (outside), per hour 20 LADDERS Straight rung ladders of seasoned spruce or pine, with white ash or oak rungs, 20 cents per foot. Extension ladders, furnished with improved lock, 30 cents per foot. LEAD Lead costs about 6 cents per lb. in ton lots. Lead Wool is put up in strands which should be placed in the joint one at a time and each strand thoroughly caulked before the next strand is added. It is extremely valuable where the trench is wet or where the pipe is under pressure, as it can be used under water, whereas molten lead cannot. Caulking is somewhat difficult if ordinary methods are pursued, but by the use of an outfit such as is described under "Air Compressors" this difficulty is obviated. The manufacturers claim a saving in 9L^i 0" ^^m *:3fp sj^fl &$& * . ■ Fig. 169. Section of 13-mile Pipe Line Installed at Reedsville, Pa. Gasoline Furnace in Foreground. amount necessary to caulk a joint as compared with cast lead, as shown by the following: Diam. of pipe, inches . 3 Cast lead required, Pounds 5 Maximum amount of lead wool required, Pounds 10 12 16 20 24 30 36 13 17 20 30 40 65 90 103 10 12 14 20 It costs, in lots of not less than 200 lbs., including caulking tools, 9 cents per lb., and in ton lots 8% cents per lb., f. o. b. New York. (See Air Compressors.) Leadite, a substitute for lead, used in jointing cast iron water mains, comes in powder form, packed in sacks of 100 lbs. and barrels of 350 lbs. One ton of this material is equivalent to four tons of lead and requires no caulking. Price for less than car load, 10 cents per lb., f. o. b. Philadelphia. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT LEVELS An architect's or builder's dumpy level with an 11-in. telescope, weighs 4 lbs. and costs $35.00. The tripod weighs 6 lbs. An architect's or builder's Y level with an 11-in. telescope weighs 5 lbs. and costs $45.00; with compass, $60. The tripod weighs 6 lbs. An architect's or builder's convertible Y level with, ll^-in. telescope weighs 6 lbs. and costs $60; with compass, $75.00. The tripod weighs 6 lbs. An engineer's dumpy level with 15 to 18-in. telescope, weighs iy 2 lbs. and costs $100. The tripod weighs 8 lbs. An engineer's railroad Y level with 15 to 18-in. telescope weighs 10 lbs. and costs $110. The tripod weighs 8 lbs. An engineer's Y level with 15 to 18-in. telescope weighs 11 lbs. and costs from $100 to $150, averaging $135. The tripod weighs 9 lbs. Precision levels with 18-in. telescopes, weighing 12 pounds, cost from $150 to $300. Tripods weigh 9 to 15 lbs. LIGHTS Some construction work must be done at night, and much of it can be expedited if certain portions are done after the regular day shift has knocked off. For instance, a macadam road must be finished in a limited time, the road to be surfaced is straight-away from the quarry, dock or siding where the stone is procured and the only econom- ical way of hauling the stone is along the finished road. It is almost impossible, or at least very difficult, to use more than Fig. 170. one gang. In such a case it is obvious that if the stone is un- loaded, hauled and spread at night the work will be facilitated. There is no reason why this should not be done. Proper lights are necessary however. Many steam shovels, cranes and derricks are operated at night. Darkness offers no obstacle to the working of cableways, belt conveyors and other conveying machinery if the loading and unloading places are properly illuminated. The means of light- ing work may be anything from candles to electric light. Kero- sene consumes five times and candles seven times as much oxygen as acetylene. Kerosene gives off nine and candles ten times the product of combustion given off by acetylene. The light of kerosene and candles is obscured by the smoke given off by them; whereas, the light of acetylene and electricity is not thus interfered with. 397 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT CONTRACTORS' LIGHTS AND TORCHES. Contractors' lights are made in a number of different types of which we illustrate the most important. Kerosene Burning- lights (Fig. 170) are made by several com- panies and the usual form consists of a cylindrical tank, with proper valves and feed pipes, and a support for the burner. They can be used for heating as well as lighting, and are very useful as paint burners, for boiler repairs, and for melting lead joints in water pipe. Catalog Size. No. No. 5. Fig. Length Candle of Gals, of Power. Flame. Oil per Hr. 2,000 30" 1 —1% 4,000 36" 1% — 2 Gross Net Size Weight Weight of Tank, in Lbs. in Lbs. Price. 1— %'x2' 220 120 $53.00 1— V 2 'x2' 220 130 58.00 171. Carriage for light, $14.50. Tripod outfit, $9.50. Fig. 171. Carbide Burning Lamps consist of an outer tank holding water, an inner tank holding carbides, and the pipe and burner. These lights are not usually affected by wind or rain and burn water and calcium carbide in about even proportions. Calcium carbide costs about 4 cents per lb. in 100 lb. drums. Fig. 172 illustrates a light of this type the capacities, etc., of which are given below. Catalog Size. No. 2.. No. 3 . . No. 5 . . No. 55. Candle Burning Net Gross Carbide Power. Capacity. Weight. Weight. Consumed. Price. 1,000 10 hrs. 60 lbs. 100 lbs. 6 lbs. $38.40 3,000 10 hrs. 65 lbs. 110 lbs. 10 lbs. 52.80 5,000 10 hrs. 75 lbs. 120 lbs. 18 lbs. 60.00 10,000 10 hrs. 90 lbs. 150 lbs. 35 lbs. 96.00 No. 5 S, similar to No. 5, but equipped with 25 feet of armored hose $ 77.00' No. 55 S, similar to No. 55, but equipped with 25 feet of armored hose 120.00 Extra tripod attachment with hose and extra reflector, $27.00. Fig. 172. Fig. 173. Another lamp of this type is illustrated in Fig. 173 and its particulars follow. Burn. Dis- Ship'g Carbide Catalog. Candle Cap. tance, Weight, Consumed Size Power. Hrs. Lit. Ft. Lbs. Lbs. Price. Equipment. No. 2 3,000 5 1,000 85 6 $50.00 Standpipe No. 2W 3,000 5 1,500 85 6 65.00 3 ft. hose No. 3X 5,000 5 1,500 125 18 83.00 Standpipe No. 3W 5,000 9 1,500 225 18 98.00 25 ft. hose No. 4Z 10,000 12 3,000 223 32 114.00 Standpipe No. 4W 10,000 8% 3,000 250 32 146.00 2 ft. hose No. 1 50 10 15 2 13.50 Hand lamp Builders .. 100 10 28 2% 25.00 Hand lamp Tripod and 25 ft. of armored hose with fittings, extra ?18.00 An Electric light especially designed of low voltage, for use on construction work is illustrated in Fig. 174 and consists of a steam turbine engine directly connected to a dynamo (weight 327 lbs., size 30 ins. x 18 ins. x 18 ins.), and these in turn connected by cable to a portable arc lamp with a special reflector in a waterproof case (weight 92 lbs.). Carbons which cost about 400 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT 2% cents each burn from eight to nine hours. That part of the lamp most likely to wear is the cummutator brush, which may need renewing after three weeks' work. Price of outfit com- plete, $220. This lamp gives a steady light and is unaffected by wind or rain. Oil and Vapor Torches, familiarly known as banjo torches, con- sisting of a pan shaped tank for holding the kerosene or gasoline Fig. 174. fuel, a gravity feed pipe, and a burner, for use in lighting small spaces are manufactured in many varieties, but are alike in the general method of operation. A novel use of these torches was for heating green concrete sewer pipe during cold weather. Price, per dozen, 1 gallon tank, $12.00; 6-qt. tank, $15.00. LIME AND PLASTER New York Prices. The following are the wholesale current prices in 500 bbl. lots or more delivered to the trade in New York City. For the retail prices or prices for the material delivered to the contractor's jobs in truck load lots as required, about 25 cents per bbl. should be added to these. LIME. State common, cargo rate, per bbl @ $ 0.7b Rockland-Rockport, com., per bbl .92 Rockland-Rockoort, L., per bbl $1.02 .... Rockland-Rockport, special, 320 lbs 1.37 Select finish, per 350 lbs., net 1.60 Terms for Rockland-Rockport lime, 2 cents per bbl. discount, net cash, ten days for 500 bbl. lots. West Stockbridge, finishing, 325 lbs $ 1.40 New Milford lime 1.30 New Milford (small barrel) 1.00 Hydrated, per ton $8.00 9.00 PLASTER PARIS. Calcined, city casting, in barrels, 250 lbs 1.45 In barrels, 320 lbs 1.65 In bags, per ton $8.50 10.00 Calcined, city casting, in barrels, 250 lbs 1.45 In barrels, 320 lbs 1-65 Neat wall plaster, in bags, per ton* 8.00 Wall plaster, with sand, per ton 5.25 Browning 5.25 Scratch 6.25 ♦When sold in bags a rebate of 6% cents per bag returned is allowed. 402 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT LOCOMOTIVES The tractive force or drawbar pull of a locomotive is its pulling strength in pounds measured by a dynamometer. The larger the cylinders and the greater the steam pressure, the greater the tractive force; the larger the diameter of the driving wheels, the less the tractive force. Let T represent the tractive force. Let D represent the diameter of the cylinders in inches. Let L represent the length of stroke of the pistons in inches. Let 0.85 p represent 85 per cent of the boiler pressure in pounds per square inch. Let d represent diameter of the driving wheels in inches. D 2 X L X 0.85 p Example: To find the tractive force of a locomotive with cylinders 10 ins. in diameter by 16 ins. stroke, 150 lbs. boiler pressure, and driving wheels 33 ins. in diameter: 102 X 16 x o.85 X 150 T= =6,182 lbs. 33 Mr. H. P. Gillette says: "It is very commonly stated that 20 lbs. is the force required to pull a 2,000-lb. load over light rails. This may be so over carefully laid, clean track, with ties close-spaced and with car wheels well lubricated; but over the ordinary, rough, contractor's track 20 lbs. is much too low an estimate. "In the 'Coal and Metal Miners' Pocket Book' is a table giving actual results of traction tests, including several hundred, sep- arate tests under varying conditions. From these tables I have summarized the following: Per Short Ton. Pull to start mine cars (old style) loaded 90 lbs. Pull to start mine cars (new style) empty 80 lbs. Pull to keep up 4%-mile per hour speed (old style empty) 56-lbs. Pull to keep up 4%-mile per hour speed (old style full). 66 lbs. Pull to keep up 4 1 /2-mile per hr. speed (new style empty) 30 lbs. Pull to keep up 4%-mile per hour speed (new style full). 38 lbs. "The foregoing was for trains of 1 to 4 cars, but with a train of 20 cars the pull was 46 lbs. for old style cars and 26 lbs. for new style cars per short ton on a level track. The mine cars used had a wheel base of Sy 2 ft.; they weighed 2,140 to 2,415 lbs. empty and 7,885 to 9,000 lbs. loaded. The diameter of the wheels was 16 ins., and of axles 2% ins. for old style car to 2% ins. for new style car, with a steel journal 5^ ins. long, well lubri- LOCOMOTIVES 403 cated in all cases, in fixed cast-iron boxes. The new style cars had better lubrication, the importance of which is well shown by the results of the tests. The track in the mine was level and in good condition. We know of no tests on car resistance of small cars that are as extensive and trustworthy as the foregoing." Based upon these data, and upon the assumption that the resistance to traction is 40 lbs. per short ton, an 8-ton dinkey is capable of hauling the following loads, including the weight of the cars: Total Tons Level track 70 1 per cent grade 46 2 per cent grade 33 3 per cent grade 26 4 per cent grade 21 5 per cent grade '. 17 6 per cent grade 14 8 per cent grade 10 Note: On a poor track not even as great loads as the above can be hauled. Due to the accidents that frequently occur from the breaking in two of trains on steep grades, and from the running away of engines, it is advisable to avoid using grades of more than 6 per cent. When heavily loaded, a dinkey travels 5 miles per hour on a straight track; but when lightly loaded, or on a down grade, it may run 9 miles an hour. TABLE 127. "Four coupled" saddle or side tank locomotives of any gauge from 30 ins. up, with 150 lbs. pressure, cost about as follows: S- 41 <°.~% pq «&ai ^ 4) ■e o U Q "3 o to o 0) P* 5x10 24 2' 9" 100 4% 1,322 $2,100 6x12 24 3' 4" 110 6 2,286 2,200 7x12 26 3' 4" 150 7 2,870 2,400 8x12 28 3'10" 200 10 3,483 2,650 9x14 30 4' 6" 250 12 4,800 2,850 10x16 33 5' 0" 400 15 6,100 3,150 12x16 33 6' 0" 500 20 8,800 3,450 The load in tons of 2,240 lbs. which these engines will haul is as follows: HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT ~m a , — On Grade of — .., O o Vz% 1% 1%% 2% 2%% Z% 5x10 110 52 33 23 18 10 11 6x12 200 90 55 40 30 25 20 7x12 240 115 70 50 40 30 25 8x12 300 140 90 65 50 40 30 9x14 400 185 115 85 65 50 40 10x16 515 240 150 110 85 65 55 12x16 700 330 210 150 95 95 75 "Six coupled" switching locomotives with saddle or side tanks, of any gauge from 30 ins. up, with boiler pressure of 150 lbs., cost about as follows: «2 °?5 °S S g >™ Za\ a 7x10 24 8x12 26 9x14 30 9x16 33 10x16 33 12x18 37 i*5 300 10 350 13 400 15 450 18 550 25 H 2,590 3,750 4,800 4,980 6,150 8,890 $2,750 3,000 3,250 3,100 3,700 4,300 The load in tons which these engines will haul is about as follows : U a O Vs% 1% — On Grade of — iy 2 % 2% 2V S % 3% 7x10 240 110 70 50 38 30 25 8x12 355 165 105 75 59 47 39 9x14 455 210 135 95 75 60 50 9x16 475 220 140 100 . 78 62 51 10x16 590 270 170 125 95 76 63 12x18 855 395 250 180 135 110 90 Prices of Mogul locomotives, with the firebox between the middle and rear axles, and a boiler pressure of 160 lbs., complete with tender, are about as follows: LOCOMOTIVES 405 Diam. of Cylinder Drive and Wheels Wheel Weight Tractive Stroke (Ins.) Base (Tons) Power Price 9x16 33 13' 7" 14 5,340 $5,200 10x16 33 16' 2" 17 6,590 5,500 11x18 37 17' 5" 21 8,000 / 5,850 12x18 37 17' 8" 24 9,520 6,250 13x18 37 17'10" 26 11,150 6,600 14xi8 41 18' 4" 29 11,700 6,900 The load in long tons which these engines will haul is about as follows: J 2 '■gm a ', — On Grade of — \ o o Yz% 1% iy 2 % 2% 2%% 3% 9x16 425 195 120 80 60 45 35 10x16 525 235 145 100 75 55 45 11x16 ■650 295 180 125 95 70 55 12x18 750 340 210 145 no 85 65 13x18 850 385 235 165 125 95 75 14x18 940 430 265 185 140 105 85 Prices of Consolidated locomotives with long firebox over rear driving axle, complete with tender, are about as follows: Diam. of Cylinder Drive - and Wheels Wheel Weight Tractive Stroke (Ins.) Base (Tons) Power. Price 13x18 37 17'10" 29 31,150 ?6,90O 14x18 37 17'10" 32 12,930 7,300 15x20 37 11' 9" 40 16,530 7,650 16x20 42 12' 6" 42 16,570 8,050 17x20 42 13' 0" 46 18,710 8,500 18x20 42 13' 6" 50 20,980 8,800 The load in long tons which these engines are able to pull is about as follows: On Gradf* ^^ a o Vz% 1% i%% " 2% 2Y S % 3% 13x18 925 420 260 185 135 105 85 14x18 1,040 470 290 205 155 120 95 15x20 1,330 605 375 265 200 155 125 16x20 1,425 645 400 280 210 165 135 17x20 1,560 710 440 310 230 180 145 18x20 1,715 780 480 340 255 200 160 406 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Mr. Andrew Harper says that the life of a dinkey locomotive used on construction work is about 20 years. During that time it will need 2 or 3 sets of driving tires, and brasses. Upon investigation of a very largo number of locomotives upon the Great Northern, Northern Pacific and other railroads made by Mr. Gillette for a railway commission, the average life of a locomotive in railroad service is not far from 25 years, so that, a fair average for depreciation may be 4 per cent if figured on the straight line formula. This does not represent the life of the different parts of the engine however. On the Southern Pacific R. R. in six years there was an average of 49 locomotives out of 1,540 vacated per year or 3.2 per cent, which would establish the life of these locomotives at 31 years. From July, 1907, to June, 1908, the cost of repairing locomotives for the Isthmian Canal Commission averaged about $81.45 per month per engine valued at about $7,500, or at a rate of 13 per cent per year. Mr. R. Price Williams contributed a paper on the maintenance and renewal of average railway freight locomotives for the Institute of Civil Engineers of Great Britain, from which have been abstracted the following data on the life of various parts of locomotives: India rubber pipe. Painting. Brass tubes, steel ferrules. Crank axles, moulds, etc. Tires, pressure gauges, buffer planks, spin- dles, brass guards, wash out plugs, etc. 10 Boiler, journal boxes and caps, brasses, brass valves and syphons, firebox shell ends, tube plate and back firebox, copper recess plates, etc. 15 Motion cylinders, reversing catchslide blocks, blast pipe, ash pan, outside and inside springs, spring links, spring pins, etc. 17 Lubricator, shackle, buffer plank, chains. 20 Clock boxes, balls and clocks, feed pipes, smoke-box door, etc. 30 Plain axles, wheels, outside cranks, balance weights, slide bar brackets, slide bars, distance blocks, eccentric rods and straps, reversing gear lever and bracket, revers- ing rod shaft, quadrant and collar, con- nection rods and straps, bolts, framing, etc. TENDER. % Brake blocks, hose packings etc. 3 Painting, tires, bolts and nuts for tender. 5 Oak plank. "The standard value of an engine" (on the parabolic assump- tion) = % net cost, and the normal dilapidation % net cost. The life of locomotive tubes is a very important part of this question. Mr. W. Garstang is authority for the statement that on the Big Four the average life of charcoal iron tubes was 75,000 miles ^ife in Train Miles Life in Tears 10,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 % 4 5 6 7 LOCOMOTIVES 407 and on freight service 58,000 miles taken from engines with shallow fireboxes. When the fireboxes are deep the tubes accom- plish 15 per cent more mileage. The data were obtained from No. 11 tubes weighing 2% lbs. per foot and it was the practice to continue to piece the best tubes until the weight was reduced 1.4 lbs. The average tube was pieced about 10 times before being condemned. Mr. B. Haskell, of the Pere Marquette, believes that the life of locomotive tubes varies from 5 to 9 years, depending upon the quality of water used. The tubes worked an average of 15 months in service before being removed. C. E. Queen's experience was to the effect that with alkali and incrusting solids in the water the tubes have failed in as short a time as 3 months, while with no scale and good water the tubes will last as long as 15 years. Mr. D. Van Alstyne, of the Chicago Great Western, says that the average run on the road was 15 months, with average life of 7 to 8 years, steel tubes being limited to 6 months' service in one engine. Life of the deep firebox is longer than that of the shallow one. < Mr. Thos. Paxton, of the A., T. & S. F., does not know of a single feature of locomotive maintenance subject to wider variation than tubes. On the Middle Western division of that road, in freight service, it was difficult to get 18,000 miles per tube, while on the west end of the Chicago division 80,000 miles was obtained. In the year 1907 the cost of maintenance of engines on several representative American railroads was as follows: Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance of Loco, per of Loco, per Ton of Loco, per Year Train Mile of Fuel Burned Atchison ...$2,875 12.50c 1.9c Chi. & Alton 2,599 * 9.85 1.16 D., L. & W. 1,460 8.16 .731 These show an average of a little over $2,000 per locomotive per year, which is probably not far from 20 per cent of the original cost of each engine. \ LOCOMOTIVE REPAIR COSTS, PANAMA. The cost of repairs to locomotives, 286 in service, at Panama for the year ending June 30, 1910, was as follows per locomotive: Item Cost Labor $ 818 Material 316 Total .$1,134 The total cost of repairs during the 6 months ending June 30, 1910, for 31,955 days' service was an average of $6.94 per loco- motive per day. The following is a detailed statement of the cost of repairs 408 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT to engine No. 7, Dansville & Mt. Morris R. R., under the charge of the author. This engine had been operating for over a year with nothing but minor repairs and was no longer in fit condi- tion for regular operation. These repairs include a pretty gen- eral overhauling and are about what would be necessary, aside from minor work that can be done by a roundhouse man, to keep it in fair condition for one year with a performance of about 15,000 miles. This is on a small railroad in the central part of New York. The tractive power of this engine was 11,100, the total weight 43 tons, and the weight on the drivers 29 tons. 4 New flgd. steel tires 57%-in. W. C. 5%x3%, 4,496 lbs @ 2% cents $123.64 110 New steel tubes 2"xl0'-6%", @ .10 y 8 -ft 117.44 54 New safe ends for tubes, @ .08 4.32 170 New copper ferrules 3 /4x2x2y 8 ", 10 lbs. @ .22 3.96 176 New copper ferrules %xiy 8 x2 5/32, 35 lbs. @ .23%... 8.20 42 New stay bolts fgx7, @ .08 3.36 8 New stay bolts, 1x7", @ .09 72 5 New stay bolts f|" iron, 10 lbs. @ .05 1/10 51 13 New T V twist drills (broken drilling stay bolt holes). 1.30 2 New sheets T y tank steel (tank bottom), 820 lbs. @ 1.96 / 16.17 1 New sheet &" tank, 52 lbs. @ 2.20 1.14 2 New sheets C. R. jacket steel No. 22x28x72", 55 lbs @ 2.80 1.55 1 New C. I. driving box shoe and wedge, 60 lbs. @ ,02% 1.50 Babbitt metal for crossheads, 7% lbs. @ .22 1.65 Wrought iron, 72 lbs @ .02% 1.62 1" gas pipe, 6% ft 21 1 Air hose complete with couplings 2.00 2%" tank hose, 3 ft. @ .56 1.6$ 1 1" brass plug cock .60 18 %x2" bolts with nuts and washers, .06 1.08 32 %-l%" bolts with nuts and washers, .0iy 2 .4S 21 %-l" bolts with nuts and washers, .0iy 2 32 2 %xl5" bolts with nuts and washers, .07 .14 4 3,4x9" bolts with nuts and washers, .05 20 6 %" nuts * 13 6 %■" washers 03 Nails 20d., 1 lb. .03, 10d., dp 1 lb. .03 06 Rivets, %x%, 9 lbs 66 Rivets, %x%, 24 lbs 1.43 Rivets, %xl, 2 lbs 10 Rivets, %xl%, 2 lbs 10 2 16" square bastard files, @ .16 t .32 1 16" half round bastard file 18 6 Candles, @ .02% 15 1 Hacksaw blade .10 Coke, 60 lbs 45 % Cord wood (heating tires) 1.00 Wool waste, 12 lbs @ .04% 54 Tar paper, 38 ft 13 1 Ball lamp wick 09 1 Sledge handle 12 31 Sheets sand paper 22 3 Sheets emery cloth 07 Powdered emerv, 1 % lbs .08 4 Pieces finished pine 2x6x19 ft 2.16 6 Pieces finished pine 2x8x19 ft 4.44 3 Pieces finished pine 1 %xl0x9 ft 1.17 1 Piece finished oak 2x9x13 ft 1.30 1 Piece finished oak 2x8x10 ft 83 Asphaltum, 1% g .32 Gloss black, % g 23 LOCOMOTIVES 409 Drop black, 8 lbs 1.96 Cab green, % g 1.03 Turpentine, 1 g .80 Linseed oil, % g 12 White lead, 2 lbs 17 Red lead, 2 lbs 24 Japan dryer, % g .23 Varnish, 1% g 3.06 Filler, 5 lbs 50 Russia jacket finish, 1 g 2.50 Black engine finish, 1% g 3.03 Aluminum leaf • .20 Cylinder oil, 1 g 41 Engine oil, 2% g 45 Black oil, 1 g 15 Valve oil, 1 g .14 Kerosene, 4% g 51 Benzine, 4% g 70 R. R. ticket for messenger 7.00 Total $333.40 Applied labor, 1,540% hours $347.67 Overhead 80 per cent labor 278.14 625.81 $959.21 10 per cent 95.92 $1,055.13 Credit for scrap, as follows: 4 Steel tires, 2,450 lbs @ 12.50 C. T $13.67 Tube and tube ends, 404 lbs. @ %-cent lb 2.02 92 Second-hand tubes, 2"xl0'-0", @ .10% 96.60 Copper ferrules, 8 lbs. @ .10% lb 84 Stay bolts, 28 lbs @ %-cent lb 14 Tank steel, 674 lbs. @ %-cerit lb 3.37 C. I. shoe and wedge, 52 lbs. at %-cent lb 26 Brass plug cock, 1 lb 07 116.97 $937.50 This included the following items of repair: Examine and repair brasses. Two second-hand wheel centers. New 3% -in. tires. Examine crank pins. Take up side motion in driving "boxes. Turn engine truck tires Examine driving box brasses. Examine cylinders. Examine valves. Examine front end. New studs for front door ring. Cross head gibs babbitted. Remove flues and copper both ends when replaced. Examine stay bolts and drill tell-tale holes. Examine boiler as per form No. 2, Public Service Com. and examine all corners of mud ring for leaks. Examine flue sheet. Test steam gauge and pops. Take out %-in. air pump dry pipe and replace with 1-in. Examine tender bottom, probably renew. Stay sheets in tank gone, replaced. HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT LOCOMOTIVE CRANES These machines are commonly steam driven, but may be ar- ranged for driving by electricity. Steam cranes are usually equipped with double cylinder engines. The several motions of rotation, transfer on the track, moving the load and boom, are ordinarily accomplished by use of friction clutches; the engine then being of the non-reversing type. The boiler is placed behind the engine, thus serving to counterbalance the crane. The fuel and water tanks are also placed in the rear for the same purpose. The following are the usual specifications: Gauge of track 4 ft. Sy 2 ins. or 8 ft. Boiler pressure 100 lbs. to 125 lbs. Cut-off 6/10 to 8/10 of stroke Revolutions per min. (engine) 80 to 200 Car wheels 24 in. diam. Track speed 300 to 500 ft. per min. Track power, level track 3 to 4 loaded cars Slowing speed 4 revolutions per min. Owing to the limitations of the counterweight the crane will raise its greatest load when working at its shortest radius. These cranes are generally able to pull several loaded cars on level track. The boiler should be large in order to demand only occasional attention from the operator. One type of locomotive crane is made in two regular sizes; 10 and 20-tons at 10 ft. radius, without counterweight. These machines are made in 3-ft. 6-in., standard, and 8-ft. gauges, with 4 or 8 wheels. The manufacturers claim the following points of superiority. Base of semi-steel casting, not of built-up members; turntable without a kingpin, but mounted on 20 to 30 dust-proof rollers; friction clutch; and, on the 8-wheeled machine, a reciprocating drive shaft which drives always on both trucks, while allowing them to pivot. The price of these machines fitted with the standard 30-ft. radius boom is as follows: Lbs. 10-ton, 4 wheeled $5,250 Shipping weight 60,000 10-ton, 8 wheeled 6,600 Shipping weight 80,000 20-ton, 4 wheeled 6,250 Shipping weight 80,000 20-ton, 8 wheeled 7,385 Shipping weight 95,000 Note: Working weight from 2 to 3 tons additional. With lifting magnet and generator the cost is about $1,000 to $2,000 extra. A special hoisting drum, by which a clam shell or orange peel bucket may be hoisted and opened at the same time, costs about $250 extra. The 10-ton machine will hoist 5 tons at 20-ft. radius without counterweight, and 10 tons at 50-ft. radius with counterweight. The 20-ton machine will hoist 10 tons at 20-ft. radius without counterweight. The boilers and engines are of vertical type. MACHINE TOOLS LATHES. Twenty- four-inch swing, 12-foot bed engine lathe, compound rest, power cross feed, steady rest, two face plates, friction countershaft, 2-in. hole through spindle and cabinet legs. This machine is made by the H. C. Fish Machine Works, Worcester, Mass., and weighs 5,500 lbs. A second-hand machine of this kind can be bought for $375. Harrington Eng. Lathe : 25-in. swing, 12-ft. bed, compound .,.._ '*" ^ 't^b '"«..; ■■■,.■.•;] ■ '' •M mFt m m^ „. ' -- i ^-;~»M- ■ ■ "mmE v..,,...,.,., „_ '•*i ? jv>- 7 ".,: |g3S5jE3K£~- ,t w "'^P^^w^ Fig. 175. McCabe's Patented "2-irir1" Double-Spindle Lathe. Small Size, 24-40-inch Swing. rest, power cross feed, complete with countershaft and full equipment. Price, $375. Pond engine lathe: 26-in. swing, 10-ft. bed, complete, $500. McCabe's Patented 2-in-l double spindle lathe: 24-in.-40-in. (See Fig. 175), bed 12-ft. long, that turns 5 ft. between centers, triple geared, complete with countershaft and full regular equip- ment. This machine has back gears, hand and power feed, auto- matic stop, quick return, wheel and lever feed. Spindle is coun- terbalanced. The table has vertical adjustment on column by means of handle operating gear in rack. Shafts are made of steel. Gears are cut two to one and cone has four steps, 3f| inches to 8i 5 s inches diameter. Price $970. A new 20-in. Davis Upright drill, with back gears,^»power feed, quick return and automatic stop. This weighs 700 lbs. and the price net is $90. Fig: 176. A No. 2 Merriman Standard Bolt Cutter (Fig. 177), to thread 411 Fig. 177. Merriman Standard Bolt Cutter. 11/2-inch Plain Machine. 412 MACHINE TOOLS 413 bolts or tap nuts %-in. to 1%-in. right or left hand, weighs 1,200 lbs. and can be bought second-hand for $175 net. A single end-punch or shear weighs about 4,500 lbs. and will punch 1-in. hole through %-in. plate or will shear 4-in. x %-in. bars. A second-hand one will cost $300 net, while a new one would cost about $500. A new Curtis & Curtis 4-in. pipe machine for hand or powe*r takes from 1-in. to 4-in., right or left, weighs 525 lbs. net or 650 lbs. gross, and can be bought for $170 net. A new No. 5 Champion three-geared ball bearing Upright, self- feed blacksmith post drill weighs 240 lbs. and costs $18.50 net. A hew circular saw, with wood table, weighs about 300 lbs. and costs $50 net. A new 30-in. band saw with iron table weighs about 850 lbs. and costs $100 net. Grindstone, machinist's: 30-in., heavy, mounted on an iron frame, with shield and water bucket, weighs about 1,500 lbs. and costs new about $50. 414 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT METALS Miscellaneous Metals. Small lots of metal and metal products can be obtained from jobbers in New York at the following prices: Per Lb. Bismuth $2.25 Brass tubes, iron pipe sizes: %-in 19 % to 3-in 18 3%-in 19 4-in 20 Brass, sheets 14% Brass, rods 14% Solder, % and %, guaranteed 24 Zinc, sheets 08% Manganese bronze rods 16 Manganese bronze in crucible form 14 Monel metal, ingot 16 Old Metals. Miscellaneous lots of scrap metal amounting to about a ton can be sold to dealers in New York at about the following prices: Cents. Copper, heavy and crucible , 10.75 to 11.00 Copper, heavy and wire 10.50 to 10.75 Copper, light and bottoms 9.75 to 10.00 Brass, heavy 7.25 to 7.50 Brass, light . , 5.75 to 6.00 Heavy machine composition 9.75 to 10.00 Clean brass turnings 7.25 to 7.50 Composition turnings 8.25 to 8.50 Lead, heavy 3.75 Lead, tea 3.50 Zinc, scrap 4.00 Mineral Wool. New York City price that contractors or builders would pay for mineral wool is $21 per ton. The material is packed in bags which are charged extra at 12 cents each. For the middle west prices are as follows: Car load lots, f. o. b. factory, South Milwaukee, Wis., $12 per ton; less than car load lots, $14 per ton. The above prices are all subject to change on short notice and are here given for purposes of rough comparison only. MIXERS Concrete mixers are usually divided into three classes: (1) Batch mixers, (2) Continuous mixers, and (3) Gravity mixers. Ii> batch mixers the ingredients of the concrete in a proper amount or "batch" are placed in the machine, mixed, and discharged before another batch is placed in the mixer. In continuous mix- ing, the materials are allowed to enter the machine and the con- crete to discharge continuously. Gravity mixers consist of es- pecially constructed hoppers, troughs, or tubes so arranged that the ingredients flowing through them under the influence of gravity are mixed together into concrete. 1. Batch mixers are commonly of two types: One, that in which the drum is tilted in order to discharge the mixture; the other, that in which the drum is not tilted, but the concrete on being raised in the mixer by the mixing paddles drops on the inner end of a discharge chute which conveys it to wheelbarrows or other placing devices. The following prices, etc., are those of a tilting mixer in which the drum, supported on horizontal axes, is tilted in order to dis- charge the concrete. The drum of this machine is formed of two truncated cones with their large ends joined and the con- crete is mixed by means of steel plate deflectors: No. No. 1 No. 2 No. 2 Ms No. 4 No. 5 Listed capacity (yds. per hour) 9 20 30 39 46 62 Horse power required.... 4 6 8 10 15 19 Weight on skids with pulley 1,740 2,500 3,600 4,400 6,200 7,900 Weight on trucks with pulley or gears 3,200 3,650 4,750 5,500 7,400 Weight on trucks with steam engine and boiler 3,750 5,600 7,200 8,600 11,400 Weight on trucks with gasoline engine 4,000 5,100 7,400 9,300 Price on skids with pulley.$300 $410 $ 525 $ 575 $ 720 $ 875 On skids with steam engine 415 540 690 765 935 1,135 On skids with engine and boiler 565 725 900 1,000 1,220 On skids with gasoline engine 615 855 1,050 1,220 On trucks with pulley... 350 480 610 665 820 On trucks with steam engine 465 610 760 840 1,025 On trucks with engine and boiler 615 780 965 1,085 1,315 On trucks with gasoline engine ., 665 925 1,115 1,285 Another type of tilting mixer is one in which the drum is supported on a frame and in discharging the frame is tilted, thereby tilting the drum. The following prices and capacities, etc., are those of a machine of this type whose drum is cubical in shape, and the mixing is done by the "folding" of the in- gredients caused by this peculiar shape: 415 ••*OU5010 jTcocmc-cocc i^^; oioh cocoeo •OOOO -o o-* ■ oooo -o oco •OOOOO -O t-M •icoooo oooooooooo o-* OOOOOOOOOO ow r-i in co_ c~ast-cocooo©oot> SSP i * * JijilO^IOOmCOHONroOO) ■< 10 ■* -* in co t- co 10 oq j eg cm co eo eg c >>CM CCOHMcq«*n(tO«OtBO iQ CM •* CM rH i-H CO •*• i2li t t S .5 OOl l-t-HCQt-O! Sd t sCgV §■'■5 o o tog oo • S3 - J 6jd-i-> " jo ' rt -° 13 3 •" .2 ofefefefecc S SS>,||o|oo 3 •? ft ft n b+j +j ooS5« CD T3 ,^- - - c X) OO oo co^< -o 9,'tho Sl^^^agg^ »Si3t:'3 -.'.-. o -£ S >S j bj)£ ^ to c3- s Two examples of the non-tilting typo of batch mixer are given below. Catalog Number. No. 5. Size of batch in yards % Listed capacity in yards 20 Horse power of engine. . . ., 6 Horse power of boiler 7 Horse power of electric motor 7y 2 Horse power of gasoline engine 6 Weight on truck, engine and boiler 6,300 "Weight on truck, gasoline engine 5,400 Weight on truck, electric motor 5,100 Weight on truck, engine only 5,100 Weight on truck with pulley 4.300 Weight on skids, engine only 4,600 Weight on skids with pulley 3,900 Weight of power loading skip 900 Price on trucks, engine and boiler $740 Price on trucks, gasoline engine 765 Price on trucks, electric motor 765 Price on trucks, engine 645 Price on trucks with pulley 555 Price on skids with pulley 520 Price on skids, engine 605 Price of power loading skip 160 No. 6. No. 7. y 2 i 30 40 8 12 10 15 10 9 8,200 10,000 6,800 6,200 6,200 8,000 4,600 5.800 5,600 7,300 4,600 5,800 1,100 1,800 $910 $1,150 945 1,215 945 1,170 730 875 630 740 585 675 700 810 200 270 A No. 6 batch end discharge mixer versible tractions, steam power, price record of 20 cu. yd. per hour for 37 pavement work. of above make with re- complete $1,535, has a working days on street Catalog Number. 7 Size of batch, cu. ft.. 7 Capacity per hr. in yds. 7 H. P. of engine 4 H. P. of boiler 6 Weight on skids, pulley 1,500 Weight on skids, engine 2,100 Weight on engine and boiler 3,500 Weight on gasoline engine 1 . 2,900 Weight on motor 2,600 Extra weight of trucks. 525 Price on trucks, pulley. $325 Price on trks., engine.. $500 Price engine and boiler. $670 Price gasoline engine. . . $695 Price motor $700 Weight of batch hopper 230 Price of batch hopper.. $45 Price of pivot hopper.. $220 Water measuring tank. . 20 10 14 10 14 10 14 6 6 7 ■ 9 1,600 2,400 2,450 3,600 -Number- 21 : 21 21 3,500 4,500 6,700 13,000 5,200 6,500 9,800 18,900 4,200 5,600 7,600 9,400 15,000 25,800 2,300 4,300 2,800 4,100 525 600 $400 $460 $600 $700 $780 $940 $845 $980 $870 $920 260 300 $50 $53 $250 $265 20 22 6,500 6,000 700 $550 $845 $1180 $1185 $1135 450 $56 $280 25 8,100 6,300 9,900 725 775 $600 $750 $1005 $1350 $1400 $1800 $1300 $1250 $1760 500 570 $68 $75 18,400 $1250 $1900 $2550 $2500 1290 $125 25 30 Above prices include trucks, except No. 40 $60.00 when trucks are omitted. Special Machines Type 1 street mixer No. loading skip Type 2 street mixer No. loading skip Combination mixer and hoist No. 21 . . Steam with $1,600 with $1,575 1,575 1,750 Gasoline $1,650 1,650 1,800 418 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT VSBY SMALL GASOLINE-DRIVEN MIXEB. This machine (Fig. 178) consists of a steel channel frame mounted on steel wheels. The drum is of very simple con- struction, the bottom being a semi-steel casting, and upper part sheet steel. The top of the drum is open, and the charging and dumping are performed through this opening, the drum tilting to the side as desired. The manufacturers state the output as 25 cu. yds. per day, mixed and placed with a gang of 6 men. The Fig. 178. size of the batch is 3-4 feec. Weight of machine, complete. 1,250 lbs.; price, $194, f. o. b. factory in Iowa. A few mixers are made for operation by hand or horse power. These are especially of use in sidewalk work or in any con- struction which demands well mixed concrete in small amounts and quantities. Following are the details of hand operated mixers which are valuable on work where they can be placed directly over or alongside the forms. Hand mixer. 1. Drum is cylindrical, suspended in chains. In- terior of drum is divided into chambers and the batch is mixed by being poured from one to another when the drum is rotated by two men. When the drum is rotated in a reversed direction the concrete is discharged. Weight 800 lbs.; capacity 3 cu. ft. per batch and .25 batches per hour; price $150, f. o. b. factory. 2. Drum is cubical, carried directly on the axle, but so ar- ranged that it may be thrown out of gear and operated as a cart. A batch is 2.7 cu. ft., and the manufacturers claim a capacity of 15 cu. yds. per 8-hour day with two operators. The weight is 400 lbs. and price $100, f. o. b. factory. Continuous Mixers are constructed in two general forms. One MIXERS 419 in which the ingredients are placed in hoppers and automatically- fed in proper quantities to the mixing trough, the other in which the materials are shoveled or otherwise placed directly into the mixing drum. The two examples given below are of the first form, but can also be furnished without automatic feeding devices at a slightly lower charge. TABLE 127— CONTINUOUS MIXERS. Listed Capacity per Hr. Weight (Cu. Yds.) Price Equipment (Lbs.) No. 1 Two hoppers 6 $ 650 Gasoline engine, 5 H. P 3,600 775 Steam engine, 5 H. P. and 6 H. P. boiler 5,050 775 5 H. P. electric motor. . 3,240 No. 2 Three hoppers 7 745 5 H. P. gasoline engine. 3,800 765 5 H. P. steam engine and 6 H. P. boiler 5,250 785 7% H. P. electric motor 3,625 No. 2% Three hoppers 12 965 9 H. P. gasoline engine 6,150 965 6 H. P. steam engine and 7 H. P. boiler. . . 7,145 990 TY 2 H. P. electric motor 5,385 No. 3 Three hoppers 16 1,235 8 H. P. steam engine and 10 H. P. boiler. . 9,160 1,260 10 H. P. electric motor 7,160 1,325 With steam traction.. 9,950 No. 4 Three hoppers 25 1,575 12 H. P. engine and 15 1 H. P. boiler 13,500 1,710 With steam traction.. 15,000 Listed Capacity per Hr. Weight (Cu. Yds.) Price Equipment (Lbs.) 3 H. P. engine 1 12 to 15 $ 800 On truck with boiler 4 H. P. boiler j and engine 3,000 3% H. P. engine 12 to 15 675 On truck with gasoline engine (pump $25 extra) 2,500 6 H. P. engine 15 to 18 1,050 On truck with gasoline engine 2,700 COMPARISON OF RENTED AND OWNED CONCRETE MIXERS. Prom Engineering Record, New York. The figures in the accompanying tables have been compiled from the records of the Aberthaw Construction Company, of Boston, who ran a ledger account for each mixer. The oldest mixer is nearly seven years old. The original cost, repairs, and other expenditures are charged against the machine and it is credited with so much per day for the elapsed time it is on a job. This rental credit is based as nearly as possible on what it would cost to rent this plant instead of buying it outright. 420 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Interest is figured at the rate of 6 per cent per annum on the original purchase price and compounded annually Jan. 1. All the figures are brought up to Jan. 1, 1910, and the inventory value of the machines taken at this date. The yardage is a very close approximation of the actual amount mixed. Comparison of the owned and rented plant costs for each mixer shows that there is very little saving hy owning the mixers when they are over 5 years of age, as in the cases of Nos. 2 and 3. In fact, No. 2 shows a small balance in favor of renting. On the other hand, No. 6, a comparatively new machine, working on large yardage, shows a less economy than No. 3. Mixer 4, owned a little less than 4 years, rented 62.7 per cent of the time and working on comparatively small yardage, such as reinforced concrete buildings, shows the largest economy from an owner's standpoint. I.— FIRST COST AND REPAIRS FOR FOUR MIXERS. (Actually Owned) Mixer No. 2 3 4 6 Totals Date of purchase. 8/18/03 6/10/04 6/7/06 6/5/07 Original cost $ 625.00 $ 975.00 $ 975.00 $ 935.00 $3,510.00 Interest at 6% to Jan. 1, 1910 281.51 368.90 220.57 153.37 1,024.35 Repairs to Jan. 1, 1910 941.87 350.29 216.43 437.01 1,945.60 Total cost to Jan. 1, 1910 1,848.38 1,694.19 1,412.00 1,525.38 6,479.95 Inventory value Jan. 1, 1910 125.00 325.00 400.00 500.00 1,350.00 Net cost to Jan. 1, 1910 1,723.38 1,369.19 1,012.00 1,025.38 5,129.95 Total yds. mixed. 12,350 15,500 10,500 19,000 .57,350 Plant cost per yd.. $0.1395 $0.0883 $0.0964 $0.0540 $0.0894 II. — RENTAL CREDITS FOR FOUR MIXERS. Mixer No. 2 3 4 6 Totals Days owned to Jan. 1, 1910 2,325 2,029 1,302 936 6,595 Days rented to Jan. 1, 1910 827 718 816 536 2,997 Per cent of days rented 28.1 28.3 62.7 57 45.4 Rental rate per day $2.00 $2.25 $2.25 $2.25 Total rental to Jan. 1 $1,655.00 $1,616.25 $1,836.25 $1,204.50 $6,311.00 Total yds. mixed. 12,350 15,500 10,500 19,000 57,350 Plant cost per yd. $0.1340 $0.1042 $0.1748 $0.0634 $0.1100 III. — COMPARISON OF OWNED AND RENTED PLANTS. Mixer No. 2 3 4 6 Totals Plant cost per yd., Table 1 $0.1395 $0.0833 $0.0964 $0.0540 $0.0894 Table° S 2.^ er .^.'.' 0.1340 0.1048 0.1748 0.0634 0.1100 Per cent saving by owning plant, based on rental „ , „ .-„„ cost 4.1 15.25 44.8 14.7 18.72 MIXERS 421 The cost of unloading and placing in condition for work averages about $65 to $75 per mixer. Gravity Mixers. The most common form of gravity mixers consists of two or four small hoppers (depending upon the size of the mixer) set upon a frame support, which latter also carries a platform on which the men are stationed to load the materials into the hoppers. Below these top hoppers three large hoppers are set, one below another. To operate the mixer after the top hoppers have been charged the gates of these are opened, Fig. 179. Showing an Arrangement of the Hains Concrete Mixer, and material allowed to pass into the hopper below, where it is caught and held until this hopper is full, upon which the gates are opened and the material allowed to flow into the next lower hopper and so on until the concrete is received in the bottom hopper ready to be taken to the forms. This is properly a batch mixer, but the charging is carried on while the material is being mixed in the lower hoppers. Only the metallic parts of this mixer, that is, the hoppers, chutes, gates, etc., and not the wooden framework, are furnished by the manufacturer. 422 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Stationary Gravity Concrete Mixer. (Figs. 179, 180) Small size, capacity %, cu. yd. per batch, weight of metallic parts 2,840 lbs. Price, f. o. b. nearest station, $1,250. Medium size, capacity 1% cu. yd. per batch, weight of metallic parts 7,060 lbs. Price $1,400. This type of mixer is also made portable (Fig. 181) and is Fig. 180. operated by being raised with a derrick or elevator. The capacity of this small machine is about six cu. yds. per hour and % cu. yds. per batch. Weight 1,400 lbs., complete. Minimum height 12 ft. Price $550. Output of Mixers. On well organized work a batch every two minutes, or 30 batches an hour, should be averaged. The real capacity of any mixer is usually determined by the speed with which the materials are delivered and taken away. In regard to mixer efficiency I can do no better than to quote from Gillette and Hill's "Concrete Construction": "The most efficient mixer is the one that gives the maximum product of standard quality at the least cost for production." Mr. Chas. R. Gow, in a very complete paper read before the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, gives the cost of concrete crushing, mixing and placing plant. Fig. 181. Portable Gravity Mixer. 424 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT This plant is shown in Fig. 182. The engine used was a 40 H. P. gasoline engine, but a 25 H. P. was all that the plant required. The crusher was a 10x20 in. jaw crusher which was fed by hand with stone dumped by teams on the crusher platform. The gravel and sand were dumped on the platform and shoveled on to an inclined grating which allowed the sand to drop into a 34-ft. bucket elevator, while the larger gravel was chuted to the crusher and thence to the elevator. The rotary screen separated the sand and stone into bins from which it dropped to a measur- ing hopper and thence to a skip car. This car was provided with Fig. 182. Plan of Screening, Crushing and Mixing Plant, Spring- field Filters. the proper amount of cement from a hopper and was hoisted up the incline and its contents automatically dumped into a one- yard mixer which discharged into a one-yard hoisting bucket on a flat car. These cars, which had room for one empty and one full bucket, were drawn by cables along a track to the placing derricks, of which there were two, with 75-ft. guyed masts and 80-ft. booms. This plant cost about $5,000 at the factory, $600 for freight and transportation and $3,900 to install and maintain in working condition; total cost, therefore, $9,500. It was capable of mixing 60 cu. yds. per hour, but actually mixed less than 15. The total number of yards of concrete placed was 13,282, which was less than the smallest amount necessary to make the use of such a plant economical. Cost per cubic yard for crushing, mixing and placing: Transporting to Work: Per Cu Yd Freight of plant to Westfleld $0.0139 Cost of unloading plant from cars 0.0148 Cost of teaming plant to work 0.0161 Total cost of landing on job $0.0448 Final Removal of Plant: Cost of labor dismantling and loading $0.0302 Cost of teaming to railroad 0.0100 Cost of freight returning 0.0043 Total cost of removing plant 0.0445 Erecting and Maintaining Crusher and Concrete Plant: Cost of labor $0.1725 Cost of materials and supplies 0.1139 Cost of miscellaneous teaming 0.0054 Total cost of erection and maintenance of plant 0.2918 Cement Storehouse, 50 Ft. by 25 Ft.: Cost of materials used $0.0205 Cost of labor building 0.0120 Total cost of cement house 0.0325 Erecting, Moving and Removing Derricks and Hoisters: Cost of labor $0.1008 Cost of miscellaneous supplies 0.0033 Cost of miscellaneous teaming 0.0011 Total cost of derricks 0.1052 Depreciation on Plant: Cost of depreciation on concrete plant $0.1003 Cost of depreciation on crusher plant 0.1370 Total depreciation 0.1052 Coal and Oil Used in Mixing and in Operating Derricks: Cost of coal $0.1222 Cdst of oil 0.0110 Total cost 0.1332 Grand total cost of crusher and concrete plant $0.8893 A large portable plant for crushing, mixing and placing con- crete on the Catskill Aqueduct is described in Engineering and Contracting, Vol. XXXIV, No. 23. This plant was designed to build 30 lineal feet of aqueduct per day, but improvements and efficiency of the crew increased the capacity to 60 feet per day. The section on which this plant was operated was about 1V 2 miles long and the cross section of the aqueduct was of the flat base type, of interior dimensions of 17 ft. x 17% ft. and walls from 12 to 24 in. in thickness. The plant consisted of two principal parts, the first for crush- ing and mixing and the second for handling forms and concrete. The first part consisted of a steel frame work mounted on two 60-ft. steel flat cars placed side by side and bolted together. A gyratory crusher with bucket conveyor and revolving screen crushed the material and deposited it in a 20-yd. sand bin and a 40-yd. stone bin. These bins discharged into a Hains mixer and MIXERS 427 the concrete was picked up by an electric hoist in Hains buckets and conveyed to the forms. That part of the plant used in placing concrete and handling the outside forms consisted of a two-truss steel bridge 140 feet long, upon which traveled the several hoists. The concrete bucket hoist was suspended beneath the bridge and equipped with one 11 H. P. motor for hoisting and two propelling motors of 3 H. P. each. On top of the bridge was a traveler equipped with two 5 H. P. motors and overhanging arms for handling the forms. At the rear support was a chain hoist with a 5 H. P. motor for moving ahead the saddles which supported that end of the bridge. Steel collapsible forms were used and were shifted by a 30 H. P. motor-driven carriage. Materials for the crusher were handled by two derricks. All the plant with the exception of a small steam boiler used for cleaning concrete surfaces was operated with a high tension current supplied by a public service corporation. This plant is shown in Pig. 183. It cost about $30,000, and since it was built, nearly $10,000 was spent in changes and repairs. The plant worked well, but had only about 30,000 yards of con- crete to place. It is doubtful whether such an equipment pays on a job of this size. Lieutenant L. M. Adams, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., in "Professional Memoirs" for January-March, 1911, describes a mixing and handling plant mounted on a barge for use in con- crete work in locks, dams, etc. This plant is supplied with sand and gravel from barges alongside and the concrete is removed from it by a derrick set up on the forms or on a boat adjacent. The general scheme is shown in Fig. 184. The cost of such a plant is as follows : Hull of barge $ 4,000.00 Coal, sand (20 cu. yd.) and gravel (40 cu. yd.) bins 600.00 Boiler house and cement shed (1,000 barrels) 300.00 Derrick (55 ft. boom) complete with (8%xl0 tandem drum) hoist, two duplicate boilers (each 30 H. P.), 8 strand 19-wire plow steel rope 3,300.00 1%-yard clam shell bucket 600.00 Mixer, complete 1,300.00 Cement car (6 bags) and hoist 400.00 Total $10,500.00 Labor cost of operation per 8-hour day shift $16.20 Coal to furnish 40 H. P. per shift % ton Capacity, twenty 1% cubic yard batches per 24 hours 30 yds. Mr. H. P. Gillette in his Handbook of Cost Data describes a mixing plant used in building a concrete retaining wall. A batch mixer was used, the concrete being delivered by a cableway of 400' span. The broken stone and sand were delivered near the work in hopper-bottom cars which were^dumped through a trestle onto a plank floor. The material was loaded by hand into one- horse dump carts and hauled 900 ft. to the mixer platform. This platform was 24x24 ft. and 5 ft. high with a plank approach 40 ft. long and contained a total of 7,500 ft. B. M. After mixing, MIXERS 429 the concrete was dumped into iron buckets holding 14 cubic feet water measure, making- about one-half cubic yard in a batch. The buckets were hooked onto the cableway and conveyed to the wall. Steam for running the mixer was taken from the same boiler that supplied the cableway engine. The average output of this plant was 100 cubic yards of concrete per 10-hour day at a cost for labor and coal of $1.07 per cubic yard. The plant had to be moved once per each 355 ft. of wall, 16 ft. high. This took two days and cost $100, or about 10 cents per cubic yard. In an article by Mr. Wm. G. Fargo, of Jackson, Mich., in the proceedings of the Michigan Engineering Society, several types of concrete handling plants are described. Mr. Fargo considers that on work requiring the placing of 1,000 cubic yards of concrete or over, it is usually cheapest to install a plant for handling the materials. The wheelbarrow, on large concrete works, should seldom be used. The tip car with roller bearings will enable one man to push, on a level track, from 5 to 8 times a wheelbarrow load of concrete. Wagons or cars for bringing materials to the mixer may be drawn by teams on grades of 2 per cent, and by locomotives on grades of 4 or 5 per cent. Steeper grades will require cable haulage. On long retaining walls or dams the cableway is especially valuable. A cableway of 800-ft. span, capable of handling a yard of concrete, will cost complete with boiler, hoist and stationary towers 45 ft. high, from $4,500 to $5,000, and for the movable towers about $1,000 more. Such a plant should be capable of handling 20 cubic yards per hour. Where the area is wide more cableways are necessary, but if not too wide derricks may economically rehandle the load. On work where the total width is a large fraction of the length and where other conditions are favorable the trestle and car plant may be much cheaper than the cableway. When the dis- tance from the mixers to further boundary is less than 500 ft. this is especially true. The following figures give the cost of a car plant having a capacity of 200 yards per day with length of 500 ft. out from the mixers. Trestle — Double track, 24-in. guage, 6 ft. between centers of tracks; 6-in.x8-in. stringers, 22 or 24 ft. long; 2-in.x6-in. ties, 2-ft. 6-in. centers, 2-in.xl2-in. running boards between rails, 12-lb. rail. Trestle legs (30 ft. average length) of green poles at 5 cents per ft, will cost complete about $1.50 per lineal ft. of double track, or for the 150 ft.: At $1.50, erected. . .*. $225.00 Five split switches, with spring bridles, at $18.00 90.00 Two iron turntables, at $30.00 60.00 Three %-yd. steel tip cars, with roller bearings 190.00 $565.00 This outfit, with repairs and renewals amounting to 10 per cent, should be good for five seasons' work. If labor costs $1.75 per day the cost of handling 200 cu. yds. of concrete would be 4% 430 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT cents per yard. This, according to Mr. Fargo, would be a saving of about 5% cents per cu. yd. GROUT MIXER. The machine illustrated in Fig. 185 is furnished in two sizes: "Low pressure" for work up to 150 lbs. per square inch, and "high pressure" for work up to 300 lbs. /per square inch. The machine is operated by compressed air, but the manufacturers do not furnish a compressor. The prices are $175 and $250, f. o. b. works or Hoboken, N. J. NAILS The net prices in Chicago for nails in quantities Shingle Nails. Standard Size Gage and Length 3d 1% in. No. 13 4d iy 2 in. No. 12 Approx. No. in 1 Lb. 380 256 Price per 100 Lbs. $2.58 2.43 Galvanized Shingle Nails. Standard Approx. Gage and Length No. in 1 Lb. 1% in. No. 13 1V 2 in. No. 12 429 274 Price per 100 Lbs. $3.08 2.93 Barbed Roofing Nails. Standard Approx. Size Gage and Length No. in 1 Lb. % in. barb R. F. % in. No. 13 648 % in. barb R. h'. W s in. No. 12 . l f in. No. 12 413 1 in. barb R. F. 384 1V, in. barb R. b\ . 1V 8 in. No. 12 339 IV, in. barb R. F. . 1% in. No. 11 231 IV* in. barb R. Jb\ . 1% in. No. 10 154 2 in. barb R. H\ . 2 in. No. 9 103 1% in. barb R. F. . 1% in. No. 10 151 Price per 100 Lbs. $2.88 2.78 2.73 2,73 2.68 2.58 2.48 2.58 Common Steel Wire Nails in Kegs of 100 Lbs. Each. Standard Size Gage and Length 2d 1 in. No. 15 3d 1 V4 in. No. 14 4d 1V 2 in. No. 13 5d 1% in. No. 12 6d 2 in. No. 12 7d 2 V 4 in. No. 11 8d 2V 2 in. No. 10 9d 2% in. No. 10 lOd 3 in. No. 9 12d 3% in. No. 9 16d 3% in. No. 8 20d 4 in. No. 6 30d 4% in. No. 5 40d 5 in. No. 4 50d 5% in. No. 3 60d 6 in. No. 2 Approx. No. in 1 Lb. 615 322 254 200 154 106 85 74 57 46 29 23 18 13V 2 10% Price per 100 Lbs. $2.83 2.5S 2.43 2.43 2.33 2.33 2.23 2.23 2.18 2.18 2.18 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.13 2.13 Coated nails suitable for either machine or hand old at the same price as the above. 431 432 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Casing Nails. Standard Approx. Size Gage and Length No. in 1 Lb. 2d 1 in. No. 16 1,140 3d 1 % in. No. 15 675 4d 1 y 2 in. No. 15 567 6d 2 in. No. 13 260 8d 2V 2 in. No. 12 160 lOd 3 in. No. 11 108 16d 3 y 2 in. No. 10 69 20d 4 in. No. 9 50 Price per 100 Lbs. $3.13 2.83 2.63 2.48 2.38 2.28 2.28 Finishing Nails. Standard Size Gage and Length 2d 1 in. No. 17 3d 1% in. No. 16 4d iy 2 in. No. 16 6d 2 in. No. 14 8d 2Y 2 in. No. 13 lOd 3 in. No. 12 16d 3% in. No. 11 20d 4 in. No. 10 Standard railroad spikes Standard track bolts, base Approx. No. in 1 Lb. 1,558 884 767 359 214 134 91 61 Price per 100 Lbs. $3.28 2.98 2.78 2.58 2.48 .$1-70 . 2.15 Pittsburg quotations on spikes based on $1.60 per keg are as follows: Railroad Spikes. 4%, 5 and 5%xft $1.60 3, 3y 2 , 4, 4% and 5x% Extra .10 3y 2 , 4 and 4%x-& Extra .20 3, 3%, 4 and 4%x% Extra .30 2V 2 x% Extra .40 2V 2 , 3 and 3%x-& Extra .60 2x& Extra .80 Boat Spikes. 34 in. square, 12 to 24 in. long * Extra .15 % in. square, 8 to 16 in. long Extra .15 V 2 in. square, 6 to 16 in. long Extra .15 tW in. square, 6 to 12 in. long Extra .20 % in. square, 4 to 12 in. long Extra .30 -r 5 B in. square, 4 to 8 in. long Extra .45 14 in. square, 4 to 8 in. long Extra .75 % in. square, 3 to 3 y 2 in. long Extra 1.00 % and A shorter than 4 in., % cent extra. OIL Lubricating- Oils. The following prices are quotations on 5-bbl. lots: Cts. per Gal. ♦Cylinder, dark 20 to 32 ♦Cylinder, steam, refined. 14 to 25 Neutral Oils, Filtered: Stainless white, 32 to 34 gravity 28 to 2i> Lemons, 33 to 34 gravity 17 to 22 Dark, 32 gravity 15 to 20 Crank cast oil 15 to 20 Fuel oil 4 to 10 Kerosene 11 to 20 Albany grease, per lb., about 10 Prices according to test. 434 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PAINTS AND OILS New York City quotations during the year 1913 were as follows: linseed Oil. City raw, 5 bbls. or more $0.46 to $0.52 Out of town raw, 5 bbls. or more 45 to .51 Boiled oil — 1 cent in advance of price of raw oil. Refined oil — 2 cents in advance of price of raw oil. Turpentine. 5 bbls. or more $0.41 to $0.47 White Lead. 100, 200 and 500 lb. kegs $0.0725 to $0.08 25 and 50 lb. kegs 0775 to .085 Bed lead and litharge. 100 lb. kegs $0.07 to $0.08 Colors in Oil. Lamp black $0.12 to $0.14 Chinese blue 36 to .46 Prussian blue 32 to .36 Van Dyke brown 11 to .14 Chrome green 12 to .16 Raw or burnt sienna .12 to .15 Raw or burnt umber 11 to .14 Paint on an average covers about 600 sq. ft. per gal. The main cost of painting lies in the labor of preparing the surface and applying, not in the cost of the paint. A rough surface takes more labor and a greater quantity of material. Paint should be tested for flashing, cracking, brushing qualities, elasticity, break- ing, blisters and acid and alkaline qualities. It is usually a mis- take to add extra dryer to prepared paints, as the expected results do not necessarily ensue. Double boiled oil with a dryer is often used for shop coat work. In shop coat work have all the surfaces thoroughly cleaned of mineral oils, as otherwise they will not dry and it is necessary to have a quick drying paint for this purpose. The cost of giving structural steel a shop coat is $1.00 per ton up, and one coat after erection costs about $2.00. PAPER Building- Paper. Quotations in New York during 1913 were as follows : Per roll of 500 sq. ft. Rosin sided sheathing, 20 lb $0.28 Rosin sided sheathing, 30 lb 43 Rosin sized sheathing, 40 lb .58 Rubber Roofing. Per roll of 108 sq. ft. 1 ply, 35 lb $0.90 2 ply, 45 lb 1.10 3 ply, 55 lb 1.30 Tarred felt was $1.45 per 100 lb. in 1, 2 and 3 ply. Slaters felt was 60.cts. per roll. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PAILS Tar Fails. Net prices at Chicago for tar pails are as follows: Each. Pay-off pail $4.50 Pay-off pail spouts for wood or stone .'. . . .90 3-way spouts for brick or stone 4.50 Carrying pail 2.70 Prices. Net prices at Chicago for various kinds of pails are as follows: Galvanized, Regular. Capacity, Qts. 10 12 14 Weight, per Dozen, Lbs. 24 38 30 Per Doz. $2.05 Galvanized, Extra Heavy. Capacity, Qts. Weight, per Dozen, Lbs. Per Doz. 12 14 16 39 33 37 . $3.55 3.85 4.45 Galvanized cement pails with double braced bottom, extra heavy, of 14 quart capacity, can be bought at $8 per dozen. Heavy oak pails with iron bails, 14 quart capacity, bring a net price of 55 ets. each or $5.50 per dozen. Common pine pails, 2-hoop, cost $2.50 per dozen; with three hoops they cost $3 per dozen. PAULINS Canvas coverings for protecting cement, brick, machinery, etc. from the weather. Size, Feet. 8 Oz. Duck. 10 Oz. Duck. 12 Oz. Duck. 5%x 9 $ 1.00 $ 1.25 $ 1.50 7 xl2 1.65 , 2.10 2.50 10 xl6 3.20 4.00 4.80 12 xl6 3.85 4.80 5.75 14 x20 5.60 7.00 8.40 18 x20 7.20 9.00 10.80 20 x30 12.00 15.00 18.00 24 x50 24.00 30.00 36.00 437 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PAVING EQUIPMENT PETROLITHIC CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT. The Petrolithic System is designed to produce stable and economic earth, sand-clay, gravel and macadam roads by uni- formly compacting them from the bottom up, and also to con- struct solid foundations for asphalt, concrete, brick and block pavements. For further information on this type of construction we refer to Engineering and Contracting^ June 9, 1909. The following is a list with weights and prices of the special implements made by the Petrolithic Company. Tamping Roller: This machine is designed to imitate the com- pacting action of sheep's feet, and of the small ended tamper i'i r-:. 1 , -/*wSW fti.f ' a '^f' : "J Fig. 186. Building Asphaltic Gravel Street in Whittier, Cal. commonly used to tamp the earth around posts. It will com- pact any thickness from two to ten inches, but it is not usually economical to compact a greater thickness than four to six inches at one operation. The material is put into condition for tamping by puddling with water or some other liquid, but care must be taken to use the proper amount of liquid in order that the mixture may be of the proper consistency. The feet of the roller are nine inches long. The body is composed of two wooden drums with a tamping width of six feet. It is usually drawn by four horses. This machine is also very useful in compacting earth embankments. "Weight of machine 4,800 pounds, price $150. Another type is illustrated in Fig. 186. Rooter-Scarifier, or Gang- Road Rooter: Fig. 187. This ma- chine is a combination of plow, rooter and scarifier. It is com- monly operated by a traction engine. Weight of machine 4,000 pounds, price $450. PAVING EQUIPMENT Spike Disc Scarifier: Fig. 188. This implement is constructed and operated on the principle of a disc harrow, but having Fig. 187, Petrolithic Gang Rooter. Combined Plow, Rooter and Scarifier for Road or Other Heavy Work. peculiarly shaped spikes instead of cutting discs. It is usually drawn by four horses. Wttien used in connection with the rooter, its particular function is to break up and pulverize the clods. Petrolithic Rotary or Spike Disc Scarifier. It is also used to scarify. 'Weight of machine 1,300 pounds, price $175. Koad Cultivator: Fig. 189. This machine is designed to thor- oughly mix the dry and liquid materials. Weight of machine 700 pounds, price $80. Road Asphalt Distributor: Fig. 190. This is a trailing attach- ment operating on its own wheels, which may be readily attached 440 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT and detached from the tank wagon. The fluid is distributed under the force of gravity. It covers 8 ft. in width. "Weight of machine 1,200 pounds, price $275. Asphalt Distributor: This implement fastens directly on the Fig. 190. Petrolithic Trailing Road-Asphalt Distributor Spreading Very Light Application on Crushed Stone. tank wagon, and is not readily detachable. It covers 8 ft. in width. "Weight of machine 500 pounds, price $175. Oil Heater. This machine is mounted on wheels. Weight 10,000 pounds, price $1,200. All prices f. o. b. Los Angeles, Cal. on piiiii i§ S*a ! : : i : i : ! It last:::::;: 3 F "fa r So :SSSSS : SI - ii an Zx£ E s s c2 E c»S= c2» 6. »££' t:;iimpaia(aiBMawfflM««mnS£M««M5nSmSSo56o6s5Sot 441 |P is;;; \ f ! " " S 5 ^ ? is: 3 h 32 S If.. fife.. 442 Ik™ on ffiSR K pi::!;; I"S : : : : : : mi* I [# sir 1 s IS - Him *!*¥2 443 ^awwa*** - g-w air +| .» +| . 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J.S ?feS| w Eh "0 2 .2 « CSS O Eh So 1,500 6% 18 $36.00 30 $ 86.00 $135.00 $220.00 $22.00 1,800 6% 18 45.00 30 93.00 135.00 230.00 22.00 2,000 7% 19 48.00 35 111.00 175.00 285.00 27.00 2,500 7% 19 58.00 40 148.00 235.00 360.00 27.00 3,000 8% 20 66.00 50 155.00 430.00 590.00 40.00 Pile drivers mounted on sills are usually operated by horse power. When so operated the hammer on the small sizes is raised direct; on the large ones the end of a line is fastened to a post or other deadman, carried through a tackle block on the main hoisting line, and tied to -the whiffle trees. Winches, bolted to the ladder, can be used to raise the hammer but are very slow. Prices complete without blocks, lines or engine, are as per table on following page. pYcLpVE, , o , oi3'u oo s (MOq«>C0-*-*r-frHr-l.-ih-N OOOOOO 'aoiad ib 10 j. »o>»h6io . a. i +^uj comiotomoi 73 3 H 01 o u I* Q a £ o N <=<> <*< n , «» g g ftg «S* S. +> g+* >So o-S o o-S 0*0!J^ a^S a; c s » o-«w 03rt«!g+Jran.gr-IW.a!005 rHO ,a5 e8 ft».y_ 1 w vU Tl l_i Am Ah Ah J K O S a) 03 aj -i § -sjBuiixojddv ,- ui «aj -t>S Jod aanssajtj 5 © M " sc n 08 '-uipiaad » » Jiy 99-ijI 'ajv duiOQ H J s^Buiixoaddv '-ui t| -bs -isd eanssajci ® 2 -sqT 08 P9Jmbaa tf 'd H -isiioa uiBa;s 5 . . a T ° 2 •a}Tiuijv[ J9d t-. <=> •sqi loo.a'aaAvod: £ £ Eh •9}nmj\[ J9d o w sanoa^s JO -on S B pjBAi.uAi.oa ib;o,l *° m < •seqouj 'ajfo-ns -S :g> aa^euiBia -ispun^Q S> •saqoui— q^dea M 'qiPTAl 'iqSi9H— g HV aeAQ suoisuauiia K •spunoj 5 •uibh jo }qS{9.M. "» •spunoj 2 •Oft 9ZIS rH i'sqq: 'uiBy 10 t- °> ■* us UIB9JS 90-10.3: o o oq rH PILE DRIVERS Fig. 192. Steam or Air Pile Driver for 3-Inch Sheet Piling. ♦Referring to downward force in table on preceding page, the duty of hammers is usually given in "wood" units; the sheet steel piling equivalents are. as follows: Hammers driving 2"xl2" sheeting will drive 9" sheet steel piling to 20' penetration. Hammers driving 3"xl2" sheeting will drive 12" sheet steel piling to 20' penetration. Hammers driving 4"xl2" sheeting will drive 12" sheet steel piling to 25' penetration. Hammers driving 14" round piles will drive 12" sheet steel piling to 40' penetration. Hammers driving 18" round piles will drive 15" sheet steel piling to 60' penetration. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PILING Hardwood piles are used where the driving is difficult and the soft varieties where it is easy. In 1910 in New York and the North Central States the price was about as follows. Spruce or yellow pine, 12x6 inches, 30 to 35 ft. long, 10 to 11 cts. per ft.; spruce, 40 to 45 ft. long, 11 to 12 cts.; short leaf yellow pine, 50 ft. long, 15 cts.; same 60 ft. long, 15 to 16 cts.; long leaf, 50 ft. long, 17 to 22 cts.; 60 ft. long, 18 to 23 cts.; oak, 18 to 22 cts.; scrub oak, short lengths and odd sizes, 10 cts. and up. The charge for driving a pile in the vicinity of New York is about $3.00. Pile points, or shoes, with 4 straps cost: Square, each 95 cts. to $1.40; oblong, each $1.05 to $1.50; round of 6-in. diameter, each $1.40; 8-in., each $2.75; 10-in., each $4.25. Pile bands to prevent brooming are made of 1-in. iron, 2 to 4 ins. wide and cost from $-2.00 to $4.00 each. Cost of piling and piles in the construction of an ore dock for the Duluth & Iron Range R. R., is abstracted from an article by Leland Clapper, in Engineering and Contracting, July 17, 1912. The following tables give the time of the various classes of labor and of the outfits used in carrying out different parts of the work. The time allowed for outfit includes only the time while actually in use. A 40 H. P. gasoline boat did most of the towing and the time of its engineer is included in the tables. In Table I for sheet piling, the item "preparing and handling" includes spiking on the tongues and grooves, using about 50 %x8-in. spikes per pile, also sharpening, loading by derrick from skidway to scow, and unloading at the drives. The item "waling and tying" covers the placing of the temporary inside guide timbers, the temporary outside waling timbers and all tempo- rary and permanent bolts and anchors. I.— TIME COST OF SHEET PILING (2,350 PILES). Hours per 100 Preparing and Handling: Hours. Sheet Piles. Foreman 370 15.58 Carpenters 520 21.89 Skilled labor 1,630 70.73 Common labor 4,950 208.40 Engineer 340 14.31 Tug and crew 40 1.68 Derrick scow 250 10.53 Driving : Foreman 590 24.84 Skilled labor 1,890 79.57 Common labor 2,160 90.94 Engineer 830 34.94 Drivers 570 24.00 Cutting Off: Common labor 1,700 71.57 Waling and Tying: Foreman 760 32.00 Carpenters 2,380 100.20 Skilled labor 6,330 266.49 Common labor 13,370 5 °£-2° Engineer 1,960 82.52 Tug and crew 40 1-68 Derrick scow 1.040 43. iS Drivers 570 24.00 PILING Table II for round piles includes only those piles in the dock proper. The item "pointing and handling" includes sorting, point- ing, rafting and delivering to drivers. The cutting- includes the removing of the old pile heads. II.— TIME COST OF ROUND PILE WORK (163,500 PILES). Hours per 100 Lin. Ft. .0122 .2135 1.4213 1.4579 .0793 .2135 .4087 .4087 1.6287 1.6409 .4026 Pointing and Handling: Hours. Foreman 20 Engineer 350 Skilled labor 2,330 Common labor 2,390 Derrick scow 130 Team 350 Driving: Foreman 670 Engineer 670 Skilled labor 2,670 Common labor 2,690 Pile driver 660 Cutting Off Piles: Foreman 130 Skilled labor 600 Common labor 3,180 .0793 .3660 No. 5 Hammer Driving Wemlinger Piling. The standard dovetailed sheet-piling of the Southern Pacific Railway used by Mr. Kruttschmitt in closing breaks on the Mississippi levees, is described as follows in the Reclamation Record. "The main body of each pile is composed of a 4xl2-in. plank with the lower end adzed to a slope of about 15 degrees with 464 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT the horizontal, so as to force the piling in driving against the preceding one. On one edge of the body is nailed two strips made of 1-in. boards, having their exterior edges in the plane of the face of the pile, and their interior edges beveled so as to form a trapezoidal groove between them with a larger base adjacent to the body of the pile. This larger base is made about 2 inches in length, the shorter base about 1 inch in length. On the other edge of the main body of the pile is nailed a single strip made of 1-in. boards and so beveled as to permit it to slip snugly between the beveled opening on the adjacent pile. The strips are nailed to the main pile with lOd wire nails spaced 6 ins." The cost of making 1 sq. ft. of this piling would be about as follows: 1 4"xl2"xl2" plank at $30 per M., B. M $0.12 3 2"x l"xl2" planks at $30 per M., B. M 015 6 lOd wire nails at $2.20 per keg 002 Yi hour of carpenter at 50 cents per hour 125 Total $0,262 Wemlinger Sheet Steel Filing- illustrated in Fig. 193 costs, f. o. b. New York, as follows: WITH SHORT CLIPS. Type. Thickness. Price per Sq. Ft. Extra per Clip 1-A ft" $0.24 $0.14 2-A 7/64" .28 .15 3-A Vs" .29 .16 4-B 7/64" .285 .16 5-B Vs" .32 .17 6-B 5/32" .34 .18 7-B ft" .37 .19 8-C ft" .42 .20 9-C I" .45 .21 10-C .55 .22 WITH FULL LENGTH CLIPS. Price per Square Type. Thickness. Foot, Including Clip. 11-B 7/64" $0.34 12-B Vs" .36 13-B 5/32" .39 14-B P .42 15-C .48 16-C y 4 " .54 17-C r- .62 1S-D .64 19-D Yt" .73 20-D ft" .87 Wakefield Filing- is suitable for light or medium heavy work. It has been used with great success on small sewers. The spe- cial cap necessary for use in driving costs $10. The cost of Wakefield sheeting complete and ready for driving for Lincoln Park improvement, Chicago, 1911, was as follows: PILING 465 1,784 Pieces 6-in. Sheeting, 24 ft. Per piece Labor $1,682.31 $0.94 Hardware 115.96 .07 Lumber 7,457.12 4.18 Total $9,255.39 $5.19 200 Pieces 6-in. Sheeting, 28 ft. Labor $ 188.60 $0.94 Hardware 130.00 .07 Lumber 974.00 4.87 Total $1,292.60 $5.88 94 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 12 ft. Labor $ 88.36 $0.94 Hardware 8.74 .09 Lumber 294.22 3.13 Total $ 391.32 $4.16 105 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 14 ft. Labor $ 98.70 $0.94 Hardware 9.45 .09 Lumber 383.25 3.65 Total $ 491.40 $4.68 428 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 18 ft. Labor $ 402.32 $0.94 Hardware 38.52 .09 Lumber 2,011.60 4.70 Total $2,452.44 $5.73 1,742 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 24 ft. Labor $1,637.48 $0.94 Hardware 156.78 .09 Lumber 10,922.34 6.27 Total $12,716.60 $7.30 200 Pieces 9-in. Sheeting, 28 ft. Labor $ 188.00 $0.94 Hardware 18.00 .09 Lumber 1,462.00 7.31 Total $1,668.00 $8.34 Total cost of 4,553 pieces $28,267.75 Summary: Total cost of labor $ 4,285.77 Total cost of hardware 477.45 Total cost of lumber 23,504.53 $28,267.75 lackawanna Steel Piling-, illustrated in Fig. 194, costs, f. o. b. cars Pittsburgh, about 1.5 cents per lb. It comes in any length up to 70 ft. and its other dimensions are as follows: Thick- Weight per Dist. Center Weight ness of Square Foot to Center of per Lineal Width of Joint Web, Ins. of Wall, Lbs. Joints, Ins. Foot, Lbs. Over All, Ins. A B C % 40.00 12% 42.500 3 45/64 % 35.00 12% 37.187 3 45/64 % 21.50 7 12.54 153/64 466 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT This piling drives easily. In a test a 50-ft. length was driven 47 ft., under a 5-ton hammer striking 90 blows, with a penetra- tion of 1 inch at the last blow. r^\' B Zsfa ^l^^2.—^r. iv£r^ A A ~\p%M Fig. 194. 123,4-Inch Piling, %-lnch and i/ 2 -!nch Web. TEST OP DRIVING STEEL SHEET PILING, CLEVELAND, O. One place on the short line of the L. S. & M. S. R. R. around Cleveland, Ohio, required tunneling under the grounds of a manu- facturing plant. The tunnel was to have two standard grade tracks at an elevation of about 50 ft. below yard level of this plant. The wash test borings taken at this point showed: Below Grade Yard level to 5 ft Slag and cinders. 5 ft. below to 20 ft , Yellow clay and gravel. 20 ft. below to 30 ft Fine gravel. 30 ft. below to 40 ft Coarse gravel. 40 ft. below to 50 ft Fine sand. 50 ft. below to 55 ft Coarse sand and gravel. 55 ft. down Hard pan (blue clay). The fine sand, 40 to 50 ft., was in the nature of quicksand, and there was a surcharged load at the sides. . The engineers of the Lake Shore R. R. decided on steel sheet piling. This work required 60 ft. penetration. Five bars of 12% -in. x y 2 -in. Lackawanna steel sheet piling, weighing 40 lbs. per sq. ft. and 50 ft. long were ordered for this test. These bars were driven by a No. 1 Vulcan hammer, weighing 10,150 lbs., total striking part 5,000 lbs. with a 42-in. stroke. In general the record was as follows: No. 1 Pile (experimenting, etc. Accurate record not taken.) Blows No. 2 Pile 20 min. actual driving time 1.136 No. 3 Pile 23Ve min. actual driving time 1,572 No. 4 Pile 35 min. actual driving time 2,284 No. 5 Pile 20% min. actual driving time 1.283 No. 5 pile was followed down to 10 ft. below the surface of the ground in 18% minutes, with 1,153 blows. All five bars were driven to the surface of the ground, making a penetration of 50 ft. Jones & Laugnlin Piling 1 , illustrated in Fig. 195, costs about 1.5 Cts. per lb., f. o. b. Pittsburgh. It is made in any length. 467 No. 1 2 3 4 5 Size (Ins.) 12x5 12x5 15x6 15x6 15x6 Wt. per Sq. Ft. (Lbs.) 35.00 36 25 37.20 39.75 42.25 >I 5ect!onA-AL; u a "--¥-r a b I =iL ; i"""~£dl •& .7" v T4T* I ; q\b u-. 4- CW.5 aAot/J 1 1.Scfs.per/b. Fig. 196. JSectionA-A !<. G<«/s about I.Sch. per lb, Fig. 197. 1 WF^A^ w M .- £ ■?« T ■ ■■•■■ ■ W* - i& . 198. Interior View of Chicago Avenue Pumping Station, Show- ing Interlocking Steel Sheeting Driven Alongside of Pumps Which Were in Continuous Operation. 468 *|2& S«# ** tu)C ** lamzot&t ^ £ o^-^p^S^ , 2 ^^S^^3 a 2 ###* M HrtHH XX XX r - r; w m n « 0 P Z < 05 ft 41 o ? . JftfcPSlS H »«^H £ sPsfcjs* a o r ~ o u '3'^ t< ©U5COO fi H » 02 8 •saqaui— j ^^ ra il ■saqoui — a ^^j ffqcvi 5? •seqoui — p rt^jg o H 03 o P4 saqoui — o N Mr( o o •ssqoui — v •&>&& (NeqrH •spunod ^ 'jo.oj jad}qSi9M.5S3 oa K K M ■'. '. :6 : : :* : : • o • ■ : : -a. • • o o *! c*i : : COB.. Ill : : 3C3 • • c o c : : o»o : '■ Asa : • : :<= '. U|l •it; . .« . ; ; c ; • -o • • •■§ • ; •*? • : '.2 '. " -3 • : :g : ill ; c : := : : « : • « • I S ■■o • ■ c : : p . : c : . ca o • ■" -j; C|0 : : : 1*1 & : : :5a « ° ' e§ : 3 O . 01 M ■ S5 : * 5 ■ 3si to :| ti . E c |il • °3 t, 111* a B o c. si 3 I I 1& gSftSII >"0 _• ,"0 M B*J E E-g™MOJ EB wBrnoUkez ■ow •„• iSMfeSfM OOauoJtwBioitoai«SSOHOU> 5 *=&• 2 ** "If JStf SJU30 'JSOO h«ooe»eeo»«!ea O S CD * o,-aao.aoftftftftg^ftggft0.o.3ogftOftoe.aooftooBftgftOftgoftp.ftOi •jstutuBu jo ad.ix 2 £ £ £ £ £ 2 £ £ £i;«£.2.2 £ £ £ * £^ £ £ £ £ 2 £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £« £ £ 2°; £ £ £ £ 2 "" jOUQfiQQQOQajSQtowQl-lQccOajflOPOOCPOQOQOeHWOQOaiQCQOQ ■JJ •U0HEJJ3ua t I ojtSrtSJ" „• sqi '}qSt3AS. £££££ c g -suj 'qjpjAi 3233J: "i-SgStft A 472 PILING 473 JACKSON'S INTERLOCKING STEEL SHEETING. Costs about 1.5 cts. per lb. "base." STYLE No. 1. Composed of 15-inch, 33-lb. Channels, 7 Weie . ht 4 « lh <, npr „ n ft and 15-inch, 42-ib. I-Beams. J weignt, 49 lbs. per sq. ft. or 12-inch, 20%-lb. Channels, and 12-inch, 7 weie-ht 40 lhX> 2 in T L ^> H ioisoo uiioioooiooooeioiooiiioin . 5C(Ot-t-- t-t-t-»00»00 0101O0>OOHON oooo oooooooooooooooo . COCO"^^ Wl0lOCD«)l>t>00000J01HOP3HW r-irH>HT-! THrH^rHrHrHrHrH^rHrHCxieciecicqM imniisiomiaoo . iniairsus loioioioiaiowiot-t-t-t-t-ooo . ri w" . to .2 tunw ■£ oCjoooo oooooooooooooooo _y *£■§ °. c ; , . oooooooooooooooo m O m o 5 -ai p. g 2 oooo oooooooooooooooo oooo ooooooousoooNOtoocq (U U .S'^ t-C-OOOO OOrHrHNtjqrHTrTTOOlOOTtOOOOCO A! q,+-> H ididi>[^ ddNM^iicotdoooiddnmto^ g ffii§M rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHN^C^OO 02 U o nj 5 2 oooo isooooooioooonoiooN P (1| pj iduii>i> cJOT-!i?q^-*tdi-- H P s P ■2®«i 3 ) TABLE 130. — STANDARD. DIMENSIONS OF PIPE. High Pressure Service. Classes E, F, G, H. 2 Qo5 +2 a> N Ol •OCOCNOO ooooo oo oooooo oo cousc-oscm ccoi ^o5 °,coii soot- ON«i>e (NIOOOO lO o to 52 inwcpcD c-oooooso EH fi c M " iH eq'csi 10 w EH 0> , 5 OOIOO oomoo ooooo ooo • o o CO 01 3 tj) 00 CO CM lO gg'N-^SOOO .s? ®+J CO00.H00 oonoo OOLJ • c w El C-HCO • n,2 to cq^Ph 3s* HriHNtq t-c-oooeo CO-* CO 00© (NOOOC-CO T-meM • t-c-cq • a fi cS ^ O NCOlOt- T-H5DCOU5 00 OSOU5CDOO 05^H^C-0 I>0>*rl0 <*-*o ' fe iHlHiHlM cm ■* m t- oj H Q UoJ rHi-m bo £ °>° , fi ft o ",* 03 . 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H rt rt (sjBnoa) N ^ o •}^ J3d 80U.J 2 s s r 01jI '"0) lO IO sjua^uoo -qno ri •* I I ")^ jad jqSiaM. " N « (sjbiioq) ■Jd J3d oopd ^ l s Ea b. tr~ c- 00c- 1- 00 o» P^9H ^>owo^c The following table shows the approximate weight of machine banded pipe per lineal foot, banded for a head of 150 feet, and the number of feet of pipe that can be loaded on a car. Size of Pipe Approx. Wt. per Ft. Number of (Inches) (Pounds) Feet in Carload 2 2% 9,000 3 3% 6,500 4 4y 4 5.500 6 7y 2 '3,500 8 9 7 /s 2,500 10 121/2 1,500 12 14 y 2 1,000 14 17 850 16 22 700 18 26 500 20 33 500 24 50 400 It is possible to use standard cast iron water pipe fittings on machine banded wooden stave pipe, but the size and weight of 218. Twenty-four Inch Machine Banded Wooden Stave Pipe, Laid in Place, for Irrigation System. such fittings make their use undesirable. Lighter cast iron fit- tings, built with smoother hubs, are especially designed for wooden pipe. The approximate weights of the smaller sizes are as follows: 492 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Crosses Tees Ells Bends Ins. Lbs. Ins. Lbs. Ins. Lbs. Ins. Lbs. 2x2x2x2 33 2x2x2 25 2 14 4-45° 37 3x3x3x3 54 3x3x3 43 3 23 6-30° 48 4x4x3x3 72 3x3x2 57 4 44 6-45° 52 4x4x4x4 88 4x2x2 55 6 62 6-20° 46 6x6x4x4 121 4x3x3 58 8 82 8-20° 51 6x6x6x4 124 4x4x3 57 8-30° 62 6x6x6x6 133 4x4x4 71 8x8x4x4 143 6x2x4 87 8x4x8x4 164 6x4x4 91 8x8x6x4 147 6x6x4 100 8x8x6x6 166 6x6x6 113 8x8x8x8 197 6x6x8 8x8x4 8x8x6 8x8x8 133 122 135 155 When quotations on wooden stave pipe are requested, the fol- lowing information should be furnished the manufacturer of pipe: 1 — Purpose for which pipe is to be used. 2 — Inside diameter and length of pipe required. 3 — Head on pipe or pressure under which it is to be used. As the banding varies according to the head, it is necessary to state the lengths of pipe under different heads, or else furnish a pro- file of the line. The prices given usually include the couplings. PATENT CLAMP COLLAR. A Clamp Collar is meritorious for various reasons and advan- tages: On dredge pipe, when pipe can be connected without the aid of block and fall, and other power devices, by simply abutting the ends of sections of pipe together and bringing the Clamp Col- lar around the point and connecting up same by means of thread and nut, thereby making a perfectly tight joint; for its use in taking out a single section at any place in the line without dis- turbing .any other portion of the line; in dredge and hydraulic PIPE 493 pipe that is worn thin on the under side, making it necessary to turn the pipe so as to get the strongest portion of the pipe underneath, where the greatest wear is encountered. All that is necessary is to slacken the nuts on the Clamp Col- lar at the end of each section, thereby leaving it loose to be turned to such a position as is desired. A section of pipe fre- quently becomes worthless and in order to replace a section with a new one, other portions of the adjacent main do not have to be disturbed, as the section can be put in place, thereby repairing the break, disturbing only such portion as is useless. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PIPE COVERINGS ASBESTOS. These asbestos coverings are made for pipes % in. to 1% in. inside diameter, ranging in ^4 in. sizes; for pipes iy 2 in. to 5 in. inside diameter, ranging in % in. sizes; for pipes 5 in. to 10 in. inside diameter, ranging in 1 in. sizes; for pipes 10 in. to 20 in. inside diameter, ranging in 2 in. sizes, and for 24 in. and 30 in. pipes. All pipe coverings are supplied in sections of 3 ft. long, canvased and with bands. Following is a price list, on which there is about 77 per cent discount: PRICE LIST SECTIONAL PIPE COVERINGS AND FITTINGS. Standard Thicknesses. Inside Diam. of Pipe, Inches. I 1 1% 1% 2 2% 3 3% 4 Price per Lineal Ft. $0.22 .24 .27 .30 .33 .36 .40 .45 .50 .60 .65 .70 .80 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.85 2.10 2.35 2.60 2.85 3.30 4.00 Elbows. $0.30 .30 .30 .42 .48 .54 .60 .72 .90 1.30 1.80 2.40 3.00 3.60 Tees. $0.36 .36 .42 .48 .54 .60 .75 .90 1.20 1.60 2.20 3.00 3.80 4.60 Crosses. $0.48 .48 .48 .48 .48 .54 .60 .70 .80 .95 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.80 3.60 4.40 5.20 Globe Valves. $0.54 .54 .54 .54 .54 .60 .78 .96 1.20 1.50 1.85 2.25 2.80 3.60 4.40 5.30 6.20 Flange Covers. $0.50 .50 .50 .50 .50 .60 .70 1.00 1.30 1.60 1 90 2.20 2.50 2.90 All pipe coverings are supplied in sections three feet long canvased and with bands. For irregular flanges or fittings larger than 10 inches use our Magnesia Cement or Asbestos Cement Felting. * All magnesia coverings above 12 inches furnished in seg- mental form; other coverings in sectional form in all sizes. Subject to discount. PIPE COVERINGS PRICE LIST SECTIONAL PIPE COVERINGS. Extra Thicknesses. 3-Inch Inside Thick Diameter iy 2 -Inch 2-Inch Dbl. Stand. Broken of Pipe, Thick per Thick per Thick per Lineal Ft. Joint per Lineal Ft. Inches. Lineal Et. Lineal Ft. y 2 $0.46 $0.75 $0.65 $1.20 % .49 .80 .70 1.35 i .52 .85 .75 1.40 1% .56 .90 .80 1.45 i j /6 .60 . .95 .85 1.55 2 .64 1.00 .90 1.65 2% .70 1.05 1.00 1.75 3 .76 1.15 1.10 1.90 3% .82 1.25 1.20 2.05 4 .88 1.35 1.40 2.20 4% .94 1.45 1.50 2.35 5 1.00 1.55 1.60 2.50 6 1.10 1.70 1.80 2.70 7 1.20 1.85 2.25 2.90 8 1.35 2.00 2.50 3.15 9 1.50 2.20 2.70 3.40 10 1.65 2.40 2.90 3.65 *12 1.85 2.70 4.10 4.10 14 2.10 3.00 4.60 4.60 16 2.35 3.30 5.10 5.10 18 2.60 3.60 5.60 5.60 20 2.85 4.00 6.00 6.00 24 3.30 4.50 7.00 7.00 30 4.00 5.50 8.40 8.40 * All magnesia coverings above 12 inches furnished in mental form; other coverings in sectional form in all sizes. Subject to discount. 496 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PIPE LINE TOOLS Lead furnace, pot, bar, grate and ladle on two wheels with handle and stand. Of heavy boiler plate with wrought iron wheels. fe® as 3*3 OS CS o dfi ri5 aj" ^ Q Q u 18 13% 7% 200 24 15 11 450 30 18 14 850 10 O.Q $22.50 $16.75 26.25 22.50 33.75 28.00 Calking Tools. Calking hammers, 3 to 4 lbs., handled, $1.00. Set of 5 calking tools, % in., f s in., % in., -ft in. arid % in. and 1 yarning iron, weight 9 lbs., price 24c lb. Cold chisels of %-in. octagon steel, per lb., 20c. Diamond points, per lb., 18c. Dog chisels handled, 2%, 3, 3% and 4 lbs., 26c per lb. Dog diamonds, handled, 4 lbs., each $1.20. Bursting wedges, 8 inches long, iy 2 in. bit, weight 2 lbs., 20c per lb. Asbestos joint runners range from $1.00 for % in. square for 2, 3 and 4 in. pipe to $9.25 for 1% in. square for 48 in. pipe. Sewer Builders' Mauls — Net prices for mauls for sewer build- ers, etc., with selected hickory handles and iron bound head range from $1.40 each for 6x8 and 6x9 in. sizes to $1.50 each for 7x9, $1.60 for 7x10 and $1.70 for 8x10 in. Manhole Covers — Current prices, f. o. b. New York for man- hole covers are 3V 2 to 4 cents per lb. for standard shapes. SMALL TRENCH TOOLS. Weight, Pounds. Mauls 22 Maul, Rough J || Steel Shoes, open end 20 Steel Shoes, box . 25 Cast Steel Plank Drawer 20 Galvanized Cement Bucket 10 Oval Brick Pails, 11" depth, all iron Per 'ach. Dozen. 12.28 $25.20 1.08 11.80 1.20 12.80 1.31 15.00 1.69 18.00 2.44 8.40 1.35 PIPE LINE TOOLS Fig. 220. "DUNN" ALL IRON BRACES (STANDARD). Length of Brace With iy 2 " Screw and iy 2 " Pipe. Weight Closed Length of per Dozen Per Dozen Overall. Screw. Pounds. Complete. 16" . 11" 212 $23.00 18" 12" 220 23.00 21" 14" 240 24.00 24" 14" 252 24.00 27" 16" 270 26.00 30" 16" 280 26.00 3' 18" 300 27.00 3y 2 ' 18" 312 28.00 4' 18" 325 29.00 With 2" Screw and 2" Pipe — Extra Heavy Pattern. 3' 18" 542 $51.00 3y 2 ' 18" 564 52.00 4' 18" 586 53.00 4%' 18" 608 54.00 6' 18" 630 55.00 Safety limit of extension 6 in. to 10 in., according to length of brace. Sizes given are over all and when closed. Special sizes made to order. Discount 20 per cent f. o. b. Pittsburgh, Pa. Fig. 221. Laying 48-inch Water Main at Buffalo, N. Y., Width of Cut, 5i/ 2 ft. Size of Brace Used, 4J/ 2 ft. (Closed). HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PLOWS GENERAL PURPOSE PLOWS. Catalogue No. of No. Horses. Type. Capacity. Price. B-C 1 Light 5 xlO" $6.50 10-O 1 Heavy 5%xll" 7.20 19 2 or more Medium 6^x12" 8.00 20 2 or more Medium 7 xl3" 8.40 82 2 Light 7%xl3" 8.40 83 2 or more Medium 7y 2 xl4" 8.80 84 2 or more Heavy 9 xl6" 10.20 For wheel add $1.00, for jointer add $1.50, for rolling coul add $12.50. Fig. 222. Contractors' Two or Four Horse. 205 Pounds. Weight with Wheel, Fig. 222 RAILROAD OR GRADING PLOWS. (Suited for Very Heavy Grading.) Horse. 2 to 4 4 to 8 Deep. 5" to 9' Wide. 12"xl5' Weight, Pounds. 205 310 Price. $10.00 23.33 Points for No. 1, price 30c, and for No. 99, price $3.35 each. Subsoil Plow. (Fig. 224.) A two-horse plow with a capacity from 10 to 14 inches deep, fitted with wheels and adjustable handles; weight 143 lbs., price $11.60. Pavement and -Pick Plows. (Fig. 225.) Pavement pick plow for 4 to 6 horses; weight 280 lbs., price $16.67. Extra points $3.33 each. Pavement Plow, 4 to 6 horses, adapted for tearing up cobble stones and macadam pavement; weight 255 lbs., price $21.00. Fig. 223. Four to Eight Horse. Weight, with Shoe, 310 Pounds. Fig. 224. Two Horse Subsoil Plow. Fig. 225. Four or Six Horse. Weight, 280 Pounds. 500 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Bull Hog Rooter Plow. (Fig. 226.) Very strong and suited for the heaviest kind of work; weight 290 lbs., price $25.50. Fig. 227. Side Hill Plow. Side Hill Plow. (Fig. 227.) For two or more horses, equipped with a shifting clevis, cuts 5 to 8 inches deep and 12 to 15 inches wide; weight 126 lbs., price $11.00. The life of a heavy plow is 4 to 5 years where more than four horses are used; the cost of repairs may be 25 cents per work- ing day. RAILROAD OR GRADING PLOWS. Extra No. of Weight, Cut, Price, Points, Horses. Pounds. Inches. Bach. Each. 2 to 4 150 10 $19.50 $4.25 4 to 6 175 10 22.00 4.25 6 to 8 230 12 26.00 5.15 12 to 14 280 12 35.00 5.75 Contractors' or township plows, right or left hand, cutting a furrow 10 ins. wide and from 6 ins. to 12 ins. deep, and weighing 145 lbs., can be bought for $16.50 each. A heavier plow, weigh- ing 205 lbs., costs $20 each. Extra points are not included in above price, but can be bought for $2.25 each extra. Road plows, all steel, with cast iron beam, cutting 12 ins. and weighing 170 lbs., can be bought for $21. Rooter or hard pan plows weighing 305 lbs. cost $30 each. Fig-. 228 — Steel Beam Plow. POST HOLE DIGGERS Post Hole Diggers and Augers — Net prices at Chicago for post hole diggers and augers are as follows: Post Hole Diggers. Length Wt. to Blade, Dozen, Inches. Pounds. Eureka, standard pattern 9 110 Eureka, heavy pattern 9 140 Hexagon 9 120 Champion 6 140 Post hole augers with blades 6 in., 7 in., 8 bought for $1.00 each. Price, Each. Price per Doz. $0.72 1.05 .84 .60 $7.20 10.50 8.40 6.00 or 9 in. can be Fig. 229. Using Post Hole Augers to Dig Holes for Posts for Office Building, Forest Hills. 502 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT POWER (See Boilers.) Mr. Wm. O. Webber, a consulting engineer of Boston has pub- lished some very interesting and most important figures to show the comparative cost of gasoline, steam, gas and electricity for small powers. His data have been compiled on the basis of yearly operation, the year comprising 3,080 hours, and for pur- poses of work in the Northern climate these will have to be modi- fied to suit the special case in point. I have, however, ab- stracted the tables without attempting to change them. I.— COST OF GASOLINE POWER. Size of plant in horsepower 2 6 10 20 Price of engine in place $150.00 $ 325.00 $ 500.00 $ 750.00 Gasoline per B. H. P. per hour % gal. % gal. 1/6 gal. . % gal. Cost per gallon....? 0.22 $ 0.20 $ 0.19 $ 0.18 = cost per 3,080 hours $451.53 $ 924.00 $ 975.13 $1,386.00 Attendance at $1 per day 308.00 308.00 308.00 308.00 Interest, 5% 7.50 16.25 25.00 37.50 Depreciation, 5%.. 7.50 16.25 25.00 37.50 Repairs, 10% 15.00 32.50 50.00 75.00 Supplies, 20% 30.00 65.00 100.00 150.00 Insurance, 2% 3.00 6.50 10.00 15.00 Taxes, 1% 1.50 3.25 5.00 7.50 Power cost $824.03 $1,371.75 $1,498.13 $2,016.50 To these figures should be added charges on space occupied, as follows: "Value of space oc- cupied $100.00 $ 150.00 $ 200.00 $ 300.00 Interest, 5% $ 5.00 $ 7.50 $ 10.00 $ 15.00 Repairs, 2% 2.00 3.00 4.00 6.00 Insurance, 1% 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 Taxes, 1% 1.00 1.50 2.00 3.00 Total annual chargefor space $ 9.00 $ 13.50 $ 18.00 $ 27.00 Totfil cost per annum ...... .$833.03 $1,385.25 $1,516.13 $2,043.50 Cost of 1 horse- power per annum .„„.„ 10-hour basis.... 416.51 239.87 151.61 102.17 C ° St power per hour 0.1352 0.0780 0.0492 0.0331 II.— COST OF ELECTRIC CURRENT. The costs for the electric current which are used in this table are figured from the discount table shown as follows: Base price = 13 V^c per KW. hour. Discounts on Monthly Bill. Monthly Bill. Discounts. Monthly Bill. Discounts. $ 5 10% $100 to $125 40% 10 to $ 20 15% 125 to 150 45% 20 to 25 20% 150 to 115 50% 25 to 50 25% 175 to 200 55% 50 to 75 30% 200 to 500 60% 75 to 100 35% 500 and over 65% For 2-horsepdwer plant: 3,080 hrs. X 2 H. P. X 0.746 5,604.10" KW. hr. per annum sz v /o iiimc. len 5,604.1 X $0,135 = $756.55, annual cost without discount. Monthly bill = $63. Discount = 30%. $756.55 X 70% = $529.56 = Annual cost. For 6-horsepower plant: 3,080 hrs. X 6 H. P. X 0.746 X $0,135 X 45% 86% Efflc. Monthly cost = $180. Discount = 55% For 10-horsepower plant: 3,080 X 10 X 0.746 X 0.135 X 40% = $976.00 = $1,425.( $2,450.00 87% Monthly cost =$298. Discount =60% For 20-horsepower plant: 3,080 X 20 X 0.746 X 0.135 X 35% 88.5% Monthly cost = $585. Discount = 65% Size of plant in H. P 2 6 10 20 Cost of motor in place $ 83.00 $118.00 $216.00 $270.00 With wiring, etc 100.00 130.00 240.00 300.00 Cost of electricity, 3,080 hrs.$529.56 $976.00 $1,425.00 $2,450.00 Attendance 20.00 30.00 50.00 50.00 Interest, 5% 5.00 6.50 12.00 15.00 Depreciation, 10% 10.00 13.00 24.00 30.00 Repairs, 5% 5.00 6.50 12.00 15.00 Supplies, 1% 1.00 1.30 2.40 3.00 Insurance, 2% 2.00 2.60 4.80 6.00 Taxes, 1% 1.00 1.30 2.40 3.00 Total cost per annum. .$573.56 $1,037.20 $1,532.60 $2,572.00 Cost of 1 H. P. per annum, 10-hour basis $286.78 $172.86 $153.20 $128.60 Cost of 1 H. P. per hour $0.0928 $0.0558 $0.0497 $0.0417 504 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT III.— COST OF GAS POWER. Illuminating' gas used, 760 B. T. U. No estimate is made on the cost of gas power using producer gas, as it would not pay to put in a gas producer for so small a unit. $1.50 per 1,000 cu. ft. of gas less 20%, if paid in 10 days = $1.20 net, gas 760 B. T. U. Size of plant in H. P 2 6 10 20 Engine cost if in place $200.00 $375.00 $550.00 $1,050.00 Gas per H. P. in feet 30 25 22 20 Value of gas consumed. 3,080 hours $221.76 $554.40 $843.12 $1,478.00 Attendance, $1 per day 308.00 308.00 308.00 308.00 Interest, 5% 10.00 18.75 27.50 52.50 Depreciation, 5% 10.00 18.75 27.50 52.50 Repairs, 10% 20.00 37.50 55.00 105.00 Supplies, 20% 40.00 75.00 110.00 210.00 Insurance, 2% 4.00 7.50 11.00 21.00 Taxes, 1% •. 2.00 3.75 5.50 10.50 Power cost $615.76 $1,023.65 $1,387.62 $2,237.50 Annual charge for space 9.00 13.50 18.00 27.00 Total cost per annum. .$624.76 $1,037.15 $1,405.62 $2,264.50 Cost of 1 H. P. per annum, 10-hour basis $312.28 $172.86 $140.56 $113.22 Cost of 1 H. P. per hour $0.1014 $0.0561 $0.0456 $0.0367 IV.— COST OF STEAM POWER. Size of plant in H. P 6 10 20 Cost of plant per H. P $250.00 $220.00 $200.00 Fixed charge, 14% 35.00 30.80 28.00 Coal per H. P. hour, in lbs 20 15 12 Cost of coal at $5 per ton $154.00 $103.00 $ 82.50 Attendance, 3,080 hours 75.00 50.00 30.00 Oil waste and supplies 15.00 10.00 6.00 Cost 1 H. P. per annum, 10-hr basis.$279.00 $194.80 $146.50 Cost of 1 H. P. per hour $0.0906 $0.0832 $0.0475 Mr. Webber has elsewhere observed the fact that a gas engine of single cylinder type, which will operate on % gal. of fuel per H. P. at full load will perhaps require over a gallon of H. P. at a 10% load; and a small steam engine, which will run on 5 pounds of coal per H. P. per hour at full load may need 15 pounds at *4 load. Mr. W. O. Webber has also given, in the Engineering Magazine, some interesting detailed figures on the cost of steam plant in- stallation, which are given in the following table: POWER 505 COST OP INSTALLATION OF A 10-HORSEPOWER STEAM PLANT. Land for engine and boiler room, 300 sq. ft. @ $1 $300.00 Boiler and engine room building, 300 sq. ft. @ $1.50 450.00 Chimney, 10"x40' 400.00 $1,150.00 10-horsepower boiler 241.00 Boiler foundation and setting, 3,900 C. B. 500 F. B 160.00 Blow-off tank 31.00 Damper and regulator 75.00 Injector tank 10.00 Water meter 40.00 Piping for same 20.00 Pump and vacuum 122.00 Feed water heater 40.00 Pipe covering 50.00 Engine, 7 by 10 $184.00 Foundation for same 60.00 Steam separator 35.00 Oil separator 25.00 Piping 95.00 Freight and cartage 30.00 789.00 $2,378.00 COST OF INSTALLATION OF A 60-HORSEPOWER STEAM PLANT. Land for engine and boiler room $2,500.00 Buildings for engine and boiler room , 2.500.00 Chimney 1,200.00 80-horsepower boiler $ 790.00 Ash pan for boiler (below high tide level) . 120.00 Boiler and engine settings 1,282.00 Blow-off tank 31.00 Damper regulator 75.00 Injector tank 10.00 Water meter 60.00 Piping for same 22.13 Pump and receiver 146.50 Feed water heater 70.40 Pipe covering 70.75 Engine, 12 by 30 $1,065.00 Pan for engine flywheel 72.00 Steam separator 60.00 Oil separator 41.80 Piping, freight and cartage 1,026.41 Shafting in place $ 550.00 Belting in place 285.00 2,677.78 2,265.27 835.00 $11,977.99 $11,977.99 -=-60 = $199.63 per H. P. 506 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Mr. Wm. Snow has contributed to the engineering press some extremely useful tables of the various costs of steam plant for different sizes of installation. Dollars. 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 100 fe 80 i — • ^ •*=*- K c h- 2 40 X Z0 '■& a/ *x 5? r^ 'M 'S£, s/, n 1 •^ 2 ."' 250 +• <\o & 200 s 1 \l *> \ y A t \ !' 1 S ^ ' II A ^Tjgr tA S^Ju * !SSJ>| ^ o -Sit E . O | 0. • ,. £ o >, Q. X! = "° £ ID 1° Q. O u 0- X O oo S- « ft 55 si is. •9JOH0Q 507 •jSMoctasjOH 0£ 09. 06 021 OSI 081 OIE OfrE OLZ 00£ 0££ « 09£ = 06£ °02t OS* 08t OIS OK OLS 009 0£9 099 069 OZL O&L 08/. T f T .St a >t oi O 4^ _i_ ■* « t I 4* ""§ * ! \ j t i^L/ .£ i to t 117 It "' H-t i M. < XU\ i f r u 44- ■ V- -L l'» ft \ V 1 •' 35 \ ! \ |_ J 1 if w 4 Jh ' 4tt 1\ XI ! ?I ' ¥u±- \ ay ten 2 <- Hi-!}- ' -MLtX- ! /\ | ' ' ijL§ •1^3 1 ' ^V -£ '|l ' v Ia £ /i S^A * J^ M 7 ^t/ 1 ,/ I i/l: .»! - 2 7 i **fcs In*/ (% q -*£ I ^^% ^ K #' § 1 3L/ 1 Co: f„o£ flfi. -■^■% 33 t ! _L tt 5 o o^ (Side suction Centrifugal J Case { DouD i e suction Arrangement Horizontal Vertical f Water Jet -! Steam [Air Impulse (as name implies) — Water-ram {Wheel Band 512 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. The centrifugal pump (Figs. 233-236) has been developed and perfected during the past seven years, so that it is now recog- nized as a simple, reliable pump of great range. The principal trouble with a centrifugal pump, especially when the pump is at a substantial height above the water, is in starting it. When the pump sucks it must be reprimed and started again. Therefore, if the amount of water to be handled Fig. 233. Submerged Type. is not as great as the minimum capacity there will be many stops and knock-offs to prime. Before starting. up a steam pump, especially in cold weather, it should be well warmed up by live steam from the end of a hose in order to thaw out any ice that may have formed in the cylinders and to give the iron parts a chance to expand gradually. Iron Vertical Centrifugal Pumps, submerged or suction type, furnished complete with short shaft and coupling, one bearing, pulley for connecting shaft and discharge elbow, are used exten- sively for irrigation purposes, sewage pumping, and for any place where a pump may be placed in a pit. Suitable for ele- vating water 50 to 60 feet. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT TABLE 136— IRON VERTICAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. Shipping Wt. (Lbs.) Price Complete ctfcss.^! fins en z nc5 o 3 & >• o ■&>. a O fa 02 CB 02 BQ 70 2' 9" 120 135 $ 20.00 $ 30.00 120 3' 4" 198 250 32.00 50.00 260 3' 6" 235 340 47.00 73.00 470 4' 0" 380 495 55.00 85.00 735 4' 7" 605 785 70.00 105.00 1,050 4' 7" 740 1,050 85.00 140.00 3,000 5' 5" 1,430 1,925 165.00 275.00 4,200 6' 0" 2,640 3,000 210.00 350.00 4,200 3' 9" 2,000 2,500 185.00 325.00 10,000 V 0" 6,000 7,000 470.00 790.00 10,000 6' 6" 2,900 3,300 420.00 710.00 * Refers to low-lift pumps for elevations up to 25 feet. Iron Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps for belt drive. A pump used extensively for all purposes. TABLE 137 — IRON HORIZONTAL CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS.' |B a <3~ .A &2 . ^. > o3~ ft bD s- c > 02 C^ '0 s .H Ph *l U O SI © £<3 >H cS 3 O ■5^ 5 3 xn mi H° gft E 02 £ 1Y2 2 70 .058 6x 6 17x31 175 $ 22.50 2 3 120 .10 Sx 8 23x37 350 37.50 3 4 260 .22 ■ 8x 8 25x39 415 55.00 4 5 , 470 .30 10x10 29x41 615 65.00 5 6 735 .45 12x12 34x54 940 82.50 6 8 1,050 .59 15x12 37x55 1,180 100.00 10 12 3,000 1.52 24x22 51x69 2,610 197.50 12 15 4,200 2.00 30x14 63x71 3,615 250.00 12 12 4,200 2.00 20x12 51x59 2,800 250.00 18 20 10,000 4.50 40x16 93x103 9,000 650.00 18 20 10,000 4.50 30x16 66x72 5,800 575.00 24 24 15,000 6.50 48x20 90x98 10,800 1,075.00 24 24 15,000 6.50 48x36 94x137 13,000 1,500.00 * Low-lift pumps for elevations up to 25 feet. Thje above pump, fitted with a direct connected vertical steam engine costs: 4 in. side suction, 4x4 in. engine $210.00; weight, 1,290 lbs. 5 in. side suction, 5x5 in. engine, $224.00; weight, 1,440 lbs. 6 in. side suction, 6x6 in. engine, $238.00; weight, 1,570 lbs. Double Suction Iron Pumps, built extra heavy for elevating water to great heights. DOUBLE SUCTION IRON PUMPS. w o 3 go 5 02 u w iy 2 2 70 2 3y 2 120 3 3% 260 4 5 470 5 6 735 6 7 1,050 10 11 3,000 12 13 4,200 18 20 10,000 tin <%" ft to M >> 02 c~» 5* u o o 1 O 'u .058 7x 8 20x30 290 $ 30.00 .10 8x 8 26x35 510 45.00 .22 8x 8 27x38 615 67.50 .30 10x10 33x40 900 87.50 .45 12x12 37x49 1,530 125.00 .59 15x12 43x51 1,730 175.00 1.52 24x12 57x73 3,325 387.50 2.00 30x14 69x82 5,500 560.00 4.50 40x16 90x80 9,300 1,025.00 Direct Connected Dredging- Pumps, complete with suction and discharge elbow, flap valve and steam primers, lubricator and oil cups. Cast iron impellor. The shipping weight and the price may vary 20 per cent from the averages given in table. TABLE 138— DIRECT CONNECTED DREDGING PUMPS. a k,A O ft-a a cd o* 1& si ai o -am '3 ■d be 1 & > ok £S 2d S* Q3 bo 60 o "3 A S'-d "3 W .So nj S3 o n3q-i s6 U Q ro o M^ P CO 4 4 30 4, 12x12 1,200 6 6 60 8 18x12 1,850 8 8 125 15 24x12 3,600 10 10 200 25 30x14 4,550 12 12 300 30 40x16 8,000 a <3X m 4) 0) X Sri. I* bo.S X 60 © o a ^ u '- o" Size of Cyl., ca ^ o o o L 00O00OOI H N 0> O f 'SIB£) »° c - ° ^ ! m bo eh * .K« HNlOl cqeqooeooji d 'H HNMiCOl rS ^ X I tp t- •rr cq co c- a h S3; f (Nfflt- O 00 >-l i-i 00 t- '■a w ffl 9 EH 5 oeo >* kenas<,oo w • • Bectlon N °- HHHHMHH eo co co eo co eo eo co co eo eo co eo co eo co eo eo eo Number of t>airs esosososososos *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*. *.*.*. ot splice Dars. tnoioioooooioioiCToiCToioicnoioioi Number of bolts. 1-3 w ooooooooooooooooooo H OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS 03 Number Of SpikeS t^ OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.OOOO h} £ 02 L (opo^oi^frwwMMHoppopppo Weight of splice H S SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS bars, gr. tons. Kg S*uS*SS*-:SS22***bbb-Weisht of bolts, § § «7!*.H'00O3Os*.-q-q©©C5C3encncn-4-a-j gr. tons. CO 72 ■ m s tsMfotsiflfsjojjMHMHMpopppp^eight of spikes, S S oooooooooooooo-qeo-qenencnoo-q-q*.*.*. or*, tons ^s oooooooie*oo(B»eoH-q«a»wco &1 " •- , -'" - 53 F g toto.-oo^^p505t n _*.cotobsh- - h-«[-ppp Total weight of H H to os -a en -q os en m co en ?o oo oo -q oo oo to ^ co lasieningss, gr. £ q en tons. g W toH>^©»oo-3-ao5en*.weototoh->t-*i->i-» We jp. n t of rails > en^o_to_*._05 0o©toen-3pi-ipitoooen*.to *vei & iiL uj. idiis, £ Uco©U'ts*.en^oo©h^to*.H'©bo'-ah-'en £*• tons, m M OS © tO 5fi CO -q H» OS © *• «0 CO *. © OS h-» *— J MM- Mh- . ^ cototoi-i©cooo-qo3enen*.eotototoi-«i-'i-'Total Weight Of Q cop^ptsseocn^i-qtopH^cooseoposCTeo rails and fast- eo^*.entcooen©oo©^q«otooo*.coo50*. eninSTS. ST. ton S. C0tO-q-qO5 ft 3 M CO © © to tn " © 3* N- O O CD £ » £.5 n ■a 526 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT FISHPLATES AND BOLTS REQUIRED FOR ONE MILE SINGLE TRACK Complete Length of Rail. Joints. All 21 feet 503 All 24 feet 440 All 26 feet 406 All 28 feet 377 Complete Length of Rail. Joints. All 30 feet 352 90 per cent., 30 feet ) ocg 10 per cent., shorter J Each joint consists of two plates and four bolts and nuts. Therefore the number of plates required is twice as many as the number of complete joints, and the number of bolts required is four times as many. If six bolts are required for a joint, then the number of bolts will be six times the number of complete joints. RAILROAD SPIKES. Size Meas- ured Average Number Under per Keg of Head, v 200 Pounds. 6 x& 320 375 400 450 530 680 600 720 1000 800 900 1190 1240 1342 Ties 2 Feet between Centers, 4 Spikes per Tie Needed per Mile. 6600 pounds'— 32 kegs 5870 pounds — 30 kegs 5170 pounds — 26 kegs 4660 pounds — 23% kegs 3960 pounds — 20 kegs 3110 pounds — 15% kegs 3520 pounds — 17% kegs 2910 pounds — 14% kegs 2090 pounds — 10% kegs 2200 pounds — 11 kegs 2350 pounds — 12 kegs 1780 pounds — 9 kegs 1710 pounds — 8% kegs 1575 pounds — 7% kegs Rail Used, Weight per Yard. 45 to 100 40 to 56 35 to 40 25 to 35 12 to 16 PERMANENT SWITCHES. Wt. of rail, lbs. per Length of rd. switch points. yarc 12 16 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 40 40 45 45 45 50 50 50 60 60 60 5'0" 5'0" 5'0" 7' 6" 7' 6" r 6" V 6" 10' 0" V 6" 10' 0" 10' 0" 12' 0" 15' 0" 10' 0" 12' 0" 15' 0" 10' 0" 12' 0" 15' 0" 10' 0" 12* 0" 15' 0" Number and style of frog. 4" 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5^ 5 6 7 5 6 Cast filled 7 K. and 5 [ bolted 6 7 5 6 U Weight of complete switch, pounds. 215 260 310 360 425 470 485 585 550 665 740 885 990 840 1005 1125 920 1105 1240 1070 1295 1455 Price. $21.40 23.10 25.20 27.50 29.85 31.08 32.00 35.05 34.00 37.15 38.40 43.25 46.85 42.00 47.25 51.45 43.05 48.70 53.15 47.25 53.75 61.20 RAILS AND TRACKS 527 If switches of 25-lb. rails or over are provided with low target stand instead of ground throw, $3.00 extra per switch. If provided with, banner stand and high target, $6.00 extra. Portable Tracks are used mainly for industrial purposes, espe- cially in plantations, mines, handling lumber, quarries, wharves, power and industrial plants, but many times in general con- tractors' work the use of such track is economical because of its light weight, compactness, and portability. Portable track is usually shipped "knocked down" to save freight charges. PORTABLE TRACK. Gauge Weight Price of -J Weight of Rail- per Foot per Foot Track, Pounds Kg. per Meter. of Track, Track Inches, per Yard. Pounds. Complete. 20 9 4.5 8.5 $0,315 21% 9 4.5 8.5 0.315 24 9 4.5 9 0.315 20 12 6 11 0.371 21% 12 6 11 0.371 24 12 6 11.50 0.371 30 12 6 12 0.420 36 12 6 14 0.476 20 16 8 15 0.476 21% 16 8 15 0.476 24 16 8 15.50 0.476 30 16 8 16 0.515 36 16 8 17 0.581 21% 20 10 17.5 0.515 24 20 10 18 0.515 30 20 10 19 0.581 36 20 10 20 0.630 The above prices, etc., are for track in sections of 15' (or 5 m.) with 5 ties. Section of 7' 6" (or 2.5 m.) length, $0.15 extra per foot, with 3 ties. Curved section, $0.25 extra per foot. Note. — All material for 21%" gauge of track for outside flanged wheels. TABLE 144 — PORTABLE SWITCHES. Price. $16.80 16.80 16.80 16.80 18.90 18.90 21.00 47.25 18.90 18.90 21.00 47.25 26.25 26.25 38.35 63.00 21.00 Gauge Weight of of Rail, Track, Pounds per Length, Radius , wt., Inches. Yard. Description. Feet. Feet. Pounds. 20 9 Right 9 12 200 20 9 Left 9 12 200 24 9 Right 9 12 205 24 9 Left 9 12 205 20 12 Right 9 12 250 20 12 Left 9 12 250 20 12 Symmetric 9 12 240 20 12 3 way 9 12 370 24 12 Right 9 12 255 24 12 Left 9 12 255 24 12 Symmetric 9 12 245 24 12 3 way 9 12 375 24 12 Right 15 30 350 24 12 Left 15 30 350 24 12 Symmetric 15 30 535 24 12 3 way 15 30 600 20 16 Right 9 12 345 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT TABLE 144— PORTABLE SWITCHES— (Continued). Gauge Weight of of Rail, Track , Rounds per Length, Radius Wt., Inches. Yard. Description. Feet. Feet. Pounds. Price. 20 16 Left 9 12 345 $21.00 20 16 Symmetric 9 12 330 23.10 20 16 3 way 9 12 510 52.50 24 16 Right , 9 12 350 21.00 24 16 Left 9 12 350 21.00 24 16 Symmetric 9 12 335 23.10 24 16 3 way 9 12 515 52.50 24 16 Right 15 30 430 31.50 24 16 Left 15 30 430 31.50 24 16 Symmetric 15 30 420 33.60 24 16 3 way 15 30 675 73.50 24 20 Right 9 12 410 23.10 24 20 Left 9 12 410 23.10 24 20 Symmetric 9 12 395 26.25 24 20 Right 15 30 550 34.65 24 20 Left 15 30 550 34.65 24 20 Symmetric 15 30 520 37.80 21V t 12 Right 8 12 225 21.00 21V s 12 Left 8 12 225 21.00 21V s 12 Symmetric 8 12 220 23.10 21V s 12 3 way 8 12 350 50.40 21V s 16 Right 8 12 310 23.10 2iy 5 16 Left 8 12 310 23.10 21V s 16 Symmetric 8 12 300 25.20 21V i 16 3 way 8 12 460 54.60 Note. — All material for 21%" gauge of track is for outside flanged wheels. TURNTABLES. Turntables for industrial cars using rail weighing up to about 20 lbs. per yard, cost from $25.00 to $175.00 and weigh from 300 to 3,000 lbs. Their capacity ranges from 2 to 7 tons. Fig. 242a. Standard Bail-Bearing Turntable. DEPRECIATION. Rails in general lose value from the following causes: 1. Through loss of weight due to corrosion. 2. From becoming bent and unfit for smooth operation. 3. From the weakening effect of attrition or wear. The first of these causes depends partly upon the climatic conditions and partly upon the nature of the traffic that goes over the rails. Refrigerator cars containing a large amount of RAILS AND TRACKS 529 brine are very deadly to steel rails because the brine leaking slowly upon the rail tends to keep it more or less saturated with a salt solution which rapidly combines with the iron to form hydrated iron oxide or rust. The second cause outlined above obtains principally on con- tractors' light rail, where the rail is too light for the track and where the ties are spaced too far apart. If contractors would appreciate the fact that a rail which has been thoroughly kinked is fit only for scrap and that it need not be kinked at all if the ties are properly spaced, their depreciation on ordinary equipment of this kind would be much less than it usually averages, and there would be the collateral advantage of fewer derailments. Today the habit is growing among contractors to use a rail of heavier section than formerly, and also to space the ties nearer together. These ties should never be more than three ft. apart and seldom more than 30 in. A good weight of rail for narrow gauge track is 40 lbs. Mr. Thos. Andrews has published the results of some exam- inations of the loss of weight per annum of 11 rails of known age and condition under mail train traffic in England. The first ten of these were in the open and the eleventh, with a life of 7 years, was in a tunnel. The average wear and life of each are given in the following table: Average Loss of __ Wt. per Annum, Time Life. Pounds per Yard. 22 years 260 24 years 0.310 23 years 0.130 23 years 0.130 21 years 0.480 25 years 0.420 17 years 0.320 18 years 0.280 18 years 0.280 19 years 0.630 21 years, average (10) 0.324 7 years 2.800 Cost of Bail Unloading 1 . Mr. S. A. Wallace gives the following costs for unloading 70-lb., 33-ft. rail by dropping it off the sides of cars. The cars unloaded were 3 Gondola cars containing 281 rails, and 1 fiat car containing 113 rails, a total of 394 rails. The time consumed was 3 hours and the cost as follows: 18 men at $1.10 per day $ 7.59 3 foremen at $50.00 per month 1.84 Work train 25.00 Total $34.43 This gives a cost of 8.7 cts. per rail, or $27.84 per mile of track. Under favorable circumstances ninety 85-lb. rails were un- loaded from a flat car in 45 minutes at the following cost: 530 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Train service . $ 1.56 Labor 1.05 Total for 90 rails $ 2.61 This gives a cost of 2.9 cts. per rail, or of $9.30 per mile of track. Contractors' light track of 30-lb. rail with 36-in. gauge was laid on a grading job in 1909. Teams and drivers cost 55 cts.; labor, 15 cts., and foreman, 35 cts. per hour. The rail and ties, which latter were of 6x6-in. spruce, 5 ft. long, were gathered from various places on' the work and hauled by horses an average distance of 1,500 ft. to the site of the track; 1,000 ft. of track, including 2 complete switches, with ties 4 ft. apart, were laid, at a total labor cost of $56.65, or $0,057 per ft. 1,500 lin. ft. of track, including two switches, similar to above, were laid on another job in five days at the following cost: 1 foreman at $3.50 $ 17.50 8 men at 1.50 60.00 1 man at 2.00 10.00 1 man at 1.75 8.75 1 team at 5.00 25.00 $121.25=$0.081/ft. The labor cost of unloading and setting up industrial track in buildings under construction' is about 3 cts. per lin. ft. of track. It costs about the same to move such track from floor to floor and set up again. PARTICULARS REQUIRED FOR INQUIRIES AND ORDERS. In order to facilitate the making up of offers and estimates and to save time and unnecessary correspondence, buyers should always answer the following questions as completely as possible: Por Rails. State weight per yard, name of mill rolling the rail and number of section (both of which can be found on web of rail), or send sketch of section or a short sample piece. Also state drilling of same; distance from end of rail to center of first hole and distance from center of first hole to center of second hole, and diameter of holes. Por Switches. Besides the foregoing, state gauge of track, length of switch points, number or angle of frog, style of frog, kind of groundthrow or switchstand, radius desired, whether right, left, two-way or three-way, and whether for wooden ties or mounted on steel ties. Por Crossing's. Besides rail section, drilling and gauge, as above, for all tracks, that are to be connected by the crossing, state angle of crossing, curvature, if any, and style of crossing. For Turntables. Besides rail section, drilling and gauge, as above, state weight of car, including load to be turned, its wheelbase (wheelbase is the distance from center to center of axle on one side of the car), diameter of wheels, and whether turntable is to be used inside or outside of buildings, and portable or permanent. RAILS AND TRACKS 531 Por Wheels and Axles. State gauge of track, diameter of wheels, diameter of axles, outside or inside journal and dimen- sions, load per axle, width of tread, height of flange. RAIL BENDERS AND TRACK TOOLS. Jim Crow Benders cost as follows: No. For Rail, Lbs. Weight, Lbs. Price. 1 100 225 $17.00 2 75 178 15.00 3 56 87 11.25 4 30 63 9.25 5 20 r 48 7.75 Roller Rail Benders cost as follows: No. For Rail, Lbs. Weight, Lbs. Price. 3 61 to 70 400 $ 70.00 4 71 to 80 470 90.00 5 81 to 90 520 115.00 6 91 to 100 830 200.00 Track Tools — Net prices at Chicago for track tools are as fol- lows: Per Lb. Mauls, 6, 8, 10 and 12 lbs $0.05 % Chisels, iy 2 , 4% and 5 lbs 12 Punches, 4, 4% and 5 lbs 12 Railroad track tongs, 17 lbs., pair 07 V 2 Rail forks, each 15 lbs 07 Capacity (Inches) y 2 Fig. 243. RAIL PUNCHES. Holes Up to Weight (Inches) (Pounds) % 250 1 350 1 1% 500 Extra dies and punches, $4.00 to $8.00. Price. $ 90.00 131.65 169.00 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT RAIL DRILLS. Weight, 65 lbs. Price $30.00. Guard Bails. The cost of a 15-ft. guard rail with the proper rail braces, new, is about as follows: -Pounds per Yard- Price, $10.30 $9.30 $8.30 $7.30 $6.30 $5.30 $4.80 $3.80 $2.80 $2.30 Weight, 450 410 370 330 290 240 200 150 100 80 Fig, 244. SPRING RAIL FROGS, 15' LONG. -Pounds per Yard- Price, $51.00 Weight, 1600 3 3 o PM 3 O 3 O 3 O o OS o 00 o t- o o us 7.50 L450 $44.50 1300 $41.00 1170 $38.00 1060 $35.50 950 FROGS, 8', WITH 5' PLATE. -Pounds per Yard- Price, $24.00 $22.00 $20.50 $19.50 $18.50 $17.50 $16.50 $14.50 $13.50 Wt., 640 570 500 460 415 375 330 260 230 RAILS AND TRACKS For additional length of frog- add per foot of frog: 90c 75c 65c 50c 45c 33c 30c SWITCHES, STANDARD GAUGE, 4' 8%". 15' Switch, 4 Tie Bars, 10 C. I. Braces, 10 Slides. Pounds per Yard Price, $43.00 $40.00 $38.00 $34.50 $33.00 $31.00 Wt., 1300 1200 1075 975 850 725 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT RAKES Two-Man Bakes. Two-man rakes, used in leveling broken stone, sell at the following net prices, for quantities, at Chicago: Per Doz, 10-tooth $21.25 12-tooth 23.75 14-tooth 26.25 Asphalt or Tar Hakes. Asphalt or tar rakes made of solid steel, with drop shank, strap ferrules, 5-ft. selected white ash handles and 18-in. square iron shanks, sell at a net price, for quantities, at Chicago, of $12.85 per doz. REFRIGERATING PLANT On large jobs where a camp of considerable size is maintained a refrigerating plant would often be very satisfactory. A 3-h. p. motor and air compressor with a direct expansion system and brine tank auxiliary for storage will take care of a box 9x6x11 ft., containing \y z tons of perishable foods. The first cost of such an equipment would be about $1,000.00 and the operating cost of electricity about $20.00 per month. , Weight, Pounds. i£ Cubic Feet Free S o « £ Air P er Minute 5 S ^ at 80 Pounds ^ £s- ER Pressure. Piston Stroke, CT •*■ Inches. S Length Over All, i£ S£ & o 55 55 o o 55 5} o o fM s w e'^a;, a'o.a!* b5 3 P «OfU OJ B Op O 55 t-H P.J-P.:- H« I-® ff <-»■» rf- W Vl ai W § CO MCO" OJ " CO" « w o 3 sK s^a >R & CD M * s « * CO O M l-> •- S3 W © o w o oo t- us *£ ©T)« o z o C-«Dia©lC!< M <3 tOr-Ji- OiH^- il 1 i-HCd 8 0- O P £ CO toe u ©to ■ ^^i-Jt^lrt©CqTj«'rH« 'rH o 3 to u i -0.2 Eh «)">"[ JJE-iO^O^OH.fflgjOO 544 ROLLERS 545 Repairs on two rollers of the convertible type during the first season of operation cost $86.00; $77.00 of this was for one roller which had not been kept in good shape and $9.00 was for the other roller, which was operated by a particularly efficient engineer. In 1905, on 16 steam rollers belonging to the Massachusetts Highway Commissioners, each roller averaged 90.3 working days per year and the average cost of repairs was $1.12 per day per roller. In 1906 the total days' work of 16 rollers under the control of the Massachusetts Highway Commission was 1,719.5, an average of 107.5 days per roller per season. Total cost for maintenance of these rollers was as follows: $1,725.00 for practically rebuilding two rollers which had been in active service about ten years, and an average of $53.14 each on 14 others. The total cost of repairs on 16 rollers was, there- fore, $2,468.96, or an average of $154.31 each. In 1907 the above 16 rollers did 1,808 days' work, an average of 113 days per roller per season. Two rollers were practically rebuilt for $1,888.00 and ordinary repairs on the 14 others cost .$651.69. The total average cost was, therefore, $158.73. Mr. Thomas Aitken, the English author, states that the repairs Fig. 249. American Motor Road Roller (Left Side View). on a roller up to the 14th year were small, with the exception of new driving wheels and repairs to the firebox and tubes. All repairs amounted to an average of $55.00 a year. At this time heavy repairs, costing $850.00, were needed. The total cost per year during a life of 25 years, of 100 working days each, is $105.00, or 5% of the first cost. The rear wheels of a roller lasted 7 years, during which time they consolidated 60,000 tons of road metal. 546 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT A motor road roller of the 3-wheeled type (Fig. 249), operated by gasoline or denatured alcohol, is made in five sizes at the following prices: Price f. o. b. Size. Factory 7-ton $2,250 8-ton 2,300 10-ton 2,500 12-ton 2,650 15-ton 3,000 The 10-ton or larger sizes will haul a scarifier, grader or road plow. This machine has a trussed frame made of heavy steel plates, which carries the engine, thereby eliminating a great defect found in steam rollers, that of making the boiler act as the frame. Some of the advantages over the steam roller claimed for this machine by the manufacturers are: 1. No smoke, steam, sparks or soot blowing about. 2. No daily water supply needed. 3. No daily coal supply needed. 4. No nightly banking of fires. 5. No time lost raising steam. 6. Licensed engineer not necessary. 7. No laying up for boiler repairs. The great disadvantage is the unreliability of all gasoline engines. However, in situations where coal transportation is expensive, a motor roller is the proper machine to use, as it has a tank capacity for 10 to 20 hours' fuel, and can trail a tank wagon carrying a month's supply. ROPE Wire Rope. The first wire ropes were constructed largely of iron wire, but the modern wire rope is made of variously manipulated and treated carbon steels. The usual classifications are: Iron. Crucible steel. Extra strong crucible steel. Plow steel. The so-called Iron is a mild Bessemer or Basic steel of from 60,000 to 100,000 lbs. per square inch tensile strength; the Crucible Steel is a carbon open hearth steel of from 160,000 to 200,000 lbs. per square inch tensile strength; the Extra Strong Crucible Steel ranges in strength from 200,000 to 240,000 lbs. per square inch, and the Plow Steel ranges from about 240,000 lbs. per square inch up. Up to May 1, 1909, the breaking strengths of wire rope man- ufactured in the United States were based upon the strength of the individual wires in the rope, but since that time all manu- facturers have adopted strength figures compiled from results of actual tests. There are a vast number of arrangements possible in wire rope construction, but the usual construction is one in which a number of wires are built up on a hemp core. Discounts. The standard discounts, Dec, 1913, were 47% and 2Y2% from list for galvanized, and 55% and 2V 2 % for the bright. TRANSMISSION, HAULAGE OR STANDING ROPE. Fig. 250. 6 Strands — 7 Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Core. Six strands of seven wires each built on a hemp core make what is known as haulage rope. This is one of the oldest types and was formerly largely used for power transmission, but now its use is largely confined to mines, for slope haulage systems embodying endless and tail rope applica- tions, on coal docks, in oil well drillings, and, when galvanized, as guys for derricks. It will stand considerable abrasion and rough handling, but is stiff, and its use, therefore, is limited. 548 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT PRICES TRANSMISSION, HAULAGE OR STANDING ROPE. (Standard Strengths, Adopted May 1, 1910) 6-Strands — 7 Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Core SWEDES IRON •o c o 2 ft u II AS » g- 5 2® B 4 . c r ° Proper Working Load in tons of 2,000 Lbs. e ® si si n $0.51 1% 4% 3.55 32 6.4 16 12 .43 1% 4% 3 28 5.6 15 13 .36 1% 4 2.45 23 4.6 13 14 .30 1% 3% 2 19 3.8 12 15 .24 1 3 1.58 15 3 10.5 16 .18V 2 % 2% 1.20 12 2.4 9 17 .14 % 2% .89 8.8 1.7 7.5 18 .12 t* 2% .75 7.3 1.5 7.25 19 .10 % 2 .62 6 1.2 7 20 .08% • ft 1% .50 4.8 .96 6 21 .06% % 1% .39 3.7 .74 5.5 22 .05% ft 1% .30 2.6 .52 4.5 23 .04 y 2 % 1% .22 2.2 .44 4 24 .03% 1% 1 .15 1.7 .34 3.5 25 .0314 9/32 % • 12% 1.2 .24 3 CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL 11 $0.60 1% 4% 3.55 63 12.6 11 12 .51 1% 4% 3 53 10.6 10 13 .43 1% 4 2.45 46 9.2 9 14 .36 1% 3% 2 37 7.4 8 15 .29 1 3 1.58 31 6.2 7 16 • 22% % 2% 1.20 24 4.8 6 17 .17 2% .89 18.6 3.7 5 18 .14% it % 2% .75 15.4 3.1 4% 19 .12 2 .62 13 2.6 4% 20 .10 ft 1% .50 10 2 4 21 .08 % 1% .39 7.7 1.5 3% 22 .06% ft % 1% .30 5.5 1.1 3 23 .051/2 1% .22 4.6 .92 2% 24 .04% ft 1 .15 3.5 .70 2% 25 .04 9/32 7 /s .12% 2.5 .50 1* EXTRA . STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST ! STEEL. U $0.75 1% 4% 3.55 73 14.6 11 12 .64 1% 4% 3 63 12.6 10 13 .53 1% 4' 2.45 54 10.8 9 14 .44 1% 3% 2 43 8.6 8 15 .35 1 3 1.58 35 7 7 16 .27 % 2% 1.20 28 5.6 6 17 .20 % 2% .89 21 4.2 5 18 .17 ft 2% .75 16.7 3.3 4% 19 .14% % ' 2, .62 14.5 2.9 4% 20 .12 ft 1% .50 11 2.2 4 21 .09% % 1% .39 8.85 1.8 3% 22 • 07% ft 1% .30 6.25 1.25 3 23 .06 % 1% .22 5.25 1.05 2% 24 • 05% 1 .15 3.95 .79 2% 25 .05 9/32 % • 12% 2.95 .59 1% ROPE 549 PLOW STEEL. 3 ft 5« G~| o o>?o OO gase 00 $1.70 2% 8% 11.95 Ill 22.2 17 1.40 2% 7% 9.85 92 18.4 15 1 1.17 2% 7% 8 72 14.4 14 2 .95 2 6% 6.30 55 11 12 2% .88 1% 5% 5.55 50 10 12 3 .80 1% 5% 4.85 44 8.8 11 4 .65 1% 5 4.15 38 7.6 10 5 .57 1% 4% 3.55 33 6.6 9 5% .49 1% 4% 3 28 5.6 8.5 6 .40 1% 4 2.45 22.8 4.56 7.5 7 .33 1% 3% 2 18.6 3.72 7 8 .26 1 3 1.58 14.5 2.90 6 9 .20 7 /s 2% 1.20 11.8 2.36 5.5 10 .16 % 2% .89 8.5 1.70 4.5 10% .12 % 2 .62 6 1.20 4 10% .10 & 1% .50 4.7 .94 3.5 10% .08% % 1% .39 3.9 .78 3 10a .07% t 1% .30 2.9 .58 2.75 10b .07 1% .22 2.4 .48 2.25 10c .06 3/ 4 A 1 .15 1.5 .30 2 lOd .06% % % .10 1.1 .22 1.50 CRUCIBLE CAST i STEEL. 00 $2.10 2% 11 11.95 211 42.2 11 1.75 2% 9.85 170 34 10 1 1.44 2% 7% 8 133 26.6 9 2 1.16 2 6% 6.30 106 21.2 8 2y 2 1.02 1% 5% 5.55 96 19 8 3 .90 1% 5% 4.85 85 17 7 4 .77 \1% 5 4.15 72 14.4 6.5 5 .66 1% 4% 3.55 64 12.8 6 5y 2 .56 1% 4% 3 5 6 11.2 5.5 6 .46 1% 4 2.45 47 9.4 5 7 .38 1% 3% 2 38 7.6 4.5 8 .31 1 3 1.58 30 6 4 9 .24 % 2% 1.20 23 4.6 3.5 10 .19 % 2% .89 17.5 3.5 3 10% .14 % 2 .62 12.5 2.5 2.5 10% .12 A 1% .50 10 2 2.25 10% .11 % 1% .39 8.4 1.68 2 10a .10 A 1% .30 6.5 1.30 1.75 10b .09% % 1% .22 4.8 .96 1.50 10c .09% A 1 .15 3.1 .62 1.25 lOd .09 % % .10 2.2 .44 1 ROPE EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL. u o Is 3 ■d o' u o a 1 S Ph w O) o c C Sh s .5 « o c O! t-l 03 d« 3f5 4) ft Xi to * . £ ° 0>O o to o tow 5 c ss o CO (D'OO ftaJ© .2 a; co ri £S £c GO fto o oo S t-'o H 13 5 u M ftfc. <3 °^ Ph 5^ 00 $3.45 2% 8% 11.95 315 63 ii 2.80 2% 7 7 / 8 9.85 263 53 10 1 2.50 2% 7% 8 210 42 9 2 1.85 2 6% 6.30 166 33 8 2% 1.75 17s 5% 5.55 150 30 8 3 1.60 1% 5% 4.85 133 27 7 4 1.30 1% 5 4.15 110 22 6% 5 1.10 IS 4% 3.55 98 20 6 5% .90 ' 4% 3 84 17 5% 6 .75 1% 4 2.45 69 14 5 7 .62 1% 3y 2 2 56 11 4% 8 .50 1 3 1.58 45 9 4 9 .39 % 2% 1.20 35 7 . 3% 10 .31 % 2% .89 26.3 5.3 3 10% .22% % 2 .62 19 3.8 2% io y 2 .19 A 1% .50 14.5 2.9 2% 10% .17 y 2 iy 2 .39 12.1 2.4 2 10a M 4 i% .30 9.4 1.9 1% 10b i% .22 6.75 1.35 iy 2 10c • 13% •ft i .15 4.50 .9 i% lOd .13 % % .10 3.15 .63 i All ropes not listed herein and composed of strands made up of more than 19 and less than 37 wires, take 37 wire list. Add 10% to prices for wire center or galvanized rope. "Where the requirements are severe, we recommend Monitor rope. It is the strongest and most efficient rope produced. "It is indispensable for heavy dredging, logging, stump pulling, derricks, coal and ore hoisting service." EXTRA FLEXIBLE STEEL HOISTING ROPE. Eight strands of nineteen wires each make an extra flexible rope whose application is confined to a somewhat limited field. . It is used on derricks and in similar places where sheaves are of very small diameter, and in flexibility is about on a par with the 6x37 construction, differing only in the fact that it is not quite as strong, owing to its large hemp center. Fig. 252. Strands — 19 Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Center. ROPE 553 LIST PRICES EXTRA FLEXIBLE STEEL HOISTING ROPE. Standard Strengths Adopted May 1, 1910. Eight Strands — 19 Wires to the Strand — One Hemp Core. CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL. So +J Si 3° u « 02 • ii 03 , <»2 3 aj£ +j o 4P Go « C , C2 C3l . 03

jh c°| x 5fcJ o C 2% 8% 11.95 200 2y 2 7% 9.85 160 2% 7y 8 8 125 2 6y 4 6.30 105 1% 5% 4.85 84 1% 5 4.15 71 1% 4% 3.55 63 1% 4% 3 55 1% 4 2.45 45 1% 3y 2 2 34 OJ 1-1 03 o 40 32 25 21 17 14 12 11 °oS 2S5«! g 3 03 +j O SJyfc 0R00 5 to . to 4> 2 a S5 3 a>£ ■Si < | .37 ■ 1 3 1.58 29 6 2.5 .28 7 /s 2% 1.20 23 5 2.16 .23 % 2M .89 17.5 3.5 1.83 .18 % 2 .62 11.2 2.2 1.75 .15 ft 1% .50 9.5 1.9 1.5 .13 y 2 1% .39 7.25 1.45 1.33 .12% 1 1% .30 5.5 1.1 1.16 .12 1% .22 4.2 .84 1 EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL $2.80 2% 8% 11.95 233 47 2.35 2y 2 7 7 /s 9.85 187 37 1.90 2% 7% 8 150 30 1.55 2 6y 4 6.30 117 23 1.28 1% 5% 4.85 95 19 1.07 1% 5 4.15 79 16 .95 1% 4% 3.55 71 14 3.75 .78 1% 4% 3 61 12 3.5 .65 18 4 2.45 50 10 3.20 .55 3% 2 39 8 2.83 .44 1 3 1.58 32 6.4 2.5 .34 % 2% 1.20 25 5 .2.16 ;27 % 2% .89 19 3.8 1.83 .21 % 2 .62 12.6 2.5 1.75 .171/2 A 1% .50 10.5 2.1 1.5 .15 y 2 1% .39 8.25 1.65 1.33 .14 ft 58 .30 6.35 1.27 1.16 .13 % .22 4.65 .93 1 PLOW STEEL. $3.30 2% 8% 11.95 265 53 2.75 2% ?* 9.85 214 43 2.20 2% 8 175 35 1.80 2 6% 6.30 130 26 1.50 1% 5% 4.85 108 22 1.25 1% 5 4.15 90 18 1.10 1% 4% 3.55 80 16 3.75 .91 1% 414 3 68 14 3.5 .75 1% 4 2.45 55 11 3.2 .64 iy 8 3% 2 44 9 2.83 .51 1 3 1.58 35 7 2.5 .40 7 /s 2% 1.20 27 5 2.16 .31 % 2% .89 21 4 1.83 .24 % 2 .62 14 3 1.75 .20 1% 1% .50 11,5 2.3 1.5 .17 y 2 1% .39 9.25 1.85 1.33 .16 1 1% .30 7.2 1.4 1.16 .15 iy 8 .22 5.1 1 1 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT MONITOR PLOW STEEL. O 01 +j ,fl© to«H ^ m -a £ +JO C ° & -MO c o A > ' ^ II*^?^ r* : l " wL i * \ ■ . . / iOL/ \ -f- \ ■ \ \ l'\1 \ f- - '--'V-Si- s ^OPil ■- ** ~j • : '**«^—^mSfe«-. m ^^^MHmfej Fig. 256. ered with an outer layer of twelve strands of seven wires each, regular lay. It is made in Swedes iron, crucible cast steel, extra strong crucible cast steel, and plow steel. With a rope of this type the Vermont Marble Co., of West Rutland, Vt., hoisted a large block of marble, hanging free, 250 ft. without its making a half turn. (Fig. 256.) 560 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE CAST STEEL u o Q S ^ ^ 1 1,140 228,329 49,002,442 22,142,000 97 6 2 607 120,232 47,840,000 25,292,890 212 7.3 3 393 82,099 36,971,000 20,345,073 348.4 7.6 4 356 74,111 34,134,640 18,923,469 255.3 7.6 5 520 111,116 56,287,452 33,857,669 304.7 8.3 6 509 109,475 58,071,000 35,149,894 321.1 8.4 The life of street railway cable is likely to range from 60 to 115,000 miles where the cable itself is between 13,000 and 33,000 feet long. The average of 12 cables of which we have record is 74,017 miles. A cable used on a Lidgerwood Unloader Plow on the Panama Canal work was installed April 12, 1909, and was first broken May 5, 1910. In the thirteen months it unloaded 1,830 nineteen- car trains of spoil from Culebra. This is a record, as the pull on these cables ranges from 90 to 125 tons. The life of the cable on this work averages from 350 to 500 trains. After breaking, the cables are spliced and used again. The principal causes of destruction of wire ropes are: (a) The wearing of the outer surface of the outside wires. (b) The fatigue of the steel where the rope is worked over small pulleys. As an example of the first case, the cable on cable tramways is worn by the grips; therefore, use a stiff cable with large wires; as an example of the second case, ropes used over small blocks break frequently; therefore, use a rope with small wires. The strength of a wire rope is about 10 per cent less than the sum of the strengths of the wires composing the rope. A wire rope-way was constructed for the Plimosas Line con- sisting of an endless rope 20,230 feet long supported at intervals of from 104 to 1,935 feet on notch sheaves. "After the rope had been running about two years the splices commenced to "give way at the points where the two cable strands are inserted into the rope to take the place of the hemp heart. * * * When ROPE 563 new rope is spliced with old the new strands stand out somewhat more than the old ones and the wear is very rapid. * * * A flexible wire rope (19 wires to the strand) can be spliced so that there will be little difference in the wear; but, in a rope of seven-wire strands made out of plow steel, at the point just above and below where the two steel strands are inserted into the core and take the place of the hemp heart, there is a spot (about an inch' in length) where the rope is seven strands instead of six on the circumference. This makes the diameter greater and increases the wear on the splice. * * * In a flexible rope the strands can be set together with a mallet so that the splice cannot be noticed." DIRECTIONS FOR SPLICING WIRE ROPE.* Wire rope is susceptible to the most perfect splice; a smoother and better splice can be put in a wire rope than in any other kind of rope, for the simple reason that it is made with a view to this purpose. It has the desired number of strands and a hemp core which provides a place for fastening the ends. It is a plain, simple process, and but the work of an hour for any one to learn. To Get the Length of the Rope to Be Spliced Endless. In most cases the ropes can be applied endless, and in such cases the ropes can be forwarded spliced ready to go on. Ropes ready spliced can be procured by giving the exact distance from center to center of shaft, and the exact diameters of the wheels on which the rope is to run. This measure can be got best by stretching a wire from shaft to shaft, marking the distance from center to center of shaft and carefully measuring the wire. In cases where the endless rope cannot be put on, the rope has to be put around the sheaves, hove taut by pulley blocks, and the splice made on the spot. See Fig. 1 in diagram of splices. The Necessary Tools. A hammer and sharp cold chisel for cutting the ends of strands; a steel point or marlin spike for opening strands; two slings of tarred rope with sticks for un- twisting rope; a pocket knife for cutting the hemp core; a wooden mallet and block. First. Put the rope around the sheaves, and heave it tight with block and fall. (See Fig. 1.) The blocks should be hitched far enough apart so as to give room between to make a 20-ft. splice. A small clamp may be used to prevent the lashing from slipping on the rope where the blocks are hitched. (See Fig. 1.) Next, see that the ropes overlap about 20 feet; about ten feet each way from the center, as shown by the arrow lines in Fig. 1. Next mark the center on both ropes with a piece of chalk, Or by tying on a small string. Now proceed to put in the splice, with the blocks remaining taut when it is necessary; but the better way is to remove the blocks, throw off the rope from the sheaves, let it hang loose on the shafts, and proceed with the splice on the ground or floor, or scaffold, as the case may be. Abstracted from catalogue of Broderick & Bascom Rope Co. 564 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Second. Unlay the strands of both ends of the rope for a dis- tance of ten feet each, or to the center mark, as shown in Fig. 2. Next, cut off the hemp cores close up, as shown in Fig. 2, and bring the bunches of strands together so that the opposite strands will interlock regularly with each other. (See Fig. 3.) Third. Unlay any strand, A, and follow up with strand 1 of the other end, laying it tightly in open groove made by unwind- ing A, make twist of the strand agree exactly with the twist of the open groove. Proceed with this until all but twelve inches of 1 are laid in, or till A has become ten feet long. Next, cut off A, leaving an end about twelve inches long. Fourth. Unlay a strand, 4, of the opposite end, and follow with strand D, laying it into the open groove as before, and Fig. 258. treating this precisely as in the first case. (See Fig. 3) Next, pursue the same course with B and 2, stopping four feet short of the first set. Next, with 5 and E, stopping as before; then with C and 3; and lastly with 6 and F. The strands are now all laid in with the ends four feet apart, as shown in Fig. 4. Tifth and Last. The ends must now be secured without enlarg- ing the diameter of the rope. Take two rope slings or twisters (see Fig. 5) and fasten them to the rope as shown in Fig. 6; twist them in opposite directions, thus opening the lay of the rope. (See Fig. 6.) Next, with a knife, cut the hemp core about twelve inches on each side. Now straighten the ends, and slip them into the place occupied by the core; then twist the slings back, closing up the rope, taking out any slight inequality with a wooden mallet. Next, shift the slings, and repeat the operation at the other five places, and the splice is made. If the rope becomes slack, in time, and runs too loose, a piece ROPE 565 ist" for plicing Rope in Inches List for Splicing $2.50 3.00 3.50 % toiy 8 1% tol% $4.00 4.50 can be cut out and the rope tightened up. This will require a piece of rope about 40 feet long and two splices, one splice to put on the piece of rope, and the other splice to join the two ends together. COST FOR LABOR OF SPLICING ROPE TO MAKE ENDLESS. Diameter of Diameter of Rope in Inches Yi to & %to& y 2 to% The above charge to be in addition to the extra rope used in making splice. These prices apply only on wire ropes spliced at the works of the manufacturer. MANILA AND SISAL ROPE. Manila and sisal rope are usually classed as "regular" rope or rope having three strands, four strand rope, bolt rope or espe- cially selected long yarns and transmission rope which is of yarn selected and woven with great care. The prices are com- puted from a "base" which varies with the season and according to the condition of the trade; this base averages 8 cents per lb. The table below gives the standard sizes, weights, etc. MANILA ROPE Weight Strain of 200 Borne Size in Faths. by New Circum- Size in Manila Manila ference Diameter in Lbs. Rope 6 th'd Yi in. 22 620 9 th'd & in. 29 1,000 12 th'd % in. 44 1,275 15 th'd fine % in. full 50 1,600 15 th'd i in. 65 1,875 1 % in. in. full 75 2,100 1% in. % in. 90 2,400 1% in. ft in. 125 3,300 2 in. % in. 160 4,000 2% in. % in. 198 4,700 2% in. t* in. 234 5,600 2 3,4 in. in. 270 6,500 3 in. in. 324 7,500 314 in. iiV in. 378 8,900 3V2 in. 1% in. 432 10,500 3 % in. 1% in. 504 12,500 4 in. it in. 576 14,000 4% in. in. 648 15,400 4V> in. iy 2 in. 720 17,000 4% in. Irk in. 810 18,400 5 in. 1% in. 900 20,000 51/2 in. 1% in. 1,080 25,000 6 ' in. 2 in. 1,296 30,000 6 1/2 in. 2% in. 1,512 33,000 7 in. 2V4 in. 1,764 37,000 71/2 in. 21/2 in. 2,01'6 43,000 8 in. 2% in. 2,304 50,000 8y 2 in. 2% in. 2,590 56,000 9 in. 3 in. 2,915 62,000 91/2 in. 3y 8 in. 3,240 68,000 10 in. 3y 4 in. 3,600 75,000 Length of Manila Rope in One Pound 55 ft. 41 ft. 27 ft. 24 ft. 18 ft. 6 in. 16 ft. in. 13 ft. 4 in. 9 ft. 7 in. 7 ft. 6 in. 6 ft. 1 in. 5 ft. 1 in. 4 ft. 5 in. 3 ft. 8 in. 3 ft. 2 in. 2 ft. 9 in. 2 ft. 5 in. 2 ft. 1 in. 1ft. 10 in. 1ft. 8 in. 1 ft. 6 in. 1ft. 4 in. 1 ft. 1 in. 11 in. 9y 2 in. 8 in. 7 in. ey in. 5M in. 5 in. 4y 2 in. 4 in. 566 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Sisal rope has approximately the same weight as Manila. Manila ahout 25 per cent stronger than sisal. Hawser laid rope weighs about one-sixth less than 3 strand. The prices of rope are as follows: Regular Rope, & in. diameter, l%c over base. % in. and -fa in. diameter, lc over base. % in. diameter, %c over base. T 7 5 in. diameter and larger, base. Four Strand Manila, % in. diameter and under, lc over base. Manila Bolt Rope, 2c over base. Towing Hawsers, up to 18-in. circumference and any length, base. Tarred Sisal Lath Yarn, coarse (HO), medium (130), base. fine (200), %c per lb. over base. Tarred Sisal Fodder Yarn, 24 and 21 oz., base, 18 oz„ iy>c above ase. Drilling Cables, lc above base. Sand Lines, lc above base. Jute Rope (unoiled) — % in. diameter and larger, base. tV in. diameter and larger, %c above base. TABLE 146 — MANILA TRANSMISSION ROPE. Smallest Approximate Approximate Length in Diam. Diam. Wt in Lbs. Breaking Ft. Required of Inches per 100 Ft. Strength for Splice Sheave % 20 4500 8 28 % 26 6125 8 32 34 8000 10 36 iy 8 43 10125 10 40 i% 53 12500 10 46 i% 65 15125 12 50 iy 2 77 18000 12 54 i% 90 21125 12 60 i% 104 24500 12 64 2 136 32000 14 72 Price lie to 15 y 2 cents per pound. 2 m "35«s .'.*'. *i. - .._.*£* .s^yss* oi moot < £ o A P °n, g a o o o M 5 y ps <& K J>£H a h o 1 "- * a o H o (^■"fl 14 H «S OOffiMlOM OOOIOCO - OJ T- , -t- , f yt-traco'^TH en oo c~ io -**i co^KMi-i^-t i-( (1|03H We, jM aria t/on S 1 -v ,, \ \ j 2* 1 \ / \ / 1 S 1 A < \ 1* 'era ye 5 / zev 7ria t/on \\ / 1 / k V-j- /} \ \ \ \ 4— \ / / \ 1 \ / / \ \ A vera *•, Stre "9*1 \Va •iati, in- \ / 1 \ 1 i \ ! \ /' \ i \ 1 ! I i i — — Size \ I \ I Weight Strengt \ \ 1 i 1 \ I i \ 1 \ 1 1 *■ 5 Plymouth Cordage 5 20 c .0 25 •5 30 ^ 35 40 I Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Specimen Numbers. Fig. 259. Diagram Showing Variation of Wire Rope from Standard Plymouth Cordage. on the accompanying diagram. Twenty-two samples of rope nominally 3 ins. in circumference, made by various manufac- turers, were tested. The strongest rope failed under a load of 9,010 lbs., while the weakest was able to stand only 4,946 lbs. Glancing at the table it will be seen that in several cases where the size curve shows a decided rise the weight curve dips. It ROPE 569 would be natural to suppose that the weight would increase cor- respondingly with the size, but this does not seem to be the case and must indicate that some brands are more loosely twisted than others. As will be noticed the weights vary between minus 9.61% and plus 20% and the table shows that so-called 3 in. rope is not always 3 ins. in circumference. 570 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT SAND BLAST MACHINES A portable sand blast machine, 20 ins. diameter, 52 ins. total height, fitted with water trap and pressure gauge, helmet to pro- tect operator, nozzle holder and 24%x5 ins., hard iron nozzles, costs about $190. A' machine of this kind may be used for many purposes, among them to clean or finish concrete surfaces. A 2-in. PopVaM(l% hose connection is regularly fur- |& nished with the machine, but a ,-. „ fr— O^^nrrmrT™ 1-in. sand blast hose, costing about 'f "r qLa-v J^^^fl ^ iii^llu FP''- ?1 per ft., would facilitate opera- Ih — Met tions. To furnish air at 50 to 60 ! Auction lbs. pressure would require a com- I pressor having a capacity of 120 , cubic feet of free air per minute, Fig. 260. Portable Sand Blast. which would be a 10x10x10 steam driven machine. Two to three feet of surface may be cleaned per minute. At the United States Naval Station, Key West, Fla., steel sheds were cleaned and painted by compressed air. These sheds were used to store coal and the action of heat and the impurities in the coal, combined with the salt water used for extinguishing spontaneous combustion fires, rapidly corroded the steel and ne- cessitated a thorough cleaning and painting every time the sheds were emptied. The following outfit was purchased and cost $2,090: 1 horizontal gasoline engine, about 20 H. P. 1 air compressor, capacity about 90 ft. of free air per min. com- pressed to a pressure of 30 lbs. per sq. in. in one stage, belt connected to engine. 1 rotary circulating pump, belt connected to engine. 1 galvanized steel water tank. 1 air receiver, 18x54 ins. (The above apparatus was all mounted on steel frame wagon with wooden housing.) 2 sand blast machines, capacity 2 cubic feet of sand each. 2 paint spraying machines, one a hand machine of % gal. ca- pacity for one operator, the other of 10 gals, capacity for two operators. 100 lin. ft. of sand blast hose. 200 lin. ft. of pneumatic hose for sand blast machines. 400 lin. ft. of pneumatic hose for painting machines. 100 lin. ft. of air and paint hose for painting machines. 4 khaki helmets, with mica-covered openings for the eyes. 200 lin. ft. of 2-in. galvanized iron pipe. Cleaning by hand cost over 4 cents per square ft. The labor cost per day of cleaning by machine is shown on the following page. SAND BLAST MACHINES 571 1 engine tender $ 3.04 1 helper (in charge of the work and tending machines) 2.24 2 laborers on machines at $1.76 each 3.52 1 laborer drying sand, filling machines, etc 1.76 Total $10.56 9,000 square feet of surface were cleaned at a cost for labor of $97.68 and for gasoline of $16.15, or at the rate of less than 1% cents per square foot; 9,000 square feet of surface were painted at a cost for labor of $28.16 and for gasoline of $3.80, or at the rate of % cent per square foot. The interest, deprecia- tion and repairs to plant would add an inconsiderable amount to this. 572 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT SAW MILLS A light weight medium sized portable mill with standard equipment, including variable friction feed, cable drive, mud sills, self-oiling and self-aligning mandrel boxes, binding pulley and frame for drive belt, 2 cant hooks, monkey wrench, oil can and belt punch. Fig. 261. Fig. 261. Eclipse No. 01 Saw Mill. SPECIFICATIONS Will swing 56 in. saw. Husk, 4 ft. 1 in. x 5 ft. 11 in. long. Mandrel, 2% in. diam., 72 in. long. Mandrel pulley, 24 in. diam., 10 in. face. Carriages built in standard lengths, 20, 25 and 30 ft. Knees, open, 38 in. Feed, % in. to 2% in. to each revolution of saw. Capacity, with 15 H. P. engine, 3,000 to 5,000 feet per day. Price with 20 ft. carriage, 55 ft. ways, f. o. b. N. Y. (not in- cluding saw) $293.00 Necessary extras, as paper wheel fillings, saw guide jaws, dog springs, etc 22.00 Third head block with dogs 16.00 Foot receder and gauge roll 40.00 Longer carriage, per foot 3.50 Axles and wheels for log carriage 9.50 Weight, net, 5,316 lbs. Weight, boxed, 7,531 lbs. Cubic feet space, boxed, 343 cu. ft. An extra strong portable mill with standard equipment. SPECIFICATIONS Will swing 62 in. saw. Husk, 4 ft. 4 in. x 9 ft. long. Mandrel, 3x78 in. Mandrel pulley, 24x12 in. Carriage lengths, 20, 25 and 30 ft. Feed, % to 4 in. Knees, open, 44 in. Capacity with 20 H. P. engine, 5,000 to 8,000 ft. per day. SAW MILLS 573 Price with 20 ft. carriage, 55 ft. ways, f. o. b. N. Y. (not in- cluding saw) $312.00 Necessary extras for renewals 23.00 Third head block and dogs 20.00 Foot receder and gauge roll 40.00 Longer carriage, per foot 4.00 Taper movements on head blocks, each 8.50 Weight, net, 7,096 lbs. Weight, boxed, 8,885 lbs. Cubic feet space, boxed, 400 cu. ft. Inserted tooth saws, 54 in $ 90.00 Inserted tooth saws, 56 in 100.00 Fig. 262 illustrates a well-known type of rip saw which comes in various sizes as per specifications. Fig. 262. Wood Frame Rip Saw. Size No. 1 wood frame saw table, without countershaft. f. o. b. factory, $48. SPECIFICATIONS. These machines have hardwood frames, well seasoned, carefully mortised and firmly bolted together. The Top is made of narrow strips of different wood glued together, being fastened to cross girts cannot warp or split, and is raised or lowered by crank and screw at front and locked in place by finger wheels at side, heavy hinges being used at the rear of the machine. The Saw Arbor is of the cone bushing, self-oiling type, having connected babbitted boxes with the pulleys placed on the outside unless ordered otherwise. A Square Ripping Gauge is furnished and one 14" saw, which extends from 2 to 3%" above table, according to machine ordered. A Bevel Rip Gauge in place of the regular rip gauge can be furnished when so ordered, at a slight additional cost. £ * - . B ^■j coco-* io into ^j oj oooooo 02 »-,. n KloinOioo J> J N CO co ■* ■* io H J S^ U fe t-oioiooo O r-i r-i ih cn c t t s s d is >, lOiatO«Ot-00 5 X X X X X X - 1 - 1 o o s o 3 S s 5 s s s £ # * „c$ CIS O 02 K ■* -* io ia co oo a aw*** a< ba .52 « rlHHHNN Cj w o OOOOOO a-5 a rrrrrr o^ ES ^ass^ Ph | rt a 1. a® 00 g s s * s * * > -»< CO O -*" O CO e* iH ^f ^ioincbce CD Sh 3 X X XXXX EH c-o ^Jooo CM (N CO CO CO CO SAWS— PORTABLE A small portable circular saw, mounted upon a durable frame, costs $12.00, and may be run by a one-cylinder farm engine costing about $75.00. These saws are invaluable where the con- struction of wood frame buildings is concerned as well as being in constant demand by the farmer for use about his place. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT SCALES Counter scoop scales weighing up to 5 lbs. cost from $2 to $5. Portable Platform Scales adapted to the weighing of all kinds of general merchandise. Capacity, lbs 400xii ■ 800x% 1500x% 2500xy, Size of platform, inches. 16x22 17x26 21x28 26x34 Weight, approx. pounds. 125 200 300 400 Price without wheels. .. $13.00 $20.00 $30.00 $48.00 Price with wheels 15.00 22.00 33.00 51.00 Wheelbarrow scales, with runs on both sides for wheelbarrows and hand trucks. Capacity, pounds 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Platform, inches 42x30 42x30 44x35 45x36 Price without wheels. . . $42.00 $48.00 $49.00 $69.00 Price with quick weigher 66.00 .... .... .... Price with wheels 45.00 51.00 60.00 75.00 Price with quick weigher 69.00 .... .... .... A Steel Pitless Wag-on Scale which can be easily moved at a cost of $20 to $30, complete with frame and scale costs as follows: 4 ton, weight 1,400 lbs. Price . $100.00 5 ton, weight 1,500 lbs. Price 110.00 Standard wagon and stock scales without timber or foundation cost as follows: Capacity, tons .' 3 5 10 15 20 Size of platform feet, . . 14x8 14x8 18x8 22x7 22x7 Price $80.00 $100.00 $120.00 $210.00 $250.00 A Car Scale of 10 tons capacity, with a platform 4' 6"x8', costs, without platform, framing, or material for pit, $150. The frames take about 1,000 feet B. M. of lumber and cost erected about $45. The foundation, including the boxing of the pit, will cost from $75 to $100. A Steelyard or Weigfhmaster's Beam with a capacity of 2,000 lbs., beam 7' 10" long, weighing 127 lbs., costs $28. Fig. 263. A Track Scale (Fig. 263) for weighing of material In small cars is as follows: 3 5 6 5'x30" 5'x30" 12'x30' 780 900 1,500 180.00 $88.00 $130.00 SCALES 577 Capacity, tons 2 Size of platform 5'x30" Weight, lbs 750 Price $72.00 "Wooden parts for 2 and 3 ton beam add $5. Cost of Track Scales.* On the New York Central a 100-ton track scale, 42 ft. long, cost as follows, in 1902: Scales and materials $1,760.00 Labor 640.00 Total $2,400.00 '8.7 tons rails (relayers), at $20 174.00 15 ties at $0.60 9.00 Miscellaneous material 150.00 Labor laying track, etc 70.00 Grand total $2,803.00 No piles were used in foundation. The cost of 50-ton track scales, 42 ft long, on the Northern Paciflc, in 1899, averaged as follows: Scales, delivered $ 580.00 Other materials 170.00 Labor ($175 to $300) 250.00 Total $1,000.00 The cost of 80-ton track scales, 50 ft. long, in 1905, was as follows: Scales and materials $1,250.00 Labor ($500 to $700) 650.00 Total $1,900.00 Hand Book of Cost Data, by H. P. Gillette. HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT SCARIFIERS A scarifier illustrated in Fig. 264, which can be pulled by a 10-ton roller, and whose depth of loosening can be regulated by the man in charge while in operation, costs $500. Fig 264. Another type of scarifier, built on the same general lines as a road machine, is shown in Fig. 265. This machine has 13 teeth, 1x2 ins.x20 ins. long, with a cutting depth below frame of 9 ins. The extreme width of cut is 4 ft. 8 in. The machine is reversible Fig. 265. New Scarifier. and is 13 ft. 8V 2 ins. long, axle to axle, weighs 2,900 lbs., and costs $500, f. o. b. New York state. One of these machines was recently tried out on a hard ce- mented macadam pavement. Previous to the use of the scarifier, the work of ripping up the pavement was done by hand at the following cost: SCARIFIERS 579 20 men with picks at $2.00 per day $40.00 Sharpening 80 picks at 10c 8.00 Foreman 3.00 Cost per day for 170 ft. of road 16 ft. wide $51.00 Cost per mile $1,585.00 The cost by machine was as follows: Operator on machine $ 2.50 Sharpening picks 2.50 Roller operator 3.00 Fuel, etc 2.00 Rent of roller 10.00 Cost per day for 1818 ft. of road 16 ft. wide $20.00 Cost per mile $57.00 SCRAPERS (See Grading Machines, page 335.) HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT SCREENS Ordinary sand and coal screens cost from $3 to $12 each. Re- volving screens with rollers and gears, but no frame nor driving mechanism cost as follows: Size Price "Weight, Lbs. 32 ins. x 8 ft. $160.00 3,800 32 ins. x 10 ft. 175.00 4,300 32 ins. x 12 ft. 190.00 4,500 40 ins. x 16 ft. 335.00 6,600 40 ins. x 20 ft. 385.00 7,400 48 ins. x 20 ft. 455.00 12,500 Screens in permanent plants should be made of the best steel. A carbon steel screen of %-in. plate, after handling 10,000 to 14,000 yards of crushed trap rock, was reduced to % inch at the point where the chute delivered it. The holes had been enlarged from lfg inches to 1{| inches, and from 2% inches to 2% inches. A %-inch rolled manganese steel plate screen replaced the first screen, and after handling 10,000 cubic yards showed no appre- ciable wear. SKIPS SKIPS SIMILAR TO FIGURE 266. Listed Weight Material Capacity Size (Lbs.) Price Wood 1 cu. yd. 5'x5'xl4" 650 $40.00 Wood 2 cu. yds. 6'x6'xl8" 750 60.00 Steel % cu. yd. 4'x5'xl0" 600 36.00 Steel 30 cu. ft. 5'x6'xl2" 700 48.00 Steel 2 cu. yds. 6'x7'xl5" 750 65.00 Steel 3 cu. yds. 7'x8'xlS" 800 90.00 P i 8 • ! /i / K 1 ■ ■ : Fig. 266. SKIPS SIMILAR TO FIGURE 267. Listed Capacity Weight Material (Cu. yds.) Size (Lbs.) Price Steel 1 4' x5'xl8" 725 $ 47.00 Steel iy 2 • 4'6"x6'xl8" 850 55.00 Steel 2 5' x6'x22" 1,350 80.00 Steel 3 6' x7'x24" 1,700 102.00 SKIP WITH BAIL AND CLOSING FRONT. Listed Weight Cable Material Capacity (Lbs.) Price Grips Steel 4 cu. yds. 2,500 $190.00 $25.00 581 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT SLEDGES AND HAMMERS . Weight Length Width Handle Price Style (Lbs.) of Head of Head Length Bach Stone 8 7y 2 " 2%" 36" $1-50 Stone 12 9" 2%" 36" 2.25 2-facei 15 7" 3%" 36" 2.75 2-face 2 8 6" 2%" 36" 1.50 Handdrill 5 7" 2" 14"± 1.25 All weights given without handle, for which add % to 1 lb. Cost of handles, $1.50 per doz. v Double Face and Cross Feen oil finish sledges and hammers, 5-lb. to 24-lb. weight, 7 Ms cents per lb.; striking and drilling hammers, long pattern, 3 to 4% lbs., 10 cents per lb.; 5 to 14 lbs., iy 2 cents per lb.; stone sledges, 10 to 24 lbs., 7% cents per lb. Bricklayer's Hammers. The following are net prices for brick- layer's hammers, in quantities, at Chicago: Weight Price per Dozen Without Handle Plain Eye Adze Eye 1 lb. 2 oz. $4.95 $5.85 1 lb. 8 oz. 5.40 6.30 2 lbs. 5.85 6.75 2 lbs. 8 oz. 6.30 7.20 Nail and Riveting Hammers, Etc. The following are net prices in Chicago for quantities of nail hammers and riveting hammers: NAIL HAMMERS. No. Weight, Each Price, Each Price per Doz. 1 lb. 12 oz. $0,625 $6.25' 1 1 lb. 4 oz. .45 4.50 1% lib. .425 4.25 2 13 oz. .40 4.00 3 7oz. .375 3.75 The hammers are made of solid steel, polished with adze eye and plain or bell face, as RIVETING HAMMERS (PLAIN EYE). No. Weight, Each Price, Each Price per Doz. 4oz. $0,275 $2.75 1 7oz. .275 2.88 2 9 oz. .30 3.00 3 12 oz. .30 3.13 4 15 oz. .33 - 3.25 5 lib. 2 oz. .35 3.50 6 1 lb. 6 oz. .375 3.75 7 lib. 10 oz. .40 4.00 Sewer Builders' Mauls. Net prices for mauls for sewer build- ers, etc., with selected hickory handles and iron bound head, range from $1.40 each for 6x8 and 6x9-in. sizes to $1.50 each for 7x9, $1.60 for 7x10 and $1.70 for 8xl0-in. 1 Blacksmiths' sledge. 2 Striking hammer. SPRINKLERS SFRINXI.ING CABS AND WAGONS, OIL DISTRIBUTORS AND TANK WAGONS. PLATFORM SPRING GEAR SPRINKLING WAGONS. Price $300.00 325.00 350.00 Price $254.00 All of the above fitted with 4-inch tires. Add $12.00 for 6" tires. The above wagon fitted with a tank pump, one piece of hose 15 feet long and one piece of hose 12y 2 feet long costs $25 extra. A steel tank holding 12 barrels mounted on a steel wheel truck fitted with traction engine tongue and horse tongue costs $96. The same tank unmounted for use on a farm wagon costs $57.50. Capacity (Gals.) 500 600 1,000 Cut under reach gear. Weight (Lbs.) 2,600 2,750 3,300 Capacity (Gals.) 600 Weight (Lbs.) 2,750 A brake for the outfit costs $6. A single cylinder suction pump with hose and strainer for the tank costs $13, and a perforated pipe sprinkling attachment $35. A 600 gallon tank-wagon for carrying tar, oil or asphalt road binding material fully equipped with driver's seat, pole and whif- fle-tree costs $400. Equipped with fire box for keeping contents warm, $500. 584 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT A sprinkler with wheels fitted with 8-inch tires and having the rear axle longer than the front, so that the wheels overlap, resulting in a rolled surface of 14 inches on either side, costs $380. A one-horse sprinkler cart (Fig. 269) holding 150 gallons and weighing 780 lbs., costs $90. An improved road oiler with a seat for the operator in the rear of the wagon, where he is best able to observe and control the supply of oil, complete with 6-inch tires, steel tank, etc., holding 269. 600 gallons, costs $350; if fitted with steam coils, $375, and if fitted with heating furnace, which is necessary when spreading heavy oils, $500. An oil sprinkler and distributor for surface oiling of roads and distributing bituminous binder consists of two horizontal cylindrical tanks with ducts leading to them from the tank wagon, and with a seat, and flow regulating levers. This can be attached very easily to any tank wagon or cart and costs $150. SHOVELS No. Shape w No. 3, round 9%xl3 No. 3, round, light.., 10 xl2y 2 No. 3, square 9 xl2 No. 3, square, light.. 10 xl3 No. 2, square 10 xl2% No. 4, square S%xl2 bD 6£,Q Cz! ^ ^ 40 5y 2 40 6% 40 G^/i 40 7 61 51/2 tin 5y 2 111 $7.50 5.25 7.50 5.25 5.25 7.00 Concrete Facing Spade. cost about $2.50 Fig. 270. Concrete Facing Spades similar to Fig, each. 271. Ore and Concrete Shovel. Ore and Concrete Shovels (Fig. 271) with a drop tempered point and annealed blade, well suited for concrete, come in sizes 2 to 6, inclusive, and cost $9.50 per dozen. Fig. 272. Nursery Spade. Nursery Spades (Fig. 272) cost $11 per dozen; ditching spades (Fig. 273) and concave drain spades (Fig. 274), 14 to 18 inches ^ Ditching Spade. long, cost $9 per dozen; post spades (Fig. 275) cost $12 per dozen; and marl gouges (Fig. 276), 10 to 14 inches long, cost $5 to $7 per dozen. No. 3 to No. 6 Scoops (Fig. 277) cost $7 to $9 per dozen. Iron screening or potato scoops (Fig. 278) cost $12 to $15. Snow shovels (Fig. 279) cost $9 per dozen. 585 586 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Hand Shovels. Net prices for standard railroad contractors' and mining shovels, at Chicago, in quantities, are as follows with prices for four grades: (1) Extra grade made of best Fig. 274. Concave Drain Spade. Fig. 275. Post Spade. Fig. 276. Marl Gouge. Fig. 277. Scoop. Fig. 278. Screening Scoop. Fig. 279. Snow Shovel. crucible steel, finely finished with best white ash handles; (2) first grade shovels, also made of crucible steel, and grades (3) and (4) made of open hearth steel. The net prices in Chicago on these four grades are as follows: SHOVELS PRICES AND SIZES ON HAND SHOVELS. 55 M"5 5§ 58 -a o go ■s'g -"! w a ■o ft 01 ■S ft n CO 2 m 11% $8.91 $7.83 $6.48 $5.70 :< 12% 9.18 8.10 4 10% 12 y 2 9.45 8.37 The above prices are for black finish; for polished add 50 cents per doz. Shovels with square or round points, "D" or long Fig. 280. D Handle, Round Point Shovel. Fig. 281. D Handle, Square Point Shovel. Fig. 282. Long Handle, Round Point Shovel. handles are all the same price. The size No. 2 is the one com- monly used. For sewer or brick shovels made in No. 2 size, but having a shorter and heavier blade for clay and other heavier material, net prices are as follows: Each Per Doz. Extra grade $1.00 $10.00 Second grade 648 6.48 The net prices at Chicago for spades, plain strap, polished, "D" handle or long handle, are as follows: For size No. 2; Extra grade, $9.18 per doz.; fourth grade, $5.40 per doz. Extra grade shovels made the same as "D" handle moulders' shovel, but with straighter, stiffer and heavier blades, for finishing concrete in sidewalks, in forms, etc., sell for $13.86 per doz. 588 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT TELEGRAPH SHOVELS AND SPOONS. Telegraph shovels made of fine crucible steel with white grained ash handles, and extra length 22-in. straps and black finish, can be bought in quantities at the following net prices, f. o. b. Chicago. Extra Grade First Grade Length of Handle per Doz. „ per Doz. 6' $12.69 $11.07 V 13.77 12.15 8' 14.85 13.23 9' 17.00 15.39 10' 19.17 16.65 The net prices in quantities for telegraph spoons with regular 9-in. straps and black finish are as follows: Length of Handle The majority of all telegraph shovels and spoons sold are those with 8-ft. handles. DITCHING- AND DRAIN SPADES. The r.et prices at Chicago for ditching and drain spades are as follows: Extra Grade Third Grade Length of Blade per Doz. per Doz. 14-in. $11.34 $8.40 16-in. 11.01 8.70 18-in. 11.88 9.00 20-in. 12.15 Skeleton ditching and drain spades made of solid cast steel with solid sockets, especially adapted for mucky and sticky soil, can be bought at the following net prices in Chicago: Ditching spades, square point, 6%xl8-in., $22.80 per doz.; drain spades, round point, 4%xl8-in., $21.60 per doz. Drain cleaners, with 6% -ft. handles for finishing tile ditches, can be bought at the following net prices: -Size of Blade- Extra Grade First Grade per Doz. per Doz. $12.42 $10.80 13.50 11.88 14.58 12.96 16.74 15.12 18.90 17.28 Length (Ins.) Width (Ins.) Per Dozen 15 4 $10.80 15 5 11.10 15 6 11.40 STEAM SHOVELS. (See also Locomotive Cranes, page 410.) Steam shovels are built weighing as much as 140 tons, but about the most powerful steam shovel regularly built weighs 95 tons. For general work a 5-yard dipper may be used, but for SHOVELS 589 iron ore or shale an extra heavy one of 2% or 3% yards ca- pacity is better. The clear lift from the rail to the bottom of the open dipper door is 16 ft. 6 in. and the maximum width of cut 8 ft. above the rail is 60 ft. This shovel has a record out- put of four to five thousand yards per day. A steam shovel adapted to extra hard conditions is the 80-ton; the bucket used is generally 3 cubic yards for rock work or 4 yards for earth. The clear lift is 16 ft. and the width of cut 60 ft. A 70-ton shovel is the one most in demand for heavy work under average condi- tions. It carries a 2 to 3% -yard dipper; the clear lift is 16 ft. 6 in.: width of cut, 60 ft. For work where the depth or amount of excavation is not great enough to warrant a 70-ton shovel a 60-ton is more economical. A 2% -cubic-yard dipper is generally used; clear lift, 15 ft.; width, 54 ft. A 45-ton shovel is designed for use on fairly heavy work, but where lightness and ease of transportation are essential. Capacity of dipper, 2 yards; clear lift, 14 ft.; width of cut, 50 ft. A 40-ton shovel is designed for lighter work or sewer excavation. The price of steam shovels is as follows: Weight Price 120 tons $14,500.00 95 tons 12,700.00 85 tons 11,250.00 70 tons 9,250.00 60 tons 8,500.00 45 tons 7,000.00 40 tons 6,500.00 Shovels fitted with motors cost from $1,000.00 to $2,500.00 more than steam-driven shovels. From observations made by the author on half a hundred steam shovels in actual operation during a considerable number of weeks the working capacities shown in Table 149 have been recorded. From these observations the average number of cubic yards per day excavated by all shovels in all materials was 934. This is perhaps less than may be expected on a well-managed job. A shovel should load a dipper 60% full every 20 seconds while actually working. About 50% of the time the shovel is held up by various causes, such as waiting for trains, moving ahead, waiting for blasts, and making repairs. With a 2% -yard dipper a shovel should, therefore, excavate 1,350 cubic yards in 10 hours. The maximum width of cut given by shovel manufacturers is far greater than the actual average as recorded in observa- tions made by the author. 70 to 95-ton shovels make an average cut of 28% ft. wide. With a 30 or 40-ton shovel the average cut is not much more than 20 ft. in width. For low bank work in average earth, where the amount to be excavated is small, 20 to 35-ton shovels, usually fitted with traction wheels, but which can be arranged with railroad trucks, cost as follows: 590 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Shipping Dipper Clear Height of Lift Weight Capacity Traction Wheels R. R. Trucks Price 22 tons % cu. yd. 12' 2" 13' 2" $4,750 32 tons l%cu. yd. 12' 8" 13' 8" 5,600 Shovels of small size usually have vertical boilers. A 35-ton shovel, with a very high crane which increases the width of cut about 7 ft. and the height of lift about 6 ft., costs $5,800.00. These are regularly equipped with a 1%-yard dipper. Revolving steam shovels on traction or railroad wheels (Fig. 283) are as follows: Clear Height of Lift Size Shipoing Dipper Traction R. R. No. Weight Capacity Wheels Wheels Price 15 tons y 2 cu. yd. 8' 4" 9' $3,750 1 24 tons % cu. yd. 10' 6" 11' 3" 5,000 2 35 tons 1% cu. yd. 10' 6" 11' 6" 6,000 A No. 1 shovel of the above type was designed for general use on such work as real estate development. For excavating small sewers about 3 ft. wide and 10 to 16 ft. deep a very narrow dipper of % -cubic-yard capacity and a dipper handle about 30 ft. long are used. In very sandy soil where many shifts from place to place are necessary, and where frequent curves are encountered, this shovel is not a success, according to observations made by the author, but in firm earth where the sewer is long and continuous it is very efficient. 50 to 75 lin. ft. of trench 4 ft. wide and 12 ft. deep have been excavated and back-filled in eight hours by a machine of this type. One runner, one fireman, and two helpers form the crew. Platforms 16 ft. long of 12 x 12-in. timbers are necessary for the shovel to run on. These being built in four sections, each 4% ft. wide, are carried forward by being hooked to the boom. The cost of such a platform was: Lumber — 168 lin. ft. 12"xl2", 10 lin. ft. 4"x4" spruce $104.38 Iron bars, bolts and nuts 6.22 Labor putting together 8.00 Total $118.60 . For excavating cellars the shovel has a standard dipper handle with a %-yard bank dipper, and for unloading cars or erecting steel, a crane boom 25 ft. long designed for use with a y 2 -cubic- yard clam shell or orange peel bucket, or a chain and hook. Shovel with % cu. yd. dipper and 30-ft. dipper handle $4,550.00 Standard dipper handle and % cu. yd. dipper 500.00 Crane boom without bucket 475.00 A revolving ehovel with a horizontal crowding engine, which enables it to excavate very shallow cuts economically, has inde- pendent engines for hoisting, swinging and crowding, and a vertical boiler. Shipping Wt. Dipper Rated Size Wt. Equipped Capacity Capacity No. (Tons) (Tons) Mounting (Cu. Yd.) Price (Cu. Yd.) 13 15 Standard % $3,750 35—40 1 26 30 Gauge or 1 5,500 50—60 Special 20 20 Traction % 4,750 40—50 SHOVELS 591 Mr. Charles It. Gow, in a paper published in the Journal of the Association of Engineering Societies for December, 1910, gives some facts and figures concerning the operation of a No. 1 shovel of the above type. This shovel was assembled at the railroad siding and transported about 6% miles over extremely bad roads. Plank track was necessary and the time occupied was six days. The cost of unloading, assembling and trans- porting to work was $255.15. The depth of excavation varied from 1 to 17 ft. Part of the ground was fairly, easy and the shovel excavated 300 to 5'00 cubic yards per day, or at the rate of one loaded team per minute while actually working. The Fig. 283. remainder of the excavation was in extremely hard ground with many large boulders and a shovel of 60 to 70 tons would have been more economical. The yardage fell to 100 cubic yards per day. In the light cut of 1 to 2 ft. the dipper was crowded 7 ft. horizontally, thus filling it reasonably full. Cost of steam shovel excavation at Springfield, Mass., 45,081 cubic yards during 191 working days: Total Per Yd. Cost of delivering and installing shovel $ 495.89 $0,011 Foreman, supervising 1,668.00 .037 Shovel operation, labor 2,118.81 .047 Shovel operation, coal, oil, etc 1,487.67 .033 Total cost of operation $ 3,606.48 $0,080 Repairs, labor 315.57 .007 Repairs, materials 631.14 .014 Total cost of repairs $ 946.71 $0,021 Depreciation on shovel 1,758.16 .039 Teaming excavated material 9,692.42 .215 General expense, 12.9 per cent 2,344.21 .052 Grand total $20,511.86 $0,455 592 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The cost of repairs is exceptionally high on account of the very difficult nature of the work performed. Two new booms were supplied by the makers to take the place of broken ones, the second being of a special design. Several new dipper arms were required and the dipper teeth,, chains and ropes were replaced every few weeks. A No. 1 shovel, working in a cellar excavation about 13 ft. deep, loaded the material, which consisted of pliable clay with a few 12-in. boulders, into cars drawn by a horse along a single track. The costs were as follows: Wages of engineer $ 4.00 Wages of fireman 2.00 "Wages of one foreman 3.00 Wages of three laborers 5.25 . Coal 4.00 Oil, waste, etc 1.00 Interest, depreciation and repairs (estimated) 5.30 Total .$24.55 Cubic yards per day 410 Cost per cubic yard 06 45, 60 and 70-ton shovels equipped with dipper handles 45 to 55 ft. long are used for excavating large trenches. A 70-ton shovel was employed in excavating a sewer trench 16 ft. wide by Fig. 284, 26 ft. deep in Chicago in 1909. (Fig. 284.) This shovel was of the latest design, equipped with a 54-ft. dipper handle and a 2-yard dipper, with the operating levers placed far forward so as to enable the runner to see the bottom of the trench. The SHOVELS 593 shovel had been removed from its trucks and mounted on a footing, 24 ft. wide by 38 ft. long, of heavy wood beams trussed with steel rods. This platform rested on rollers, which in turn , rested on running planks laid on the trench bank. To move the shovel a cable was attached to a dead man and wound up by the shovel engine. The average length of forward move was 15 ft. The shovel moved back 416 ft. in 3% hours. 569 cubic yards were loaded in a day into 4 and 6-yard narrow gauge cars drawn by 18-ton dinkeys. The crew consisted of 1 engineer, 1 craneman, 1 fireman, and 7 roller men. In addition 6 trimmers, 6 bracers, and 1 foreman were employed on the excavation. For digging trenches in ground where it would not be safe to support the shovel on the banks, however well sheeted the trench might be, an arrangement which allows the shovel to dig backward is sometimes used. This consists of an extension boom at the end of and in line with the main boom, but slanting downward at an agle of about 45° to the perpendicular. On the lower end of this are placed the crowding engines, reversed from their usual position, thus pointing the dipper mouth towards the shovel. This allows the shovel to remain ahead of the trench on solid ground. A 46-ton shovel equipped in this manner costs $9,000.00. Where a through cut is being made, the excavation is often too narrow to permit the shovel to turn around and excavate the next cut in an opposite direction, but necessitating the return of the machine backward to the starting point for the next cut. Sometimes this return is 3 or 4 miles long and costs considerable in lost time as well as money. In such a situation the shovel should be equipped with a ball socket, which allows it to be jacked lip and revolved on the forward trucks while being held in equilibrium by the weight of the extended bucket and dipper. This equipment costs about $500.00 extra. Repairs. These depend more on the amount and kind of work done than on the age of the shovel. Repairs are higher for rock work than for earth work, and higher for poorly broken rock than for rock which has been well blasted. Actual total charges for repairs to steam shovels are very difficult to compute, as minor or immediately necessary repairs are made while wait- ing for trains and during other delays. On most jobs repairs are made at night or on Sundays by the regular crew without extra compensation. Material for repairs to a 65-ton shovel working in a clay pit for 6V 2 years amounted to an average of $198.00 per year. The maximum amount per year was $375.00 and the minimum $48.00. This does not include the labor charge. Total boiler repairs during the same period cost $200.00. On a 95-ton shovel in rock excavation the boiler was washed and large repairs made once each week by a special crew. This cost about $32.00 per week. Repairs on a 70-ton shovel working in iron ore were made by the regular crew and cost about 50 cts. a day. During the 6 months ending June 30, 1910, the cost of re- pairs to steam shovels on the Panama Canal work averaged $27.66 per day per shovel for 9,527 days' service. 594 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Col. Goethals, chief engineer of the Panama Canal, has been kind enough to furnish me with the following information as to steam shovels on that work up to and including the fiscal year 1908. There were then in service 101 shovels, one 20-ton, ten 45-ton, seven 60-ton, thirty-five 70-ton, sixteen 91-ton, and thirty- two 95-ton shovels, which cost a total of $1,094,367.00. The cost of repairs was as follows: S £ 51 B s Fiscal Tear Ending 2 g "> ° > 5° ogai ° >? ; -^i June 30, 1906 41 $20,337.89 1,506,562 $0.0135 June 30, 1907 63 209,244.48 6,215,771 .0337 June 30, 1908 101 479,607.16 17,467,061 .0275 Total 205 $709,607.53 25,189,394 $0.02815 These repairs were accomplished under peculiarly expensive conditions: 1. Wages over 50% higher than in the United States. 2. Cost of privileges granted employes. 3. Unusually difficult excavation. 4. High cost of material. All steam shovels were given such field repairs as were neces- sary. Depreciation. The regular life of a steam shovel is about 20 years, the cost new is about $200.00 per ton and the scrap value about $10.00 per ton. Depreciation per year, by the straight line formula, would therefore be 4.75%. The size of shovel for any given work should depend upon the yardage in each cut, not upon the total yardage of the contract. It depends also upon the distance and the character of the ground over which the shovel has to be moved and the number of moves to be made. Use a 26-ton shovel for small cuts where moves will be frequent, a 55 to 65-ton where cuts are heavy and moves not frequent, and the largest available one where the cuts are very long and deep. The cost of moving a shovel varies greatly with the conditions. In certain railroad excavation it took 4 weeks with a full crew to move a 65-ton shovel 6 miles, and 3 weeks to move down across a valley from the finished cut to a new cut, a distance of % mile. The cost of moving a 65-ton shovel 1 mile on a country road with heavy grades, and y 2 mile through fields with a 15° slope, was $316. It took 8 days, involving the services of 1 shovel crew, 1 team, 1 foreman, and 8 men. A 35-ton trac- tion shovel has been moved 18 miles in 18 days by its crew, whose wages amounted to $35 per day, 17 miles being over rough roads and 1 mile being across fields and up hill. Shovels may be rented for $250 to $400 per month, according to size and condition. ,U~ 00 I ©00 0,1 Size of Shovel (Tons) Min. g. g Ave. «> o Max. *< J No. of Shovels"| Observed fa Min. J4 I. O to ■ l-« . • No. of Shovels "1 d 35 Ol . Old. • Observed 73 2 2 . 00rf>.. • Min. k) "I > 2 oo • 03OJ. • Ave. • Ed h3 *. CO . isoi-i. . 1 2 > o • *.co! • Max. H | N o • NO. • «1 s M MCTbOi-i- No. of Shovels^ ©00**o- Min. ^ 1 & <} JO o > 3 to OOOOIW Ave. v p 2 o © ©*.-J©. (0 •< o r d O, Max P O ° ©©»©• '""*• ^ J W s CO No. of Shovel 3") oo MM^OOWta Observed ]. s M -J00MM00W Min. £j M tJtO©0->lN5 0> > 3 n o < s to Aye. » 1 2 oo©H»en©« a t" 1 M M l_l O 1 w £ Ui S!S©"S"" Max. 5 - 5PS4J ©io©© B0 8 toiaiaia m O m l l l 1 JCQr£ owoua M " H cococoeo M o M F O J 1 ? m©io© • £ 5 t-© - *© P I +-> O p oo©ooeq © in H ..2 (3 NOlflN J ffl b 50 ? rH 5? * Cti ^ " each each each each each 2 30-60 . | 10 „-- •■• ;;;;;;;; 1 set R. R. curves ("36" [30"x42" 1 blue print frame Thumb tacks "Water colors, 20 colors @ \ Higgins Inks, 16 colors @ $ 6.18 a pan 0.25 abot. each each each 1 current meter 2 leveling rods, Philadelphis 2 Florida rods, 12-ft 3 range poles, 10-ft each each each Stake tacks each 2 steel tapes, 100-f t each 1 cloth tape, 100-ft 1 planimeter 1 pantograph each each each 611 612 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT TAMPERS Net Prices. The net prices for tampers with handles are as follows, No. 1 having steel plate base, No. 2 a cast plate base and No. 3 a round cast plate base: Size Base Weight Price Price No. (Ins.) Finished Each per Doz. 1 8 x8 13 $1.50 $15.00 1 10 xlO 16 1.65 16.50 1 12 xl2 26 1.80 18.00 2 5x6 9 .78 7.80 2 6x7 13 .01 9.10 2 7x8 14 .98 9.80 2 8 x 8 15 1.04 10.40 2 10 xlO 20 1.25 12.50 2 5 x 6 24 1.43 14.30 3 7 20 1.50 15.00 Curb 1 x 31/2 3 .62 6.20 Curb 4x4 5y 2 -78 7.80 Curb 31/2x6 6J/2 .82 8.20 Comb, curb 1 x 3% 8% 1.50 15.00 The above prices are for tampers with wooden handles. Paving" Rammers. Net prices at Chicago for pavjng rammers are as follows: Kind Weight (Lbs.) Price, Each Granite rammer 56 $10.00 Cobblestone rammer 50 8.00 A Power Tamping- Machine, Fig. 292, consists of a two-wheeled truck on the rear end of which is an air-cooled gasoline engine, battery box and gasoline tank, which drives by a belt a hard- wood "lifting board" with a cast iron head. This tamper is lifted by the power engine and allowed to fall by gravity. Only one Fig. 292. Power Tamping Machine. man is necessary to operate the machine, and the manufacturer claims that it will strike 60 blows per minute or 28,800 per eight hour day. On this basis and allowing 50 per cent for lost time and wasted strokes, the head, the area of which is y 2 sq. ft., will TAMPERS 613 cover 7,200 square feet in one day, or in a trench 3 feet wide and 5 feet deep, tamped in 6-inch layers, will cover 240 lineal feet of trench. It is claimed that the machine will do the work of five or six men. The standard machine will strike in a trench from 1 to 4% ft. wide from 6 ft. in depth to the surface. Length of stroke, 2 ft.; weight of tamper, 85 lbs.; size of head, 8"x9"; 1 H. P. gasoline engine consuming iy 2 gallons of gasoline in ten hours; wheels, 4"x36" steel; net weight, 950 lbs.; shipping weight, 1,200 lbs.; price, $300. Compressed-Air Driven Rammers, Fig. 293, for use in foundries are comparatively a recent innovation, but from their simple Fig. 293. Chicago and Keller Rammers at Work on Sewer Covers. construction and the large amount of work they will accomplish are being rapidly adopted. Owing to their lessening the manual efforts of the moulder, they enable him to accomplish from four to twelve times as much work as under old hand methods. These rammers are especially adapted fqr the manufacture of concrete building blocks, pier foundation blocks, sewer covers, chimney caps, window sills, curbing, etc. The prices of the following rammers are as follows: Size (Ins.) Used for- ^>y +-> %x 4 liVx 7 1%X 7 3 xlO Bench work and cores 9 General foundry and concrete work 15 General floor work. . . 20 Pit and loam work. . . 25 si CD § W Ul -Length Pacific Size, 314x414 in. Coast Chicago New York 3 ft., 2 pin 8 13% l 15% 4 ft., 2 pin 11 I81/2 21 5 ft., 4 pin 16 26% 28% 6 ft., 4 and 6 pin 20% 31% 36 8 ft., 6 and 8 pin » 28 43 48% 10 ft., 8, 10 and 12 pin 37 55% 67% Telegraph Wire. For lots of fair size, the wire measured in Birmingham wire gage, the prices in cents per lb. are about as follows: "Extra Best Best," Nos. 6 to 9, 4%c; Nos. 10 and 11, 4% c; No. 12, 4% c; No. 14, 5% c. "Best Best," Nos. 6 to 9, 3%c; Nos. 10 and 11, 3% c; No. 12, 3%c; No. 14, 4c. Actual freight is allowed from basic points where it does not exceed 25c per 100 lbs. 618 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Insulators. Glass insulators in lots of more than 1,000 and less than 10,000 are sold at the following prices per 1,000: Double petticoat, 20 oz., $33; Western Union, $30.25; No. 2, cable, $53.90; No. 4, cable, $210; Muncie type, 7 in., $236.50; No. 3 triple petticoat, 4% in., $90.75. Copper Wire (1913). Sales have been made at 18% to 19 cents. Aluminum wire (1911), base about 31c. TENTS AND CAMP EQUIPMENT Tents are usually made of 8 oz., 10 oz. or 12 oz. single filling canvas, 10 oz. or 12 oz. double filling canvas, or of 10 oz., 12 oz. or 15 oz. Army duck. A, OR WEDGE, TENTS WITHOUT POLES OR PINS. Fig. 294. A or Wedge Tent. Size (Ft.) Height (Ft.) 8 -oz. Duck Single Filling 12-oz. Duck Double Filling 5x 7 7x 7 7x 9 9x 9 12x14 6 7 7 7 9 $ 3.30 4.29 5.61 5.83 10.67 ? 5.00 6.50 7.75 9.75 15.50 WALL TENTS WITH POLES, STAKES AND ROPES. Height Height Wall Pole 8-oz. Duck 12-oz. Duck Size (Ft.) (Ft.) (Ft.) Single Filling Double Filling 7x 7 3 7 ? 5.50 ? 8.25 9x 9 3 I* 7.70 11.25 9X14 3 11.52 15.70 12x14 3y 2 8 12.92 18.70 12x18 3y 3 8 15.12 22.00 14x16 4 9 17.05 25.00 14x24 4 9 22.00 32.50 20x24 5 11 30.00 42.00 24x50 5 13 65.00 95.00 30x70 6 15 110.10 150.00 Flies complete, half the price of tents. 619 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Fig. 295. Wall Tent. WALL TENTS, ROPED Size (Ft.) Height of Wall (Ft.) Height of Pole (Ft.) 8-oz. Duck Single Filling 12-oz. Duck Double Filling 15-oz. Army Duck 21x30 24x60 30x70 5 6 6 11 13 15 $ 60.00 130.00 150.00 $ 85.00 210.00 250.00 $150.00 250.00 325.00 STABLE TENTS, INCLUDING POLES, PINS, GUYS AND GUY ROPES. SEMI-ROPED. Size (Ft.) 24x36 24x72 28x63 28x81 Height of Wall (Ft.) g. 296. Stable Tent. Height of Center (Ft.) 8-oz. Duck 12-oz. Duck 14 14 16 16 $ 80.00 130.00 135.00 160.00 $105.00 175.00 180.00 210.00 TENTS AND CAMP EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT Dining table 3 doz. agate plates $0 3 doz. agate cups 3 doz. agate saucers 3 doz. steel knives 3 doz. steel forks 3 doz. plate spoons, tea 1. 3 doz. plate spoons, dessert 1 3 doz. plate spoons, table 1 1 doz. salts 1 doz. peppers % doz. 2-qt. pans % doz. 1-qt. pans 1 doz. 1-pt. pans 1 carving knife 7 yds. oilcloth 3 trestle table 5 boards, 12xiy 2 xl8 ft., dressed Cooking utensils, as required Miscellaneous, lamps, lanterns, stores, basins .10 apiece .10 a piece .10 a piece .75 per doz. .75 per doz. .96 per doz. .96 per doz. .96 per doz. .10 a piece .10 a piece .48 apiece .35 apiece .29 a piece .50 a piece .20 per yd. Total wt. v300 300 lbs. tubs, pails 2,000 lbs. The Cost of Framing" and Flooring 1 Tents is given by Mr. R. C. Hardman of Fort Huachuca, Ariz., in Engineering News, Sep- tember 26, 1912, from which the following is abstracted: The tents were of two sizes, viz.: 14 ft. x 14 ft. 2 in., and 6 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. and were framed with 2x4 in. timber, braced with 1x6 in. timber and floored with 1x12 in. plank. The larger tent had 4 pairs of rafters and the smaller 3 pairs. The costs were as follows: Large Tent: 500 ft. B. M. lumber at $30.00 $15.00 7 lbs. nails at $0.05 35 $15.35 Small Tent: 185 ft. B. M. lumber at $30.00 $5.55 5 lbs. nails at $0.05 25 $5.80 LABOR COST OP FLOORING AND FRAMING Tents 14 ft. x 14 ft. 2 in. 38 Frames: Cost Cost per Tent Carpenters, 32 hours at $0.50 $16.00 Carpenter helpers, 129 hours at $0.375 48.38 Laborers, 19 hours at $0.25 . . 4.75 Laborers, 11 hours at $0.20 2.20 $71.33 $1,877 42 Floors, Average Height 1 Ft. Above Ground, Leveled: Carpenters, 72 hours at $0.50 $36.00 Carpenter helpers, 153 hours at $0.375 57.38 Laborers, 81 hours at $0.25. . : 20.25 Laborers, 19 hours at $0.20 3.80 $117.43 2.796 $4,673 622 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Tents 6 ft. 11 in. x 8 ft. 4 in. 16 Frames: Carpenters, 5 hours at $0.50 $ 2.50 Carpenter helpers, 23 hours at $0.375 8.75 $11.25 .703 $1,594 16 Floors, Average Height 1 Ft. Above Ground, Leveled: Cost Cost per Tent Carpenters, 9 hours at $0.50 $ 4.50 Carpenter helpers, 26 hours at $0.375 9.75 $14.25 $0,891 Total Cost of Frame and Floor: Large Tent Small Tent Material $15.35 $5.80 Labor 4.67 1.59 $20.02 $7.39 TIES The following- shows the number of cross ties required per mile of track: Distance Distance From Center From Center to Center No. of to Center No. of (Ins.) Ties (Ins.) Ties 18 3,520 36 1,748 21 3,017 39 1,613 24 2,640 42 1,497 27 2,348 45 1,399 30 2,113 48 1,300 33 1,905 51 1,233 The cost in New York state of the average standard yellow pine railroad tie 6x8 ins. x 8 ft. was, in 1908, from 68 to 90 cents. Chestnut ties may average from 10 to 15 cents less, while cedar and cypress will be 20 to 30 cents cheaper. The ordinary contractor's tie suitable for narrow gauge track is generally pur- chaseable at about 40 cents. Ties 4x4 ins., in sections, are too small, as they split easily, and, therefore, ties smaller than 6x4 ins. should never be used. Ties used in narrow gauge tracks should be 2 ft. longer than the gauge. Thirty-five standard gauge ties may usually be cut from a pine tree that is 14 ins. in diameter at a height of 5 feet above the ground. A skilled man can cut and trim 40 to 50 of these ties per day. The cost of cutting and hauling ties, provided the timber is growing in the immediate neighborhood, need not be more than 10 cents per tie. The life of a tie depends largely upon its suitability for resisting the particular kind of attacks incidental to its sur- roundings. Oak ties in the fairly dry localities will hold spikes with great tenacity, and- at the same time resist the effect of. dampness very well, and may last 8 to 10 years. Under less favorable conditions, however, they may not last more than 7 years when untreated, while if thoroughly saturated with creo- sote or zinc sulphate, the average life may be 17 years. The following table shows the life and cost of ties, etc.: Wood Concrete Un- Standard treated Treated Steel C. I. Reinforc. Beam Life in years 8 20 25 30 8 14 Cost delivered 90 1.60 4.25 5.25 2.30 3.25 Cost of renewal 12 .12 .15 .15 .18 .18 Cost in track 1.02 1.70 4.40 5.40 2.48 3.43 Value wornout ties. ... ... .85 .75 .20 .53 Spacing c to c in ft. 1.875 1.875 2. 2. 2. 2. Cost per lin. ft. track 544 0.917 2.20 2.70 1.24 1.76 Value scrap per lin. ft. track .42 .37 .10 .26 Annual cost ties per lin. ft. track. 0.81 0.067 0.131 0.149 0.173 0.152 Annual cost 1 mile track 427.68 353.76 691.68 786.72 913.44 802.56 623 624 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT The above costs are determined by substituting in the follow- ing formula: x = ci+(c — v)s If v = o x==c(i+s) where x = Annual cost of ties per linear foot of track. c => First cost in track per linear foot of track. v = Value of wornout tie per linear foot of track. L = Useful life of tie in years. i = Interest rate per annum. s = Annual payment into a sinking fund, which at the rate i for L years will amount to one dollar. In the above table i = 4%. Track used on construction work is frequently moved. The ties will stand about three removals, and are then unfit for further use. Mr. D. A. Wallace gives the following costs of unloading ties. Cost of train service: Cost of work train, $25.00 per day; foreman, $50.00 per month; labor, $1.10 per day. From coal cars while running: Train service, $1.04; labor, $0.45 — total, $1.49; 250 ties at 0.6 cts. per tie. Box cars while running: Train service, $6.24; labor, $5.35 — total, $11.59; 970 ties at 1.2 cts. per tie. Nine coal car work trains unloading in spots from 6:15 a. m. to 6:15 p. m. The cost of unloading per tie was: Delays, 0.48 cts.; unloading time, 0.29 cts.; running time, 0.83 cts.; total, 1.60 cts. TOOL BOXES Wooden tool boxes cost ready made or made on job: 6' x 3' x 2' 8" $11.00 5' x 2' 8" x 2' 6" 10.00 Wood tool carts with 42" wheels: Size of box, 82y 2 x 34y 2 x 25 ins. Price $50.00 Size of box, 48 x 24 x 14 ins. Price 30.00 TRANSITS A low priced and yet reliable transit, known as a builder's transit, weighs 6 lbs. and costs $85; with compass, 3-inch needle, $100. The tripod weighs 6 lbs. A light mountain transit with a 7%-inch telescope, a 4-inch needle, complete, costs $200. Weight, instrument 5% lbs., ex- tension tripod, 7 lbs. Mountain and mining transits with 9% -inch telescope and 4- inch needle, cost complete $235. Weight, instrument 10 lbs., tripod 9 lbs. Surveyors' transits with a 5-inch needle weigh 16 y 3 lbs. and cost $160. Engineers' transits complete cost from $175 to $250 and weigh from 9 to 15 lbs. 625 HANDBOOK OP CONSTRUCTION PLANT TRACTION ENGINES The prices of traction engines range from the prices given below to 30 per cent more. Fig. 297. 9x10-inch Cylinder Simple Traction Engine. DESCRIPTIONS AND PRICES SIMPLE TRACTION ENGINE. Length Miles of Bore per and Steam Hour at Stroke Rated Pressure Weight Normal (Inches) H. P. (Pounds) (Pounds) Price Speed 7i4xl0 9 130 10,917 $1,130 2.26 8^x10 12 130 13,007 1,220 2.61 9 xlO 15 130 14,206 1,365 ' 2.62 10 xlO 20 130 15,823 1,600 2.61 11 xll 25 130 20,368 1,880 2.52 12 xl2 32 160 32,600 2,820 2.37 COMPOUND TRACTION ENGINE. Length Miles of Bore per and Steam Hour at Stroke Rated Pressure Weight Normal (Inches) H. P. (Pounds) (Pounds) Price Speed 5%x 81/oxlO 9 130 $1,220 2.26 6i/sx 9 xlO 12 130 1,315 2.61 7 xlO xlO 15 130 1,455 2.62^ 7%xll xlO 20 130 1,690 2.61 914x13 xll 25 130 1,975 2.52 For Straw Burning' Attachment, including Jacket on Boiler, add $47 to prices above. TRACTION ENGINES 627 All Straw-Burning- Engines are jacketed unless otherwise or- dered. For Jacketing Coal-Burning Engine (except 32 H. P.) add $128. Locomotive Cab for 32 H. P. engine, $70. If wider tires than those regularly furnished on engines are wanted, for each 2 inches extra width, add to list price $23.50. No reduction if narrower tires are ordered. Repairs on traction engines are about 10 per cent more than on rollers. Fig. 298, 45 H. P. praetor Pulling a 25-Ton Load up a 5 per cent. Grade in the City of Delaware, Ohio. Gasoline Traction Engines, Fig. 298, with friction drive and a patent steering device are as follows: H. P. Fuel, Tank Capacity (Gallons) Water, Tank Capacity (Gallons) "Weight (Pounds) Price 20 30 45 70 80 100 200 200 60 70 80 90 11,000 14,000 19,000 25,000 $1,975 2,450 2,750 3,300 Regular road speed, 1% to 2% miles; third speed, SV 2 miles. Gasoline traction engines with equipment for converting them into rollers cost $400 extra. MOTOR TRACTION ENGINES In the effort to reduce the cost of wagon haul below that of ordinary team transportation, trials have been made of traction engines of various designs. It was found that the familiar types of engines with comparatively narrow wheel treads, were use- less in the deep dust and sand of desert roads. A special type, however, called the "Caterpillar" or "Paddlewheel" Engine, Fig. 299, so designated from the peculiar construction of its rear 628 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT and propelling wheels, has been placed in service with good results. This engine, instead of the large hind wheel commonly known, carries its weight on five truck wheels which run on a track of plow steel, so protected that it is nearly impossible for sand to reach the bearings. The hind wheels are of the sprocket type Fig. 299. Caterpillar Tractor. and engage an endless belt of "shoes" or "platforms" which pass around the sprocket and center wheels, 78 inches distant, the latter acting as idlers. These platform wheels have the same tractive area as an ordinary round wheel, 54 feet in diameter. The motor used is of the four cylinder, vertical, water cooled type, with 6-in. x 8-in. cylinders, developing 40 brake h. p. at 550 R. P. M. Distillate is used for fuel at a cost of less than 1 cent per h. p. per hour. The capacity of these engines naturally varies with the grade. Loads of from 15 to 20 tons are possible on level roads. Spe- cially built trucks capable of carrying from 6 to 10 tons are used. Compressors, transformers and other heavy machinery, weighing from 7 to 10 tons, are easily transported over loose sand on grades ranging from 12 to 20 per cent, and around the sharp curves of mountain roads. "Ordinary wagon transportation of such loads under like conditions would be an impossibility. Accurate cost data have been kept of the performance of these machines, together with team haul, for the purpose of compari- son. Recent work in the Jawbone and Mojave sections shows an average ton mile cost of 20 cents for engine haul, against an average of from 40 cents to 50 cents for team transportation. The report of July 1, 1909, shows that the average ton mile TRACTION ENGINES 629 cost 25 cents for the period ending at that time, whereas the lowest bid received for this work was 80 cents per ton mile. The cost of operating fifteen of these engines during February, 1910, was as follows: Average Per Ton Total per Engine Mile Supplies $ 955.18 $63.68 $0.0367 Repairs 2,161.47 144.10 0.0825 Labor, crew 2,003.27 133.55 0.0771 Depreciation 725.00 48.33 0.0279 $5,844.92 $389.66 $0.2242 The price of the above engine, single speed, 2% miles per hour: 6%x8 cylinders, spring mounted, weight fully equipped 18,000 lbs $3,250.00 Extra for 2 speed, 5 miles per hour 250.00 Extra for stationary attachment 250.00 Tank capacity, distillate, 70 gallons. Tank capacity, water, 56 gallons. Length over all, 18 ft. 4 in.; width, 7 ft. Distillate consumption, 3.5 gallons per hour. Motor, 30 H. P. rated; 45 H. P. brake capacity. THE GASOLINE TRACTION ENGINE COMPARED TO THE HORSE Mr. L. W. Ellis read a paper at the annual meeting of the Gas and Gasoline Engine Association at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 16, 1910, from which I have made the following abstract: Properly handled, working about six hours a day, well and carefully fed, a horse may have a working life of ten years of 1,000 hours each. Where used on street car systems, his life of usefulness is from two to four years. The average farm horse will do well to develop 500 H. P. hours per year or 5,000 in ten years. A tractor, carefully looked after, would probably double this for each rated H. P. About 20 per cent of the horse's weight may be taken as his maximum sustained draft, and six to eight miles per hour his maximum sustained speed for anything more than an hour or so per day. The draft horse ordinarily gives the largest volume of work per day at about one-half his maximum load, and one-third his maximum speed. One reason for the great flexibility of the horse is the fact that he works most economically at about 1 lb. of draft for 10 lbs. of weight, or from 50 to 20 per cent of the rate he can exert in a pinch. In the motor contests at Winnipeg last year the gas tractors exerted 1 lb. of draft for 4% lbs. of weight on a good sod footing, and for 6 lbs. of weight on a soft dirt and gravel course. The average horse develops one useful horsepower for 1,500 lbs. of weight. Nine of these tractors, which completed all the tests, developed 1 brake H. P. for 465 lbs. of weight, and under both good and bad footing 1 tractive H. P. for 922 lbs. of weight. 630 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The horse needs a drink and food after every seven to eight miles of plowing, but of course can be forced to go a greater distance. Some of the best known gas tractors could go from 10 to 15 miles under full load if it were possible entirely to empty the fuel and water tanks without stopping. Actually they need water about as often as the horse. Others of different type could go for 15 to 20 miles without fuel and several times that without water, with their present tank capacity. A better balance in this respect would render the tractors more convenient, and undoubt- edly some weight would be eliminated in so doing. A steam plow- ing engine does well to travel two miles on the water taken in during 15 mins. Probably 95 per cent of the weight may be put into metal, 2% per cent into the cooling water and 2% per cent into fuel. The latter may be increased easily in tractors de- signed for use in dry stretches. The gas tractor cannot compete with the horse as a hauling proposition on heavy grades. The elimination of steep grades, which a horse may surmount by the expenditure of greatly in- creased energy, but which exhaust the overload capacity of tractors, will mean not only an increased use of mechanical motors for hauling purposes, but an excellent field for traction machinery in the building and maintenance of good roads. One man in the field may handle four to six horses, developing from 2% to 4% H. P. Two men on a gas tractor will handle an outfit doing from 10 to 20 times the work. To care for a traction engine doing the work of 25 horses requires approximately the same time in the course of a year as to care for one horse. TRENCHING MACHINES The term Trench Machine comprises machines of many varied types, such as cableways on which are operated buckets, steam shovels with booms and buckets especially designed, and elevator bucket machines. Machines for trenches over 10 feet deep and 3 to 10 feet wide consist of a rail supported on A frames, carry six tubs (each holding % cubic yard) at a time, spaced 8 feet apart. Length over all, 336 feet, and length of working section, 288 feet. One- third of the length is given over to trench digging, % to brick or concrete masonry construction and the remaining % is being back-filled. Width of machine, 8 feet, and height, 14 feet. It stands on a track of tee rail and can be pulled ahead to a new position by its own engine in a few minutes. Price, complete with engine, and including an expert's services to assist in erect- ing, $3,366 f. o. b. cars. Rental, $200 per month for terms of four months or more, lessee paying freight one way, and $4 per day and expenses of expert during erection. Capacity as stated by the manufacturer is 250 cubic yards per ten hours. A machine for pipe sewer work is similar to the one above described except that it has a working length of 240 feet and weighs about 23 tons; price, $3,211. Rental the same as for the larger machines. Each of the above machines can be loaded on one flat car 34 feet long. The average time of setting up and starting a new machine on a new job is from five to seven days. A contractor states that it took him two days to dismantle a machine, move 1,000 feet, and set up again. Mr. A. W. Byrne used a machine of this type in a 4,000 ft. section of the Metropolitan sewer system, at Boston. The force was as follows: 1 engineman $ 3.00 1 lockman 2.00 1 dumper 1.50 8 shovelers, at $1.75 14.00 2 bracers, at $2.50 5.00- 2 tenders, at $2.00 4.00 4 plank drivers,, at $2.00 8.00 2 men cutting down planks, at $2.00 4.00 8 men pulling planks, etc., at $1.75 14.00 Total $55.50 The trench was 9 ft. wide x 20 to 30 ft. deep, and this force averaged 64 lineal ft. per week in running sand, 192 ft. in gravel and coarse sand at a cost ranging from 80 to 25 cents per cubic yard. A steam pump costing $10 per day was required, and about y 2 ton of coal was required for the trench machine. A Cableway can be used to advantage on trenches 8 feet and wider. The main cable is stretched on towers 30 feet high and three to four hundred feet apart. One tub of one cubic yard 631 632 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT capacity is handled at a time and can be loaded at any point and swung as much as 10 feet to one side. The cable machine is advantageous in soft digging or on rock as no part of the machine is carried by the side banks. The engine and one tower stand on a car which runs on tee rails; the other tower stands on the ground and must be lowered and carried to a new posi- tion. The outfit can be loaded on one car and weighs about 19 tons; price of 300 foot cableway is $3,250; rental, $200 per month; capacity, according to the manufacturer, 350 cubic yards per ten hours; price of 400 foot cableway, $3,500; rental, $225 per month. West of a north and south line from Buffalo, N. Y., add $50 to the selling price of the cableways. On rented machines repair parts are furnished by the lessor, the lessee paying carrying charges and cost of replacing. Gen- eral repairs are such as are necessary on any contractor's hoist- ing engine in constant use, together with the replacing of worn out steel ropes and running parts, which are comparatively small items, as there are no parts subject to frequent break- ages as in the case of steam shovels and ditch digging machines. These cableways are usually driven by a 7"xl0" double cylinder engine capable of lifting 5,000 lbs. They raise and transport the buckets at a speed of about 440' per minute. The output is about 250 cubic yards of rock per day. Mr. James Pilkington, of New York, says that he has taken the machine down, moved 250' and put it up again in three hours and fifty minutes. The following costs are from "Earthwork and Its Cost," by H. P. Gillette, for a sewer in Washington, D. C: Width of trench, 18 ft.; depth at which cableway began work, 15 ft.; distance of travel of 1 cu. yd. bucket, 150 ft.; number of trips per hour, 35; hours per day, 8; material, cemented gravel. Cost: Bngineman $ 2.00 Fireman 1.25 Signalman 1.00 2 dumpers, at $1.00 2.00 Coal, oil and waste 150 Interest and maintenance (estimated) 7.00 $14.75 30 men picking and shoveling 30.00 Total for 280 cu. yds , $44.75 Cost of picking, shoveling, hoisting 15 ft. and conveying 150 ft. to wagons, 16 c. per cu. yd. (Note that the wages were very low.) Bracing and sheeting were going on at the same time; the men did not know they were being timed. A self-propelling machine for excavating small trenches and which digs by means of scrapers and buckets fastened at the rim of a revolving wheel is said by the manufacturer to be able to excavate in any ground that can be loosened with a pick. The machine will cut through a log or timber, but if it strikes a large boulder the wheel must be raised out of the trench until the obstruction is passed. These machines cost about $250 per ton. TRENCHING MACHINES 633 METHODS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTING CONCRETE FIFE SEWER IN JACKSON, MICH.* Special methods and devices for trenching and pipe laying have been employed in constructing two lock joint concrete pipe trench sewers in Jackson, Mich. These sewers vary in diameter from 4 ft. to 18 ins., and each is about 2 miles long, and the lock joint concrete pipe is used for 24 ins. in diameter and above, vitrified pipe being used for the 18-in. line. The trench is largely through sand and gravel and considerable water and running sand were encountered. The depth ran from 7 ft. to 25 ft. and tight sheeting was required throughout. The first few feet of cut were made with horse and scraper; if the trench did not exceed 8 ft. in depth the deepening was continued by hand; for depths exceeding 8 ft. a trench machine was used. The sheeting was driven by hand and was pulled after the trench had been nearly refilled by means of a chain block fastened overhead to a rail laid on the bents of the trench ma- chine. Tw;o men pulled all the sheeting. The trench machine is shown by Fig. 299A. It was designed by City Engineer A. W. D. Hall, and, built 150 ft. long, cost $500, including three y 2 cu. yd. self-dumping buckets. The construc- tion calls for very little explanation. As will be seen, the whole machine is made so as to move along the work on track rails laid on the banks of the trench. An ordinary double drum hoist- ing engine operates the traveler, one drum giving the traveling movement and the other drum doing the hoisting. The usual method of operation was employed. The excavated spoil was raised in the buckets, conveyed back and back-filled onto the pipe, which had been laid as fast as the trench was opened. When water was encountered in the trench it was handled as shown by the sketch, Fig. 299B. The force pipe of an ejector, shown in enlarged detail by Fig. 299B, was attached by hose to the nearest hydrant, which gave the ordinary domestic pressure of about 60 lbs.; the suction pipe with strainer end drew from the trench sump and the discharge pipe passed over a bulkhead into the completed sewer. In pipe laying the usual methods were followed, the pipes being rolled onto skids over the trench and lowered by the trench machine. The pipe laying was straightforward work except where running sand or quicksand was encountered and then the special shield shown by Fig. 299C was employed. This shield con- sists, as will be seen, of three sides of a bottomless box. It is operated as follows: When near grade the shield is set on the trench bottom in the position illustrated, with its open end straddling the end of the completed pipe. Hay is then stuffed into the spaces between the sides of the pipe and the sides of the shield to keep the mud out and two men inside the shield exca- vate down to grade, driving down the shield as they sink the excavation. When the excavation is completed the pipe is laid * Engineering-Contracting j Nov. 10, 1909. TRENCHING MACHINES 635 and jointed inside the shield, which meanwhile acts as a tempo- rary cofferdam. Only general figures are available on the cost of this work. Mr. Hall states that for depths of 10 ft. and less the cost has Fig. 299B. Sketch Showing Ejector and Method of Pumping Water from Sewer Trench. varied so much owing to local conditions, differences in material etc., that it is impossible to get at average costs. He states that the cost of excavating 42-in. sewer from 17 to 20 ft. deep iias been 53 cts. per cu. yd. The trench at 17^ ft. depth con- 22 w J^SJ^v \j i id i Fig. 299C. Sketch Showing Steel Plate Shield Employed in Laying Sewer Pipe. tains 4.7 cu. yds. of excavation per lineal foot and costs $2.50 per lin. ft. At a depth of 26 ft. the trench contains 7.05 cu. yds. of excavation and costs 75 cts. per cu. yd., or $5.28 per lin. ft. of trench. Between 17 ft. and 26 ft. depth the costs vary about 636 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT in proportion from 53 cts. to 75 cts. per cu. yd. These costs in- clude excavation, back filling, driving- and pulling- sheeting, pipe laying and cleaning up and grading the street after the work. They include everything except cost of pipe and cost of sheeting timber and, apparently, plant and overhead charges. The gang worked consists of 30 men; common labor is paid $2 to $2.25 per day, enginemen $3 per day and foremen $5 per day. The work is being done wholly by day labor. The information from which this article has been prepared has been furnished us by Mr. A. W. D. Hall, city engineer, Jackson, Mich. Mr. H. P. Gillette, in Engineering and Contracting, gives the results of his observations of a No. 17 machine of this type. The original cost was $4,800, but the market price of this machine new is now $5,250. Mr. Gillette estimates the interest and depreciation over 150 working days at $7.00 per day, which was equivalent to 1% cents per yard. He gives the cost per lineal foot of trench as 4 cents and the cost per cubic yard as 10 7/10 cents. Another type of self-propelling trench excavator can attain a road speed of 2% miles per hour. The earth is excavated by buckets traveling on a chain elevator and is removed to the side of the trench on a belt conveyor. The buckets are self-cleaning and travel across the face of the trench in order to excavate to the proper width which is regulated by two set screws. It is not necessary to change the buckets or scrapers to change the width of the trench. The manufacturers rate their machines at % cu. yd, per minute. The machine is operated by one man; coal consumption 1,200 to 2,000 lbs. per 10 hours. The weight of the machine is well ahead of the trench. It is not suited for very rocky ground, but when a large boulder or similar obstacle is met the buckets can be raised over the obstruction and can start again on the farther side of the obstruction. Width of Weight Trench Depth (Tons) Price Small machine 28" to 60" 0' to 20' 18 $6,700 Large machine 28" to 78" 0' to 30' 20 7,600 F. o. b: factory. Another excavator of the self-propelling type and in which the earth is excavated by scrapers and buckets traveling on a chain elevator and removed to either side of the trench on a belt conveyor is shown in the following table. Scf s t» mxn Tfi kQccqq H CD (■+<-*• p+ r+- 05 r-t- m 05 £ (DCS CD (t rj (t S m 2-3/ 5g § g o g o o Kind of Power gg- 33 3 U-bBb* « H. t H i O ^ O^ O ^ ' OTOtooen Horsepower > U 3 O O l-l tT 1 5- — »" — »" — »" M m tO h-»h-l 1 JM Maximum en to Cn Cn* - >3OTO00TO Depth 1 CO N to' us H -3 -q «D 5D tOtO GO .CO CO CO to 00 tO h-L h-i !— l h-l > jto toto»*-to> S S33333S0S *Approximate % Widths IQ, Pi Qj Pi pi Pi &J P &J pj o >co w = 'TO °>« n-JTO-JTOOOOOCT t> O ,_, Max. Speed of CO to tf^TO Ooo 00 Digging per Min. M 03 M M KH H PH Miles Traction O fe^ fc5~- &^ t^tS^t^ per Hour H H 3 g H HH p-CD CD cd mm Delivers Dirt 5 ? CD CD CD CD on One Side or Either O 1 1 w eg aiai SffiS* Side g pi pi p]pi pi fe cd a CD CD CD W oo oeo« Width on Car m i_i mm mmi-' Height Over en en rf^*. mhh All e»en oo oo oo 637 638 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT • The manufacturers say that the machine will probably need no repairs for one year; then the repairs on No. 000 to No. will cost from $1 to $2 per day; on the larger machines $2 to $5 per day. These machines are self-propelling both for digging and traveling, no cables being used. Usually the tractions on these machines are of the wheel type, large in diameter and having a wide face. For traveling over streets this is satisfactory, but for operating in soft ground the rolling platform traction is recommended. These machines have various changes of speeds Fig. 300. View of Trenching Machine Excavating Sandy Clay at West Salem, Wis. and can be changed instantaneously by the operator. In order to change the width of the trench the scrapers must be removed and others of the proper dimensions substituted for them. These machines are for lease also on a fixed sum per hour or per day plus a fixed sum per yard basis. This rental includes the en- gineer's services and will average about $50 per day. PROGRESS DIAGRAM AND DISTRIBUTION OF TIME OF FORCE ON SEWER TRENCHING BY MACHINE. After W. G. Kirchoffer. Recently an 8-in. sewer 5,270 ft. in length was laid at "West Salem, "Wis. The excavation was made in a sandy gravelly clay by the use of a Parsons' trenching machine. Fig. 300 shows the machine in operation. The trench averaged about 8 ft. deep. The total number of days' work put in on the job was 325%, or an average of 61.8 days per 1,000 ft. of sewer. The trenching machine was operated 20 days out of the total 26 put in upon the work, or an average of 263% ft. per day. The least distance made in a day was 20 ft. and the maximum distance was 550 ft. TRENCHING MACHINES 63& of completed sewer. There were five days in which the rate exceeded 400 ft. of sewer per day. The progress diagram is, shown in Fig. 301. 400 800 WO 1600 1000 1400 WOO 3100 3600 4000 4400 4600 4800 5000 5200 Lengths Sewer Laid in Feet Fig. 301. Progress Diagram of Sewer Trenching Machine at West Salem, Wis. The labor upon the work was divided as follows in days per 1,000 ft. of sewer: Contractor 1.092 Inspector 4.935 Pipe layer 4.315 Foreman 4.270 Engineer 4.79 Fireman 4.412 Team 3.417 Mason 3.75 Water boy 1.993 Common labor 26.04 Tamper 4.13 The greatest number of men employed in any one day was 16 and the smallest number was two. This work was done under the supervision of W. G. Kirchoffer, consulting engineer, Madison, Wis. The contractor was F. E. Kaminski of Watertown, Wis. TRENCHING- BY MACHINE FOR A 36-IN. BRICK SEWER.* An interesting example of machine trenching under favorable conditions of soil is furnished by the sewerage of an area of about 30 square blocks south of 80th St. and east of Aberdeen Engineering and Contracting, July 17, 191! 640 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT St., in Chicago, 111. The sewers to be built comprise about 665 ft. of 36-in. brick sewer, about 2,200 ft. of 30-in. brick sewer and some 17,000 ft. of 15 and 18-in. pipe sewer. The depth of these sewers below natural ground surface is an average of 14 ft. The soil consists of black loam overlying yellow and blue clay, the clay being stiff enough to stand well with only occasional sheeting planks. Altogether the soil conditions are well fitted for trenching by machine and all trenching is planned to be done by machine. Fig. 302 shows the machine used which is a No. 1 Fig. 302. View of Austin No. 1 Trench Machine Digging a 15-ft. Trench 42 Inches Wide. Austin Trench Excavator fitted with buckets cutting to a width of 42 inches. The work at present is on the 36-in. circular sewer, which con- sists of a two-ring invert and a single ring arch. Following the machine the \rench bottom is troughed to templets of the sewer inverts. For this larger sewer the trench sides were to be under- cut at the bottom, since the excavator cuts only 42 ins. wide, but with the smaller sewers there will not be this extra work. Three men pick the bottom and undercut the sides behind the excavator, which is kept about 15 ft. ahead of the invert masons. "Vertical plank spaced about 2 ft. apart and bound with pipe and iron bands are sufficient to keep the trench sides safe. Three bricklayers work on the inverts and two work on the crown which follows from 30 to 50 ft. behind. Brick handlers, mortar men and helpers bring the force on brick work up to 30 men. The invert brick are laid to the templet cut trench bottom. To undercut the arch flat iron circles in two parts connected by bolts are set 6 ft. apart on the completed inverts and 2x4 in. lagging is laid on them to form the arch center. The rings are collapsed by removing the connecting bolts. Trench excavation was begun June 3 and at the time the work was visited, July 8, 1,600 ft. had been excavated. This, however, is no indication of the speed of the excavator, for it is worked only fast enough to keep some 15 ft. ahead of the invert masonry. On two favorable days, 184 ft. and 170 ft. of sewer were built, TRENCHING MACHINES 641 but the average advance has been much less. The contractor stated that the machine had not worked over half the time. An estimate of the cost of operating the excavator based partly on assumed progress, is as follows: Engineer $5.00 Fireman , 2.50 Coal 4.00 Oil and waste 50 Repairs 1.00 Depreciation 2.73 Interest at 5 per cent 1.37 Total cost per working day $17.10 The machine will use about three-quarters ton of coal per day. To be conservative we have assumed one ton at $4.00. The Fig. 03. Excavating Trench ,for Sewers Seventy- Eight Inches Wide and Twenty Feet Deep at Des Moines, Iowa. repairs were also estimated at $1.00, which is considered liberal. The depreciation is taken at 300 days' work per year for ten years, and although it is assumed that the owner of such a machine will be able to sell it at the end of that time, no allow- ance for salvage value is made here. Assuming that the brick sewer may follow the machine at a rate of 170 ft. per day, the cost per foot of trench excavation is 10 cents, or 5 cents per cu. yd. If the contractor could double the rate of brick construction he could then reduce the 642 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT excavation cost by one-half, as he states that the machine is used about 50 per cent of the time. Other items enter into the increase in speed of brick sewer construction which might increase the cost of that part of the work more than the reduc- Fig. 304. Carson Trench Machine Purchased by City of Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, and in Use on First Street Sewer. Hoistp Six Tubs at a Time. Fig. 305. Carson- Lidgerwood Cableway on Work of Bramley Gribben, Walworth Run Sewer, Cleveland, O. tion in cost of excavation. The decrease in cost of excavation on the 3,000 ft. of brick sewer if built at twice the rate of speed would be 3,000 X 5 cents, or $150, which is hardly enough to warrant the risk of increasing the cost of the brick work. Figs. 303-305 illustrate well known trenching machines on various types of construction. TRUCKS A three-spring, short turn, light truck with side and tail boards, weighing 810 lbs. and holding 1 ton, costs $85.00. A two-horse truck, weighing 2,000 lbs. and holding 2% tons, costs $255.00. A two-horse truck, weighing 2,300 lbs. and holding 2y 2 tons, costs $270.00. A two-horse truck, weighing 3,500 lbs. and holding 4 tons costs $350.00. Fig. 306. Timber Buggies or Trucks. Timber Buggies or Trucks — Used extensively by builders for handling heavy beams and timber. Size, 4 ft. long, 2 ft. 8 in. wide. Made from hard wood. Wheels, 24 ins. diameter, 4 ins. face. Axles, 2 ins. square. Price, $25.00. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT TUGS *In connection with the dredging- work and other construction tributary to the park extension work at Lincoln Park, Chicago, a fleet of tugs and other floating apparatus was employed. The tug "Keystone" has a steel hull 87% ft. long, 19 ft. beam, and 11 ft. deep. She is of 94 gross ton weight, and was built in 1891. She contains 1 fore and aft compound condensing engine with 18x34 in. cylinders of 30 in. stroke, and one fire-box marine boiler, 14 ft. long x 102 in. in diameter, carrying steam at 125 lbs. The crew is as follows: Per Month 1 Captain $165.00 1 Engineer 120.00 2 Firemen 65.00 1 Deckhand 65.00 1 Scowman 65.00 1 Watchman 66.00 1 Cook including supplies 222.50 This tug was in cc/mmission 12 hours per day. Board was furnished the men in addition to the regular wages. The tug was purchased by the Park Commission in 1905 at a cost of $13,983.19, including improvements, and was fitted with Jones underfeed stokers in 1910 at a cost of $2,025, making its total cost $16,008.19. It has been in commission 2,348 hours. The cost of operation in 1910 was as follows: Cost Cost per Hour Labor operation $5,485.63 $2,336 840 tons coal 2,772.50 1,180 Supplies 915.56 .390 Insurance 127.50 .055 Labor repairs 1,057.76 .450 Material repairs 903.06 ,385 Total cost of operation $9,301.19 $3,961 Summarizing we get the following costs: Total cost of repairs $1,960.82 Cost of operation per hour 3.961 Cost of operation per day 47.55 Cost of repairs per hour 0.835 Cost of repairs per day 10.05 The tug was mostly used for towing scows loaded with loam for park purposes, but 89 hours of its time were charged to dredging. This tug again served the dredge from April 20 to June 9, 1911, on which date she picked up one of the dredge cables in her wheel. She was docked on June 14, and a hew rudder of wood * From Engineering and Contracting, Vol. XXXV, No. 8, Vol. XXXVII, No. 24. TUGS 645 placed on her. The tug went into commission again on June 19 towing black soil from that date till Jan. 1, 1912. During the season she towed 39,000 cu. yds. of black soil at a cost of 17 % cts. per cu. yd., and 12,000 cu. yds. of stone, 8,060 cu. yds. of which were handled before Dec. 1, in conjunction with the black soil at a cost of 33 cts. per cubic yd., and 3,940 cu. yds. after Dec. 1 at a cost of 55 cts. per cu. yd. The table gives by items the cost of operation and repairs for the season. Hours in commission 2,377% Operation. Total Per hour Labor $ 6,699.70 ] -„ fift Watching 89.34 j * J - 8b Fuel 4,230.00 1.78 Supplies 1,123.51 .47 Insurance 127.50 .05 Miscellaneous 234.81 .10 Total '. $12,504.86 $5.26 Repairs. Labor $ 1,891.28 $0.80 Material 1,316.12 .55 Teams 3. 40"") Derrick 44.96 I ftQ Hausler 55.35 [ U9 Richard B 98.39J Total repairs $ 3,409.50 $1.44 Total operation and repairs $15,914.36 $6.70 The tug "Richard B." is 76 ft. long, 17 ft. beam, and 7 ft. in depth. She has a wooden hull and is rated at 63 gross tons. Equipment comprises one fore and aft compound condensing engine, 10x20 in. cylinder, with 14 in. stroke. Her boiler is Scotch marine type, 14 ft. long by 96 ins. diameter, and carries 125 lbs. of steam. She was built in 1906. Her crew consists of a captain at $145, an engineer at $120, a fireman and a lineman each at $65. The tug was purchased by the Park Commission in 1905 for $8,744.55, which price included some repairs and im- provements made before placing in commission. The cost of operation and repairs during 1910 were as follows: Hours in commission 1,118 Hours leased 732 Hours on park extension 386 Item Cost Labor operation, 386 hours 476.88 Fuel, 386 hours 315.75 Supplies 104.03 Insurance 95.00 Labor repairs (winter) 511.35 Material repairs ' 534.41 Towing repairs 21.76 Total operation, 386 hours 991.66 Total repairs, 1,118 hours 1.067.52 Total operation and repairs 2,059.18 Total cost per hour 3.53 Total cost per day 42.36 646 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The time of this tug was charged to the dredge work for 139 hours. It was in commission 12 hours a day. This tug was in commission again after March 7, 1911, and was engaged in miscellaneous work on days when needed and went into continuous service on July 11, serving the breakwater con- struction fleet, assisting the "Hausler" in serving the dredge and towing black soil from the river to the work. Her cost for the season is given by the following table: TABLE 153 — COST OF OPERATION AND REPAIRS OF TUG "RICHARD B." Hours in commission 2,184% Operation. Total Per Hour Labor $4,054,901 $9 ftfi Watching 446.68 } ?zut) Fuel 1,235.75 .57 Supplies 351.08 .16 Insurance 109.54 .05 Miscellaneous 3.33 .... Total operation $6,201.28 $2.84 Repairs. Labor '. $ 366.40 $0.17 Material 172.84 Pile driver 197.67 Derrick 26.27 ; 10 Total repairs ...$ 763.18 $0.35 Total operation and repairs $6,964.46 $3.19 The cost of operation of the motor boat is given below for eight months. Its time was charged to the entire fleet. Operation. Total Per Day Labor $ 520.00) », r fi Supplies 335.73} $d - &b Total $ 855.73 Repairs. Labor $ 291.81 Material 13.72 Derrick 85.45 $1.63 Total $1,246.71 $5.19 The tug "Hausler," the last of the three tugs belonging to the fleet, is 72 ft. long, 18 ft. beam, 9 ft. deep, and is rated at 61 gross tons. She was built in 1893 of wood. Her machinery con- sists of 1 vertical non-condensing engine, 22x44 in. cylinder with 24-in. stroke. She has 1 fire box marine boiler, 14 ft. long x 96 in. in diameter, carrying 135 lbs. of steam. Her crew con- sisted of a captain at $165, engineer at $120, and two firemen and one deckhand at $65. As she was in commission 24 hours per day it was necessary to provide a double crew, each working a 12 hour shift. This tug was purchased in 1908 for $10,500. The cost of operation and repairs for the season of 1910 was as follows, for 5,537.5 hours in commission: Cost Cost Total per Hour per Day Labor operation $ 8,283.92 $1,496 $17.95 Fuel, 773 tons 2,903.00 .524 6.29 Supplies 369.65 .667 .80 Insurance 250.00 .045 .54 Labor repairs 1,317.26 .238 2.86 Material repairs 1,897.63 .343 4.12 Towing repairs 14.12 .02 Total operation 11,806.57 2.130 25.58 Total repairs 3,224.01 .590 7.06 Total cost 15,035.58 2.720 32.64 This tug devoted nearly all its time to the dredge during 1910. In 1911 the tug "Hausler" did not go into commission until June 15 on account of repairs to her boiler which required from Feb. 20 to June 2. The furnaces were practically rebuilt. The cost of her operation for the season is shown as follows: Hours in commission 3,602 % Operation. Total Per Hour Labor $ 7,120.70 ) $9 n « Watching 178.67 J $J - oi Fuel 2,583.93 .72 Supplies 644.03 .18 Insurance 268.75 .07 Total operation $10,796.08 $3.00 Repairs. Labor $ 791.13 $0.22 Material 2,864.93 .80 Derrick 185.50) ftfi Richard B , 119.03 J - 08 Total repairs $ 3,960.59 $1.10 Total operation and repairs $14,756.67 $4.10 TOW BOATS Under "Barges" are described a number of such boats used on the upper Mississippi and whose cost, life and cost of repairs are described. I herewith append a list of tow boats used on this improvement. Tow Boats. There are three sizes of tow boats used which are designated as large, medium and small. Of the boats mentioned in the following tables, the "Coal Bluff," "Fury," "Henry Bosse" and "Alert" are in the first class; the "Ruth," "Mac" and "Grace" in the second; and the "Lucia," "Louise," "Elsie," "Emily" and "Ada" in the third. The "Elsie" was built with a steel hull, and the wooden hull of the "Louise" was changed to steel in 1905. 648 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT The "Fury" and "Henry Bosse" (formerly the "Vixen") were built under contract at Dubuque, Iowa. Their hulls are of oak, 100 ft. x 19 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 10 in.; cylinders, 10% in. x 4 ft.; one boiler, 22 ft. x 42 in., with ten 6-in. flues. Both of these boats have been rebuilt with somewhat different dimensions. On December 31, 1910, they were classed as fair, which means that extensive repairs were needed. The "Alert" was bought second-hand; hull, oak, 115x19x3 ft.; cylinders, 10 in. x 5 ft.; one boiler, 16 ft. x 43 in.; rebuilt in 1884 and partially rebuilt several times. December 31, 1910, in bad condition. The "Coal Bluff" was bought second-hand, 3 years old; hull, oak, 120 ft. x 22 ft. x 4 ft. 6 in.; cylinders, 15 in. x 5 ft.; three boilers, 25 ft. x 36 in.; hull twice rebuilt and also very large repairs; condition, bad. The "Mac" was bought nearly new; oak hull, 73x16x3 ft.; cylinders, 7 in. x 3 ft. 2 in.; one boiler, 14 ft. x 36 in.; hull has never been entirely rebuilt, although large repairs were made in 1894, 1902, and 1910; condition, good. The "Ruth" was built by the United States; hull, oak, 75 ft. x 17 ft. x 3 ft. 3 in.; cylinders, 7 in. x 4 ft.; two boilers, 10 ft. x 30 in.; hull has not been entirely rebuilt, but received large repairs in 1901 and 1909; condition, good. The "Grace" was built by the United States; hull, oak, 79x17 ft.; cylinders, 7 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 1 in.; two boilers, 10 ft. x 30 in.; hull has not been rebuilt or received large repairs; condition, good. Small Tow-Boats. The "Lucia" was built by the United States at Keokuk; hull, oak, 68 ft. x 12 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft.; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; boiler, 10 ft. x 38 in. She had large repairs in 1892 and 1904, and her hull was rebuilt in 1895 and 1909-1910; condition, December 31, 1910, good. The "Louise" was built by the United States at Keokuk; hull, oak, 61x12x3 ft; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; boiler, 10 ft. x 34 in.; hull rebuilt in 1894; steel hull in 1905; moderate repairs each year; condition, good. The "Elsie" has a steel hull and was built by contract at Jefferson, Ind.; hull, 67x13x3 ft.; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; boiler, 10 ft. x 34 in. The "Elsie" appears to have cost as much money as the wooden hull "Ada" for the same period of time. The "Emily" was built by the United States at Keokuk; hull, oak, 67x12x3 ft.; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 4 in.; boiler 10 ft. x 34 in.; condition, good; new hulls in 1902 and 1909-1910. The "Ada" was built by the United States at Keokuk; hull, oak, 68x11x3 ft.; cylinders, 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in.; boiler, 10 ft. x 34 in.; condition, good; hull rebuilt 1903-1904. These small tow-boats are of great value with light tows in working around the dams. *06I . S68I ?nna'^na: S68I ^Iinqan <=> T88T oco limqaa :818T ce- ding *jpiia iuoo <» us IffiOHOTf IrH 1-1 OS rH r-l "T88T ON«0>fflO»Ot»*^H rH ++++ ++++++ T88I ^II n a l>MM»t-^U;t-MON-*MM!e«t-WOOO)aT 'aSSOa AJU8H "l"* °." 5 w c- o C ~ I > COa01 " rHmOitPt > O5GO OJ_(N rH -* 05 CQ PS -* •* C<1 t-I ffl^tlONOCOC-H r-T«OOS i-T OS US r-TeO tH ® ° c a) fc-'fetS HI ® 02 tH 649 1010 ■•*^(0OUS01HOO 1NH •U)»0!01>HnOM CJ.rtOO ©>--lOT)<-3< 'OV*OOlOCOCOC O O ■*' • lO CO Tf Tt> 1 koiohonOm NO OTS OS O^OTH05t^05Nt^->lrH<0T|Ie0l>TH© 'J/J '^ 00 HaOfqHWHOMMHM T-IOOLOCOCSGO©^^ ,2 POO T-Hr-HCq IS CO «C i-l «>« © tO C- ■* t-I C )ri«»t-OOS|l ©©t-iH©-l -*,h" ,-T a. (»°^ St) ^ tn ^ t, J- Jh o o o o p o ■j-? cd cti cd c3 cj d ■*oooeo cioooio HHNNH ■JJlOOOtOOr-J X~ ^X3-M-5ili3 CfifiCfi o o o o o bo he ho ho bo d ri d ctf d £££££ flflflfiB P3333 ooo OOo o'ioo» w eoooo o o >£ W te+J-M sis ;#^ WAGONS 655 "With reasonable use a wagon will last five years. Wagons are usually sold under a six months' guarantee. For heavy loads tires should be %-in. thick. The difference in cost between a %-in. and %-in. tire is about $2.50 and the saving in wear and tear is many times this. Old wagons for a period of twelve months averaged for repairs $3 per month. Original cost $70. New wagons other than dump wagons, original cost $70, averaged $2 for repairs for eighteen months. Wag-on poles of oak, non-ironed, cost $3.60 each. It takes a man about one hour and a half to fit a pole. On rough work a wagon pole lasts about two months; if used on fairly good roads it should last two or three years. A reversible stone spreading- car for use in hauling to, and spreading stone on, macadam roads costs $450. The capacity is 10 tons or from 5 to 8 yards. The double-hinged bottom, operated by crank and chain, allows the stone to spread auto- matically from 1 to 24 inches deep. It has a swivel truck at each end to admit of its being moved in either direction, a short wheel- base, making it easy to turn short curves. The dimensions are: length of body, 14 ft.; width, 5 ft.; depth, 4 ft.; diameter of wheels, 48 in.; width of tires, 12 in. A truck of this type may be fitted with a platform, box or other body for hauling heavy freight, etc. The size of traction engine necessary depends on the number of cars in a train, condi- tion and grade of road, length of haul, etc. The following data are from a report made by the Construction Service Co. of New York on the economic performance of Re- versible Dump Wagons of three yards capacity drawn by trac- tion engines as compared with ordinary two-horse 1 y 2 yd. wagons. The assumed value of the traction drawn plant is as follows: Item 12 — -3 yd. wagons. . "Value . ..$2,724.72 . . 2,000.00 Life 6 years 15 years 10 years Dep. Int. per per Work- Work- Dep. Rate ing ing per Year Day Day 16%% $2.60 93c 6%% .76 69c Water tank 300.00 10 % .17 10c The standard cost of operating the same with traction en- gine is: Engineer $ 3.00 Fireman 2.00 Coal for 10 miles, average 1% tons, at $2.25 2.82 Repairs 4.30 Depreciation 3.53 Interest 1.72 Liability insurance, say 2 % of the payroll 13 Miscellaneous and superintendence, 20% of the above 3.50 Total expenses per day $21.00 The assumedvalue of a horse is $150 and the assumed cost of operating the horse-drawn plant is as follows: HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Two horses cost, per day ; $3.00 $110.00 wagon, depreciation 124 Interest 044 Repairs 15 Miscellaneous, including harness, etc 072 Driver 1.50 Insurance, 2 % of payroll 03 Miscellaneous and superintendence, 20% 98 Total expense per day $5.90 The assumed working season for the traction-drawn outfit is 7 months of 25 working days or 175 working days per year, whereas, the assumed season of the horse-drawn outfit is 7% months of 20 working days or 150 working days per year. The accompanying diagram gives the resultant unit costs for different loads and length of haul. ■pug Buipvoi (■p3pnpu|4ou Buipnoi ^04.503) •54.U33 uj uoi4.D4JOclsuiaij_ joj. uoj_ \io\\q J ad +S03 The follow- ing table which gives the cost of hauling of various ma- terials in wagons is taken from Engineering & Contracting. The average net load is assumed as 3,000 lbs, or 1% short tons. A good team can readily haul such a load over fair earth roads. An average traveling speed of 2% miles per hour going loaded and re- turning empty at a rate of 3%, per 10- hour day for team and driver is assumed The cost of hauling elude the cost of loading and unloading. Material Brick, building (2%x8%).. Brick, paving (2%x8%x4). Block, paving (3^x81/2x4). Broken sandstone Broken trap rock Cement, natural Cement, Portland Coal Earth Lime Rock, granite, solid Sand, dry Sewer pipe: 4 in 6 in Traction Wagon. Bottom Dump. 1 mile does not in- m. 12 in 18 in Tile, 4 in Timber: Kiln dried oak . Kiln dried yellow pine. . . . Southern yellow pine, green White oak, green Water Water 360 gals, Water pipe (cast) : 4 in 132 lin. ft. 6 in 84 lin. ft. 8 in 60 lin. ft. 12 in 36 lin. ft. 20 in 12 lin. ft. Load Cost of Haul, 1 (3000 Lbs.) Mile, Cts. 555 50 per M 444 63 per M 333 SI per M 1.2 cu. yds. 23 per cu. yd. 1.1 cu. yds. 25 per cu. yd. 11 bbls. 2.5 per bbl. m, bbls. 3.7 per bbl. iy 2 tons 1.2 cu. yds. 18.6 per ton 23 per cu. yd. 14 bbls. 2 per bbl. 0.66 cu. yd. 42 per cu. yd. 1.1 cu. yd. 25 per cu. yd. 332 lin. ft. 0.084 per lin. ft. 200 lin. ft. 0.14 per lin. ft. 40 lin. ft. 0.7 per lin. ft. 140 lin. ft. 0.2 per lin. ft. 66 lin. ft. 0.42 per lin. ft. 428 lin. ft. 0.065 per lin. ft. 800 ft. B. M. 35 per M. ft. 1000 ft. B. M. 28 per M ft. 666 ft. B. M. 42 per M ft. 600 ft. B. M. 46 per M ft. 48 cu. ft. 58 per 100 cu.ft. 0.077 per 100 gal! 0.21 0.33 0.47 0.77 2.3 per lin. ft. per lin. ft. per lin. ft. per lin. ft. per lin. ft. 658 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT WELDING THERMIT PROCESS. Thermit is a mixture of finely divided aluminum and iron oxide. When ignited in one spot, the combustion so started continues throughout the entire mass without supply of heat or power from outside and produces superheated liquid steel and super- heated liquid slag- (aluminum oxide). The thermit reaction pro- duces an exceedingly high temperature, the liquid mass attaining 5,400° Fahrenheit in less than 30 seconds. The liquid steel pro- duced by the reaction represents one-half of the original thermit by weight and one-third by volume. Welding by the thermit process is accomplished by pouring superheated thermit steel around the parts to be united. Thermit steel, being approximately twice as hot as ordinary molten steel, dissolves the metal with which it comes in contact and amal- gamates with it to form a single homogeneous mass when cooled. The essential steps are to clean the sections and remove enough metal to allow for a free flow of thermit steel, surround them with a mold, preheat by means of a gasoline and compressed air torch and then pour the steel. Full directions are supplied by the company owning this process and are not given here on ac- count of the limited space. The following detailed outfit is suitable for repair work on a small railroad or the equipment of a contractor, where the sections of wrought iron or steel do not exceed 4x6 in. in size: Item Price 1 automatic crucible No. 6 $ 16.50 1 double burner thermit preheating torch complete 75.00 1 tapping spade .50 300-lb. thermit mixed with 1% manganese and 1% nickel thermit and 15% punchings 80.04 10 lbs. yellow wax @ $0.35 3.50 1 bbl. special moulding material for facing 4.00 1 lb. ignition powder 90 Total cost, f. o. b. Jersey City $180.34 The preheater is a permanent appliance and will last in- definitely, while the crucible will last from 16 to 20 reactions, after which it may be relined with magnesia tar in the field or at the factory for $11.50. Each crucible requires 141 lbs. tar at 3 cents per lb., and one magnesia stone. No construction equip- ment is required except that it will be necessary to make a mold box out of sheet iron. Five extra packages of plugging material and four extra thimbles are supplied with each new crucible. Extra packages and thimbles cost 10 cents each. WELDING 659 The prices of other sizes of appliances are as follows: Weight Item Price (Lbs.) Preheater torch, single burner $50.00 175 Preheater torch, double burner 75.00 200 Automatic crucible, No. 1, for 6 lbs. thermit... 3.50 40 Automatic crucible, No. 2, for 8 lbs. thermit... 5.50 60 Automatic crucible, No. 3, for 15 lbs. thermit... 6.50 110 Automatic crucible, No. 4, for 25 lbs. thermit... 8.00 125 Automatic crucible, No. 5, for 35 lbs. thermit... 11.00 150 Automatic crucible, No. 6, for 70 lbs. thermit... 16.50 225 Automatic crucible, No. 7, for 140 lbs. thermit... 30.00 385 Automatic crucible, No. 8, for 210 lbs. thermit... 35.00 480 Automatic crucible, No. 9, for 280 lbs. thermit... 43.50 580 Automatic crucible, No. 10, for 400 lbs. thermit... 55.00 720 *Tripods, No. 1 2.10 11 ♦Tripods, Nos. 2-3 2.50 19 ♦Tripods, Nos. 4-5 3.00 24 ♦Tripods, Nos. 6-7 5.50 65 *(For welding connecting rods and driving wheel spokes, etc.) Flat bottom crucibles, No. 2, for 4 lbs. thermit... 1.75 18 Flat bottom crucibles, No. 3, for 8 lbs. thermit... 3.00 27 Flat bottom crucibles, No. 4, for 16 lbs. thermit... 4.75 65 Flat bottom crucibles, No. 5, for 40 lbs. thermit... 7.00 95 Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 2 2.00 6 % Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 3 2.50 17 y £ Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 4 3.25 25 Tongs for flat bottom crucible, No. 5 4.50 30 y> Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 2 75 . Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 3 1.25 Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 4 2.50 Cost of relining flat bottom crucible, No. 5 4.00 Thermit (sold only in 50 lb. boxes). 50-lb. drum 12.50 55 V> 100-lb. drum 25.00 110 Thermit with 1% manganese and 1% nickel thermit. • 50-lb. drum 13.15 56 y> 100-lb drum 26.30 112 Ignition powder, %-lb. cans 45 Metallic manganese, per lb '. 75 Nickel thermit, per lb .' . .55 Yellow wax, per lb 35 Special moulding material, per bbl 4.00 340 The proper quantity of thermit required for the weld may be calculated by multiplying by 32 the weight of the wax necessary to fill all parts of the fracture and reinforcement, or else by calculating the number of cu. in. in the fracture and reinforce- ment and allowing one pound of thermit mixed with the necessary additions, to the cubic inch. If more than 10 lbs. of thermit are to be used it is necessary to mix steel punchings, not exceed- ing %-in. in diameter, into the powder. For 10 lbs. or more of thermit 10% of punchings should be added; for 50 lbs. or more, 15% of small mild steel rivets should be mixed in. 1% each of manganese and nickel thermit should be added also. HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT Wheelbarrows and roller bearing- wheel. WHEELBARROWS id carts equipped with self-lubricating- or fc O' ts a o3 «^s o o ooo ooo oooo oooo OOOO OOO© IO c-o© ewoo OS 00 CO SO ocqooo OOffiOl'ff o o oo oo © TP mio ft," "* U) a. a." 03 M *3 Cj OOOO OOO© © C«S -o>otorp ■*OON ©TflTj«U5 NNN« Sic Si .C.Q 2 »S TJ< C-C-t- o SflS fe^TFff^ lit hi Nil i^^lh" ■ c .;'' '1! :1n 1 prl I 1 • ! IV \< frill IHNrfl 1 ' 1 i 1 "dig it -H+f144]fH-+F \ r Total Ti — - Number - - Total L coup pm J4y\T inpHm c MM 1 M-N \\\K \THf QCL ^ rHrj+hl; N NNiri OQ.O ^10(0 c e **si h-":| ■ , : |§ Fig. 312. Transportation by Wheelbarrow. 662 HANDBOOK OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT double frames, 4 cu. ft. capacity, sell at $3 each, or $32.50 per doz. Some wooden wheelbarrows which cost originally $21 per doz. had a life of 6 months in rock work and about 1 year in earth work; they would last still longer in concrete, this being for single shift work. The average cost of repairs was 30 cts. per month per barrow. It was found that wheelbarrows with steel trays, iron wheels and wooden frames had about the same total life but the average cost for repairs was 20 cts. per month. A dozen wooden frame barrows with steel wheels and steel trays costing $30 per doz. were useless in 6 months in work 80 per cent of which was rock and 20 per cent earth. Total repairs for these 6 months amounted to $10, or 14 cts. per barrow per month. Eighteen wheelbarrows costing $60 per doz. were bought, one of which survived 6 months of the same kind of work. The cost of renewing trays for these was $1 per wheelbarrow for the 6 months and general repairs amounted to $30, or 28 cts. per barrow per month. Of another dozen costing $27 with wooden trays and steel wheels 10 survived 6 months' work at a total cost for repairs of $28, or 39 cts. per barrow per month. APPENDIX CLASSIFIED LIST OF CONSTRUCTION PLANT MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS APPENDIX AIR COMPRESSORS. Abenaque Machine Works, Westminster Station, Vt. Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis, American Well Works, Aurora, 111, Blaisdell Machinery Co., Bradford, Pa. Blake & Knowles Steam Pump Co., New York, N. Y. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. Dallett Co., Thos. H., Philadelphia, Pa. Dean Bros. Steam Pump Co., Indianapolis, Ind. DeLaval Steam Turbine Co., East Trenton, N. J. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Goulds Manufacturing Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. McGowan Co., John H., Cincinnati, O. McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. National Brake & Electric Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Waterworks Equipment Co., New York, N. Y. Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ASBESTOS. Asbestos Protected Metal Co., Canton, Mass. Carey Co., Philip, Cincinnati,. O. Johns-Manville Co., H. W., New York, N. Y. Keasbey & Mattison Co., Ambler, Pa. ASPHALT. Baker, Jr., John, Chicago, 111. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Byerly & Sons, Cleveland, O. Gulf Refining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Hercules Oil Refining Co., Los Angeles, Cal. Indian Refining Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Sicilian Asphalt Paving Co., New York, N. Y. Standard Asphalt & Rubber Co., Chicago, 111. Texas Co., New York, N. Y. Trinidad Asphalt & Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Cal. United States Asphalt & Rubber Co., New York, N. Y. Wadsworth Stone & Paving Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Warner-Quinlan Co., Cleveland, O. Warren Bros. Co., Boston, Mass. ASPHALT PLANTS. Atlas Dryer Co., Cleveland, O. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., PhiladelDhia, Pa. Cummer & Son, F. D., Cleveland, O. East Iron & Machine Co., Lima, O. Hetherington & Berner Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Iroquois Iron Works, Buffalo, N. Y. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. Ruggles-Coles Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. AUTOMOBILES— MOTOR TRUCKS. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. Garford Motor Truck Co., Toledo, O. International Harvester Co., Chicago, III. 665 666 APPENDIX International Motor Truck Co., New York, N. T. Jeffery Co., Thos. B., Kenosha, Wis. Kelly-Springfield Motor Truck Co., Springfield, O. Kissel-Kar Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Packard Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. Peerless Motor Car Co., Cleveland, O. Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Reo Motor Car Co., Lansing, Mich. Speedwell Motor Car Co., Dayton, O. Tiffin Wagon Co., Tiffin, O. BAB BBNDBBS. Chicago Builders Specialty Co., Chicago, Til. Electric Welding Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Hanson & Sons, A. P., Chicago, 111. Hinman & Co., D. A., Sandwich, 111. Kardong Bros., Minneapolis, Minn. Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. McKenna Co., Cleveland, O. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Union Machinery Co., St. Paul, Minn. Wallace Supply Co., Chicago, 111. Wiener Machinery Co., New York, N. Y. BAB CUTTEES. Braun, J. G., Chicago,' 111. Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Mersick & Co., C. S., New Haven, Conn. Pels & Co., Henry, Albany, N. Y. Rock River Machine Co., Janesville, Wis. Waterbury Farrel Foundry & Machinery Co., Waterbury, Conn. Watson-Stillman Co., New York, N. Y. Wiener Machinery Co., New York, N. Y. BABGES AND SCOWS. American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. Carroll-Porter Boiler & Tank Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Chicago Bridge & Iron Works, Chicago, 111. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Pittsfcurgh-Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Skinner Ship Building Co., Baltimore, Md. Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. BLASTING APPABATUS. Batteries — Blasting. American Carbon & Battery Co., St. Louis, Mo. Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. McA.bee Powder & Oil Co., P. R., Pittsburgh, Pa. National Carbon Co., Cleveland, O. Star Electric Fuse Works, Wilkee-Barre, Pa. Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111. Blasting Machines. Aetna Powder Co., Chicago, 111. Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Ingergoll-Rand Co., Chicago, 111. Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111. Fuse Caps. Aetna Powder Co., Chicago, 111. Independent Powder Co. of Missouri, Joplin, Mo. APPENDIX McAbee Powder & Oil Co., P. R., Pittsburgh, Pa. Metallic Cap Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Rendrock Powder Co., New York, N. Y. Kettles for Thawing. Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. (Explosives, see under "Dynamite.") BINS— PORTABLE. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. BINS— STORAGE. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Raymond Concrete Pile Co., New York and Chicago. Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago,' 111. BLOCKS— TACKLE. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. "> Boston & Lockport Block Co., Boston, Mass. Boston Selflocking Block Co., Boston, Mass. Broderick & Bascom Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo. Burr Manufacturing Co., Cleveland,- O. Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. Cleveland Block Co., Cleveland, O. "Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Columbia Steel Co., Portland, Me. Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Cottington & Son, J. C, Philadelphia, Pa. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Donahue & Co., J. T., Baltimore, Md. Edwards & Co., H D., Detroit, Mich. Eureka Tackle Block Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, O. Hartz Co., H. V., Cleveland, O. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., A., St. Louis, Mo. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Lupkin, P. E., Gloucester, Mass. Merriman Bros. Co., Boston, Mass. Patterson, W. W., Pittsburgh, Pa. Pittsburgh Block & Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Roebling's Sons Co., John A., New York, N. Y. Stowell Manufacturing & Foundry Co., South Milwaukee, Wis. Terry & Tench Co., New York, N. Y. Union Elevator Machine Co., Chicago, 111. Walsh Sons & Co., Harrison, N. J. BLUE PRINT FRAMES. American Drafting Furniture Co., Rochester, N. Y. Dietzgen Co., Eugene, Chicago, 111. Elliott Co., B. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. Fritz Manufacturing Co., Grand Rapids, Mich. Keuffel & Es3er Co., New York, N. Y. Post Co., Frederick, Chicago, 111. Shaw Blue Print Machine Co., Newark, N. J. Soltmann Co., E. G., New York, N. Y. BLUE PRINT MACHINES. American Drafting Furniture Co., Rochester, N. Y. Buckeye Engineering Co., Salem, O. Buffalo Blue Print Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 668 APPENDIX Elliott Co., B. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. Paragon Machine Co., Rochester, N. Y. Pease Co., C. F., Chicago, 111. BOILERS. Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co., Newburgh, N. Y. American Radiator Co., Chicago, 111. Babcock & Wilcox Co., New York, N. Y. Beggs & Co., James, New York, N. Y. Brennan & Co., John, Detroit, Mich. Brownell Co., Dayton, O. Byers Co., John F., Ravenna, O. Carroll-Porter Boiler & Tank Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Casey-Hedges Co., Chattanooga, Tenn. 'Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Connelly Boiler Co., D., Cleveland, O. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Farquhar Co., A. B., York, Pa. Frick Co., Waynesboro, Pa. Johnston Bros., Ferrysburg, Mich. Keeler Co., E., Williamsport, Pa. Kewanee Boiler Co., Kewanee, 111. Kittoe Boiler & Tank Co., Canton, O. Lake Erie Boiler Works, Buffalo, N. Y. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. MacKinnon Boiler & Machine Co., Bay City, Mich. Oil Well Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Petroleum Iron Works, Sharon, Pa. Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. Struthers- Wells Co., Warren, Pa. Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. Warren City Tank & Boiler Co., Warren, O. BOOTS. Co., J. E., New York, N. Y. Goodrich Co., B. F., Akron, O. Mulconroy Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Putnam Co., H. J., Minneapolis, Min: Rubberhide Co., Boston, Mass. BUCKETS— BOTTOM DUMP. Acme Equipment & Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. Biehl Iron Works, Reading, Pa. Cockburn Co.', Jersey City, N. J. Hunt Co., C. W., West New Brighton, N. Y. Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. ■Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. Tide Water Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. Williams Co., G. H., Cleveland, O. BUCKETS— CONCRETE. Acme Equipment & Engineering Co., Cleveland, ( Bond Co., Harold L., New York, N. Y. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Easton Car & Construction Co., .Cleveland, O. Haiss Mfg. Co., Geo., Easton, ^a. Hayward Co., New York, N. Y. APPENDIX Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. •Lake wood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. BUCKETS— GRAB. Andresen & Evans, .Chicago, 111. Brosius, Edgar E., Pittsburgh, Pa. Browning Co., Cleveland, O. Haiss Manufacturing Co., Geo., New York, N. Y. Hayward Co., New York, N. Y. Industrial Iron Works, Bay City, Mich Kiesler Co., J. F., Chicago, 111. Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. McKenna Co., Cleveland, O. McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. Mead-Morrison Manufacturing Co., East Boston, Mass. Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. Owen Bucket Co., Cleveland, O. Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Rochester Excavation Co., Rochester, N. Y. Smith & Sons Co., Thos., Jersey City, N. J. Williams Co., G. H., Cleveland, O. BUCKETS— SCRAPER. Bucyrus Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Dull Co., Raymond W., Chicago, 111. Hayward Co., New York, N. Y. Indianapolis Cable Excavator Co., Indianapolis, I Insley Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Mansfield Engineering Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, O. Monighan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Page Engineering Co., Chicago, 111. Sauerman Bros. Chicago, 111. CABLEWAYS. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. Dull Co., Raymond W., Chicago, 111. Horton, John T., New York, N. Y. Indianapolis Cable Excavator Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Mansfield Engineering Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Page Engineering Co., Chicago, 111. Sauerman Bros., Chicago, 111. CARS— BALLAST. American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Goodwin Car Co., Chicago, 111. Hicks Locomotive & Car Works, Chicago, 111. Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Rodger Ballast Car Co., Chicago, 111. Standard Steel Car Co., Butler, Pa. i Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. Youngstown Car & Manufacturing Co., Youngsto' 670 APPENDIX CARS— DUMP. American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. American Clay Machinery Co., Bucyrus, O. Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Central Locomotive & Car Works, Chicago, 111. Chase Foundry Co., Columbus, O. Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Easton Car & Construction Co., Easton, Pa. Electric Locomotive & Car Co., West Park, O. Goodwin Car Co., Chicago, 111. Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. "Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. National Dump Car Co., Chicago, 111. Oliver Manufacturing Co., Wm. J., Knoxville, Tenn. Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. Steubner Iron Works, Long Island City, N. Y. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. 'Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. Youngstown Car & Manufacturing Co., Youngstown, O. CARS— FLAT. American Car & Foundry Co., St. Louis, Mo. Atlas Car & Equipment Co., Cleveland, O. Baltimore Steel Car & Foundry Co., Baltimore, Md. Chase Foundry Co., Columbus, O. Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. Hunt Co., C. W., West New Brighton, N. Y. Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. Oren&tein- Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. Ralston Steel Car Co., Columbus, O. Rodger Ballast Car Co., Chicago, 111. Russell Wheel & Foundry Co., Detroit, Mich. Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. •Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. Youngstown Car & Manufacturing Co., Youngstown, O. CARS— INSPECTION. Buda Co., Chicago, 111. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Kalamazoo Railway Supply Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. Mudge & Co., Chicago, 111. Sheffield Car Co., Three Rivers, Mich. CARS— SPREADER. Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Central Locomotive & Car Works, Chicago, 111. Continental Car & Equipment Co., Louisville, Ky. Mann-McCann Co., Chicago, 111. Oliver Manufacturing Co., Wm. J., Knoxville, Tenn. •Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, III. CARTS— CONCRETE. Acme Equipment & Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. Biehl Iron Works, Reading, Pa. Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. Chicago Concrete Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Donahue & Co., John A., Chicago, 111. Hunt Co., C. W., New West Brighton, N. Y. Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Kentucky Wagon Manufacturing Co., Louisville, Ky. Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. APPENDIX Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, "Wis. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. Sterling "Wheelbarrow Co., Milwaukee, Wis. CARTS— DUMPING. Auburn Wagon Co., Martinsburg, W. Va. Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. Kentucky Wagon Manufacturing Co., Louisville, Ky. Kilbourne & Jacobs Co., Columbus, O. Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Schuttler Co., Peter, Chicago, 111. Streich & Bro. Co., A., Oshkosh, Wis. -Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. CEMENT TESTING APPARATUS. Abbe Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. Beach-Russ Co., New York, N. Y. Clark & Mills Electric Co., Cambridge, Mass. Eimer & Amend, New York, N. Y. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. International Instrument Co., Cambridge, Mass. Kirschbaum, Lester B. S., Chicago, 111. Olsen, Tinius, Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Reihle Bros., Philadelphia, Pa. CHAIN HOISTS. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Chisholm & Moore, Cleveland, O. Cleveland Punch & Shear Co., Cleveland, O. Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. Detroit Hoist & Machinery Co., Detroit, Mich. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Fairbanks, Morse & Co.,. Chicago, 111. Frevert Machinery Co., New York, N. Y. Godfrey Keeler Co., New York, N. Y. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Patterson, W. W., Pittsburgh, Pa. Pittsburgh Block Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Ryerson & Son, J. T., Chicago, 111. Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. CHAINS. Columbus Chain Co., Columbus, O. Hayden-Corbett Chain Co., Columbus, O. Jones & Laughlin, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standard Chain Co., Pittsburgh, I Pa. Taylor Chain Co., Chicago, 111. Webster Manufacturing Co., Tiffin, O. Woodhouse Chain Works, Trenton, N. J. CHUTES— BROKEN STONE, GRAVEL AND SAND. Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Sackett Chute & Screen Co., Chicago, 111. Webster Manufacturing Co., Tiffin, O. 672 APPENDIX CHUTES— CAR-UNLOADING. Littleford Bros, Cincinnati, O. Quick Unloading Car Chute Co., Birmingham, Ala. Southern Foundry Co., Owensboro, Ky. CHUTES— CONCRETE. Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. C. H. & E. Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. -Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. Pneumatic Concrete Placing Co., Chicago, 111. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Sackett Screen & Chute Co., Chicago, 111. Wylie Co., J. S., Chicago, 111. CLOTHING— RUBBER. American Rubber Co., Boston, Mass. Chicago Rubber Clothing Co., Chicago, 111. Goodrich Co., B. F., Akron, O. Goodyear Tire Co., Akron, O. CONCRETE MIXERS. American Cement Machinery Co., Keokuk, la. Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. Ashland Steel Range Co., Ashland, O. Atlas Engineering Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Badger Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Blystone Manufacturing Co., Cambridge Springs, Pa. Cement Tile Machinery Co., Waterloo, la. Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Clover Leaf Concrete Machinery Co., South Bend, Ind. Cream City Equipment Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Eureka Machinery Co., Lansing, Mich. Excelsior Mixer & Machinery Co., ' Milwaukee, Wis. Foote Concrete Machinery Co., Nunda, N. Y. Hains Concrete Machinery Co., New York. Ideal Concrete Machinery Co., Cincinnati, O. Kent Machine Co, The, Kent, O. Knickerbocker Co., Jackson, Mich. Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. ■ Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Municipal Engineering & Contracting Co., Chicago, 111. Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. Raber & Lang Manufacturing Co., Kendallville, Ind. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Schaefer Manufacturing Co., Berlin, Wis. Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. Twentieth Century Mixer Co., Connersville, Ind. Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. Van Duzen, Roys & Co., Columbus, O. Waterloo Cement Machinery Corporation, Waterloo, la. Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. CONCRETE SIDEWALK CURB FORMS. Blaw Steel Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Hotchkiss Lock Metal Form Co., Binghamton, N. Y. Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. APPENDIX CONCRETE SIDEWALK TOOLS. Anderson Tool Supply Co., Detroit, Mich. Arrowsmith Concrete Tool Co., Arrowsmith, 111. Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. Century Manufacturing Co., Chicago Heights, 111. Crescent Novelty Co., St. Louis, Mo. Duffy Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. Waterloo Cement Machinery Co., Waterloo, la. CONVEYING MACHINERY. Bartlett & Snow Co., C. O., Cleveland, O. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Caldwell Co., H. W., Chicago, 111. Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Dull Co., Raymond W., Chicago, 111. Guarantee Construction Co., New York, N. Y. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. Ohio Locomotive Crane Co., Bucyrus, O. Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. Robins Belt Conveying Co., New York, N. Y. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. CONVEYORS— BELT. Beaumont Co., R. H., Philadelphia, Pa. Green Engineering Co., Chicago, 111. Guarantee Construction Co., New York, N. Y. Hunt Co., C. W., West New Brighton, N. Y. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. Robins Belt Conveying Co., New York, N. Y. Stephens- Adamson Co., Aurora, 111. Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. CONVEYORS— PORTABLE. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Page Engineering Co. (Cantilever), Chicago, 111. Robins Conveying Belt Co., New York, N. Y. Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. CRANES— LOCOMOTIVE. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Browning Co., Cleveland, O. Exeter Machine Works, Pittston, Pa. Industrial Iron Works, Bay City, Mich. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. McMyler Interstate Co.. Bedford, O. Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. Neumeyer & Dimond, New York, N. Y. Northern Engineering Works, Detroit, Mich. Ohio Locomotive Crane Co., Bucyrus, O. Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. CRUSHERS. Acme Road Machinery Co.. Frankfort, N. Y. Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Bacon, Earle C, New York, N. Y. 674 APPENDIX Buchanan Co., C. G., New York, N. T. Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. Coldwell-Wilcox Co., Newburgh, N. Y. Cresson-Morris Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Eureka Stone & Ore Crusher Co., Cedar Rapids, Mich. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Galion Iron Works & Manufacturing Co., Galion, O. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. Symons Bros. Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Universal Crusher Co., Cedar Rapids, Mich. Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 'Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. DERRICKS. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. Chain Belt Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Chicago Bridge & Iron Works, Chicago, 111. ~Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Flory Manufacturing Co., S., Bangor, Pa. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Manufacturers Supply Co., Minneapolis, Minn. McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. Monighan Machine Co., Chicago, 111. National Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. Parker Hoist & Machine Co., Chicago, 111. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Bridge & Iron Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Taylor Portable Steel Derrick Co., Chicago, 111. Terry & Tench Co., New York, N. Y. Union Elevator & Machine Co., Chicago, 111. Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, 111. Williams Co., G. H., Cleveland, O. DIVING APPARATUS. Hale & Son, A. J., Boston, Mass. Merrill-Stevens Engineering Co., Jacksonville, Fla. Morse & Son, A. J., Boston, Mass. Schrader & Son, A., New York, N. Y. DREDGES. Bay City Dredge Works, Bay City, Mich. Bucyrus Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Ellicott Machine Corporation, Baltimore, Md. Marion Osgood Co., Marion, O. Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, O. Norbom Engineering Co., Philadelphia,- Pa. DRILLS— BLAST HOLE AND QUARRY. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Armstrong Manufacturing Co., Waterloo, la. Cyclone Drill Works, Orrville, O. Keystone Quarry Drill Co., Beaver Falls, Pa. Loomis Machine Co., Tiffin, O. DRILLS— CORE. American Well Works, Aurora, 111. Cyclone Drill Works, Orrville, O. APPENDIX 675 Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. Loomis Machine Co., Tiffin, O. McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. DRILLS— ROCK. American Diamond Rock Drill Co., New York, N. Y. Bullock Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. Cleveland Rock Drill Co., Cleveland, O. ' Diamond Drill & Machine Co., Birdsboro, Pa. Howells Mining Drill Co., Plymouth, Pa. Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. Independent Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. Milne & Co., New York, N. Y. Mine & Smelter Supply Co., New York, N. Y. New York Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. Philadelphia Pneumatic Tool Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Phillips Rock Drill Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Standard Diamond Drill Co., Chicago, 111. Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Wood Drill Works, Paterson, N. J. DYNAMITE; BLASTING POWDER. Aetna Powder Co., Chicago, 111. Burton Powder Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Cameron Powder Manufacturing Co., Emporium, Pa. Dittmar Powder Works, New York, N. Y. Du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., E. I., Wilmington, Del. Excelsior Powder Co., Kansas City, Mo. Hall & Sons Co., Ellis, Knox, Pa. Hancock Chemical Co., Dollar Bay, Mich. Hercules Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Independent Powder Co., Joplin, Mo. Independent Powder Co. of Missouri, Joplin, Mo. Jefferson Powder Co., Birmingham, Ala. Keystone National Powder Co., Emporium, Pa. King Powder Co., Cincinnati, O. McAbee Powder & Oil Co., G. R., Pittsburgh, Pa. National Powder Co<\ New York, N. Y. Potts Powder Co., New York, N. Y. Rockdale Powder Co., York, Pa. Texas Dynamite Co., Beaumont, Tex. ENGINES— GAS, GASOLINE, KEROSENE AND OIL. Affiliated Manufacturers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Armstrong Manufacturing Co., Waterloo, la. Domestic Engine & Pump Co., Shippensburgh, Pa. Dunning, W. D., Syracuse, N. Y. Erie Pump & Engine Works, Erie, Pa. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Flint & Walling Manufacturing Co., Kendallville, Ind. Gray Motor Co., Detroit, Mich. Heer Engine Co., Portsmouth, O. Hersey Manufacturing Co., South Boston, Mass. International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. Lamb Boat & Engine Co., Clinton, I.a. Mietz, August, New York, N. Y. Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. National Meter Co., New York, N. Y. National Transit Co., Oil City, Pa. New Way Motor Co., Lansing, Mich. Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. Original Gas Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. Otto Gas Engine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Whitmai Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. 676 APPENDIX ENGINES— HOISTING. Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. American Clay Machinery Co., Bucyrus, O. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Byers Co., John F., Ravenna, O. Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. •Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Domestic Engine & Pump Co., Shippensburgh, Pa. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Flory Manufacturing Co., Bangor, Me. Gade Excavating Co., Iowa Falls, la. International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Maine Electric Co., New York, N. Y. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Mundy, J. S., Newark, N. J. National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. Original Gas Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. Otto Gas Engine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Stroudsburg Engine Works, Stroudsburg, Pa. Thomas Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. ENGINES— STEAM. Allis-Chalmers Co., Milwaukee, Wis. American Blower Co., Detroit, Mich. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Ball Engine Co., Erie, Pa. Buckeye Engine Co., Salem, O. k Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Cooper & Co., C. & G., Mt. Vernon, O. Erie City Iron Works, Erie, Pa. Fitchburg Steam Engine Co., Fitchburg, Mass. Griffith & Wedge Co., Zanesville, O. Harris Steam Engine Co., Providence, R. I. Harrisburg Foundry & Machine Works, Harrisburg, Pa. Hewes & Phillips Iron Works, Newark, N. J. Hooven-Owens-Rentschler Co., New York, N. Y. Lawrence Engine Works, Lawrence, Mass. Leffel & Co., James, Springfield, O. McGowan Co., John H., Cincinnati, O. Mcintosh, Seymour & Co., Auburn, N. Y. Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Murray Iron Works Co., Burlington, la. Nordberg Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Providence Engine Works, Providence, R. I. Rollins Engine Co., Nashua, N. H. Skinner Engine Works, Erie, Pa. Sterling Machine Co., Norwich, Conn. Sturtevant Co., B. F., Boston, Mass. Vilter Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Watts-Campbell Co., Newark, N. J. FIRE EQUIPMENT. Chemical Engines. American La France Fire Engine Co., Elmira, N, Y. Badger Fire Extinguisher Co., Boston, Mass. Childs Co., Utica, N. Y. Robinson Fire Apparatus Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. APPENDIX 677 Fire Extinguishers. Badger Fire Extinguisher Co., Boston, Mass. Massillon Iron & Steel Co., Massillon, O. Pyrene Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Simmons Co., John, New York, N. Y. Woodhouse Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Fire Hose. Empire Rubber & Tire Co., Trenton, N. J. Eureka Fire Hose Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Fabric Fire Hose Co., New York, N. Y. Goodrich Co., B. F., Akron, O. Gutta Percha & Rubber Manufacturing Co., Akron, O. New York Belting & Packing Co., New York, N. Y. Fire Hose Couplings, Expansion Kings and Nozzles. Anderson Coupling & Fire Supply Co., Kansas City, Kas. Boston Coupling Co., Boston, Mass. Crane Co., Chicago, 111. Morse & Sons, Andrew J., Boston, Mass. Fire Hose Racks. Elkhart Brass Manufacturing Co., Elkhart, Ind. Seagrave Co., Columbus, O. FORGES— PORTABLE. Beggs & Co., James M., Warren, N. Y. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn. Boynton & Plummer, "Worcester, Mass. Brown & Patterson, Brooklyn, N. Y . Buffalo Forge Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Canedy-Otto Manufacturing Co., Chicago Heights, III. Champion Blower & Forge Co., Lancaster, Pa. Chicago Scale Co., Chicago, 111. Cleveland Steam Gauge Co., Cleveland, O. Cox & Sons Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Cummings, David, Chicago, 111. Fargo Foundry Co., Fargo, N. Dak. Fate & v Jones Co., Pittsburgh., Pa. Hauck Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Potts, D. H, Lancaster, Pa. Roots Co., P. H. & M. F., Connersville, Ind. Silver Manufacturing Co., Salem, O. Sturtevant Co., B. F., Boston, Mass. Walsh & Jones, Harrison, N. J. FORKS— STONE AND BALLAST. American Fork & Hoe Co., Cleveland, O. Bond Co., Harold L., Boston, Mass. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, III. Union Fork & Hoe Co., Columbus, O. FORMS— BUILDING. American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. Blaw Steel Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mitchell-Tappen Co., Allentown, Pa. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Reichert Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Traylor Engineering & Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis, , FORMS— ADJUSTABLE CLAMP. Dayton Malleable Iron Works, Dayton, O. Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Universal Form Clamp Co., Chicago, 111. — * Kv S*mJ> •*- $asu*+*4 ■** 678 APPENDIX FORMS— METAL. American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. Blaw Steel Construction Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Foote Concrete Machinery Co., Nunda, N. Y. Hotchkiss Lock Metal Form Co., Binghamton, N. Y. Lennon Flume Co., Colorado Springs, Colo. Traylor Engineering & Manufacturing Co., Allentown, Pa. FURNACES AND KETTLES. Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. Biehl Iron Works, Reading, Pa. Leadite Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. Macleod & Co., Walter, Cincinnati, O. Riter-Conley Manufacturing Co., Leetsdale, Pa. Rockwell Co., W. S., New York, N. Y. Stuebner Iron Works, Long Island City, N. Y. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. GENERATORS AND MOTORS. C. & C. Electric Manufacturing Co., Garwood, N. J. DeLaval Steam Turbine Co., Trenton, N. J. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Fort Wayne Electric Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Otis Elevator Co., New York, N. Y. Sturtevant Co., B. F., Hyde Park, Mass. Western Electric Co., Chicago, 111. Westinghouse Electric Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. GRADERS. Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Aurora, 111. Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. Buffalo Steam Roller Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. Disk Grader & Plow Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Galion Iron Works & Manufacturing Co., Galion, O. Glide Road Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Kelly-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O. Kilbourne & Jacobs Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Linder Grader Co., Matthews, Ind. Ohio Road Machinery Co., The, Oberlin, O. Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Sidney Steel Scraper Co., Sidney, O. Stroud Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Neb. Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. GRADERS— RAILROAD. Jordan Co., O. F., Chicago, 111. Union Iron Works, Springfield, Mo. HEATERS— PORTABLE, GRAVEL AND SAND. American Clay Machinery Co., Bucyrus, O. Barrett Manufacturing Co. (Asphalt), New York, N. Y. Equitable Asphalt Maintenance Co. (Asphalt), Kansas City, Mo. Honhorst Co., Jos. (Asphalt), Cincinnati, O. Littleford Bros. (Asphalt), Cincinnati, O. Ruggles-Coles Engineering Co., New York, N. Y. Tidewater Iron Works Manufacturing Co., Hoboken, N. J. APPENDIX HOISTS— CONCRETE. Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. """"^ Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Wylie Co., J. S., Chicago, 111. HOISTS— ELECTRIC. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Byers Co., John F., Ravenna, O. Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. — ''Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. English Iron Works, Kansas City, Mo. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Flory Manufacturing Co., S., Bangor, Pa. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. . Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Monighan Machine Co., Chicago, 111. Mundy, J. S., Newark, N. J. National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. Stroudsburg Engine Works, Stroudsburg, Pa. Thomas Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. HOISTS— GASOLINE AND STEAM. AUis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Bates & Edmonds Motor Co., Lansing, Mich. Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. ""■•-Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Domestic Engine & Pump Co., Shippenburg, Pa. English Iron & Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Flory Manufacturing Co., S., Bangor, Pa. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Milwaukee Concrete Mixer Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Monighan Machine Co., Chicago, 111. National Hoisting Engine Co., Harrison, N. J. Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Chicago, 111. Stroudsburg Engine Works, Stroudsburg, Pa. HOISTS— HAND. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Marsh-Capron Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Novo Engine Co., Lansing, Mich. Thomas Elevator Co., Chicago, 111. HOISTS— PNEUMATIC. Blake Manufacturing Co., Geo. F., New York, N. Y. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. Clayton Air Compresser Works, New York, N. Y. 680 APPENDIX Curtis & Co., Manufacturing Co., St. Louis, Mo. Dake Engine Co., Grand Haven, Mich. Detroit Hoist & Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. T. Knowles Steam Pump Co., New York, N. Y. Northern Engine Works, Detroit, Mich. Q. M. S. & Co. Vulcan Engineering, Chicago, 111. Ryerson & Son, Jos. T., Chicago, 111. Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. HOPPERS. Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. , Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Littleford Bros, Cincinnati, O. Mesker Bros. Ir jn Co., St. Louis, Mo. Wylie Co., J. S., Chicago, 111. HOSE. Boston Belting Co., Boston, Mass. Diamond Rubber Co., Akron, O. Edson Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. Empire Rubber & Tire Co., East Trenton, N. J. Goodrich Co., B. P., Akron, O. Goodyear Rubber Co., Akron, O. New York Belting & Packing Co., New York, N. Y. HYDRAULIC MINING GIANTS. Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co., Newburgh, N. Y. American Spiral Pipe Works., Chicago, 111. Hendy Iron Works, Joshua, San Francisco, Cal. JACKS. Anderson Forge & Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. Duff Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, III. McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. Watson-Stillman Co., New York, N. Y. LIGHTS AND TORCHES. Avery Portable Lighting Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Dayton Malleable Iron Works, Dayton, O. Kitson Hydro-Carbon Heating & Incandescent Co., Philadelphia, McLeod Co., Walter, Cincinnati, O. Milburn Co., Alex. A., Baltimore, Md. MUburn Co., Alex. A., r C*Jl^ W+ 1 LOCOMOTIVE CRANES. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Cleveland, O. Browning Co., The, Cleveland, O. Cleveland Crane & Engine Co., Wickliffe, O. Exeter Machine Works, Pittsburgh, Pa. Industrial Iron Works, Bay City, Mich. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. McMyler-Interstate Co., Bedford, O. Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. Ohio Locomotive Crane Co., Bucyrus, O. Orton & Steinbrenner Co., Chicago, 111. LOCOMOTIVES. American Locomotive Co., New York, N. Y. Atlas Car & Equipment Co., Cleveland, O. Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Davenport Locomotive Works, Davenport, la. APPENDIX Lima Locomotive Works, Lima, O. Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. Porter Co., H. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. PAINTS— METAL. Anti-Stick Co., Westerville, O. Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Carbolineum Wood Preserving Co., New York, N. Y. Cheesman & Elliot, New York, N. Y. Goheen Paint Co., Canton, O. Lowe Bros, Dayton, O. National Lead Co., Chicago, 111. Patterson-Sargent Co., Cleveland, O. Republic Creosoting Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Rinald Bros, Philadelphia, Pa. Smooth-On Manufacturing Co., Jersey City, N. J. Standard Paint Co., New York, N. Y. Toch Bros., New York, N. Y. PAVING EQUIPMENT. Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. -Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. International Motor Co., New York, N. Y. Kinney Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. Lourie Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. Ohio Road Machinery Co., Oberlin, O. Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Petrolithic Paving Co., Los Angeles, Cal. Standard Manufacturing Co., Worcester, Mass. Universal Road & Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. PIER AND FOUNDATION PLANT. Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., Cleveland, O. McArthur Concrete Pile & Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. Raymond Concrete Pile Co., New York and Chicago. Underpinning & Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. PILE DRIVERS. American Hoist & Derrick Co., St. Paul, Minn. Browning Co., Cleveland, O. Bucyrus Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Byers Machine Co., John F., Ravenna, O. Carlin's Sons Co., Thos., Pittsburgh, Pa. -Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Edson Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. Goubert, A. A., New York, N. Y. Horton Construction Co., D. E., Buffalo, N. Y. Industrial Works, Bay City, Mich. Ingersoll-Rand Co., Ne.w York, N. Y. Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Link-Belt Co., Chicago, 111. McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. McMyler Interstate Co., Bedford, O. Maine Electric Co., Portland, Me. Mundy, J. S., Newark, N. J. National Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. Orton & Steinbrenner, Chicago, 111. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. Vulcan Iron Works, Chicago, 111. 682 APPENDIX PILES— CONCRETE. Electric Welding Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., Cleveland, O. McArthur Concrete Pile & Foundation Co., New York, N. Raymond Concrete Pile Co., New Tork and Chicago. Underpinning & Foundation Co., New York, N. Y. PILES— CREOSOTED WOOD. American Bridge Co., New York, N. Y. American Creosote Works, New Orleans, La. Ayer & Lord, Chicago, 111. Barber Asphalt Paving Co., Philadelphia, Pa. International Creosote & Construction Co., Galveston, Tex. Jennison & Wright Co., Toledo, O. National Lumber Co., Texarkana, Tex. Republic Creosoting Co., Indianapolis, Ind. Wyckoff Pipe & Creosoting Co., New York, N. Y. PILES— STEEL. Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Lackawanna Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. United States Steel Piling Co., Chicago, 111. Wemlinger Steel Piling Co., New York, N. Y. PIPE— CAST IRON. American Cast Iron Pipe Co., Birmingham, Ala. Central Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. U. S. Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co., Philadelphia, Pa. PIPE COVERING. Barrett Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. Carey Co., Philip, Cincinnati, O. Johns-Manville Co., H. W., New York, N. Y. New York Asbestos Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. U. S. Mineral Wool Co., New York, N. Y. Wyckoff & Son, A., Elmira, N. Y. PIPE LINE TOOLS. Duff Manufacturing Co., The, Pittsburgh. Pa. Smith Manufacturing Co., A. P., East Orange, N. J. PIPE— STEEL. Abendroth & Root Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. American Spiral Pipe Co., Chicago, 111. National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Standard Spiral Pipe Co., Chicago, 111. PIPE— WOOD STAVE. Canal Lumber Co., Seattle, Wash. Michigan Pipe Co., Bay City, Mich. National Wood Pipe Co., Portland, Ore. Pacific Coast Pipe Co., Seattle, Wash. Pacific Pipe & Tank Co., Los Angeles, Cal. Portland Wood Pipe Co., Portland, Ore. Redwood Manufacturing Co., San Francisco, Cal. Standard Wood Pipe Co., Williamsport, Pa. Washington Pipe & Foundry Co., Tacoma, Wash. Wyckoff & Son Co., Portland, Ore. Wyckoff Pipe & Creosoting Co., New York, N. Y. APPENDIX 683 PIPE— WROUGHT IRON. Abbe Engineering Co., New York, N. T. By'ers Co., A. M., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mark. Manufacturing Co., Evanston, III. National Tube Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Pa. PLOWS. Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. ^^-Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Burch Plow Works, Crestline, O. Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Disc Grader & Plow Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Dobbie Foundry & Machine Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Kelly-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Stroud Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Neb. -«"■ """""Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. Wiard Plow Co., Buffalo, N. Y. POST HOLE DIGGERS. Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. Whitman & Barnes Manufacturing Co., Akron, O. PUMPS. (Key: Cent., Centrifugal; Cont., Contractors; D., Dredge; D. W., Deep Well; Dia„ Diagram; S., Sand; Vac, Vacuum.) Alberger Pump & Condenser Co. (Cent.), New York, N. Y. Allis-Chalmers Co. (Cent.), Milwaukee, Wis. American Well Works (D. W., Cent., S.), Aurora, 111. Bates & Edmonds Motor Co. (Trench, Dia.), Lansing, Mich. Baker & Knowles Steam Pump Works (Cont., D. W.), East Cambridge, Mass. Bond Co., Harold L. (Dia. Vac, S. D.), Boston, Mass. Boston & Lockport Block Co. (Dia.), East Boston, Mass. Cameron Steam Pump Co. (Cent., Cont., D. W., Trench, Dia.), New York, N. Y. "-— -C. H. & E. Manufacturing Co. (Dia., Cont.), Milwaukee, Wis. Cook Well Co. (D. W.) St. Louis, Mo. Darling Pump & Manufacturing Co. (Cent.), Williamsport, Pa. Dean Bros. Steam Pump Co. (D. W.), Indianapolis, Ind. Deane Steam Pump Co. (Cont., D. W.), New York, N. Y. DeLaval Steam Turbine Co. (Cent.), Trenton, N. J. Deming Co. (Cent., D. W., Dia.), Salem, O. Domestic Engine Pump Co. (Cent., Dia., Trench), Boston, Mass. Edson Manufacturing Co. (Cont., Dia., Trench), Boston, Mass. Elliott Machine Corporation (D., S.), Baltimore, Md. Erie Pump & Engine Works (S., D.), Erie, Pa. Fairbanks-Morse & Co. (D. W., Cent., Dia.), Chicago, 111. Goulds Manufacturing Co. (Cent., Cont., D. W., Dia.), Seneca Falls, N. Y. Ingersoll-Rand, New York, N. Y. Keystone Pump & Manufacturing Co. (D. W„ S.), Beaver Falls, Pa. Kingsford Foundry & Machine Co. (T., Cent., D. W.), Oswego, N. Y. Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordan Co., Cincinnati, O. Lawrence Machine Co. (Cent., D.), Lawrence, Mass. Lawtence Pump & Engine Co. (Cent., D.), Lawrence, Mass. McGowan Pump Co., John H. (Cent., Cont.), Cincinnati, O. Morris Machine Works (Cent., D. S.), Baldwinsville, N. Y. National Transit Co. (Cent., Cont., D. W.), Oil City, Pa. Norbom Engineering Co. (D., S.), Philadelphia, Pa. Nye Steam Pump Co. (Cont.), Chicago, 111. Original Gas Engine Co. (Dia., Cont), Lansing, Mich. Oshkosh Manufacturing Co. (Trench, Cent., Dia.), Oshkosh, Wis. Parker, A. A. (Dia., Cont.), Lansing, Mich. 684 APPENDIX Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. Providence Engine Works (Cent.), Providence, R. I Pulsometer Steam Pump Co. (Cont. ), New York, N Y Standard Scale & Supply Co. (Trench, Dia., Cont.), Pittsburgh, Pa Van Wie Pump Co. (Cont, Cent., D. W., D., S., Dia.), Syracuse, N. Y Waterworks Equipment Co., New York, N. Y. Watson-Stillman Co. (Cent.), New York, N. Y. Whitman Agricultural Co. (Cent., Trench), St. Louis, Mo. Wood & Co., R. D. (Cent.), Philadelphia, Pa. Worthington, Henry R. (Cent.), New York, N. Y. RAILS AND TRACK SUPPLIES. Atlantic Equipment Co., Chicago, 111. Atlas Car & Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, O. Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Easton Car & Construction Co., Easton, Pa. Hyman Michaels Co., Chicago, 111. Jones & Laughlin, Pittsburgh, Pa. Kenly Co., W. K., Chicago, 111. Lackawanna Steel Co., Lackawanna, N. Y. -Lakewood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Males Co., Cincinnati, O. Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel, Pa. Pennsylvania Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. United States Steel Co., REFRIGERATING AND ICE PLANT. International Cooling Co., New York, N. Y. Vilter Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. .Walton & Son, Louisville, Ky. RIVETERS— PNEUMATIC. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. Independent Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, III. Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. McKiernan-Terry Drill Co., New York, N. Y. Niagara Devices Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Sullivan Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. ROLLERS— ROAD. Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. -Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Buffalo Steam Roller Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Erie Machine Shops, Erie, Pa. Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. Glide Road Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. Kelly-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O. Ohio Road Machinery Co., Oberlin, O. Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. •Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. , ROPE— WIRE. American Manufacturing Co., New York, N. Y. American Steel & Wire Co., Chicago, 111. Broderick & Bascom Rope Co., St. Louis, Mo. Leschen & Sons Rope Co., A., St. Louis, Mo. Roebling's Sons Co., John A., Trenton, N. J. APPENDIX St. Louis Cordage Co., St. Louis, Mo. Trenton Iron Co., Trenton, N. J. Waterbury Co., New York, N. T. . SAND BLAST MACHINES. Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordan, Cincinnati, O. Niagara Devices Co., Buffalo, N. Y. SAW RIGS— PORTABLE. American Wood Working Machinery Co., -C. H. & E. Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Kansas City Engine Works, Kansas City, Mo. Oshkosh Manufacturing Co., Oshkosh, Wis. Smith, Geo. D., Chicago, 111. Stover Engine Works, Chicago, 111. Whitman Agricultural Co., St. Louis, Mo. SCALES. Avery Scale Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Standard Scale & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. SCRAPERS. American Steel Scraper Co., Sidney, O. -Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Baker Manufacturing Co., Springfield, O. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. Glide Road Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Kilbourne & Jacobs, Columbus, O. Oberlin Road Machinery Co., Oberlin, O. Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Sidney Steel Scraper Co., Sidney, O. Stroud Manufacturing Co., Omaha, Neb. Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. » Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. Ziey Manufacturing Co., F. B., Frederickstown, O. SCREENS— SAND, GRAVEL AND BROKEN STONE. "Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Buchanan Co., C. G., New York, N. Y. Clinton Wire Cloth Co., Clinton, Mass. Dull Co., Raymond W., hicago, 111. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Jeffrey Manufacturing Co., Columbus, O. Power & Mining Machinery Co., Cudahy, Wis. Raymond Bros. Impact Pulverizer Co., Chicago, 111. Sackett Screen & Chute Co., Chicago, 111. Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Stephens-Adamson Co., Aurora, 111. Union Iron Works, Hoboken, N. J. Weller Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. SHOVELS— STEAM. American Clay Machine Co., Bucyrus, O. Browning Steam Shovel Co., Cleveland, O. Bucyrus Co., South Milwaukee, Wis. Marion-Osgood Co., Marion, O. Marion Steam Shovel Co., Marion, O. »Thew Automatic Shovel Co., Lorain, O. APPENDIX Bartlett & Snow Co., Cleveland, O. Contractors Plant Manufacturing Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Insley Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. ""—Lake wood Engineering Co., Cleveland, O. Otis Elevator Co., New York, N. Y. Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J. Stuebner Iron Works, G. L., Long Island City, N. Y. Union Iron Works, San Francisco, Cal. SPRINKLING WAGONS AND CAETS. Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort,' N. Y. - -Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Austin Western Road Machinery Co., Chicago, 111. Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. Good Roads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, O. Kelley-Springfield Road Roller Co., Springfield, O. Littleford Bros., Cincinnati, O. Milburn Wagon Co., Toledo, O. Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. Studebaker Corporation, South Bend, Ind. Tiffin Wagon Works, Tiffin, O. Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. —"""Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. Winkle Bros., South Bend, Ind. STUCCO MACHINES. Bartlett & Snow Co., C. O., Cleveland, O. McDonnell Boiler & Iron Works, Des Moines, la. Swenson Auto-Stucco Machinery Co., Port Chester, N. Y. STUMP PULLEES. Ammond Stump Machine Co., Cedar Springs, Mich. Bennet Co., H. L., Westerville, O. Butterworth & Lowe, Grand Rapids, Mich. — Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn. Edwards, C. D., Albert Lea, Minn. Farquhar Co., A. B., York, Pa. Hercules Manufacturing Co., Centerville, Pa. Little Giant Stump Puller Co., Hattiesburg, Miss. Milne Manufacturing Co., Monmouth, 111. National Iron Co., Duluth, Minn. Zimmerman Steel Co., Lone Tree, la. SUEVEYOES' AND ENGINEEES' INSTEUMENTS, ETC. Aloe Co., A. S., St. Louis, Mo. Ainsworth & Son, Wm., Denver, Colo. Architects & Engineers Supply Co., Kansas City, Mo. Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. Beckman Co., L., Toledo, O. Berger & Sons, C. L., Boston, Mass. Brandis & Sons Manufacturing Co., Brooklyn, N. Y. Buff & Buff Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass. Dietzgen, Eugene, Co., Chicago, 111. Elliott Co., B. K., Pittsburgh, Pa. Fink Instrument Co., F. B., St. Louis, Mo. Gurley, W. & L. E., Troy, N. Y. Hanna Manufacturing Co., Troy, N. Y. Heller & Brightly, Philadelphia, Pa. Iszard-Warren Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Keuffel & Esser Co., New York, N. Y. Lietz Co., A., San Francisco, Cal. Pease Co., C. F., Chicago, 111. Ross, Louis, San Francisco, Cal. Seelig & Sons, Chicago, 111. Technical Supply Co., Scranton, Pa. APPENDIX Warren-Knight Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Weber & Co., F.. Philadelphia, Pa. Young & Son, Philadelphia, Pa. TAMPERS— POWER. Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Lourie Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. te:lephones— dispatching systems and equipment. Garford Electric Co., Elyria, O. Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Manufacturing Co., Rochester, N. Y Western Electric Co., Chicago, III. TENTS AND CAMPING EQUIPMENT. American Tent & Awning Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Ames-Harris-Neville, San Francisco, Cal. Baker & Lockwood Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo. Buckeye Tent & Awning Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Carnie Goudie Manufacturing Co., Kansas City, Mo. Carpenter Co., Geo. B., Chicago, 111. Channon Co., H., Chicago, 111. Des Moines Tent & Awning Co., Des Moines, la. Eberhardt & Co., Indianapolis, Ind. TRACTION ENGINES. Aultman-Taylor Co., Mansfield, O. Avery Co., Peoria, 111. Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Case Threshing Machine Co., J. I., Racine, Wis. Emerson Brantingham Co., Rockford, 111. Enterprise Machine Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Fairbanks Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Frick Co., Waynesboro, Pa. Heer Engine Co., Portsmouth, O. Holt-Caterpillar Co., Peoria, 111. Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. International Harvester Co., Chicago, 111. Ohio Tractor Sales Co., Columbus, O. Pioneer Tractor Manufacturing Co., Winona, Minn. Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. Rumely Co., M., La Porte, Ind. Russell & Co., Massillon, O. Wallace Tractor Co., Cleveland, O. TRENCH BRACES. Bottomley Machine Co., Alliance, O. Dixon & Son, Chas. E., Pittsburg, Pa. Duff Manufacturing Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Kalamazoo Foundry & Machine Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. Rolf-Martin Co., Ft. Wayne, Ind. Union Elevator & Machine Co., Chicago, 111. TRENCHING MACHINES. Austin Drainage Excavator Co., F. C, Chicago, 111. Buckeye Traction Ditcher Co., Findlay, O. Carson Trench Machine Co., Boston, Mass. Gade Excavating Co., Iowa Falls, la. Heggie, Wm., Co., Joliet, 111. •Parsons Co., G. W., Newton, la. Pawling & Harnischfeger Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Potter Manufacturing Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 688 APPENDIX WAGONS. Acme Road Machinery Co., Frankfort, N. Y. Acme Wagon Co., Emigsville, Pa. Auburn Wagon Co., Martinsburg, W. Va. Austin Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. Bain Wagon Co., Kenosha, Wis. Eeckert, Wm., Pittsburg, Pa. Blake & Son, J. M., Buffalo, N. T. Buffalo Pitts Co., Buffalo, N. T. Buffalo Steam Roller Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Columbia Wagon Co., Columbia, Pa. Eagle Wagon Works, Auburn, N. Y. Everett Manufacturing Co., Newark, N. J. Galion Iron Works, Galion, O. Glen Wagon Co., Seneca Falls, N. Y. Good Reads Machinery Co., Kennett Square, Pa. Haywood Wagon Co., Newark, N. J. Huber Manufacturing Co., Marion, O. Kentucky Wagon Co., Louisville, Ky. Milburn Wagon Co., Toledo, O. Port Huron Engine & Thresher Co., Port Huron, Mich. Russell Grader Manufacturing Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Schuttler Co., Peter, Chicago, 111. Smith & Sons, Manufacturing Co.. Kansas City, Mo Streich, A., & Bros., Oshkosh, Wis. Streich, Gabriel, Oshkosh, Wis. Stroud Manufacturing Co., T. F., Omaha, Neb. Sfudebaker Corporation, South Bend, Ind. Troy Wagon Works Co., Troy, O. Universal Road Machinery Co., Kingston, N. Y. Watson Wagon Co., Canastota, N. Y. Western Wheeled Scraper Co., Aurora, 111. Winona Wagon Co., Winona, Minn. WELDING MACHINES. Davis-Bouronville Co., Jersey City, N. J. Electric Welding Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Milburn Co., Alex. P., Baltimore, Md. Oxweld Acetylene Co., Chicago, 111. WHEELBARROWS. Archer Iron Works, Chicago, 111. Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chicago, 111. Kilbourne & Jacobs, Columbus, O. Lansing Co., Lansing, Mich. Miller & Coulson, Pittsburg, Pa. Smith Co., T. L., Milwaukee, Wis. Sterling Wheelbarrow Co., Milwaukee, Wis. INDEX Adaptability of a Machine 5 Adiabatic Compression 7 Adiabatic Curves 8 Air Compression Curves 8 Air Compressors (See Compressors) 7 Air Required for Rock Drills, Diagram 9, 24 Air Required to Run from 1 to 40 Rock Drills, Diagram of Cubic Feet Necessary 9 Altitude, Effect of on Quantity of Air Necessary to Run Drills 9 Appendix — List Construction Plant Manufacturers and Dealers 665 Asbestos 29 Asbestos Cements 29 Asbestos Pipe Covering 494 Asphalt Distributors 439, 440 Kettles 330 Mixer Plant 31 Mixing, Unit Costs of 31 Plants 30 Repairs, Costs 31 Repair Plant, Cost 31, 32 Repair Supplies 32 Augers for Blasting 81 Automobiles 34 Automobile vs. Horse Costs, Comparisons 54 Coal Trucks 37 Delivery Wagons, Cost of Operating 48 Electric, Maintenance Cost 54 Electric Trucks 47, 52 Five-Ton Trucks 55 Freight Cars, Trucks 35 Motor Trucks in Snow Removal 37 Operating Costs, Gasoline 36 Operating Costs, Passenger 56 Passenger 34 Passenger Cars, Operating Costs 48 Transportation, Algebraic Discussion of 35 Truck in Hauling Blasted Rock, Operating Cost 40 Truck Operation. Detail Costs of 39 Trucks, % -ton Capacity 49 Trucks, 1 -ton Capacity 49 Trucks, 1%-ton Capacity 50 Trucks, 2 -ton Capacity 50 Trucks, 3 -ton Capacity 51 Trucks, 4 -ton Capacity 51 Trucks, 5 -ton Capacity 52 Trucks, Standard Speeds for 38 Trucks Used by Chicago Public Library 38 Trucks, Various Types of 38 Axes, Table of Costs, etc 59 Ballast Forks 329 Band Saw . 413 Bar Benders 74, 75, 76 Bar Cutters 76 Bars 73 Barges and Scows 60 Barges Built of Different Materials, Comparative Costs 68 Barges, Flat 70 Barges of Light Draft of Various Materials, Comparative Costs 69 Barges (Scow) Recapitulation 66 Barges (Small) of Wood, Tables of 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 Barges (Steel) 68 690 INDEX Bams, Cost of j 101 Batteries for Blasting 80 Beam Trucks 123 Belt Conveyors . . .• 135 Belt Elevator 142 Belt Lacing ., 77 Belting, Canvas 77 Leather 77 Rubber 77 Belts, Detachable Link 77 Bending Machines 74, 75, 76 Bending Machine, Large Portable > 75 Bins, Portable Mounted 78 Blacksmith Outfit 538 Blacksmith Shop, Cost of 102 Portable, Cost of 102 Blacksmith Shop Outfit 79 Blasting Augers 81 Blasting Batteries 80 Blasting Caps ; 81 Blasting Fuse 82 . Blasting Machines 80 Blasting Mats .83, 84 Blasting Supplies (See Explosives) 81 Blasting Wire 84 Blocks 85 Differential 132 Duplex 132 Steel : 85 Triplex 131 Wrought Iron 85, 86, 87 Blue Print Frames 88 Machines 89 Boat (Motor) 229 Boats 70 Boats for Building 72 Boilers, Boiler Room Tools 91 Horse Power 91 Life of 90 Locomotive Type 90 • Rule for Estimating Scale in 90 Upright Tubular 90 Bolts Per Mile of Track 526 Boots 92 Bottom Dump Buckets 93,95 Boulders, Compressor Plant for Drilling 23 Cost of Drilling 23 Braces for Trenching 497 Brick Rattler 92 Bridge Conveyor Excavator 303 Bucket Conveyor 141 Bucket for Drag Line Scraper 311 Bucket for Drag Line Scraper, Illustration 312 Bucket, Galvanized 496 Bucket Used on Electric Drag Scraper 347 Bucket Used with Tower Drag Line Excavator 314 Buckets 93 Approximate Weights and Materials Commonly Handled by 93 Bottom Dumping 93, 95 Clam Shell 97, 98 Center Dump Pier 96 Coal 94 Concrete Automatic Bottom Dump 97 For Concrete 96, 97 Orange Peel '. 99, 100 Orange Peel, Illustration 97, 100 Orange Peel, Three Bladed 100 Buck Scrapers (Fresno) 335, 336 INDEX 691 Building Boats 72 Building Felt 29 Building Paper 435 Buildings 101 Buildings for Camp Purposes 102, 103 Bulldozing vs. Crushing 183 Burro, Pack Load for 369 Cables, Life of in Drag Line Scraper Work 312 Cable way 104 Average without Towers, Cost of -. 109 Cost of Earth Excavation 104 Cost of Erection and Plant 110 Duplex Traveling 105 Electric Ill, 112 For Handling Concrete 109 For Handling Cord Wood 107, 108 For Handling Rock 109 For Making a Fill 106 4.8 Miles Long 108 In Bridge Construction 105 Lidgerwood High Speed Ill, 112 Life of Ill Moving Ill On Chicago Drainage Canal 104 On Trench Work 631 Operating Orange Peel Buckets 105 Performance on Holyoke Dam 11] Performance on St. Lawrence River Ill Performance on Torresdale Filters 110 Repairs 106, 107, 110, 111 10-ton, 800-ft. Span 108 Towers, Cost of 109, 110 Vs. Timber Trestle, Comparative Costs 106 With 1,485 Feet Span 110 With Special Electric Devices Ill, 112 Cameras 448 Camp Buildings, Cost of 102 Camp Equipment 539,621 Cantilever Crane, Cost and Performance 151 Carbide Lamps 398 Carpenter Work on Buildings 103 Car Barns, Cost of 101 Cars, Capacity of Various Sizes 117 Compartment Type for Rock 121 Cost of Unloading 113 Depreciation 119, 120 Diamond Frame, Double Side Dump .\ 116 Diamond Frame, Two-way Dump. 116 Double Truck Platform 118 Dump, of Steel 113 Flat, Four Wheel 117 Hand Operated 118 Information Necessary When Ordering 119 Inspection 118 Length of Trains of Various Sizes 117 Performance in Handling Hardpan 114 Platform, with Steel Frames 119 Repairs 119, 120, 121 Revolving Dump 117 Carts, Capacity of 122 Dump, One Horse 122 For Concrete 123 Life of 122 Pick-up 123 Repairs to 122 Caterpillar Tractor 628 Caulking Tools 496 692 INDEX Cement Workers' Tools 125, 126 Century Grader 337 Chain Belts (See Belting) 77 Chain Blocks 131, 132 Repairs and Depreciation 132 Chain Cable 130 Chains 128 Chains, Detachable for Link Belt 77 Channeller Equipment 266 Channeller Illustrated 266 Channeller Steels -, 264 Channellers 262 Prices and Specific!, tions 263 Churn Drills, Cost of 250 Chutes 133, 134 For Concrete 355 Clam Shell Buckets 97, 98 Claw Bars 73 Clothing 134 Clutch for Gasoline Engines 290 Coal Tubs 94 Compression, Adiabatic 7 Isothermal 8 Compressor Plant, Cost of Installing 13 Diagram of Installation for 12 Estimating Costs for 14 Large Size, Cost of Installing 14 Compressors, Capacity Necessary for Various Numbers of Drills, Table 27 Classification of 9 Cross Compound, Table of Standard Prices, Weights, etc... 11 D. C. Motor Driven, Table of Prices and Weights 13 Duplex Belt Driven, Illustration, Table of 17 Duplex Corliss Steam Driven, Illustration and Table of.... 18 Efficiency of, at Various Altitudes 25 Installed for N. Y. Water Dept, Illustration 19 Installation, Cost of 20 Locomotive Type 10 On Portable Boiler, Illustration 10 Portable, Table of Costs, etc., of Different Types 22 Power Driven, Duplex, Cross-Compound, Table of 16 Power Driven, Single Stage S. L., Illustration 14 Single Stage, Table of Costs, etc 15, 16 Sizes Required at Different Altitudes, Table 26 S. L. Steam Driven 2 Stage, Illustration 17 Steam Driven, S. L. Steam Tandem, 2 Stage Horizontal, Table 16 Table of Costs, etc 15 Concrete Buckets (See Buckets) 96, 97 Concrete Chutes . . .- 355 Concrete Forms 329 For Sidewalks 124 For Curb and Gutter 125 Concrete Mixing, Unit Costs of 425 Concrete Mixing and Conveying Plant, Portable 361, 362 Concrete Roller Hoist 354 Concrete Tower, Illustrated 360 Concreting, Cost of, with Portable Plant 363, 364, 365 Concreting Equipment 538 Contractors' Tubs 94, 95 Conveyor Belts, Life of 158 Number of Plies Necessai y 137 Repairs 158 Conveyors (See Excavators, 302) 135 Apron 158 Belt 136 Belt, Cost of 137, 138 Belt Repairs 138 Belt, Wear of 136 Belt Type, General Discussion 157 Belt Type, Power Necessary 158 Belt Type, Speed 158 Bucket 141 Cantilever Crane Type, Cost and Performance 146, 147 Capacity of Belt 136 Continuous Bucket Type 158 Elevator 139 For Hot Materials 159 For Wet Concentrates 157 General Discussion of Mechanical Forms 151 Of Various Types, Sundry Costs, etc 139 Open Trough 158 Flat Belt 159 Power to Operate / 135 Push or Drag 153 Push Plate 139 Reciprocating Type 156 Rotary Type 154 Scraper Type -. 155 Screw Type 153 Swinging 139 Corrugated Sheet Piling 463, 464 Cost, Principal Features of 4 Cranes, Locomotive Type 410 Cross Arms for Poles 617 Crowbars : 73 Crucibles 659 Crushers ; 160 Comparison of Jaw and Gyratory Type, General Discussion. . 180 Comparison of Jaw and Gyratory Type, Tables 187, 188 Disc Type 165 Equipment 161, 163 For General Contracting Use 163 Jaw Type Y 160, 161 Output 168 Repairs 164, 182 Rotary Type 163 Crushing and Screening Plant, Portable 163 Crushing Operations, Overhead Charges 173 Preparatory Costs 169 Crushing Plant, Cost of Operation by City Employees 168 For 200-Stamp Mill 183 Life of 164 Repairs 165 Working Force for 169 Crushing Tests. Method of Operation 170 Summary of Results 172, 173 Crushing vs. Bulldozing '. 183 Crushings, Proportion of, for Various Degrees of Fineness 184 Cultivator, for Roads 439 Cutters for Bars 76 Derrick Car r 194 Derricks 189 Breast for Builder's Type 193 Cost of Moving 196 Excavator 598, 599, 600 Fittings 194 Floating (See also Boats) 197 For Heavy Work 191, 192 For Light Ditch Work 189 Hullett-McMyler 148 Important Metal Parts for 195 Large Quarry Type 193 Operation of Floating Type 197 Outfit for Lumber Yards 193 694 INDEX Performance in Sewer Work 196 Plant for Loading Earth 190 Prices 196 Rigging for Stiff-Leg Type '. '. 194 Tripod Type 189 With Hand Operated Winches 190 Detonators (See Blasting Caps) 81 Diving Outfits 198, 199, 200 Apparatus, Information Necessary in Selecting 200 Doan Scraper 337 Doan Scraper, Illustrated 343 Drag Scraper Excavator 305 Drag Scrapers 336 Drain Tile 480 Drawing Boards 201 Drawing Instruments 611 Drawing Tables • 201 Dredges 202 Capacity Tests 221 Clam Shell Type, Illustrated 208 Cost of Operation 203 Crew of 207, 218, 227 Details of Equipment 210 Dipper Type 202 Dipper Type, Operating Costs 202 Grab Bucket Type 206 Grapple Type 206 "Home Made," Cost of 202 Hydraulic, Comparison of Types 231 Hydraulic Suction Type, Cost and Performance 230 Hydraulic Suction Type for Building Levees 221, 222 Hydraulic Suction Type, Operating Costs 222,223 Hydraulic Suction Type, Time Study 224,227 Hydraulic Type, Analysis of, Cost and Time Study 226 Hydraulic Type, Cost of 227, 228 Hydraulic Type, Itemized Operating Costs 225 Hydraulic Type, Items of Plant 223 Hydraulic Type, Operating and Repair Costs 227 Hydraulic Type Performance and Operating Cost 218 In California Gold Mine, Table of Data 217 Ladder Type ; 209 Operating Costs 207, 211 Performance of in Gold Mining 210 Sea-Going Hopper Type 218 2V 2 Cu. Yd. Dipper, Cost of Building. 202, 203 Various Repairs 204, 205 Dredge Tenders 229 Dredge Work on Los Angeles Aqueduct, Unit Costs...' 206 Dredging, Auxiliary Plant for 229 In California, Detailed Discussion and Costs... 212, 213, 214, 215 Dredging Plants, Table of Cost and Operating Expenses, and Unit Performance 216 Dredging Pumps 515 Drill Plant, Submarine Type 260 Drill Repairs 252, 253, 254 Drill Sharpening, by Hand 256 Drill Sharpening, by Power 256 Drill Sharpening, by Machines 254 Drilling, Cost of in Gneiss and Granite : 249 Drilling Costs, Table of 240 Drilling Machinery, Information Necessary When Ordering, for Submarine Drilling 269 For Work in Mining. 268 For Work in Quarry 267 For Work in Railway Cut 268 For Work in Sewers or Trenches 268 For Work in Shafts 269 For Work in Tunneling 268 INDEX 695 For Work in Which Compressed Air Is Used for Power 269, 270 Drilling Plant for Boulders 23 Drilling, Subaqueous, Table of Labor Costs. 261 Drills 232 411 Bail 272 Blacksmith 272 Catalogue Data 232 to 239 Churn Type, Advantages of 251 Cubic Feet of Air Necessary to Run Different Sizes 26 Electric Air Type 243 Electric Air Type, Analysis and Time Study 246, 247, 248 Hand 272 Hand Hammer Type 256 Miscellaneous 272 Pneumatic Piston 271 Small Hand Hammer, Time Study 257 Stone 272 Submarine Type 258, 259, 260 Dump Scows 67 Electric Air Channeler 265 Electric Air Drill 265 Electric Fuse 82 Electric Generators 274 Electric Lights 399 Electric Motors, Cost of D. C 278, 279 General Considerations 276 Relative Costs of, with Various Windings 277 Single Phase 280 Electrical Vehicle Data 53 Electrical Wagon, Maintenance Cost 54 Elevating Grader, Illustrated 281 Elevating Grader, Performance 282, 283 Elevating Grader, Cost and General Discussion 282 Elevators (See Hoists, 353) 142 Belt 142 Geared 162 Elevator Tower, Cost of Erecting 354 Engines, Compound Portable 286 Extras for Portable 286 Gasoline 289 Hoisting, 1 Cylinder 296 Hoisting, 2 Cylinder 298 Hoisting, Belt Driven 300, 301 Hoisting, Cost of Setting up 300 Hoisting, Electrically Operated 300 Hoisting, Gasoline Driven 300 Hoisting, Life of 300 Portable 284 Simple Center Crank Steam, Costs 285 Stationary Steam, Costs 288 Steam, Estimating the H. P. of 288 Vertical, Gasoline Driven 294 Vertical, Self-Contained Steam, Costs 287 Equipment, Main Features of 4 Excavators 302 Bridge Conveyor Type 303 Bridge Conveyor Type, Performance 304 Derrick Type 598, 599, 600 Drag Line Scraper Plant. Cost 311 Drag Line Type, Electricallv Operated, Description of 3wvi*-^ . . .- n - '-'»'- ' " ■ ' LI.-.J!.-' I • IV ■ ■ •>." II ' ' ' Heaters, Hods . . for Gravel and Sand. . .'.' 350, 351 ;;r,2 INDEX 6,97 Hoes 352 Hoisting Towers 35g Hoists (See Elevators, 142) . .. 353 Automatic for Concrete ).',"] 354 Combination '. 355 Hoppers '..'.'.!'.'.!'. ". 355 Adjustable Car Side 134 Horse Compared to Traction Engine 629 Pack Load for 369 Pulling Power of. '. 629 Working Life of 629 Horses 366 Cost of Keep 366. 367, 368 Pulling Power of Team 605 Hose 370, 371 Hose and Nozzles for Fire Purposes 325, 327 Hose Rack 327 Hydraulic Giants 372 Idlers 141 Introduction 2 Insulators '. ; . . 618 Isothermal Compression 8 Jacks 374 Jones & Laughlin Piling 466 Jordan Spreader 344 Kerosene Burning Lights 398 Kettles 332 Kettles for Thawing Dynamite 81 Lackawanna Steel Piling ; . 465 Ladders , 394 Lagging for Pipes 494 Land Dredge 302 Lathes 411 Lead 395 Lead Furnace 331, 496 Leadite 395 Lead Wool 395 Lead Wool for Caulking Gas Mains, Equipment for Operating 21 Levels , 396 Lights ..".. 397 Lime 401 Lining Bars 73 Link Belts, Detachable 77 Little Yankee Grader 337 Llama, Pack Load for 369 Locomotive Cranes 410 Locomotives 402, 403, 404, 405 Life of 406, 407 Repair Costs 407, 408, 409 Repairs 120 Log Chains 130 Machine Tools : 411 Magazines : 321, 322, 323 Magnet Arrangement for Keeping Steel, etc., from Belts 157 Magneto for Gasoline Engines 290 Manhole Covers '. 496 Mats for Blasting - 83, 84 Mattocks : ; 450 Mauls .:...:. 496 Metals .::.:.:... 414 Mill Board • * - . 29 Mineral Wool .:....: : ; i .: ;.. . ,'. '.:: . ..... : 414 Mixers .:.....:. .',". .* :. . :;.: ,:415, 416, 417, 418 Continuous :: - .418, 419 698 INDEX For Grout 430 Gasoline Driven 418 Gravity Type 421, 422 Gravity Type, Portable 422, 423 Hand Operated 418 Operating Costs Compared 419, 420 Output and Efficiency 422, 424 Mixing Plant, Cost and Efficiency 425, 427, 429 Floating, Plan of 428 For Asphalt .' 30 Plan of 424, 425 Motors, Electric 276 Mules , 366 Pack Load for 369 Nails 431, 432 Offices, Portable, Cost of 102 Oil 433, 434 Oil Heater 440 Oil Sprinkler 584 Oil Torches 400 Oiled Clothing 134 Pack Load for Different Animals 369 Pails 436, 496 Painting, Cost of 434 Paints 434 Covering Power 434 Paper 435 Paulins 437 Paving Equipment 438 Paving Materials, Table of Costs in U. S 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447 Photography 448 Picks 450 Pile Drivers 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461 Cost of Building 457 Cost of Operation and Repairs 458, 459 Traveling 458 Pile Driving 457, 458 Time Study 466 Pile Machine, Chenoweth, Illustrated 477 Pile Points 462 Piles 462 Chenoweth 477 Concrete 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478 Pedestal 473, 474 Raymond 475 Ripley 475 Simplex 476 Piling 462 Friestedt 469 Jackson's Interlocking 473 Jones & Laughlin 466 Labor, Cost of 462 Lackawanna 465 Sheet, Test 466 S. P. R. R. Standard 463 Steel, at Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, Cost of, etc 471 Symmetrical Interlock 469 Table of Driving Cost 472 U. S. Steel 470 Wakefield 464 Wemlinger • • 464 Pipe 479 Sast Iron Water, Standard Dimensions 481 ast Iron Water, Standard Thickness and Weights 484 Steam and Gas, Equation Table • 487 INDEX 699 Water, H. P., Standard Thicknesses and Weights 485 Wood Stave 488 C. I. Fittings for 492 Clamp Collar for 492 Dimensions and Prices 490 Standard Instructions When Ordering 492 Weights 491 Wrought Iron, Standard Dimensions 486 Pipe Coverings 494 Pipe Line Tools 496 Pipe Machine 413 Plant for Mixing and Conveying Concrete, Portable 361 Plaster 401 Plate Glass 334 Plows 498, 499, 500 Repairs 652 Unloader, Life of Cable 562 Unloading 651, 652, 653 Poles .616, 617 Pontoon 209, 210 Portable Houses, Cost of 102 Post Hole Diggers 501 Power, Cost of, by Gas Engine 504 Cost of, by Gasoline Engine 502 Cost of, by Electric Current 503 Cost of, Steam 504, 505, 506 Steam, Cost per H. P 507, 508 Power House, Cost of Operating 509, 510 Power Plants, Cost of Operating in North River Tunnels.... 506 Preface 1 Pulleys for Conveyors 141 Pumping Plant for Irrigation 293 Pumps, Bilge 522 Centrifugal 512. 513, 514, 515 Classification 511 Double Acting Hand 521 For Dredging 515 For Sand and Grit 519, 520 For Sand or Sludge in Drill Holes 272 For Small Gasoline Engine 291 Lift Diaphragm 521, 522 Pulsometer . 517, 518 Special 522 Volute 523 Punch 413 Quarry Bars 265 Quarry Plant 166, 167, 539 Quarry Plant, Moving and Setting up 539 Quarrying, Itemized Unit Costs 176 Quarter Boats 70, 71, 72 Railroad Tamping Bars." 73 Rail Benders 531 Rails 524 Cost of Unloading 529 Depreciation of 528 Drills 532 Guard -532 Life of 529 Punches 531 Rail and Fastenings. Weight per Mile 525 Rail Sections, Standard 524 Rakes ■■■■ 534 Rammers ••• = ••• -612, 613 Rattler for Testing Vitrified Blocks. -9 2 Refrigerating Plant 534 Riveting 536 700 INDEX Riveting- Guns or Hammers 535,536 Rivets 536 Road Construction Plant, Wayne Co., Mich 537 Road Cultivator 439 Road Machines 337, 537 Road Making Plant 537, 539 Moving and Setting up 539 Rollers 541 Cost of Maintenance and Operation 543, 544, 545 Gasoline 546 Hand 541 Horse 541 Rebuilding 545 . Repairs 545 Reversible C. 1 542 Steam . 541, 542, 543 Roofing 435 Roofing, Corrugated 603 Roofing, Slate 540 Rope 547 Life of on Brooklyn Bridge 562 Life of Manila 565 Life of Sisal 565 Life of, Strength of Wire and Manila Compared 567, 568 Wire , 547 Wire, Destruction of 562 Wire, Flat 560 Wire, Flattened Strand 557 Wire, Hoisting 549, 559 Wire, Non-Spinning 559 Wire, Splicing 563 Wire, Tiller 556 Ropeway (See Cableway) 107 Rubber Coats 134 Salaries, Engineering Service, City of Chicago 392 Sand Blast Cleaning 571 Sand Blast Cleaning Outfit 570 Sand Blast Machines 570 Sand Pumps 272, 515 Saw Mills 572 Saw, with Frame 573, 574, 575 Scales 576 Scarifiers 438, 439, 578 Scow Barges . . . : 60, 66 Scows 60 Dump 67 Scraper, Clam Shell Bucket 98 Scraper Excavator 304 Scrapers 335 American : 336 Doan . . . .• 337 Drag 336 Electric Drag Type, Cost of Leveling with 345, 346, 347 Fresno 336 Tongue 337 Screens 580 For Crusher Plant 161 Section Houses, Cost of 101 Sewer Pipe 479 Sewer Work, Cost of, with Derricks 192 Sheathing, Asbestos • 29 Sheaves, for Derrick .:....:..• ,• 196 For Hoists •'• •. = .».» 355 Iron 86 Lignum Vitae • 86 Sheds. Cost of 101 Sheeting (See Piling, p. 462). INDEX 701 Sheet Piling 462, 463, 404, 405, 4CG, 407, 408, 409, 470, 471 Dovetailed .' 463 Shield Employed in Laying Sewer Pipe 635 Shovels, Electric 589, 596, 59S Hand 585, 586, 587, 588 Steam 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 Appropriate Size 594 Cost of Moving 594 Depreciation 594 For Trenches 592 Performance and Operating Cost 591 Rental of 594 Repairs , 592, 593, 594 Shuart Grader 338 Sidewalk Forms 124 Sifting Screens 580 Skips 581 Slate 540 Sledges 582 Sludge Pumps 272 Slusser Scraper, Illustrated 343 Snatch Blocks 87 Spikes 432 Railroad 526 Spreader Carts 123 Spreader, McCann, Illustrated 343 Spreading, Embankment, Costs 344 Spreading Gravel, Cost of 338 Sprinklers 583, 584 Stables, Cost of .' 101 Steam Hammer 459 Steam Shovels 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 Steel, Prices 601 Steels for Channelers 264 Steels for Drills 264 Stone Boats 605 Stone Chains 130 Stone Crusher Operations, Unit Cost Tables 177, 178, 179 Storehouses, Cost of 101 Stripping 173 Structural Steel 601 Structural Steel Erecting Tools 603, 604 Stucco Machines 606, 607 Stump Pullers 608, 609, 610 Stump Removing, Cost of 608, 609, 610 Switches 526, 533 Switches, Portable 527 Tackle Blocks 85 Tampers 612, 613 Tamping Bars 73 Tamping Roller 438 Tar Furnace 332 Tar Kettles 330, 331, 332 Tarpaulins ' 437 Teaming, Cost of 367, 368 Teams, Rates for. in the U. S 377 to 391 Telephone Pole Tools 616 Telephones and Telephone Lines 614, 615, 616, 617 Tents 619, 620, 621, 622 Cost of Framing and Flooring 621 Thawing Kettles 81 Thermit 658 Ties 623 Cost of Unloading 624 Life of 623, 624 Tile 480 Tile Making Equipment 539 702 INDEX Timber Buggies 643 Tipple, to Convey Earth 148 Ground Plan of 150 Illustration 149 Tongue Scrapers 337 Tool Boxes 625 Torches 398 Tow Boats 647, 648, 649, 650 Tower Excavator 314 Towers, for Concrete for Chuting Purposes 358 For Hoisting Purposes 358 Of Steel and Wood, Compared Economically 359, 360, 361 Towing 644, 645, 646, 647 Tracks 524 Cost of Laying Light Track 530 Material, Particulars Required for Inquiries 530 Portable 527 Scales .576, 577 Tools 531 Traction Engine Compared to Horse 629 Traction Engines 626 Transite, Asbestos Wood 29 Transits 625 Trench Method of Removing Water From 635 Trenching by Cableway 631 Trenching Gang 631 Trenching Machines 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642 Carson Type 642 General Details, Illustrated 634 Operating Costs of Brick Sewer 639 Progress Diagram of 639 Sewer Work 633 Sizes and Capacities 637 Trippers, Automatic, for Belt Conveyors 140 Trips for Pile Drivers 457 Trucks 643 Tubs, Contractors' 94, 95 Tugs 644, 645, 646, 647 Turntables 528 Underwriters Equipment, Standard 324 Unloaders 651 Unloading, Cost of, by Plows 653 Unloading Device for Rock from Cars 121 Wages, Rates of, in the U. S 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 Union, in Chicago 392 Union, in New York City 375, 376 Wagon Poles 655 Wagons 654, 655, 656, 657 Operating Cost 655, 656, 657 Wakefield Piling 464, 465 Weighing Machines 576, 577 Weight per Cubic Yard, Common Materials 93 Welding 658 Wemlinger Piling, Costs 464 Wemlinger Piling, Illustrated 463 Wheelbarrows 660, 661, 662 Life of 661 Repairs to 661 Wheel Scrapers 335 Repairs 336 Wire Rope 547 Wire, Aluminum 618 Copper 618 Telegraph 617 Wood Barges 60 i$S^ gram ;saw iJBOB0&& **+*fSfri tttx £XSjE ffifi±H&! '•H-H4«++H+*'HS*H «±B MS JS -H+ »H .§+♦:♦?» tfiP** ii'H.JirhMt *H wt'>j['j» >*M_ j^ y>fc #w_ >% ■fcXri* »* w . JW ¥* * -^ ^W_ _ fr» tfO(J' J f.¥ w W^_ Jf ^ »■!" J » ^Ml J l gOC* jQfr ^¥_ _F^ f MWi 'iV m y*| tf ^ -.4M4444H* itfSQ?** ajHtscwwt! 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