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RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 We have examined " A School History of the United States" 
 by John J. Anderson, and consider it admirably adapted for use 
 as a class manual upon this subject. The materials are judicious- 
 ly selected and arranged, the facts clearly and accurately stated, 
 and the style simple and appropriate. Although arranged in a 
 catechetical form, it possesses the advantages of a continuous nar- 
 rative, preserving fully the connection of events, and, by copious 
 and explicit answers, giving the pupil a complete knowledge of 
 every prominent fact in the history. The chronological tables, 
 questions for review, etc., afford abundant facilities to the teacher 
 for the thorough and efficient exercise of pupils in the text mat- 
 ter of the book. The map illustrations also constitute a most 
 important and commendable feature. We consider it altogether 
 the best book upon the subject, we have seen, for school pur- 
 poses. 
 
 S. S. RANDALL, 
 City Superintendent of Common Schools, New York. 
 
 HENRY KIDDLE, 
 Assistant Supt. of Common Schools, New York. 
 
 WILLIAM JONES, JR., 
 Assistant Supt. of Common Schools, New York. 
 WILLIAM W. SMI^H, 
 
 Principal of Grdmmar School, No. 1. 
 CHARLES H. KIMBALL, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 2. 
 DAVID PATTERSON, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 3. 
 MICHAEL J. O'DONNELli 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 5. 
 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 SAMUEL D. ALLISON, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 7. 
 JOHN F. STODDARD, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 10. 
 JOHN. G. McNARY, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 11. 
 WILLIAM SMEATON, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 19. 
 ALEXANDER MOREHOUSE, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 20. 
 JOHN BOYLE, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 21. 
 JAMES M. SWEENY, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 24. 
 OLIVER O'DONNELL, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 26. 
 L. W. ANNAN, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 29. 
 THOMAS HUNTER, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 35. 
 ALPHEUS DU BOIS, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 36. 
 E. L. AVERY, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 42. 
 THOMAS FOULKE, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 45. 
 New Yoke, Oct. 22, 1859. 
 
 Mr. Anderson will, I think, add to the number of useful text- 
 books by 'the publication of his "School History of the United 
 :States." Having examined the work in proof-sheets, I am of 
 the opinion that it will be found to be well adapted to the object 
 aimed at. The maps, introduced just where they are needed, 
 are a valuable feature, and will greatly aid and *ite."est the 
 youthful student of history. The work will, in my judgment, 
 i immediately take its place among the best and most accurate 
 • manuals of United States History extant. 
 
 JOHN H. FANNING, 
 
 Principal of Gh'ammar School, No. 12. 
 
EECOMMENDATIONS. 
 
 We ooncur fully in the opinion as above expressed by Mr. 
 Fanning of Anderson's School History. 
 
 LEONARD HAZELTINE, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. IS. 
 N. P. BEERS, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 15. 
 E. McILROY, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 30 
 J. H. PARTRIDGE, 
 
 Principal of Grammar School, No. 48 
 New York, Nov. 10, 1859. 
 
 Office of City Superintendent, ) 
 Brooklyn, Nov. 17, 1859. \ 
 
 From a cursory examination of the proof-sheets of " A School 
 History of the United States" by John J. Anderson, I am pleased 
 with the book, its general character, style and arrangement. The 
 author has shown good taste in selecting his materials, and ex- 
 cellent judgment in disposing of the same. 
 
 I think Messrs. Randall, Kiddle, Fanning and others, in their 
 recommendations, have presented the work in its true light- 
 Entertaining these views, I cheerfully indorse the same and rec 
 ommend its introduction to our schools. 
 
 J. W. BULKLEY, City Superintendent. 
 
 Male Grammar School, No. 23, ) 
 New York, Nov. 17, 1859. \ 
 I have given a rapid glance through the pages of Mr. J. J 
 Anderson's School History of the United States, and am favora- 
 bly impressed with its merits as a school-book. It appears to 
 contain all the events and facts in the history of this country, 
 which should find place in such a book, well arranged and clas- 
 sified. The principles which govern the compilation of a book 
 of this kind are so few, that very little room is left an author to 
 display his ability ; but so far as Mr. Anderson has had an oppor- 
 tunity of doing so, I think he has produced a work which will 
 add to his reputation as a compiler of school-books. 
 
 WILLIAM MULLANY, Principal. 
 
A 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 ARRANGED ON THE CATECHETICAL PLAN : 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED, 
 
 T1IE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE. UNITED STATES 
 
 WITH 
 
 QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 
 JOKDS" J. ANDERSON, 
 
 PRINCIPAL OP GEAMMAE SCHOOL NO. 81, NBW TCSI. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 CLAKK & MAYNARD, 5 BxARCLAY ST. 
 
 1866. 
 
" l A 
 
 frtS-^r 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, 
 By JOHN J. ANDERSON, 
 
 In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
 District of New York. 
 
 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON, 
 In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
 • District of New York. 
 
 SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON, 
 
 LATE PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 81, 
 
 NEW TOBK CITY. 
 
 1. Anderson's Introductory History of the United States, arranged on 
 the Catechetical plan; fully illustrated with maps; to which are added the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and 
 explanations. 16mo. 160 pages. 
 
 The above work is intended for Primary Classes, and those teachers that toish 
 the whole History in a condensed shape. 
 
 2. Anderson's School History of the United States, on the Catechetical 
 plan; with over 20 illustrating maps; to which are added the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 
 
 16mo. 320 pages. 
 
 I 
 
 3. Anderson's School History, Part I., being the history of the United 
 States to the close of the Revolution. 16mo. 188 pages. 
 
 TJiis book is particularly intended for Jimior Classes in large graded Schools. 
 
 4. Anderson's Pictorial History of the United States; to which are 
 added the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States 
 with questions and explanations. Beautifully illustrated with 40 maps, and over 150 
 portraits, vignettes, «fec. 12mo. 852 pages. 
 
 The above work is prepared on the object-lessons plan for Grammar and High 
 Sehoole. 
 
 Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, 
 
 ^ No. 5 Barclay Street, New York 
 
?REFACE 
 
 This work is offered to the public with the hope that it 
 will supply a deficiency which must have been long felt by 
 the teachers of our schools — the want of a manual of Amer- 
 ican history, properly adapted to the purposes of class in- 
 struction. 
 
 Of course no attempt has been made to introduce facts 
 not embraced in works already published upon the subject, 
 or to present the pupil with a profusion of detail; but so 
 to arrange the matter presented as to make the strongest 
 impression upon his mind, and to afford him a cle^r and 
 accurate knowledge of every prominent fact in the history 
 of his country, from the date of its discovery to the present 
 time. 
 
 Although the catechetical plan has been adopted, great care 
 has been taken to avoid the fault so commonly found in con- 
 nection with it, of making the answer a mere echo of the 
 question, and confining to the latter the most important part 
 of the statement or fact, leaving to the scholar very often to 
 learn only a simple and meaningless " yes" or " no." Every 
 answer in the present work, is complete in itself; and thus 
 the work k,ay be read or studied independently of the ques- 
 tions, in the form and manner of a continuous narrative, great 
 pains having been taken so to construct and arrange the sen- 
 tences and answers as to impress upon the pupil's mind the 
 
8 PREFACE. 
 
 actual order and connection of events — a most important 
 point in a manual upon this subject. 
 
 That part of the work which treats of the more minute 
 events, and which consequently may be omitted on a first 
 perusal or study of it, has been printed in smaller type, so 
 as to be readily distinguished by teachers, and thus to enable 
 them to give their pupils a general knowledge of the sub- 
 ject before proceeding to more minute details. 
 
 Deeming that too great importance can scarcely be at- 
 tributed to chronology and geography as the means of eluci- 
 dating, and of permanently impressing upon the mind, the 
 facts of history, the author has made the maps and chro- 
 nological tables, and the exercises upon the same, quite a 
 prominent feature ; so as to present forcibly not only the 
 time of each event, but the exact geographical position of 
 every important place referred to in the text. 
 
 The correct pronunciation of the more difficult proper 
 names, which are so liable to be miscalled by both teachers 
 and pupils, has been indicated according to the most reliable 
 authorities, Webster, Worcester, Baldwin, etc. 
 
 The "Review Questions," placed at suitable intervals 
 throughout the work, the author considers a most valuable 
 feature, and has no doubt they will prove highly useful to 
 teachers in testing the pupil's intelligence and advancement, 
 and in checking the evil too commonly observed, of merely 
 memorizing by rote the language of the text-book, without 
 a proper exercise of thought. 
 
 With this brief summary of what he has attempted in thifc 
 little work, the author presents it to the attention of teach- 
 ers with the hope that it will meet their approval, and prove 
 useful in facilitating their labors, and assisting the young 
 minds committed to their instruction, to acquire a knowl- 
 edge of the history and constitution of our country. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 tjun 
 
 SECTION I. — Discoveries and Explorations 11 
 
 SECTION II.— Colonial History 24 
 
 Virginia (25), Massachusetts (38, 54), New Hampshire (44), Con- 
 necticut (46), Rhode Island (50), New York (64), New Jersey 
 (70), Maryland (76), Pennsylvania (79), Delaware, (82), North 
 and South Carolina (84), Georgia (88). 
 
 SECTION III.— The French and Indian War 92 
 
 Events of 1753 (93), Events of 1754 (95), Events of 1755 (97), 
 Events of 1756 (100), Events of 1757 (102), Events of 1758 (103), 
 Events of 1759 (105), Events of 1760 (107), Table of principal 
 battles (10S). 
 
 SECTION IV.— The American Revolution. Ill 
 
 Causes of the war (111), Events of 1775 (117), Events of 1776 
 (127), Events of 1777 (139), Events of 1778 (153), Events of 1779 
 (158), Events of 1780 (163), Events of 1781 (173). 
 SECTION V.— Close of the Revolution, and Events to the beginning 
 
 of Washington's Administration 181 
 
 Table of the principal battles of the Revolution (185). 
 SECTION VI. — From the beginning of Washington's Administration 
 
 to the close of Jefferson's 188 
 
 Washington's Administration (188), John Adams's (192), Jeffer- 
 son's (194). 
 
 SECTION VII.— Madison's Administration 200 
 
 Causes of the Second War with England (200), Events of 1812 
 (201), Events of 1813 (208), Events of 1814 and close of the war 
 (221), Table of the principal Land Battles (233), Table of the 
 principal Naval Battles (234,) War with Algiers (237). 
 
10 CONTENTS. 
 
 pagb 
 SECTION VIII.— From the beginning of Monroe's Administration 
 
 to the close of Tyler's 238 
 
 Monroe's Administration (238), John Quincy Adams's (240), Jack- 
 son's (241), Van Buren's (244), Harrison's (245), Tyler's (246). 
 
 SECTION IX.— Polk's Administration 249 
 
 Causes of the War with Mexico (249), Taylor's campaign (250)* 
 Scott's Campaign (256), Table of principal Battles (262). 
 SECTION X. — From the beginning of Taylor's Administration to 
 
 the present time 265 
 
 Taylor's Administration (265), Fillmore's (266), Pierce's (266), 
 Buchanan's (267), The Great Rebellion (267), Events of 
 1861 (268), Events of 1862(274), Events of 1863 (280), 
 Events of 1864(283), Events of 1865 (287), Johnson's 
 Administration (289). 
 Chronological Table of the principal events relating to the 
 
 History of the United States, from 1492 to the present time. 290 
 
 A Table of the Settlement and Admission of the States 305 
 
 A Table of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents 306 
 
 The Declaration of Independence •. 
 
 The Constitution op the United States, with questions and 
 explanations 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERT OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE 
 SETTLEMENT OP VIRGINIA, IN 1607. 
 
 Wlien was America discovered ? 
 
 America was discovered on the 12th of October, 
 H92. 
 
 By whom was it discovered ? 
 
 The discoverer was Christopher Columbus, a native 
 of Grenoa, in Italy. 
 
 WJiat prompted Columbus to make his voyage westward ? 
 
 Columbus believed the earth to be round, and that 
 by sailing westward, he would sooner reach India than 
 by taking the usual route by way of Egypt and the 
 Red Sea. 
 
 What country was then called India ? 
 
 The country in the south-east part of Asia with the 
 adjacent islands, was then called India. 
 
 Wliat religious motive prompted Columbus? 
 
 Columbus was influenced by the conviction that he 
 was commissioned by Heaven to carry the gospel to 
 the heathen of unknown lands. 
 
 By whom was he assisted in his undertaking t 
 
 After vainly seeking aid from the people of Genoa 
 
12 VOYAGES BY COLUMBUS. 
 
 and the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was 
 assisted by Isabella, queen of Spain. 
 
 From what place did he embark ? 
 
 He sailed from Palos, at the mouth of the river Tiuto, in Spain. 
 With hoxo many vessels f 
 
 He sailed with three vessels: the Pinta (peri-tah), Santa Maria 
 (san'-tah ma-re' 'ah), and Nina (ne'-nah). 
 
 What land did he first discover ? 
 
 The first land discovered by Columbus was one of 
 the Bahama islands, called by the natives Guanahani 
 (gwah-nah-hati-ne), by him San Salvador, now known 
 as Cat island. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 How many voyages did he make ? 
 
 Columbus made four voyages to the New World. 
 
 Wliat discoveries did he make in the first two ? 
 
 In the first two voyages his discoveries were confined to the islands 
 between North and South America. 
 
 What discoveries did he make in his third voyage ? 
 
 In his third voyage, in 1498, he discovered the con- 
 tinent, at the mouth of the river Orinoco, in South 
 America. 
 
 What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage ? 
 
 In his fourth voyage, he examined the coast of Darien. 
 
 Did Columbus know that he had discovered a new continent? 
 
 Columbus supposed that the lands discovered were 
 a portion of Eastern Asia ; and he died in ignorance 
 of the real grandeur of his discovery. 
 
 By whom and in what region was the continent visited in 1499 1 
 
 In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the 
 continent, Amerigo Yespucci {a-ma' -re-go ves-poot' 'she), 
 a Florentine gentleman, visited the eastern coast of 
 South America. 
 
 What did he do on his return to Europe t 
 
 After his return to Europe, Yespucci published an 
 account of the regions visited, in which he claimed to 
 
DISCOVERIES BY THE CABOTS. 13 
 
 have been the first European that landed on the west- 
 ern continent. 
 
 Why was not the name of Columbus given to the New World t 
 
 In consequence of the claim set up by Amerigo Ves- 
 pucci, and because his account was the first published 
 to the world, the country was unjustly called America. 
 
 Had any navigator discovered any portion of the American continent 
 before the discovery made by Columbus in his third voyage ? 
 
 John Ca-bot' and his son Sebastian, sailing under a 
 commission from Henry VII., of England, discovered 
 the coast of Labrador, in 1497. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 What exploration did Sebastian Cabot make during the next year? 
 
 In a second voyage, Sebastian Cabot explored the 
 coast from Labrador to Florida. 
 
 What rendered the discoveries of the Cabots of special importance ? 
 
 England based her claim to all the country from 
 Labrador to Florida, upon the discoveries made by the 
 Cabots. 
 
 What land was discovered in 1506? 
 Yucatan was discovered in 1506. (See map, page 4.) 
 What discovery was made in 1513 ? 
 
 In 1513, Balboa lbalrbo'-ah), while crossing the Isthmus of Darien, 
 from the summit of a mountain discovered the Pacific ocean. 
 What visionary enterprise was undertaken by Ponce de Leon ? 
 
 Ponce de Leon (pon-thd da la!-on\ an aged Spaniard, 
 sailed from Porto Kico, in search of a wonderful foun- 
 tain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama 
 islands, and would impart immortal youth to all who 
 might drink of its waters. 
 
 What discovery did he make 1 
 
 In 1512, he discovered an unknown land, to which 
 he gave the name of Florida. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 Wl\y did he so name the country ? 
 
 Owing to the abundance of flowers that adorned 
 the forests, as well as to the discovery happening 
 
14 BE LEON'S EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua 
 Florida {pah' -scoo-ah flor' '-e-dah), he called the country 
 Florida. 
 
 Did he find the fountain searched for? 
 
 He continued his search along the coast of Florida 
 and among the Tortugas islands, but without rinding 
 the fountain. 
 
 Did he make any other voyage to Florida ? 
 
 De Leon made a voyage to Florida for the purpose of forming a set- 
 tlement ; but in an attack made upon him by the natives, he was mor- 
 tally wounded, and the most of his followers were killed. 
 
 WJw in the mean time visited the coast of Carolina ? 
 
 About the time that De Leon was suffering defeat 
 in Forida,De Ayllon(c?a aiV-yon), a Spanish adventurer, 
 was making visits to the coast of South Carolina. 
 
 What can you say of his visits ? 
 
 He made two visits ; the first having for its object 
 the seizure of a large number of natives to work the 
 plantations and mines of St. Domingo ; the object of 
 the second was to conquer the country. (Map, p. 4.) 
 
 Was he successful ? 
 
 He was unsuccessful in both expeditions. 
 
 What discoveries and explorations did Cordova make? 
 In 1517, Cordova discovered Mexico, and explored the northern coast 
 of Yucatan. 
 
 With what report did he return to Cuba ? 
 
 He returned to Cuba, with the report of a people considerably ad- 
 vanced in civilization and the mechanic arts, and in possession of im- 
 mense riches. 
 
 JIoio did his report affect the Spaniards ? 
 
 His report awakened a keen desire among the Spaniards to possess 
 the riches of the strange people. 
 
 Who ivas consequently sent to Mexico ? 
 
 Velasquez (va-lah' -skath\ the governor of Cuba, sent an expedition to 
 Mexico, under the direction of Juan de Grijalva (gre-hahl'-vah). 
 
 With what result ? 
 
 The southern coast of Mexico was explored, and a large amount of 
 treasure obtained by trafficking with the natives. 
 
CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 15 
 
 What did Velasquez then determine upon? 
 
 Velasquez then determined to conquer the Mexicans, and get possea 
 sion of their wealth. 
 
 In what way did he proceed ? 
 
 He sent an expedition, consisting of eleven vessels and more thar 
 six hundred armed men, under the command of Fernando Cor'-tez. 
 
 Give an account of the invasion by Cortez. 
 
 In 1519, Cortez landed near Yera -Cruz, and was at once met by 
 friendly deputations from Montezuma (mon-ta-zoo'-mah), the Mexi^n 
 emperor. By perseverance and a course of falsehood and duplicity, 
 Cortez succeeded in reaching the Indian capital, the city of Mexico. 
 
 What further account can you give of the expedition ? 
 
 By stratagem and boldness, and with the aid of Indian tribes op- 
 posed to the Mexican rule, Cortez succeeded in conquering the people ; 
 and Mexico became a province of Spain, in 1521. 
 
 What did Narvaez undertake to do ? 
 
 Narvaez (nar'-vah-dth), in the expectation of finding a wealthy em- 
 pire like Peru or Mexico, undertook to conquer Florida, in 1528. 
 Give an account of the undertaking made by Narvaez. 
 
 Having been appointed governor of Florida by the 
 Spanish sovereign, Narvaez sailed from Cuba to con- 
 quer and possess the country. The expedition proved 
 disastrous ; for of three hundred men who penetrated 
 the country, only four, after years of wandering, suc- 
 ceeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 
 
 Wliat assertion did the four men make ? 
 
 The four men asserted that Florida was the richest country in the 
 world. 
 
 By whom was the assertion believed? 
 
 The people of Spain generally believed the assertion ; but to no one 
 was credulity more disastrous than to Ferdinand De Soto (da so' -to). 
 
 Who was De Soto ? 
 
 De Soto was a brave cavalier who had gained riches and military 
 honors with Pizarro, in Peru. 
 
 What did Be Soto solicit of the Spanish sovereign ? 
 
 He solicited permission to conquer Florida at his own expense. 
 
 How was his petition answered? 
 
 The Spanish sovereign not only granted the request, but appointed 
 De Soto governor for life,of Cuba, and of the immense territorv to which 
 the name of Florida was vaguely applied. , 
 
16 
 
 Under what circumstances did Be Soto depart from Spain t 
 
 With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay company of 
 six hundred armed men, De Soto sailed for the New 
 World, in 1538. 
 
 What can you say of his movements after leaving Cuba ? 
 
 Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, De Soto proceeded 
 to Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa bay, and 
 commenced his march into the interior, toward the 
 fancied land of gold. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 What desire animated him ? 
 
 De Soto desired to rival Cortez in glory, and to sur- 
 pass Pizarro in wealth. 
 
 What great river did he discover ? 
 
 In 1541, he discovered the Mississippi. (Map, p. 4) 
 
 What account can you give of his wanderings ? 
 
 After wandering for nearly three years in the wil- 
 derness, encountering the hostility of the natives, and 
 suffering disasters and disappointments, he sickened 
 and died. 
 
 What was done ivith his body ? 
 
 His body was sunk beneath the waters of the Mis- 
 sissippi, for the purpose of concealing his death from 
 the natives, who regarded him with awe and fear. . 
 
 What became of De Soto's followers'? 
 
 After vainly trying to reach Mexico through the forests, the remnant 
 of De Soto's followers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi 
 and along the coast of Mexico, until they arrived at a Spanish settle- 
 ment. 
 
 Wliat did Verrazani accomplish? 
 
 In 1524, Verrazani (vd-rat-tsati '-ne), while sailing in 
 the service of France, explored the coast of North 
 America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland (new f - 
 fund-land). (See map, page 4.) 
 
 t What name did he give to ih-c country ? 
 
 To the whole region explored by Verrazani, he gave the name ot 
 New France. 
 
17 
 
 To what territory was the name afterward applied ? 
 The name, New France, was afterward restricted to the territory of 
 Canada. 
 
 How long did Canada retain the name ? 
 
 Canada was called New France while it remained in possession of 
 the French. 
 
 How came Canada to be in possession of the French ? 
 
 In 1534 & 5, James Carrier (car-te-a), serving under orders from the 
 king of France, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored its banks, 
 and took possession of the whole country in the name of his king. 
 
 What attempts were made by the French to settle Canada? 
 
 Cartier and the Lord of Roberval (ro-bare-val') made several at- 
 tempts on behalf of the French, to settle Canada ; but all attempts were 
 unsuccessful until Samuel Champlain {sham-plane') made a settlement 
 on the site of Quebec. 
 
 Which then is the oldest settlement in Canada? 
 Quebec, settled by the French in 1608, is the oldest French settle- 
 ment in Canada. 
 
 Is Quebec the oldest French settlement in America ? 
 
 The oldest French settlement in America is Port 
 Royal, now called Annapolis, in Nova Scotia. 
 
 When and by whom was Port Royal settled? 
 
 Port Royal was settled in 1605 by the French, under De Monts (du* 
 mong'), a wealthy Hu'-gue-not. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 What territory vjos called Acadia by He Monts ? 
 
 The whole territory now included in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
 and the adjacent islands, was called A-ca'-di-a. 
 
 Had tlxe French attempted to make settlements in other parts of America ? 
 
 More than forty years before the settlement of Port 
 Royal, in Nova Scotia, the Huguenots, or French Prot- 
 estants, undertook to establish colonies — one in South 
 Carolina, and another in Florida. 
 
 With what object did the Huguenots undertake to establish colonies ? 
 
 Their object was to provide a place of refuge for 
 the Protestants of France. 
 
 Who was the leading man among them ? 
 
 Their expeditions were undertaken by direction and 
 aid of Jaspar Coligny Qco-lin-ye'\ Admiral of France. 
 2* 
 
18 THE HUGUENOTS. 
 
 Who had command of the first expedition t 
 
 The first expedition sent out by the Huguenots, was intrusted to the 
 command of John Ribault (re-bo'). 
 
 Give some account of it. 
 
 The colonists landed at Port Royal entrance, Carolina, selected their 
 place of refuge, and built Fort Carolina, so called in honor of the king 
 of France. 
 
 What importance may be attached to the name of the Fort t 
 Fort Carolina first gave a name to the country, a century before it 
 •was occupied by the English. 
 
 What became of the colony at Port Royal entrance ? 
 
 Ribault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession of the country, 
 returned to France for reinforcements ; but the promised reinforcements 
 not arriving, the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. 
 
 Where did the Huguenots settle in 1564 ? 
 
 In 1564, a body of Huguenots settled on the banks 
 of the St. John's river, Florida. 
 
 By whom were they attacked ? 
 
 They were surprised and attacked by a Spanish 
 force under Melendez (md-len'-ddth). 
 
 WJiat appointment had Melendez received ? 
 
 Melendez had been appointed governor of Florida for life, upon con 
 dition that he would conquer the country within three years. 
 
 WJiat was the result of the attack made by Melendez ? 
 
 Men, women, and children were massacred, and the 
 settlement was broken up. 
 
 In what manner were the French avenged ? 
 
 De Gourges (du-goorg'), a brave soldier of France, 
 having fitted out three ships at his own expense, sur- 
 prised two Spanish forts on the St. John's river, and 
 hung two hundred captives upon the trees. 
 
 WJiat settlement had Melendez previously made ? 
 
 Before Melendez attacked the Huguenots, he had 
 formed a settlement at St. Augustine, in 1565. 
 
 What is said of the age of the settlement ? 
 
 St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States. 
 
gilbert's voyages. id 
 
 What was the first undertaking started by the English for the planting 
 of a colony in America ? 
 
 The first enterprise on the part of the English for 
 the purpose of planting a colony in America, was un- 
 dertaken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in 15T9. 
 
 WJiat account can you give of the undertaking t 
 
 Gilbert sailed from England under a patent which 
 had been granted by Queen Elizabeth; but severe 
 storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to put 
 back, and the scheme for a time was abandoned. 
 
 Wliat account can you give of the next attempt ? 
 
 In 1583,- Gilbert sailed a second time for America. 
 He landed at Newfoundland ; but accomplished little 
 more than the erection of a pillar bearing the arms of 
 England. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 What befell Gilbert t 
 
 While returning to England, in 1583, Gilbert's ves- 
 sel foundered, and he with all on board perished. 
 
 What expedition did Raleigh send in 1584? 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh (raiv'-le), not disheartened by the 
 sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from 
 Elizabeth an ample patent, and sent two vessels under 
 the command of Am'-i-das and Bar '-low. 
 
 What tvas the result ? 
 
 The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visit- 
 ed the islands in Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, took 
 possession of the country in the name of Elizabeth, 
 and after trafficking with the natives, returned to Eng- 
 land. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 Row did their account affect the Queen f 
 
 Such a glowing account did they give of the coun- 
 try, that Queen Elizabeth declared the event to be 
 the most glorious in her reign ; and in memorial of her 
 unmarried state, she named the regions Virginia. 
 
20 ROANOKE SETTLED. 
 
 What did Ealeigh afterward do ? 
 
 Ealeigli sent two colonies to America ; one, in 1585, 
 and the other, in 1587. 
 
 What colony did he send in 15S5 t 
 
 The colony sent in 1585, consisted of one hundred 
 and eight persons, with Ealph Lane, as Governor, 
 conveyed by a fleet of seven vessels, under the com- 
 mand of Sir Eichard Grenville. 
 
 To what place did the colonists go 1 
 
 The colonists proceeded to Eoanoke, an island on the 
 coast of Carolina, where they commenced a settlement. 
 
 What became of them? 
 
 After a year of distress, they all embarked for Eng- 
 land with Sir Francis Drake, who had stopped at 
 Eoanoke, on his way from the West Indies. 
 
 What can you say of Ealeigh 1 s second colony $ 
 
 Ealeigh's second colony, sent in 1587, was composed 
 of agriculturists and artisans, with their families. They 
 reached Eoanoke, and there commenced building " the 
 city of Ealeigh." 
 
 Wliativas their fate? 
 
 John White, the governor, went to England for 
 reinforcements and supplies ; when he returned, after 
 an absence of nearly three years, Eoanoke was desert- 
 ed, and no trace of the colonists could be found. 
 
 What attempt at settlement was next made ? 
 
 The next attempt after Raleigh's to plant an English colony in 
 America, was made by Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1G02. 
 
 What can you say of it ? 
 
 Gosnold landed on one of the Elizabeth islands, off Rhode Islaud, 
 where he selected a position for a settlement, and built a storehouso 
 and fort. (See map, page 4.) 
 
 What further account can you give of the attempt ? 
 
 The persons selected to remain, becoming alarmed at the menaces of 
 the Indians, and at the want of supplies, the design was abandoned, 
 ttnd the whole party returned to England. 
 
PLYMOUTH COMPANY. 21 
 
 What discoveries did Gosnold make t 
 
 Gosnold discovered the promontory which he called 
 Cape Cod; also Nantucket, Marthas Vineyard, and 
 the group known as the Elizabeth islands. 
 
 What reports did Gosnold give of the country ? 
 
 Gosnold made such favorable reports of the country, that the mei 
 chants of Bristol were induced to fit out two vessels, under the com- 
 mand of Martin Pring, for a voyage of exploration and trade. 
 
 How did Pring succeed t 
 
 In 1603, Priug explored the shores and several large rivers of Maine, 
 and examined the coast as far south as Martha's Vineyard. After 
 trafficking with the natives, he returned to England. 
 
 What can you say of a second voyage made by the same navigator t 
 In 1606, Pring repeated his first voyage to America, and made a 
 more accurate survey of Maine. 
 
 Wliat division of North America was made by royal power, in 1606? 
 
 James I., king of England, divided that part of 
 North America, between the 34th and 45th degrees of 
 north latitude, into two divisions ; calling the northern, 
 North Virginia, and the southern, South Virginia. 
 
 Row did he dispose of lice northern division ? 
 
 He granted the northern division, to an association 
 of " knights, gentlemen, and merchants of the west 
 of England," called the Plymouth (jplim'-uth) Com- 
 pany. 
 
 How did lie dispose of the southern division? 
 
 He granted the southern division to an association 
 of " noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants in and about 
 London," called the London Company. 
 
 What attempt did the Plymouth Company make to form a settlement? 
 
 In 1607, the Plymouth Company sent a number of 
 planters, who began a settlement at the mouth of the 
 Kennebec river, in Maine. 
 
 What was the result of the attempt 1 ? 
 
 The intense cold of the winter, the destruction of 
 their storehouse by fire, and the death of their pres- 
 
22 LONDON COMPANY. 
 
 ident, George Popham, discouraged them ; and they 
 returned to England. 
 
 How large an expedition was sent by the London Company ? 
 
 The London Company sent a fleet of three vessels, 
 carrying one hundred and five colonists. 
 
 Who commanded the fleet ? 
 
 The fleet was commanded by Christopher Newport. 
 
 What happened during the voyage ? 
 
 During the long voyage of four months, dissensions 
 arose among the leading men, and John Smith, whose 
 genius had excited their jealousy, was placed in con- 
 finement. 
 
 Wiat design of the colonists was frustrated f 
 
 The design of the colonists was to form a settlement 
 on Eoanoke ; but a storm carried the vessels farther 
 north, into Chesapeake bay. 
 
 To what place did they proceed ? 
 
 They sailed about fifty miles up a large stream which 
 they named James river, and selected a place for a 
 settlement. 
 
 What did they call their settlement ? 
 
 They called their settlement Jamestown. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAOB 
 
 1. What memorable event took place in 1492 ? 11 
 
 2. Did Columbus expect to find a new world ? 11 
 
 3. What land did he expect to find? 11 
 
 4. What was done by Isabella, queen of Spain? 12 
 
 5. What importance is to be attached to Cat island ? 12 
 
 6. Where is Cat island? (See map of the West Indies.) 
 
 7. When and where did Columbus discover the continent ? 12 
 
 8. What great feet did Columbus die in ignorance of? 12 
 
 9. How did it happen that this country was called America?. . 12. 13 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 23 
 
 PAQl 
 
 10. By whom and when was the continent of America first discov- 
 
 ered? 13 
 
 11. When was the eastern coast of North America first explored?. 13 
 
 1 2. By whom was the exploration made ? 13 
 
 13. What extensive claim to territory did England set up ? 13 
 
 14. Upon what fact did she base her claim ? 13 
 
 15. Who was it that sailed in search of a wonderful fountain? 13 
 
 16. Bj whom and why was Florida so named?. 13, 14 
 
 17. Give an account of De Ayllon's two expeditions 14 
 
 1 8 What was the object and result of the expedition under Nar- 
 
 vaez ? 15 
 
 19 Whom did De Soto wish to rival and surpass ? 16 
 
 20. By whom and when was the Mississippi discovered? 16 
 
 21. What was the sad fate of De Soto? 16 
 
 22. What exploration was made in 1524? 16 
 
 23. Where did the Huguenots commence settlements? 17 
 
 24. By what motive were they actuated? 17 
 
 25. What is the history of theirsettlemeut in Florida ? 18 
 
 26. Which is the oldest settlement in the United States? 18 
 
 27. When and by whom was it settled ? 18 
 
 28. Give an account of Gilbert's attempts at settlement 19 
 
 29. What attempts were made to settle Roanoke island? 20 
 
 30. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? 21 
 
 31. What other discoveries were made by Gosnold? 21 
 
 32. What was the origin of the London and Plymouth Companies? 21 
 
 33. Give an account of the Kennebec river settlement 21, 22 
 
 34. How did Jamestown come to be selected for a settlement? 22 
 
 35. Name the navigators that made early voyages and explorations 
 
 in behalf of Spain 12, 13, 14, 15 
 
 36. Those in behalf of England. 13, 19, 20, 21, 22 
 
 37. Those in behalf of France 16, 17, 18 
 
SECTION II. 
 Colonial History. 
 
 EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OP VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO TITB 
 COMMENCEMENT OP THE FRENCn AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1154. 
 
 ENN SYLVANIA 'Wilimnglpfn.^ NEW I 
 
 VI CI TTTTr" 
 
 or 
 CHESAPEAKE BAY 
 
 ^s&Zwte?^ 
 
 What are they t Where situated f 
 
 Jamestown? Charles? Wilmington? 
 
 Chesapeake ? Henry ? Chickahominy ? 
 
 Richmond ? James ? Rappahannock ? 
 
 Norfolk? York? Yorktown? 
 
VIRGINIA. 25 
 
 VIKGINIA. 
 
 WI) en and where was Virginia first settled? 
 
 The first settlement in Virginia was made in 1607, 
 at Jamestown. 
 
 Under what written instrument was Jamestown first governed? 
 
 The Jamestown colony was first governed under a 
 charter granted by James I., king of England. 
 
 Who were the supreme rulers of the colony? 
 
 The supreme government of the colony was vested 
 in a council, resident in England, the members of 
 which were appointed by the king. 
 
 In whom was the local government confided ? 
 
 The local government was vested in a colonial coun- 
 cil, whose members were appointed by the king. 
 
 Of how many and what persons did thejirst colonial council consist ? 
 
 The first council at Jamestown consisted of seven 
 persons, namely: Edward Wingfield, Bartholomew 
 Gosnold, John Smith, Christopher Newport, John 
 Ratcliffe, John Martin, and George Kendall. 
 
 Who was (he first po-esident of the Jamestown colony? 
 
 The council chose for their first president, Edward 
 Wingfield, an avaricious and unprincipled man. 
 
 How was Smith at first treated by the colonial council? 
 Smith at first was not permitted to take a seat in the council. 
 Why was he not ? 
 
 He was excluded from office by his colleagues, on a false charge ol 
 sedition ; but they were soon compelled to restore him to his station. 
 
 What was the character of the settlers ? 
 
 The most of the settlers were vicious and dissolute. 
 
 How did the colony prosper ? 
 
 At first the Jamestown colony did not prosper. 
 The scarcity of provisions, the hostility of the natives, 
 the want of industrial habits among the colonists, and 
 3 
 
26 VIRGINIA. 
 
 sickness which carried to the grave fifty men in less 
 than four months, proved nearly fatal to the existence 
 of the colony. 
 
 What distinguished man loas among the victims of death t 
 
 Bartholomew Grosnold, the projector of the settle- 
 ment, and a man whose influence had greatly contrib- 
 uted to promote harmony in the council, was among 
 those who died. 
 
 What grave charge was made against Wingfield t 
 
 Wingfield, the president, was charged with embez- 
 zling the public stores and converting them to his own 
 use. 
 
 What change teas soon after made in the council? 
 
 Wingfield and Kendall were expelled from the 
 council, for being concerned in a plot to abandon the 
 settlement and escape to the West Indies in a vessel 
 belonging to the colony. 
 
 Who succeeded Wingfield in ike 'presidency ? 
 
 Eatcliffe, a man of neither judgment nor industry, 
 was chosen president to succeed Wingfield. 
 
 Who, in consequence of Ratcliffe's unfitness, managed the affairs of the 
 colony ? 
 
 The management of affairs, in consequence of the 
 inefficiency of RatclifFe, fell into the hands of Captain 
 John Smith. 
 
 What did Smith accomplish 1 
 
 By his enterprise and courage, Smith soon estab- 
 lished order, and pacified the natives, from whom he 
 procured large supplies of provisions. 
 
 Wliat expeditions did he make t 
 
 Smith made several expeditions into the country, 
 some for provisions, and others for exploration. 
 
 What explorations did he make ? 
 
 He ascended the James and Chickahominy rivers / 
 
VIRGINIA. 27 
 
 as far as lie could in boats ; and explored Chesapeake 
 bay with its tributary streams. 
 
 What befell him on his expedition up the Chicl:<xhominy ? 
 
 Leaving his boat, with four companions he struck 
 into the wilderness : while engaged in shooting game, 
 he was surrounded by three "hundred Indians, and 
 after a desperate struggle was captured. 
 
 Where did the Indians lake Smith ? 
 
 The Indians conducted Smith in triumph through 
 the country, showing him to the various tribes on the 
 Kappahannock and Potomac rivers, and then took him 
 to a chief, dwelling near the fork of the York river. 
 
 What did the chief do zoith Smith t 
 
 After being detained for three days, Smith was sent 
 to Powhatan, an Indian chief then residing in what is 
 now Gloucester county, on York river, Virginia! 
 
 What can you tell of Powhatan's power f 
 
 Powhatan was the principal chief or "emperor of the country:" his 
 subjects numbered about eight thousand. 
 
 What sentence was pronounced against Smith ? 
 
 The Indian warriors met in council, and after a long 
 and solemn consultation, determined that Smith should 
 be put to death. 
 
 How iv as his life saved t 
 
 Smith was bound, and his head placed upon a large 
 stone that he might be killed with clubs ; but just as 
 the weapons were raised, Po-ca-hon'-tas the beloved 
 daughter of Powhatan, a child only twelve years old, 
 rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her arms, 
 and begged that his life might be spared. Her gener- 
 ous and heroic conduct touched her father's heart, 
 and the sentence was revoked. 
 
 What did Powhatan then do ? 
 
 Powhatan set Smith at liberty, and gave him an 
 escort of twelve men to conduct him to Jamestown. 
 
28 VIRGINIA. 
 
 How long had Smith been from Jamestown t 
 Smith reached Jamestown after an absence of seven weeks. 
 In what condition did he find the colony ? 
 
 He found every thing in disorder. The colony was reduced to forty 
 men, the strongest of whom were preparing to quit the country. 
 
 What did Smith succeed in doing ? 
 
 Smith soon repressed the attempt at desertion, and restored order to 
 the colony. 
 
 Of what advantage did Smith's captivity prove to the colony ? 
 
 Smith by his captivity, gained a knowledge of the 
 language and manners of the Indians, and of their coun- 
 try and its resources, which enabled him to establish a 
 peaceful intercourse between the English and the tribes 
 of Powhatan. 
 
 To what position was Smith formally chosen ? 
 
 Katcliffe, the president, having been deposed, Smith 
 was formally chosen in his place. 
 
 What accessions were made to the colony in 16(78 ? 
 Newport made two voyages to Jamestown in 1608, ^ringing in the 
 first, one hundred and twenty emigrants; in the second, about seventy. 
 
 What was the character of the emigrants brought by Newport ? 
 They were chiefly gentlemen and goldsmiths, who, in spite of Smith's 
 remonstrances, gave a wrong direction to the industry of the colony. 
 
 When and why did the London Company obtain a second charter t 
 
 In 1609, the London Company, in consequence of 
 not having realized their anticipations from the James- 
 town colony, sought and obtained a new charter, which 
 gave them more ample privileges. 
 
 Who was appointed governor t 
 
 Lord Delaware, distinguished for his virtues as well 
 as his rank, was appointed governor for life. 
 
 Whom did the company dispatch to America t 
 
 Christopher Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir 
 George Somers were dispatched to America, with a 
 fleet of nine vessels containing more than five hun- 
 dred emigrants. 
 
VIRGINIA. 29 
 
 What authority was delegated by the company t 
 
 Newport, Gates, and Somers were appointed com- 
 missioners, authorized to administer the affairs of the 
 colony till the arrival of Lord Delaware. 
 
 What happened to thejleett 
 
 While on the passage, a severe storm dispersed 
 the fleet. The vessel bearing the commissioners was 
 wrecked on one of the Bermuda islands, one small ves- 
 sel foundered, and the other seven reached the James 
 river in safety. 
 
 What did Smith do upon the arrival of the seven vessels ? 
 
 Considering that no persons had yet arrived au- 
 thorized to supersede him, Smith maintained his po- 
 sition as president, until, having been severely injured 
 by an explosion of gunpowder, he was compelled to 
 return to England for surgical aid/ 
 
 Whom did Smith leave in authority ? 
 
 Smith delegated his power to George Percy, brother of the Duke of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 What occurred after Smith's departure ? 
 
 The colonists soon gave themselves up to idleness 
 and vice, the Indians became hostile, and the horrors 
 of famine ensued. 
 
 What arrival at Jamestown occurred several moniJis after Smith's de- 
 parture ? 
 
 The commissioners whose ship had been wrecked 
 at the Bermudas, reached Virginia about the middle 
 of 1610, by means of two rude vessels which they had 
 constructed. 
 
 In what condition did they find the colony ? 
 
 Indolence, vice, and famine, had, in six months, 
 reduced the colony of five hundred persons to sixty. 
 
 By what name was that period in the history of the colony known? 
 
 The period of distress and gloom which existed in 
 the Jamestown colony in 1610, was long remembered 
 as "the starving time." 
 3* 
 
30 VIRGINIA. 
 
 What determination was made in view of continued distress t 
 
 In consequence of the distress to which the colo- 
 nists were reduced, and of the gloomy prospects ahead, 
 it was determined to desert Jamestown entirely, and 
 seek safety among the English fishermen at Newfound- 
 land. 
 
 What followed t 
 
 In four vessels the dejected colonists embarked ; but 
 as they drew near the mouth of the river, Lord Del- 
 aware appeared with emigrants and supplies, and 
 persuaded them to return. 
 
 What can you say of Lord Delaware's administration t 
 
 Under the wise administration of Lord Delaware, 
 order and contentment prevailed, and the affairs of 
 the colony began to prosper. 
 
 What was he compelled to dot 
 
 In consequence of ill-health, he was soon compelled 
 to leave the administration with George Percy f and 
 return to England. 
 
 WJw succeeded Lord Delaware ? 
 
 Lord Delaware was succeeded by Sir Thomas Gates. 
 
 What important event took place in 1612 t 
 
 The London Company, in 1612, obtained a third 
 charter. 
 
 WJiat was the favorable peculiarity of the charter f 
 
 The new charter allowed the London Company to 
 hold meetings for the transaction of business, thus 
 giving to the company a democratic form of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 What important event took place in 1613 ? 
 
 John Rolfe (rolf), a young Englishman, was married 
 to Pocahontas. 
 
 What good effect did the marriage have upon the colony t 
 
 The marriage had the effect of establishing a con- 
 
VIRGINIA. 31 
 
 firmed peace with Powhatan, as well as with the pow- 
 erful Chick-a-hom'-i-ny Indians. 
 
 What further account can you give of Pocahontas t 
 
 Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accom- 
 panied her husband to England, where at the end of a 
 year she died, leaving a son from whom are descended 
 many well-known families in Virginia. 
 
 What tlaim as regards colonization was set up by the governor ?* Vir- 
 ginia ? 
 
 The governor of Virginia claimed for the English 
 the right of colonizing the coast of North America to 
 the latitude of forty-five degrees. 
 
 What expeditions were made by reason of the claim t 
 
 Two expeditions from Virginia were made by Sam- 
 uel Argall, in 1613. 
 
 What can you say of the two expeditions t 
 
 Argall destroyed French settlements in Maine and" 
 Acadia ; and entered the port of New York to assert 
 the sovereignty of England. 
 
 Who succeeded Gates as governor of Virginia t 
 
 Gates was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale, in 1614. 
 
 Who succeeded Bale t 
 
 Dale ruled with wisdom and energy for about two 
 years, and then embarked for England, having ap- 
 pointed George Yeardley (yurd'rle) deputy-governor. 
 
 What can you say of the cultivation of tobacco at that time f 
 
 Tobacco began to be cultivated during Yeardley's 
 administration ; and, as it gave animation to Virginia 
 industry, it eventually became not only the staple, 
 but the currency of the colony. 
 
 What power did Argall gain in the colony t 
 
 Under the influence of a faction, Argall was appointed deputy- 
 governor of Virginia in 1617 : but his rule was so oppressive that he 
 was displaced, and the popular Yeardley was appointed governor ia 
 1619. 
 
32 VIRGINIA. 
 
 What event of Yeardley's administration marks the dawn of legislaiivt 
 liberty in America t 
 
 The colony having been divided into eleven bor- 
 oughs, and two burgesses chosen from each, the first 
 representative assembly ever convened in America, 
 met at Jamestown, in 1619. 
 
 Where, in the English colonies, was negro slavery commenced t 
 The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
 
 colonies, dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 
 
 1620. 
 
 Bow came slavery to be introduced into Virginia ? 
 
 A Dutch trading vessel entered the James river 
 with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold 
 into perpetual slavery to the planters. 
 
 There was an arrival of young women during that year ; what can 
 you tell of it ? 
 
 In 1620, about a hundred young women of good 
 reputation, arrived from England, and were married 
 to the planters. 
 
 How did each planter get his wife ? 
 
 Each planter gave for his wife one hundred and 
 twenty pounds of tobacco, being the price of the 
 woman's passage to America. 
 
 What advantage did the colony gain in 1621 ? 
 The colony received a written constitution in 1621, which ratified 
 most of the acts of Yeardley. 
 
 What appointment was made under the constitution t 
 Sir Francis Wyatt was appointed governor. 
 What terrible disaster befell the Virginians in 1622 1 
 
 The Indians having conspired to exterminate th© 
 white people, attacked them at mid-day, on the 1st of 
 April, 1622, and in one hour massacred about three 
 hundred and fifty men, women and children. 
 
 How long did the Indians continue hostile ? 
 
 The hostility of the Indians continued until 1646, 
 when a treaty was made with them. 
 
VIRGINIA. 33 
 
 What second disaster befell the whites before the treaty was made t 
 
 A second massacre occurred in 1644, when about 
 three hundred settlers were killed. 
 
 After the second massacre what course did the whites pursue t 
 The whites promptly adopted measures for protection and defence; 
 and a war was successfully conducted against the Indians. 
 
 What became of the London Company ? 
 
 The London Company was dissolved in 1624, by 
 King James ; and Virginia then became a royal prov- 
 ince. 
 
 Why was the dissolution effected t 
 
 The king disliked the freedom of debates at the meetings of the 
 Company in London. 
 
 What pretext did he assume for his act t 
 
 Under the pretext that the disasters of Virginia were the conse- 
 quence of the ill government of the Company, the king accomplished 
 the dissolution. 
 
 Row was the colony governed under the king ? 
 
 The colony was then governed by a governor and council of twelve 
 persons appointed by the king; but no attempts were made to interfere 
 with the House of Burgesses. 
 
 What appointment ivas made in 1628 ? 
 
 John Harvey, a haughty and unpopular royalist, was appointed 
 governor in 1628, but he did not reach the colony till late in 1629. 
 
 What can you say of his administration ? 
 
 The administration of Harvey was disturbed by violent disputes 
 about land titles. 
 
 Who ivas the governor in 164.4? 
 
 Sir William Berkeley, an able and elegant courtier, 
 was governor in 1644, at the time of the second Indian 
 massacre. 
 
 What measure of Parliament touching colonial commerce was passed 
 during Berkeley's administration? 
 
 The celebrated " Navigation Act" of 1651, which 
 secured to English ships the entire carrying trade with 
 England, and seriously abridged the freedom of colo- 
 nial commerce, was passed by Parliament 
 
84 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Who, at the time, was at the head of the English government-? 
 
 Oliver Cromwell was then " Lord Protector of the 
 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland." 
 
 What can you say of the enforcement of the " Navigation Act?" 
 
 The act was not at first enforced against Virginia, 
 but after its re-enactment in 1660, with new pro vis 
 ions, it was rigorously executed. 
 
 How did the colonists treat the oppression ? 
 
 The people remonstrated against the act, but with- 
 out effect. 
 
 By what other acts were the discontents of the people increased 1 ? 
 
 Charles II., king of England, granted to Lord Cul- 
 pepper and the Earl of Arlington, "All the dominion 
 of land and water called Virginia," for the term of 
 thirty-one years. 
 
 Of what other grievances did the Virginians complain ? 
 
 The people were restricted in the elective- franchise, 
 were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals 
 of the church of England, and the taxes levied were 
 unequal and oppressive. 
 
 What was the effect upon the people t 
 
 In consequence of the grievances to which they 
 were subjected, a spirit of rebellion broke out among 
 the "common people," who wanted but an excuse for 
 appearing in arms. 
 
 What excuse was soon offered? 
 
 An excuse was soon found in the invasion by the 
 Susquehannahs. The Indians penetrated Virginia 
 from the north, and were carrying desolation and 
 death to many a lonely plantation. 
 
 What can you say of the measures for defence ? 
 
 Governor Berkeley's measures for defence were very 
 inefficient and unsatisfactory to the people. 
 
 What was demanded ly the people? 
 
 The people demanded permission of the governor 
 to arm and protect themselves. 
 
VIRGINIA. 35 
 
 How was the demand treated? 
 
 The governor refused to grant the permission de- 
 manded. 
 
 What was tlie result? 
 
 A struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, 
 known as Bacon's Rebellion. 
 
 What was the first movement of the people ? 
 
 Five hundred men under arms, with Nathaniel Ba- 
 con as leader, marched against the Indians, whom 
 they met and defeated. 
 
 What course did the governor then pursue t 
 
 Berkeley issued a proclamation, declaring Bacon and 
 his followers rebels. 
 
 What advantages did the people gain ? 
 
 The people recovered for a time the rights which 
 they formerly enjoyed; but in the midst of their suc- 
 cesses, Bacon suddenly died. 
 
 Did they continue to enjoy the advantages gained ? 
 
 Bacon's party after his death was soon subdiied, 
 and the authority of the governor was restored. 
 
 By what act did Berkeley show his spirit of revenge ? 
 
 Governor Berkeley caused twenty- two of Bacon's 
 followers to be hung; and fines, imprisonments, and 
 confiscations disgraced his administration until he was 
 recalled by the king, in 1677. 
 
 Who succeeded Berkeley as governor ? 
 
 Berkeley was succeeded by Lord Culpepper, to whom 
 and the Earl of Arlington, Virginia had been granted 
 in 1673. 
 
 For what period was Culpepper appointed ? 
 
 Culpepper's appointment was for life. 
 
 Wlwi did the province then becoW$fe. 
 
 Virginia then became a proprietary government. 
 
36 VIRGINIA. 
 
 How long was Culpepper governor? 
 
 Culpepper was governor till 1684, when, in conse- 
 quence of his misrule, the king revoked the grant made 
 to him and Arlington, and deprived him of his office. 
 
 What did Virginia then become t 
 
 Virginia, upon the deposition of Culpepper, became 
 a royal province, and so continued till The Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 Fxoa 
 
 1. What settlement was made in 1601 ? 25 
 
 2. What can you state of the first charter granted to James- 
 
 town ? 25, 28 
 
 3. What was the character of Wingfield ? 25 
 
 4. What account can you give of Wingfield ? 25, 26 
 
 5. What of Bartholomew Gosnold ? 26 
 
 6. What of John Ratcliffe? 25, 26, 23 
 
 7. What was the character of Ratcliffe ? 26 
 
 8. Who was the third president of the Jamestown colony? 28 
 
 9. In what capacity had Smith formerly acted? 26 
 
 10. What did Smith do for the colony ?. . .- 26, 28 
 
 11. What romantic story can you relate of Smith ? 27 
 
 12. What enabled Smith to establish peaceful relations with the 
 
 Indians ? 28 
 
 13. What can you state of the second charter granted to James- 
 
 town ? 28, 30 
 
 14. Why was the second charter granted ? 28 
 
 15. What account can you give of Lord Delaware? 28, 30 
 
 16. What of Christopher Newport ? 22, 25, 28 
 
 17. What of Sir Thomas Gates? 28, 29, 30, 31 
 
 18. What compelled Smith to leave the colony? 29 
 
 19. What was the consequence of his absence ? 29 
 
 20. Give an account of the "starving time." 29, 30 
 
 21. At what opportune moment did Lord Delaware arrive? 30 
 
 22. How did the colony prosper while Delaware was governor?. . . 30 
 
 23. What compelled Delaware to leave the colony ? 30 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 37 
 
 24-- "When was the third charter granted to Virginia?. . . ....... 30 
 
 25. What can you say in favor of the third charter? 30 
 
 26. What account can you give of Pocahontas ? 27, 30, 31 
 
 27. What claim gave Argall authority for his expedition ? 32 
 
 28. Give some account of his two expeditions 31 
 
 29. What can you state of the early cultivation of tobacco ?. 31 
 
 30. With tobacco as the currency, what important purchases were 
 
 made ? 32 
 
 31. What can you state of the first representative assembly in 
 
 America ? 32 
 
 32. Give an account of the introduction of negro slavery at James- 
 
 town ? 32 
 
 33. Give an accouut of the massacre of 1622 32 
 
 34. Give an account of the massacre of 164.4 33 
 
 35. Give the history of the London Company. 21, 22, 28, 30, 33 
 
 36. What can you state of the " Navigation Act ?".. 33, 34 
 
 37. What grant was made to Culpepper and Arlington ? 34 
 
 38. What causes operated to produce a spirit of rebellion among 
 
 the people of Virginia during Berkeley's administration?. . . 34 
 
 39. What act relating to commerce was one of the causes ? 33 
 
 40. What grant made by the king was another? 34 
 
 41. Name the three other causes 34 
 
 42. How did the rebellion actually commence ? 34, 35 
 
 43. By what name is that rebellion known ? 35 
 
 44. What proclamation was issued by Berkeley ? 35 
 
 45. What temporary advantages resulted from the rebellion ?'. 35 
 
 46. What rights had the people formerly enjoyed ? » . 32, 34 
 
 47. What loss followed the death of Bacon ?...... 35 
 
 48. What befell twenty of Bacon's followers?. .. 35 
 
 49. What grant was made of Virginia in 1673 ? «v* . 35 
 
 50. What account can you give of Lord Culpepper?? . , »* .... 35, 3* 
 
 4 
 
38 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND 
 COLONIES, IN 1643. 
 
 TTCTNJinr ov 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAY 
 
 What are they 
 
 iWJieve situated ? 
 
 •Plymouth? 
 Boston ? 
 Salem? 
 Aug? 
 
 Swanzey-'? 
 .Lexington^ 
 Concord ? 
 Danvers •? 
 
 Newburyport? 
 Merrimac ? 
 New Bedford ? 
 Elizabeth? 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 39 
 
 When did Captain John Smith make his second voyage to America? 
 
 Captain John Smith made his second voyage to 
 America in 1614. 
 
 WJiat explorations did he then make ? 
 
 He examined the shores from the Penobscot to Cape 
 Cod, prepared a map of the coast, and named the 
 country Sew England. 
 
 By what act was the lustre of the expedition dimmed ? 
 
 Thomas Hunt, who commanded one of the two vessels of the expe- 
 dition, kidnapped twenty-four Indians, and sailing for Spain, sold them 
 into slavery. 
 
 What befell Smith in the following year? 
 
 Al'ter his success in 1614, Smith made two unsuccessful attempts to 
 reach New England. In the first a violent storm forced him to return ; 
 in the second, he suffered from the treachery of his companions, and 
 was captured by French pirates. 
 
 How did he escape ? 
 
 Taking advantage of a storm, and the darkness of night, he escaped 
 alone in an open boat. 
 
 Where do we next hear of Smith ? 
 
 Upon his arrival m England, he made favorable representations of 
 New England, and endeavored to awaken an interest in the subject of 
 settling the country. 
 
 What effect did his representations have upon the Plymouth Company t 
 Smith's representations induced the Plymouth Company to form vast 
 plans of colonization, and confer upon him the title of Admiral of New- 
 England. 
 
 What vast grant did James I. of England make in 1620 ? 
 
 To a company of forty of the most wealthy and pow- 
 erful men in his realm, King James granted, absolutely 
 and exclusively, all the territory between the 40th and 
 48th parallels of north latitude, extending from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 By what name was the Company known ? 
 
 The company assumed the title of The Council of 
 Plymouth. 
 
 What company did it take the place of ? 
 
 It represented the original Plymouth Company. 
 
40 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 When and by wlwm wcu> the first permanent settlement made in New 
 England? 
 
 The first permanent settlement made in New Eng- 
 land was on the 21st of December, 1620, by a band 
 of Pilgrims. 
 
 Was the settlement made under the direction of the Council of Plymouth < 
 
 It was made without the knowledge of the Council 
 of Plymouth, and without the aid of King James. 
 
 Who were the Pilgrims? 
 
 The Pilgrims were dissenters from the church of 
 England, who had fled to Holland to avoid the perse- 
 cutions to which they were subjected in their own 
 country, on account of their religious opinions. 
 
 By what name were they called in their own country ? 
 
 They were known in England as Puritans. 
 
 To what place in Holland did they go ? 
 
 They settled first at Amsterdam, in Holland, and 
 afterward at Leyden {li'-den), where, under the pas- 
 toral care of John Eobinson, they lived in great har- 
 mony for eleven years. 
 
 Why did they wish to remove to America ? 
 
 From various causes they became dissatisfied with 
 their residence in Holland, and desired to plant a col- 
 ony in America, where undisturbed they might enjoy 
 their civil and religious rights. 
 
 What grant did they obtain ? 
 
 After much solicitation, in 1619 they obtained a 
 grant of land from the London Company. 
 
 What contract did they enter into ? 
 
 They formed a contract with some London merchants who furnished 
 the capital for the expedition. 
 
 What vessels did they procure ? 
 
 They procured two vessels — the Mayflower and the 
 Speedwell. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 41 
 
 What can you say of the emharJcaiion of the Pilgrims t 
 
 As many as could be accommodated embarked on 
 board the Speedwell ; but trie larger portion remained 
 at Ley den with Kobinson. 
 
 To what place did the Speedwell sail? 
 
 The Speedwell sailed to Southampton, England, 
 where she was joined by the Mayflower with a body 
 of Puritans from London. 
 
 What can you say of the sailing of the two vessels ? 
 
 The two vessels sailed from Southampton, but the 
 Speedwell needing repairs, they entered the port of 
 Dartmouth, England. 
 
 Did they start again ? 
 
 They started a second time, but put back to Plym- 
 outh, where the Speedwell was abandoned as rsrisea- 
 worthy. 
 
 How many persons were carried to America ? 
 
 The Mayflower carried to America one hundred and 
 one men, women, and children. 
 
 Who were the most distinguished of them ? 
 
 The most distinguished of the Mayflower's passen- 
 gers were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Stan- 
 (Jish, William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. 
 
 Where did the Puritans of the Mayflower intend to settle ? 
 
 The Puritans intended to settle near the Hudson, 
 within the limits of New Netherlands. 
 
 Why did they not ? 
 
 When they reached Cape Cod, the winter had already 
 set in, and they therefore determined to seek a nearer 
 resting-place, rather than incur the dangers of naviga- 
 tion on an unknown coast at that inclement season. 
 
 At what place did they land? 
 
 They landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on the 
 21st of December, 1620; and there made their settle- 
 ment — the first in New England. 
 4* 
 
42 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Before landing, what compact did they enter into ? 
 
 In the cabin of the Mayflower they agreed to and 
 signed a form of government, and chose John Carver 
 governor for one year. 
 
 What is said of their sufferings at Plymouth ? 
 
 The winter was severe; and in less than five months 
 after they landed, nearly half of their number died from 
 the effects of exposure and privation, Governor Carver 
 and his wife being among the departed. 
 
 What treaty was formed with the Indians? 
 
 A treaty of friendship was made with Massasoit 
 (mas-sas' -so-it), chief of the Wampanoags (wom-pa-no f ~ 
 ags), which was sacredly kept for more than fifty years 
 
 By whom was the peace of the colony threatened f 
 
 Ca-non'-i-cus, chief of the Nar-ra-gan'-setts, threat- 
 ened to make war upon the colony, but he was com- 
 pelled to sue for peace. 
 
 Who was elected the second governor ofPhjmouth? 
 
 Carver was succeeded as governor by William Brad 
 ford, who for thirty years continued to be a prominent 
 man in the history of the colony. 
 
 How long did the compact between the London merchants and the Plym- 
 outh colonists continue t % 
 
 For seven years the partnership with the London merchants contin- 
 ued as agreed, when the rights of the merchants being purchased, the 
 propertj'was equally divided among the colonists, and prosperity and 
 contentment soon appeared. 
 
 What settlement was made in Massachusetts eight years after the one at 
 Plymouth ? 
 
 In 1628, a settlement was made at Salem by about 
 one hundred persons, mostly Puritans, under the charge 
 of John En'-di-cott. 
 
 For whom was Endicott acting ? 
 
 Endicott had been sent by a company of gentlemen, 
 proprietors of a tract of land purchased of the Council 
 of Plymouth. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 43 
 
 By what name was the company afterward incorporated ? 
 
 Charles I. having granted a charter to the proprie- 
 tors in 1629, they were incorporated as "The Gover- 
 nor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New Eng- 
 land." 
 
 What accessions did the Massachusetts Bay Colony receive in the follow- 
 ing year f 
 
 In 1630, about two hundred persons arrived, a part 
 of whom settled at Charlestown. 
 
 What important change was made in regard to the government ofthx 
 colony ? 
 
 The government of the colony was transferred from 
 the company in England, to the colonists. 
 
 What was the effect of the change ? 
 
 The change induced men of fortune and intelligence 
 to emigrate ; among them John Winthrop, who wa* 
 chosen governor. 
 
 Who came from England with Winthrop ? 
 
 Governor Winthrop was accompanied to New Eng 
 land by about three hundred families, mostly Puritans 
 
 When and where did they settle ? 
 
 They settled at Boston and adjacent places, in 1630 
 
 What can you say of their sufferings ? 
 
 They suffered much from exposure and privations 
 and many died. 
 
 What intolerance did they manifest ? 
 
 They banished Eoger Williams from their colony, 
 on account of his religious opinions. 
 
 What accession was made to the colony in 1635 ? 
 . In 1635, at least three thousand persons were added to the Massa- 
 chusetts Bay Colony, among whom were Hugh Peters and Henry Vane, 
 two men who afterward became distinguished in the history of P]ng- 
 land. 
 
 To what office in the colony icas Vane chosen ? 
 Vane was chosen governor. 
 
44 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 What eoccitement prevailed during Vane's administration? 
 
 During Yane's administration a great deal of excitement was caused 
 by a Mrs, Hutchinson, who persisted in holding meetings of her own 
 sex, and promulgating peculiar views, which, in a general synod cf the 
 church, were condemned as seditious and heretical. 
 
 By whom toas she encouraged in her course ? 
 
 She was* supported by Governor Vane, several magistrates, and a 
 majority of the leading men of Boston. 
 
 What final action was taken in the case ? 
 
 The civil magistrates finally issued a decree of banishment against 
 Mrs. Hutchinsou and several of her followers. 
 
 What was done in the colony for education as early as 1636 ? 
 In 1636, the "General Court" at Boston appropriated about two 
 thousand dollars for the purpose of founding a public school or college 
 
 What luas done two years after ? 
 
 In 1638, the Rev. John Harvard bequeathed upward of three thou- 
 sand dollars to the institution, which, in honor of the benefactor, was 
 named Harvard College. 
 
 Where is Harvard College located? 
 
 The college is located at Cambridge, about three miles from Boston. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIEE. 
 
 What are they ? Where situated ? 
 
 (To be answered from the map, page 38.) 
 
 Little Harbor ? Dover? Merrimac? 
 
 Portsmouth? Exeter? Piscataqua? 
 
 When 'and where was New Hampshire first settled? 
 
 New Hampshire was first settled in 1623, at Little 
 Harbor, near Portsmouth, and at Dover. 
 
 By whom? 
 
 The settlements were made by emigrants sent by 
 Ferdinand Gorges {gor'-jes) and John Mason. 
 
 In whom ivas vested the title to the land ? 
 
 In 1622, Gorges and Mason obtained of the Council 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 45 
 
 of Plymouth, a grant of land extending from the 
 Merrimac to the Kennebec, and named it Laconia. 
 
 Wliat purchase was made of the Indians ? 
 
 , The Kev. John Wheelwright purchased of the In- 
 dians, all the country between the Merrimac and the 
 Pis-cat' -a-qua. 
 
 What did Mason obtain soon after f 
 
 Mason afterward obtained a grant, in his own name 
 alone, of the country purchased by Wheelwright ; and 
 it then received the name of New Hampshire. 
 
 How was the country at first governed ? 
 
 It was divided among several proprietors, and, till 
 1641, each settlement was governed separately. 
 
 By what act did the separate existence of each cease ? 
 
 In 1641, the settlements united, and placed them- 
 selves under the protection of Massachusetts. 
 
 • How long did they enjoy the protection ? 
 
 They enjoyed the protection for nearly forty years. 
 
 What change took place in 1680 f 
 
 By order of the king, New Hampshire was sepa- 
 rated from Massachusetts in 1680, and became a royal 
 province. 
 
 What troubles annoyed the colonists ? 
 
 The claims of the heirs of Mason proved a source 
 of annoyance to the colonists. 
 
 How were the troubles terminated f 
 
 The heirs, by relinquishing all the unoccupied por- 
 tions of the province, terminated the troubles growing 
 out of the land-claims. 
 
 What other troubles did the people have ? 
 
 The people suffered from the incursions of the In- 
 dians during King Philip's War, and in consequence 
 of wars between England and France 
 
 What can you say of the attack upon Dover ? 
 
 During King William's War, a party of Indians at- 
 
46 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 tacked Dover, killed twenty-one persons, and carried 
 twenty-nine captives to Canada. 
 
 Willi what is the colonial history of New Hampshire connected f 
 
 The colonial history of New Hampshire is closely 
 connected with that of Massachusetts. 
 
 How was it connected ? 
 
 During several periods, embracing the greater por- 
 tion of their colonial existence, the two colonies were 
 united under one jurisdiction. 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 What are they f Where situated ? 
 Windsor ? New London ? Housatonic ? 
 
 Hartford? New Haven ? Thames? 
 
 Saybrook? Wethersfield ? Danbury? 
 
CONNECTICUT. 41 
 
 When and where was Connecticut first settled? 
 
 Connecticut was settled in 1633, at "Windsor, on the 
 Connecticut river. 
 
 By whom ? 
 
 The settlement was made by Captain William Holmes, 
 and a company from Plymouth. 
 
 What fort did they pass before reaching the site of Windsor ? 
 
 Sailing up the Connecticut, before reaching the site 
 of Windsor, they passed a fort which the Dutch of New 
 York had erected to prevent the English from ascend- 
 ing the river. 
 
 What accessions were made to the colony two years after ? 
 
 In 1635, a company of sixty men, women, and chil- 
 dren, journeyed from Massachusetts through the wil- 
 derness, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Weth- 
 ersfleld. 
 
 Wliat colony was established at the mouth of the Connecticut t 
 
 The colony of Say brook, so named in honor of Lord 
 Say-and-Seal, and Lord Brooke, was established at the 
 mouth of the Connecticut. 
 
 Which was one of the most important migrations to Connecticut ? 
 
 The migration conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hook- 
 er in 1636, was one of the most important to Connec- 
 ticut. 
 
 What account can you give of it 1 
 
 Mr. Hooker, with about a hundred persons, departed 
 from the vicinity of Boston, and, after a toiisome jour- 
 ney through swamps, and forests, arrived in the valley 
 of the Connecticut. 
 
 Where did the company settle f 
 
 The greater portion of the company settled at Hart- 
 ford. 
 
 What troubles did the colonists have with the Indians at that time t 
 
 The Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting the south- 
 
4b CONNECTICUT. 
 
 east part of Connecticut, committed many acts of hos* 
 tilit j, and sought an alliance with the Narragansetts, 
 in an effort to exterminate the colonists. 
 
 Was the alliance effected f 
 
 Through the exertions of Eoger Williams, the alli- 
 ance with the Narragansetts was prevented. 
 
 What measure was adopted against the Pequods ? 
 
 In 1G37, a court summoned at Hartford formally 
 declared war against the Pequods. 
 
 What force went against the Pequods? 
 
 Captain Mason, with eighty colonists, and four or 
 five hundred Indians from the Mohegan, Narragan- 
 sett, and other tribes, proceeded against the Pequods. 
 
 What place did they attack ? 
 
 They attacked the chief fort and village of the Pe- 
 quods, situated on the Mystic river, eight miles north- 
 east of New London. 
 
 What ivas the result of the attack? 
 
 The fort and wigwams were burned, and more than 
 six hundred men, women, and children, perished by 
 fire, or were slain. 
 
 What further history can you give of the Pequods ? 
 
 The Pequods never recovered from the effects of 
 their great loss. The survivors, two hundred in num- 
 ber, surrendered in despair, and were sold into slavery, 
 or were incorporated with other tribes. 
 
 What other colony, beside those on the Connecticut river, was established 
 in Connecticut? 
 
 In 163S, after the Pequod War,"77ie New Haven Col- 
 ony" was established by a body of Puritans, under the 
 guidance of the Eev. John Davenport, and Theophilus 
 Eaton. 
 
 For what was the colony remarkable ? 
 
 The New Haven colony was remarkable for the religious spirit t'^al 
 marked its laws. 
 
CONNECTICUT 49 
 
 Who was the first governor? 
 
 The first governor was Eaton; and he was annua'ly elected during 
 twenty years, umil his death. 
 
 How many and what colonies had been established in Connecticut t 
 Three colonies had been established in Connecticut : the Connecticut 
 
 colony, embracing Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield; the Saybrook 
 
 colony ; and the New Haven colony. 
 
 What important step was taken by the Connecticut colony f 
 
 The people of the Connecticut colony met at Hart- 
 ford, and adopted a constitution, which, for more than 
 a century and a half, underwent but little alteration. 
 
 What became of the Saybrook colony ? 
 
 The Saybrook colony was purchased of John Fenwick, one of the 
 proprietors, and united with the Connecticut colony. 
 
 What union of the Connecticut colonies took place in 1665 ? 
 
 The colonies on the Connecticut were united with 
 New Haven in 1665, under a royal charter granted by 
 Charles II., king of England. 
 
 What can you say of the character of the charier ? 
 
 The charter was exceedingly liberal, and confirn \e/\ 
 in every particular the constitution adopted by to 3 
 people at Hartford. 
 
 What attempt was subsequently made to deprive Connecticut of ler 
 charter ? 
 
 Andros, who had been appointed royal governor 
 
 of all New England, in 1687 appeared before the 
 
 Connecticut Assembly, in session at Hartford, and 
 
 demanded the surrender of the charter. 
 
 What followed f 
 
 A discussion arose which was protracted till eve- 
 ning, when the charter was brought in and laid upon 
 the table : just as Andros was stepping forward to 
 take it, the lights were suddenly extinguished. When 
 the candles were relighted, the charter could not be 
 found. 
 
 What had become of it f 
 
 It had been carried away by Captain "Wudswortb, 
 5 
 
50 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 and hid in the hollow of a tree, afterward known as 
 the Charter Oak. 
 
 What course did Andros then pursue? 
 
 Andros assumed the government, .and administered it in his own 
 name until he was seized at Boston, in 1689, and sent to England. 
 
 What did the people do then? 
 
 The people received the charter from its hiding-place, and Connect! 
 cut again assumed her position as an independent colony. 
 
 What account can you give of an encroachment attempted several years 
 after? 
 
 Colonel Fletcher, governor of New York, holding a commission vest- 
 ing in him the command of the militia of Connecticut, undertook to en- 
 force his authority. 
 
 What further can you say of the attempt ? 
 
 The people repelled the attempt ; and Fletcher, greatly chagrined, 
 returned to New York. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 What are they ? Where situated ? 
 
 (To be answered from the map, page 38.) 
 
 Providence ? Blackstone ? Mount Hope ? Newport ? 
 
 When and where was Rhode Island settled ? 
 
 Ehode Island was settled in 1636, at Providence. 
 By whom ? 
 
 Roger Williams, who had been banished from Mas 
 sachusetts, was the founder of Rhode Island. 
 
 Uow did he get possession of the lands ? 
 
 The lands were ceded to him by the chiefs of the 
 Narraganselts. 
 
 What name did he give to his settlement ? 
 
 He called his settlement Providence, to commemo- 
 rate " God's merciful providence to him in his distress.' 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 51 
 
 Did Providence prosper? 
 
 The great freedom enjoyed at Providence in civil 
 and religious matters, induced emigrants to settle there. 
 
 What can you say of the government of the colony ? 
 
 The colony was governed by rules made by a major- 
 ity of the inhabitants. 
 
 What settlement beside Providence was at an early day made in Rhode 
 Island ? 
 
 William Coddington and eighteen others, being persecuted in Massa- 
 chusetts on account of their religious opinions, accepted an invitation 
 from Williams, and settled on the island of Rhode Island. 
 
 What general names were given to the two settlements of Rhode Island? 
 Ths settlement of Providence was known as Providence Plantation ; 
 that of the island, as Rhode Island Plantation. 
 
 To what as regards jurisdiction did the two plantations object ? 
 The two plantations objected to being considered as under the juris- 
 diction of Massachusetts or Plymouth. 
 
 What did they seek in view of the claim set up by Massachusetts and 
 Plymouth ? 
 
 The two plantations sought an independent charter. 
 
 Did Obey obtain one ? 
 
 Through the exertions of Williams, they obtained from Parliament 
 a free charter of incorporation, in 1644. 
 
 What union did the charter establish ? 
 
 It united the two plantations under one government, as the Rlwde 
 Island and Providence Plantations. 
 
 When did Rhode Island obtain a second charter ? 
 When Charles II. ascended the throne of England, Rhode Island 
 obtained a new charter highly democratic in all its features. 
 
 When were the operations of the new charier suspended ? 
 
 When Andros, the petty tyrant, assumed the government of the 
 New England colonies, the operations of the charter were for a tima 
 suspended. 
 
52 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAQB 
 
 1. By whom was the New England coast explored in 1614 39 
 
 2. How far did the exploration extend ? 39 
 
 3. How did New England get its name ? 39 
 
 4. Of whom was the " Council of Plymouth" composed ? 39 
 
 5. From whom did they receive a grant ? 39 
 
 6. What were the boundaries of the territory granted? 39 
 
 7. When was Massachusetts first settled ? 40 
 
 8. By whom was the settlement made ? 40 
 
 9. What country were the Pilgrims natives of? 40 
 
 10. Where were they known as Puritans? 40 
 
 11. To what country did they first flee ? 40 
 
 12. Why did they flee to Holland ? 40 
 
 13. To what place in Holland did they first go? 40 
 
 14. To what place did they afterward go ? 40 
 
 15. How long did they remain at Leyden ? 40 
 
 16. Under whose care were they there ? 40 
 
 17. What induced them to leave Holland ? 40 
 
 18. What two vessels did the Pilgrims procure ? 40 
 
 19. On which vessel did they embark from Leyden? ... 41 
 
 20. Whom did the Speedwell leave at Leyden ? 41 
 
 21. Prom what place in England did the two vessels first start?. . . 41 
 
 22. From what place did they make their second start? 41 
 
 23. Which of the vessels made the voyage alone?. , 41 
 
 24. Why did not the Speedwell accompany the Mayflower? 41 
 
 25. How many persons did the Mayflower bring to America? 41 
 
 26. Name five of the most distinguished of them 41 
 
 27. Where did the Pilgrims intend to settle ? 41 
 
 28. In what season of the year did they reach America? 41 
 
 29. In consequence of its being winter, what did they determine on? 41 
 
 30. Where did they land ? 41 
 
 31. What name did they give to the place ?. 41 
 
 32. What is the name of the place in England from which they took 
 
 their final departure ? 41 
 
 83. How does the Plymouth settlement ranik in age, among the set- 
 tlements of New England ? 41 
 
 34. Where were the Pilgrims when they agreed to their form of gov- 
 
 ernment for Plymouth ? 42 
 
 35. Who was the first governor of the Plymouth colony?. .... .42 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 53 
 
 pag a 
 
 36. For how long a term was Carver chosen govamor ? 42 
 
 3*7. What occurred before the year expired ? . . . . , 42 
 
 38. By whom was Carver succeeded in office? 42 
 
 39. Who was Massasoit ? 42 
 
 40. In what way did he show his friendship toward the whites?.. . 42 
 
 41. What can you say of a threat made by Canonicus? 42 
 
 42. What can you say of a settlement made by Endicott? 42 
 
 43. What was the origin of the incorporation known as " The Gover- 
 
 nor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England ?" 42, 43 
 
 44. What induced men of fortune, &c, to join the colonists? 43 
 
 45. To what position was John Winthrop chosen ? 43 
 
 46. When and by whom was Boston settled? 43 
 
 47. What intolerance was shown toward Roger Williams ? 43 
 
 48. To what place did Williams then go ? 50 
 
 49. What service did Williams render to Connecticut ? 48 
 
 50. Where were settlements made in 1623 ? 44 
 
 51. What agency had Gorges and Mason in settling New Hampshire ? 44 
 
 52. What territory was called Laconia ? 45 
 
 53. By whom was it so called ? 44, 45 
 
 54. By what right did they name the territory? 44, 45 
 
 55. How did Wheelwright interfere with their claim? 45 
 
 56. How was New Hampshire governed till 1641 ? 45 
 
 57. How was it governed for the next forty years? 45 
 
 58. What can you tell of the claims of Mason's heirs? 45 
 
 59. During what war was Dover attacked ? 45, 46 
 
 60. What settlement was made in 1633 ? 47 
 
 61. From what place did the Windsor settlers come? 47 
 
 62. What can you say of a fort on'the Connecticut? 47 
 
 63. Where was the Saybrook colony established ? 47 
 
 64. In whose honor was it named ? 47 
 
 65. Give an account of Mr. Hooker's migration 47 
 
 66. Who were the Pequods ? 47, 48 
 
 67. Give an account of the Pequod War 47, 48 
 
 68. When and by whom was the New Haven colony established ? . 48 
 
 69. What demand did Andros make of the Connecticut Assembly? 49 
 
 70. How was his demand treated ? 49 
 
 71. Give the history of the Connecticut charter 19, 50 
 
 72. What settlement was made in 1636 ? 50 
 
 73. How did Williams commemorate God's providence ? 50 
 
 74- What induced emigration to Providence ? 5 J 
 
 5* 
 
54 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 FROM THE UNION OP THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643, TO 
 "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 
 
 What union of New England colonies was formed in 164.3 ? 
 
 Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New 
 Haven formed a Union in 1643, for mutual protection 
 against the encroachments of the Dutch and French, 
 and for security against the hostility of the Indians. 
 
 Why did not Rhode Island join in the confederacy ? 
 
 Rhode Island was refused admittance into the Union, 
 because she would not consent to be incorporated with 
 Plymouth, and lose her separate existence. 
 
 How were the affairs of the confederation managed t 
 The general affairs of the Union were managed bj* a board of Com- 
 missioners, consisting of two from each colony. 
 
 How long did the Union continue t 
 
 The Union continued nearly fifty years. 
 
 What accessions did Massachusetts receive to her jurisdiction ? 
 The settlements of New Hampshire were united to the jurisdiction 
 )f Massachusetts, in 1641, and those of Maine in 1652. 
 
 With what "people" did the colonists have trouble ? 
 
 " The people called Quakers" w r ere a source of much 
 trouble to the colonists. 
 
 How long did the troubles continue t 
 
 The troubles continued from 1656, the date of the 
 first arrival of Quakers from England, to 1661. 
 
 What was done with those who arrived in 1656 ? 
 
 Those who arrived first were sent back to England. 
 
 What can you say of a law in relation to Quakers ? 
 
 A law was passed prohibiting the introduction of 
 Quakers into the colony. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 55 
 
 What was the effect of the law ? 
 
 The law did not accomplish the effect intended. 
 Opposition increased the zeal of the Quakers, and they 
 came in large numbers. 
 
 How were they treated? 
 
 Many were banished, and others met persecution in 
 various forms. 
 
 What atrocious law was then passed t 
 
 A law was tbea passed, decreeing the punishment of death upon all 
 Quakers returning from banishment. 
 
 What was the object of the law ? 
 
 The avowed object of the law was not to persecute the Quakers, 
 but to exclude them from the United Colonies. 
 
 Was the object attained ? 
 
 The law failed of its object ; and four persons were executed in con- 
 formity thereto. 
 
 When did a more tolerant spirit begin to prevail ? 
 Upon the repeal of the atrocious law, in 1661, a more tolerant spirit 
 began to prevail. 
 
 What measure of Parliament seriously affected the trade of the colo- 
 nic ? 
 
 The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament, re- 
 stricted the trade of the colonies, and was one of the 
 primary causes of the Revolution. 
 
 When did King Philip? s War commence? 
 
 King Philip's War commencedin 1675, thirteen years 
 after the death of Massasoit. 
 
 Who was Philip ? 
 
 Philip was a son and successor of Massasoit. 
 
 Where was Philip's residence ? 
 
 Philip had his. residence at Mount Hope, in Bristol, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 What prompted the Indians to feelings of hostility ? 
 
 The spreading settlements were reducing the do- 
 mains of the Indians, and breaking up their hunting- 
 grounds ; and they saw in the growing power of the 
 whites, their inevitable extinction. 
 
56 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Of what was Philip accused? 
 
 Philip was charged with having plotted a combina- 
 tion of all the New England tribes, for the extermina- 
 tion of the colonists. 
 
 By whom ioas the charge made ? 
 
 A converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary among 
 Philip's people, informed against him. 
 
 What became of tJie informer ? 
 
 The informer was murdered by the Indians. 
 
 What was Vie immediate cause of the war ? » 
 
 The execution by the whites, of three Indians who had been arrest- 
 ed, tried, and convicted of the murder, may be considered as the im- 
 mediate cause of the war. 
 
 What can you say of the first attack? 
 
 The first attack was made by Philip upon the people of Swanzey, 
 a village thirty-five miles south-west from Plymouth. 
 
 What afterward occurred? 
 
 Philip was pursued, by a force consisting of the Plymouth troops 
 and volunteers from Boston. 
 
 What was the result? 
 
 He was forced to abandon his home at Mount Hope ; and, after being 
 besieged in a swamp for many days, he escaped with most of his war- 
 riors to the country of the Nipmucks. 
 
 Who were the Nipmucks ? t 
 
 The Nipmucks were an interior tribe of Massachusetts. 
 
 What places were afterward attacked by the Indians ? 
 The Indians attacked Brookfield, Deerfield, Hadley, Springfield, and 
 ether settlements, causing distressing loss to the whites. 
 
 What treaty had the colonists made with a powerful tribe of Indians * 
 
 A treaty of peace had been made with the Nar-ra- 
 gan'-setts. 
 
 How was tlie treaty observed ? 
 
 The Narragansetts were not faithful to the treaty, 
 having received Philip and become his allies. 
 
 What action was taken by the colonists in consequence? 
 
 A force of fifteen hundred men, with a number of 
 friendly Indians, was sent against the Narragansetts. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 51 
 
 What followed t 
 
 The Indians were attacked in an immense swamp / 
 in the southern part of Rhode Island, where Philip 
 had fortified himself, and were defeated with great 
 slaughter. 
 
 What can you say of the Indians, after their defeat ? 
 
 They never recovered from the effects of the de- 
 feat ; but yet they continued their depredations till the 
 death of Philip, in 1076. 
 
 ITovj was Philip's death caused f 
 
 Philip was shot by a faithless Indian. 
 
 What colonial separation took place in 16S0 ? 
 
 In 1680, Massachusetts and New Hampshire were 
 separated, the latter becoming a royal province — the 
 first in New England*. 
 
 What deprivation was Massachusetts subjected to in 1686 f 
 
 James II. , king of England, deprived Massachusetts 
 of her charter. 
 
 Why? 
 
 The independence shown by Massachusetts, in dis- 
 obeying the u Navigation Act"* and other obnoxious 
 laws of England, displeased the king. 
 
 Whom did the king send to America ? 
 
 The king sent Sir Edmund Andros, as royal gov- 
 ernor of all New England. 
 
 Wliat was trie character of Andros? 
 
 Andros became noted in the history of America, 
 on account of his unjust and oppressive measures. 
 
 Wtiat intelligence from England caused rejoicings among the people of 
 Boston t 
 
 The news of the English revolution, in which James 
 IT. had been driven from the throne, and William of 
 Orange declared king, caused great rejoicings among 
 the people of Boston. 
 
58 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ITow did the people treat the royal officers of the colony ? 
 
 They seized Andros and his officers, and sent them 
 to England for trial, on a charge of maladministration 
 of public affairs. 
 
 What mode of government did the colonists then assume ? 
 
 The colonists re-established their former mode of 
 government. 
 
 What did James, the ex-king, do ? 
 
 James escaped to France, where his cause was es- 
 poused by the French monarch. 
 
 What was the consequence of the espousal ? 
 
 The French monarch's course led to a contest be- 
 tween England and France, known in history as King 
 William's War. 
 
 What parties became involved in t!ie war ? 
 
 The colonists of the two nations became involved. 
 
 By what acts was the opening of the vjar signalized? 
 
 The French and Indians, at the commencement of 
 the war, committed shocking barbarities in their expe- 
 ditions against the northern colonies. 
 
 What expedition was undertaken by way of retaliation f 
 
 An expedition under Sir William Phipps was fitted 
 out by Massachusetts, for the reduction of Nova Scotia. 
 
 What was the result f 
 
 Phipps captured Port Royal, and returned to Bos- 
 tor with a large amount of booty. 
 
 What other expedition ivas undertaken ? 
 
 An expedition was planned by New England and 
 New York, for the conquest of Canada. 
 
 What can you say of it ? 
 
 A large naval force, under Sir William Phipps, 
 proceeded from Massachusetts ; and a land force, com- 
 manded by Winthrop, of Connecticut, proceeded from 
 New York. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 59 
 
 What was the result ? 
 
 The expedition was unsuccessful, both by land and 
 water. 
 
 What was the length of the tear t 
 
 King William's War extended from 1689 to the 
 peace of Kyswick (viz' -wick), in 1697, a period of about 
 eight years. 
 
 Where is Ryswick ? 
 
 Kyswick is a small town in the western part of Hol- 
 land. 
 
 What had the king clone in reference to the government of 'Massachusetts ? 
 
 During the war, King William refused to restore 
 the old charter to Massachusetts, but he granted a new 
 one, which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine and 
 Nova Scotia, in one royal government. 
 
 What was the most objectionable ftature in the new charter t 
 
 By the new charter, the appointments of the princi- 
 pal officers were taken from the people, and vested in 
 the crown. 
 
 What was done by the king to render the charter acceptable to Che people t 
 
 Sir William Phipps, a native of Maine, who had 
 led the colonists against the French settlements, was 
 appointed governor. 
 
 What extraordinary act was among the first of the new government ? 
 
 One of the first acts of Phipps and his council, was 
 the formation of a court, to try certain persons in the 
 colony who were accused of witchcraft. 
 
 Where did the belief in witchcraft prevail t 
 
 The belief in witchcraft prevailed in Salem and the 
 neighboring towns. 
 
 How many persons accused of witchcraft were made to suffer? 
 
 Twenty persons were put to death, fifty -five were 
 tortured or frightened into a confession of witchcraft, 
 and many suffered imprisonment. 
 
60 SLASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 IIovj long did the delusion last? 
 
 The delusion lasted more than six months. 
 
 What course did France pursue, upon the death of the ex-king of Eng- 
 land? 
 
 Upon the death of James II., the dethroned king, 
 France acknowledged his son as king of England. 
 
 What effect did the act produce in England? 
 
 The interference of France tended to produce a spirit 
 of resentment in England, where the crown had been 
 settled upon Anne, second daughter of James II. 
 
 What happened to the English Icing ? 
 
 While the English were making preparations for 
 war with France, King William died. 
 
 Who succeeded him ? 
 
 Anne, upon whom the crown had been settled, be- 
 came sovereign of England. 
 
 What did the course pursued by France lead to ? 
 
 The interference of France in the matter of the suc- 
 cession to the crown of England, in connection with 
 other causes, led to a war between England on the 
 one side, and France and Spain on the other. 
 
 By what names was the war known ? 
 
 In America, the contest was known as Queen Anne's 
 War ; in Europe, as The War of the Spanish Succession. 
 
 How did the war affect the colonies ? 
 
 The weight of the war in America fell upon the 
 people of New England. 
 
 How did Neiv York escape being invaded ? 
 
 A treaty of neutrality which the Five Nations had 
 made with the French in Canada, secured New York 
 against invasion from the north. 
 
 Who were the Five Nations ? 
 
 The Five Nations were five tribes of Indians, united 
 tinder a confederacy, and occupying lands within the 
 present state of New York. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 6 J 
 
 What followed the declaration of wart 
 
 Bodies of French and Indians made incursions from 
 Canada, fell upon the defenceless villages of New Eng- 
 land, and murdered or carried into captivity the help- 
 less inhabitants. 
 
 What was the most important event of the war ? 
 
 The capture of Port Koyal, in 1710, by a force from 
 Massachusetts, aided by an English fleet, was the most 
 important event of the war. 
 
 What was the result of the capture ? 
 
 The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, 
 in honor of Queen Anne ; and Acadia was permanently 
 annexed to the British realm. 
 
 How long did the war continue ? 
 
 Queen Anne's War continued about eleven years, 
 hostilities having commenced in 1702, and closed by 
 the treaty of Utrecht (u'-trelrt), in 1713. 
 
 Where is Utrecht f 
 
 Utrecht is a city of Holland, situated on the Khine. 
 
 How long did peace last? 
 
 A peace of nearly thirty . years, followed Queen 
 Anne's War, which was broken by King George's 
 War, commencing in 1744. 
 
 By what name was King George's War known in Europe ? 
 
 In Europe the contest was known as The War of 
 the Austrian Succession. 
 
 What was the origin of the war? 
 
 The war had its origin in disputes relating to the 
 kingdom of Austria. 
 
 ♦ What ivas the most important event of the war ? 
 
 The most important event of King George's War, 
 was the capture of Louisburg (loo' '-e-burg), by a colo- 
 nial force under William Pepperell, aided by an Eng- 
 lish fleet commanded by Commodore Warren. 
 6 
 
02 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 How is Louisburg situated t 
 
 Louisburg is situated on Cape BretOD island, east 
 of Nova Scotia. (See map, page 90.) 
 
 What ivas the length of the war t 
 
 King George's War continued from 1744 till the 
 treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle {akes-la-sha-jpel'\ in 1748, a 
 period of about four years. 
 
 Where is Aix-la- Chapelle ? 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle is an ancient city. in the western 
 part of Germany. 
 
 What did England and France gam by the contest ? 
 
 All acquisitions made by England and France dur 
 ing the war, were mutually restored. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Which of the New England colonies formed a union in 1643 ?. . 54 
 
 2. What was the object of the union ? 54 
 
 3. Which of the colonies did not join the union ? 54 
 
 4. What is the reason Rhode Island did not ? 54 
 
 5. Give an account of the persecutions to which the Quakers were 
 
 subjected ? 54, 55 
 
 6. What can you state of the "Navigation Act ?" 55 
 
 7 What war commenced in 1675 ? 55 
 
 o. What Indian chief resided at Mount Hope? 55 
 
 9. Where is Mount Hope situated? (See map, page 38.) 
 
 10. Who was the father of King Philip ? 55 
 
 11. What encroachments did the Indians view with disfavor? 65 
 
 1 2. What charge of plotting was brought against Philip ? 5C> 
 
 13. In what way did the Narragansetts prove faithless ? 50 
 
 14. What expedition did their faithlessness provoke ? 5(5 
 
 15. Where had Philip fortified himself? 57 
 
 16. What was the result of the swamp fight? 57 
 
 17. In what way did Philip meet his death ? 57 
 
 18. Give an account of King Philip 55, 56, 57 
 
 19. Which was the first royal province in New England ? 57 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 63 
 
 PAGB 
 
 20. When did New Hampshire become a royal province ? 57 
 
 21. "What loss as regards her charter, did Massachusetts suffer?. . . 57 
 
 22. Why did King James take away the charter? 57 
 
 23. What appointment did Andros receive from the king? 57 
 
 24. How did Andros render himself famous? 57 
 
 25. How did the people of England serve James II. ? 57 
 
 26. How did the news of their act affect the Bostonians? 57 
 
 27. How did it affect them as regards Andros ? 58 
 
 •28. To what place did James, the ex-king, escape? 5S 
 
 29. How did the French monarch treat him?. > t| 58 
 
 30. What war followed ? 58 
 
 31. Give an account of Pbipps's first expedition 58 
 
 32. Give an account of his second expedition 58, 59 
 
 33. In what year was the war brought to a close ? 59 
 
 34. At what place was the treaty of peace made ? 59 
 
 35. What union, under a royal charter, was effected by King Wil- 
 
 liam? 59 
 
 36. What privilege did the new charter take from the people? .... 59 
 
 37. What motive prompted the king to make Phipps governor?. . . 59 
 
 38. Was Phipps an American or Englishman by birth? 59 
 
 39. Give an account of the "Salem witchcraft?" 59, 60 
 
 40. In what way was Queen Anne's War brought about ? 60 
 
 41. By what other name was the war known ? 60 
 
 42. Who was Queen Anne ? 60 
 
 43. By what hostile acts did the war commence ? 61 
 
 44. What can you say of the capture of Port Royal ? 61 
 
 45. What change of name took place ? 61 
 
 46. What territory did England acquire by the war ? 61 
 
 47. In what year was the war brought to a close ? : 61 
 
 48. At what place was the treaty of peace formed ? 61 
 
 49. What was the next war between England and France ? 61 
 
 50. How many years elapsed between Queen Anne's War and King 
 
 George's War ? 61 
 
 61. By what name was King George's War known elsewhere?. ... 61 
 
 52. What was the cause of the war ? 61 
 
 53. When did the war commence ? 61 
 
 54. What did Pepperell and Warren accomplish ? 61 
 
 65. How did the event rank in importance among the events of the 
 
 war? , 61 
 
 56. How many years did the war continue ? 62 
 
C4 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 NEW YORK, 
 
 What are they f WJiere situated ? 
 
 New York ? 
 Albany ? 
 
 Mohawk ? 
 Newbury? 
 
 Schenectady ? 
 Hudson ? 
 
 When and by wJwm was the Hudson river discovered? 
 
 The Hudson river was discovered in 1609, by Henry 
 H udson, an English navigator, then sailing in the ser- 
 vice of the Dutch East India Company. 
 
 What was the object of his voyage t 
 
 When Hudson discovered the river which bears his 
 
NEW YORK. 06 
 
 name, lie was seeking a north-western passage to the 
 Pacific ocean. 
 
 How far up the river did Hudson go ? 
 
 He proceeded beyond the city of Hudsdn in his ves- 
 sel, The Half Moon, and then continued his explora- 
 tions in a small boat as far as Albany. 
 
 WJial can you say of the first settlement made in Neio York ? 
 
 In 1614, the Dutch built a rude fort on Man-hat'-tan 
 or New York island, and in the following year began 
 a settlement at Albany ; but it was not till 1623 that 
 they actually colonized the country. 
 
 What did they call their settlement ? 
 
 The Dutch called their settlement on Manhattan 
 island New Amsterdam. 
 
 What fort did they build up the river? 
 
 At Albany they built a fort which they called Fort 
 Orange. 
 
 What extent of territory was claimed by (he Dutch ? 
 The Dutch claimed the whole territory from Cape 
 Cod to the southern shore of Delaware bay. 
 
 By what name was the whole territory known ? 
 
 The territory claimed by the Dutch was known as 
 New Netherlands. 
 
 Under whose auspices were colonies planted in New Netherlands? 
 Colonies were planted in New Netherlands under the auspices of 
 the Dutch West India Company. 
 
 What offers did (he Company make to induce emigration ? 
 The Company offered large tracts of land and certain privileges to 
 each individual who would form a settlement of fifty persons. 
 
 Who availed themselves of (he offer? 
 
 Four directors of the Company became proprietors of valuable por- 
 tions of the territory, and thus were laid the foundations of the mano 
 rial estates of New York. 
 
 What were they called? 
 
 The proprietors were called Pa -irons, or Pat-roons'. 
 6* 
 
66 NEW YORK. 
 
 Who were the successive Dutch governors ? 
 
 The first Dutch governor was Peter Min'-u-its ; the 
 second, Wouter Van Twiller ; the third, Sir William 
 Kieft (heeft) ; and the fourth and last was Peter Stuy- 
 vesant {sti' -ves-ant). 
 
 What controversy in respect to territory was begun during Van Twiner's 
 administration ? 
 
 A controversy was begun during Yan Twiller's ad- 
 ministration, occasioned by the alleged encroachments 
 of the English on the eastern end of Long Island, and 
 on the Connecticut river. 
 
 What troubles did Kieft bring upon tlie colony t 
 
 Kieft involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes 
 of Delaware, whose settlements he considered as en 
 croachments upon New Netherlands : he also, by his 
 unwise and inhuman conduct, brought on a disastrous 
 war with the Indians. 
 
 What became of Kieft? 
 
 Kieft was deprived of his office, and while returning 
 to Europe, the ship in which he sailed was wrecked 
 on the coast of Wales, and the guilty man perished. 
 
 What can you say of Stuyvesanfs administration ? 
 
 Stuy vesant preserved peace with the Indians ; made 
 a treaty settling boundary disputes with the English ; 
 gained by conquest the Swedish settlements on the 
 Delaware ; and encouraged commerce. 
 
 What accessions were made to the colony during his administration ? 
 
 Many emigrants came from among the oppressed, 
 the discontented, and the enterprising, of other colonies 
 and European nations. 
 
 Wliat feeling in regard to their political rights was soon made manifest 
 among the settlers t 
 
 A desire to enjoy greater privileges as citizens soon 
 grew up among the people. 
 
NEW YORK. 67 
 
 Row was the feeling manifested t 
 
 They demanded a share in the government 
 
 How was (he demand met f 
 
 Stuyvesant resisted the demand, and his conduct 
 was approved by the home government. 
 
 When did Stuyvesant see the imprudence of his refusal ? 
 
 When, in 1664, Colonel Nichols with an English 
 fleet, appeared before New Amsterdam and summoned 
 the town to surrender, Stuyvesant, too late, saw the 
 imprudence of his conduct. 
 
 By what authority did Nichols act t 
 
 Nichols acted by virtue of directions which he had 
 received from the Duke of York. 
 
 Where did the Duke of York get his authority t 
 
 Charles II., king of England, disregarding the 
 claims of the Dutch, had granted the whole territory 
 of New Netherlands to his brother James, the Duke 
 of York. 
 
 How did the people of New Amsterdam treat his summons to surrender t 
 
 The people of New Amsterdam, hoping to enjoy 
 more freedom under English rule, determined to com- 
 ply with the summons made by Nichols. 
 
 How did Stuyvesant act under the circumstances f 
 
 Stuyvesant, faithful to his employers, the Dutch 
 West India Company, refused to sign the articles of 
 capitulation, until the town was actually in the posses- 
 sion of the English. 
 
 What disposition had been made of a portion of New Netherlands jxui 
 previous to its surrender to Nichols ? 
 
 Previous to the surrender, all that portion of New Netherlands new 
 known as New Jersey, was sold by the Duke' of York to Lord Berkeley 
 and Sir George Carteret. 
 
 WJiat names did Vie English give to the places surrendered? 
 
 The English called New Amsterdam New York ; 
 and Fort Orange received the name of Albany. 
 
68 NEW YORK. 
 
 What name was given to the whole territory ? 
 
 The name of New York was extended to the whole 
 territory under the government of the Duke of York. 
 
 Who became governor ? 
 
 . The first English governor was Colonel Nichols. 
 
 Who was the next? 
 
 Nichols was succeeded by Lovelace. 
 
 What disappointment did the people meet with ? 
 
 The people were disappointed in not obtaining a 
 representative government. 
 
 Was New York ever again in possession of the Dutch ? 
 
 In 1673, during a war between England and Hol- 
 land, the Dutch regained not only New York, but 
 New Jersey and the settlements on the Delaware. 
 
 How did the English regain possession 1 
 
 When England and Holland made a treaty of peace, 
 New Netherlands was restored to the English, after 
 having been occupied by the Dutch for a period of 
 fifteen months. 
 
 What new grant was made of the territory ? 
 
 To remove all doubts concerning the Duke of York's 
 title to the lands, the king gave him a new charter con- 
 firming the former grant. 
 
 Who then became governor ? 
 
 The first governor under the new charter was Sir 
 Edmund Andros, afterward noted for his petty tyr- 
 anny. 
 
 Who was the second governor ? 
 
 Andros was succeeded by Thomas Dongan. 
 
 By whom was Dongan succeeded ? 
 
 Dongan was succeeded by Francis Nicholson, 
 
 What political changes took place ? 
 
 During Dongan's administration, the people met, and with the con- 
 currence of the governor, adopted a "Charter of Liberties," which con- 
 ceded to them many important rights. 
 
NEW YORK. 6& 
 
 How were they disappointed ? 
 
 When the Duke of York ascended the throne as James II. , he tk, 
 fused to confirm the privileges which he had previously granted. 
 
 What change did the news of the English revolution produce in the affairs 
 of New York? 
 
 When news of the English revolution in 1689, reached New York 
 city, Jacob Leisler (lice'-ler), a militia captain, with the aid of several 
 hundred armed men and the approbation of the citizens generally, took 
 possession of the fort in the name of the new sovereigns of England, 
 William and Mary. 
 
 What was Leisler 1 s further course ? 
 
 Leisler assumed the functions of governor, and with the aid of Mil- 
 borne, His son-in-law, managed affairs until the arrival of Sloughter, 
 the successor of Nicholson. 
 
 What then befell Leisler and Milborne t 
 
 Leisler and Milborne were tried on a charge of treason, and con- 
 demned to death ; Sloughter, while drunk at a feast, signed the death- 
 warrant, and both were executed. 
 
 Wliat can you say of an attack made upon Schenectady? 
 
 During King William's War, Schenectady {ske-nec -ta-de\ a Dutch 
 settlement on the Mohawk river, in New York, was surprised at mid- 
 night by a party of French and Indians, sixty of the inhabitants were 
 killed, thirty taken prisoners, and the village was burned. 
 
 Who became governor at the close of the wart 
 
 At the close of King William's War, the Earl of Bel'-la-mont, an 
 Irish peer, arrived in New York as governor. 
 
 What serious charge was afterward brought against BeUamontt 
 Bellamont was afterward eharged with abetting Kidd in his piracies, 
 and sharing his plunder. 
 
 WI tat further can you say of 'the matter t 
 
 The charge was examined by the House of Commons; but Bella- 
 mont escaped without censure. 
 
 What can you say of KidoVs fate ? 
 
 Kidd was arrested in Boston, sent to England, tried, and executed. 
 Who succeeded Bellamont t 
 
 Bellamont was succeeded by the vicious and intolerant Lord Cora- 
 bury. 
 
 How long was he governor f 
 
 Cornbury was governor for seven years, when, in answer to th« 
 request of the people, he was recalled. 
 Why did the people request his recall t 
 Cornbury, while governor, embezzled the public money, contracted 
 
10 NEW JEESEY. 
 
 debts which he was unable to pay, and resisted the efforts of the per* 
 pie to establish a more popular government. 
 
 What can you say of the " Negro ^lotf 
 
 In 1741, several incendiaiy fires occurred in the city 
 of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. 
 Witnesses testified that the negroes had conspired to 
 burn the city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a 
 government of their own. 
 
 What followed? 
 
 An intense excitement among all classes followed, 
 and before it was allayed, more than thirty persons, 
 condemned as having been engaged in the plot, were 
 executed, and many were transported to foreign parts. 
 
 Had a plot really existed ? 
 
 A plot, no doubt, had been formed, but the accounts 
 of it were greatly exaggerated, and many innocent 
 persons were made to suffer. 
 
 KEW JERSEY. 
 
 Before New Jersey was granted to the Duke of York, in what province 
 was it included ? 
 
 New Jersey was included in the Dutch province of 
 New Netherlands. 
 
 Did the Dutch make any settlements in New Jersey ? 
 
 The Dutch had a trading settlement at Bergen as 
 early as 1622 ; and in 1623, they built Fort Nassau, on 
 the east side of the Delaware. 
 
 What is considered as the beginning of colonization in New Jersey f 
 
 The settlement made at Elizabethtown, in 1664, by 
 persons from Long Island, is considered as the begin- 
 ning of colonization in New Jersey. 
 
 WJiat can you say of the sale of New Jersey in that year ? 
 
 The Duke of York, to whom the king of England 
 
NEW JERSEY. 
 
 71 
 
 thpehpart 
 
 What are they i 
 
 W litre situated f 
 
 Bergen ? 
 Elizabethtown ? 
 
 Trenton? 
 Princeton? 
 
 Monmouth ? 
 New Brunswick ? 
 
 bad granted the whole province of New Netherlands, 
 sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
 Carteret, in 1664. 
 
 Why was the name of New Jersey given to the territory purchased by 
 Berkeley and Carteret ? 
 
 The territory was called New Jersey, in honor of 
 Carteret, who had been governor of the island of 
 Jersey, in the English Channel. 
 
 Who was the first governor? 
 
 Philip Carteret, brother of one of the proprietors, 
 was the first governor of New Jersey. 
 
72 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 At what place did Governor Carteret settle ? 
 
 He settled at Elizabethtown, now called Elizabeth, 
 which he made the first capital of New Jersey. 
 
 What inducements were offered to settlers ? 
 
 The liberal constitution published by the proprietors, by which it 
 was provided that no rents for the use of lands would be required for 
 he space of five years, induced many persons to settle. 
 
 JJow long did quietness pervade the colony t 
 
 During the five years' exemption from rents, the colony prospered 
 in quietness. 
 
 What then produced commotion f 
 
 The attempts to collect the rents, after the expiration of the five 
 years, produced a great deal of ill feeling among the settlers. 
 
 What claim did the settlers make f 
 
 Those who had purchased lands of the Indians, asserted that a deed 
 from them was superior to any other title. 
 
 What course did the settlers pursue ? 
 
 After disputing with the proprietors for about two years, the settlers 
 displaced Philip Carteret, and appointed a dissolute son of Sir George 
 Carteret governor. 
 
 What occurred during the year 1673? 
 
 In 1673, the Dutch, while at war with England, re* 
 gained New Jersey as well as the other portions of 
 their former possessions of New Netherlands. 
 
 How long did the Dutch hold possession t 
 
 The Dutch kept possession for fifteen months, when, 
 by treaty, the whole territory was restored to the Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 How was the territory then disposed of? 
 
 New Netherlands, including New Jersey, was a sec- 
 ond time granted to the Duke of York. 
 
 Who then was appointed governor 1 
 
 In disregard of the rights of Berkeley and Carteret, 
 the Duke of York appointed Edmund Andros gover- 
 nor over the whole reunited province. 
 
 What did the duke afterward agree to? 
 
 He afterward agreed to restore New Jersey to 
 Berkeley and Carteret. 
 
NEW JERSEY. T6 
 
 What was done with Berkeley's interest in the territory 1 
 
 Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to Edward 
 By Hinge, an English Quaker. 
 
 What disposition did Byllinge make of it ? 
 
 Byllinge assigned his interest to William Penn and 
 two other Quakers. 
 
 How was New Jersey then divided ? 
 
 The proprietors then divided the territory into two 
 portions — Carteret taking East Jersey, and the Quakers, 
 West Jersey. 
 
 What accessions were made t 
 
 In 1677, more than four hundred Quakers came from England and 
 settled in West Jersey. 
 
 What troubles did they experience ? 
 
 They were called upon by Andros to acknowledge the sovereignty 
 of the Duke of York, and submit to taxation. 
 
 Row were their troubles settled ? 
 
 Their troubles were settled by a legal decision against the claims of 
 the duke. 
 
 What important convention was held in New Jersey ? 
 A representative assembly held in West Jersey, adopted & code of 
 aws for the government of the people. 
 
 Into whose hands did East Jersey fall? 
 
 East Jersey was purchased in 1682, by Penn and 
 eleven other Quakers ; and Kobert Barclay, a Scotch 
 Quaker, was appointed governor for life. 
 
 Wliat can you say of Barclay's administration ? 
 
 His administration was short but prosperous. 
 
 What brought it to a closet 
 
 When the Duke of York ascended the throne of 
 England, in seeking to annul the American charters, 
 he placed New Jersey under the jurisdiction of An- 
 dros. 
 
 How ivas his jurisdiction terminated? 
 
 The revolution in England, and the expulsion of 
 Andros from Boston, put an end to the obnoxious 
 authority. 
 7 
 
74 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 What was done after the expulsion of Andros ? 
 
 The Jersej^s were in an unsettled condition until 
 the proprietors, in 1702, surrendered their powers of 
 government to the crown. 
 
 What further can you say of the province? 
 
 New Jersey then became a royal province united 
 to New York, under the government of Lord Corn- 
 bury. 
 
 How was it then governed 1 
 
 For thirty-six years New Jersey was under the 
 governors of New York, but with a distinct legisla- 
 tive assembly of its own. 
 
 What further account can you give of the history of New Jersey? 
 
 In 1738, the connection with New York was sev- 
 ered forever : New Jersey then became a royal prov- 
 ince, with Lewis Morris for governor. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 Pa3I 
 
 What discovery was made by Henry Hudson ? 64 
 
 .2 In what year was the Hudson discovered ? 61 
 
 3. In what country was Hudson born ? 64 
 
 4. When he discovered the river, in whose employ was he? . . . 64 
 
 5. What was he seeking at the time of the discovery ? 65 
 
 6. What was the name of Hudson's vessel ? 65 
 
 7. In what way did he reach Albany ? . . 65 
 
 8. What was done by the Dutch in 1614 ? 65 
 
 9. What did they do in 1615 ? 65 
 
 10. What did they do in 1623 ? 65 
 
 11. What place did they call New Amsterdam ? 65 
 
 12. Where did they build Fort Orange? 65 
 
 13. What claim to territory did the Dutch make ? 65 
 
 14. What name did they give to the territory claimed ? 65 
 
 5. Who was the first governor of New Netherlands ? 66 
 
 6. Who was the second ? ' 66 
 
 1. Who was the thirl ? 6G 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 7a 
 
 PAOB 
 
 18. Who was the fourth ? 66 
 
 19. Of what alleged encroachments of the English did the Dutch 
 
 complain ? 66 
 
 20. What other encroachments were made upon New Netherlands ? 66 
 
 21. Give an accomt of the third Dutch governor of New Nether- 
 
 lands 66 
 
 22. How did the fourth Dutch governor administer affairs ? 66 
 
 23. From what class of persons did New Netherlands receive acces- 
 
 sions in large numbers, during Stuyvesant's administration? 66 
 
 24. What desire soon prevailed among the people ? 66 
 
 25. What demand did they make of Stuyvesant? 67 
 
 26. How did Stuyvesant treat their demand? 67 
 
 27. How was Stuyvesant encouraged by the home government?. . 67 
 
 28. What took place in 1664 ? 67 
 
 29. For whom did Nichols summon New Netherlands to surrender? 67 
 
 30. What title had the Duke of York to the territory ? 67 
 
 31. Why were the people of New Netherlands willing to surrender 
 
 to Nichols ? 67 ' 
 
 ¥>. How long did Stuyvesant hold out before he finally yielded up 
 
 New Netherlands ? 67 
 
 3b. What name was then given to New Amsterdam ? 67 
 
 34. What, to Fort Orange ? 67 
 
 35. Who was the first English governor of New York ? 68 
 
 36. Who was the second? 68 
 
 37. Did the people realize their hopes, in regard to political privi- 
 
 leges? 68 
 
 38. What became of New York, New Jersey and Delaware, during 
 
 a war between England and Holland ? 68 
 
 39. For how long a time did the Dutch hold possession ? 68 
 
 40. What was done to secure the Duke of York's title to New Neth- 
 
 erlands ? 68 
 
 41. Who was the first governor under the rew charter ? 68 
 
 42. Give an account of the " Negro Plot." 70 
 
 43. Of what province was New Jersey once a part ? 70 
 
 44. What settlement was made in New Jersey in 1664 ? 70 
 
 45. How did Berkeley and Carteret get possession of New Jersey? 71 
 
 46. What interest did Penn acquire in the Jerseys? 73 
 
 47. When did New Jersey become a royal province ? 74 
 
 48. How was it governed for more than thirty years after ? 74 
 
 49. What dissolution took place in 1738 ? 74 
 
76 MARYLAND. 
 
 MAEYLANB- 
 
 What are they ? Where situated t 
 (To be answered from the map, page 24.) 
 
 Kent? Chesapeake? Baltimore? 
 
 St. Mary's? Potomac? Annapolis? 
 
 Of what colony was Maryland once a part ? 
 
 By the second charter granted to the London Com- 
 pany, the limits of Virginia were extended, and em- 
 braced all the territory now forming the states of Mary- 
 land, Virginia, and North Carolina. 
 
 What toolc place in 1624 1 
 
 The dissolution of the London Company having 
 been accomplished in 1624, the soil of Virginia became 
 the property of the crown. 
 
 What can you say of a license granted to Clayborne by the king? 
 
 In 1631, William Clayborne obtained from Charles 
 L, a license to- traffic with the Indians. 
 
 What settlements did he make ? 
 
 Clayborne formed two trading settlements ; one on 
 Kent Island, and the other at the month of the Sus- 
 quehanna. 
 
 What application was made to the king by Calvert $ 
 
 Sir George Calvert, a Eoman Catholic nobleman, 
 applied for a charter to establish a colony in Mary- 
 land. 
 
 By what name was Calvert generally known ? 
 
 Calvert's title was Lord Baltimore. 
 
 What was Calvert s special object in making the application to the king ? 
 
 He was influenced by a desire to provide an asylum 
 • for Catholics, then persecuted in England. 
 
MARYLAND. 77 
 
 How did the king treat the application t 
 
 King Charles readily agreed to grant the chartei , but 
 before the document received the royal seal, Calvert 
 died. 
 
 What was then done with the charter t 
 
 The charter was then issued to Cecil (se'-sil) Calvert, 
 son of Sir George, who, by the death of his father, 
 inherited the title of Lord Baltimore. 
 
 What can you say of the character of the charter ? 
 
 The charter granted, to Lord Baltimore was the 
 most liberal one, in every respect, that had been 
 granted by the crown. 
 
 Row did it differ from others ? 
 
 It secured to emigrants equality in religious rights 
 and civil freedom, and made the government of the 
 colony independent of the crown. 
 
 What other provisions did it contain ? 
 
 It provided that no tax should be levied upon the 
 colonists by the crown ; and that no law should be 
 established, without the sanction of the freemen or 
 their deputies. 
 
 What name was given to the country granted io Lord Baltimore ? 
 
 The province was called Maryland, in honor of 
 Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. 
 
 Whom did Lord Baltimore send to America? 
 
 Lord Baltimore sent his brother, Leonard Calvert, 
 with about two hundred emigrants, mostly Koman 
 Catholics. 
 
 What settlement did they make f 
 
 Their first settlement was made at St. Mary's, in 
 1634. 
 
 How was the peace of the colony interrupted ? 
 
 Clayborne, who from the first had claimed the ter 
 ritory, and refused to submit to the authority of Cal- 
 vert, created great disturbance. 
 
78 MARYLAND. 
 
 What did Clayborne do ? 
 
 Having determined to defend his claim by force of 
 arms, a severe skirmish took place, in which his party 
 was defeated. 
 
 To what place did he escape? 
 
 He fled to Virginia ; but the Maryland assembly 
 having declared him guilty of treason, the governor 
 of Virginia sent him to England for trial. 
 
 What further account can you give of him? 
 
 His claim was refused ; but being acquitted of the 
 charge of treason, he returned to Maryland, and created 
 a rebellion in 1645. 
 
 WIvai did he effect? 
 
 He compelled Governor Calvert to flee into Virginia, 
 and remain there more than a year. 
 
 Wlmi important law was enacted soon after ? 
 
 After Calvert had resumed his office, the assembly 
 enacted a law known as " The Toleration Act." 
 
 W/vat was tfte important provision of the law ? 
 
 The law guaranteed the free exercise of religious 
 opinions to all persons professing belief in Jesus 
 Christ. 
 
 Was not the same freedom guaranteed by the charter ? 
 
 The chan or guaranteed religious freedom ; but, by the passage of 
 "The Toleration Act," the guarantee received the sanction of law. 
 
 In what manner did Parliament interfere with the government of the 
 colony ? 
 
 During the supremacy of Cromwell and the Puritans, in England, 
 Parliament appointed commissioners, of whom Clayborne was one, to 
 administer the government of the colony. 
 
 What injustice was soon committed by the Maryland Assembly ? 
 
 An act of the assembly declared that Catholics were not entitled to 
 the protection of the laws of Maryland. 
 
 To what did the interference of Parliament hod ? 
 
 A civil war ensued in Maryland, between the Catholics, who ad- 
 hered to the proprietor, and thr *©stants, who sided with Parlia- 
 ment 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 79 
 
 What was done after the death of Cromwell? 
 
 After Cromwell's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore were restored, 
 and for nearly thirty years the colony enjoyed repose. 
 
 Who succeeded Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, as proprietor 
 of Maryland ? 
 
 Upon the death of the second Lord Baltimore, his 
 son, Charles Calvert, the third Lord Baltimore, be- 
 came the proprietor of Maryland. 
 
 Bid Maryland afterward become a royal province ? 
 
 King William, in 1691, deprived Lord Baltimore of 
 his political privileges as proprietor, and constituted 
 Maryland a royal province. 
 
 Who then was appointed governor ? 
 
 The first royal governor was Lionel Copley. 
 
 How long was Maryland a royal province ? 
 
 Maryland remained a royal province for a space of 
 more than twenty years. 
 What change then took place f 
 
 In 1715, the proprietor's rights were restored to his 
 infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore. Maryland 
 again became a proprietary government, and so re- 
 mained till the Kevolution. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 What are tliey ? Where situated? 
 
 (To be answered from the map, page 11.) 
 
 Tinicum ? Philadelphia ? Brandy wine? 
 
 What early settlements were made in Pennsylvania ? 
 
 The Swedes made settlements on the island of Tim- 
 cum, and on the western bank of the Delaw^~ 
 
80 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 To whom was Pennsylvania afterward granted ? 
 
 After the Swedes had made settlements, Pennsyl- 
 vania was granted to William Penn, an English 
 Quaker. 
 
 Who made the grant ? 
 
 The grant was made by Charles II., king of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 What induced the Icing to make the grant ? 
 
 The grant was obtained by Penn, in payment of a 
 debt due to his father, Admiral Penn, for services ren- 
 dered to the British government. 
 
 What was Penn's object in applying for the grant t 
 
 His object was the founding of a colony where 
 civil and religious liberty would be enjoyed, and 
 where the people might dwell together in the bonds 
 of peace. 
 
 How did he treat the Swedish settlers ? 
 
 Penn assured the Swedish settlers that they should 
 not be molested in their religion or laws. 
 
 When did Penn's first colonists arrive ? 
 
 The first colonists arrived in 1681, under the charge 
 of William Markham. 
 
 What additional grant did Penn receive ? 
 
 From the Duke of York, Penn obtained a grant of 
 Delaware, then called " The Territories" or " The Three 
 Lower Counties on the Delaware" 
 
 When did Penn arrive ? 
 
 Penn came to America in 1682, with a large num- 
 ber of emigrants, principally Quakers. 
 
 Where did he land? 
 
 He landed at Newcastle, in Delaware. 
 
 What union was then formed? 
 
 "The Territories" were united with Pennsylvania, 
 under one government. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 81 
 
 What important meeting took place ? 
 
 Penn met the Indians beneath a wide-spreading 
 elm, at a place now called Kensington, the north-east 
 suburb of Philadelphia. 
 
 What was the result of the meeting ? 
 
 Penn made a treaty of peace and friendship witl 
 the Indians, and paid for their lands. 
 
 What city was Penn the founder of? 
 
 Penn founded Philadelphia, a name which signifies 
 brotherly love. 
 
 What can you say of the prosperity of Pemi's colony ? 
 
 The colony had a more rapid and peaceful growth 
 than any other colony. 
 
 What assembly was held in Philadelphia ? 
 
 An assembly, the second held in the province, was convened by 
 Penn for purposes of legislation. 
 
 What was the most important act of the assembly? 
 
 A "Charter of Liberties," signed by Penn, was adopted by the as« 
 Bembly. 
 
 What did Penn do in 1684 ? 
 
 Penn, in 1G84, returned to England. 
 
 What did he do for the government of the colony before leaving ? 
 
 Before leaving for England, he appointed a committee of the provin- 
 cial council, with Thomas Lloyd as president, to administer the govern- 
 ment in his absence. 
 
 What division of the province took place ? 
 
 During Penn's absence in England, "The Three 
 Lower Counties on the Delaware" became dissatis- 
 fied, and withdrew from the union. 
 
 What befell Penn in England? 
 
 In England, Penn was imprisoned on account of his supposed adher- 
 ence to the cause of James II., the deposed king, and the government 
 of his province was given to Colonel Fletcher, governor of New York. 
 
 What union was again established ? 
 
 Fletcher reunited Delaware to Pennsylvania. 
 
 How long was Penn deprived of his rights ? 
 
 Penn was deprived of his rights about two years. 
 
82 DELAWARE. 
 
 When do vje next hear of Penn in the colony ? 
 He visited his colony toward the close of 1699. 
 In what condition did he find it ? 
 
 The people were discontented, and demanded greater political privi- 
 leges. 
 
 How did he treat their demand? 
 
 He offered them a new charter, more liberal than the former one. 
 
 Was the new charter accepted ? 
 
 It was accepted by Pennsylvania, but Delaware declined it. 
 
 What was the consequence? 
 
 In 1103, the two colonies were again separated. 
 
 How were Pennsylvania and Delaware governed after IT 03 ? 
 
 From 1703 to trie Kevolution Pennsylvania and 
 Delaware had separate legislatures, but the same gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 What further account can you give of Penn ? 
 
 After remaining in the province about two years, Penn returned 
 to England, and never visited America again. 
 
 What bequest did he make ? 
 
 At his death, he left his interest in Pennsylvania and Delaware to 
 his three sons. 
 
 How long did they retain the interest bequeathed to them ? 
 
 They retained their interest in the province until the Revolution. 
 
 What disposition was then made of it ? 
 
 Their claims were then purchased by Pennsylvania. 
 
 DELAWAKE. 
 
 What are they ? Where situated? 
 
 (To be answered from the map, page 24.) 
 
 ■Wilmington? New Castle? Henlopen? 
 
 What can you say of the settlement of Delaware ? 
 
 Delaware was settled in 1638, on Christiana creek, 
 near Wilmington, by a company of Swedes. 
 
DELAWAKE. 83 
 
 Under whose charge ivas the settlement made? 
 
 The Swedish settlement on Christiana creek, was 
 made under the charge of Peter Minuits, who had 
 been governor of New Netherlands. 
 
 What was the extent of the territory of the Swedes ? 
 
 The territory occupied by the Swedes extended from 
 cape Henlopen to the falls in the Delaware, opposite 
 Trenton. 
 
 What name was given to it ? 
 
 The Swedes called the territory New Sweden. 
 
 Where was the capital of their territory located? 
 
 The capital of New Sweden was established on the 
 island of Tinicum. 
 
 Mow were the Swedish settlements regarded by the Butch ? 
 
 The Dutch regarded the Swedish settlements as in- 
 trusions upon the territory of New Netherlands. 
 
 What forcible measure was adopted by the Dutch ? . 
 
 A force of more than six hundred men under Gov- 
 ernor Stuyvesant, of New Netherlands, proceeded 
 against the Swedes. 
 
 What was the result ? 
 
 Every Swedish fort and settlement was brought 
 under the rule of the Dutch. 
 
 How long did the Dutch hold possession ? 
 
 The Dutch held possession from 1655, the year of 
 the conquest, till they were overpowered by the Eng- 
 lish, in 1664. 
 
 With what province was Delaware then connected? 
 
 Delaware was then connected with the province of 
 New York. 
 
 How long did the connection continue ? 
 
 Delaware was united with New York until 1682, 
 when the Duke of York conveyed it to William Penn. 
 
 What can you say of its further history ? 
 
 From 1682 till the Ee volution, the history of Dela- 
 ware was connected with that of Pennsylvania. 
 
84 
 
 NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 NOBTH AND SOUTH* CABOLINA. 
 
 What are they? 
 
 Where situated? 
 
 Edenton ? 
 Chowan ? 
 Wilmington ? 
 
 Albemarle ? 
 Pamlico ? 
 Roanoke ? 
 
 Raleigh? 
 Columbia ? 
 Georgetown ? 
 
 What early attempts were made- to settle North Carolina? 
 
 The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, were 
 made by the English, under Sir Walter Kaleigh, in 
 1585 and 1587. 
 
NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 85 
 
 What settlement icas afterward made there ? 
 
 About the year 1650, emigrants from Virginia set- 
 tled upon the Chowan river, near the present village 
 of Edenton. 
 
 Wliat name was given to the settlement? 
 
 The settlement was called " The Albemarle County 
 Colony." 
 
 Who was the governor? 
 
 Sir William Drummond was appointed governor. 
 
 What tract of country was called Carolina ? 
 
 The country south of Virginia, from Albemarle 
 
 sound to the St. John's river, was called Carolina. 
 
 * 
 
 To whom had it been granted? 
 
 The whole of Carolina had been granted to Sir 
 Robert Heath, but as no settlements had been made 
 by him, the grant was declared void. 
 
 What grant was afterward made of the country? 
 
 Charles II. afterward granted Carolina to Lord 
 Clarendon and seven others. 
 
 How was the Chowan settlement situated, with reference to the grant to 
 Clarendon and others ? 
 
 The settlement upon the Chowan was found to be 
 outside of the limits of the charter granted to Claren- 
 don and others. 
 
 In what way was it secured to Clarendon and his associates ? 
 
 A new charter was granted to Clarendon and his 
 associates, extending the limits of Carolina from Vir- 
 ginia to the middle of Florida. 
 
 What can you say of a settlement near Wilmington ? 
 
 A band of New England adventurers began a set- 
 tlement near Wilmington : it did not prosper at first, 
 but, in 1665, a company of planters from Bar-ba'-does 
 settled upon the lands, and founded a permanent set- 
 tlement. 
 8 
 
86 NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 What name was given to it? 
 
 The settlement was called " The Clarendon County 
 Colony" 
 
 Who was its first governor? ' 
 
 The first governor was Sir John Yeamans. 
 
 What can you say of another colony established in Carolina ? 
 
 In 1670, a colony was founded in South Carolina, 
 on the western bank of the Ashley river, near 
 Charleston. 
 
 What name was given to it? 
 
 It was called " The Carteret County Colony" 
 
 Who was the first governor ? 
 
 William Sayle was the first governor. 
 
 What was actually the first attempt to establish a colony in South Car- 
 olina ? 
 
 The earliest attempt to plant a colony in South 
 Carolina was made by the Huguenots, at Port Eoyal 
 entrance, more than a century before the settlement 
 was commenced near Charleston. 
 
 What grand anticipation was indulged in by the proprietors of Caro- 
 lina ? 
 
 It was anticipated by the proprietors that Carolina would become a 
 powerful empire. 
 
 What decision did they consequently make ? 
 
 They decided to have a form of government for Carolina, adequate 
 to the grandeur of their anticipation. 
 
 Who drew up the form of government ? 
 
 A constitution was prepared by the Earl of Shaftesbury, a statesman 
 of ability, and John Locke, the eminent philosopher. 
 
 How was it received? 
 
 It was unsatisfactory to the colonists, not being suited to their cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 What was its fate ? 
 
 After a strife of more than twenty years, it was repealed by the 
 proprietors. 
 
NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. S7 
 
 Who succeeded Sayle in the governorship of the southern colony of Car- 
 elina ? 
 
 The second governor of " The Carteret County Colony" was Sir John 
 Yeamans, transferred from " The Clarendon County Colony" 
 
 How was slavery introduced into South Carolina % 
 Yeamans arrived from Barbadoes, bringing about two hundred 
 African slaves. 
 
 What union took place under Teaman's administration ? 
 Most of " The Clarendon County" settlers removed to the southern 
 colony, and thus only two colonies remained in Carolina. 
 
 How were the two colonies soon designated ? 
 
 The northern colony became known as North Carolina; the south- 
 ern, as South Carolina. 
 
 What consideration had been overlooked in locating the southern colony ? 
 The site for the town of the southern colony, had been chosen with- 
 out regard to commerce. 
 
 What conclusion did the colonists come to with reference to the matter? 
 
 The colonists determined to abandon their first settlement, and lay 
 the foundation of a new town, at the junction of the Cooper and Ashlev 
 rivers. 
 
 When was Charleston settled % 
 
 In 1680, ten years after their first settlement, the 
 South Carolina colonists laid the foundation of their 
 new town, calling it Charleston, in honor of Charles 
 II., king of England. 
 
 What took place in 1129 ? 
 
 In 1729, Carolina was sold to the king of England, 
 and then separated into North and South Carolina. 
 
 What can you say of the further history of the Carolinas ? 
 
 From 1729 to the Ee volution, the Carolinas were 
 royal provinces. 
 
88 GEOKGIA. 
 
 GEORGIA, 
 
 In what grant ivas Georgia originally included? 
 
 Georgia was included in the grant of Carolina made 
 to Clarendon and others. 
 
 When did Georgia revert to the crown ? 
 
 Georgia reverted to the king in 1729, by which act 
 he was empowered to make new grants. 
 
 What can you say of the condition of the country at the timet 
 At the time of the reversion, the territory was a 
 wilderness unoccupied except by savage tribes. 
 
 By whom ivas it claimed? 
 
 It was claimed by England, as a part of Carolina ; 
 and by Spain, as a part of Florida. 
 
 What grant was made by the king of England ? 
 
 George II. granted to a corporation, for twenty-one 
 years, the country between the Savannah and the Al- 
 tamaha (al-ta-ma-hah')* 
 
 What was the object of the corporation? 
 
 The object of the corporation was to provide an 
 asylum in America for the poor of England, and the 
 persecuted Protestants of all nations 
 
 What were the members of the corporation calhd ? 
 
 The members of the corporation were called Trustees, 
 the grant to them being "in trust for the poor." 
 
 Who was the most distinguished among the members of the corporation t 
 
 The most distinguished among them was James 
 Oglethorpe (o' -gel-thorp), a member of the British Par- 
 liament. 
 
 What name was given to the country granted ? 
 
 •The new province was called Georgia, in honor of 
 king George. 
 
GEORGIA. 89 
 
 When and where was tliefirsi settlement made? 
 
 The first settlement was made in 1733, the year 
 after the grant, at Savannah. 
 
 Of how many persons did the first party of settlers consist? 
 
 The settlement at Savannah was commenced by 
 about one hundred and twenty persons, accompanied 
 by the benevolent Oglethorpe. 
 
 What can you say of the prosperity of the colony ? 
 
 The colony increased in numbers rapidly ; but, owing to the poverty 
 of the settlers, and to their being unaccustomed to habits of iudustry, 
 and also to the impolitic regulations of the trustees, it did not grow in 
 wealth. 
 
 What can you say of Oglethorpe's movements ? 
 
 Oglethorpe visited England, and returned to Georgia with about 
 three hundred emigrants. 
 
 What can you say of Oglethorpe's second visit to England? 
 
 Oglethorpe made a second visit to England, and returned to Georgia 
 with a regiment of six hundred men for the defence of the southern 
 frontiers. 
 
 What troubles occurred in the colony ? 
 
 The colonists became involved in hostilities with the Spaniards, in 
 consequence of the conflicting claims to territory. 
 
 What expedition did Oglethorpe undertake? 
 
 An expedition having for its object the reduction of the Spaniards 
 at St. Augustine, was undertaken by Oglethorpe; but without success. 
 
 What was done by the Spaniards soon after ? 
 
 The Spaniards invaded Georgia, in 1742. 
 
 What can you say of a battle that took place? 
 
 A battle was fought on St. Simon's island, at the mouth of the Alta- 
 maha river, in which the force under Oglethorpe was victorious. 
 
 What was the result of the invasion ? 
 
 The invasion by the Spaniards was entirely unsuccessful. 
 
 When and how did Georgia become a royal province? 
 
 The trustees continued to govern till 1752, when, 
 wearied with the troublesome and languishing charge, 
 they resigned their office, and Georgia became a royal 
 province. 
 
 8* 
 
90 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 Give an account of Clayborne. (See pages 76, 77, 78.) Of the settle- 
 ment of Maryland. (76, 77.) What important arrival took place in 1682? 
 (80.) What settlements had been previously made in Pennsylvania? 
 (70.) Give an account of the union of the two colonies of Pennsylvania 
 and Delaware. (80, 81, 82.) How did Penn treat the Indians ? Give 
 an account of the settlement of Delaware. Of Delaware from 163S to the 
 Revolution. (82, 88.) What three colonies were established in Carolina? 
 (85, 86.) Give an account of them. (85, 86, 87.) What attempt had been 
 previously made to settle Carolina? (84, 86.) What can you state of the 
 separation of Carolina into two colonies ? (87.) Of their subsequent colo- 
 nial history? (87.) Give an account of the settlement of Georgia. (88,89.) 
 Who, beside the English, claimed the territory at that time ? (88.) What 
 further can you state of the colonial history of Georgia ? (88, 89.) 
 
 MAP TO ILLUSTRATE EVENTS OP THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 
 '■Johns I 7 (rnyeHfetoa 
 
 Settle ot Miles. 
 
 O 50 101) 
 
 ^ NOVA SCOTIA, 
 NEW B RUNSWICK 
 
 TICiyiTT 
 
i JMEMP 
 
 SHOWINGTKE LOCATION 
 
 • or SOIME OF THE 
 
 MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 
 
 c -*- 
 
 Xoxt 
 
SECTION III. 
 The French and Indian War. 
 When was the treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle made? 
 
 The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was made in 1748, 
 at the close of King George's War. 
 
 Between what parties had that war been carried on ? 
 
 King George's War had been waged between the 
 English and French, assisted by their respective colo- 
 nists in America. 
 
 Did the treaty settle all matters in dispute between the two nations ? 
 
 Although the boundaries between the British and 
 French possessions in America had been, for more than 
 a quarter of a century, a subject of dispute, the treaty 
 left them still undefined. 
 
 WJiat territory did the English claim ? 
 
 The English laid claim to all the territory from 
 Newfoundland to Florida, and extending to the Pa- 
 cific ocean. 
 
 What ierritonj did the French lay claim to f 
 
 The French claimed the whole .territory adjacent to 
 the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their trib- 
 utaries. 
 
 What ivas the foundation of the English claim ? 
 
 The English based their claim upon the discovery 
 by the Cabots, and upon a title bought from the 
 chiefs of the Iroquois {e-ro-kwah'). 
 
 What was the foundation of the French claim? 
 
 The French based their claim upon the fact that 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 93 
 
 they had been the first to explore and occupy the ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 To what did the conflicting claims lead ? 
 
 A war broke out, in consequence of these conflicting 
 claims, between England and her colonies on the one 
 side ; and France and her colonies, largely aided by 
 the Indians, on the other, which is known as " The 
 French and Indian War." 
 
 events of. 17 53. 
 
 Wliai seizure of British subjects was made by the French ? 
 
 The French seized three British traders, and im- 
 prisoned them at Presque Isle, now Erie, in the north- 
 western extremity of Pennsylvania. (See map, p. 91.) 
 
 Upon what plea was the seizure made? 
 
 The traders were regarded by the French as in- 
 truders upon territory belonging to them. 
 Wliat other hostile movements did the French make ? 
 
 The French erected several forts along the southern 
 shore of lake Erie. 
 
 What complaints were made in consequence? 
 
 The Ohio Company complained to Governor Din- 
 wid'-die, of Yirginia, of the hostile conduct of the 
 French. 
 
 What was the Ohio Company ? 
 
 The Ohio Company was an association of gentle- 
 men, principally Virginians, who had obtained from 
 the king of England a grant of six hundred thousand 
 acres of land, on and near the Ohio river, for the pur- 
 pose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians, 
 and of settling the country. 
 
 Why were the complaints of the Company addressed to the governor of 
 Yirginia ? 
 
 The land granted to the Ohio Company was within 
 the original charter limits of Virginia. 
 
94 FRENCH AND IN DIAN WAR. 
 
 What determination did Dinwiddle come lo t 
 
 Dinwiddie determined to send a letter to the French 
 commander on the Ohio, remonstrating against the 
 hostile acts of his men, and demanding their with- 
 drawal from the territory. 
 
 Who was the French commander f 
 
 The commander of the French forces was St. Pierre 
 (pe-are'). 
 
 Who was selected to convey the letter f 
 
 The person selected to convey the letter was George 
 Washington, then a young man not twenty-two years 
 of age. 
 
 When and from what place did Washington depart f 
 
 Washington set out on his mission on the last day 
 of October, 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital 
 of Virginia. (See map, page 91.) 
 
 Describe the journey. 
 
 The journey was both difficult and dangerous ; more 
 than half the route of four hundred miles being 
 through a wilderness inhabited by Indians hostile to 
 the English. 
 
 Where did Washington find St. Pierre? 
 
 He found St. Pierre at Fort Le Boeuf (buff), on 
 French creek, about fifteen miles south of lake Erie. 
 
 What answer did St. Pierre send to Dinwiddie ? 
 
 He replied by letter, refusing to leave the territory, 
 and stating that he was acting by the orders of his 
 general. 
 
 Who was his general $ 
 
 St. Pierre's superior officer was the Marquis du 
 Quesne idu-kane')^ governor-general of Canada. 
 
 Where did Du Quesne have his head-quarters ? 
 
 Du Quesne's head-quarters were at Montreal. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 
 
 EVENTS OF 1754. 
 
 Give an account of Washington's journey to and from Fort Le Bceuf. 
 
 After an absence of eleven weeks, encountering ol 
 his journey severe hardships amid snow, icy floods, 
 and hostile Indians, Washington reached Williams- 
 burg, and delivered the letter to Dinwiddie. 
 
 What measures were then taken to drive the French from the disputed 
 territory t 
 
 The Ohio Company commenced the construction of 
 a fort at the confluence of the Al-le-gha'-ny and Mo- 
 non-ga-he'-la rivers ; and a body of provincial troops, 
 commanded by Washington, set off from Alexandria, 
 for the "new fort." 
 
 Did the Ohio Company complete the fort f 
 
 Before the fort was half completed, a party of French, 
 and Indians suddenly appeared, and took possession. 
 
 Wliat did the French do with the unfinished fort? 
 
 The French completed the fort, and called it Fort 
 Duquesne. (See map, page 91.) 
 
 Did Washington reach the fort ? 
 
 Washington did not reach the fort. 
 
 Why not f 
 
 Learning that it had fallen into the hands of the 
 enemy, and that a strong force was marching to inter- 
 cept him, he took a position in a place called the 
 Great Meadows. 
 
 WJiat took place near the Great Meadows f 
 
 An advance party of the French, under Jumonville, 
 (zhoo-mong-veeV) was surprised by Washington, and 
 all but one were either killed or taken prisoners. 
 
 Why is the action particularly memorable t 
 
 It was Washington's first battle, and the first of 
 The French and Indian War. 
 
 When did it take placet 
 
 It was fought on the 28th of May, 1754. 
 
96 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 What was Washington's next move ? 
 
 At the position in the Great Meadows, Washington 
 erected a fort, which, owing to the pinching famine 
 that prevailed among his men during its construc- 
 tion, he named Fort Necessity. 
 
 Where was the fort situated? 
 
 The fort was situated in that part of Pennsylvania 
 now known as Fayette county. (See map, page 91.) 
 
 What took place at Fort Necessity f 
 
 Washington was attacked by a force of fifteen hun- 
 dred French and Indians, commanded by De Villiers 
 (yil-le-dre). 
 
 What was the result ? 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1754, after a brave defence of 
 ten hours, Washington surrendered the fort, securing 
 honorable terms of capitulation, and departed with 
 his troops for Virginia. 
 
 What had the British ministry recommended to the American colonies t 
 
 The British ministry had recommended the colonies to unite in some 
 plan for their common defence. 
 
 What was done in conformity with the recommendation ? 
 
 A congress, held at Albany, of commissioners from seven of the 
 colonies, after making a treaty with the Indians of the Six Nations, 
 adopted a plan of union, similar in several of its features to the present 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 By whom had the plan of union been prepared f 
 The plan of union adopted at Albany, had been prepand by Dr. 
 Benjamin Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania. 
 
 When was it adopted f 
 
 It was adopted on the 4th of July, 1*754, the day that Washington 
 surrendered Fort Necessity. 
 
 What further can you say of the plan of union ? 
 
 It was not carried into effect ; the colonial assemblies rejected it be- 
 cause it gave too much power to the crown ; and the crown rejected it 
 because it gave too much power to the people 
 
 How was it determined the war should be carried on ? 
 
 It was then determined that the war should be carried on with Brit- 
 ish troops, and such auxiliary forces as the colonial assemblies might 
 voluntarily furnish. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 97 
 
 EVENTS OF 1155. 
 What force was sent to America? 
 
 The British government sent General Brad'-dock, 
 an Irish officer of distinction, with two regiments of 
 five hundred men each. 
 
 To what position had Braddock teen appointed ? 
 
 Braddock had been appointed commander-in-chief 
 of all the British and provincial forces in America. 
 
 What convention was held soon after his arrival? 
 
 At Braddock's request, a convention of colonial 
 governors was held at Alexandria, Yirginia, to con- 
 cert with him a plan of military operations. 
 
 What was done by the convention ? 
 
 Three expeditions were planned: one against Fort 
 Duquesne, under Braddock ; a second against Niagara, 
 under Governor Shirley ; and a third against Crown 
 Point, under General William Johnson. 
 
 Where was Niagara situated ? 
 
 Niagara, a fort built by the French, was situated at 
 the mouth of the Niagara river, in New York. 
 
 How is Crown Point situated? 
 
 Crown Point is On the western shore of lake Cham- 
 plain, in New York. (See map, page 64.) 
 
 What other expedition had been previosly arranged ? 
 
 An expedition had been arranged by Shirley and 
 others, having for its object the expulsion of the 
 French from Nova Scotia. 
 
 What account can you give of the expedition ? 
 
 The expedition against Nova Scotia consisted of 
 British troops, aided by a large force from Massa- 
 chusetts, the whole commanded by Colonel Monckton, 
 and was entirely successful. (See map, page 90.) 
 
 In which of the three expeditions did Washington become enlisted ? 
 
 "Washington became enlisted in the expedition 
 against Fort Duquesne. 
 9 
 
98 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 IIoio did that expedition terminate ? 
 
 Braddock, though unacquainted with Indian war- 
 fare, disregarded the suggestions of Washington, who 
 was acting as his aid-de-camp {aid '-de-hong'), and, 
 falling into an ambush of French and Indians, when 
 within ten miles of the fort, was -defeated with great 
 loss. (See map, page 91.) 
 
 What is said of Washington during the battle? 
 
 During the battle, Washington distinguished him- 
 self by his courage and presence of mind. 
 
 When did the battle occur f 
 
 The defeat of Braddock occurred on the 9th of 
 July, 1755, about a year after Washington's capitula- 
 tion at Fort Necessity. 
 
 What was the fate of Braddock ? 
 
 Braddock being mortally wounded in the battle, 
 died after a hasty retreat of forty miles. 
 
 Who succeeded Braddock in the command of the British forces in Amer* 
 ica? 
 
 Bracldock's successor, as commander-in-chief, was 
 General William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 What can you say of the expedition against Niagara ? 
 
 The defeat of Braddock paralyzed the expedition 
 against Niagara: the troops under Shirley were de- 
 layed at Oswego, the Indian allies deserted, and finally 
 the design was abandoned. 
 
 How is Osivego situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 How were preparations commenced for the expedition against Crown 
 Point f 
 
 About six thousand troops, under General Lyman, 
 were assembled at the " carrying-place " between the 
 Hudson river and lake George, where they con- 
 structed a fort which was afterward called Fort Ed- 
 ward. (See map, page 91.) 
 
 What lua's done on the arrival of Johnson ? 
 
 Johnson arriving, took the command, and moved 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 90 
 
 forward with the main body of his forces to the head 
 of lake George, fifteen miles from Fort Edward. 
 
 What intelligence reached Johnson there ? 
 
 The Indian scouts brought word to Johnson, that 
 about two thousand French and Indians were on theii 
 march to attack Fort Edward. 
 
 Who commanded the approaching force ? 
 
 They were commanded by the Baron Dieskau (de 
 es-Jco'), who had proceeded from Montreal to Crown 
 Point, and thence to the head of lake Champlain. 
 
 How did Johnson undertake to relieve Fort Edivard? 
 
 Johnson sent Colonel Williams with a thousand 
 New England troops, .and two hundred Indians under 
 the renowned chief Hendrick, to intercept the enemy. 
 
 Did Dieskau reach the fori ? 
 
 "When near the fort, Dieskau's Indian allies, fearful 
 of its cannon, refused to proceed to the attack; he 
 therefore changed his plan, to go against the army at 
 the lake. 
 
 What followed? 
 
 The forces under "Williams and Hendrick were 
 drawn into an ambush, September the 8th, 1755, and 
 after a most signal slaughter, in which their com- 
 manders fell, they retreated to Johnson's camp, pur- 
 sued by Dieskau. 
 
 What can you say of Johnson's defence ? 
 
 From behind a hastily formed breastwork of trees, 
 Johnson fired upon the assailants ; but being wounded 
 early in the action, Lyman took the conimand, and 
 routed the enemy with great slaughter. 
 
 What further can you say of Dieskau f 
 
 Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and 
 alone, leaning against the stump of a tree. As they 
 approached, he felt for his watch to insure kind treat- 
 
100 FRENCH AND INDIAN vVAK. 
 
 ment, by delivering it up ; a soldier, thinking lie was 
 feeling for his pistol, shot him through the hips. 
 Did he die of his wounds ? 
 
 He was conveyed a prisoner to the camp, but ulti- 
 mately died in Europe of his wounds. 
 
 What were the further proceedings of Johnson t 
 
 Johnson erected a fort on the site of his camp, calling 
 it Fort William Henry. After garrisoning it and Fort 
 Edward, he retired to Alban}^ and dispersed the re- 
 mainder of his troops. (See map, page 91.) 
 
 How were his services rewarded ? 
 
 As a reward for his services, the British govern- 
 ment gave him a baronetcy and £5,000. 
 
 Was the reward rightly bestowed ? 
 
 The reward belonged rather to General Lyman, the 
 real hero of the campaign. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1756. 
 Who was Shirley's successor as commander-in-chief? 
 
 General Abercrombie was appointed to take com- 
 mand as Shirley's successor, until the arrival of Lord 
 Loudon (low'-dim). 
 
 What can you say of the powers conferred upon Loudon t 
 
 Loudon was invested with powers almost equal to 
 those of a viceroy. 
 
 Who was Dieskau's successor? 
 
 The Marquis de Montcalm (mont-cahm') succeeded 
 Dieskau, as commander of the French forces in Can- 
 ada. 
 
 When tvas war formally declared between Great Britain and France ? 
 
 War was formally declared between Great Britain 
 and France, in 1756, about two years after Washing- 
 ton's first battle near the Great Meadows. 
 
 What plan of military operations was arranged for 1756 ? 
 
 In a convention of colonial governors held at Al- 
 
FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 
 
 ban j, early in the season of 1756, a plan was arranged 
 for the reduction of Crown Point, Niagara, and Fort 
 Duquesne. 
 
 Was the plan carried out? 
 
 No part of the plan was carried out, or even at- 
 tempted. 
 
 What did the French accomplish during the season ? 
 
 Montcalm besieged the two forts at Oswego, drove 
 the garrison out of one into the other, killed the com- 
 mander, Colonel Mercer, and compelled the English 
 to surrender as prisoners of war. 
 
 What were the spoils of victory for the French ? 
 
 Fourteen hundred prisoners ; a large amount of mil- 
 itary stores, ammunition, and provisions ; six vessels 
 of war ; and three chests of money fell into the hands 
 of Montcalm. 
 
 Did the French retain possession of Oswego ? 
 
 After demolishing the two forts, Montcalm left Os- 
 wego a solitude, and returned to Canada. 
 
 Why were the forts demolished ? 
 
 The forts were demolished to allay the jealousy of 
 the Indians. 
 
 What depredations were committed oy the Indians on the western fron 
 tier f 
 
 After the defeat of Braddock, the tribes of the Ohio, incited by French 
 emissaries, desolated the western frontier, and killed or carried into 
 captivity about a thousand of the inhabitants. 
 
 ' Who was sent against them ? 
 
 Colonel Armstrong, with a party of nearly three hundred provincials, 
 was sent against them. 
 
 What was the result ? 
 
 The provincials surprised the Indians at Kit-ta-ning', their chief town, 
 the Alleghany river; killed thirty or forty v 
 stronghold a smoking ruin. (See map, page 91. 
 
 9* 
 
102 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 EVENTS OF 115*. 
 
 What was Lord Loudon's plan of operations for 1*757 ? 
 
 Loudon's plan of operations for 1757, was limited to an expedition 
 against Louisburg. 
 
 How did he proceed ? 
 
 Loudon sailed from New York, with about six thousand men ; and 
 was joined at Halifax, by a powerful naval armament and land force 
 from England. 
 
 Wliat further account of the expedition can you give? 
 Learning that the French at Louisburg were prepared for defence. 
 Loudon abandoned the enterprise, and returned to New York. 
 
 What operations did Montcalm commence against a fort on lake George ? 
 
 With nine thousand men, two thousand of whom 
 were Indians, Montcalm laid siege to Fort William 
 Henry, commanded by Colonel Monroe. 
 
 How was Fort William Henry situated ? <oee map, page 64.) 
 What defence did Monroe make ? 
 
 For six days Monroe kept up a vigorous defence, 
 trusting to receive assistance from General Webb, 
 who was in command of a large force at Fort Edward. 
 
 How is Fort Edvjard situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 What was the result of the siege ? 
 
 Receiving information that no assistance would be 
 sent, Monroe surrendered the fort, capitulating that 
 the garrison should have a safe escort to Fort Edward. 
 
 Was the capitulation observed ? 
 
 Just as the English had left the fort, the Indian 
 allies of Montcalm, roused by the hope of plunder, 
 attacked them, and massacred a large number. 
 
 What became of the fort? 
 
 Fort William Henry was demolished by order of 
 Montcalm. 
 
 What effect did the disgraces of the campaigns in America have upon, 
 the British government ? 
 
 In consequence of the disgraces of the American campaigns, a new 
 administration of the British government was formed, with William 
 Pitt, afterward Lord Chatham, as prime minister. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 103 
 
 What change took place in tJie command of the British forces in Amer- 
 ica? \ 
 
 Loudon was recalled, when the general command 
 devolved on Abercrombie, 
 
 EVENTS OF 1758. 
 W hat expeditions were planned for 1758 ? 
 
 The expeditions planned for 1758 were: one, under 
 General Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under 
 Abercrombie, against Ti-con-de-ro'-ga ; and a third, 
 under General Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. 
 
 How is Ticonderoga situated f (See map, page 64.) 
 What is said of the importance of Louisburg ? 
 
 In 1758, Louisburg had the strongest fortress in 
 America, and was the rallying point of French power 
 on the western continent. (See map, page 90.) 
 
 From what place did Amherst's army embark ? 
 
 Amherst's army embarked from Halifax, in the 
 Seet of Admiral Bos r -ca-wen. 
 
 What was the result of the expedition f 
 
 After a desperate resistance for more than forty 
 days, the fortress surrendered by capitulation; and, 
 with Louisburg, the whole island of Cape Breton, and 
 that of St. John's fell into the hands of the British. 
 
 What British officers distinguished themselves during the siege of Lou- 
 isburg ? 
 
 During the siege, James Wolfe and Eichard Mont- 
 gomery, both of whom were afterward slain at Quebec, 
 the one while fighting for his king, the other for the 
 cause of liberty, distinguished themselves by their cour- 
 age. 
 
 What name was afterward given to St. John's f 
 
 The English changed the name of St. John's Island 
 to Prince Edward. (See map, page 90.) 
 
 During the events at the east, what ivas Abercrombie doing f 
 
 At the hea 1 of about sixteen thousand men, Aber- 
 
104 FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 crombie proceeded against Tieonderoga, then occupied 
 by Montcalm. 
 
 What route did he take ? 
 
 He descended lake George, and debarking at its 
 northern extremity, commenced his march through 
 a dense forest toward the fort. 
 
 What took place on the march f 
 
 During the march a conflict took place with a de- 
 tachment of the French, in which Lord Howe, an 
 officer greatly beloved by the army and the colonists, 
 was killed. 
 
 What further account can you give of the expedition ? 
 
 Abercrombie ordered his troops to make the attack 
 upon Ticonderoga; but after a desperate conflict of 
 four hours, they were repulsed, with the loss of nearly 
 two thousand in killed and wounded. 
 
 To what place did Abercrombie then retire t 
 
 Abercrombie then retired with his forces, to the 
 head of lake George. 
 
 While there, what expedition was sent out f 
 
 Colonel Bradstreet, with a detachment of three 
 thousand men, was sent against Fort Fron'-te-nac. 
 
 What was the result ? 
 
 Bradstreet captured the fort, and with it, an im- 
 mense amount of merchandise and military stores. 
 Where was the fort situated? 
 
 Fort Frontenac was situated at the north-east ex- 
 tremity of lake Ontario. The site of the old fort is 
 now occupied by Kingston. (See map, page 91.) 
 
 Was Washington engaged in any of the expedtiions planned for 1158? 
 
 Washington was an officer under Forbes, in the expedition against 
 Fort Duquesne. 
 
 What reverse did the expedition receive ? 
 
 A scouting party from Forties's expedition, commanded by Major 
 Grant, was attacked near the fort, and defeated with the loss of three 
 hundred men. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 105 
 
 After this reverse, did Forbes continue to advance against the fort? 
 
 Forbes's troops suffered so much from toil and the severity of the 
 weather, that, in a council of war, it was determined to abandon the 
 expedition. 
 
 Was the determination carried out ? 
 
 Receiving information of the weakness of the French garrison, they 
 resumed the march, and reached Fort Duquesne to find it in ruins, the 
 French having set fire to it and retreated down the Ohio. 
 
 Why had the French abandoned the fori ? 
 
 The destruction of Frontenac had left the garrison of Duquesne 
 without hope of reinforcement and supplies. 
 
 What was done with Fort Duquesne f 
 
 Fort Duquesne was repaired and garrisoned, and the name changed 
 to Fort Pitt, in honor of the illustrious British statesman. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1759. 
 
 Who was Abercrombu? s successor as commander-in-chief of tlie forces 
 %n Amtrica ? 
 
 Abercrombie was succeeded, as commander-in-chief, 
 by General Amherst, who had gained great favor by 
 the reduction of Louisburg. 
 
 What was the object of the campaign of IT 5 9 ? 
 
 The great object of the campaign of 1759, was the 
 reduction of Canada. 
 
 What plan of operations was adopted? 
 
 General Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst 
 was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and then 
 co-operate with Wolfe ; while a third division, under 
 General Prideaux {pre-do'\ after capturing Niagara, 
 was to proceed against Montreal.(See maps, p. 90, 91.) 
 
 How did the division under Prideaux succeed ? 
 
 Niagara surrendered after a resolute defence, during 
 which Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a shell. 
 
 Did the division proceed against Montreal ? 
 
 Sir William Johnson having succeeded to the com- 
 mand, garrisoned Fort Niagara, and abandoned the 
 design against Montreal. 
 
106 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 Did Amherst carry out his part of the plan ? 
 
 On reaching Ticonderoga and Crown Point, Am- 
 herst found both places deserted : he failed to co-oper- 
 ate with Wolfe, and went into winter-quarters at 
 Crown Point. 
 
 What was the first movement of Wolfe against Quebec ? 
 
 With eight thousand men, Wolfe ascended the St. 
 Lawrence, and landed his army upon the Isle of Or- 
 leans, a few miles below Quebec. (See map, page 90.) 
 
 Who commanded Quebec at the time ? 
 
 Quebec was in command of the Marquis cle Mont- 
 calm, whose forces numbered thirteen thousand men. 
 
 What measures were first attempted by Wolfe against the city ? 
 
 Wolfe established a battery at Point Levi, opposite 
 Quebec, which, though it destroyed a number of build- 
 ings, did but little injury to the defences of the city. 
 He also made a daring, yet unsuccessful attempt on 
 the French entrenchments. 
 
 Failing in the first attempt,4vhat next was dme by Wolfe? 
 
 During the night of the 12th of September, 1759, 
 the English effected a landing near the city, and, 
 climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak 
 stood on the plains of Abraham, in battle array. 
 
 What did Montcalm then do ? 
 
 Learning with surprise the advantage gained by 
 the English, Montcalm left his strong position, and at 
 once attacked them. 
 
 What followed? 
 
 A fierce and bloody battle followed, in which the 
 French were defeated. 
 
 What was the fate of the two commanders ? 
 Wolfe fell, in the moment of victory, and Montcalm, 
 mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 10' 
 
 What were the consequences of the battle f 
 
 The French, fearing a famine and dreading the hor- 
 rors of an assault, surrendered the city five days after 
 the battle. 
 
 EVENTS OP IV 60, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 Did the French ever undertake to recover Quebec? 
 
 In 1760, De Levi, the successor of Montcalm, made 
 an attempt to recover the city ; but after a severe bat- 
 tle fought three miles above Quebec, the English were 
 reinforced, and De Levi was compelled to abandon 
 the undertaking. 
 
 What measures completed the conquest of Canada f 
 
 Amherst, with a large force, having invested Mon- 
 treal, the governor, unable to resist him, signed a 
 capitulation, by which not only Montreal, but the 
 whole of Canada was surrendered into the hands of 
 the English. 
 
 When was the French and Indian War brought to a. close ? 
 
 On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace be- 
 tween Great Britain and France was signed at Paris. 
 
 What territory did France cede to Great Britain ? 
 
 France ceded to Great Britain all her American 
 possessions east of the Mississippi, north of the Ib'-er- 
 ville river in Louisiana. 
 
 At the time of the treaty, what territory ivas ceded by Spain ? 
 
 Spain ceded her possessions of East and West Flor- 
 ida to Great Britain. 
 
 How long did the French and Indian War last ? 
 
 The French and Indian "War lasted more than eight 
 years. The first gun was fired in Washington's en- 
 counter with Jumonville, in 1754, and the war was 
 brought to a close by the treaty of 1763. 
 
108 
 
 FKENCH AND I> ? T AN WAK. 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES or THE FESNCH AND IN> i * T WAR. 
 
 DATE8. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 
 English. | French. 
 
 
 1754. 
 
 May 28, 
 July 4, 
 1755. 
 June 16, 
 June 17, 
 July 9, 
 
 Sept. 8 -j 
 
 1756. 
 Aug. 14, 
 
 1757. 
 Aug. 9, 
 
 1758. 
 July 6, 
 JulyS, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Sept. 21, 
 
 1759. 
 July 9, 
 July 25, 
 Sept. 13, 
 
 1760. 
 Apr. 28, 
 
 Great Meadows . ... 
 Fort Necessity 
 
 Washington . 
 Washington . 
 
 JumonvilR . 
 De Yilliers. . 
 
 Ftglirh. 
 French. 
 
 Fort Beausejour* .... 
 
 Fort Gasperau* 
 
 Monongahela 
 
 Near Lake George . . . 
 Head of Lake Georgef 
 
 Monckton. . . 
 Monckton. . . 
 Braddock . . . 
 
 Williams 
 
 Johnson. . . . 
 
 De Yergor. . 
 De Yillerai . . 
 Beaujeu .... 
 Dieskau .... 
 Dieskau. . . . 
 
 English. 
 English. 
 French. 
 French. 
 English. 
 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Montcalm.. . 
 
 French. 
 
 
 Fort William Henry. . 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Montcalm . . 
 
 French. 
 
 English. 
 French. 
 English. 
 French. 
 
 Near Ticonderoga. . . . 
 
 Ticonderoga 
 
 Fort Frontenac 
 
 Near Fort Duquesne . 
 
 Howe 
 
 Abercrombie 
 Bradstreet . . 
 Grant 
 
 De Trepesep. 
 Montcalm.. . 
 Noyen. . . 
 Aubry, 
 
 Montmorenci 
 
 Fort Niagara 
 
 Plains of Abraham. . . 
 
 Wolfe 
 
 Johnson .... 
 Wolfe 
 
 Montcalm.. . 
 
 Aubry 
 
 Montcalm. . . 
 
 French. 
 English. 
 English. 
 
 3 miles above Quebec. 
 
 Murray 
 
 De Levi . .• 
 
 French. 
 
 1. What 
 
 2. What 
 
 3. What 
 
 4. What 
 
 5. What 
 
 6. Upon 
 
 7. What 
 
 8. What 
 
 9. What 
 
 EEYIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 treaty was made in 1748? 92 
 
 war did the treaty close ? 92 
 
 important matter did the treaty leave unsettled ? 92 
 
 extent of territory did the English claim? 92 
 
 did the French claim ? 92 
 
 what ground did the English make their claim? 92 
 
 was the argument in support of the French claim?. . 92, 93 
 
 was the cause of the French and Indian War? 93 
 
 parties were involved in the war? 93 
 
 * See map, page 90. 
 
 t Fort William Henry was afterward built on the spot. 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 109 
 
 TAGB 
 
 1 0. "What was the first hostile act of the French? , 93 
 
 11. For what purposes was a grant of land made to the Ohio Com- 
 
 pany ? 93 
 
 12. Who was St. Pierre? 94 
 
 13. Whom did Dinwiddie send to the French commander? 94 
 
 14. How old was Washington at the time ? 94 
 
 15. When and where was Washington born ? (See table, page 292) 
 
 16. Give an account of Washington's journey to and from Fort Le 
 
 Boeuf ? 91, 95 
 
 17. Who was the Marquis Du Quesne ? 94 
 
 18. After Washington's return, what measures were at once takeu ? 95 
 
 19. By whom was Fort Duquesne built ? 95 
 
 20. Where was it situated ? 95 burg. 
 
 21. What city now occupies the site of Fort Duquesne ? Ans. Pitts- 
 
 22. Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows 95 
 
 23. When did the battle of the Great Meadows occur ? 95 
 
 24. Why was Fort Necessity so named ? 96 
 
 25. Give an account of the battle of Fort Necessity 96 
 
 26. How many and what expeditions were planned for 1755?. . . 91 
 
 27. Give an account of the expedition under Braddock 98 
 
 28. By what name is the battle fought on the 9th of July known ? 108 
 
 29. At what distance from the battle-field did Braddock die?. ... 98 
 
 30. Who, upon the death of Braddock, became commander-in-chief? 98 
 
 31. Where was Fort Niagara situated? (See map, page 91.) 
 
 32. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara 93 
 
 33. What preparations were made by General Lyman ? 9S 
 
 34. By what name was Fort Edward at first called ? Ans. Fort 
 
 Lyman. 
 
 35. What was the first movement of General Johnson? 98, 99 
 
 36. By what route did Dieskau approach from Canada ? 99 
 
 37. What Indian chief accompanied Williams to intercept Dieskau ? 99 
 
 38. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Williams. 99 
 
 39. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Lyman. . . 99 
 
 40. How did Dieskau meet his death? 99, 100 
 
 41. By whom was Fort William Henry erected ? 100 
 
 42. When and by whom was it demolished ? 102 
 
 43. Where was the fort situated ? (See m? p, page 64.) 
 
 44. What injustice was done to General Lyman ? 100 
 
 45. Give an account of Monckton's expedition 97 
 
 46. Who succeeded Shirley as commander-in-chief? 100 
 
 10 
 
110 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGH 
 
 47. "Who succeeded Dieskau in the command of the French ?..... 100 
 
 48. What declaratory act was done in 1756 ? 100 
 
 49. Give an account of Montcalm's operations at Oswego 101 
 
 50. How is Oswego situated? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 51. To what place did Montcalm lay siege in 1157 ? 102 
 
 52. By whom was the fort commanded? 102 
 
 53. Who, at the time, was in command of a neighboring fort?. ... 102 
 
 54. Why did Colonel Monroe finally surrender? 102 
 
 55. What took place after the surrender ? 102 
 
 56. Who succeeded Loudon in the command of the British forces ? 103 
 
 57. Give an account of Amherst's expedition against Louisburg. . . 103 
 
 58. What is said of Wolfe and Montgomery? 103 
 
 59. What route did Abercrombie take for Ticonderoga? 104 
 
 60. What loss did the English sustain during the march? 104 
 
 61. What was the result of the expedition against Ticonderoga ? . . 104 
 
 62. What success did Colonel Bradstreet meet with? 104 
 
 63. How was Fort Frontenac situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 64. What city now occupies the site of old Fort Frontenac? 104 
 
 65. To what position did General Amherst succeed? 105 
 
 66. By what achievement had Amherst gained great favor ? 105 
 
 67. What plan of operations was adopted against Canada? 105 
 
 68. Give an account of the expedition under Amherst 106 
 
 69. Give an account of the expedition under Prideaux 105 
 
 70. Where had Johnson been previously engaged ? 98, 99 
 
 71. On what island in the St. Lawrence did Wolfe land his men ?. 106 
 
 72. At what place was Montcalm in command? 106 
 
 73. At what place did Wolfe establish a battery ? 106 
 
 74. What was the result of Wolfe's first attempt against Quebec?. 106 
 
 75. How did the English reach the plains of Abraham? 106 
 
 76. Give an account of the battle that followed 106 
 
 77. On what day did the battle take place? 106 
 
 78. What was the fate of Wolfe and Montcalm ? * 106 
 
 .79. When did Quebec surrender to the English ? 107 
 
 ■80. Why did it surrender ? 107 
 
 -81. What attempt to recover Quebec was made by the French?. . 107 
 
 -82. What final success, under Amherst, led to a treaty of peace ?. 107 
 
 83. When was the treaty of peace made ? 10* 
 
 84. What was the result of the French and Indian War? 107 
 
 ^85. How did Great Britain set possession of Florida? 10* 
 
SECTION IV. 
 
 The American Revolution. — Causes of the War. 
 
 IIoio did ihe French and Indian War affect the national debt of Great 
 Britain t 
 
 The expenses of the French and Indian War in- 
 creased the national debt of Great Britain more than 
 three hnndred millions of dollars. 
 
 What proposition did the British ministry, make, under ihe circum- 
 stances ? 
 
 The British ministry proposed to draw a revenue 
 from the colonies by taxation. 
 
 What measure was accordingly adopted t • 
 
 The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, by both houses 
 of Parliament. 
 
 Bid ihe Americans have any cause of complaint against Great Britain- 
 previous to the passage of the Stamp Act ? 
 
 The policy of Great Britain toward her American 
 colonies was, from the beginning, unjust and illiberal ; 
 and tended to produce a spirit of rebellion among the 
 colonists. 
 
 Who, at the time of the passage of the Stamp Act, was prime minister ? 
 
 George Grenville was, at the time the Stamp Act 
 was passed, prime minister of Great Britain. 
 
 In what tvay did the British ministry undertake to justify the imposi- 
 tion of taxing the colonies f 
 
 The ministry asserted that Great Britain had greatly 
 increased her national debt in the defence of the col- 
 onies, and therefore they ought to share its burdens. 
 
112 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Wliat reply did the colonists make ? 
 
 It was maintained by the colonists, that the colonies 
 had been founded at their own expense ; and that they 
 had already contributed more than their fair propor- 
 tion in defending themselves, while the advantages 
 accruing from their preservation were shared by Eng- 
 land in common with themselves. 
 
 What great principle had the colonists invariably maintained f 
 
 The colonists had invariably maintained that they 
 could only be taxed by a legislature in which they 
 were represented. 
 
 Were they represented in the British Parliament ? 
 
 They were not allowed to send representatives to 
 -he British Parliament. 
 
 What were the provisions of the Stamp Act ? 
 
 By the provisions of the Stamp Act, all instru- 
 ments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, as 
 vvell as printed pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, etc., 
 vvere to be executed on stamped paper, to be purchased 
 from the agents of the British government. 
 
 When the news reqched America that the Stamp Act had been passed, 
 what effect was produced f 
 
 The news of the passage of the Stamp Act produced 
 intense indignation throughout the country. 
 
 Where was opposition to the measure first publicly shown 1 
 
 The first burst of opposition appeared in the legis- 
 lature of Virginia, where Patrick Henry distinguished 
 himself by his bold and manly eloquence. 
 
 What was done at the instigation of the Massachusetts Assembly ? 
 
 A colonial Congress, composed of delegates from 
 nine colonies, was held in New York, to consult for 
 the general safety. 
 
 Who was chosen president of the Congress ? 
 
 Timothy Euggles, of Massachusetts, was chosen pres- 
 dent. 
 
AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. 113 
 
 What did the Congress do ? 
 
 It adopted a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to 
 the King, and a Memorial to both Houses of Parliament. 
 
 How were the stamp officers treated by the colonists ? 
 
 The stamp officers were menaced by the colonists, 
 and compelled to resign. 
 
 What became of the stamped paper ? 
 
 All the stamped paper was either destroyed or con- 
 cealed. 
 
 How were business transactions affected ? 
 
 For a time all transactions requiring stamps were 
 entirely suspended; but at length business resumed 
 its previous course, being conducted without stamps. 
 
 What agreement did the colonial merchants enter into ? 
 
 The merchants of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, 
 and other places, agreed to import no more British 
 goods while the Stamp Act remained a law. 
 
 What effect did the opposition to the Stamp Act have ? 
 
 A change in the British Ministry occurring, Mr. 
 Pitt and Lord Camden exerted themselves in oppo- 
 sition to the obnoxious act, and it was repealed in the 
 year after its enactment. 
 
 How ivas the news of the repeal received in America t 
 
 The news of the repeal caused general joy through- 
 out the colonies. 
 
 Hid Parliament still claim the right to tax the colonies f 
 
 Notwithstanding the repeal of the Stamp Act, Par- 
 liament claimed the right to tax the colonies. 
 
 What evidence was given that Parliament continued to claim the right ? 
 
 At the time of the passage of the Eepeal Bill, a 
 Declaratory Act was also passed, which affirmed that 
 Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. 
 
 How was the right attempted to be exercised soon after ? 
 
 A bill was passed in 1767, for levying duties op 
 
Ji4 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea, imported inU 
 the colonies. 
 
 What other obnoxious acts were passed ? 
 
 Two other obnoxious acts were passed; one for es 
 tablishing a board of trade in the colonies, indepen- 
 dent of colonial legislation ; the other for suspending 
 the legislative powers of New York, until the gover- 
 nor and assembly thereof should furnish the king's 
 troops with certain supplies. 
 
 When news of the passage of the three obnoxious acts reached America 
 what effect was produced? 
 
 The news of the acts produced a revival of the same 
 feelings which had been produced by the passage of 
 the Stamp Act. 
 
 What associations were formed? 
 
 Non-importation associations were formed, the mem- 
 bers of which were pledged not to import or use any 
 irticles of British production, subject to duty. ' 
 
 What was done by the Massachusetts Assembly ? 
 
 The Massachusetts Assembly issued a circular to 
 the other colonial assemblies, asking their co-operation 
 in efforts to obtain redress. 
 
 Bid the assemblies respond ? 
 
 Most of the assemblies adopted resolutions protest- 
 ing against the odious enactments. 
 
 How did the people of Boston act? 
 
 The people of Boston resisted the enforcement of 
 the new revenue law; and repeated collisions took, 
 place between them and the custom-house officers. 
 
 What did the proceedings in Boston incite the governor of Massachu- 
 setts to do? 
 
 The governor of Massachusetts requested General 
 Grage, the commander-in-chief of the British forces in 
 America, to station troops in Boston, for the purpose 
 of overawing the inhabitants. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 
 
 What force accordingly arrived? 
 
 Two regiments, numbering seven hundred men, 
 arrived from Halifax, in September, 1708. 
 
 What effect did the presence of the troops have? 
 
 The presence of the troops still more exasperated 
 the people ; and affrays ensued, in one of which, called 
 the "Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired upon the 
 populace, killing three men, and wounding others. 
 
 Before the news of the "Boston Massacre" reached England, what con- 
 cession had teen made by Parliament ? 
 
 An act was passed by Parliament, revoking all the 
 duties laid in 1767, excepting that of three pence per 
 pound on tea. 
 
 Did the concessions of Parliament satisfy the Americans ? 
 
 As the people of America were contending against 
 the principle of " taxation without representation," and 
 not against the amount of taxes imposed, the conces- 
 sions of Parliament were not satisfactory. 
 
 WJtat can you say of the action of the Non-Importation Associations? 
 
 The Non-Importation Associations continued; but 
 only as against the importation and use of tea. 
 
 What was done with the tea brought to America? 
 
 The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent 
 back to London, without being landed; in Charleston, 
 it was stored in cellars, where it perished ; at Boston, 
 it was thrown into the sea. 
 
 Give an account of the destruction of the tea at Boston, 
 
 At Boston, a party of men, disguised as Indians, 
 boarded the ships on a cold moonlight night, in De- 
 cember, of 1773, broke open the chests of tea, and 
 emptied their contents into the water. 
 
 Wliat retaliatory measure did Parliament adopt against Boston? 
 
 In retaliation for destroying the tea, the Boston Port 
 Bill was passed by Parliament 
 
114 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What was the object of the bill ? 
 
 The object of the bill was to suspend all commercial 
 transactions at Boston. 
 
 What change at that time took place in the executive head of Massacliw 
 setts? 
 
 General Gage became governor of Massachusetts. 
 
 What did the tyrannical course of Parliament lead to ? 
 
 A general congress, The First Continental Congress, 
 convened at Philadelphia, in September, 1774, to de- 
 liberate on such measures as the united interests of the 
 colonies might require. 
 
 How many colonies were represented? 
 
 There were fifty-one delegates present, representing 
 all the colonies, except Georgia. 
 
 Who was chosen to preside f 
 
 Peyton Eandolph of Yirginia, was chosen president. 
 
 What was the first public measure of the Congress ? 
 
 The Congress passed a resolution commending the 
 conduct of the people of Massachusetts, in their oppo- 
 sition to the obnoxious acts of Parliament. 
 
 What else was done by the Congress f 
 
 The Congress made a declaration of rights ; recom- 
 mended the suspension of all commercial intercourse 
 with Great Britain ; and voted an address to the king, 
 another to the people of Great Britain, and a memo- 
 rial to the Canadians. 
 
 How did the proceedings of the Congress affect General Gage ? 
 
 Gage fortified Boston Keck ; and, seizing the mili • 
 tary stores which the Americans had collected at 
 Cambridge and Charlestown, he conveyed them to Bos- 
 ton. 
 
 What did the Massachusetts Assembly do t 
 
 The members of the Massachusetts Assembly re- 
 solved themselves into a Provincial Congress, and 
 adopted a plan for organizing the militia. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 117 
 
 What preparations were made elsewhere in the colonies? 
 
 Military measures were adopted in other colonies, 
 and the people were resolved to resist the oppressions 
 attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. 
 
 EYENTS OF 1775. 
 
 What can you say of the military force stationed in Boston at the break- 
 ing out of the Revolution? 
 
 A royal force of three thousand men, under General . 
 Gage, was stationed in Boston, during the early pare 
 of 1775. 
 
 What was Gage's first important measure against the Americans? 
 
 Gage secretly dispatched a detachment of eight 
 hundred men, under Colonel Smith and Major Pit- 
 cairn, to destroy the military stores which the Amer- 
 icans had collected at Concord, sixteen miles from 
 Boston. 
 
 Were the movements of the detachment as secret as intended? 
 
 The alarm was given, and when the British reached 
 Lexington, on the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, 
 a,bout seventy of the militia were drawn up under 
 arms. 
 
 What occurred at Lexington ? 
 
 Pitcairn rode forward, and shouted to the militia: 
 "Disperse, you rebels; throw down your arms, and 
 disperse;" but not being obeyed, he ordered his men 
 to fire. Several of the militia were killed, and the 
 rest dispersed. 
 
 What occurred at Concord? 
 
 The British proceeded to Concord, and destroyed 
 all the stores that they could find ; but the militia of 
 the country having begun to assemble, a skirmish took 
 place, in which several were killed on both sides. 
 
 What did Smith then think it prudent to do? 
 
 Smith thought it prudent to return with his troops 
 to Boston as speedily as possible. 
 
118 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Give an account of the retreat. 
 
 The Americans pursued the retreating troops, keep- 
 ing up a constant and destructive fire upon .them. At 
 Lexington, the British were joined by a reinforcement 
 of nine hundred men, under Lord Percy ; the two de- 
 tachments then marched rapidly to Charlestown, and 
 the day following crossed over to Boston. 
 
 What losses were sustained during the day ? 
 
 The British lost in killed, wounded, and missing, 
 about two hundred and eighty ; the Americans, about 
 ninety. 
 
 What was the effect of the battle ? 
 
 When the news of the battle of Lexington spread, 
 the militia from all parts of New England hastened to 
 join those of Massachusetts, in forming a camp in the 
 neighborhood of Boston. 
 
 To whom was the command of the camp given ? 
 
 General Ar'-te-mas Ward, of Massachusetts, the 
 commander of the camp, had received his appointment 
 from the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts. 
 
 What fortresses at the north did the Americans deem it important to 
 secure 1 
 
 It was deemed important to secure Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point. 
 
 When and by whom were they captured? 
 
 In May, 1775, a number of volunteers from Con- 
 necticut and Vermont, under Colonel Ethan Allen 
 and Benedict Arnold, captured both Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point. 
 
 Wliat ivas acquired by the capture ? 
 
 A great supply of military and naval stores fell into 
 the hands of the Americans. 
 
 What was the condition of the British troops in Boston ? 
 
 So closely were the British troops hemmed in by 
 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 119 
 
 the American forces, that Boston began to experience 
 the privations of a besieged city. 
 
 What accessions did the British receive 1 
 
 Large reinforcements arrived from England, nnder 
 Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. 
 
 What proclamation was then made ? 
 
 General Gage issued a proclamation, declaring all 
 Americans in arms, rebels and traitors, and offering 
 pardon to those who should lay down their arms, and 
 return to their allegiance. 
 
 Bid Gage make any exceptions in his offer of pardon ? 
 
 John Hancock and Samuel Adams were excepted ; 
 their offences being pronounced too great to admit of 
 pardon. 
 
 In what direction are 
 from Boston ? 
 
 Charlestown? 
 Bunker Hill ? 
 Breed's Hill ? 
 Copp'sHill? 
 Cambridge ? 
 Roxbuiy ? 
 Lechmere's Point? 
 Dorchester Heights ? 
 Morton's Point? 
 
 What isthmus connects 
 Boston with the main- 
 land f 
 
 What two hills on the 
 Charlestown peninsu- 
 la 1 ? 
 
 What islands in Boston 
 harbor 1 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 What project was determined upon in the American camp? 
 
 It was determined by the Americans to seize and 
 
120 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 fortify the heights of Charlestown, opposite to the 
 north side of Boston. 
 
 Why ivas the project determined upon f 
 
 The object was to anticipate the British, who had 
 resolved upon offensive operations. 
 
 What measures were accordingly taken by the Americans *? 
 
 On the evening of the 16th of June, 1775, Colonel 
 Prescott was sent with a detachment of one thousand 
 men to take possession of, and fortify Bunker Hill. 
 
 Did Prescott comply loilh the order ? 
 
 On attaining the heights, Prescott concluded to 
 fortify Breed's Hill, it being nearer to Boston, and 
 having a better command of the town and shipping. 
 
 What was done by Prescotfs force ? 
 
 Every man of the thousand seized, in his turn, the 
 pick axe and spade, and by the dawn of day, a strong 
 redoubt was completed. 
 
 What was done to drive the Americans from their position ? 
 
 The British, on discovering the redoubt, commenced 
 a cannonade upon it, from vessels in the harbor, and 
 from a battery on Cop's Hill, in Boston, but with 
 little effect. 
 
 What force was then sent against the Americans ? 
 
 Three thousand men, under Generals Howe and 
 Pigot, crossed over to Charlestown. 
 
 Had Prescott received any reinforcements ? 
 
 Through the exertions of General Putnam, about 
 five hundred men had been added to Prescott's de- 
 tachment. 
 
 What wanton destruction was effected by order of General Gage f 
 
 The British set fire to Charlestown, and, amid the 
 glare of its flames, they advanced against the Amer- 
 icans. 
 
AMEEICAN" EE VOLUTION. 12] 
 
 Give an axount of the tattle. 
 
 Twice the British advanced to within a few rods of 
 the redoubt, when the Americans each time opened 
 upon them so deadly a fire that they were repulsed 
 with heavy loss ; General Clinton, arriving with rein- 
 forcements, the third charge of the British was success- 
 ful, and the Americans, their ammunition being ex- 
 hausted, were forced to retreat across Charlestown 
 Neck. 
 
 What losses were sustained by each party in the tattle ? 
 
 The British lost in killed and wounded more than 
 a thousand men ; the Americans, about four hundred 
 and fifty. 
 
 What distinguished British officer was among the hilled ? 
 
 Major Pitcairn, who, at Lexington, had shed the 
 first blood in the Eevolution, was among the killed. 
 
 What American officer fell? 
 
 The Americans lost Joseph Warren, a distinguished 
 patriot, and a most estimable man. 
 
 What was the effect of the tattle upon the British ? 
 
 Though the British had gained the ground con- 
 tended for, the victory was more disastrous and humil- 
 iating than an ordinary defeat. 
 
 What was the effect upon the Americans ? 
 
 The defeat had the effect of a triumph to the Amer- 
 icans; it gave them confidence in themselves, and 
 consequence in the- eyes of their enemies. 
 
 While these events were transpiring, what innportant convention was 
 held? 
 
 The Second Continental Congress convened at Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 What measures did the Congress adopt? 
 
 Congress voted to raise an army of twenty thousand 
 men, and unanimously elected George Washington 
 commander-in-chief. 
 11 
 
122 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 On what day was Washington elected ? 
 
 Washington's election, as commander-in-chief, took 
 place on the 15th of June, 1775, two clays before the 
 battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 How did Washington receive his appointment? 
 
 Washington received the appointment with dignity 
 and modesty. He declined all compensation for his 
 services, and only asked for the payment of his ex- 
 penses. 
 
 When and where did he take command of the army ? 
 
 In July, 1775, Washington arrived at Cambridge, 
 and took command of the army, which then numbered 
 about fourteen thousand men. 
 
 Who succeeded to the command of the British forces f 
 
 Gage was succeeded by Sir William Howe, in the 
 command of the British forces in America. 
 
 What difficulties did the people of Virginia have with their governor? 
 
 Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, having 
 seized some powder, and removed it to a vessel in the 
 York river, Patrick Henry, at the head of a corps of 
 volunteers, demanded and received compensation for 
 the powder. 
 
 What further account can you give of the troubles ? 
 
 A force, consisting of British regulars, Tory volun- 
 teers, and negroes, which had been collected by Dun- 
 more, attacked a body of Virginia patriots near Nor- 
 folk, but was defeated with great loss. 
 
 What destruction was afterward effected ? 
 
 The town of Norfolk was reduced to ashes, by order 
 of Dunmore. 
 
 What project of invasion was determined upon by Congress ? 
 
 It was determined to invade Canada, and thereby 
 prevent its being used by the British as a place of 
 rendezvous and supply. 
 
AMERICAN KE VOLUTION. 123 
 
 How was the invasion undertaken ? 
 
 Two forces were sent; one by the way of lake 
 Champlain, under Generals Schuyler {shi'-ler) and 
 Montgomery ; the other by the Kennebec river, under 
 the command of Arnold. 
 
 What can you say of Schuyler's operations ? 
 
 Schuyler proceeded as far as St. John's, on the 
 Sorel river, but sickness compelling him to return to 
 Albany, the command devolved upon Montgomery. 
 
 What rash enterprise was undertaken by Colonel Ethan Allen ? 
 
 "With only eighty men, Allen crossed the St. Law- 
 rence, to make an attack upon Montreal : he was de- 
 feated, made prisoner, and sent to England in irons. 
 
 What did Montgomery accomplish t 
 
 After taking Fort Chambly and St. John's, Mont- 
 gomery proceeded to Montreal, which capitulated on 
 the 13th of November, 1775. 
 
 What was his next movement f 
 
 He left garrisons in the places captured, and with 
 the remnant of his army, consisting of only three hun- 
 dred men, he marched toward Quebec. 
 
 What had Arnold done in the mean time ? 
 
 Arnold having performed a tedious march through 
 the wilderness, appeared before Quebec ; but not being 
 sufficiently strong to attack the city, he retired twenty 
 miles up the St. Lawrence, and there awaited the ap- 
 proach of Montgomery. 
 
 What plan was laid for the reduction of Quebec v 
 
 The two forces united, numbering in all but nine 
 hundred men, besieged Quebec for three weeks, with- 
 out gaining any advantage ; it was then resolved to 
 attempt the reduction by a general assault. 
 
 What account can you give of the attempt? 
 
 At dawn, on the last day of 1775, and, during a 
 violent snow-storm, the American army in four col- 
 
12* AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 umns, advanced to the assault; but the attempt was 
 unsuccessful. Montgomery was among the first who 
 fell, and Arnold was severely wounded. After a con- 
 test of several hours, the remnant of the army, under 
 Morgan, was forced to surrender. 
 
 What did Arnold do after the battle ? 
 
 Arnold took command of the troops that had ef- 
 fected a retreat, and, in an encampment a short dis- 
 tance from Quebec, passed a rigorous winter. 
 
 How did the expedition into Canada terminate ? 
 
 By the middle of June, 1776, the Americans, having 
 been compelled to relinquish one fort after another, 
 had entirely .evacuated Canada. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGD 
 
 1 . What war, carried on mostly in America previous to the Revo- 
 
 lution, greatly increased the debt of Great Britain ? 11A 
 
 2. In what way was it proposed to lighten the burden of debt 
 
 thus increased ? Hi 
 
 3. What policy had Great Britain pursued from the first toward 
 
 her colonies ? Ill 
 
 4. "What act was passed by Parliament in 1165 ? Ill 
 
 5. "What was asserted by the British ministry as a reason for tax- 
 
 ing the colonies ? Ill 
 
 6. What did the colonists maintain, in reply to the assertion?. . . 112 
 f. What great principle maintained by the colonists was violated 
 
 by the Stamp Act? k 112 
 
 8. What did the act require ? 112 
 
 9. Who, in Virginia, was particularly bold to denounce the act?. 112 
 
 10. What Congress was held in New York ? 112 
 
 11. At whose instigation had the Congress been called ? 112 
 
 12. To what position was Timothy Buggies chosen? 112 
 
 13. What was the result of the deliberations of the Congress?. . . 113 
 14* In what way was the carrying out of the Stamp Act prevented ? 113 
 15. In what year was the Stamp Act repealed ? . . 113 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. -i2S 
 
 PAGK 
 
 16. "Why was it repealed? 113 
 
 17. What right lid the British Parliament still claim ? 113 
 
 18. What act was passed when the Stamp Act was repealed ? . . . . 113 
 
 19. What bill was passed by Parliament in 17G7 ?• 113, 114 
 
 20. What other obnoxious bills were also passed? 114 
 
 21. How did the colonists discourage the importation or use of 
 
 articles subject to duty ? 114 
 
 22. How did the colonial assemblies manifest their opposition to 
 
 the odious enactments of Parliament ? .* 114 
 
 23. Where was the opposition to the revenue law greatest? 114 
 
 24. What request did the governor of Massachusetts make of Gen- 
 
 eral Gage ? 114 
 
 25. From what place and when did the troops arrive? 115 
 
 26. Give an account of the " Boston Massacre.'' .115 
 
 27. What concession was made by Parliament in 1767? 115 
 
 28. Why was not the concession satisfactory to the colonists ?. . . . 115 
 
 29. What was done with the tea sent to New York ? 115 
 
 30. What, with the tea seut to Philadelphia? 115 
 
 31. What, with the tea sent to Charleston ? 115 
 
 32. What, with the tea sent to Boston ? 115 
 
 33. Give an account of the operations of the " Boston Tea Tarty." 115 
 
 34. Why was the Boston Port Bill passed?. 115 
 
 35. What was intended to be accomplished by the bill? 116 
 
 36. To what civil position was General Gage appointed? 116 
 
 37. What convention was held at Philadelphia in 1774? 116 
 
 38. How many delegates were in attendance ? 116 
 
 39. For what purpose did they convene ? 116 
 
 40. Which colony was not represented ? 116 
 
 41. To what position was Peyton Randolph chosen? 116 
 
 42. What resolution of commendation did the Congress pass?. ... 116 
 
 43. What were the further proceedings of the Congress ? 116 
 
 44. Where was there a large body of royal troops stationed, in the . 
 
 early part of 1775? 117 
 
 45. On what mission were Smith and Pitcairn sent ? 117 
 
 46. In what direction is Concord from Boston? (See map, page 38.) 
 
 47. What town is on the route between Boston and Concord ? 
 
 4H. When did the battle of Lexington take place? 117 
 
 49. What took place at Concord ?. . , 117 
 
 50. By whom were the British joined on their retreat? 118 
 
 51. Was there any righting, besides at Lexington and Concord ?. . 118 
 
 11* 
 
120 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 rjktm 
 
 52. "What was the loss of the British during the day ? 118 
 
 53. What was the loss of the Americans ? 118 
 
 54. Did the British retreat at once to Boston ? 118 
 
 65. In what direction is Boston from Charlestown ? (See map, p. 1 19.) 
 
 56. After the battle of Lexington, what general movement was 
 
 made by the militia of the New England colonies? 118 
 
 57. To what position was General Ward chosen ? 118 
 
 58. By whom was he chosen to that position? 118 
 
 59. What did Allen and Arnold accomplish at the North ? 118 
 
 60. How were the two forts situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 61. What three officers arrived with reinforcements for Gage? ... 119 
 
 62. What proclamation did Gage issue ? 119 
 
 63. What two persons were excepted in the offer of pardon ?. . . . 119 
 
 64. Why were they excepted ? 119 
 
 65. What was done by Prescott on the night of June 16th, 1715? 120 
 
 66. When the British, in the morning, discovered the works on 
 
 Breed's Hill, how did they commence operations? 120 
 
 67. What force next crossed over to Charlestown ? . 120 
 
 68. What destruction did the British effect at Charlestown ? 120 
 
 69. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill 120, 121 
 
 70. What befell General Warren? 121 
 
 71. At what place did the Second Continental Congress convene?. 121 
 
 72. What important election was made by the Congress ? 121 
 
 73. What announcement did Washington make, as to compensa- 
 
 tion? 122 
 
 74. To what place did Washington proceed after his election ?. . . 122 
 
 75. Who succeeded Gage in the command of the British forces?. . 122 
 
 76. Give an account of the troubles with Lord Dunmore? 122 
 
 77. What forces proceeded against Canada in 1775 ? ' 123 
 
 78. How far did Schuyler proceed with his force ? 123 
 
 79. Why did he return to Albany? 123 
 
 80. Upon whom did his command then devolve ? 123 
 
 81. What can you state of Allen's attempt against Montreal?. . . . 123 
 
 82. What three places did Montgomery get possession of? 123 
 
 83. When did Montreal capitulate to him ? 123 
 
 84 Toward what place did Montgomery then march? 123 
 
 85. What, in the mean time, had Arnold accomplished ? 123 
 
 86. Wnat did the united forces of Montgomery and Arnold then 
 
 undertake ? 123 
 
 87. For how long a time did the two forces besiege Quebec? 123 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 
 
 EVENTS OF m G. 
 
 With what force did Washington keep the British shut up in Boston! 
 
 Washington's army had dwindled to less than ten 
 thousand men ; but through the exertions of Con- 
 gress and himself, it was augmented to fourteen 
 thousand before the close of February, 1776. 
 
 What movement was Washington urged to make ? 
 
 Congress urged Washington to attack the British, 
 and, if possible, drive them from Boston. 
 
 What had Washington proposed to his officers ? 
 
 In a council of his officers, Washington had pro- 
 posed a direct assault, but they decided unanimously 
 against it. 
 
 What was Washington's first offensive movement? 
 
 In one night, he caused a line of fortifications to 
 be erected on Dorchester Heights, which completely 
 commanded the city and harbor of Boston. 
 
 How ivas the British general affected upon seeing the work ? 
 
 Howe saw that he must at once dislodge the Amer- 
 icans from the heights, or evacuate Boston. 
 
 What decision did he make ? 
 
 He resolved on an attack ; but a violent storm pre- 
 vented the attempt, till the Americans were too 
 strongly fortified to be dislodged. 
 
 What then did the British determine upon ? 
 
 It was determined, in a council of war, to evacuate 
 the city as soon as possible. 
 
 What agreement was made hetween Washington and Howe ? 
 
 It was informally agreed that the British should be 
 allowed to embark, without being molested from the 
 American batteries, upon condition that they would 
 not set fire to the city. 
 
 What can you say of the departure of the British t 
 
 On the 17th of March, 1776, the British troops, 
 
128 AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 
 accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, 
 evacuated Boston, and sailed for Halifax. 
 
 During the siege of Boston, what expedition was dispatched by the Brit- 
 ish ? 
 
 A secret expedition was dispatched from Boston, 
 conducted by Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 What did Washington do in consequence ? 
 
 Surmising that the expedition was destined against 
 New York, he gave General Charles Lee authority to 
 raise volunteers in Connecticut, and march to the pro- 
 tection of the city. 
 
 What coincidence occurred ? 
 
 On the very day of Lee's arrival in New York, 
 Clinton appeared off Sandy Hook, just outside the 
 harbor. 
 
 What course did Clinton then take ? 
 
 Foiled in his attempt against New York, Clinton 
 sailed to the South, and was joined by Sir Peter 
 Parker, who had arrived from England with a large 
 fleet. 
 
 What city did Clinton proceed against t 
 
 The united forces under Clinton and Parker pro- 
 ceeded against Charleston, in South Carolina. 
 
 Were tlie people of Carolina unprepared ? 
 
 The people had received intelligence of the in- 
 tended attack, and were not unprepared. 
 
 What preparations had been made? 
 
 Charleston had been fortified at various points. A 
 fort of Palmetto wood, erected on Sullivan's Island, 
 and defended by about five hundred men, under 
 Colonel Moultrie (mole'-tre), commanded the channel 
 leading to the town. 
 
 What officer, arriving at Charleston, took the general command ? 
 
 General Lee, who had been appointed to command 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 129 
 
 the American forces in the South, arrived from the 
 North, and marched his troops into Charleston. 
 
 Between what two rivers 
 
 is Charleston situated? 
 How is Sullivan's Island 
 
 situated ? 
 What island north-east 
 
 of Sullivan's Island. 
 What fort on Sullivan's 
 
 Island f 
 What other forts are in 
 
 Charleston harbor ? 
 What fort on James 
 
 Island ? 
 
 "YIClMTH or 
 CHARLESTON 
 
 Give an account of the 
 attack made by Clin- 
 ton and Parker. 
 
 A combined at- 
 tack by land and 
 water, upon Sulli- 
 van's Island, was commenced on the morning of the 
 28th of June, 1776. After a conflict of nine hours, 
 during which Clinton was foiled in his attempt to 
 reach the island, and the British ships were much 
 shattered, the vessels drew off, and abandoned the 
 enterprise. 
 
 For what place did the fleet set sail? 
 
 The fleet sailed for the vicinity of New York, where 
 a large British force had been ordered to assemble. 
 
 After the British had evacuated Boston, where did Washington go ? 
 
 Washington set out with most of his army for New 
 York, conjecturing it to be Howe's destination from 
 Boston. 
 
 While danger, was gailering round, New York, what ivas Congress 
 ioing ? 
 
 Congress was discussing the resolution offered on 
 
130 AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 
 
 the 7th of June, 1776, by Richard Henry Lee, of 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Can you repeat Lee's resolution? 
 
 " Resolved, That these united colonies are, and of 
 right ought to be free and independent states ; that 
 they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 crown, and that all political connection between them 
 and the state of Great Britain is, and ought, to be, 
 totally dissolved." 
 
 How long did Congress continue the discussion ? 
 
 The first discussion continued for three days, when 
 the further consideration of the subject was postponed 
 to the 1 st of July. 
 
 In the mean time, what committee was appointed ? 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Frank- 
 lin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston were 
 appointed a committee to draft a Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Which member of the committee prepared the document ? 
 
 It was prepared by Thomas Jefferson, chairman of 
 the committee. 
 
 What further action did Congress take ? 
 
 Lee's resolution was passed by a large majority, on 
 the 2d day of July ; and the Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence was unanimously adopted on the 4th of July, 
 1776. 
 
 How was the Declaration received by the people ? 
 
 Everywhere the Declaration was received with 
 demonstrations of joy. 
 
 What soon overclouded the joy of the patriots of New York f 
 
 The British under General Howe, who had arrived 
 from Halifax, were gathering in large numbers at 
 Staten Island, in the vicinity of New York. 
 
 How is Staten Island situated? (Sec map, page iG.) 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 By whom was Howe joined at Staten Island? 
 
 General Howe was joined by his brother, Admiral 
 Lord Howe, from England ; and by Clinton, from the 
 South ; these, with other arrivals, soon increased his 
 army to thirty-five thousand men. 
 
 What hireling force was included in his army ? 
 
 A body of Germans, hired of the Landgrave of 
 Hes'-se Cas'-sel and other petty German rulers, con- 
 stitute'd a large part of Howe's army. 
 
 By what name were the German troops generally known ? 
 
 They were generally called Hes'-sians. 
 
 With what design ivere the British concentrating their forces in the vi- 
 cinity of New York ? 
 
 The design of the British was, to seize New York 
 and the country along the Hudson river, establish a 
 communication with Canada, separate the New Eng- 
 land from the other states, and overrun the pojmlous 
 portions of the revolted colonies. 
 
 What forces were at the command of Washington? 
 
 Twenty-seven thousand men were enrolled in 
 
 Washington's army, but many of them being sick, 
 
 and a large number without arms, his effective force 
 
 did not amount to more than seventeen thousand men. 
 
 What special powers were vested in Lord Howe and his brother, for the, 
 restoration of peace? 
 
 Lord Howe and his brother were commissioned 
 to grant pardons to all who would return to their 
 allegiance. 
 
 In what ways did they undertake to make their powers known ? 
 
 They undertook to make known their powers by 
 a proclamation addressed to the people, and by let- 
 ters to Washington. 
 
 Did Washington receive the letters addressed to him ? 
 
 Washington did not receive the letters addressed 
 to him. 
 
132 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Why did he refuse the letters ? 
 
 Because they did not recognize Lis public position. 
 
 What, thereupon, did the British commanders determine to do ? 
 
 It was determined by the British to strike an effec- 
 tive blow, without further delay. 
 
 What were the first steps taken by them ? 
 
 They landed on the western end of Long Island, 
 and advanced in three divisions by three different 
 roads, toward the American camp at Brooklyn, then 
 under the command of Putnam. 
 
 What waters surround Long Island ? (See map, page 46.) 
 
 Sow is Brooklyn situated? (See map, page 46.) 
 
 In what fatal position were the Americans soon placed? 
 
 "While two of the British divisions were eno-ao-ino 
 the Americans in front, the third, under Clinton, 
 having taken a circuitous route, fell upon their rear. 
 
 What ivas tJie result of the battle ? 
 
 Some of the Americans, by a desperate effort, cut 
 their way through the host of foes; but a great 
 many were either killed or taken prisoners. 
 
 What losses were sustained by each party ? 
 
 The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, was nearly two thousand ; that of the 
 British was less than four hundred. 
 
 What officers did the Americans lose? 
 
 The Americans lost General Sullivan and Lord 
 Stirling ; both of whom were taken prisoners. 
 
 When was the battle fought? 
 
 The battle of Long Island was fought on the 27th 
 of August, 1776. 
 
 What did the remnant of Hie American army at Brooklyn do after iht 
 battle? 
 
 The Americans, after the battle, made good their 
 
 retreat to New York. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 
 
 What account can you give of the retreat? 
 
 On the night of the 29th of August, while a heavy 
 fog was hanging over Brooklyn, and concealing the 
 movements of the Americans, the troops were em- 
 barked under Washington's supervision, and they all 
 crossed over to New York in safety. 
 
 What can you say of the character of the retreat t 
 
 The retreat was one of the most signal achieve- 
 ments of the war, and redounded greatly to the repu- 
 tation of Washington. 
 
 What id as soon evident as to the intention of the British? 
 
 It was evident that the British meant to encompass 
 the American army on the island of New York. 
 
 When the intention of the British became apparent, what course did 
 Washington take? 
 
 Washington called a council of his officers, and, 
 influenced by their opinion, he abandoned New York, 
 and retreated to the Heights of Harlem. 
 
 What ineffectual attempt did he make to get information of the British ? 
 
 He attempted to ascertain the condition of the 
 British army, by engaging Captain Nathan Hale, of 
 Connecticut, to visit their camp on Long Island. 
 
 What account can you give of the attempt? 
 
 Hale reached the British camp and obtained the 
 information desired, but on his return was arrested. 
 He was then taken to Howe's head-quarters, and, 
 without even the form of a regular trial, was executed 
 as a spy. 
 
 What important affair occurred in the upper part of New York island ? 
 
 A skirmish took place between detachments of the 
 two armies in the upper part of New York island, in 
 which the Americans drove the British from the field. 
 
 What officers did the Americans lose in the skirmish ? 
 
 The Americans lost Colonel Knowlton and Major 
 Leitch, their principal officers engaged. 
 12 
 
134 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Why was the affair important ? 
 
 The affair was important, inasmuch as it was the 
 first gleam of success in the campaign, and revived 
 the spirits of the army. 
 
 What was Howe's next object ? 
 
 Howe made an attempt to get above Washington's 
 army, and destroy his communication with the east- 
 ern states. 
 
 In what way did he make the attempt? 
 
 While three frigates were sent up the Hudson to 
 cut off the American communication with New Jer- 
 sey, Howe passed through the strait at the east of 
 New York island, and landed the greater part of his 
 army in Westchester county, beyond the Harlem 
 river. 
 
 How did Washington meet these movements ? 
 
 Washington withdrew the greater part of his army 
 from New York island, and fixed his head-quarters 
 at White Plains. 
 
 How is White Plains situated ? (See map, page 46.) 
 
 What action took place at White Plains ? 
 
 A partial engagement took place at White Plains, 
 on the 28th of October, 1776, in which the Americans 
 were defeated. 
 
 What change in the position of the American forces followed the action? 
 
 Washington withdrew his forces to the hills of 
 
 North Castle, about live miles north of White Plains. 
 
 What can you say of the movements of Howe? 
 
 Howe, instead of following Washington, turned 
 his attention to the American posts on the Hudson, 
 with the apparent design of invading New Jersey 
 and marching against Philadelphia. 
 
 What did Washington do under Hie circumstances? 
 
 Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North 
 Castle, and another, under Colonel Magaw, at Fort 
 
AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. 13o 
 
 Washington, he crossed the Hudson with the main 
 body of his army, and joined General Greene at 
 Fort Lee. 
 
 How is North Castle situated? (See map,' page 46.) 
 How was Fort Lee situated ? 
 
 Fort Lee was situated in New Jersey, on the wesi 
 bank of the Hudson, about ten miles north of the 
 city of New York. 
 
 How was Fort Washington situated ? 
 
 Fort Washington was situated on New York island, 
 on the east bank of the Hudson, about eleven miles 
 above the city. 
 
 What account can you give of the attack on Fort Washington ? 
 
 On the 16th of November, 1776, the British at- 
 tacked Fort Washington ; and, although they were 
 successful, the victory cost them a thousand men. 
 
 Wliat took place two days after? 
 
 Cornwallis, w r ith six thousand men, crossed the 
 Hudson, and took possession of Fort Lee, which the 
 Americans had abandoned on his approach. 
 
 W hat can you say of Washington's retreat ? 
 
 Pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated 
 through New Jersey, and early in December crossed 
 the Delaware with his diminished and disheartened 
 army. 
 
 To what place did Congress adjourn ? 
 
 Congress, in session when Washington reached 
 Philadelphia, soon after adjourned to Baltimore. 
 
 What misfortune befell the Americans in Rhode Island ? 
 
 A British squadron, under Sir Peter Parker, took 
 possession of the island of Rhode Island, and block- 
 aded the American fleet in Providence river. 
 
 Who was in command of the American fleet ? 
 
 Commodore Hopkins, of Rhode Island, commanded 
 the American fleet. 
 
136 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Wliai happened to General Lee ? 
 
 Lee, having entered New Jersey and incautiously 
 taken quarters at a distance from his detachment, was 
 surprised and taken prisoner by a scouting party of 
 the British. 
 
 What was done with his detachment t 
 
 His detachment was conducted by General Sullivan 
 to Washington's camp across. the Delaware. 
 
 How had the Americans recovered General Sullivan f 
 
 Sullivan and Stirling, both captured by the British 
 at the battle of Long Island, were recovered by ex- 
 change of prisoners. 
 
 What feelings prevailed among the patriots at thai time ? 
 
 Feelings of gloom and despondency prevailed, 
 owing to the reverses which the army had sustained. 
 
 By what brilliant achievement did Washington revive the spirits of his 
 countrymen ? 
 
 On the night of the 25th of December, 1776, 
 "Washington crossed the Delaware with twenty-four 
 hundred men, and at eight o'clock on the morning of 
 the 26th, attacked a body of Hessians stationed at 
 Trenton. 
 
 How is Trenton situated? (See map, page *ll.) 
 
 Were the Americans successful? 
 
 The Americans were successful. Rahl, the Hessian 
 commander, was mortally wounded ; between thirty 
 and forty of his men were slain, and nearly a thou 
 sand were made prisoners. 
 
 What was Washington^ loss in the expedition ? 
 
 Washington lost only four men ; two of whom fell 
 in the engagement, and two were frozen to death. 
 
 To what place did Washington retire after the battle ? 
 
 Conscious that he could not hold Trenton against 
 the superior force which the British general could 
 concentrate there in a few hours, Washington recrossed 
 the Delaware with his prisoners and spoils. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 
 
 What were the effects of Washington's victory ? 
 
 The victory at Trenton restored confidence to the 
 Americans, while it startled and mortified the British. 
 
 What did Washington's success at Trenton gicourage him to do ? 
 
 Washington, encouraged by his success at Trenton, 
 and finding his army strengthened very much by new- 
 recruits, resolved to act on the offensive. 
 
 In what positions were the two armies at the close of 1776 ? 
 
 Washington, having again crossed the Delaware, 
 was posted at Trenton, while the British were assem- 
 bled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles dis- 
 tant. 
 
 REYIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAOK 
 
 1- How did Washington commence operations against the British 
 
 at Boston ? 127 
 
 2. What was the result? 127 
 
 3. By whom was the expedition against Charleston commanded? 128 
 
 4. How was Charleston defended? 128, 129 
 
 5. When did Clinton and Parker make their attack ? 129 
 
 6. What was the result? 129 
 
 7. Give an account of the proceedings in Congress that led to the 
 
 Declaration of Independence 129, 130 
 
 8. What forces of the enemy gathered at Staten Island ? 129, 130, 131 
 
 9. Where were Washington and his army at the time? 129 
 
 10. How large was Washington's army then? 131 
 
 11. What letters did Lord Howe and his brother address to Wash- 
 
 ington ? 131 
 
 12. With what result, and why ? 131, 132 
 
 13. How did the British proceed against the American camp at 
 
 Brojklyn? 132 
 
 14. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 132 
 
 15. Give an account of Washington's retreat to New York. ...... 133 
 
 16. What was the next design of the British? 133 
 
 17. How did Washington frustrate them ? 133 
 
 12* 
 
138 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAQB 
 
 18. State the case of Captain Nathan Hale 133 
 
 19. Give an account of the battle of White Plains 134 
 
 20. To what place did Washington withdraw his forces after the 
 
 battle of White Plains ? 134 
 
 21. To what objects did Howe turn his attention ? \ 134 
 
 22. What seemed to be his design in so doing? 134 
 
 23. Where did Washington leave detachments of his army? 134 
 
 24. To what place did Washington then proceed? 135 
 
 25. What fort was opposite Fort Lee? (See map, page 46.) 
 
 2G. Give an account of the battle of Fort Washington 135 
 
 27. What fort next fell into the hands of the British? 135 
 
 28. Through what state did Washington retreat ? 135 
 
 29. By whom was he pursued? 135 
 
 30. At what place did Washington find Congress in session? 135 
 
 31. To what place did Congress soon after adjourn? 135 
 
 32. What did the British, under Parker, effect at Rhode Island? . 135 
 
 33. What officer was surprised and captured by the British? 136 
 
 34. Upon Lee's capture, what did Sullivan do? 136 
 
 35. By what act had Sullivan been restored to the Americans?. .. 136 
 
 36. What other officer was, in like manner, restored? 136 
 
 37. Where had the British captured Sullivan and Stirling? 136 
 
 38. What was done by Washington, on Christmas night of 1776?. 136 
 
 39. What force of the enemy was stationed at Trenton? 136 
 
 40. Who were the Hessians ? 131 
 
 41. On what river is Trenton situated ? i (See map, 
 
 42. In what direction is Trenton from Philadelphia? ) page 71.) 
 
 43. Who was in command of the Hessian force at Trenton? 136 
 
 44. How did the battle of Trenton commence? 136 
 
 45. On what day was it fought ? , 136 
 
 46. What officer of the enemy was mortally wounded? 136 
 
 47. How many of Rahl's troops were slain? 136 
 
 48. How many prisoners were made by the Americans? 136 
 
 49. How many Americans fell in the battle? 136 
 
 bO. How was the death of two others caused? 136 
 
 51. Why did not Washington continue to hold Trenton? 136 
 
 52. What course did he consequently pilrsue? 136 
 
 53. How did the victory at Trenton affect the Americans? 131 
 
 54. How did it affect the British? 137 
 
 55. After the victory, how did Washington resolve to act? 137 
 
 56. To what place did he accordingly take post? 137 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 139 
 
 EVENTS OF im. 
 What force did Washington 1mm at Trenton in the beginning of 17 77 t 
 
 After being joined by troops under Generals Mif- 
 flin and Cadwallader, "Washington's whole force at 
 Trenton on the 1st of January, 1777, did not exceed 
 five thousand men. 
 
 What took place there on the following day t 
 
 Cornwallis arrived toward evening with a strong 
 force from Princeton : after making several attempts 
 to cross the stream which runs through the town, and 
 being as often repulsed by the Americans, he con- 
 cluded to defer hostilities until the arrival of rein- 
 forcements in the morning. 
 
 How is Princeton situated ? (See map, page 71.) 
 
 What can you say of the situation in which Washington was then placed? 
 
 Washington's situation was extremely critical. To 
 retreat across the Delaware, which was then very 
 much obstructed by floating ice, or to remain and 
 risk a battle with a superior force, appeared full of 
 danger. 
 
 In that situation, what scheme did Washington adopt t 
 
 Leaving his camp-fires burning, he marched by a 
 circuitous route toward 'Princeton, intending to sur- 
 prise and attack the British troops left there. 
 
 How did he succeed t 
 
 At sunrise on the 3d of January, 1777, the van 
 of his forces encountered, near Princeton, a part of the 
 British troops already on their march to join Cornwallis. 
 At first the American militia gave way, but Wash- 
 ington, coming up with a select corps, turned the tide 
 of battle, and routed the enemy. 
 
 What losses were sustained by each party ? 
 
 The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the 
 Americans did not exceed thirtv. 
 
140 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What estimable officer did the Americans lose ? 
 
 The Americans lost General Mercer, wlio was mor- 
 tally wounded. 
 
 What place did Washington make his winter-quarters ? 
 
 Washington's army encamped at Morristown dur- 
 ing the first months of 1777: in the spring he re- 
 moved the camp to Middlebrook. 
 
 ' Who had been sent abroad to solicit aid for the United States? 
 
 Early in 1776, Congress sent Silas Deane to France 
 to solicit aid for the United States. Deane was after- 
 ward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee. 
 
 How were their efforts rewarded ? 
 
 France hesitated to extend any open assistance, but 
 secretly aided the Americans by loans and gifts oi 
 money, and by supplies of arms, provisions, and 
 clothing. 
 
 What assistance loas rendered by a French nobleman t 
 
 The Marquis de Lafayette fitted out a vessel at his 
 own expense, and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in 
 America. He joined the army of Washington as a 
 volunteer without pay ; but was soon after appointed 
 by Congress a major-general. 
 
 What expedition was undertaken by the British toward the close of April, 
 1111? 
 
 General Tryon, late royal governor of New York, 
 landed in Connecticut with a force of two thousand 
 men, marched against Danbury, destroyed the stores 
 which had been collected there by the Americans, and 
 burned the town. 
 
 How is Danbury situated? (See map, page 46.) 
 What did Tryon do after destroying Danbury ? 
 
 Fearing an attack from the militia, who were as- 
 sembling in great force, he retreated to his shipping 
 in the Long Island Sound. 
 
 What occurred during his retreat ? 
 
 During the retreat he was repeatedly harassed by 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 141 
 
 detachments of the Americans commanded by Gener- 
 als Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. 
 
 What losses were sustained by each party during the expedition ? 
 
 Try on lost nearly three hundred men : the loss of. 
 the Americans was much less, but Wooster was among 
 the killed. 
 
 How was the destructive expedition against Banbury retaliated by the 
 Americans t 
 
 Colonel Meigs, with a party of Connecticut militia, 
 crossed Long Island Sound, destroyed the British 
 shipping and 6tores at Sagg Harbor, on the east end 
 of Long Island, and carrying off ninety prisoners, 
 returned to Connecticut without the loss of a man. 
 
 What exploit was performed by Barton in Rhode Island t 
 
 Colonel Barton, with a party of resolute men, at 
 night crossed Narragansett bay in whaleboats, cap- 
 tured General Prescott, the commander of the British 
 troops on the island of Bhode Island, and returned safe 
 to the mainland with his prisoner. 
 
 What scheme did Howe endeavor to carry out in New Jersey ? 
 
 Howe endeavored to draw Washington from his 
 camp at Middlebrook, and bring on a general en- 
 gagement. 
 
 Where did Howe collect his forces ? 
 
 He concentrated the main body of his army at 
 New Brunswick, within ten miles of "Washington's 
 camp. 
 
 How is New Brunswick situated? (See map, page 7L) 
 Wliat further can you tell of the scheme? 
 
 Howe did not succeed; but, in one of his attempts, 
 a skirmish took place between a corps under Corn- 
 wallis {com-wol'4is) and Stirling's brigade, in which 
 the British had the advantage. 
 
 To ichat place did the British withdraw ? 
 
 Howe withdrew his troops to Staten Island; and 
 
142 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 thus left Washington in complete possession of Xew 
 Jersey. 
 
 What were Howe's next movements ? 
 
 Leaving a force at New York under Clinton, Howe 
 embarktx, eighteen thousand of his troops on hoard 
 the fleet commanded by his brother. Lord Howe, and 
 then put to sea. 
 
 What was his design ? 
 
 His design was to get possession of Philadelphia. 
 
 Wiat can you say of his progress ? 
 
 When at the capes of the Delaware he was in- 
 formed of the measures taken by the Americans to 
 obstruct the navigation of the river : he then deter- 
 mined to make for Chesapeake bay, and in that way 
 approach as near as possible to Philadelphia. 
 
 At what place did he disembark? 
 
 He landed his army at a point on the Elk river, 
 about twenty miles from Philadelphia. 
 
 What battle was fought on his march to Philadelphia? 
 
 Washington attempting to prevent Howe's march, 
 the battle of Brandy wine was fought on the 11th of 
 September, 1777. 
 
 What accov.nt can you give of the battle ? 
 
 The British in two divisions advanced to attack 
 Washington, who had taken a position at Chad's 
 Ford, on Brandywine creek. While one division, 
 under Knyphausen {nip-how' -zen), made a direct at- 
 tack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other 
 division, under Howe and Cornwallis, crossing the 
 stream several miles above, fell upon their right. The 
 Americans defended themselves with great valor, but 
 were at length forced to give way. 
 
 What two celebrated foreigners sei'ved with the Americans in the battle? 
 
 Lafayette, who was severely wounded, and Pulaski 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 
 
 (pit-las' -Ice), a Polish nobleman, served with the 
 Americans in the battle. 
 
 What losses resulted to each party by the battle t 
 
 The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, was full twelve hundred men ; that of the 
 British was about five hundred. 
 
 To what place did the Americans retreat ? 
 
 During the night after the battle the Americans 
 retreated to Chester, and next day to Philadelphia. 
 
 Did Washington make any other effort to save Philadelphia t 
 
 Washington recrossed the Schuylkill {skooV -kill), re- 
 solved to seek the British aud give them battle. The 
 two armies met and were on the point of engaging, 
 but were prevented by a violent storm of rain. 
 
 What befell Wayne ? 
 
 General Wayne had been detached with about fif- 
 teen hundred men, to get in the rear of the enemy 
 and cut off Howe's baggage train ; but when near 
 Paoli (pa-o'-le) he was surprised by a midnight attack, 
 and defeated with great loss. 
 
 What was Washington's next movement? 
 
 Washington abandoned Philadelphia, and took a 
 position at Pottsgrove, that he might the better pro- 
 tect his extensive magazine and the military stores 
 at Reading (red'-ing). 
 
 When did Howe enter Philadelphia ? 
 
 Howe entered Philadelphia on the 26th of Septem- 
 ber, 1777. 
 
 What disposition did he make of his forces? 
 
 Howe prepared to make Philadelphia his winter 
 quarters, while he encamped the main body of hifi 
 army at Germantown, four miles distant. 
 
 What took place at Germantown ? 
 
 Washington, learning that a strong detachment <£ 
 
144 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 the British had left for the reduction of Forts Mifflin 
 and Mercer, attacked the force remaining at German- 
 town, but, after a severe action, the Americans were 
 repulsed with a loss double that of the British. 
 
 What was the loss of the Americans ? 
 
 The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, was about a thousand men. 
 
 When was the battle fought? 
 
 The battle of Germantown was fought on the 4th 
 of October, 1777. 
 
 Did the British succeed in their operations against Forts Mifflin and 
 Mercer? 
 
 The two forts on the Delaware, Mifflin and Mercer, 
 were attacked on the 22d of October, 1777. Two 
 thousand Hessian troops, under Count Donop, assailed 
 Fort Mercer, but were repulsed after losing their com- 
 mander and four hundred of their number. A naval 
 force attacked Fort Mifflin, but at first without suc- 
 cess. In a few days the British renewed their opera- 
 tions, and, after a series of assaults by land and water, 
 the fort wa^s abandoned. Fort Mercer was also aban- 
 doned soon after. 
 
 Where did the army of Washington quarter during the winter ? 
 
 Washington quartered his troops during the winter 
 of 1777-8, at Yalley Forge, situated on the west side 
 of the Schuylkill, about twenty miles from Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 What can you say of their condition there ? 
 
 They suffered greatly for want of food, clothing, 
 and comfortable quarters ; and many of the officers 
 resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. 
 A general gloom hung over the whole army. 
 
 What intrigues, coming to the knowledge of Washington, contributed to 
 make his encampment at Valley Forge still more gloomy ? 
 
 A faction, subsequently known as ''Conway's Cabal," undertook to 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 
 
 depreciate the military character of Washington, in comparison with 
 that of General Gates, with the design of placing Gates at the head of 
 the army. 
 
 Whence did the cabal derive its name ? 
 
 " Conway's Cabal 1 ' was so called from Thomas Conway, a major-gen- 
 eral in the American army, who rendered himself prominent in the 
 conspiracy against Washington. He was of foreign birth. 
 
 What credit was unjustly given to Gates ? 
 
 Conway and others attributed to Gates the whole success of the 
 northern campaign. 
 
 What was accomplished in that campaign ? 
 
 The Americans in the northern campaign of 1777, defeated and cap- 
 tured a powerful British army, under General Burgoyne. 
 
 BURGOYNE'S INVASION. 
 
 At what place did Burgoyne concentrate an army in the spring of 
 1777? 
 
 Burgoyne concentrated his army at St. Johns, on 
 the Sorel river, Canada. 
 
 Of whom did his army consist? 
 
 His army, numbering ten thousand men, consisted 
 of British and German troops, and a large body of 
 Canadians and Indians. 
 
 What was Burgoyne's design? 
 
 His design was to invade the United States by the 
 Way of lake Champlain, and force his way to Albany . 
 
 Where is lake Champlain situated? (See map, page 64) 
 What was the grand object of the invasion ? 
 
 It was intended to effect a junction of Burgoyne's 
 army with that of a British force from New York, 
 and thus cut off Washington's communication with 
 the eastern states. 
 
 What place did Burgoyne first proceed against ? 
 
 After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne 
 proceeded to invest Ticonderoga, which was then 
 garrisoned by a force of three thousand men,, under 
 General St. Clair, 
 u 
 
146 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Before leaving Canada, what expedition did Burgoyne send up the Si 
 Lawrence t 
 
 Burgoyne sent a detachment under St. Leger, to 
 proceed by way of Oswego, capture Fort Schuyler 
 \ski'-ler\ on the Mohawk, and then rejoin him at Al- 
 bany. 
 
 Who at the time, was in command of the American forces at the north? 
 
 General Schuyler, a brave and skilful officer, com- 
 manded the American forces at the North. 
 
 What was the result of Burgoyne 1 s measures against Ticonderoga 1 
 St. Clair, finding that the British had erected bat- 
 teries on Mount Defiance, a rocky height command- 
 ing the fort, determined to retreat. 
 
 How was the retreat conducted ? 
 
 St. Clair dispatched his ammunition and stores for 
 'Skenesborough (skeenz' -hur-ro), now Whitehall, at the 
 head of lake Champlain, while the army crossed over 
 to Mount Independence, and took the road to Fort 
 ;Edward, the head-quarters of General Schuyler. 
 
 What disasters followed? 
 
 The rear division of the Americans was overtaken 
 at Hub'-bard-ton, Vermont, and, after a severe battle, 
 was routed with considerable loss. The ammunition 
 and stores were overtaken and destroyed at Skenes- 
 . borough. 
 
 What movement did Schuyler then make ? 
 
 With his entire force, which numbered only about 
 four thousand effective men, Schuyler retired to the 
 .islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. 
 
 Into what oody of waiter does the Mohaiok flow ? (See map, page 64.) 
 What reinforcements did he receive ? 
 
 Detachments from Washington's army, and a large 
 'body of New England militia, increased Schuyler's 
 force to thirteen thousand men. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. H'< 
 
 What can you say of Burgoyne's march to Fort Edward? 
 
 Burgoyne's march was slow and difficult, owing to 
 the impediments which Schuyler had placed in the 
 way, by destroying the bridges, and felling immense 
 trees across the roads. 
 
 While Burgoyne was approaching Fort Edward, what barbarous act 
 excited wide-spread abhorrence f 
 
 The murder of Miss Jane McCrea by an Indian 
 attached to Burgoyne's army, excited wide-spread 
 abhorrence. 
 
 Relate the circumstances of fhe murder. 
 
 Miss McCrea was on a visit to .Mrs. O'Keil, a wid- 
 ow lady, residing . at Fort Edward ; several Indians, 
 part of a marauding party sent out by Burgoyne, burst 
 into the house of Mrs. O'Neil, and carried off her and 
 her visitor, prisoners. On the way, a quarrel arose 
 among the savages, as to whose prize Miss McCrea 
 ■was ; the dispute becoming furious, one of the Indians, 
 in a paroxysm of rage, killed her, and carried her 
 scalp to the British camp. 
 
 What can you say of the expedition against Fort Schuyler? 
 
 St. Leger laid siege to Fort Schuyler, which was 
 bravely defended by Colonel Gan'-se-voort, 
 
 Row was Fort Schuyler situated f (See map, page 64.) 
 What can you say of Herkimer 's attempt at relief? 
 
 General Her'-ki-mer, while advancing to the relief 
 of the fort, with a body of militia, fell into an ambus- 
 cade at O-ris'-ka-ny, and was mortally wounded. 
 
 What occurred during the battle of Oriskany ? 
 
 A successful sortie from the fort was made upon 
 the camp of the besiegers, and a large quantity of 
 baggage was seized by the Americans. 
 
 What relief was afterward sent to Ganstcoort? 
 
 Schuyler sent Arnold, with a detachment of eight 
 hundred men, for the relief of Fort Schuyler. 
 
148 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What was the result of Arnold's expedition ? 
 
 The Indian allies of St. Leger fled on hearing that 
 Arnold was approaching, and the siege was aban- 
 doned. 
 
 What difficulty did Burgoyne experience while at Fort Edward? 
 
 At Fort Edward, Burgoyne found it almost impos- 
 sible to procure supplies of provisions for his army. 
 
 How did he attempt to procure a supply ? 
 
 He sent a detachment of five hundred men, under 
 Colonel Baum, a German officer, to seize the stores 
 which the Americans had collected at Bennington. 
 
 How is Bennington situated? (See map, page 6-4.) 
 
 What was the result? 
 
 The detachment was met near Bennington, on the 
 16th of August, 1777, by the New Hampshire militia, 
 under General Stark, and entirely defeated. 
 
 What other success did the Americans have oil the same day? 
 
 A detachment which had been sent to the aid of 
 Baum, was met on the same day, by a continental 
 force under Colonel "Warner, and also defeated. 
 
 What effect did the reverses of the British have ? 
 
 The reverses experienced by the British at Ben- 
 nington and Fort Schuyler, embarrassed the move- 
 ments of Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his 
 army. 
 
 Who at that time took command of the American army at the north ? 
 
 General Gates having been appointed by Congress 
 to succeed Schuyler, took command of the Northern 
 army, just as the Americans were in force to confront 
 Burgoyne with good prospect of success. 
 
 Wliat movements were made by the two armies ? 
 
 Gates advanced to Bem'-is Heights, a little above 
 Stillwater ; and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, and, 
 on the 18th of September, 1777, arrived within two 
 miles of the American camp. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 14i> 
 
 What took place on the following day ? 
 
 On the 19th of September, 1777, was fought the 
 first battle of Stillwater, often called the battle of 
 Bem'-is Heights, in which Arnold was the leading 
 spirit, and displayed great bravery. 
 
 How is Stillwater situated? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 What was the result of the battle ? 
 
 Both parties claimed the victory ; but though the 
 British remained on the field of battle, their progress 
 toward Albany was effectually checked. 
 
 What did Burgoyne do after the battle ? 
 
 Burgoyne strengthened his position to await the 
 co-operation of Clinton from INew York. 
 
 When did a second engagement take place between the two armies 1 
 
 The second battle of Stillwater, sometimes called 
 the battle of Saratoga, took place on the 7th of Oc- 
 tober, 1777. 
 
 What account can you give of it? 
 
 Burgoyne advanced to the attack ; after a fierce 
 battle of several hours, in which the British lost Gen- 
 eral Fraser and other Valuable officers, they were 
 compelled to give way. 
 
 Wliat can you say of Arnold in the battle ? 
 
 Though having no command assigned him, Arnold 
 was the most active in the battle, and was severely 
 wounded just as victory was deciding for the Amer- 
 icans. 
 
 What account can you give of Burgoyne 's final movements? 
 
 Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding him- 
 self so surrounded by the Americans that all chance 
 )f retreat was cut off, and being without provisions, 
 he surrendered his whole army, numbering more 
 than five thousand men, prisoners of war. 
 
 When was the surrender made ? 
 
 Burgoyne surrendered on the 17th of October, 1777, 
 ten days after the second battle of Stillwater. 
 13* 
 
150 AMERICAN" REVOLUTION". 
 
 What did the Americans acquire by the stipulations ? 
 
 The Americans acquired a fine train of artillery, 
 five thousand muskets, and a great quantity of cloth- 
 ing, tents ; and military stores. 
 
 What had Clinton, the British general, been doing in the mean timet 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton had ascended the Hudson as far 
 as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, captured the two 
 forts, and sent an expedition to devastate the country, 
 with the hope of making a diversion in favor of Bur- 
 goyne. 
 
 What destruction was effected by the expedition sent by Clinton f 
 
 Kingston was reduced to ashes, and other damage 
 was done to property belonging to Americans. 
 
 What did the British do on hearing of Burgoyne's surrender ? 
 
 The British, on the northern frontiers, hearing of 
 Burgoyne's surrender, abandoned Ticonderoga and 
 other forts taken from the Americans ; and Clinton's 
 expedition returned to New York. 
 
 What plan of union was adopted by Congress ? 
 
 In November, 1777, Articles of Confederation 
 were adopted by Congress, for the government of the 
 United States. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Where did Washington have his army at the beginning of 1 1 1 7? 139 
 
 2. Give an account of the operations on the 2d of January 139 
 
 3. In what situation did Washington find himself placed? 139 
 
 4. Give an account of the battle of Princeton 139 
 
 5. What befell General Mercer ? 189 
 
 6. What did Washington's army do at Morristown ? 140 
 
 1. What at Middlebrook? 140 
 
 8. How are Morristown and Middlebrook situated ? (See map, 
 
 page 71.) 
 
 9. On what mission was Silas Deane sent ? 140 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1 51 
 
 PAGK 
 
 10. By whom was Deane afterward joined? 140 
 
 11. 'What did France hesitate to do ? 140 
 
 12. What aid did France secretly extend? 140 
 
 13. "Who was the Marquis de Lafayette? 140 
 
 14. What did Lafayette do, at his own expense ? 140 
 
 15. When did Lafayette arrive in America? 140 
 
 16. To whose army did he join himself? 140 
 
 17. On what terms did he join the army ? 140 
 
 18. What action did Congress take in his case ? 140 
 
 19. When did Try on make an expedition against Danbury? 140 
 
 20. What civil position had Tryon lately held? 140 
 
 21. With how large a force did Tryon invade Connecticut ? 140 
 
 22. What did Tryon effect in Connecticut ? 140 
 
 23. By whom was he harassed during his retreat? 140, 141 
 
 24. In what direction is Fairfield from Danbury ? (See map, page 46.) 
 
 25. By whom was an expedition led against Sagg Harbor? 141 
 
 26. Give an account of the expedition . . . 141 
 
 27. Give an account of the capture of General Prescott 141 
 
 28. What unsuccessful attempts were made by Howe ? 141 
 
 29. To what island near New York, did he then retire ? 141 
 
 30. What was Howe's next movement ? 142 
 
 31. Whom did he leave in command at New York ? 142 
 
 32. What city did Howe desire to get possession of? 142 
 
 33. On what river is Philadelphia situated? (See map, page 71.) 
 
 34. Why did not Howe sail direct to" Philadelphia ? 142 
 
 35. What route did he take, on leaving the capes of the Delaware ? 142 
 
 36. In what direction is Chad's Ford from Elkton ? (See map, p. 71.) 
 
 37. What battle took place at Chad's Ford? 142 
 
 38. When was the battle of Brandywine fought? 142 
 
 39. Which party was successful ? 142 
 
 40. What is said of Lafayette and Pulaski in the battle? 142, 143 
 
 41. Give an account of the battle of Paoli 143 
 
 42. In what direction from Philadelphia is Paoli? (See map, p. 71.) 
 
 43. In what way did Howe get possession of Philadelphia? 143 
 
 44. Give an account of the battle of Germantown 143, 144 
 
 45. When was the battle of Germantown fought ? 144 
 
 46. Give an account of Donop's attack on Fort Mercer. 144 
 
 47. How was Fort Mercer situated? ) (See map, 
 
 48. What fort on Mud Island, was nearly opposite ? ) page 71.) 
 
 49. What took placo at Fort Mifflin ? 144 
 
152 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAfcB 
 
 60. "Where did Washington quarter his troops during the winter 
 
 of im-8? 144 
 
 51. In what direction from Philadelphia is Yalley Forge ? (See p. 11.) 
 
 52. What can you say of the sufferings at Valley Forge? 144 
 
 53. What invasion of the United States from the North, took place 
 
 in the spring of 1777 ? 145 
 
 54. Who, at the time, commanded the American army at the North? 146 
 
 55. What was the first fort that Burgoyne took possession of?. . . 145 
 
 56. Who, at the time, was in command of Fort Ticonderoga?. . . . 145 
 
 57. How did Burgoyne get possession of Fort Ticonderoga? 146 
 
 58. Give an account of the battle of Hubbardton ? 146 
 
 59. In what direction is Hubbardton from F. Edward ? (See p. 64.) 
 
 60. Why did not Burgoyne make a rapid march to Fort Edward ? 147 
 
 61. Giv§ an account of the murder of Miss McCrea 147 
 
 62. Give an account of the battle of Oriskany 147 
 
 63. Give an account of the sortie from Fort Schuyler 147 
 
 64. How was Fort Schuyler finally relieved ? 147, 148 
 
 65. Give an account of the first battle of Bennington 148 
 
 66 In which state is Bennington situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 67. Give an account of the second battle of Bennington 148 
 
 68. By whom was Schuyler succeeded in command at the North?. 148 
 
 69. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights 148, 149 
 
 70. By what other name is the battle of Bemis Heights known? . 149 
 
 71. Give an account of the battle of Saratoga 149 
 
 72 By what other name is the ba'ttle of Saratoga known ? 149 
 
 73. Who, on the side of the Americans, was the most active and 
 
 bold, in both battles of Stillwater? 149 
 
 74. When was the first battle of Stillwater fought ? 149 
 
 75. What check did that battle put upon the British ? 149 
 
 76. When was the second battle of Stillwater fought ? 149 
 
 77. When did the surrender of Burgoyne take place ? 149 
 
 78. Why was Burgoyne compelled to surrender?. 149 
 
 79. Whose co-operation had Burgoyne expected ? 149 
 
 80. What two forts on the Hudson did Clinton capture? 150 
 
 81. What expedition did he send, after making the captures ? 150 
 
 82. What town on the Hudson, was burned by the British? 150 
 
 83. What effect did the news of Burgoyne's surrender have upon 
 
 the British who were in possession of the forts at the North ?. 150 
 
 84. What effect did it have upon Clinton's expedition? 150 
 
 85. When were the Articles of Confederation adopted by Gongress ? 150 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 153 
 
 EVENTS OP 1178. 
 What effect did the news of Burgoynds surrender have in France ? 
 
 The success of the Americans at Saratoga, decided 
 the negotiations which had been set on foot in 1776. 
 France acknowledged the independence of the United 
 States, and a treaty of alliance and commerce waa 
 concluded between the two countries. 
 
 Where did the Commissioners meet to negotiate the treaty ? 
 
 The treaty was signed at Paris, on the 6th of Feb- 
 ruary, 1778. 
 
 By whom was it signed ? 
 
 It was signed, on the part of the United States, by 
 Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. 
 
 What effect did the news of Burgoyne's surrender have in England t 
 
 In England, the news of Burgoyne's surrender pro- 
 duced alarm; and two bills, intended to conciliate 
 the Americans, were passed by Parliament. 
 
 What attempts at negotiations were made by the British cabinet? 
 
 Commissioners were sent to America to negotiate 
 with Congress the restoration of peace. 
 
 How did Congress receive the Commissioners ? 
 
 Congress refused to treat with them until Great 
 Britain should withdraw her fleets and armies, or ac- 
 knowledge the independence of the United States. 
 
 What disreputable course ivas taken by one of the Commissioners ? 
 
 One of the commissioners attempted to forward 
 the object of the mission by bribing members of 
 Congress. 
 
 What members were so approached ? 
 
 The attempt was made upon General Joseph Eeed 
 and Robert Morris. 
 
 What was Reed's reply ? 
 
 Said Reed, " I am not worth purchasing ; but such 
 as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough 
 to do it " 
 
154 AMEBIC AN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Who succeeded General Howe in the command of the royal forces in 
 America t 
 
 Howe was succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 In what way did France at first undertake to aiJ the Americans? 
 
 A French squadron, under Count D'Estaing (des-ta- 
 ang'\ was sent to blockade the British fleet in the 
 Delaware. 
 
 What orders had been received by Clinton ? 
 
 Clinton had received orders from England, direct- 
 ing him to evacuate Philadelphia, and concentrate 
 his forces at New York. 
 
 Bid D'Estaing succeed in blockading the British fleet in the Belaware ? 
 
 D'Estaing did not accomplish his purpose; for, 
 before his arrival, Lord Howe had sailed for New 
 York. 
 
 What movement did Clinton make ? 
 
 On the 18th of June, 1778, Clinton withdrew his 
 whole army from Philadelphia, and commenced his 
 retreat through New Jersey toward New York. 
 
 What officer of rank had been restored to the American army ? 
 
 General Lee had been restored to the American 
 army, having been exchanged for General Prescott. 
 
 What took place during Clintoris retreat? 
 
 Washington pursued Clinton ; and at Monmouth, a 
 severely contested battle was fought, June the 28th, 
 1778, in which the Americans had the advantage. 
 
 In what direction is Monmouth from Philadelphia? (See map, p. 71.) 
 What can you say of Lee's conduct in the battle ? 
 
 In the early part of the battle, Washington came 
 up just as Lee's division was in full retreat ; he re- 
 buked Lee, and directed him to assist in restoring 
 order. 
 
 What can you say of Lee's conduct afterward ? 
 
 Lee complied ; and during the remainder of the 
 battle he displayed courage and skill. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 155 
 
 Irom what cause did the troops suffer greatly during the tattle f 
 
 The excessive heat of the day caused great suffer- 
 ing among the troops. 
 
 What took place during the night after the battle ? 
 
 The Americans slept on their arms, intending to 
 renew the battle on the following morning ; but Clin- 
 ton silently departed before dawn, and proceeded to- 
 ward Eew York. 
 
 What offensive course did Lee afterward take toward Washington f 
 
 Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke 
 which he had received on the field of battle, he ad- 
 dressed two letters to Washington, demanding rep- 
 aration. 
 
 What did Lee's course lead to ? 
 
 Lee was tried by a court-martial, on the charge of 
 disobedience of orders, misbehavior before the enemy, 
 and disrespect to the commander-in-chief. 
 
 What was his sentence ? 
 
 He was found guilty, and suspended from all com- 
 mand for one year. 
 
 What can you say of his subsequent history f 
 
 Lee never rejoined the army ; but just before the 
 close of the war he died in Philadelphia. 
 
 What enterprise did Washington and DEstaing decide upon ? 
 
 A combined attack by the French fleet under 
 D'Estaing, and an American force under General 
 Sullivan, was planned, for the expulsion of the British 
 from Ilhode Island. 
 
 How large a force of the British was stationed at Rhode Island ? 
 
 The British at Rhode Island consisted of about six 
 thousand men, commanded by General Pigot, whose 
 head-quarters were at Newport. 
 
 In what direction is Newport from Providence ? (See map, page 38.) 
 What preparations were made for the attack? 
 
 D'Estaing entered the harbor of Newport and an- 
 
156 AMEBIC AN REVOLUTION. 
 
 cliorcd near the town ; Sullivan crossed from Tiver- 
 ton, and landed his army on the northern part of 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 What diverted D'Estaing from Ms object f 
 
 The appearance of a large fleet under Lord Howe, 
 who, upon hearing of Pigot's danger, had hastened 
 from New York to his relief, entirely diverted the 
 French commander from his object. 
 
 What did D'Estaing do ? 
 
 Tempted by the hope of a naval victory, D'Estaing 
 sailed out to meet Howe. 
 
 State what followed. 
 
 Just as the two fleets were about to engage, a 
 furious storm came on, which parted and disabled 
 them. 
 
 What did D'Estaing then do ? 
 
 D'Estaing returned to Newport ; but soon announced 
 his intention of sailing for Boston, to refit his ships. 
 How was his announcement received by the Americans ? 
 
 Sullivan, Lafayette, Greene, and other officers, then 
 at Rhode Island, remonstrated, but without eifect. 
 
 What can you say of Sullivan's movements ? 
 
 Sullivan had advanced almost to Newport ; but 
 finding himself deserted by the French, he withdrew 
 to the northern part of the island, followed up by the 
 British. 
 
 What took place there ? 
 
 On the 2 9 th of August, 1778, an engagement took 
 place near Quaker Hill, on the north end of the 
 island. 
 
 With what result ? 
 
 The British were repulsed with the loss of more than 
 two hundred men. 
 
 What movement did Sullivan then determine upon ? 
 
 Learning that a British fleet with troops was com- 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION 157 
 
 ing to tlie aid of Pigot, Sullivan determined to aban- 
 don Rhode Island. 
 
 How did he accomplish his retreat? 
 
 Daring the night of the 30th, his whole army re- 
 gained the mainland, in time to avoid being inter- 
 cepted by Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 What account can you give of a marauding expedition conducted by 
 General Grey ? 
 
 General Grey, detached from New York by Clin- 
 ton, burned about seventy vessels in Buzzard's Bay ; 
 laid waste New Bedford and Fair Haven ; and, at 
 Martha's Vineyard, levied an immense contribution 
 in sheep and cattle. 
 
 What acts of particular atrocity were committed by the Tories and In- 
 dians during the year 17*78 ? 
 
 The " Massacre of Wy-o'-ming," in Pennsylvania, 
 and the attack upon the settlement of Cherry Yalley, 
 in New York, are memorable events of 1778. 
 
 How is the village of Wyoming situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 In what direction is Cherry Valley from Albany ? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 What account can you give of the '[Massacre of Wyoming V 
 
 Early in July, a large force of Tories and Indians, 
 under Colonel John Butler, entered the valley of 
 Wyoming, spread desolation in every direction, and 
 defeated, with great slaughter, a body of the inhabi 
 tants who had marched out to check their ravages. 
 
 What account can you give of the attack upon the setUement of Cherry 
 Valley f 
 
 In November, a party of Tories and Indians fell 
 upon the settlement of Cherry Yalley, and killed or 
 carried into captivity many of tl^e inhabitants. 
 
 What expedition did Clinton dispatch toward the close of 17*78 ? 
 
 Clinton sent Colonel Campbell {cam f -el) with two 
 thousand troops, to invade Georgia. 
 
 What can you say of Campbell's first movements f 
 Campbell proceeded against Savannah, then de- 
 li 
 
i5S AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 fended by a force of about six hundred men, under 
 General Robert Howe. 
 
 What can you say of tfie force under Howe ? 
 
 The force under Howe was the remnant of an arn^ 
 with which he had recently made an unsuccessful 
 expedition against Florida. 
 
 Bid a battle occur between Campbell and Howe ? 
 
 The British attacked the Americans, on the 29th of 
 December, 1778, and defeated them with much loss. 
 
 What was the consequence of the defeat? 
 
 Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was 
 retained by them until July, 1783. 
 What had become of BEsiaing ? 
 
 D'Estaing, after refitting his ships at Boston, sailed 
 for the West Indies. 
 
 At what place did Washington make his winter-quarters? 
 
 Washington made his quarters, during the winter 
 of 1778-9, at Middlebrook, on the Raritan river, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 W hat direction is Middlebrook from Philadelphia ? (See map, page 71.) 
 
 EVENTS OF, 1779. 
 What took place in the early part of 1779 ? 
 
 In January of 1779, General Pre-vost' captured 
 Sunbury, the only post in Georgia remaining to the 
 Americans. 
 
 What was Prevosfs next movement ? 
 
 He marched to Savannah, and assumed the com- 
 mand of the British forces in the South. 
 
 What orders did he give to Campbell ? 
 
 Prevost ordered Campbell to occupy Augusta, 
 situated on the Savannah river, in Georgia. 
 
 What direction is Augusta from Charleston? (See map, page 84.) 
 What was the object of occupying Augusta ? 
 
 The object was to give encouragement and sup- 
 port to the loyalists of Augusta and its vicinity. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 15U 
 
 What can you say of a force under Colonel Boyd? 
 
 A band of seven hundred Tories, commanded by 
 Colonel Boyd, while in arching to join the forces of 
 Prevost, committed great devastations and cruelties. 
 
 What befell them ? 
 
 At Kettle Creek, Georgia, they were attacked by 
 Colonel' Pickens, commanding a force of Carolina 
 militia, and utterly defeated, Boyd being killed. 
 
 What measures were taken to drive Campbell from Augusta ? 
 
 General Lincoln (MnJc'-on), who hhd arrived to take 
 command of the American forces at the South, sent 
 General Ashe to drive the British from Augusta, and 
 confine them to the country near the sea. 
 
 What befell Ashe? 
 
 Campbell fled at his approach, but at Brier Creek, 
 Georgia, Ashe was surprised by General Prevost, and 
 defeated, with the loss of nearly his whole army, by 
 death, captivity, and dispersion. 
 
 Into what river does Brier Creek flow? (See map, page 84.) 
 
 What movement was made against Charleston ? 
 
 Prevost advanced upon Charleston, but the timely 
 arrival of Lincoln forced him to retire. 
 
 What can you say of an attack afterward made by Lincoln ? 
 
 On the 20th of June, 1779, Lincoln attacked a 
 body of British troops stationed at Stono Perry, ten 
 miles south-west from Charleston. 
 
 In what direction is Stono Ferry from Columbia ? (See map, pagH 84.) 
 What was the result of the battle of Stono Ferry ? 
 
 After a severe engagement, the Americans were 
 repulsed. 
 
 Give an account of Tryon's expeditions in 11*19. 
 
 General Tryon, late royal governor of New York, 
 made two expeditions against Connecticut. In the 
 first, he destroyed some salt-works at Horseneck, and 
 dispersed an American force under Putnam ; in the 
 
160 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 second, he plundered New Haven, and laid East 
 Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk in ashes. 
 What occurred on the Hudson river ? 
 
 Clinton proceeded up the Hudson, and captured 
 Stony and Yerplanck's Points. 
 
 What further history can you give of Stony Point ? 
 
 Washington undertook to recapture Stony Point, 
 for that purpose sending General Wayne to make 
 a midnight attack. 
 
 How did Wayne succeed ? 
 
 Dividing his force into two columns, for simul- 
 taneous attacks on opposite sides of the fort, Wayne 
 reached the outworks before being discovered: the 
 two columns forced their way with the bayonet, in 
 the face of a tremendous fire of grape-shot and mus- 
 ketry, and met in the centre of the works. 
 
 What became of the garrison ? 
 
 The garrison surrendered at discretion. 
 
 How is the storming of Stony Point considered ? 
 
 Wayne's achievement at Stony Point was one of 
 the most brilliant of the war. It was effected with- 
 out the firing of a single gun on the part of the Amer- 
 icans. 
 
 What is the date of tite achievement ? 
 
 The battle of Stony Point occurred on the 15th of 
 July, 1779. 
 
 What loss was sustained by each party ? 
 
 The whole loss of the Americans was fifteen killed, 
 and eighty-three wounded : the British lost upward of 
 six hundred, in killed and prisoners. 
 
 What brilliant exploit was effected by Hie Americans, a short time 
 after 1 
 
 The British post at Pau'-lus Hook, in New Jersey, 
 opposite New York, was surprised at night by Major 
 Henry Lee, and one hundred and fifty-nine of the 
 garrison were ms de prisoners. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 
 
 What account can you give of an expedition undertaken hy Massachu- 
 setts? 
 
 A squadron of armed vessels, fitted out by Massa- 
 chusetts, proceeded against a military post which the 
 British had established on the Penobscot river. Just 
 as the Americans were about to make the assault, 
 after a siege of fifteen days, a British fleet arrived, 
 and defeated them with great loss. 
 
 Descrilw the Penobscot river. (See map of Maine.) 
 What ivas the great expedition of the Indian campaign f 
 
 General Sullivan was sent against the Indians of 
 Western New York, to avenge the " Massacre of Wyo- 
 ming," and check their depredations. 
 
 What force did Sullivan have at his command? 
 
 On his march he was joined by General James 
 Clinton, when the united forces amounted to about 
 five thousand men. 
 
 What did Sullivan accomplish? 
 
 After defeating a body of Indians and Tories at 
 Newtown, now Elmira, he penetrated as far as the 
 Genesee river, destroying forty Indian villages, and 
 a vast amount of corn. 
 
 By what name is the battle fought there known ? 
 
 The engagement at Elmira is called the " Battle of 
 Chemung." 
 
 What was the consequence of Sullivan's expedition ? 
 
 The Indians were greatly intimidated, and their 
 murderous excursions became less frequent. 
 
 In what direction is Elmira from Cherry Valley ? (See map, page 64.) 
 Describe the Genesee river. (See map, page 64.) 
 Where did Washington go into winter-quarters ? 
 
 Morristown was the head-quarters of Washington, 
 a second time, during the winter of 1779-80. 
 
 What was the condition cf his troops there ? 
 
 The winter set in early, and was very severe. The 
 14* 
 
162 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 troops were, at times, on half allowance ; and they 
 Buffered for want of clothing and shelter. 
 
 What can you say of the movements of the French fleet, during 1779 t 
 
 D'Estaing returned from the West Indies, in Sep- 
 tember, 1779, and prepared to co-operate with Lin- 
 coln in an attempt to recover Savannah. 
 
 What can you say of the attempt? 
 
 After a siege of about three weeks, Lincoln and 
 D'Estaing made a combined assault, October the 9th, 
 1779, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly a 
 thousand men, in killed and wounded. 
 
 What officer was mortally wounded in the assault ? 
 
 The assault cost the Americans the gallant Count 
 Pulaski, who was mortally wounded. 
 
 Whither did D'Estaing and Lincoln go after their repulse? 
 
 D'Estaing left the American coast, and Lincoln re- 
 crossed the Savannah into South Carolina. 
 
 What great naval battle occured in September, 1779 ? 
 
 A battle took place off the coast of Scotland, be- 
 tween a small squadron of French and American ves- 
 sels, commanded by Paul Jones, and two British 
 frigates that were convoying a merchant fleet. 
 
 What was the name of Jones's flag-ship ? 
 
 Jones's flag-ship was called the Bon Homme Rich- 
 ard (Good Man .Richard). 
 
 What account can you give of the battle ? 
 
 At about seven in the evening of September the 
 23d, 1779, the battle commenced. The Bon Homme 
 Richard coming iii, contact with the Se-ra'-pis, 
 one of the frigates commanded by Captain Pearson, 
 Jones lashed the two vessels together. The contest 
 continued with great fury till ten at night, when the 
 Serapis struck. The other frigate also surrendered. 
 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 163 
 
 What ivas Jones compelled to do ? 
 
 Finding that his own ship was sinking, Jones was 
 compelled to transfer his crew to the Serapis. 
 
 What course did Spain take toward Great Britain in 1*7*79 ? 
 
 Spain, with a view to regaining Gibraltar (je-brauV- 
 tcr)) Jamaica, and Florida, joined France, and declared 
 war against Great Britain. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1780. 
 
 "V T Tl C- St'SSL IT 
 
 In what direction from Charleston is Monk's Corner ? Near whatrivei 
 was the post of Ninety-Six? What boundary- does Waxhaw Creek 
 cross? In what direction is Hanging- Rock from Camden? Into what 
 water does Deep River flow ? In going from Deep River to Clermont, 
 what river must be crossed? Into what river does Sanders Creek flow? 
 4ns. The Wateree. What town near the mouth of Sanders Creek t 
 ■ ow is Hillsboro situated? Where is King's Mountain? 
 
164 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Where were the principal operations of the war carried on in 178C f 
 
 The principal military operations of 1780 were car- 
 ried on in South Carolina. 
 
 How were the operations commenced? 
 
 Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet under Admiral Ar- 
 buthnof , proceeded against Charleston, and, on the 
 1st of April, commenced a regular siege. 
 
 Who commanded the American forces at Charleston ? 
 
 Charleston w r as defended by General Lincoln. 
 
 During the siege, what occurred at a place on the Cooper river, about 
 thirty miles from Charleston? 
 
 An American force stationed at Monk's Corner, to 
 keep open a communication between Charleston and 
 the interior, was surprised by Colonel Tarleton and 
 put to night. 
 
 What was ffie result of the siege of Charleston? 
 
 On the 12th of May,, 1780, Lincoln, unable to hold 
 out any longer, surrendered to Clinton ; and every 
 man in the city became a prisoner of war. 
 
 Hoio did Clinton follow up his success? 
 
 Clinton dispatched three expeditions into the in- 
 terior, all of which proved successful. 
 
 What important post did the Americans lose by one of the expeditions t 
 
 The post of Ninety Six, in South Carolina, was 
 seized by the British. 
 
 What disaster befell the Americans at Waxhaw creek ? 
 
 At Waxhaw creek, Colonel Tarleton overtook and 
 surprised a body of four hundred Americans under 
 Colonel Buford. The British gave no quarter, but 
 massacred or maimed most of the patriots. 
 
 What was done at Hanging Bock ? 
 
 At Hanging Rock, in the northern part of South 
 Carolina, General Sumter attacked and defeated a 
 body of British troops and Tories. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 
 
 What can you say of the services of Sumter and Marion t 
 
 General Sumter and Marion rendered good ser- 
 vice to the cause of American liberty, by their par- 
 tisan warfare at the South. 
 
 In what way had Washington endeavored to aid Lincoln before his sur 
 render of Charleston ? > ' 
 
 Washington had sent the Baron De Ivalb with re- 
 inforcements to the aid of Lincoln; but, owing to 
 various difficulties, De Kalb advanced no farther than 
 Deep River, in North Carolina. 
 
 Who succeeded Lincoln in the command at the South ? 
 
 Congress appointed General Gates to succeed Lin- 
 coln in the command of the southern army. 
 
 Wliat was Gates's first movement? 
 
 Gates arrived at De Kalb's camp on Deep River, 
 and taking command, marched to Clermont, in South 
 Carolina. 
 
 What conflict occurred soon after ? 
 
 The battle of Sanders Creek, near Camden, was 
 fought on the 16th of August, 1780. 
 Bow was the battle brought about? 
 
 Gates advanced from his camp at Clermont, to sur- 
 prise the British at Camden ; while they, at the same 
 time, by a singular coincidence, sallied from Camden 
 to attack the camp at Clermont. 
 
 What account can you give of the affair ? 
 
 The two forces met; and after a desperate contest, 
 the American regulars, being deserted by the militia 
 and overwhelmed by numbers, were forced to retreat. 
 
 What toss did the Americans sustain in the battle ? 
 
 The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, was about a thousand men. 
 
 What was the loss of the British ? 
 
 The loss of the British was between three and four 
 hundred. 
 
166 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What distinguished officer did the Americans lose in (he battle ? 
 
 The Baron De Kalb was mortally wounded, and 
 died three days after the battle. 
 
 To what place did Gates retreat ? 
 
 Gates retreated to Hillsboro, in the northern part 
 of North Carolina. 
 
 What misfortune followed the defeat of Gates ? 
 
 Two days after the defeat of Gates, Sumter's force 
 w T as surprised by Tarleton at Fishing Creek, a tributary 
 of the Wateree, and routed with great slaughter. 
 
 What did Cornwallis do after Sumter's defeat ? 
 
 Believing South Carolina to be subdued, Cornwal 
 lis proceeded to overrun JSTorth Carolina. 
 
 Whom did he send to the frontiers of North Carolina? 
 
 He detached Major Ferguson, to overawe the in- 
 habitants favoring the patriot cause, and to embody 
 the loyalists under the royal banner. 
 
 What can you say of the conduct of Ferguson's expedition ? 
 
 A large number of Tories and disreputable persons 
 nocked to his standard, and his progress was attended 
 by many exasperating excesses. 
 
 At what place vms he attacked? 
 
 He was attacked at King's Mountain, in South 
 Carolina, near the northern boundary of the state. 
 
 i When? 
 
 The attack was made on the 7th of October, 1780, 
 
 By whom ? 
 
 The force attacking him consisted of several bodies 
 of mountaineers and' backwoodsmen, under the gen- 
 eral command of Colonel William Campbell, of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 What was the result? 
 
 Ferguson was slain ; one hundred and fifty of his 
 men were killed; and the remainder, being more 
 than eight hundred, surrendered. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 16? 
 
 What vms the loss of the Americans ? 
 
 The loss of the Americans, in killed, was only 
 twenty ; bnt Colonel Williams, a brave officer, was 
 among the slain. 
 
 What tuas tlte effect of the battle upon the British ? 
 
 The loss of the British at King's Mountain com- 
 pelled Cornwallis to make a retrograde march into 
 South Carolina. 
 
 What was effected by tivo partisan officers in South Carolina? 
 
 Marion, by his stratagems and expedients, frus- 
 trated the purposes of British detachments ; and 
 Sumter, appearing again in the field, was victorious 
 in two engagements — one with Major Wemyss, and 
 the other with Colonel Tarleton. 
 
 What can you say of the operations of the British in New Jersey ? 
 
 A force of the enemy, to the number of five thou- 
 sand men, under Knyphausen, advanced into New 
 Jersey, took possession of Elizabethtown, and burned 
 " Connecticut Farms," a village now called Union. 
 
 In what direction is Elizabethtown from Trenton? (See map, page 71.) 
 Where inNeiv Jersey, did the British suffer defeat? 
 
 In a second advance, conducted by Knyphausen, 
 the British were met at Springfield by a force under 
 Greene, and repulsed. 
 
 In ivhal direction is Springfield from Elizabethtown ? (See map, page 71.) 
 What aid arrived from France during the summer of 11 SO? 
 
 In July, 1780, a French fleet under Admiral de 
 Ternay, having on board six thousand troops, com- 
 manded by the Count de Rochambeau, arrived at 
 Newport, to the aid of the Americans. 
 
 For what is that year memorable ? 
 
 The year 1780 is particularly memorable for the 
 "Treason of Arnold. 
 
 What was the first trust confided to Arnold, after his courageous con- 
 duct at Stilhvater ? 
 
 In 1778, a few days after the British had evacuated 
 
168 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Philadelphia, Washington appointed Arnold to the 
 command of that city, as the state of his wound re- 
 ceived at Stillwater would not permit him to resume 
 active duty. 
 
 What can you say of his conduct while in command at Philadelphia ? 
 
 At Philadelphia he lived at an expense far beyond 
 his income ; and, to meet the demands of his credi- 
 tors, appropriated public funds to his own use. 
 
 What followed? 
 
 Charges were preferred against him ; and, though 
 acquitted by a court-martial of actual criminal intent, 
 he was adjudged to be reprimanded by Washington. 
 
 How was the sentence carried out f 
 
 Washington administered the sentence with mild- 
 ness and consideration. 
 
 What effect did it have upon Arnold? 
 
 Arnold felt the disgrace, and determined to effect 
 a plan by which he might wreak his vengeance and 
 repair his fortunes. 
 
 In what way did he commence the carrying out of his plan ? 
 
 While engaged in a secret treasonable correspond- 
 ence with Sir Henry Clinton, he solicited Washington 
 for the command of West Point. 
 
 What can you say of the importance of West Point ? 
 
 West Point, on the Hudson, was the strongest and 
 most important fortress in the United States. 
 
 How did Washington treat the request? 
 
 Washington expressed surprise that an officer of 
 Arnold's active disposition should be content to re- 
 main in garrison, but having confidence in his patriot- 
 ism, he granted the request. 
 
 After obtaining the command, what base proposal did Arnold make ? 
 
 Arnold proposed to betray West Point into the 
 hands of Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander- 
 in-chief. 
 
AMERICAN HE VOLUTION. 169 
 
 Who was sent to confer with Arnold ? 
 
 Major Andre, aid-de-camp to Clinton, was sent to 
 complete the plan of treason, and adjust the traitor's 
 recompense. 
 
 Where did Andre meet Arnold ? 
 
 Andre landed below West Point, met Arnold, and 
 completed the bargain. 
 
 What route did he take, returning f 
 
 On his return, Andre crossed to the eastern side 
 of the Hudson, and proceeded toward New York by 
 land. 
 
 What happened on the way ? 
 
 Near Tarrytown he was stopped by three militia- 
 men, John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Yan 
 Wert, and searched. 
 
 How is Tarrytown situated ? (See map, page 46.) 
 What was the result of the search ? 
 
 In his boots they found a number of papers in Ar- 
 nold's own handwriting. 
 
 What then did they do with Andre ? 
 
 They conducted him to North Castle, the nearest 
 American post, then commanded by Colonel Jameson. 
 
 In what direction from Tarrytown is North Castle ? (See map, page 46.) 
 What blunder did Jameson commit ? 
 
 Jameson, by an unaccountable obtuseness of judg- 
 ment, dispatched a letter to Arnold, informing him 
 of the circumstances of the arrest. 
 
 What did Arnold do upon receiving the information ? 
 
 The traitor, upon hearing of the arrest, imme- 
 diately escaped on board the British sloop Vulture, 
 and took refuge in New York. 
 
 What was the fate of Andre ? 
 
 Andre was tried by a court-martial, found guilty, 
 and, agreeably to the law and usage of nations, was 
 executed as a spy. 
 15 
 
170 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 "What reward did Arnold receive for his treachery? 
 
 Arnold was made brigadier-general in the British 
 service, and was paid six thousand three hundred 
 and fifteen pounds sterling, as a compensation for 
 losses which he claimed to have suffered in deserting 
 his country's cause. 
 
 In ivhat trouble did Holland become involved during the year 1 7S0 ? 
 
 The British ministry, learning that Holland was 
 about to conclude a treaty with the United States, 
 declared war against that government in 1780. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. When did Franco acknowledge the independence of the United 
 
 . States? 153 
 
 2. What treaty was made in 1778? 153 
 
 3. What was done by Parliament, npon hearing- of Burgojme's 
 
 surrender?.' 153 
 
 4. For what purpose were commissioners sent to America? 153 
 
 5. What did Congress require should be done, before treating 
 
 with the commissioners ? 153 
 
 G. What was attempted by one of the commissioners ? 153 
 
 7. What did General Reed say in reply to the attempt npon him? 153 
 
 S. To what command did Sir Henry Clinton succeed ? 154 
 
 0. For what purpose was D'Estaing's tleet specially sent? 154 
 
 10. Why was P'Kstaing not able to accomplish the purpose? 154 
 
 11. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia ? 154 
 
 12. Why did they evacuate the place? 154 
 
 13. In what way was General Lee restored to the Americans ?.. . 154 
 
 14. State how Prescott had been captured by the Americans 141 
 
 15. When was the battle of Monmouth fought? 154 
 
 16. Give an account oi' the battle 154, 155 
 
 IT. What did the British do during the following night ? 155 
 
 ] S. What reparation did Lee demand after the battle? 155 
 
 19. On what charge was Lee tried ? 155 
 
 ?o. What was the result oi' the trial ? 155 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 171 
 
 PAGH 
 
 21 "What further can you state of Lee's history ? 155 
 
 22. What enterprise was planned by D'Estaing and Washington?. 155 
 
 23. Who, at the time, commanded the British at Rhode Island?. . 155 
 
 24. At what place did Pigot have his head-quarters ? 155 
 
 25. What was the first movement made by D'Estaing?. . . . 155, 156 
 
 26. What was the first movement made by Sullivan ? 156 
 
 27. What force from New York hastened to the relief of Pigot?. 156 
 
 28. Why did D'Estaing sail out to meet Howe ? 156 
 
 29. What prevented an engagement between D'Estaing and Howe ? 15G 
 
 30. What unwelcome announcement was made by D'Estaing?. . . 156 
 
 31. What did Sullivan and other American officers do when they 
 
 heard of D'Estaing's intention ? 156 
 
 32. How was the battle near Quaker Hill brought about ?. ...... 156 
 
 33. By what name is that battle known ? Ans. The battle of Qua- 
 
 ker Hill, or Rhode Island. 
 
 34. Give an account of the battle 156 
 
 35. Why did Sullivan abandon Rhode Island? 156, 157 
 
 36. Give an account of Grey's marauding expedition 157 
 
 37. Give an account of the " Massacre of Wyoming." 157 
 
 38. Give an account of the " Massacre of Cherry Yalley." 157 
 
 39. What battle took place near the close of 1778? 157 
 
 40. Give an account of it, and its consequences ' 157, 15S 
 
 41. What fort, in Georgia, was captured in January, 1779? 15S 
 
 , 42. Give an account of the battle of Kettle Creek 159 
 
 43. Give an account of the battle of Brier Creek 159 
 
 44. Give an account of the battle of Stono Ferry 159 
 
 45. Give an account of Tryon's expedition to Connecticut 159, 160 
 
 46. What two forts on the Hudson were captured by Clinton ?. . . 160 
 
 47. Give an account of the battle of Stony Point 160 
 
 48. When did the battle of Stony Point occur ? 160 
 
 49. Give an account of the battle of Paulus Hook 160 
 
 50. Give an account of the battle of the Penobscot 161 
 
 51. On what western expedition was General Sullivan sent?. ... 161 
 
 52. What was the result of Sullivan's expedition ? 161 
 
 53. Give an account of the battle that took place Oct. 9th, 1779?. 162 
 
 54. What befell the Polish nobleman, Count Pulaski ? 162 
 
 55. When did the battle between Jones and Pearson take place ?. 162 
 
 56. Give an account of it 162, 163 
 
 57. By whom was Charleston besieged in the year 1780 ? 164 
 
 58. Give an account of the battle of Monk's Corner 164 
 
172 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PA OB 
 
 59. When did Charleston surrender to Clinton ? 164 
 
 60. Give an account of the battle of Waxhaw 164 
 
 61. Give an account of the battle of Hanging Rock 134 
 
 62. Who was appointed to command the American army at the 
 
 South, after Lincoln's surrender at Charleston? 165 
 
 63. G ive an account of the battle of Sanders Creek 165 
 
 64. Give an account of the battle of Fishing Creek 166 
 
 65. Give an account of Major Ferguson's expedition 166 
 
 66. Give an account of the battle of King's Mountain 166 
 
 67. What did the result of the battle compel Cornwallis to do?. . . 167 
 
 68. What did Knyphausen effect in New Jersey ? 167 
 
 69. Give an account of the battle of Springfield 167 
 
 70. For what is the year 1780 particularly memorable ? 167 
 
 71. What city did Washington appoint Arnold to the command of? 168 
 
 72. Why was he appointed to a command requiring no activity?. 168 
 
 73. How did Arnold conduct himself while he held the command ? 168 
 
 74. What was the consequence to Arnold of his reckless course?. 168 
 
 75. How did Washington administer the sentence of the court?. . 168 
 
 76. What determination did Arnold thereupon come to? 168 
 
 77. With whom was Arnold in treasonable correspondence? 168 
 
 78. What post of command did Arnold solicit of Washington? ... 168 
 
 79. How did West Point compare in importance with other posts ? 168 
 
 80. On which side of the Hudson is West Point? (See map, p. 46.) 
 
 81. What surprise did Washington express? 168 , 
 
 82. On what mission was Major Andre sent ? 169 
 
 83. Where was the treasonable bargain completed ? 169 
 
 84. What route did Andre take on his return for New York?. ... 169 
 
 85. At what place was he stopped and searched ? 169 
 
 86. On which side of the river is Tarry town? (See map, page 46.) 
 
 87. Give the names of the three men who arrested Andre 169 
 
 88. What evidence against Andre did they find on his person?. . . 169 
 
 89. To what place did they conduct Andre ?. . 169 
 
 90. Who, at the time, was in command at North Castle ? 169 
 
 91. What course did Jameson pursue in the matter? 169 
 
 92. How, consequently, did Arnold make his escape ? 169 
 
 93. What was subsequently done with Andre ? - 169 
 
 94. At what place was Andre executed? Ans. Andre was hung on 
 
 the west side of the Hudson, at Tappan, opposite Tarrytown. 
 
 95. What position did Arnold receive in the British army? 170 
 
 96. What amount of money did he receive from the British ? 17* 
 
AMERICAN EEVOLUTIOxN". J 73 
 
 EYENTS OF 1181. 
 
 What event marked the opening of 1*781 ? 
 
 The Pennsylvania line of troops, to the number of thirteen hundred 
 having suffered through want of pay, clothing, and provisions, left their 
 camp at Morristown, with the intention of marching to Philadelphia, 
 and demanding redress from Congress. 
 
 What happened at Princeton 7 
 
 At Princeton, they seized two emissaries whom Clinton had sent for 
 the purpose of inducing them by bribes to espouse the royal cause. 
 
 What was done with the emissaries ? 
 
 The emissaries were conducted to General Wayne ; and finally, aftei 
 being tried by a court-martial, were executed as spies. 
 
 How was the revolt suppressed ? 
 
 A committee of Congress met the disaffected troops, and after mak- 
 ing concessions and granting relief, settled the difficulty. 
 
 What other mutiny occurred ? 
 
 The example of the Pennsylvania line was followed by a part of the 
 Jersey troops ; but "Washington by rigorous measures soon quelled the 
 mutiny. 
 
 What effect was produced by the two mutinies'? 
 
 The two mutinies led to the adoption of more efficient measures for 
 the support of the army. 
 
 What were the efficient measures adopted"? 
 
 Direct taxes were resorted to ; Congress sent an agent to Europe 
 for aid ; and the Bank of North America was established, under the care 
 of Robert Morris. 
 
 What position of importance was Morris holding at the time? 
 By appointment of Congress, Morris was at the time superintendent 
 of the treasury. 
 
 What is said of the importance of his services during the Revolution ? 
 To his financial exertions, mainly, Congress was enabled to prose- 
 cute the war. 
 
 After Arnold' 1 s treason, what expedition at the South was he engaged in ? 
 
 Arnold, acting in the royal service, invaded Vir- 
 ginia with a force of sixteen hundred men, and de- 
 stroyed public and private property at Richmond and 
 other places. 
 
 On what river is Richmond situated? (See map, page 24.) 
 15* 
 
174 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What place did Arnold make his head-quarierst 
 
 He descended the James River, and took post at 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 In wliat direction is Portsmouth from Richmond ? (See map, page 24.) 
 Was any attempt made to capture Arnold $ 
 
 Washington arranged a plan by which troops under 
 Lafaj^ette, co-operating with the French fleet from 
 Rhode Island, were to attempt his capture. 
 
 Why did the project fail? 
 
 It failed in consequence of the British fleet, under 
 Arbuthnot, overtaking the French off the capes of 
 Virginia, and, after an engagement of about an hour, 
 compelling it to return. 
 
 What are the two capes of Virginia? (See map, page 24.) 
 Who succeeded Gates in the command of the forces at the South ? 
 
 Gates's defeat at Sanders Creek caused his removal 
 as commander of the southern army, and the ap- 
 pointment of Greene to the command. 
 
 What teas Greene's first care upon taking the command? 
 
 Greene's first care was to reorganize the army. 
 
 After so doing, what was his first measure t 
 
 Separating his army into two divisions, Greene sent 
 one, under Morgan, to check the devastations of the 
 British in the western part of South Carolina. 
 
 Who was sent against Morgan t 
 
 Cornwallis sent Tarleton to disperse the force under 
 Morgan, or to drive it out of South Carolina. 
 
 What took place ? 
 
 On the 17th of January, 1781, Tarleton overtook 
 and attacked Morgan at the Cowpens ; but, after a 
 severe battle, the British were completely routed. 
 
 What was the loss of each party ? 
 
 The British lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
 about eight hundred men ; the Americans less than 
 eighty. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 1V5 
 
 In what direction from Columbia is the Cowpens ? (See map, page 163) 
 Wliai did Morgan do after his victory ? 
 
 Morgan did not linger on the battle-field, but set 
 out for Virginia. 
 
 By whom was he pursued f 
 
 Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarleton's defeat, started 
 off in pursuit of Morgan, and reached the Catawba 
 at evening, just two hours after the Americans had 
 forded the river. 
 
 What occurred during the night? 
 
 A heavy rain set in during the night, and by day- 
 break the river was so swollen as to be impassable. 
 
 Who then took command of Morgans division ? 
 
 Greene, reaching the east side of the Catawba, took 
 command of Morgan's division. 
 
 What can you say of the further movements of flie Americans ? 
 
 The Americans continued the retreat, followed by 
 the British, and crossed the Yadkin, losing only a 
 few wagons which were captured by the pursuers. 
 
 What name does the Yadkin take in South Carolina ? (See map^ page 
 163.) 
 
 Ilova were the Americans' favored a second time ? 
 
 Another fall of rain overflowing the ford which 
 Cornwallis was preparing to > cross, he was compelled, 
 after some delay, to find a crossing higher up the 
 Yadkin. 
 
 What further can you say of the pursuit? 
 
 Cornwallis continued in pursuit as far as the Dan 
 Hiver, arriving there just as the last of Greene's 
 troops had landed on the opposite shore, in Virginia. 
 
 What then did Cornwallis do? 
 
 Grieved and vexed, Cornwallis abandoned the pur- 
 suit and marched southward to Hillsboro. 
 What was Greene's next movement? 
 
 With his force increased to over four thousand 
 men, Greene recrossed the Dan to oppose Cornwallis. 
 
176 . AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What can you say of the battle that followed ? 
 
 At Guilford {ghil'-furd) Court House, in North 
 Carolina, Greene was attacked by Cornwallis on the 
 15th of March, 1781, and, after one of the severest 
 actions of the war, was forced to retreat. 
 
 What was the loss of the Americans ? 
 
 The Americans lost, in killed and wounded, about 
 four hundred men ; in addition to which, many of the 
 militia deserted. 
 
 What was the loss of the British ? 
 
 The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and 
 missing, was over five hundred. 
 
 In what direction is Guilford Court House from Raleigh ? (See map, 
 page 163.) 
 
 Was Cornwallis able to profit by his victory t 
 
 Cornwallis's loss completely disabled him ; and he 
 was obliged to retreat from the field of victory. 
 
 What did Greene do after the battle ? 
 
 Greene rallied his forces, and pursued Cornwallis 
 for several da\s, with the determination of again 
 bringing him to action. 
 
 What was the result of the pursuit ? 
 
 Greene, finding that he could not overtake Corn- 
 wallis, re-entered South Carolina, and encamped at 
 Hobkirk's Hill, about two miles from Lord Kawdon's 
 post at Camden. 
 
 What followed f 
 
 Eawdon attacked Greene on the 25th of April, 1781, 
 and, after a hard-fought battle, compelled him to 
 retreat. 
 
 What loss was sustained by each party t 
 
 Each party lost about two hundred and fifty men. 
 
 In what direction from Guilford Court House is Hobkirk's Hill? (See 
 map, page 163.) 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 177 
 
 What was Rawdoris next movement f 
 
 In about a fortnight after the battle, Rawdon, find- 
 ing his supplies cut off by the Americans, left Cam- 
 den in names, and retreated southward. 
 
 What successes attended the American arms at the South during the 
 spring of 1781? 
 
 Orangeburg, Forts Motte, Granby, and Watson, 
 with Augusta, fell into the hands of the Americans. 
 
 On what river is Augusta situated? (See map, page 163.) 
 WRat posts then remained to the British in SoutJi Carolina ? 
 
 Three posts in South Carolina then remained to the 
 British, namely : Ninety Six, Eutaw Springs, and 
 Charleston. 
 
 Against which post did Greene proceed t 
 
 Greene proceeded against Ninety Six ; but, after be- 
 sieging the post for almost a month, and making an 
 unsuccessful assault, the approach of Rawdon com- 
 pelled him to raise the siege. 
 
 Who succeeded Rawdon in the command of the British forces in South 
 Carolina? 
 
 Rawdon departed for England, leaving his troops 
 in command of Colonel Stuart. 
 
 What memorable event occurred a short time before his departure ? 
 
 Colonel Isaac Ilayne, a distinguished patriot of 
 South Carolina, was captured by the British, and ex 
 ecuted at Charleston, as a traitor to the royal cause. 
 
 What ifas the last battle fought in the Caroliruis? 
 
 The battle of Eu'-taw Springs, fought on the Sth 
 of September, 1781, between Greene and Stuart, 
 closed the contest in the Carolinas. 
 
 How did the battle commence ? 
 
 Stuart, w T ith a force of about twenty-three hun- 
 dred men, was attacked by Greene, with a force not 
 exceeding two thousand. 
 
178 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What further account can you give of the battle? 
 
 The contest was desperate, and at one time victory 
 seemed certain for the Americans; but, the British 
 rallying, Greene drew oft* his troops, taking with him 
 about live hundred prisoners. 
 
 In the mean time, what had Cornwallis been doing f 
 
 During the summer of 1781, Cornwallis penetrated 
 
 Virginia, and destroyed property to the value of 
 
 several millions of dollars. 
 
 In what direction is Eutaw Springs from Charleston ? (See map, 
 page 1G3.) 
 
 Who had been following up Cornwallis ? 
 
 Lafayette had endeavored to thwart the movements 
 of Cornwallis, but, owing to the inferiority of his 
 force, he was not able to make a stand against him. 
 
 What orders did Clinton send to Cornwallis f 
 
 Clinton directed Cornwallis to take a position neai 
 the sea, from which he might readily send reinforce- 
 ments to New York. 
 
 What danger menaced Neiu York ? 
 
 New York was menaced by a combined force, con- 
 sisting of the French troops from Rhode Island and an 
 army under Washington. 
 
 What position did Cornwallis take? 
 
 Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, on the south side 
 of York River, Virginia, opposite a promontory called 
 Gloucester (glos'-ter). 
 
 What change did Washington make in his plan ? 
 
 The expected arrival of a French fleet, under Count 
 de Grasse (du gras), in the Chesapeake, induced Wash- 
 ington to abandon the design against New York, and 
 proceed against Cornwallis. 
 
 Mow was Clinton deceived ? 
 
 Washington continued to make preparations as if 
 against New York ; and, before Clinton became aware 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 179 
 
 of his real intentions, the French and American troops 
 were well on their way to Virginia. 
 
 What counterplot did Clinton practise f . 
 
 Clinton undertook to recall "Washington by sending 
 Arnold to devastate Connecticut. 
 Against what sea-port did Arnold proceed f 
 
 Arnold appeared off the harbor of New London, 
 situated on the west bank of the Thames river. 
 
 How was New London protected? 
 
 The approach to New London was defended by 
 Fort Trumbull, on the west side of the river, and by 
 Fort Griswold, on the east. 
 
 Sow did Arnold proceed t 
 
 The troops landed in two divisions ; one on the 
 east side, and the other, under Arnold, on the west. 
 
 What did Arnold accomplish with his division t 
 
 Arnold's division took possession of Fort Trumbull, 
 it having been abandoned, and also of New London 
 The town was then burned, and an immense amount 
 of property destroyed. 
 
 WJiat was accomplished by the other division ? 
 
 The other division proceeded against Fort Griswold, 
 which, after a brave defence, was carried by assault. 
 
 What massacre took place ? 
 
 After the fort was taken, many of the garrison were 
 slain and others desperately wounded. 
 
 How was the commander of the fort treated f 
 
 Colonel Ledyard, the commander, was murdered 
 with his own sword, after yielding it up to Major 
 Bromh'eld, a New Jersey loyalist. 
 
 Was the object of Clinton's counterplot effected ? 
 
 Arnold's expedition against Connecticut failed of 
 its main object, the recall of Washington from the 
 prosecution of his design against Cornwallis. 
 
180 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 What forces soon besieged Cornwallis? 
 
 A large French force from the fleet of Count de 
 Grasse, and another from Rhode Island under Count de 
 Rochambeau, co-operating with Washington's troops, 
 laid siege to Yorktown. 
 
 How was Cornwallis 1 s retreat by sea cut off? 
 
 The Count de Grasse blockaded the York and James 
 rivers, and guarded the entrance to the Chesapeake. 
 
 What attempt was made to relieve Cornwallis 1 ? 
 
 A British fleet from New York, under Admiral 
 Graves, appeared off the capes of Virginia. De 
 Grasse sallied forth, and a partial action took place, 
 but without advantage to either party. 
 
 What did Graves afterward do ? 
 
 After remaining in sight of the French fleet for five 
 days, Graves, despairing of success, bore away for 
 New York. 
 
 What progress did the besiegers make? 
 
 The allied armies besieging Yorktown, opened a 
 cannonade so heavy that most of the British works 
 were demolished, several vessels in the harbor were 
 burned, and the town was finally rendered untenable. 
 
 In that desperate state of affairs, what did Cornwallis determine to do ? 
 
 Cornwallis determined to escape, if possible, by 
 crossing to Gloucester, cutting his way through a 
 French detachment stationed there, and, by rapid 
 marches, reach New York. 
 
 How was his plan frustrated? 
 
 A violent storm dispersed his boats after one division 
 of his army had crossed the river, and the attempt was 
 abandoned. 
 
 What was the residt of the siege ? 
 
 On the 19th of October, 1781, Cornwallis surren- 
 dered Yorktown and Gloucester, with more than 
 seven thousand British soldiers, to "Washington : his 
 shipping and seamen he surrendered to De Grasse. 
 
SECTI ON ^r. 
 
 Close of the Revolution, and Events to the Beginning of Wash 
 ingtorCs Administration. 
 
 What effect did the surrender of Cornwallis produce in America? 
 
 The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicings 
 throughout the United States, being considered a 
 death-blow to the war. 
 
 What was the effect produced in England? 
 
 Public opinion in England became so decidedly 
 opposed to the war, that, upon the formation of a new 
 cabinet, negotiations were entered into for the estab- 
 lishment of peace. 
 
 What was done toward effecting peace ? 
 
 A preliminary treaty of peace between Great Brit- 
 ain and the United States, was signed at Paris, on 
 the 30th of November, 1782. 
 
 Who, on the part of the United States, negotiated the treaty ? 
 
 The American commissioners by whom the treaty 
 was signed, were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Jay, and Henry Laurens. 
 
 When did hostilities cease ? 
 
 A cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the 
 American army, on the 19th of April, 1783, the 
 eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington. 
 
 When was peace finally concluded? 
 
 A definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris, on 
 the 3d of September, 1783. 
 
 What did the treaty secure to the United States? 
 
 By the terms of the treaty, Gi-xit Britain acknowl- 
 16 
 
182 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 edged the independence of the United States; al- 
 lowed boundaries extending to the great lakes on the 
 north, and the Mississippi on the west ; and con- 
 ceded an unlimited right to fish on the banks of New- 
 foundland. 
 
 How were the Floridas disposed off 
 
 The two Floridas were returned to Spain. 
 
 In what condition did the close of the war find the United States f 
 
 At the close of the war, the national treasury was 
 ♦empty, the states were unable to respond to the call 
 •of Congress for money, and the resource of foreign 
 iloans was about exhausted. 
 
 What was the consequence to the army f 
 
 Wide-spread and threatening discontent appeared 
 iin the army ; the arrearages of pay, and the question, 
 .whether the resolution passed b} 7 Congress, in 1780, 
 -allowing officers half-pay for life, would be made 
 .effective, became topics of angry comment. 
 
 'How were the troubles healed f 
 
 Through the influence exerted by Washington, the 
 •discontents were soothed; and Congress soon after 
 smade arrangements for granting five years' whole 
 -pay to the officers, instead of half-pay for life ; and 
 tto the soldiers, four months' whole pay, in part-pay - 
 ►ment of their claims. 
 
 WhattJcen became of the army ? 
 
 In conformity with general orders of Congress, the 
 ;army w T as disbanded, on the 3d of November, 1783. 
 
 When did ihe British evacuate New York? 
 
 The British troops under Sir Guy Carleton, who 
 ; had succeeded Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated New 
 York on the 25th of November, 1783. 
 
 What affecting scene took %~>lace at New York several days after? 
 
 Washington met his officers, and, " with a heart 
 : <\iU of love and, gratitude," took leave of them. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 183 
 
 What did he do after taking leave of his officers ? 
 
 He repaired to Annapolis, and there, on the 23d 
 of December, 1783, resigned to Congress his com- 
 mission as commander-in-chief of the American 
 army. 
 
 Wliat can you say of the circumstances of the occasion ? 
 
 The simple and impressive address of Washington, 
 upon resigning his commission, and the touching 
 response of General Mifflin, the president of Congress, 
 affected the assemblage to tears. 
 
 How is Annapolis situated ? (See map, page 24.) 
 To what place did Washington at once retire ? 
 
 Washington hastened to Mount Vernon, where, in 
 the retirement of private life, he hoped to spend the 
 remainder of his days. 
 
 How is Mount Vernon situated t (See map, page 24.) 
 Peace being established, what embarrassments beset Congress? 
 
 It was found that, by the Articles of Confederation, 
 Congress had no power to discharge the debts in- 
 curred by the war. 
 
 What were the Articles of Confederation? 
 
 The Articles of Confederation were the form of 
 government under which the United States existed 
 for nearly twelve years previous to the adoption of 
 the present federal constitution. 
 
 What history can you give of the Articles of Confederation ? 
 
 As early as 1775, Dr. Franklin presented to Con- 
 gress a plan of union. In 1776, a committee sub- 
 mitted the Articles of Confederation, which, with 
 some modifications, were adopted by Congress, in 
 1777, but were not ratified by the states till 1781. 
 
 When it was found that the Articles of Confederation did not confer 
 the requisite power upon Congress, what attempt was made to raise 
 funds? 
 
 Congress called upon the individual states for 
 
194 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 funds, and they, in response, resorted to direct taxa- 
 tion. 
 
 Wliat was the consequence ? 
 
 The efforts made by the several states produced 
 great excitement, especially in Massachusetts, where 
 the opposition grew to an open insurrection, known 
 in history as Shay's Rebellion. 
 
 What further can you state of Shay's Rebellion ? 
 
 It was suppressed in 1787, with but little blood- 
 shed, by a strong military force sent against the in- 
 surgents. 
 
 What was the general feeling at that time with regard to the national 
 form, of government f 
 
 It was felt that the Articles of Confederation were 
 not adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and that 
 measures should be taken to revise them. 
 
 What measures were accordingly taken ? 
 
 A convention of delegates from all the states ex- 
 cept Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia ; and, by a 
 unanimous vote, elected Washington to preside over 
 their deliberations. 
 
 What was pie result of their deliberations ? 
 
 Instead of revising the Articles of Confederation, 
 they formed a constitution, which, with some amend- 
 ments made in after years, still exists as the Consti- 
 tution of the United States. 
 
 What can you say of the adoption of the Constitution ? 
 
 It was adopted by the convention, after four months' 
 deliberation, on the 17th of September, 1787. 
 
 What further can you say of?. 1 
 
 After being submitted to Congress, and ratified by 
 the requisite number of states, though not without 
 opposition, it went into legal operation on the 4th of 
 March, 1789. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 185 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party, f Doubtful. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 FORCES ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 British. 
 
 Am'ric'n 
 
 British. 
 
 1775. 
 April 19, 
 June 17, 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 1776. 
 June 28, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Oct. 28, 
 Nov. 16, 
 Dec. 26, 
 
 1777. 
 Jan. 3, 
 April 27, 
 July 7, 
 
 Aug. 6,-j 
 
 Aug.16 i 
 
 Sept. 11, 
 
 Sep. 19 i 
 
 Sept. 20, 
 Oct. 4, 
 
 Oct. 6,| 
 
 Oct. 7,i 
 
 Oct. 22, 
 Oct. 23, 
 Nov. 16, 
 
 1778. 
 June 2S, 
 July 3. 
 Aug. 29, 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 1779. 
 Jan. 9, 
 Feb. 14, 
 March 3, 
 June 20, 
 July 15, 
 Aug. 13. 
 July 19, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 1780. 
 April 14, 
 May 12,. 
 May 29. 
 June 23, 
 July 30, 
 Aug. 6, 
 
 Aug.16 -j 
 
 Aug. IS, 
 
 Lexington, 
 
 Bunker Hill, 
 
 Parker, 
 
 Prescott, 
 
 Montgomery, . 
 
 Smith.* 
 
 Gen. Howe,* 
 Carleton,* . . . 
 
 unTcnwu 
 
 1,500 
 
 900 
 
 1,700 
 3,200 
 1,200 
 
 
 Fort Moultrie, . . . 
 
 Long Island, 
 
 White Plains, .... 
 Fort Washington, 
 
 Moultrie,* 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 McDougall,... 
 
 Magaw, 
 
 Washington,*.. 
 
 Parker, 
 
 Gen. Howe,*. 
 
 Leslie,* 
 
 Gen. Howe,*. 
 Rahl, 
 
 400 
 10,000 
 1,600 
 3,000 
 2,400 
 
 4,000 
 20,000 
 2.000 
 5,000 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 Princeton, 
 
 Ridgefield, 
 
 Hubbardton, 
 
 Oriskany,t 
 
 F.Schuyler, sortie 
 Bennington (1st), 
 (Second battle),.. 
 Brandy wine,. ... 
 1st Stillwater, or j 
 Bemis Heights, J 
 Paoli, 
 
 Washington,*. 
 
 Arnold, 
 
 Warner, 
 
 Herkimer, .... 
 
 Willett,* 
 
 Stark,* 
 
 Warner,*..,. . . 
 Washington,. . . 
 
 Gates,* 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Washington, . 
 Jas. Clinton, ) 
 Gov. Clinton, f 
 
 Gates.* 
 
 Col. Greene,* . 
 Col. Smyth,*. . 
 Maj. Thayer . . . 
 
 Mawhood, . . . 
 
 Tryon,* 
 
 Fraser,* 
 
 St. Leger, . . » 
 J. Johnson, j 
 Baum, ... | 
 Breyman, j * ' 
 Gen. Howe,*. 
 
 Burgoyne, . . . 
 
 Grey,* 
 
 Gen. Howe,*. 
 
 SirlLClinton* 
 
 Burgoyno, 
 
 Donop, 
 
 Gen. Howe,.. 
 Gen. Howe,*. 
 
 3,000 
 500 
 700 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 1,500 
 11,000 
 
 600 
 
 8,000 
 
 450 
 400 
 400 
 
 1,S00 
 1.500 
 1,200 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,200 
 
 18,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,000 
 15,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 4,500 
 
 2,000 
 Mixed. 
 Mixed. 
 
 Genuantown, 
 
 Fort Clinton, 
 
 Fort Montgomery, 
 2d Stillwater, 1 
 
 or Saratoga, j ' ' 
 Fort Mercer,.... . 
 
 Fort Mifflin, 
 
 Fort Mifflin, 
 
 Monmouth, 
 
 Wyoming, 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 Washington,* . 
 Col. Z. Butler, 
 
 Sullivan,* 
 
 Robert Howe,. 
 
 Clinton, 
 
 John Butler,* 
 
 Pigot, 
 
 Campbell,*. 
 
 12,000 
 
 400 
 
 5,000 
 
 900 
 
 11,000 
 1,100 
 5,000 
 2,000 
 
 Sunbury, 
 
 Kettle Creek,.... 
 
 Brier Creek, 
 
 Stono Ferry,-. 
 
 Stony Point, 
 
 Penobscot, 
 
 Paulns Hook, 
 
 Chemung, 
 
 Flamboro' Head, . 
 Savannah, 
 
 Lane, 
 
 Prevost,*. 
 
 Boyd, 
 
 Prevost,* 
 
 Maitland,* . . . 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 McLean,* 
 
 Sutherland,... 
 
 Brant, 
 
 Pearson, 
 
 Prevost,* 
 
 200 
 300 
 
 1,200 
 800 
 
 1,200 
 900 
 350 
 
 4,000 
 squad'n 
 
 4,500 
 
 2,000 
 700 
 
 1,800 
 
 1,200 
 600 
 
 3,000 
 250 
 
 1,500 
 2 vessels 
 
 2,900 
 
 Pickens,* 
 
 Ashe, 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Wayne,* 
 
 Lovell, 
 
 Major Leo,*. .. 
 
 Sullivan,* 
 
 Paul Jones,* 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Monk's Corner, . . 
 
 Charleston, 
 
 Waxhaw, 
 
 Huger, 
 
 Tarloton.*. . . . 
 Clinton,*. ... 
 Tarleton,* . . . 
 Knyphausen,. 
 Turnbull,*... 
 Brown, 
 
 Cornwallis,* . 
 
 Tarleton,* ... 
 
 300 
 3,700 
 
 400 
 3,000 
 
 600 
 
 600 
 
 8,000 
 700 
 
 600 
 9,000 
 
 700 
 5,000 
 
 500 
 
 500 
 
 2,200 
 850 
 
 Lincoln, 
 
 Buford, 
 
 Greene,* 
 
 Sumter, 
 
 Sumter,* 
 
 Gates, 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Rocky Mount, 
 Hanging Rock. . . 
 Sanders Creek, ) 
 or. 1st Camden, f 
 Fishing Creek,... 
 
 16* 
 
18G 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 "■ "1 
 FORCES ENGAGED.) 
 
 American. 1 British. 
 
 Am'ric'n 
 
 British. 
 
 Oct. 7, 
 Nov. 12, 
 Nov. 20, 
 
 17S1. 
 Jan. 17, 
 M'ch 15, 
 
 Ap'125-j 
 
 June 18, 
 Sept. 6, 
 Sept. 8, 
 Oct, 19, 
 
 King's Mountain 
 Fishdam Ford, . . 
 Blackstocks, 
 
 Campbell,* 
 
 Sumter,* 
 
 Sumter,* 
 
 Ferguson, . . . 
 
 Wemyss, 
 
 Tarleton, .... 
 
 900 
 500 
 500 
 
 1,100 
 450 
 400 
 
 Cowpens, 
 
 Guilford C.H.,... 
 
 Hobkirk's Hill, ) 
 
 or, 2d Camden, J 
 
 Ninety Six, 
 
 Fort Griswold, . . 
 Eutaw Springst-. 
 Yorktown, 
 
 Morgan,* 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Ledyard, 
 
 Greene, 
 
 Washington*,. 
 
 Tarleton, 
 
 Cornwallis,*. . 
 
 Rawdon,* ... 
 
 Cruger,* 
 
 Eyre,* 
 
 Stuart, 
 
 Cornwallis,... 
 
 900 
 4,400 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,000 
 
 150 
 
 2,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 1,000 
 2,400 
 
 900 
 
 550 
 
 800 
 
 2,800 
 
 7,500 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 14. 
 
 15. 
 16. 
 
 n. 
 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 What was effected by Arnold in his southern expedition ? 173 
 
 In whose service was Arnold at the time ? 173 
 
 What plan against Arnold was arranged by Washington? 174 
 
 Why was not the plan carried out? 174 
 
 Why was Gates removed from the command of the southern 
 
 army ? 174 
 
 Who, after his removal, took command of the army? 174 
 
 Whom did Greene send to the western part of South Caro- 
 lina ? 174 
 
 Whom did Cornwallis send ? 174 
 
 For what purpose was Morgan sent ? 174 
 
 For what purpose was Tarleton sent? 174 
 
 Give an account of the battle of the Cowpens 174 
 
 After the battle of the Cowpens, in what direction did Morgan 
 retreat? (See map, page 163 ) 
 
 By whom was Morgan pursued ? » ITS 
 
 At what river did Cornwallis meet with his first disappoint- 
 ment ? 115 
 
 How was the disappointment caused? 175 
 
 How far had Morgan retreated, before Greene arrived and took 
 
 the command ? 175 
 
 At what river did Cornwallis meet with his second disappoint- 
 ment ? 1^5 
 
 How was his second disappointment caused ? 175 
 
 Give an account of the battle of Guilford Court House 176 
 
 What was Cornwallis obliged to do after t.ho ^at+lo 1 - w w-*« 176 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 187 
 
 PAQR 
 
 21. Give an account of Greene's movements after the battle 176 
 
 22. When did the battle of Hobkirk's Hill take place? 176 
 
 23. Give an account of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill 176 
 
 24. Give an account of Greene's operations against Ninety Six.. . 177 
 
 25. State the case of Colonel Isaac Hayne : 177 
 
 26. When did the battle of Eutaw Springs take place? 177 
 
 27. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs 177, 178 
 
 28. What destruction did Cornwallis effect in 1781 ? 178 
 
 29. What did Lafayette undertake, and why did he fail? 178 
 
 30. What design did Washington abandon, and why? 178 
 
 31. Why did Cornwallis take a position at Yorktown? 178 
 
 32. How is Yorktown situated? (See map, page 24.) 
 
 33. Why did Clinton send Arnold against Connecticut? 179 
 
 34. Give an account of Arnold's operations in Connecticut ,». 179 
 
 35. Give an account of what took place at Fort Griswold 179 
 
 36. In what, the main object, did Arnold's expedition fail? 179 
 
 37. What forces laid siege to Yorktown in 1781 ? 180 
 
 38. What important aid did the Count de Grasse render? 180 
 
 39. What can you say of an action between De Grasse and Graves? 180 
 
 40. Why did Graves abandon the attempt to relieve Cornwallis?. 180 
 
 41. What plan of escape did Cornwallis determine upon ? 180 
 
 42. Why was he not able to carry out his plan 180 
 
 43. When did Cornwallis surrender ? 180 
 
 44. Give an account of the -siege of Yorktown, with its results.. . . 180 
 
 45. What was the effect, in America, of Cormvallis's surrender?.. 181 
 
 46. What was the effect, in Europe, of his surrender? 181 
 
 47. When and where was a preliminary treaty of peace signed?. . 181 
 
 48. Name the American commissioners who signed the treaty. . . . 181 
 
 49. On what anniversary did hostilities cease by proclamation?. .. 181 
 
 50. When and where was a definitive treaty of peace signed?. . . 181 
 
 51. What were the important terms of the treaty? 181, 182 
 
 5.2. What was the financial condition of the United States, at the 
 
 close of the war ? 182 
 
 53. How did the financial troubles affect the army ? 182 
 
 54. What service did Washington render at that crisis? 182 
 
 55. Who succeeded Clinton in the command of the British ? 182 
 
 56. When did the British evacuate New York ? 182 
 
 57. Give an account of Washington's resignation as commander. . 183 
 
 58. Give an account of the revolt known as Shay's Rebellion 184 
 
 59. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 183, 184 
 
SECTION VI. 
 
 From the beginning of Washington's Administration, in 
 1789, to the Close of Jefferson's, in 1809. 
 
 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Who was elected the first president of the United Slates t 
 
 The first election for president of the United States 
 resulted in the choice of George "Washington*. 
 
 By what vote was he elected ? 
 
 He received the whole number of electoral votes. 
 
 Who was the first vice-president t 
 
 The first vice-president was John Adams. 
 
 When and where was Washington inaugurated? 
 
 On the 30th of April, 1789, Washington appeared 
 before the first constitutional Congress, then in session 
 at the city of New York, and was inaugurated. 
 
 What executive departments were created by Congress t 
 
 Congress created three executive departments, the 
 heads of which were to constitute the president's 
 cabinet. 
 
 Whom did Washington select for his cabinet ? 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was appointed secre- 
 tary of state, Alexander Hamilton, of New York, 
 secretary of the treasury, and Henry Knox, of Mas- 
 sachusetts, secretary of war. 
 
 What claimed the first consideration of Congress t 
 
 The condition of the treasury was the first thing to 
 be considered, and Hamilton was directed to report 
 a system of revenue. 
 
 How did Hamilton succeed? 
 
 Hamilton's system of revenue, proposed in 1790, was 
 adopted by Congress ; and, upon his recommendation, 
 
189 
 
 the public debts incurred during the war, were as- 
 sumed by the general government. 
 
 What did Congress do with reference to the seat of government? 
 
 A law was passed, establishing the seat of govern- 
 ment at Philadelphia for ten years ; and afterward 
 locating it somewhere on the Potomac. 
 
 What was done with reference to a national bank ? 
 
 In 1791, the Bank of the United States was incor- 
 porated by act of Congress. 
 
 WJiat addition was made to the Union in that year ? 
 
 Vermont, called originally the New Hampshire 
 Grants, was admitted into the Union in 1791. 
 
 What had prevented tlie admission of Vermont at an earlier day? 
 
 For many years, both New York and New Hamp- 
 shire had laid claim to the territory. New York 
 having finally yielded her claim for §30,000, Vermont 
 became the fourteenth state of the confederacy. 
 
 What war broke out during Washington's administration ? 
 
 As early as 1790, an Indian war broke out on the 
 north-western frontiers. 
 
 How did Washington at first endeavor to stop it? 
 
 Washington attempted to suppress it by pacific 
 means, but without effect. 
 
 What was then done ? 
 
 An expedition, under General Harmar, was sent 
 against the Indians. 
 
 What was the result of the expedition ? 
 
 Several Indian villages and large crops of corn 
 were destroyed; but, in two battles fought in the 
 north-eastern part of Indiana, Harmar was defeated 
 with much loss. 
 
 What was undertaken after Harmar 1 s defeat ? 
 
 A second expedition, under General St. Clair, who 
 was then governor of the North-West Territory, was 
 sent against the Indians. 
 
190 
 
 Wfiat was the result f 
 
 In 1791, while encamped in the western part of 
 Ohio, St. Clair was surprised, and defeated with the 
 loss of about six hundred men. 
 
 Wh d. was done after the defeat of St. Clair ? 
 
 General "Wayne was appointed to succeed St. Clair. 
 He marched against the Indians; defeated them at 
 the battle of the Mau-mee', in 1794; and laid waste 
 their country. 
 
 How was the war drought to a close f 
 
 A treaty was made with the Indians in 1795, by 
 which a large tract of country was ceded to the 
 United States. 
 
 What addition was made to the Union in 1*792 ? 
 
 Kentucky was admitted into the Union in 1792. 
 
 Who were the successful candidates at the second election for president 
 and vice-president? 
 
 Washington, whose first term expired on the 4th 
 of March, 1793, was unanimously re-elected: Adams 
 was also rechosen to the vice-presidency. 
 
 What warlike events were at that time taking place in Europe ? 
 
 The French Kevolution was in progress ; and, early 
 in 1793, news reached the United States that France 
 had declared war against England and Holland. 
 
 What did the French minister to the United States undertake to do in 
 this country ? 
 
 M. Genet, minister to the United States from the 
 French republic, began to fit out privateers in our 
 ports, to cruise against the vessels of nations at war 
 with France. 
 
 What did Genets conduct lead to ? 
 
 Genet, persisting in his course in opposition to the 
 remonstrance of the president, W ashington requested 
 and obtained his recall. 
 
 What can you say of Genet's successor ? 
 
 M. Fouchet {fo-s7id'\ Genet's successor, was instruct- 
 
Washington's administration. 191 
 
 ed to assure the president that Trance disapproved 
 the conduct of his predecessor. 
 
 What insurrection in the United States broke out in 11 94? 
 
 The people of western Pennsylvania openly resisted 
 the execution of the law of 1791, imposing duties on 
 domestic liquors. 
 
 What measure ivas taken to suppress the insurrection ? 
 
 Washington sent a large body of militia to enforce 
 obedience. 
 
 With what result f 
 
 The approach of the militia had the desired effect ; 
 and thus, in 1791, the Whisky Insurrection was sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 How were the peaceful relations between the United States and Great 
 Britain threatened during Washington 's administration ? 
 
 The American and British governments accused 
 each other of having violated the stipulations set 
 forth in the treaty of 1783, and so bitter did the 
 spirit of the complaints become, that a war seemed 
 inevitable. 
 
 How was the war avoided ? 
 
 The threatened war was avoided by a treaty which 
 Mr. Jay, envoy-extraordinary to the British court, 
 negotiated in 1795. 
 
 What state was added to the Union next after Kentucky ? 
 
 Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 1796. 
 
 What did Washington do at the close of his second presidential term? 
 
 At the close of his second term, Washington, having 
 declined a re-election, retired to the quietude of his 
 home at Mount Yernon. 
 
192 ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 Who succeeded Washington as president of the United States t 
 
 Washington was succeeded by John Adams. 
 
 Who succeeded Adams as vice-president? 
 
 John Adams was succeeded in the vice-presidency 
 by Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 What was the length of John Adams's administration ? 
 
 John Adams was president for only one term, ex- 
 tending from March 4th, 1797, to March 4th, 1801, a 
 period of four years. 
 
 What were the principal events of his administration ? 
 
 During his administration, difficulties with France 
 of a warlike character, and the death of Washing- 
 ton occurred; and the seat of government was re- 
 moved from Philadelphia. 
 
 What was the cause of the difficulties with France ? 
 
 The neutral position taken by the United States in 
 the war between France and England, gave offence to 
 the French government. 
 
 How was the offence aggravated! 
 
 The treaty with Great Britain, negotiated by Mr. 
 Jay, augmented the offence. 
 
 How was the displeasure of the French government manifested ? 
 
 The French government authorized depredations 
 upon the commerce of the United States, and ordered 
 the American minister, Mr. Pinckney, to leave 
 France. 
 
 What did the President do under the circumstances t 
 
 Mr. Adams convened an extraordinary Congress, 
 to consider the outrages of the French government. 
 
 What was done with a view to reconciliation ? 
 
 Three envoys were sent to France, to adjust the 
 difficulties. 
 
ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 193 
 
 How were the envoys treated t 
 
 The French government refused them an audience, 
 except on humiliating conditions ; consequently their 
 mission proved a failure. 
 
 What preparations were then made by the United States for wart 
 
 Congress adopted measures for putting the coun- 
 try in a state of defence, and authorized a standing 
 army and a naval armament. 
 
 Who was appointed to the command of the army ? 
 
 "Washington was*appointed commander-in-chief of 
 the army. 
 
 What hostilities took place f 
 
 Hostilities were commenced at sea: in one case 
 an American schooner was taken, and in another a 
 French frigate was captured by the United States 
 frigate Constellation. 
 
 What mournful event took place during the troubles with France 1 
 
 Washington did not live to see peace restored be- 
 tween the United States and France: he died at 
 Mount Yernon, on the 14th of December, 1799. 
 
 What effect did the news of his death produce ? 
 
 His death was regarded as a national bereavement. 
 Congress paid honors to his memory, and the people 
 everywhere mourned over the loss which the nation 
 had sustained. 
 
 How were the difficulties with France settled? 
 
 The French government made overtures of peace; 
 and, in 1800, a treaty was concluded with Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, who had become First Consul of France. 
 
 What change took place in the year after Washington's death? 
 
 The seat of government was removed from Phila- 
 delphia to Washington, during the summer of 1800. 
 
 Who succeeded John Adams as president? 
 
 John Adams was succeeded in the presidency by 
 Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. 
 17 
 
194 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 When and tohere was Jefferson inaugurated f 
 
 Jefferson was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
 1801, at Washington. 
 
 What was the length of his administration ? 
 
 He was president for two terms, or eight years, 
 extending from the 4th of March, 1801, to the 4th of 
 March, 1809. 
 
 What additions were made to the Union during the early part of hii 
 administration ? 
 
 Ohio was admitted into the Union, in 1802 ; and 
 Louisiana was purchased of France, in 1803, for fif- 
 teen millions of dollars. 
 
 Of luhat advantage was the purchase of Louisiana ? 
 
 The United States secured by the purchase of Loui- 
 siana, the free navigation of the Mississippi to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 What can you say of an expedition sent to the Mediterranean in 1803 t 
 
 In 1803, Commodore Preble (preb'-el) was sent to 
 humble the pirates of the Barbary States, who, not- 
 withstanding the tribute paid by the United States, 
 were becoming more insolent and exacting. 
 
 What can you say of Preble's operations ? 
 
 Preble first appeared against Morocco, and, after 
 exacting terms of the emperor, proceeded to Tripoli 
 
 trip'-o-le). 
 
 What "befell a vessel of Preble's squadron ? 
 
 The Philadelphia, an American frigate, while re 
 connoitring in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a 
 rock, and was captured by the Tripolitans, who con- 
 signed her crew to slavery. 
 
 What gallant exploit was afterward performed in connection with the 
 captured frigate ? 
 
 Lieutenant Decatur, with a few brave companions, 
 
195 
 
 entered the harbor of Tripoli, boarded the Philadel- 
 phia, killed or drove into the sea every one of the 
 Tripolitan crew, and, after setting the vessel on fire, 
 escaped without losing a man. 
 
 What remarkable expedition was undertaken against Tripoli? 
 
 Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United States, concerted 
 an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though right- 
 ful heir to the throne of Tripoli. 
 
 With what force and from what place did Eaton set out? 
 
 Eaton left Alexandria, Egypt, with a force consist- 
 ing of a few American seamen, Hamet and his fol- 
 lowers, and some Egyptian troops, and marched 
 against the reigning sovereign of Tripoli. 
 
 What can you say of Eaton's success ? 
 
 He accomplished the march of a thousand miles 
 across a desert country, captured Derne, a Tripolitan 
 city, after a fierce struggle, and defeated the enemy 
 in his attempt to recover the place. 
 
 How was the war brought to a close ? 
 
 In the midst of Eaton's success, a treaty of peace 
 was concluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, 
 the American consul-general in the Mediterranean. 
 
 What duel, in which two prominent citizens of the United States were 
 engaged, took place in 1804? 
 
 In 1804, a political quarrel between Alexander 
 Hamilton and Aaron Burr, led" to a duel between 
 them in which Hamilton was killed. 
 
 What elevated position ivas Burr holding at the time? 
 
 At the time of the duel, Burr was vice-president 
 of the United States. 
 
 Who succeeded Burr as vice-president? 
 
 When Jefferson was re-elected president for a sec- 
 ond term, George Clinton, of New York, was at the 
 same time chosen vice-president to succeed Burr. 
 
196 jefferson's administration. 
 
 What grand scheme was Burr afterward engaged in? 
 
 In 1806, Burr undertook to found an empire west 
 of the Alleghanies. 
 
 How was the undertaking cut short ? 
 
 Burr was arrested by order of the president of the 
 United States, and tried on a charge of treason ; but, 
 for want of sufficient evidence, he was acquitted. 
 
 In the mean time, what European troubles were affecting American 
 affairs t 
 
 The war between England and France, though at 
 first proving profitable to the American shipping en- 
 gaged in the carrying-trade between the ports of the 
 two hostile nations, resulted in the adoption of meas- 
 ures injurious to American commerce. 
 
 What was the first injurious measure adopted by England? 
 
 England declared the coast of Europe, from the 
 Elbe to Brest, to be in a state of blockade. 
 
 What measure of retaliation did France adopt ? 
 
 Erance retaliated by declaring the British islands 
 in a state of blockade. 
 
 Wluxt measure of retaliation upon France was adopted ? 
 
 In 1807, the coast trade with France was prohibited 
 by the British government. 
 
 What claim, as regards the "right of search ," did England maintain ? 
 
 England claimed the right of searching American 
 vessels, and impressing into her service all persons of 
 English birth, found on board. 
 
 What event occurred in 1807, growing out of the claim set up by Eng- 
 land? 
 
 The American frigate Chesapeake, when off the 
 capes of Virginia, in June, 1807, was attacked by the 
 British frigate Leopard. 
 
 With what result ? 
 
 The Chesapeake being unprepared for action, struck 
 her colors, after having three men killed and eighteen 
 wounded. 
 
197 
 
 What proceedings completed the outrage ? 
 
 Four of the Chesapeake's crew, claimed by the 
 commander of the Leopard as British deserters, were 
 transferred to the enemy's vessel. 
 
 What was done by the president of the United States in consequence ? 
 
 The outrage upon the Chesapeake provoked the 
 president to issue a proclamation ordering all British 
 armed vessels to leave the waters of the United States. 
 
 What measures, aff&'Mng the commerce of the United States injuriously 
 were adopted by England and France toward the close of 1807 ? 
 
 The British government issued " Orders in Council," 
 forbidding all trade with France and her allies ; and 
 Bonaparte retaliated by issuing the u Milan Decree," 
 forbidding all trade with England and her colonies. 
 
 What measure was adopted by Congress at that crisis ? 
 
 Congress laid an embargo upon all vessels within 
 the jurisdiction of tjie United States. 
 
 What was the effect ? 
 
 The act not only failed to obtain from England 
 and France an acknowledgment of American rights, 
 but, on account of its ruinous effects upon the ship- 
 ping interests, was very unpopular among the com- 
 mercial classes of the United States. 
 
 What was consequently done by Congress t 
 
 The embargo was repealed, and the non-inter- 
 course law, prohibiting all commerce with France 
 and Great Britain, was substituted. 
 
 At the expiration of Mr. Jefferson's second term, who became presi 
 dent? 
 
 James Madison, of Virginia, succeeded Mr. Jeffer 
 son. 
 
 n* 
 
S'jSan* 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 pact:. 
 
 1. What event took place on the 30th of April, 1789 ? 188 
 
 2. Give an account of the inauguration 188 
 
 3. Who were appointed members of Washington's Cabinet? 188 
 
 4. What was done in relation to the national finances ? 188, 189 
 
 5. What in relation to the scat of government ? 189, 193 
 
 G. What can you state of the admission of Vermont ? 189 
 
 7. What troubles did Washington have with the Indians? 189 
 
 8. Give an account of Ilarmar s expedition 189 
 
 9. Give an account of St. Clair's expedition 189, 190 
 
 10. Give an account of Wayne's expedition. 190 
 
 11. When and how was the war brought to a close ? 190 
 
 12. When was Kentucky admitted into the Union ? 190 
 
 13. How were our troubles with France caused ? 190 
 
 14. Give an account of the troubles 190, 191 
 
 15. Give an account of the " Whisky Insurrection" 191 
 
 16. What troubles about treaty stipulations occurred V 191 
 
 17. How were the troubles brought to a close ? 191 
 
 18. When was Tennessee admitted into the Union V 1!)1 
 
 19. What was done by Washington in March, 1797 ? 191 
 
 20. When did John Adams's administration begin and end ? 192 
 
 21. How were unfriendly relations with France caused ? 192 
 
 22. Give an account of the difficulties that followed! 192, 193 
 
 23. What can you state of Washington's death ? 193 
 
 24. When did Jeffersou's administration begin and end ? 194 
 
 25. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 194 
 
 26. What can you state of the acquisition of Louisiana ? 194 
 
 27. On what expedition was Commodore Preble sent in 1803? 194 
 
 28. What was the result of the expedition as regards Morocco ? . . . 194 
 
 29. Give an account of the loss of the frigate Philadelphia 194 
 
 30. Give an account of Decatur's gallant exploit 194, 195 
 
 31. What can you state of Eaton and his expedition ? 195 
 
 32. What can you state of the duel between Burr and Hamilton?. . 195 
 
 33. Give an account of Burr's subsequent t areer 196 
 
 34. How did the European war affect American commerce? 196 
 
 35. What " right of search" claim did England make ? 196 
 
 36. .What outrage was perpetrated in consequence ? 196, 197 
 
 37. What " orders" and "decree" were made by England and France? 197 
 
 38. What account can you give of the Embargo Act ? 197 
 
SECTION "VII. 
 
 Madison's Administration ; from March 4th, 1809, to March 
 4th, 1817. — The Second War with England. 
 
 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 When was Madison inaugurated? 
 
 Madison was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
 
 1809. 
 
 What was the length of his administration? 
 
 Madison was president for two terms, or eight 
 years, extending from the 4th of March, 1809, to the 
 4th of March, 1817. 
 
 Bid any change take place during the early part of his administration, 
 in the commercial restrictions imposed by France and England? 
 
 In 1810, Napoleon revoked his hostile decree, but 
 the orders of England were continued in active 
 force. 
 
 While the British were enforcing their orders, what check did they re- 
 ceive ? 
 
 In May, 1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, 
 Captain Bingham, fired into the American frigate 
 President, Commodore Rogers, bnt found her fire re- 
 turned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few min- 
 utes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 
 
 What troubles did the United States have with the western Indians 
 about that time ? 
 
 The Indians on the western frontiers, incited by 
 British emissaries and influenced by the appeals of 
 Tecumseh, formed a confederacy against the people 
 of the United States. 
 
Madison's administration. 201 
 
 Who was Tecumseh t 
 
 Tecumseh was a celebrated Indian chief, of the 
 Shawnee tribe. 
 
 Who was sent against the Indians t 
 
 General Harrison, then governor of the Indian ter- 
 ritory, marched against the Indians. 
 
 Where did Harrison make a halt? 
 
 He encamped near Tippecanoe, the town of the 
 Prophet, situated at the junction of the Tippecanoe 
 and Wabash rivers. 
 
 Who was the Prophet t 
 
 The Prophet was a brother of Tecumseh, who, by 
 predictions and promises, had acquired great influence 
 over the tribes along the Wabash. 
 
 What precaution did Harrison observe ? 
 
 Although the Prophet had proposed a conference, 
 Harrison suspected treachery, and ordered his troops 
 to sleep on their arms. 
 
 What took place on the day after the encampment t 
 
 Early on the morning of the 7th of November, 
 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the 
 American camp ; but, after a desperate and bloody 
 contest of two hours, they were repulsed. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1812. 
 When was war proclaimed against Great Britain ? 
 
 In June, 1812, the president of the United States, 
 in conformity with an act of Congress, issued a proc- 
 lamation declaring war against Great Britain. 
 
 What were the principal causes of the war ? 
 
 The principal causes of the war, were the impress- 
 ment of American seamen by the British ; the block- 
 ade of French ports, supported by no adequate force ; 
 and the British " Orders in Council." 
 
202 
 
 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 What preparations were mad* for the war ? 
 
 •Congress authorized the president to enlist 25,000 
 men ; to raise 50,000 volunteers ; and to call out 
 100,000 militia for the defence of the sea-coasts and 
 frontiers. 
 
 W7w was appointed to command the forces t 
 
 Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, an officer who 
 nad served with credit in the Kevolution, was appoint- 
 ed commander-in-chief of the army. 
 
 What town is opposite to 
 Detroit f 
 
 What fort was nearly op- 
 posite to Brownstown ? 
 
 On what river is French- 
 town situated ? 
 
 In vjhat direction from 
 Detroit is Brownstown ? 
 Frenchtown ? 
 
 On what river was Fort 
 Meigs situated? 
 
 In what direction from 
 Fort Meigs was Fort 
 Stephenson ? 
 
 What river flows into 
 lake St. Clair from, 
 Canada ? 
 
 What battle was fought 
 near that river ? 
 
 In what year did the 
 battle occur ? 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 JJSD 
 
 TICUSTITT 
 
 At the time of the declaration of war, what army did the United States 
 have at the north-west ? 
 
 At the time of the declaration of war. Genera) 
 Hull, governor of Michigan Territory, was inarching 
 from Ohio to Detroit, against the hostile Indians of 
 the north-west. 
 
 What special authority was vested in Hull ? 
 
 Hull was authorized by the secretary of war, to 
 
madison's administration. 203 
 
 invade Canada, " if consistent with the safety of his 
 own posts." 
 
 Wliat did Hull do by virtue of such authority ? 
 
 He crossed the Detroit river to attack Fort Mai- 
 den. 
 
 In the mean time what misfortune befell the Americans further north- 
 west ? 
 
 Fort Mackinaw, a strong post on an island at the 
 outlet of lake Michigan, was surprised by a force of 
 British and Indians, and captured before the garrison 
 had heard that war was declared. 
 
 What mistake did Hull make ? 
 
 Instead of at once marching upon Fort Maiden, 
 Hull encamped at Sandwich, and thus gave the 
 British an opportunity to prepare for defence. 
 
 What defeat was sustained by a detachment of HuWs army? 
 
 A detachment under Major Yan Home, sent by 
 Hull to convoy a party approaching his camp with 
 supplies, was defeated near Brownstown by a force 
 of British and Indians. 
 
 What further did Hull do for the convoyance of the supply party ? 
 
 Hull sent a second detachment, under Colonel 
 Miller, to accomplish the object in attempting which 
 Yan Home had failed. 
 
 Was Miller more successful than Van Home had been ? 
 
 As Miller approached Brownstown, he met and 
 routed a large force of British and Indians, under 
 Muir and Tecumseh. 
 
 What retrograde movement did Hull make ? 
 
 After waiting nearly a month at Sandwich, Hull 
 recrossed the river and took post at Detroit, to the 
 great vexation and disappointment of his troops. 
 
 By whom was Hull soon followed to Detroit ? 
 
 General Brock, the British commander, crossed the 
 river, with seven hundred regulars and six hundred 
 
204 madison's administration. 
 
 Indians, and demanded an immediate surrender of 
 Detroit. 
 
 Were the Americans prepared for defence? 
 
 The Americans were strongly posted, and were 
 confident of victory in the conflict which seemed to 
 he before them. 
 
 How did Hull act under the circumstances ? 
 
 Hull ordered his troops to withdraw to the fort, and 
 a white flag, in token of submission, to be lifted above 
 the works. 
 
 When was the surrender made4 
 
 Detroit, with its fort, was surrendered to Brock, on 
 the 16th of August, 1812. 
 
 How did the surrender affect HulVs troops ? 
 
 The shameful deed caused a cry of indignation from 
 the American troops. 
 
 How much did the British gain by the surrender ? 
 
 The whole territory of Michigan, with its forts and. 
 garrisons, was surrendered to the British. 
 
 To what ordeal was Hulls conduct afterward subjected? 
 
 Hull was exchanged for thirty British prisoners, 
 and his conduct underwent examination by a court- 
 martial. 
 
 What sentence was pronounced upon him? 
 
 He was acquitted of treason, but found guilty of 
 cowardice, and sentenced to be shot. 
 
 Was the sentence put in execution ? 
 
 In consideration of his revolutionary services, he 
 was pardoned by the president of the United States. 
 
 In what other quarter toas another invasion made by the Americans ? 
 
 An American detachment, under Colonel Solomon 
 Yan Rensselaer {van ren f -se-ler), crossed the Niagara 
 river, on the morning of the 13th of October, 1812, 
 and proceeded to storm the heights of Queenstown. 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION'. 
 
 205 
 
 On what river is Qucms- 
 town situated ? 
 
 What large island in the 
 Niagara river ? 
 
 What two forts were situ- 
 ated on the west of the 
 Niagara river? 
 
 What large city at the out- 
 let of lake Erie ? 
 
 What befell Van Rens- 
 selaer ? 
 
 Yan Rensselaer 
 received a severe 
 wound before the 
 assault was made, 
 when his troops 
 were led by Cap- 
 tains Ogilvie and Wool. 
 
 What was the result of the assault ? 
 
 Ogilvie and Wool gallantly moved forward, carried 
 a British battery, and gained the heights. 
 
 What did the British at once attempt to do? 
 
 The British, being reinforced by several hundred 
 men under General Brock, attempted to regain the 
 battery. 
 
 What zv'as the result of the attempt ? 
 
 The British were repulsed, and Brock, their com- 
 mander, was killed. 
 
 At what place in the vicinity was there a large body of American 
 troops? 
 
 An American force, mostly militia, under General 
 Stephen Yan Rensselaer, was collected at Lewiston, 
 on the side of the Niagara river, opposite to Queens- 
 town. 
 18 
 
203 
 
 What opinion prevailed among the militia at Lewiston? 
 
 The militia professed to consider it wrong to invade 
 the enemy's country. 
 
 What was the consequence ? 
 
 In consequence of the opinion prevailing among 
 the militia, General Van Rensselaer succeeded in 
 inducing only about a thousand of his troops to cross 
 the river. 
 
 What befell those who crossed ? 
 
 They were attacked, on the afternoon of the 13th, 
 by a large force of British and Indians, and nearly all 
 were killed or taken prisoners. 
 
 Roto did the conduct of the militia, in refusing to cross the Niagara to 
 iJie relief of their countrymen, affect General Van Rensselaer? 
 
 Van Rensselaer, disgusted with the conduct of the 
 militia, soon retired from the service. 
 
 Who succeeded him ? 
 
 He was succeeded by General Alexander Smyth. 
 
 What can you say of Smyth's operations ? 
 
 After projecting two invasions of Canada, neither 
 of which was carried out, Smyth resigned. 
 
 How far was the year 1812 favorable to the Americans? 
 
 The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean, dur- 
 ing 1812, were as decided as their reverses on land. 
 
 By whom were the triumpJis on the ocean commenced? 
 
 The first important triumph on the ocean was 
 achieved by Captain Isaac Hull, nephew of .General 
 Hull. 
 
 In what acti"* did Hull achieve his great triumph ? 
 
 The action took place off the coast of Massachu- 
 setts, between f L e American frigate Constitution, Cap- 
 tain Hull, and Lie British frigate Guerriere (gare-e- 
 are'), Captain Dacres. 
 
 When did the action take place ? 
 
 It took place on the 19th of August, 1812, three 
 davs after General Hull's surrender at Detroit. 
 
MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 207 
 
 What account can you give of it ? 
 
 The battle lasted about forty minutes, and resulted 
 in the capture of the British frigate. 
 
 What was done with the British vessel ? 
 
 The Guerriere had been so much injured, that it 
 was found impossible to bring her into port, and she 
 was consequently burned by the victors. 
 
 What account can you give of the engagement between the Wasp and 
 the Frolic t 
 
 In October of 1812, the American sloop-of-war 
 "Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British brig 
 Frolic, off the coast of North Carolina, after a bloody 
 conflict of three-quarters of an hour. 
 
 On boarding the Frolic, what condition of things did the victors find? 
 
 The Americans, on boarding the Frolic, found a 
 melancholy scene of destruction. The decks were 
 covered with the dead and the dying. 
 
 What happened to the Wasp, before she could make sail? 
 
 On the very day of Jones's victory, both vessels 
 were captured by a British seventy-four. 
 
 What engagement occurred later in the month of October ? 
 
 The frigate United States, Commodore Decatur, 
 encountered the British frigate Macedonian, west of 
 the Canary Islands, and, after an action of nearly 
 two hours, compelled her to surrender. 
 
 What second victory was achieved by the Constitution ? 
 
 While off San Salvador, on the coast of Brazil, the 
 Constitution, then commanded by Commodore Bain- 
 bridge, gained a second victory, in the capture of the 
 British frigate Java. 
 
 When did the engagement take place ? 
 
 The engagement between the Constitution and 
 Java occurred on the 29th of December, 1812. 
 
 What losses were sustained by the two vessels ? 
 
 The Java lost in the action about a hundred and 
 
208 madison's administration. 
 
 sixty men, in killed and wounded ; the Constitution, 
 only thirty-four. 
 
 What was done with the Java t 
 
 Bainbridge, finding the Java so much riddled that 
 it was impossible to get her into an American port, 
 burned her three days after the action. 
 
 What can you say of the achievements efftcted by the privateers ? 
 
 Privateers scoured the ocean, and British com- 
 merce suffered in every direction. During the year 
 1812, three hundred vessels, with three thousand 
 prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, were taken by the 
 Americans. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1813. 
 
 In how many divisions were the American land forces arranged at 
 the beginning of 1813 f 
 
 At the beginning of .1813, the principal American 
 forces were arranged in three armies. 
 
 At what places were Hie armies, and by whom commanded f p 
 
 The Army of the West, near the head of lake 
 Erie, was commanded by General Harrison; the 
 Army of the Centre, in the vicinity of the Niagara 
 river, by General Dearborn ; and the Army of the 
 North, on the shores of lake Champlain, by General 
 Hampton. 
 
 What was the design of the Army of the West ? 
 
 It was the design of Harrison's army to recover 
 Michigan, and avenge the disgrace of Hull. 
 
 What force, intended to co-operate with Harrison, reached the Mdumee 
 river ? 
 
 In January, 1813, General Winchester, with a force 
 of about eight hundred men, principally Kentuckians, 
 reached the rapids of the Maumee. 
 
 What information concerning tlie enemy did Winchester receive while 
 (here? 
 
 He received information that the inhabitants of 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 209 
 
 Frenchtown were in clanger of being attacked by a 
 body of British and Indians. 
 
 Into what body of water 
 does the Maumee river 
 flow? 
 
 What fort was situated on 
 the Maumee ? 
 
 What town is near the 
 mouth of the Maumee ? 
 
 What place now occupies 
 the site of Fort Stephen- 
 son t Ana. Fremont. 
 
 What was Fremont for- 
 merly called? Ans. 
 Lower Sandusky. 
 
 On what river is Fremont 
 situated t Ans. The 
 Sandusky. 
 
 Into what bay does the 
 Sandusky river flow ? 
 
 To what large body of wa- 
 ter is Sandusky bay 
 ? 
 
 DETROIT 
 Ticxsrcnr 
 
 What did Winchester do for the inho,bitanis of Frenchtown ? 
 
 He sent a detachment for their protection. 
 
 What did the detachment accomplish ? 
 
 The detachment, finding an advance party of the 
 enemy already in possession of the town, attacked 
 and dispersed them. 
 
 What was Winchester's next movement t 
 
 Winchester, with the rest of his force, advanced to 
 Frenchtown. 
 
 •By whom was he attacked at Frenchtown ? 
 
 He was attacked by General Proctor, commanding 
 a force of fifteen hundred British and Indians. 
 What was the result ? 
 
 The Americans made a brave defence, but Win- 
 18* 
 
eio madison's administration. 
 
 Chester, who had been made prisoner during the en- 
 gagement, was induced to surrender his troops, on 
 condition that they should be protected. 
 
 How was the condition observed ? 
 
 Proctor failed to observe the condition: his Indian 
 allies murdered the wounded prisoners who were 
 unable to travel, and then set fire to the houses. 
 
 What did Harrison do upon hearing of Winchester's defeat t 
 
 Harrison constructed a fortified camp on the Mau- 
 mee river, which, in honor of the governor of Ohio, 
 he called Fort Meigs {megz). 
 
 By whom was the fort besieged t 
 
 On the 1st of May, 1813, Proctor, with a force of 
 two thousand British and Indians, laid siege to Fort 
 Meigs. 
 
 What happened several days after the commencement of the siege t 
 
 On the 5th of May, General Clay arrived, with 
 twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully at- 
 tacked the besiegers, compelling them to disperse. 
 
 How were the advantages of the victory partially lost? 
 
 A large body of Clay's troops was surrounded 
 while pursuing the enemy, and captured. 
 
 What loss did Proctor sustain by desertion t 
 
 On the eighth day of the siege, Proctor was de- 
 serted by his Indian allies, though Tecumseh, their 
 chief, had entreated them to remain. 
 
 What was the issue of the siege t 
 
 On the 9th of May, Proctor abandoned the siege, 
 and returned to Fort Maiden. 
 
 Was any other attempt afterward made upon Fort Meigs t 
 
 In July of 1813, Proctor and Tecumseh appeared 
 before Fort Meigs, but finding it well garrisoned, they 
 did not attempt an attack. 
 
 What enterprise did Proctor next undertake ? 
 
 Proctor, taking thirteen hundred British and In- 
 
madison's administration. 211 
 
 dians, marched against Fort Stephenson, at Lower 
 Sandusky, now Fre-mont 7 , Ohio. 
 
 Who had command of the fort? 
 
 The fort was held by Major Crogh'-an, a young 
 man only twenty -one years of age. 
 
 What teas the strength of the garrison under Croghanf 
 
 The garrison consisted of but one hundred and 
 fifty men ; and they had only one cannon, a six 
 pounder. 
 
 In what way did Proctor prosecute operations against the fort f 
 
 A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
 breach was effected, when the enemy, on the 2d of 
 Aug., 1813, attempted to carry the place by assault. 
 
 Hoio were they met? 
 
 They were met by a volley of musketry and a 
 discharge from the six-pounder, with such terrible 
 effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in confusion, leav- 
 ing one hundred and fifty of their number killed or 
 wounded. 
 
 What warlike preparations were made on lake Erie during tfie year 
 1813? 
 
 During the summer of 1813, two squadrons, the 
 one an American, of nine vessels carrying fifty-four 
 guns, and the other a British, of six vessels carrying 
 sixty-three guns, were fitted out on lake Erie. 
 
 By whom were they commanded f 
 
 The American squadron was .commanded by Com- 
 modore Perry ; the British, by Commodore Barclay. 
 
 When and where did the two squadrons meet? 
 
 They met on the 10th of September, 1813, near the 
 western extremity of lake Erie. 
 
 What was ike result of the meeting t 
 
 A severe battle of four hours took place, in which 
 the Americans gained a complete victory, every ves- 
 sel of the enemy having surrendered. 
 
212 madison's administration. 
 
 In what word-! did Perry announce his victory ? 
 
 In dispatching information of his victory to Gen- 
 eral Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the 
 enemy, and they are ours." 
 
 How did Harrison follow up the victory gained by Perry ? 
 
 Harrison, reinforced by a large body of Kentuck- 
 ians under Governor Shelby, crossed lake Erie, and, 
 landing near Fort Maiden, started in pursuit of Proc- 
 tor and Tecumseh, who had deserted the fort and were 
 in full retreat. 
 
 When and where did Harrison overtake them ? 
 
 He overtook them on the 5th of October, 1813, 
 near the Moravian village, on the Thames (terns) 
 river, eighty miles from Detroit. 
 
 What can you say of the position chosen by Proctor ? 
 
 Proctor, seeing that a battle could not be avoided, 
 took a favorable position on a narrow strip of land 
 between the river and an extensive swamp. 
 
 Give an account of the battle that took place there. 
 
 The Americans charged, breaking the line of the 
 British, and soon compelling them to surrender; but 
 the contest with the Indians was more obstinate. 
 At length Tecumseh fell, mortally wounded, and the 
 savage warriors fled in all directions. 
 
 What can you say of Proctor's condud *» the battle ? 
 
 Proctor fled at the first onset, leaving his carriage, 
 private papers, and even his sword, behind him. 
 
 What were the consequences of the battle? 
 
 By the victory achieved by Harrison, the territory 
 that Hull had surrendered was recovered ; Tecum- 
 seh's Indian confederacy was broken up ; and the 
 war on the western frontiers was terminated. 
 
 Where was the battle of the Thames fought? (See map, page 209.) 
 What had been the effect of TecumseVs influence upon the Indians of 
 the South ? 
 
 The Creeks, a powerful tribe of Indians at tne 
 
madison's administration. 
 
 213 
 
 South, had been influenced by the appeals of Tecum- 
 Beh ; and, in August of 1813, a large body of them 
 surprised Fort Minis, on the Alabama river, and mas- 
 sacred nearly three hundred men, women, and chil- 
 dren. 
 
 How was Fort Minis situ- 
 ated? 
 
 What two rivers uniting 
 form the Alabama riv- 
 er t Ans. The Coosa 
 and Tallapoosa. 
 
 What three battles were 
 fought with the Indians 
 on the banks of the Tal- 
 lapoosa ? 
 
 By what name was the 
 battle of Tohopeha call- 
 ed by the lohites t Ans. 
 The battle of the 
 Horse Shoe Bend. 
 
 Where ivas Fort Str other 
 situated ? 
 
 What fort is situated at 
 the entrance of Mobile 
 Bay? 
 
 STATE OF 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 Who went against the Creeks, and with tvhat result ? 
 
 Generals Jackson and Coffee marched against them 
 and fought several battles, in every one of which the 
 Indians were defeated. 
 
 Where and when did the Creeks make a final stand? 
 
 A thousand warriors, with their women and chil- 
 dren, congregated at the Horse Shoe Bend of the 
 Tallapoosa river, and there, in March, 1814, was 
 fought the last battle of the Creek War. 
 
 What was the result of the battle ? 
 
 The Creeks, being hemmed in on all sides by the 
 Americans, fought with the energy of despair, and 
 
214 madison's administration. 
 
 not till almost six hundred of their number were 
 slain, did the battle cease : their defeat was complete. 
 
 What expedition was undertaken by a port-ion of the Army of the Cen- 
 tre, in April of 1813 ? 
 
 General Dearborn, with seventeen hundred troops, 
 embarked on board the fleet of Commodore Chaun- 
 cey, at Sackett's Harbor, with the design of attempt- 
 ing the capture of York, now Toronto, in Canada. 
 
 Why was it desirable to capture York ? 
 
 York was the principal depository of British mili- 
 tary stores, from which the western garrisons were 
 supplied. 
 
 What account can you give of the attack on York ? 
 
 On the 27th of April, 1813, the troops landed in 
 the face of a severe fire from British and Indians, 
 under General Sheaffe (shefe.) They pressed for- 
 ward, led by General Pike, and were carrying every 
 thing before them, when the enemy's magazine ex- 
 ploded, mortally wounding Pike and producing great 
 destruction of life among his men ; after a moment's 
 pause, the troops continued to advance, and were soon 
 in possession of the town. 
 
 What is York now called ? Ans. Toronto. 
 
 How is Toronto situated f (See map, page 64.) 
 
 What toas Dearborn's next movement? 
 
 Dearborn returned to Sackett's Harbor, whence, 
 after receiving reinforcements, he sailed on board the 
 fleet for Fort George, a British post near the mouth 
 of the Niagara river. 
 
 What town is on the Niagara, not far from Fort George? (See map, 
 page 222.) 
 
 What was the result of the expedition against Fort George ? 
 
 After a brave defence, the British abandoned the 
 post, and retreated to Burlington Heights, at the 
 western extremity of lake Ontario. 
 
Madison's administration. 215 
 
 What bay near Burlington Heights? (See map, page 222.) 
 
 What took place during the retreat of the British to Burlington Heights ? 
 
 They were pursued by a superior force, under 
 Generals Chandler and Winder, and repulsed in a 
 night attack which they made on the American camp, 
 though both the American generals were taken pris- 
 oners. 
 
 What did the absence of the American fleet, from SackeWs Harbor in- 
 cite the British to do ? 
 
 The British in Canada, on being informed that the 
 fleet of Chauncey had sailed from Sackett's Harbor, 
 determined to attack the place. 
 
 What force did they send against SackeWs Harbor? 
 
 They sent a thousand men, commanded by Sir 
 George Prevost. 
 
 When was the attempt madet 
 
 They effected a landing, on the 29th of May, 1813, 
 and proceeded to the attack. 
 
 What account can you give of the attack ? 
 
 While their advance was checked by a galling fire 
 from a small body of regulars, General Brown, the 
 commander, rallied the militia, and directed their 
 march as if he designed to seize the enemy's boats 
 and cut off their retreat. The stratagem succeeded, 
 and the British made a rush for their boats, leaving 
 most of their wounded behind. 
 
 Who succeeded Dearborn in the command of the army ? 
 
 Dearborn resigned his command, and was succeed- 
 ed by General Wilkinson. 
 
 What plan of invasion was devised by General Armstrong? 
 
 General Armstrong, secretary of state, devised a 
 plan for the invasion of Canada.. 
 
 How vjas the invasion to be started? 
 
 The two armies — that of the Centre, under Wilkin- 
 son, and that of the North, mder Hampton — were to 
 
216 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 form a junction on the St. Lawrence, and proceed 
 against Montreal. 
 
 How was the progress of Wilkinson's army impeded? 
 
 In passing down the St. Lawrence, the Army of 
 the Centre was constantly harassed by the enemy. 
 
 What did Wilkinson do in consequence ? 
 
 A force was landed, by order of Wilkinson, to dis- 
 perse the harassing parties. 
 
 What account can you give of the battle that ensued ? 
 
 The battle of Chrysler's Field took place near Wil- 
 liamsburg, Canada, in which the Americans, though 
 losing about one-fifth of their entire force engaged, 
 maintained their position. 
 
 How is Williamsburg situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 What was the result of the expedition planned by Armstrong ? 
 
 Wilkinson, learning that he would not be joined 
 by the Army of the North, abandoned the design 
 against Montreal, and went into winter-quarters. 
 
 What can you say of the conflicts on the ocean during the year 1813 ? 
 
 During 1813 there were many severe battles on 
 the ocean, and, though the American seamen were 
 not so uniformly successful as in the preceding year, 
 their gallantry continued to be the theme of admira- 
 tion. 
 
 Give some account of the first important naval battle o/1813 ? 
 
 On the 24th of February, 1813, the sloop-of-war 
 Hornet, Captain Lawrence, encountered the British 
 brig Peacock ; after an action of only fifteen minutes, 
 the Peacock struck her colors, and raised a signal of 
 distress. 
 
 What occurred after the surrender ? 
 
 The Peacock was so riddled that she sunk in a few 
 minutes after the action, carrying down with her nine 
 of her own crew and three of the Hornet's. 
 
madison's administration. 217 
 
 Bou was Lawrence rewarded for his gallantry? 
 
 On his return to the United States, Lawrence was 
 promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, 
 then lying in Boston Harbor. 
 
 When and tuhy did Lawrence leave Boston Harbor ? 
 
 He put to sea on the 1st of June, 1813, in search 
 of the British frigate Shannon, then cruising off the 
 coast. 
 
 Why was he desirous of meeting the Shannon? 
 
 The commander of the Shannon, Captain Broke, 
 had put forth a challenge, which Lawrence resolved 
 to accept. * 
 
 In what condition were the two vessels ? 
 
 The Chesapeake had imperfect equipments and an 
 ill-assorted crew, while the Shannon had a select 
 crew, and was in the best possible condition. 
 
 Give an account of the action. 
 
 The two vessels met, and a terrific contest of 
 about fifteen minutes ensued. The Chesapeake, after 
 having all her superior officers either killed or wound- 
 edj was boarded by the enemy and her flag hauled 
 down. 
 
 What was the last order which Lawrence gave ? 
 
 Lawrence was wounded in the early part of the 
 action ; being carried below, his last order was, 
 " Don't give up the ship." 
 
 What account can you give of a battle that took place in the English 
 Channel % 
 
 The American brig Argus, while cruising in the 
 English Channel, was captured by the sloop-of-war 
 Pelican, after a severe action. 
 
 What account can you give of the action between the Enterprise and the 
 Boxer? 
 
 The American brig Enterprise encountered the 
 brig Boxer, off the coast of Maine. The engagement 
 19 
 
218 madison's administration-. 
 
 lasted about forty minutes, and resulted in the sui 
 render of the British vessel. .Both commanders wen. 
 killed in the action. 
 
 What can you tell of Captain Porter's operations t 
 
 Captain Porter, commanding the frigate Essex, 
 made a long and successful cruise in the Atlantic and 
 Pacific oceans, capturing a large number of British 
 
 vessels. 
 
 Mow ivas his crtcise brought to a close ? 
 
 In March, 1814, he was attacked in the harbor of 
 Valparaiso, by two British vessels, and after one of 
 i the aaiost desperate conflicts of the war, was forced to 
 ^urrsnder. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PA9B 
 
 " 1. Whatiteok place on the 4th of March, 1809 ? 200 
 
 2. For how many terms was Madison president? 200 
 
 3. When did he vacate the office of president ? 200 
 
 A. What wac done by Napoleon in the year 1810 ? 200 
 
 "5. Were the British " Orders in Council" revoked then ? 200 
 
 < 6. What tookjplace in the month of May, 1811 ? 200 
 
 '. 7. What outrage had the British committed off the capes of Vir- 
 ginia, about four years before ? 196 
 
 8. What confederacy was formed by Tecumseh's influence? 200 
 
 9. By whom had the Indians been incited to hostilities ? 200 
 
 1 10. On what expedition was General Harrison sent? 201 
 
 Tl 1. W.hat4s stated of the Prophet, a brother of Tecumseh ?. ..*... 201 
 
 i 12. What town was known as the Prophet's ? 201 
 
 i J 3. Where was Tippecanoe situated ? 201 
 
 1 14. By whom was an encampment made near Tippecanoe ? 201 
 
 i 15. What proposition did the Prophet make to Harrison ? 201 
 
 16. Did Harrison' believe the Prophet to be sincere? 201 
 
 17. How did he guard against the Prophet's treachery? 201 
 
 18. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe 201 
 
 Td. What important event took place in June, 1812? 201 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 219 
 
 PAQB 
 
 20. State the principal causes-of the " War of 1812." 201 
 
 21. What did Congress authorize the president to do ? 202 
 
 22. To what position was General Dearborn appointed? 202 
 
 23. Where had Dearborn previously served with credit ? 202 
 
 24. When war was declared, on what expedition was Hull engaged? 202 
 
 25. What invasion was Hull authorized to make? 202, 203 
 
 26. Give an account of the loss of Fort Mackinaw 203 
 
 27. In invading Canada, what river did Hull cross? 203 
 
 28. What fort did Hull cross the Detroit to attack 203 
 
 29. At what place, opposite Detroit, did Hull encamp? 203 
 
 30. What advantage did Hull's delay give to the British? 203 
 
 31. Give an account of the first battle of Brownstown?. 203 
 
 32. Who was afterward sent to convoy the supply party ? 203 
 
 33. Give an account of the second battle of Brownstown 203 
 
 34. How long did Hull's encampment continue at Sandwich ?. . . . 203 
 
 35. What was his first movement thereafter? 203 
 
 36. How did the movement affect his troops? 203 
 
 37. What movement against Detroit was made by Gen. Brock? 203, 204 
 
 38. How did the Americans feel, in anticipation of a conflict ?. . . . 204 
 
 39. Just then, what disgraceful orders were given by Hull? 204 
 
 40. When did Hull surrender to Brock ? 204 
 
 41. How did Hull's surrender affect the American troops? 204 
 
 42. What did the Americans lose by Hull's surrender ? 204 
 
 43. What further account can you give of General Hull? 204 
 
 44. When was the battle of Queenstown fought? 204 
 
 45. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown 204, 205, 206 
 
 46. What British officer fell at the battle of Queenstown? 205 
 
 47. What account can you give of General Brock? 203, 204, 205 
 
 48. Why did General Van Rensselaer retire from the service?. . . 206 
 
 49. Who was Van Rensselaer's successor? '. . 206 
 
 50. Did General Smyth accomplish any thing 206 
 
 51. What can you say of the triumphs on the ocean during 1812 ? 206 
 
 52. When did the Constitution gain her first victory? 206 
 
 53. Give an account of the battle 206, 207 
 
 54. What did the Americans do with the Guerriere ? 207 
 
 55. When did the Wasp capture the Frolic? 207 
 
 56. Give an account of the action between the Wasp and Frolic. . 207 
 
 57. What soon afterward befell the Wasp and Frolic?. 207 
 
 58. What vessel captured the British frigate Macedonian ? 207 
 
 59. Give an account of the wi.ica\ between the two vpwIs. °07 
 
220 REVIEW QUESTION'S. 
 
 FAOB 
 
 60. When did the Constitution win her second victory? 207 
 
 61. Give an account of the Constitution's second victory 207, 203 
 
 G2. Give an account of the battle of Frenchtown 208, 209, 210 
 
 63. What followed after the American troops surrendered? 210 
 
 64. Where and by whom was Fort Meigs constructed? 210 
 
 65. What siege took place in May of 1813 ? 210 
 
 66. Give an account of the victory gained by General Clay 210 
 
 67. What befell a large body of Clay's troops? 210 
 
 68. Give an account of the siege of Fort Meigs 210 
 
 69. What fort on the Sandusky river, did Proctor go against ? 211 
 
 70. How old at the time was Croghan, the commander of the fort? 211 
 
 71. When was the battle of Fort Stephenson fought? 211 
 
 72. Give an account of the battle of Fort Stephenson 211 
 
 73. What command did Commodore Perry have in 1813 ? 211 
 
 74. What command did Commodore Barclay have? 211 
 
 75. When did the battle between Perry and Barclay occur? 211 
 
 76. What account can you give of Perry's victory ? 211 
 
 77. How did Perry inform General Harrison of his victory? 212 
 
 78. Give an account of Harrison's pursuit of Proctor 212 
 
 79. When was the battle of the Thames fought? 212 
 
 80. Give an account of the battle of the Thames 212 
 
 81. What advantages were derived from Harrison's victory? 212 
 
 82. What massacre occurred in August of 1813? 213 
 
 83. What was the last battle of the Creek War? 213 
 
 84. Give an account of the battle of Horse Shoe Bend 213, 214 
 
 85. When was the battle of York fought ? 214 
 
 86. Give an account of the battle of York 214 
 
 87. Give an account of the battle of Fort George 214 
 
 88. What misfortune befell Generals Chandler and Winder? 215 
 
 89. Give an account of the battle of Sackett's Harbor 215 
 
 90. By whom was Dearborn succeeded in the command? 215 
 
 91. Give an account of the battle of Chrysler's Field • . . . 2*16 
 
 92. When did the action between the Hornet and Peacock occur? 216 
 
 93. Give an account of the action 216 
 
 94. Why was Lawrence chosen to command the Chesapeake? 216, 217 
 
 95. Why did Lawrence go in search of the Shannon? 217 
 
 96. Give an account of what followed 217 
 
 97. What vessel did the Americans lose in the British Channel ? . 217 
 
 98. What took place between the Enterprise and the Boxer? 217, 218 
 
 99. Give an account of Porter's operations and great battle 218 
 
221 
 
 EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 
 Where were the troops under Wilkinson quartered during the winter of 
 1813-14? 
 
 During the winter of 1813-14, the troops under 
 Wilkinson were encamped at French Mills, now 
 Covington, in the northern part of the state of New 
 York. F 
 
 What account can you give of their movements upon the breaking up 
 of the encampment? 
 
 Wilkinson, after sending a detachment under Gen- 
 eral Brown, to Sackett's Harbor, broke up his en 
 campment and removed to Plattsburg. 
 
 How is Plattsburg situated ? (See map, page 64.) 
 
 What movements did Wilkinson make after his removal to Plattsburg t 
 
 He advanced into Canada, but, being repulsed by 
 the enemy posted at La Colle, on the Sorel river, he 
 returned to Plattsburg. 
 
 Wliat was the consequence to Wilkinson of his repulse at La Colle? 
 
 In consequence of his repulse, he was tried by a 
 court-martial, and though acquitted by the court, was 
 deprived of his command. 
 
 By whom vjos he superseded f 
 
 Wilkinson was superseued by General Izard. 
 
 In the mean time, what movement was made by General Brown ? 
 
 Soon after Brown reached Sackett's Harbor, he left 
 for the Niagara frontier, to aid in another invasion of 
 Canada. 
 
 What was the first achievement of his troops ? 
 
 On the 3d of July, 1814, a large force under Gen- 
 erals Scott and Eipley, crossed the Niagara river, and 
 took Fort Erie without a struggle. 
 
 What was the next movement of his troops ? 
 
 The Americans advanced to Chippewa, where, on 
 the 5th of July, 1814, a severe battle occurred, result- 
 19* 
 
222 
 
 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION". 
 
 ing in the British being repulsed, with the loss of 
 about five hundred men. 
 
 WJw ivere the respective commanders in the battle t 
 
 The Americans, in the battle of Chippewa, were 
 commanded by General Brown ; the British, by Gen- 
 eral Riall. 
 
 How was Fort Erie situa- 
 ted t 
 
 What city on the Niagara, 
 nearly opposite to Fort 
 Erie f 
 
 In what direction was Fort 
 Erie from Chippeioa? 
 
 In what direction from 
 Chippewa are the Bur- 
 lington Heights ? 
 
 How is Lundi/s Lane sit- 
 uated t 
 
 What movements were 
 made by the two armies af- 
 ter tlie battle of Chippewa ? 
 
 The British re- 
 treated to Burling- 
 ton Heights, where 
 they were reinforced by General Drummond, whe 
 assumed the command ; the Americans advanced 
 and encamped at Bridge water, near Niagara Falls. 
 
 What occurred several days after ? 
 
 On the 25th of July, 1814, Drummond approached 
 the American camp, and, at Lundy's Lane, the most 
 obstinate battle of the war was fought. 
 
 How was the battle commenced ? 
 
 Scott led the advance, and, though the enemy out- 
 numbered him, he sustained the unequal contest for 
 an hour. 
 
223 
 
 Who then came to his aid ? 
 
 General Brown with the main portion of the army 
 then arrived. 
 
 What advantage did the British commence the battle with ? 
 
 The British had a battery placed on a commanding 
 height, which swept all parts of the field. 
 
 What incident worthy of note, took place in relation to the battery ? 
 
 It was evident to the Americans that the battery 
 on the height must be carried, or the field be lost. 
 Colonel Miller being asked if he conld take it, replied, 
 U I can try, si?\" 
 
 Did he try ? and with what result ? 
 
 At the head of his regiment, Miller steadily ad- 
 vanced up the height, while, at every step, his ranks 
 were thinned by the enemy's fire ; but his troops 
 pressed forward, and, in one determined charge, gained 
 possession of the battery. 
 
 What efforts were subsequently made by the British ? 
 
 Three times the British rallied and advanced to 
 regain their lost battery, but they were repulsed at 
 every attempt. 
 
 How did the contest finally end? 
 
 At midnight, after a contest of six hours, the Brit- 
 ish withdrew, leaving the Americans in quiet posses- 
 sion of the field. 
 
 What officers were wounded in the battle f 
 
 The two commanders, Brown and Drummond, and 
 two American officers, Scott and Jesup, were among 
 the wounded. 
 
 What loss was sustained by each party 1 
 
 Each party lost about eight hundred, in killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 Who took command of the American forces directly after the battle t 
 
 Brown and Scott being both wounded, the com- 
 mand devolved upon General Ripley. 
 
224 
 
 What was Ripley's first movement upon taking charge? 
 Ripley retired with the forces to Fort Erie. 
 
 Was he left in quiet possession of the fort? 
 
 He was soon besieged by a force of five thousand 
 men under General Drummond. 
 
 Who arrived and took command of the fort ? 
 
 General Gaines soon arrived, and being the senior 
 officer took command of the fort. 
 
 Did the British make any attempt besides the siege, to recover the fort? 
 
 On the 15th of August, 1814, eleven days after the 
 commencement of the siege, the British undertook to 
 carry the fort by assault; but they were repulsed 
 with the loss of almost a thousand mem 
 
 Who afterward assumed the command of the fort? 
 
 Though Brown's wounds, received at Lundy's 
 Lane, were yet unhealed, he repaired to the fort and 
 assumed the command. 
 
 What account can you give of a successful attack made by General 
 Brown ? 
 
 On the 17th of September, 1814, General Brown 
 made a sortie {sor f -te) from the fort, which was com- 
 pletely successful. In the space of an hour, the ad- 
 vanced works of the besiegers, which had cost nearly 
 fifty days' labor to erect, were destroyed ; and about 
 seven hundred of their number fell or were taken 
 prisoners. 
 
 How was the siege brought to a close ? 
 
 General Drummond, being informed that General 
 Izard was approaching with reinforcements, retired 
 to Fort George. 
 
 What were the closing acts of the campaign under Brown ? 
 
 The Americans abandoned and destroyed Fort 
 Erie, recrossed the Niagara, and went into winter- 
 quarters. 
 
madison's administration. 225 
 
 What force had Izard left at Plattsburg ? 
 
 Izard, when he started from Plattsburg on his 
 march for the relief of Brown, left General Macomb 
 (ma-koom') in command, with only fifteen hundred 
 men. 
 
 What advantage did the British take of the somewhat defenceless con- 
 dition of Plattsburg t 
 
 Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thou- 
 sand men, marched against Plattsburg ; and the 
 British fleet on lake Champlain, commanded by 
 Commodore Downie, sailed to attack the American 
 fleet, under Commodore MacDonough. 
 
 How is lake Champlain situated? (See map, page 64.) 
 What can you tell of the character of the troops commanded by Pre- 
 vost t 
 
 A large number of Prevost's troops were veterans 
 who had served under Wellington, in Europe. 
 
 What positions did the two armies occupy at Plattsburg ? 
 
 Macomb withdrew his forces to the south side of 
 the Saranac river, and prepared to dispute any at- 
 tempt which the enemy might make to cross ; while 
 Prevost took a position on the north side of the Sara- 
 nac and erected batteries. 
 
 How long were the two armies in the position on opposite sides of the 
 Saranac ? 
 
 For four days the armies were on opposite banks 
 of the Saranac, and all attempts of the British to force 
 a passage were successfully resisted. 
 
 What then took place ? 
 
 On the 11th of September, 1814, the battle of 
 Plattsburg and of lake Champlain took place. 
 
 How were the two battles commenced? 
 
 The British commenced the battle on the land, by 
 opening a heavy cannonade upon the American 
 works ; while, at about the same time, their fleet bore 
 
226 madison's administkation. 
 
 down and engaged MacDonough's vessels, which 
 were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. 
 
 What was the result of the battle on the watex ? 
 
 After a contest of two hours and a quarter be- 
 tween the two fleets, flag after flag of the British 
 struck, and the victory to MacDonough was com- 
 plete. 
 
 Row was the contest on the land carrLd on ? 
 
 The contest on the land continued through the 
 day. The British attempted to cross the Saranac at 
 three different points, but without success. After 
 MacDonough's victory, the Are from their batteries 
 slackened, and at nightfall ceased entirely. 
 
 What then did the British do ? 
 
 As soon as it became dark, the British commenced 
 a hasty retreat, leaving behind their sick and wound- 
 ed, and a large quantity of military stores. 
 
 What loss was sustained by Prevost ? 
 
 Two hundred and fifty of Prevost's troops were 
 killed or wounded in the battle ; his total loss, includ- 
 ing deserters, w T as about twenty-five hundred. 
 
 What ivas Macomb's loss ? 
 
 The Americans lost one hundred and twenty-one. 
 
 While these events were transpiring on the northern frontier, what was 
 taking place on the Atlantic coast ? 
 
 During the greater part of 1814, the whole Atlan- 
 tic seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from 
 which descents were often made on small towns. 
 
 What force entered the Chesapeake? 
 
 About the middle of August, 1814, a British squad- 
 ron arrived in Chesapeake bay, bringing a large body 
 of troops commanded by General Ross. 
 
 With what force and where did Boss lane]? 
 
 Ross, with a force of five thousand men, landed at 
 Benedict, on the Pa-tux' -ent. 
 
Into what "body of water does the Paluxent flow ? (See map, page 24.) 
 What was the first object of the invasion ? 
 
 Ross's first object was the destruction of an Amer- 
 ican flotilla, commanded by Commodore Barney, 
 which was then lying in the Patuxent. 
 
 What did the American commodore do? 
 
 Upon the approach of the enemy, Barney aban- 
 doned and burned his boats. 
 
 Against what place did Ross then direct his march? 
 
 Ross then directed his march against Washington, 
 the capital of the United States. 
 
 What route did he take? 
 
 Instead of making a direct march, he proceeded 
 by the way of Bla'-dens-burg. 
 
 How far is Bladensburg from Washington ? 
 
 Bladensburg is six miles north-east from Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 What took place at Bladensburg ? 
 
 At Bladensburg some resistance was made by the 
 militia, under General Winder ; but the only check 
 received by the enemy, was from a body of seamen 
 and marines, commanded by Barney. 
 
 What befell Barney ? 
 
 Barney was prostrated by a wound, and in that 
 condition was made prisoner. 
 
 What did Ross do after the battle of Bladensburg? 
 
 Ross proceeded to Washington, and, on the 24th of 
 August, 1814, burned the capitol, president's house, 
 and other buildings. 
 
 What course did Ross then pursue? 
 
 After effecting this wanton destruction at Wash- 
 ington, Ross made a hasty retreat to the shipping, a 
 division of which was still in the Patuxent. 
 
 What in the meanwhile was done by another division of the fleet? 
 
 A division of the fleet ascended the Potomac, and 
 
228 
 
 madison's administration. 
 
 readied Alexandria ; the inhabitants of which, to 
 save the city from bombardment, surrendered their 
 merchandise and shipping to the enemy. 
 
 How is Alexandria situated ? (See map, page 24.) 
 
 Wlial two points at the en- 
 trance of the Patapsco 
 river ? 
 
 Into what body of water 
 does the Patapsco flow ? 
 
 What fort is on the Pa- 
 tapsco, just before reach- 
 ing Baltimore ? 
 
 On what river is Balti- 
 more situated? 
 
 In what direction from 
 Washington is Balti- 
 more ? (See map, page 
 24.) 
 
 In what direction from 
 Baltimore is Wilming- 
 ton? (See map, page 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 What grand project 
 was next decided upon by 
 the British ? 
 
 The divisions of the British fleet uniting, it was 
 determined to make an attack on Baltimore. 
 
 How did the British commence operations against Baltimore ? 
 
 On the 12th of September, 1814, Eoss landed his 
 troops at North Point, fourteen miles from Baltimore, 
 while a fleet of British vessels moved up the Patapsco 
 to bombard Fort McHenry. 
 
 How was Fort McHenry situated ? 
 
 The fort commanded the channel at the distance of 
 about two miles below the city. 
 
 What further can you tell of Ross ? 
 
 On his march toward Baltimore, Eoss was met 
 
madison's administration. 229 
 
 by an advance corps (kor) of Americans, and, in a 
 slight skirmish, was killed. 
 
 Who succeeded him in the command ? 
 
 Ross was succeeded by General Brooke, the next 
 in command. 
 
 What took place after the fall of Boss ? 
 
 Brooke gave the order to continue the advance ; 
 but the progress of the British was at one point dis- 
 puted for more than an hour, by a body of militia, 
 commanded by General Strieker. 
 
 How luas the tattle for the day terminated ? 
 
 The Americans fell back in good order, and took a 
 position near the defences of the city. 
 
 Bid Brooke make any attack on Baltimore f 
 
 Brooke approached the defences, but the resolute 
 front of the Americans deterred him from making 
 any attack, until he could hear from the fleet. 
 
 What can you tell of the operations of the fleet? 
 
 The bombardment on Fort McHenry continued 
 from the morning of the 13th of September, 1814, till 
 near the following morning ; but without making any 
 serious impression. 
 
 What was the termination of the "grand" expedition? 
 
 Brooke, seeing no prospect of success against the 
 city, embarked his troops, and the whole force of the 
 enemy withdrew. 
 
 What cause of complaint was given to the Americans, in 1814, at Pen- 
 sacola ? 
 
 During the summer of 1814, the authorities of Pen- 
 sacola, a Spanish port in Florida, allowed the British 
 to take possession of their forts, and fit out an expedi- 
 tion against Fort Bowyer (bo'-yer.) 
 
 How loos Fort Bowyer situated? 
 
 Fort Bowyer, now Fort Morgan, was at the entrance 
 to Mobile {mo-heel') Bay. 
 
 20 
 
230 madison's administration. 
 
 What fort in Florida, east of Fort Morgan? (See map, page 213.) 
 What account can you give of the expedition against Fort Boivyer t 
 
 The British attacked Fort Bowyer, but being re- 
 pulsed with considerable loss, effected their escape to 
 Pensacola. 
 
 flow is Pensacola situated? (See map, page 213.) 
 
 What measures were taken by the Americans against Pensacola ? 
 
 General Jackson marched against Pensacola, storm- 
 ed the town, and compelled the British to leave. 
 
 To what place did Jackson then repair ? 
 
 After returning to his head-quarters at Mobile, 
 Jackson hastened to New Orleans. 
 
 In what direction is Mobile from New Orleans? (See map, page 213.) 
 On what river is New Orleans situated? (See map, page 213.) 
 Why was Jackson's presence needed at New Orleans ? 
 
 While at Mobile, Jackson learned that the British 
 were about to invade Louisiana and make an attack 
 on New Orleans. 
 
 When and in what direction did the invading force approach ? 
 
 In December, 1814, a British squadron entered lake 
 Borgne (bom), the shortest avenue of approach from 
 the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans. 
 
 Wliat can you tell of the number and character of the troops brought 
 by the squadron ? 
 
 The squadron carried a land force of over twelve 
 thousand men, many of whom were veterans who had 
 served under Wellington. 
 
 By whom were they commanded ? 
 
 They were commanded by Sir Edward Paken- 
 ham, one of the most distinguished of English mili- 
 tary leaders. 
 
 What took place on lake Borgne ? 
 
 On the 14th of December, 1814, Lieutenant Jones, 
 commanding a flotilla of American gunboats, was 
 
madison's administration. 231 
 
 attacked by the enemy, and, after a sanguinary en- 
 gagement, was compelled to surrender. 
 
 When and where did the British and Americans next meet ? 
 
 On the night of the 23d of December, 1814, Jack- 
 son attacked an advance portion of the British troops 
 that had reached the Mississippi, about nine miles 
 from New Orleans. 
 
 What was the result of the attack ? 
 
 After a spirited contest, Jackson, finding that he 
 could not drive the British from their position, with- 
 drew his men. 
 
 Where did Jackson then make a stand? 
 
 Jackson fell back to his line of intrenchments, four 
 miles from New Orleans. 
 
 IToiv did the British at first attempt to drive the Americans from tiieir 
 intrenchments ? 
 
 The British, on two occasions, cannonaded the Amer- 
 ican intrenchments, but without much effect. 
 
 What then did Pakenham finally resolve upon ? 
 
 Pakenham at last determined to make a general 
 assault." 
 
 When did he make the assault ? 
 
 It was made on the 8th of January, 1815 ; and then 
 occurred the battle of New Orleans. 
 
 Give some account of the battle. 
 
 The British advanced in the face of a destructive 
 fire from the American batteries ; when within reach 
 of the muskets and rifles from behind the intrench- 
 ments, volley after volley was poured upon them 
 with such terrible effect, that they were thrown into 
 confusion. Pakenham was killed, and his troops 
 fled in dismay. 
 
 How many men did the British lose ? 
 
 The loss of the British, in killed and wounded, was 
 nearly two thousand men. 
 
232 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 What was the loss of the Americans ? 
 
 The loss of the Americans was only seven killed 
 ana :*x wounded. 
 
 What welcome news reached the United States, about a month after the 
 lattle ofNeiv Orleans? 
 
 In February of 1815, an English sloop-of-war ar- 
 rived from Europe, bearing a treaty of peace, which 
 had been agreed upon by British and American com- 
 missioners. 
 
 When and where had the commissioners made the treaty t 
 
 The treaty was made on the 24th of December, 1814, 
 at Ghent, a city of Belgium. 
 
 Did tlie treaty provide for the settlement of all matters in dispute be- 
 tween the two nations ? 
 
 The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon American 
 commerce and the impressment of American seamen — which were the 
 main causes of the war, were left untouched by the treaty. 
 
 Were the omissions important f 
 The omissions were not important. 
 
 Why not? 
 
 By the termination of the European war, all encroachments upon 
 American commerce ceased; and, by the great success of the American 
 navy and privateers, the impressment question was effectually disposed 
 of. 
 
 Had the war been popular in the United States ? 
 
 Many persons in the United States, belonging to the Federal party, 
 were opposed to the war from its commencement, and continued their 
 opposition till its very close. 
 
 In ivhich section of the Union were the Federalists strong m numbers 
 and influence ? 
 
 New England, during "The War of 1812," was the strong-hold of 
 Federalism. 
 
 In what concerted mariner did the Federalists manifest tlieir anti-war 
 feelings ? 
 
 In December, 1814, toward the close of the war, a convention was 
 held at Hartford, Connecticut, for the purpose of considering the griev- 
 ances of the people, caused by the war; and for devising means of re- 
 dress. 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 233 
 
 How was the convention regarded by Us opponents ? 
 The friends of Madison and the war regarded "The Hartford Con- 
 vention" as a treasonable movement against the general government. 
 
 What was done by the convention ? 
 
 The principal act of the convention was the adoption of a document, 
 which presented a statement of grievances and recommended several 
 amendments to the Constitution. 
 
 How long was the convention in session ? 
 
 After three weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. 
 
 PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 « 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 '■ - • 
 
 FOKCES ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 British. 
 
 Am'nc'n 
 
 British. 
 
 1S12. 
 Aug. 5, 
 
 Brownstown, ... 
 
 Van Home 
 
 Tecumseh,*.. 
 
 200 
 
 600 
 
 Aug. 9, -j 
 
 Masruaga, or 2d of 
 Brownstown, . . 
 
 j- Miller,* 
 
 Tecumseh, . . 
 
 600 
 
 900 
 
 Oct. 13, 
 
 1813. 
 
 Jan. 22, 
 
 Queenstown, .... 
 
 Van Rensselaer, 
 
 Brock,* 
 
 1,2D0 
 
 2,500 
 
 Frenchtown, .. . .. 
 
 Winchester, 
 
 Proctor;* .... 
 
 SOO 
 
 1,500 
 
 Apr 127, 
 
 York, 
 
 Pike,- 
 
 Sheaffe, 
 
 1.700 
 
 1,501) 
 
 May 5, 
 
 Fort Meigs 
 
 Clay,* 
 
 Proctor, 
 
 1.200 
 
 2,000 
 
 May 29, 
 
 Sacketl's Harbor,. 
 
 Brown,* 
 
 Prevost 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 Aug. 2, 
 
 tort Stephenson, 
 
 Croghan,* 
 
 Proctor, 
 
 K.0 
 
 1.300 
 
 Oct. 5, 
 Nov. 11, 
 
 1S14. 
 March 30, 
 
 
 Harrison,* 
 
 Boyd, 
 
 Proctor, 
 
 Morrison,.. .. 
 
 3.500 
 1,200 
 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 
 Chrysler's Field, 
 
 
 La Colle Mill, . . 
 
 Wilkinson, 
 
 Hancock,* .. 
 
 4,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 July 5, 
 
 Chippewa, 
 
 Brown,* 
 
 Riall 
 
 1,900 
 
 2,100 
 
 July 25, 
 
 Lundy's Lane,.. . 
 
 Brown,* 
 
 Drummond.. 
 
 3,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 Aug. 15, 
 
 Fort Erie (assault) 
 
 Gaines,* 
 
 Drummond,. 
 
 2,500 
 
 5,000 
 
 Aus. 24, 
 
 Bladensbnrg, 
 
 Winder, 
 
 Boss,* 
 
 3.500 
 
 5,000 
 
 Sept. 11, 
 
 Plattsburg, 
 
 Macomb,* 
 
 Prevost, . 
 
 3,000 
 
 K000 
 
 Sept. 12, 
 
 North Point, 
 
 Strieker, 
 
 Brooke,* 
 
 2,000 
 
 .... 
 
 Sept. 13, 
 
 Fort Mclienry, .. 
 
 Armistead,*.... 
 
 Cochrane, . . . 
 
 1,000 
 
 16 ship*.' 
 
 Sept. 15, 
 
 Fort Bowycr, .... 
 
 Lawrence,* . .. 
 
 Nieholls 
 
 120 
 
 mixed. 
 
 Sept. 17, 
 
 Fort Erie (sortie), 
 
 Brown,* 
 
 Drummond,.. 
 
 2,5(>0 
 
 3,500 
 
 Dec. 23, 
 
 1S15. 
 Jan 8, 
 
 9 miles from N. 0. 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 Kean,* 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 New Orleans, 
 
 Jackson,* 
 
 Pakenham," 
 
 (3,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 20^ 
 
234 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF TIIE SECOND WAR WITH 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 235 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. What encampment was made at French Mills in 1813-14?. . . 221 
 
 2. What detachment did Wilkinson send off? 221 
 
 3. To what place did Wilkinson himself remove ? 221 
 
 4. Give an account of the battle of La Colle Mill 22i, 233 
 
 5. Why was Wilkinson tried by a court-martial? 221 
 
 6. What was the result of the trial ? 221 
 
 7. To what position did General Izard succeed ? 221 
 
 8. What did the Americans achieve on the 3d of July, 1814 ?. .. 221 
 
 9. When was the battle of Chippewa fought ?, 221 
 
 10. Give an account of the battle of Chippewa 221, 222 
 
 11. Who were the commanders at the battle of Chippewa ? 222 
 
 12. How is Chippewa situated ? (See map, page 222.) 
 
 13. To what place did the British retreat after the battle ? 222 
 
 14. By whom were they reinforced at Burlington Heights? 222 
 
 15. When was the battle of Lundy's Lane fought?. 222 
 
 1G. Give an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane 222, 223 
 
 17. What three American officers were wounded in the battle?. . 223 
 
 18. What British officer was wounded in the battle ? 223 
 
 19. How did Ripley get the temporary command of the Americans? 223 
 
 20. To what place did General Bipley retire with his forces? .... 224 
 
 21. AVhat, soon after, took place at Fort Erie ? 224 
 
 22. When did the* first battle of Fort Erie take place ? 224 
 
 23. Who was in command of the Americans at the time? 224 
 
 24. Give an account of the assault, or first battle of Fort Erie. . . . 224 
 
 25. When did the second battle of Fort Erie take place ?, 224 
 
 26. What is the second battle of Fort Erie generally called? 224 
 
 27. Who was in command of the Americans at the time ? 224 
 
 28. Give an account of the sortie, or second battle of Fort Erie.. . 224 
 
 '£) Why did Drummond abandon the siege of Fort Erie ? 224 
 
 30. By whom was the destruction of Fort Erie effected? 224 
 
 31 How was Fort Erie situated ? (See map, page 222.) 
 
 32. At what place had Izard left Macomb in command ? 225 
 
 33. What force of the enemy marched against Plattsburg?. 225 
 
 34. Who commanded the American fleet on lake Champlain? 225 
 
 35. What movement was made against the American fleet ? 225 
 
 36. What preparations were made for the battle of Plattsburg?. . 225 
 
 37. When did the battles of Plattsburg and Champlain occur? . . . 225 
 
236 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 38. Give an account of the battle of Piattsburg 225, 226 
 
 39. Give an account of the battle of lake Champlain 225, 226 
 
 40. What did Prevost do directly after his defeat? 226 
 
 41. What arrival of the enemy occurred in August of 1814 ? 226 
 
 42. At what place did Ross effect a landing ? 226 
 
 43. How is Benedict situated? (See map, page 24.) 
 
 44. What American force was at the time in the Patuxent? 227 
 
 45. Upon the approach of Ross, what was done by Barney? 227 
 
 46. What city did General Ross then march against? 227 
 
 47. What battle was fought on his march against Washington?. . 227 
 
 48. When did the battle of Bladensburg occur? 233 
 
 49. Give an account of the battle of Bladensburg '. 227 
 
 50. What destruction did Ross effect at Washington ? 227 
 
 51. When did Ross effect the destruction at Washington ? 227 
 
 52. What can you state of Ross's retreat from Washington? .... 227 
 
 53. In what way was Alexandria threatened ? 227, 228 
 
 54. How was Alexandria saved from bombardment? 228 
 
 55. How is Alexandria situated? (See map, page 24.) 
 
 56. What movement was next made by the British forces ? 228 
 
 57. At what place, near Baltimore, did Ross land his troops?. 228 
 
 58. What movement was made against Fort Mcllenry? 228 
 
 59. What befell Ross, the British commander? 228, 229 
 
 GO. To what position did General Brooke succeed? 229 
 
 61. When did tne battle of North Point take place? 233 
 
 62. Give an account of the battle of North Point 229 
 
 63. Give an account of the battle of Fort Mcllenry 228, 229 
 
 64. After the two battles, what was done by the British forces? . 229 
 
 65. At what Spanish port did the British fit out an expedition?.. 229 
 
 66. Against what place was the expedition designed ? 229 
 
 67. What is Fort Bowyer now called ? 227 
 
 68. How is Fort Morgan situated? (See map, page 213.) 
 
 69. Give an account of the battle of Fort Bowyer 230 
 
 70. Give an account of Jackson's expedition against Pensacola. . . 230 
 
 71. What did Jackson hear, respecting a British invasion? 230 
 
 72. What route did the British take for New Orleans? 230 
 
 73. What command did Sir Edward Pakenhara have ? 230 
 
 74. Give an account of the battle of lake Borgne 234, 230, 231 
 
 75. G ; ve an account of the battle nine miles from New Orleans. . 231 
 
 76. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans 231 
 
 77. When was a treaty of peace made between the two countries? 232 
 
237 
 
 WAR WITH ALGIERS. 
 What war was commenced soon after the war of 1812 1 
 
 The war with England had hardly closed when the 
 United States determined to make war upon Algiers. 
 
 What was the cause of Hie war ? 
 
 During " The War of 1812," the Algerines, believ- 
 ing that the United States were unable to protect 
 their interests in the Mediterranean, committed anew 
 their depredations on American commerce. 
 
 What expedition was sent, against the Algerines ? 
 
 In May of 1S15, Commodore Decatur was sent 
 with a squadron to punish the Algerines. 
 
 What was the first success achieved by Decatur ? 
 
 Decatur encountered the largest vessel in the Alge- 
 rine nav} T , and captured her after a running fight of 
 twenty-five minutes. 
 
 Wli/it was his next success ? 
 
 Two daj^s after his first success, Decatur captured 
 another frigate belonging to the Algerine navy. 
 
 Row did he. humble the dey of Algiers? 
 
 He appeared before Algiers and compelled the dey 
 (da) to liberate the American prisoners in his hands, 
 and to relinquish all future claims to tribute from the 
 United States. 
 
 What was Decatur 's next movement f 
 
 Decatur next proceeded to Tunis and Trip'-o-li. 
 
 What was tlie result of the movement ? 
 
 From both powers he exacted pay for American 
 vessels which the English had been allowed to take 
 in their harbors. 
 
 What state was admitted into lite Union toward the close of Madison's 
 administration ? 
 
 Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816. 
 
 Who succeeded Madison as president of the United Stales ? 
 
 Madison was succeeded by James Monroe, of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
SECTIONS" VIII. 
 
 From the beginning of Monroe's Administration, in 1817, to 
 the close of Tyler's, in 1845. 
 
 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 Wlien was Monroe inaugurated 1 ? 
 
 Monroe was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
 1817. 
 
 What was the length of his administration ? 
 
 Monroe was president for two terms, or eight years, 
 extending from the 4th of March, 1817, to the 4th of 
 March, 1825. 
 
 What addition was made to the Union in the early-part of his admin- 
 istration ? 
 
 In 1817, the Mississippi Territory was divided, and 
 its western portion was admitted into the Union as 
 the state of Mississippi. 
 
 What troubles did the United States have, in 1817, with the Indians at 
 the South ? 
 
 Toward the close of 1817, the Seminole Indians, 
 joined by some Creeks, commenced depredations on 
 the frontier settlements of Georgia and Alabama. 
 
 Who were sent against the Indians ? 
 
 General Gaines was sent against them, but his 
 force being insufficient, General Jackson was ordered 
 into service. 
 
 What did Jackson accomplish ? 
 
 Jackson soon overran the Indian country ; and, 
 being convinced that the Seminoles had been insti- 
 gated to hostilities by persons in Florida, he seized 
 the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola. 
 
Monroe's administration. 239 
 
 Wliat severe measures were pursued toicard tivo British subjects? 
 
 Two British subjects, Arbutlinot and Ambrister, 
 having fallen into tlie hands of Jackson, were tried 
 by a court-martial on a charge of having incited the 
 Indians to hostilities, found guilty, and executed. 
 
 How ivas Jackson's conduct in the prosecution of the war regarded t 
 
 Jackson's invasion of Florida, a territory belonging 
 to a nation at peace with the United States, and his 
 summary proceedings in the prosecution of the war, 
 were condemned by many persons, but were approved 
 by the president and Congress. 
 
 How and when did Florida become a part of United States territory ? 
 
 A treaty was made, in 1819, by which Florida was 
 ceded to the United States ; but it was not till to- 
 ward the close of 1820 that the king of Spain ratified 
 the treaty. 
 
 What state was admitted into the Union two years before Florida wat 
 finally secured f 
 
 Illinois was admitted into the Union in 1818. 
 
 What state ivas admitted next after Illinois ? 
 
 Alabama was admitted into the Union in 1819. 
 
 How soon ivas the next state admitted ? 
 
 Maine was admitted into the Union in 1820. 
 
 Was any other slate admitted during Monroes administration t 
 
 Missouri, the fifth and last state added to the 
 Union during Monroe's administration, was admitted 
 in 1821. 
 
 When Missouri applied for admission, what exciting proceedings took 
 place in Congress ? 
 
 The admission of Missouri was preceded by violent debates in Con- 
 gress and throughout the country, on the question whether slavery 
 should exist in the new state. 
 
 How ivas tlie question settled f 
 
 A bill, known as The Missouri Compromise, was introduced in Con- 
 gress by Mr. Clsy, and passed. 
 
-40 JOHN Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 What was the effect produced by the passage of the bill ? 
 An agitation that threatened the stability of the Union theieupos 
 gradually subsided. 
 
 What distinguished person visited the United States, toward the close oj 
 Monroe's term of office ? 
 
 In the summer of 1824, General Lafayette arrived, on a visit to the 
 United States. 
 
 How ivas he received ? 
 
 He was received as the nation's guest; and his tour, which was 
 extended through all of the twenty-four states ; was everywhere sig- 
 nalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 Who succeeded Monroe in the presidency ? 
 
 Monroe was succeeded by John Quincy Adams, 
 eldest son of John Adams, the second president. 
 
 How long was John Quincy Adams president ? 
 
 He was president for only one term, or four years, 
 extending from the 4th of March, 1825, to the 4th of 
 March, 1829. 
 
 What can you say of his administration ? 
 
 His administration was one of wisdom and peace ; 
 and under it the nation made rapid increase in popu- 
 lation and wealth. 
 
 While he was president, what coincidence occurred in the death of lioc 
 distinguished persons ? 
 
 On the fiftieth anniversary of American Indepen- 
 dence, July the 4th, 1826, occurred the deaths of tho 
 two venerable ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Who succeeded Adams in the presidency ? 
 
 John Quincy Adams was succeeded by Andrew 
 Jackson. 
 
211 
 
 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 When did Jackson become president'? 
 
 Jackson was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
 1829. 
 
 How long was he president t 
 
 Jackson was president for two terms, or eight 
 years, extending from the 4th of March, 1829, to the 
 4th of March, 1837. 
 
 Wliat practice, in relation to removals and appointments, was legun by 
 Jackson ? 
 
 The practice of removing office-holders and appointing the political 
 friends of the president, was begun by Jackson. 
 
 What veto of Jackson produced great concern throughout the country ? 
 The bill for the rechartering of the United States Bank was passed 
 by both houses of Congress, but was vetoed by President Jackson. 
 
 What was the consequence to the bank ? 
 
 At the expiration of its charter, 1836, the bank ceased to be a na- 
 tional institution. 
 
 What troubles at the north-west occurred during Jackson's first term? 
 In 1832, the north-west frontier suffered from Indian hostilities^ 
 which are known in history as The Black Hawk War. 
 
 What was the result of the war ? 
 
 After several skirmishes, most of the Indians were driven west of 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 What was done with the chief of the Indians? 
 
 Black Hawk, under whom the Indians had prosecuted hostilities, 
 was taken prisoner ; and after some months' detention, during which 
 he was conducted through Washington and other cities, he was allowed 
 to rejoin his people. 
 
 Why was he so conducted? 
 
 The object of the tour was to convince him that resistance against 
 the power of the whites was useless. 
 
 Wliat tw bles at the South grew out of the tariff question ? 
 
 A tariff uill, passed by Congress during the administration of John 
 Quirtcy £ ams, gave great dissatisfaction to the cotton-growing states; 
 and whf H in 1832, an aoi w'ls passed, imposing additional duties on 
 foreign goods, the dissatisfaction was greatly increased. 
 
 21 
 
242 
 
 In which state was the dissatisfaction greatest? 
 
 In South Carolina so great was the dissatisfaction that a state con- 
 vention was held. 
 
 What bold proceedings were taken by the convention ? 
 
 The convention declared the tariff acts to be unconstitutional, and 
 Vnerefore null and void. It also declared that duties should not be 
 paid, and proclaimed that an}^ attempts on the part of the general gov- 
 ernment to enforce the collection of duties, would produce the with- 
 drawal of South Carolina from the Union. 
 
 By what name loere those who sided with the convention called? 
 
 Those who sided with the convention were known as Nullifiers. 
 
 By ivhom were they led ? 
 
 They were led by Calhoun and Hayne. 
 
 How were they treated by the president ? 
 
 President Jackson issued a proclamation against the Nullifiers, and 
 the doctrine of Nullification. 
 
 What effect did his proclamation have? 
 
 The proclamation met with a cordial response from every friend of 
 the Union. 
 
 IIoio was the difficulty in a measure settled? 
 
 "A Compromise Bill," offered by Mr. Clay and passed by Congress, 
 averted -evils which, at one time, threatened the very existence of the 
 Union. 
 
 THE SEMINOLE WAR. 
 What ivar commenced in 1835 f 
 
 The Seminole War commenced in 1835. 
 
 What was the cause of the war? 
 
 It originated in an attempt to remove the Indians 
 to lands west of the Mississippi, according to the 
 terms of a treaty which some of the chiefs had made, 
 but which a majority of the tribe did not consider 
 binding. 
 
 WJio was the chief Seminole leader? 
 
 Osceola (os-e-o'-la), a man of great cunning and 
 courage, was the most noted of the Seminole chiefs. 
 
 What treatment did Osceola at first receive from the tohites? 
 
 In consequence of his offensive conduct in opposi- 
 
jackson's administration. 243 
 
 tion to the fulfilment of the treaty, the government 
 agent, General Thompson, put him in irons. 
 
 How did he regain his liberty ? 
 
 By feigning penitence and making promises, Osce- 
 ola obtaiited his liberty. 
 
 How did he afterward behave ? 
 
 Instead of performing his promises, he placed him- 
 self at the head of a war-party, and commenced the 
 work of slaughter and devastation. 
 
 How did he avenge himself upon General Thompson f 
 
 On the 28th of December, 1835, he approached a 
 house in which Thompson and some friends were 
 dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed and 
 scalped six of the number, including Thompson. 
 
 What signal disaster occurred on the same day ? 
 
 On the very day of Thompson's death, "Dade's Mas- 
 sacre'" occurred. 
 
 Give an account of it. 
 
 Major Dade, with a detachment of more than a 
 hundred men, while marching to join General Clinch, 
 who was stationed at a fort in the interior of Florida, 
 was attacked by the Indians, and all but four killed. 
 
 What became of the four? 
 
 The four men afterward died of their wounds. 
 
 Wlien and under whom were ike three succeeding battles fought with 
 the Indiam ? 
 
 Two days after "Dade's Massacre" General Clinch 
 had an engagement with the Indians ; and, in 1S36, 
 two important battles were fought, in the first of 
 which, the Americans were commanded by General 
 Gaines ; in the second, by Governor Call, of Florida. 
 
 What was the result ? 
 
 Although the enemy encountered by Governor 
 Call, dispersed after the action, yet in none of the 
 battles could the Americans claim a decided victory. 
 
244 VAN BURETS ADMINISTRATION". 
 
 Wliat treatment did Osceola receive at Jessup's camp ? 
 
 Toward the latter part of 1837, Osceola appeared 
 in the American camp with a flag of truce. General 
 Jessup, suspecting a repetition of treachery, and de- 
 siring to prevent further bloodshed, disregarded the 
 flag, seized the chief, and put him in confinement. 
 
 What became of Osceola t 
 
 Osceola was sent to Fort Moultrie,, where he died. 
 
 What important battle took place after the seizure of Osceola ? 
 
 In December, 1837, Colonel Taylor (afterward 
 General Taylor, and president of the United States) 
 defeated the Indians in the battle of O-kee-cho'-bee. 
 
 TJirough wlwse administration after Jackson s was the war cairied on? 
 
 The Seminole War continued all through the ad- 
 ministration of Martin Yan Buren. 
 
 When was it brought to a close ? 
 
 It was not till 1812, seven years after the war com- 
 menced, that peace with the Seminoles was finally 
 secured. 
 
 VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 When did Van Buren become president f 
 
 Yan Buren was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
 
 1837. 
 
 What was the length of his administrationt 
 
 He was president foi^only one term, or four years, 
 extending from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of 
 March, 1841. 
 
 WJiat wide-spread embarassment occurred at the beginning of his term? 
 
 Soon after Yan Bureu's inauguration, a revolution in monetary affairs 
 took place, producing great distress in all branches of business through- 
 out the country. 
 
245 
 
 Whnt movement, commenced in Canada, disturbed for a vjhile the 
 peaceful relations between Great Britain and the United States ? 
 
 During "Van Buren's term of office, a portion of the Canadians rose 
 against the British rule to which they were subjected, with the design 
 of gaining their independence. , 
 
 How did the people of the United States become involved? 
 The movement enlisted the sympathies of Americans, particularly of 
 New Yorkers, and engaged their co-operation. 
 
 How was the movement put down? 
 
 A proclamation, issued by President Van Buren, forbidding interfer- 
 ence in the affairs of Canada, together with the active measures taken 
 by the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the insurrection 
 was suppressed. 
 
 By whom was Van Buren succeeded in the presidency ? 
 
 Van Buren's successor in office was William Henry 
 Harrison, of Ohio. 
 
 HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 When was Harrison inaugurated? 
 
 Harrison's inauguration took place on the 4th of 
 March, 1841. 
 
 How long was he president ? 
 
 Harrison was president onlv one month, his death 
 occurring on the 4th of April succeeding his inaugu- 
 ration. 
 
 By whom was he succeeded in office ? 
 
 On the death of Harrison, the vice-president, John 
 Tyler, of Virginia, became president. 
 21* 
 
24 G tyler's administration. 
 
 TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 WJiat difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, during Tyler's term of office f 
 
 Serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, growing out of a move- 
 ment which was stigmatized by its opponents as the Dorr Rebellion. 
 
 Wltat was the cause of the movement ? 
 
 The movement had for its object the substitution of a liberal consti- 
 tution in place of the old charter granted by Charles II., under which 
 'thode Inland had long been governed. 
 
 What befell the most prominent man in the movement f 
 
 Mr. Dorr, the principal actor in the movement, was arrested, tried, 
 convicted of high treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life. 
 
 How were the troubles brought to a close ? 
 
 A new constitution, formed in accordance with provisions of the 
 legislature, was finally adopted. 
 
 Was the sentence against Dorr carried out ? ' 
 
 After the troubles were ended, Dorr was pardoned, and, at a lacer 
 period, the record of his sentence was legally expunged. 
 
 ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 
 
 Wliat subject created great excitement all over the country during the 
 last year of Tylers administration ? 
 
 A proposition for the admission of Texas into the 
 Union, caused excited discussion through the whole 
 country, during the closing months of Tyler's ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 Wiat can you tell of the previous history of Texas? 
 
 Texas at one time was a province of Mexico ; but 
 in consequence of the arbitrary policy pursued to- 
 ward the inhabitants, the most of whom were from 
 the United States, they declared their independence, 
 and by force of arms sustained the declaration. 
 
 In what way did Congress prepare an opening for the admission of 
 Texas? 
 
 A bill for the admission of Texas, under certain 
 conditions, was passed by Congress, three days before 
 the expiration of Tyler's term of office. 
 
 By whom was Tyler succeeded in office ? 
 
 Tyler's successor in the presidency was James K. 
 Polk, of Tennessee. 
 
QUESTIONS. 247 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 Give an account of the first expedition against the Barbary States. 
 (See pages 194, 195.) How did troubles with the Barbary States occur 
 a second time ? (237.) Give an account of the second expedition. 
 When was Indiana admitted to the Union ? What inauguration took 
 place in 1817 ? (238.) What can you say of the admission of Missis- 
 sippi? What Indian troubles occurred during Monroe's administration? 
 What can you .say of Gaines's operations? Of Jackson's? How is 
 St. Marks situated? (See map of Florida.) Pensacola? (Map, p. 213.) 
 Give the history of Florida, commencing with its cession to the U. S. 
 (239, 279.) How many, and what states were admitted to the Union 
 during Monroe's administration? (238, 239.) When were they ad- 
 mitted ? What can you say of the circumstances attending the admis- 
 sion of Missouri? (239, 240). What inaugurations took place in 1825, 
 1829, 1837, and 1841 ? (280.) How happened it that two inaugurations 
 occurred in the same year ? (245.) What coincidence occurred in the 
 deaths of three ex-prcsidents ? (240,277.) Give an account of " The 
 Black Haiok War." (241.) Of the nullification troubles. (241, 242.) 
 Of the Seminole War. (242, 243, 244.) Where was the battle of 
 Okechobee fought ? Ans. On the northern shore of Lake Okechobee, in 
 the southern part of Florida. Give an account of the preliminaries to 
 the annexation of Texas. (246.) 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. 
 
 (To be answered from Map, page 248.) 
 
 What river between Mexico and Texas? What town in Mexico near 
 the mouth of that river ? Describe the Rio Grande. In what direction 
 from Matamoras is Santa Fe? Galveston? Vera Cruz? Tampico? 
 Jalapa ? City of Mexico ? There are two Montereys on the map : how 
 aro they situated ? How is Leavenworth situated ? Saltillo ? Victoria ? 
 San Antonio de Bexar? In what direction from San Francisco is Bra- 
 cito? Sacramento? Puebla? Chihuhua? 
 
^MEXICO, 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
 TEXAS Arc. 
 
SECTION IX. 
 
 From the 4th of March, 1845, to the 4th of March, 1849 
 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 WJien was Polk inaugurated ? 
 
 Polk's inauguration took place on the 4th of March, 
 
 1845. 
 
 How long was he president* 
 
 He was president for only one term, or four years, 
 extending from the 4th of March, 1845, to the 4th of 
 March, 1849. 
 
 What important measure ivas consummated during the early part of 
 
 his administration t 
 
 On the 4th of Juty, 1845, the legislature of Texas 
 approved the bill for admission which Congress had 
 passed ; and, by the act of approval, Texas became 
 annexed to the United States. 
 
 WAR WITH MEXICO. 
 Wlwi was the consequence of the annexation f 
 
 The annexation of Texas led to a war with Mexico ; 
 for, notwithstanding that the independence of Texas 
 had been acknowledged by the United States, Eng- 
 land, France, and other governments, Mexico still 
 claimed Texas as a part of her own territory. 
 
 What forces were sent for the protection of Texas ? 
 
 By order of the president of the United States, a 
 squadron was sent into the Gulf of Mexico, while a 
 force under General Taylor proceeded by laud, and 
 i ook a position at Corpus Christi (kor'-jpoos kre'-ste). 
 
 Did Corpus Christi belong to Texas or Mexico f 
 
 Corpus Christi is on the south side of the Nueces 
 {fwo-d' -ses) river, between it and the Rio Grande {re'-o- 
 
250 
 
 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 grahn'-da), and all the region between the two rivers 
 was disputed territory. 
 
 In what state is Corpus 
 Ohristi f 
 
 In what direction is Corpus 
 Christi from the mouth 
 of the Bio Grande ? 
 
 What large town on the 
 south side of the Rio 
 Grande, near its mouth ? 
 
 What fort opposite Mata- 
 moras t 
 
 In what direction from 
 Matamoras is Point Is- 
 abel? 
 
 What two battles were 
 fought between point Is- 
 abel and Matamoras f 
 
 In what direction from 
 Matamoras is Monterey ? 
 
 Sallilb ? Buem Vista ? 
 
 In what direction is Bue- 
 na Vista from Corpus 
 Christi ? 
 
 What order to advance did Taylor rearive from the president t 
 
 Early in 1846, after being several months at Corpus 
 Christi, Taylor was ordered to advance to the Rio 
 Grande, across the disputed territory, for the better 
 protection of Texas against invasion. 
 
 What is said of the order sa given to Taylor? 
 
 , The order given to Taylor hastened the opening 
 of the war ; for his advance to the Bio Grande was 
 treated by the Mexicans as the actual commencement 
 of hostilities. 
 
 Where did Taylor establish a dep&t f 
 
 On his march to the Rio Grande, Taylor established 
 a depot (de-po') at Point Isabel, situated about twenty- 
 one miles north-east of Matamoras {mat-a-ina'-vasX, 
 near the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 251 
 
 What did Taylor do on reaching the Bio Grande ? 
 
 On reaching the Rio Grande, he took a position 
 opposite Matamoras, and erected a fortress, winch 
 was afterward named Fort Brown, in honor of its 
 brave defender. 
 
 Give an account of the first conflict of the wart 
 
 Captain Thornton, with a party of sixty-three dra- 
 goons, was sent up the Rio Grande to reconnoitre. 
 On the 26th of April, 1846, his force was attacked 
 by the Mexicans, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was 
 forced to surrender. 
 
 What fears did Taylor entertain respecting Point Isabel? 
 
 A large Mexican force had crossed the Rio Grande 
 for the purpose, as Taylor thought, of moving against 
 Point Isabel. 
 
 What did Taylor do under the circumstances 1 
 
 Leaving a small force for the defence of Fort Brown, 
 Taylor marched to the relief of the Point. 
 
 What took place on his return ? 
 
 On his return from Point Isabel to Fort Brown, his 
 progress was disputed at Palo Alto {jxih'-lo al'-to) 
 and Resaca de la Palma (rd-sah'-Jcah da lah pal'- 
 mah) ; but, in both engagements, the Mexicans were 
 defeated with severe loss. 
 
 When did the first of the battles take place t 
 
 The battle of Palo Alto was fought on the 8th r 
 May, 1846. 
 
 What forces were engaged? 
 
 The Mexicans, commanded by General Arista 
 {ah-rees' -tah), numbered full six thousand ; while the 
 American force consisted of but twenty- three hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Wliat losses were sustained t 
 
 The loss of the Mexicans was about six hundred 
 that of the Americans was only nine killed, and forty- 
 
252 TOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 four wounded ; but among the mortally wounded was 
 the brave Major Ringgold. 
 
 Wlien was the next battle fought ? 
 
 On the day after the battle of Palo Alto, the 9th 
 of May, 1846, the battle of Resaca de la Falma was 
 
 fought. 
 
 What task in the battle was intrusted to Captain May t 
 
 The Mexican guns, well aimed and rapidly dis- 
 charged, were holding the Americans in check, when 
 Captain May was ordered to silence them. 
 
 How was the task performed ? 
 
 At the head of his dragoons, May rushed forward 
 with great fury, killed or dispersed the gunners, and 
 captured General La Yega (lah vd'-gah). 
 
 What had occurred at Fort Brown during Taylor's absence ? 
 
 During the most of Taylor's absence from Fort 
 Brown, a period of eight days, it had been subjected 
 to a bombardment from the Mexican batteries in 
 Matamoras. 
 
 What was the result of the bombardment? 
 
 The garrison made a successful defence, though 
 their heroic commander, Major Brown, was mortally 
 wounded by the bursting of a shell. 
 
 What was Taylor's next movement ? 
 
 On the 18th of May, 1846, Taylor crossed the Rio 
 Grande, and took possession of Matamoras. 
 
 Did he remain at Matamoras for any length of time ? 
 
 It was not till the end of more than three months, 
 that he found himself strong enough to advance from 
 Matamoras. 
 
 Against what place did he then advance? 
 
 His next movement was directed against Monterey 
 {mon-td-ra'), an inland city of Mexico. 
 
 In what condition was Monterey for defence ? 
 
 Monterey was strong in its natural defences, and 
 
POLKS ADMINISTRATION. 253 
 
 besides, was well garrisoned by ten thousand Mexican 
 troops, under General Ampudia (ani-poo' -de-ah). 
 
 How did Taylor succeed against Monterey ? 
 
 After a series of assaults, continued through three 
 days, in which Generals Worth and Quitman ren- 
 dered brilliant service, Monterey capitulated on the 
 24th of September, 1846, and Taylor agreed to an 
 armistice of eight weeks. 
 
 Was the armistice observed ? 
 
 Before the eight weeks had expired, Taylor received 
 orders from Washington, directing him to renew of 
 fensive operations. 
 
 After receiving the orders, what was accomplished by divisions of his 
 army ? 
 
 One division of his army, under General Worth, 
 took Saltillo (sahl-teeV -yo), w T hile, at a little later 
 period, another division, under General Patterson, 
 took Victoria. 
 
 What success attended the Americans in the Gulf of Mexico? 
 
 Commodore Conner, commanding an American 
 squadron in the Gulf of Mexico, captured Tampico 
 
 (tam-pe'-cd). 
 
 What expedition was undertaken by General Wool ? 
 
 General Wool, with an army of about three thou- 
 sand men, set out from San Antonio de Bexar (san 
 an-to'-nco da bd-har'), a town in Texas, with the de- 
 sign of penetrating the province of Chihuahua (che- 
 whah' ' -ic hah). 
 
 What was the result of his expedition ? 
 
 After crossing the Rio Grande and learning that 
 Monterey was in the possession of the Americans, by 
 Taylor's advice, Wool abandoned the design against 
 Chihuahua, and joined General Worth at Saltillo. 
 
 Wliat did General Kearney accomplish ? 
 
 In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, 
 22 
 
254 
 
 on the Missouri river, General Kearney (kar'-ne) 
 gained possession of Santa Fe (san'-tah fa), and the 
 whole of New Mexico, without opposition. 
 
 Where did Kearney go after his achievements in New Mexico ? 
 
 Kearney, after having organized a new govern- 
 ment for the country which he had taken, crossed to 
 the Pacific coast, leaving almost his entire force at 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 What remarkable achievement did Doniphan accomplish ? 
 
 With less than a thousand men, being the main 
 body of Kearney's invading army, which had been 
 left at Santa .Fe, Colonel Doniphan accomplished a 
 march of more than a thousand miles through the 
 .Mexican territory, to Saltillo. 
 
 What occurred during his wonderful march ? 
 
 On his march to Saltillo, Doniphan fought two 
 ■battles ; and, although on both occasions the Amer- 
 icans were much inferior to the enemy in numerical 
 iforce, yet they were the victors. 
 
 When were the two battles fought ? 
 
 The battle of Bracito (brah-the' '-to) was fought on 
 the 25th of December, 1846 ; and the battle of Saera- 
 tmento (sah-crah-mane'-to) was fought on the 28th of 
 ^February, 1847. 
 
 In the mean time what important events took place on the Pacific coast ? 
 
 In 1846, the conquest of California was achieved 
 Vby Colonel Fremont, and Commodores Sloat and 
 Stockton; and subsequently, in the early part of 
 1847, by Kearney's aid, the establishment of Amer- 
 ican power in California was completed. 
 
 What mission had taken Fremont to California f 
 
 Before the breaking out of the war, Fremont was 
 sent by the government of the United States to make 
 explorations in New Mexico and California. 
 
255 
 
 What opposition did he meet with t 
 
 In California, he was opposed by a Mexican force, 
 under General Castro. 
 
 WJiat was live result? 
 
 The Mexicans were defeated in several severe skir- 
 mishes; and, on the 5th of July, 1846, California 
 was declared to be independent, and free from all 
 Mexican rule. 
 
 What did Shot do toward Hie conquest of California f 
 
 Commodore Sloat, commanding the American 
 (squadron in the Pacific, bombarded and captured 
 Monterey. 
 
 How is the Monterey, captured by Commodore Sloat, situated? 
 
 ■ Monterey, of California, is situated on Monterey 
 bay, near the Pacific ocean. 
 
 Wiatdid Stockton-do toward tlie conquest of California? 
 
 Commodore Stockton arrived at California in the 
 middle of July, 1846 ; and assuming the command 
 of the Pacific squadron, he co-operated with Fremont 
 in driving Castro and his forces from the country. 
 
 What plan of operations was arranged for General Scott? 
 
 A plan of invasion was arranged for General Scott, 
 by which the Americans were to capture Vera Cruz, 
 the most important Mexican city on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and then march through Mexico against the 
 capital itself. 
 
 Hoio did tJie plan affect General Taylor ? 
 
 The plan not only deprived Taylor of a large por- 
 tion of his best officers and troops, but it gave to 
 Scott the chief command of the American forces in 
 Mexico, he being the senior officer. 
 
 What was Taylor's last battle in Mexico ? 
 
 Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle 
 of Buena Vista {bwa'-nah vees'-tah^) fought on the 23d 
 
256 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 of February, 1847, about five months after the battle 
 of Monterey. 
 
 How was the tattle commenced? 
 
 Taylor's troops, numbering less than five thousand 
 men, were attacked in the early part of the day by a 
 Mexican force about four times as large, under the 
 command of General Santa Anna. 
 
 What further account can you give of the battle? 
 
 The battle continued until sunset; and, although 
 the Mexicans fought with resolution, and more than 
 once seemed on the eve of victory, they were at last 
 driven in disorder from the field. 
 
 What losses were sustained on both sides ? 
 
 The loss of the Americans was about seven hun- 
 dred ; that of the Mexicans was almost two thousand. 
 
 Of what advantage did the victory prove to the Americans? 
 
 By the victory of Buena Yista, the Americans 
 were left in possession of all the northern provinces 
 of Mexico. 
 
 SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 
 
 How did General Scott commence his Mexican campaign? 
 
 Scott's campaign in Mexico was commenced by 
 an attack on Yera Cruz. 
 
 How was Vera Cruz prepared for defence ? 
 
 Yera Cruz was defended by the strong fortress ot 
 San Juan d'Ulloa (san whahn da ooV-lo-ah), built 
 upon an island at a short distance from the city. 
 
 What was ScoWs first movement against Vera Cruz? 
 
 On the 9th of March, 1847, Scott landed near Yera 
 Cruz, with an army of about twelve thousand men. 
 
 When and how was the attach commenced? 
 
 After a delay of several days, for the purpose of 
 completing preparations, and inducing, if possible, 
 the Mexican commander to surrender, the Americans 
 
POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 257 
 
 opened a tremendous fire from their land batteries, 
 as well as from their fleet, under Commodore Con- 
 ner. 
 
 What was the result ? 
 
 So destructive to life and property was the fire of 
 the assailants, that, on the 27th of March, 1847, the 
 city and fortress surrendered. 
 
 On what body of water is 
 Vera Cruz situated ? 
 
 What town further north, 
 is also on the Gulf of 
 Mexico t 
 
 What fort defends Vera 
 Cruz? 
 
 In what direction from 
 Vera Cruz is the moun- 
 tain pass of Cerro Gor- 
 do? 
 
 What city is at a short 
 distance north-west from 
 Cerro Gordo? 
 
 What town is west of Ja- 
 lapa? 
 
 In what direction from 
 Perote is Puebla ? 
 
 During ScoWs march, 
 what fortified positions 
 were between San Au- 
 gustin and the city of 
 Mexico ? 
 
 SCOTl'S 
 CAM PAI&N 
 
 To what object did Scott direct his march after taking Vera Cruz ? 
 
 Scott soon after commenced his march to the city 
 of Mexico, taking the road by the way of Jalapa {Jial- 
 lati-pah). 
 
 At what place and from whom did his advance meet with resistance ? 
 
 At Cerro Gordo (thdr'-ro gor f -do), a mountain pass 
 about fifty miles from Yera Cruz, Santa Anna was 
 strongly fortified, prepared to resist the advance of 
 the Americans. 
 92* 
 
258 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 What force did Santa Anna have with him? 
 
 The Mexican force consisted of about twelve thou- 
 sand men. 
 
 Of how many did the American army consist ? 
 
 Scott's army consisted of only about eight thousand 
 men, a large force having been left to garrison Yera 
 Cruz. 
 
 Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 
 
 On the morning of the 18th of April, 1847, a dar- 
 ing assault was made upon the works of the enemy; 
 and, before noon, the whole were in the possession 
 of the Americans. 
 
 What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? 
 
 Besides losing the most of their artillery and muni- 
 tions of war, the Mexicans had one thousand of their 
 number killed or wounded, and three thousand made 
 prisoners. 
 
 What three places next in succession fell into the hands of the Ameri- 
 cans? 
 
 On the next day after the battle of Cerro Gordo, 
 the Americans entered Jalapa ; further on in their 
 march, they took without opposition, the strong 
 castle of Perote (fpa-ro'-ta) ; and, on the 15th of May, 
 1847, they entered the ancient and populous city of 
 Puebla (poo-a '-blah). 
 
 What ivas the condition of the American army at Puebla ? 
 
 The American army had been so reduced by sick- 
 ness, death, and other causes, that Scott deemed it 
 advisable to rest at Puebla for reinforcements. 
 
 How long did the army rest at Puebla ? 
 
 The halt at P» bla continued for nearly three 
 months. 
 
 What can you say of flu., advance from Puebla ? 
 
 Scott's march from Puebla to Ayotla (ah-yot'-lah) f 
 fifteen miles from the capital, was tnrough a beau- 
 tiful region, and without the least resistance. 
 
POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 259 
 
 What did he do after arriving at Ayotla ? 
 
 Finding that the direct route by the national road 
 was strongly fortified, and being anxious to spare the 
 lives of his men, Scott turned southward from Ayotla, 
 and passing around lake Chalco, encamped at San 
 Augustin {sari aw-gus-ten'\ about ten miles from the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 Wliat difficulties were in the way of ScoWs advance from San Augus- 
 tin ? 
 
 The approaches to the city of Mexico from San 
 Augustin, were guarded by batteries at Contreras 
 (con-tra r -ras) and San An-to'-ni-o, and by the strong 
 forts of Churubusco (choo-roo-boos f -co) and Chapultepec 
 {ckah-jiool'-td-jiek). 
 
 Give an account of the attack on the Contreras. 
 
 In a night march, the Americans advanced upon 
 Contreras. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, 1847, 
 they commenced the attack, and, in less than twenty 
 minutes the Mexican batteries were carried, and the 
 victory was complete. 
 
 What was the immediate consequence of the Mexican defeat at Contre- 
 ras? 
 
 The garrison of San Antonio being somewhat un- 
 supported by the loss of Contreras, made but a slight 
 resistance, and then retreated before the pursuing 
 Americans commanded by General Worth. 
 
 Which of the other places was attacked on that day ? 
 
 On the same day, the 20th of August, 1847, the 
 post of Churubusco was also attacked. 
 
 What was the result f 
 
 The Mexicans, under Santa Anna, though number- 
 ing at least twenty-five thousand, were driven from 
 Churubusco and from every part of the battle-field. 
 
 Whitlier did (hey retreat? 
 
 Some retreated to Chapultepec, the fortress nearest 
 
260 
 
 to the Mexican capital, and others fled to the city 
 itself. 
 
 What caused a pause in the prosecution of hostilities ? 
 
 On the day after the battles of Contreras and Churu- 
 busco, and while Scott was at an advanced position 
 within three miles of the city, Santa Anna asked for 
 an armistice for the purpose of negotiating a peace. 
 
 Did Scott accede to the request ? 
 
 The armistice was granted, and for several days 
 efforts were made to bring about a peace. 
 
 What can you say of Santa Anna's conduct at that time ? 
 
 Santa Anna not only refused to agree to the terms 
 proposed by the Americans, but he actually violated 
 the armistice by strengthening his defences. 
 
 What did Scott then do ? 
 
 Scott, losing all confidence in the integrity of his 
 foe, declared the armistice at an end, and ordered 
 General Worth to storm the Molino del Rey (mo-le'-no 
 del ra), an outer defence of Chapultepec. 
 
 Wlien did Worth execute the order t 
 
 The attack was made on the 8th of September, 
 1847. 
 
 What was the result f 
 
 After a hard-fought battle, in which Worth lost 
 nearly a fourth of his men, the Mexicans were driven 
 from their position. 
 
 What obstacle was next to be overcome? 
 
 Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle situ- 
 ated on a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the 
 Americans could reach the capital. 
 
 How did the Americans proceed against it ? 
 
 Several batteries were erected to bear upon it ; and, 
 on the 12th of September, 1817, a heavy fire was 
 commenced upon the doomed fortress. 
 
261 
 
 WJiat occurred ne~i day ? 
 
 On the following day, September the 13th, 1847. 
 the battle of Chapultepec was fought. The Amer- 
 icans carried the castle and all its outworks by storm, 
 though at the expense of many lives. 
 
 How did the Americans follow up the victory? 
 
 General Quitman pursued the flying Mexicans to 
 the very gates of the city, while General Worth ad- 
 vanced by a circuitous route. 
 
 Where did two divisions of the army rest on the night following the 
 battle of Chapultepec*? 
 
 At night, Quitman's division rested within the 
 gates of the city, and Worth's, in the suburbs. 
 
 What did Santa Anna do during the night ? 
 
 During the night, Santa Anna, with the most of 
 his army and the principal officers of government, fled 
 from the city. 
 
 When did Scott take possession of the city ? 
 
 On the morning of the 14th of September, 1847, 
 the American army penetrated to the centre of the 
 Mexican capital, and there took formal possession. 
 
 Did Santa Anna make any further attempts in continuance of the war ? 
 
 Taking advantage of the weakness of the garrison 
 which Scott had left at Puebla, the Mexicans laid 
 siege to the place. After Santa Anna's flight from 
 the capital, he joined the besiegers with his fugitive 
 troops. 
 
 What was the issult of the siege ? 
 
 General Lane, at the head of a Lecruit force for 
 Scott's army, hastening to the relief of the garrison, 
 met and defeated Santa Anna at Huamantla (hu-ah- 
 mant'-lah). 
 
 What became of Santa Anna ? 
 
 In less than a month after his defeat by Lane, Santa 
 Anna, deserted by his troops, fled from the country. 
 
262 
 
 polk's administration. 
 
 When and where was a treaty of peace signed ? 
 
 On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace 
 was signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo (gwah-dah-loo f -pa 
 he-dahV -go), a small town about four miles from the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 Wliat territory did the treaty secure to the United States f 
 
 By the treaty, Mexico relinquished to the United 
 States all the territory north of the Rio Grande, to- 
 gether with the whole of New Mexico and California. 
 
 What did the United States agree to do in return ? 
 
 On the part of the United States, it was agreed 
 that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory, and 
 that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, to 
 the amount of $3,500,000, should be assumed. 
 
 When was peace proclaimed? 
 
 After the treaty had been ratified by both govern- 
 ments, peace was proclaimed by President Polk, on 
 the 4th of July, 1848. 
 
 Wlio succeeded Polk in the presidency t 
 
 Polk was succeeded by General Taylor, the hero 
 who had gained such brilliant victories in the Mexican 
 War. 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 
 (The Americans were successful in every battle.) 
 
 DATES. 
 
 1846. 
 May 8, 
 1 May 9, 
 Sept. 24, 
 Dec. 25, 
 
 1S47. 
 Feb. 23, 
 Feb. 28, 
 March 27, 
 April IS, 
 
 Aug. 20, | 
 
 Sept. 8, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 FORCES ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 Mexican. 
 
 AniTic'ri 
 
 Mexic'n 
 
 Palo Alto 
 
 Resaca de la Palraa, 
 Monterey, 
 
 Taylor, .... 
 Taylor, .... 
 Taylor, 
 
 Arista, 
 
 Arista, 
 
 Ampudia 
 
 Ponce de Leon. 
 
 2.300 
 
 2,200 
 
 6,600 
 
 500 
 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 10,01:0 
 1,200 
 
 
 
 
 Buena Vista, 
 
 Sacramento, 
 
 Taylor, .... 
 Doniphan, . . 
 
 Scott 
 
 Scott 
 
 Scott, 
 
 Scott, 
 
 Worth, 
 
 Scott, 
 
 Lane, 
 
 Santa Anna,. . 
 Trias, 
 
 4,700 
 900 
 12,000 
 8,500 
 4,000 
 S,000 
 3.fi00 
 7,200 
 500 
 
 17,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 6.000 
 
 12,000 
 
 7,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 14,000 
 
 25.000 
 
 1,000 
 
 Morales, 
 
 Santa Anna,. . . 
 
 Valencia, .. 
 
 San;a Anna,. . . 
 Santa Anna,. . . 
 Santa Anna,. .. 
 Santa Anna,. . 
 
 Cerro Gordo, 
 
 Oontreras, 
 
 Churubusco, 
 
 Molino del Rey, 
 
 Chapultepec, 
 
 Huamantla, 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 263 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1, "Which of the presidents was inaugurated in 1845 ? 249 
 
 2 When did Polk begin and end his administration? 249 
 
 3. When was Texas admitted into the Union ? 249 
 
 4. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? 249 
 
 5. Give an account of Texas up to the time of her admission. 246, 249 
 
 6. What claim did Mexico set up as regards Texas ? 249 
 
 7. What protective measures w r ere taken by President Polk ?. . . 249 
 
 8. Why did Polk send a squadron and army? Ans. Texas, fear- 
 
 ing an invasion from Mexico, had called upon the president 
 of the United States for aid. 
 
 9. At what place did Taylor take his first position ? 249 
 
 10. How long did Taylor remain at Corpus Christi ? 250 
 
 LI. To what place did Taylor then advance ? 250, 251 
 
 12. Why did Taylor advance from Corpus Christi to Matamoras? . 250 
 
 13. How did Taylor's advance affect the Mexicans ? 250 
 
 14. What was done by Taylor, at Point Isabel ? 250 
 
 15. Give an account of the capture of Captain Thornton's party . . 251 
 
 16. State the circumstances leading to the battle of Palo Alto. . . . 251 
 
 17. When did the battle of Palo Alto occur? 151 
 
 18. Give an account of the battle of Palo Alto 251, 252 
 
 19. What fate attended Major Ringgold? 252 
 
 20. When did the battle of Resaca de la Palma occur ? 252 
 
 21. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma. . . . 251, 252 
 
 22. Where and by whom was Fort Brown erected ? 251 
 
 23. Where was the fort, and why was it called Fort Brown? 251 
 
 24. Give an account of the defence made by Major Brown 252 
 
 25. When did Taylor enter the Mexican territory 252 
 
 26. How long and why did he remain at Matamoras ? 252 
 
 27. What was done by Taylor, that led to the battle of Monterey?. 252 
 
 28. What Mexican officer was in command at Monterey?. . . 252, 253 
 
 29. Give an account of the battle of Monterey 253 
 
 30. When did Monterey capitulate to Taylor ? 253 
 
 31. What agreement was made by Taylor and Ampudia ? ... 253 
 
 32. What orders did Taylor receive relating to the armistice?.. . . 253 
 
 33. What can you say of the capture of Saltillo and Victoria? . . . 253 
 
 34. What can you state of the capture of Tampico ? 253 
 
 35. What expedition set out from San Antonio de Bexar? 253 
 
264 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 36. "What further can you state respecting the expedition? 253 
 
 37. Who commanded the expedition from Leavenworth ? . . . 253, 254 
 
 38. What can you say of Kearney's success in New Mexico? .... 254 
 
 39. Where did Kearney go after leaving Santa Fe? 254 
 
 40. What wonderful march was accomplished ? 254 
 
 41. Give an account of the two battles during the march 254 
 
 42. When and by whom was the conquest of California achieved? 254 
 
 43. Give an account of Fremont's part in the conquest 254, 255 
 
 44. When was the battle of Buena Yista fought ? 255, 256 
 
 45. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista ? 256 
 
 46. What campaign began with an attack on Vera Cruz? 256 
 
 47. What was designed to be accomplished by Scott's campaign?. 255 
 
 48. Give an account of the taking of Vera Cruz ? 256, 257 
 
 49. What was Scott's second battle in Mexico? 258 
 
 50. How was Cerro Gordo prepared for defence ? 257 
 
 51. When was the battle of Cerro Gordo fought ? 258 
 
 52. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo 258 
 
 53. Name the three places that Scott next took possession of 258 
 
 54. Why and how long did Scott make a halt at Puebia ? 258 
 
 55. How far did Scott continue on in his direct march? 258, 259 
 
 56. Why did he turn southward from Ayotla? 259 
 
 57. Give the names and date of two battles fought the same day. 259 
 
 58. Give an account of the battle of Contreras 259 
 
 59. Give an account of the battle of Churubusco 259 
 
 60. What is said of the armistice after the two battles 260 
 
 61. When was the battle of Molino del Bey fought ? 260 
 
 62. Give an account of the battle of Molino del Bey 260 
 
 63. When did the battle of Chapultepec occur? 261 
 
 64. How was the castle of Chapultepec prepared for defence?. . . 260 
 
 65. Give an account of the battle of Chapultepec 261 
 
 66. How did Santa Anna act after the battle of Chapultepec ? — 261 
 
 67. When did Scott enter the city of Mexico ? 261 
 
 68. What city, in the hands of the Americans, was besieged?. . . . 261 
 
 69. What part did Santa Anna take in the siege of Puebia ? 261 
 
 70. What final defeat did Santa Anna suffer ? 261 
 
 71. What took place at the town of Guadaloupe Hidalgo? 262 
 
 72. What were the important terms of the treaty? 262 
 
 73. On what anniversary was peace proclaimed by Polk? 262 
 
 74. Name, in order, the four principal battles of 1846 262 
 
 75. Name, in order, the nine principal battles of 1847 263 
 
SKCTIOIST X. 
 
 Frcvi the beginning of Taylor's Administration, in 1849, to 
 the present time. 
 
 TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 When was Taylor inaugurated 1 
 
 Taylor's inauguration took place on the 5th of 
 March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 
 
 What great discovery made in California, produced wide-spread excite- 
 ment? 
 
 The discovery of gold in California, in 1848, produced momentous 
 changes in her condition ; for, when the news reached the United 
 States, thousands at once set out for the land of gold. 
 
 What was the consequence of the emigration, in respect to the political 
 condition of California ? 
 
 California made such rapid increase in population, that, as early as 
 1849, a constitution was adopted, preparatory to petitioning Congress 
 for admission into the Union as a state. 
 
 What important feature marked the Constitution of California ? 
 
 By an article of the constitution, slavery was excluded from Call 
 fornia. 
 
 What did the article at once give rise to ? 
 
 The article excluding slavery became a cause for a violent dispute 
 not only in Congress, but throughout the Union ; a dispute which con- 
 tinued through several months. 
 
 During the dispute, what bereavement did the nation suffer ? 
 While Congress was in session, engaged in angry debate. General 
 Taylor, the president of the United States, died. 
 
 How long was General Taylor president 7 
 
 Taylor was president only one year, four months, 
 and four days. 
 
 By whom was he succeeded in office t 
 
 By the death of Taylor, the vice-president of the 
 United States, Millard Fillmore, became president. 
 23 
 
266 pierce's administration, 
 
 fillmore's administration. 
 
 What important measure toas adopted by Congress soon after Fillmore 
 became president ? 
 
 In the early part of Fillmore's administration, 
 "The Compromise Act of 1850" was adopted, by 
 which California was admitted into the Union, and 
 became the thirty -first state. 
 
 How long was Fillmore president? 
 
 Fillmore was president during the unexpired part 
 of the term for which General Taylor was elected, 
 a period of nearly two years and eight months. 
 
 Wlw succeeded him in the presidency ? 
 
 Fillmore's successor in office was Franklin Pierce, 
 of New Hampshire. 
 
 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 When was Pierce inaugurated? 
 
 Pierce's inauguration took place on the 4th oi 
 March, 1853. 
 
 How long was he president ? 
 
 Pierce was president for only one term, or four 
 years, extending from the 4th of March, 1853, to the 
 4th of March, 1857. 
 
 What exciting question arose during his administration ? 
 
 A bill, introduced into Congress for the organization of a vast tract 
 of the western regions into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, 
 brought up the slavery question, and produced a great deal of ill feel- 
 ing between the slave-holding and non-slaveholding sections of the 
 Union. 
 
 Who siLcceeded Pierce in the presidency ? 
 
 Pierce was succeeded by James Buchanan, of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
THE GEEAT EEBELLION. 267 
 
 THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 By whom, and ivhen, was Pierce succeeded in the presidency ? 
 
 James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, Pierce's succes- 
 sor as president of the United States, was inaugurated 
 at Washington on the 4th of March, 1857. 
 
 What subject of national importance was still discussed ? 
 
 The slavery question continued to be the promi- 
 nent topic of , discussion during the four years of his 
 administration ; and, even in the last, the Kansas 
 strife seemed no nearer a conclusion. 
 
 What can you state of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? 
 
 As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, 
 no less than four candidates were nominated to suc- 
 ceed him ; and, after an exciting canvass, in which 
 the slavery question was the all-absorbing one, the 
 election resulted in the success of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 Wha t soon followed ? 
 
 When it became known that the candidate of the 
 Republican party — the party opposed to the further 
 extension of slavery — would be the next president, 
 public meetings were held in South*Carolina to bring 
 about a secession of that state from the Union ; and, 
 on the 20th of December, 1860, an ordinance of seces- 
 sion was passed by a state convention. 
 
 What took place shortly after ? 
 
 Four days after, Major Anderson, commanding at 
 Fort Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men 
 from that fort, and established himself at Fort Sum- 
 ter, a place of greater security. 
 
 What was the consequence of this movement ? 
 
 This removal being regarded in South Carolina as 
 a hostile act, the authorities there at once seized the 
 
268 THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 custom-house at Charleston, as well as other property 
 belonging to the general government,' and began to 
 make preparations to drive Anderson from Fort 
 Sumter ? 
 
 EVENTS OF 1861. 
 
 Map Questions. 
 
 "Where is Montgomery? (See map, p. 213.) Harper's Ferry ? (p. 279.) Hat- 
 
 tcras Inlet? Fortress Monroe? (p. 271.) Bis Bethel? Hampton Koads 
 Booneville? (p. 269.) Carthage*? " 
 Springfield? Bull Run? (p. 285.) 
 
 Booneville? (p. 269.) Carthage*? Wilson's Creek? Lexington? St. Louis 5 
 " Bu" " 
 
 What plan did the insurgents frustrate ? 
 
 A steamer, sent from New York with supplies and 
 reinforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charles- 
 ton ; but, being fired upon by batteries which the 
 rebels, or, as they called themselves, Confederates, 
 had erected, she was compelled to put back. 
 
 How rapidly did the secession spirit spread ? 
 
 During the month of January, 1861, five of the 
 slave states, viz. : — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
 Georgia, and Louisiana, following the lead of South 
 Carolina, passed secession ordinances, and, on the 1st 
 of February, Texas did the same. 
 
 What united action did these states then take t 
 
 Delegates from the insurgent states met at Mont- 
 gomery in the beginning of February, and organized 
 a government, under the name of the " Confederate 
 States of America." On the 18th, Jefferson Davis 
 was inaugurated President of the so-called Confed- 
 eracy. 
 
 When did Lincoln become president of the United States? 
 
 In this condition were the affairs of the country 
 when Lincoln, on the 4th of March, 1861, assumed 
 the office of President of the United States. 
 
THE GKEAT KEBKLLION. 
 
 209 
 
 
 STATES, 
 
 T 
 
 y** <? 
 
 GiRARDEAJ 5 / <£_ VZ° V ^ iff 0'? DSV,l 'o 
 
 
270 THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 What assurance did Lincoln at once give ? 
 
 In his inaugural address, he announced that he had 
 " no purpose to interfere with the institution of slavery 
 where it exists ;" further stating that, in his opinior-, 
 he had a no right to do so." 
 
 What followed then f 
 
 The announcement had no effect whatever upon 
 the Southern leaders. They soon organized an army, 
 and ordered Gren. Beauregard (bo'-re-gard) to reduce 
 Fort Sumter. 
 
 Give an account of Beauregard's success. 
 
 On the morning of the 12th of April the first shot 
 was fired upon the fort. After a bombardment of 
 thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble in con- 
 sequence of the smallness of the garrison and the poor 
 supply of ammunition, Anderson was compelled to 
 capitulate. 
 
 What effect did this produce ? 
 
 The news of this event produced an almost uncon- 
 trollable excitement throughout tne country ; and the 
 president's proclamation, issued on the 15th, calling 
 lor troops, was responded to at once by all the free 
 
 states. 
 
 What took place in Maryland? 
 
 A Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to de- 
 fend the National capital, was attacked, April 19th, 
 in the streets of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern 
 sympathizers. Two of the soldiers were killed and a 
 number wounded. 
 
 What eventi took place in Virginia? 
 
 The Confederates seized Harper's Ferry ; and Nor- 
 folk, with its Navy Yard, having been* abandoned by 
 the Union officers, an immense quantity «f ordinance, 
 shot, and shell fell into the hands of the insurgents. 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 271 
 
 What measures did the President adopt in consequence? 
 
 On the 27th of April, the President declared all 
 ports in the slave states south of Maryland closed by 
 blockade ; but the army of the United States did not 
 make a forward movement before the 24th of May. 
 
 What took place then? 
 
 On that dajr, Gen. Scott, commanding the army, 
 sent troops into Virginia. A Confederate camp was 
 surprised and routed, June 3d, by Gen. McClellan, 
 who had advanced from Ohio ; but, seven da}^s later, 
 a Union force from Fortress Monroe was repulsed at 
 Big Bethel. 
 
 What, meanwhile, was going on in Mis- 
 souri f 
 
 The secessionists in Missouri 
 had not been idle. Their first 
 object was to take the state out 
 of the Union. 
 
 How were they met ? 
 
 Though Gen. Lyon frustrated 
 their plans by his successes at 
 Boone vi lie, Carthage, and other 
 plac:s, yet, in his last encounter, . 
 which took place at Wilson's Creek, on the 10th of 
 August, he was defeated by a superior force and 
 killed. 
 
 What aftenvard took place in Missouri? 
 
 Gen. Mulligan, commanding at Lexington, was at- 
 tacked by the enemy under Gen. Price, and, after a 
 struggle of four days, w r as compelled to surrender, 
 September 20th. 
 
 Whatfurtlier operations took place ? 
 
 Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western 
 Department, thereupon marched from St. Louis against 
 
 MAP OF NORFOLK AND 
 VICINITY. 
 
L*J THE GREAT REBELLION. • 
 
 Price. The pursuit, however, was only continued as 
 far as Springfield, when Fremont, in compliance with 
 orders, turned his command over to Gen. Hunter. 
 
 What important movement was made in July ? 
 
 About the middle of July, a large army, com- 
 manded by Gen. McDowell, marched to attack the 
 main army of the Confederates. A reconnoissance, 
 made on the 18th, showed the enemy to be posted at 
 Bull Kun. 
 
 Describe what followed. 
 
 The National forces advanced; and, on the 21st, 
 occurred the first great battle of the rebellion. It 
 lasted ten hours, when the insurgents, being largely 
 reinforced, prevailed, and the Union troops, panic- 
 stricken, fled toward Washington. 
 
 What forces were engaged and losses sustained ? 
 
 In this contest, not less than forty thousand men 
 were actually engaged. The Union loss, in killed, 
 wounded, and prisoners, reached nearly three thou- 
 sand, while that of the enemy did not much exceed 
 half that number. 
 
 What preparations were made to prosecute the war ? 
 
 McClellan was appointed to succeed McDowell ; and 
 Congress., in extra session, voted to raise five hundred 
 thousand troops to serve three years or during the 
 war. 
 
 What was accomplished by the navy ? 
 
 There were two important naval expeditions during 
 the year. In the first, under Com. Stringham, the 
 two forts at Hatteras Inlet were taken on the 29th of 
 August; and in the second, under Com. Dupont, the 
 two at Port Royal harbor were taken November 7th. 
 
 What unauthorized act was done by a naval commander ? 
 
 Captain Wilkes, in command of the frigate San 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 273 
 
 Jacinto, intercepted an English steamer, and took 
 from her Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Confederate com- 
 missioners to Europe. 
 
 WJiat was done with the Commissioners ? 
 
 As the seizure thus made was contrary to the doc- 
 trine of the sanctity of a neutral vessel, and the Brit- 
 ish government resented the act, the two prisoners 
 were given up. 
 
 What unfriendly acts from abroad had previously occurred ? 
 
 This affair tended to make still less amicable the 
 relations of the United States with England ; for the 
 rebellion had hardly been inaugurated, before Queen 
 Yictoria, Ma}*- 13, acknowledged the South as a belli- 
 gerent power; and" France, soon after, did the same. 
 
 What can you state of the Confederate privateers ? 
 
 The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, 
 one of the most successful of them being the steamer 
 Sumter, Capt. Semmcs, which ran the blockade of 
 New Orleans on the 1st of July. 
 
 What can you state of the Sumter's doings? 
 
 The Sumter captured a number of vessels, and then, 
 after being supplied with coal in the British port of 
 Nassau, crossed the Atlantic, and entered the British 
 harbor of Gibraltar. 
 
 What became of her then? 
 
 Here she was found by a United States gunboat, 
 and watched. Finally, she was sold, and her crew 
 w r ent to England, where a faster steamer, the Alaba- 
 ma, was being constructed for the Confederates. 
 
 What further can you say of Semmes? 
 
 Semmes. in the Alabama, soon resumed his career 
 of destruction upon the seas, luring vessels, by hoist- 
 ing the British flag, and then consigning his prizes to 
 the flames. 
 
 When was Kansas admitted into the. Union? Ana. In 1861. 
 
274 THE GP.EAT REBELLION. 
 
 EVENTS ,OF 1862. 
 
 Map Questions. 
 
 Where is Cairo ? (Map, p. 269.) Columbus? Bowling Green? Fort Henry? 
 Fort Donelson? Pea Ridge? New Madrid? Island No. 10? Memphis? 
 Pittsburg Landing? Iuka? Corinth? Munfordsville? Cumberland Gap? 
 (p. 2TD.) Mill Spring? Beaufort? Winchester? Cedar Mountain? Antietam? 
 Fredericksburg? Fair Oaks? (p. 2T7.) Chantilly? (p. 2S5.) 
 
 What ivas the state of things at the West at the beginning of 1862 ? 
 
 From a point on the Mississippi, a few miles below 
 Cairo, the whole river to its mouth was in possession 
 of the Confederates, and great preparations were be- 
 ing made by both parties for its mastery. 
 
 What other advantage did the Confederates possess ? 
 
 The Confederates had also built a line of forts from 
 the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, the principal 
 ones being at Columbus, Bowling Green, Mill Spring, 
 and Forts Henry and Donelson. 
 
 Which places first fell into the hands of the Unionists? 
 
 On the 19th of January, 1862, Gen. Thomas achiev- 
 ed a victory near Mill Spring, the enemy escaping 
 across the Cumberland; and, on the 6th of February, 
 Admiral Foote, commanding a fleet of gunboats, re- 
 duced Fort Henry. Bowding Green was soon after 
 abandoned. 
 
 What important victoi-y next occurred? 
 
 On the 16th of February, Gen. Grant, with the co- 
 operation of the fleet, effected the important capture 
 of Fort Donelson, with sixteen thousand prisoners. 
 The enemy thereupon evacuated Columbus and Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 What meanwhile had taken place eastioard t 
 
 A land and naval expedition, under Gen. Burnside 
 and Com. Goldsborough, had meanwhile, February 
 8th, captured Eoanoke Island. Newbern, Fort Pu- 
 laski, and Beaufort were also captured. 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 275 
 
 What two events occurred on the same day in March? 
 
 On the 8th of March, Gen. Curtis, after three days' 
 hard fighting, defeated the Confederate Gen. Van 
 Dorn at Pea Eidge ; and, on the same clay, the ram 
 Virginia destroyed the U. S. frigates Cumberland and 
 Congress in Hampton Eoads. 
 
 What can you state of the previous history of the ram ? 
 
 This vessel, the Virginia, was formerly the Merri- 
 mac, which had been sunk at Norfolk by the Union 
 commander there at the beginning of the war. 
 
 Give an account of the further doings of the Virginia. 
 
 On the following day, March 9th, the Virginia 
 again entered Hampton Roads, but this time she was 
 met by the floating battery Monitor, which had arriv- 
 ed the previous night from New York. 
 
 What was the result of the encounter ? 
 
 The contest between the two vessels lasted several 
 hours, when the Virginia, in a disabled condition, re- 
 turned to Norfolk. 
 
 Bo you know of anything eke that took place in March ? 
 
 Early in March McClellan ordered an advance to- 
 ward Eichmond, and on the 23d, Gen. Shields, com- 
 manding a detachment of Gen. Banks's division, 
 gained a victory at Winchester. 
 
 What occurred in another direction ? 
 
 The Union forces at the West, under Gen. Pope, 
 were victorious on the 14th of the same month, tak- 
 ing New Madrid. Again they were victorious on the 
 7th of April, co-operating with Foote's gunboat fleet 
 in the capture of Island No. 10, with six thousand 
 prisoners. 
 
 What else was accomplished on the Mississippi ? 
 
 The gunboats descended the Mississippi, defeating 
 the enemy's fleet near Fort Pillow on the 4th of June. 
 
270 TnE GREAT EEBEJLLION. 
 
 On the 6th, Com. Davis, Foote's successor, gained a 
 victory over the enemy's fleet at Memphis, the town 
 in consequence foiling into his hands. 
 
 What occurred in the western part of Tennessee 1 ? 
 
 At Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennes- 
 see, Grant's army was attacked on the 6th of April 
 by Beauregard's, and driven toward the river. Here, 
 aided by gunboats, it succeeded in making a stand. 
 
 .What afterward occurred? 
 
 The arrival of reinforcements under Buell, enabled 
 Grant to assume the offensive on the following day, 
 and the enemy were driven back. 
 
 What forces and losses were sustained ? 
 
 The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, 
 numbered more than a hundred thousand men ; and 
 the losses were severe, being not less than twenty 
 thousand. 
 
 What, later in the month, took place further south t 
 
 In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success 
 of great importance. This was the capture of New 
 Orleans on the 25th of April. 
 
 ITow was the capture effected ? 
 
 The Union fleet, commanded by Admiral Farragut 
 and Com. Porter, ascended the Mississippi, bombard- 
 ing and then running past two forts, The city was 
 reached, and Gen. Butler, taking formal possession, 
 placed it under martial law. 
 
 What successes did the Unionists have in Mississippi ? 
 
 At Iuka, September 19th, Gen. Bosecrans (ras'- 
 Tcrants) dispersed the Confederates under Price, and 
 on the 4th of October he gained another victory at 
 Corinth. 
 
TIIE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 277 
 
 What important operation took place in Virginia ? 
 
 In March, McClellan, with eighty-five thousand 
 men, commenced a movement toward Kichmond. 
 Compelling the enemy to retreat from Yorktown, 
 after a month's siege, he gained a victory at Wil- 
 iamsburg, May 5th; and then pushed on to within 
 seven miles of the Confederate capital. 
 
 What was the result of an expedition from Fortress Monroe ? 
 
 On the 10th of May, Gen. Wool, proceeding from 
 Fortress Monroe, took possession of Norfolk. This 
 place the Confederates had abandoned. They also, 
 on the 11th, destroyed their iron-clad vessel Virginia. 
 
 What resistance did Mc Clellan meet ivith ? 
 
 At Fair Oaks, McClellan's 
 army was attacked on the 31st 
 of May, the battle being resumed 
 the following day. It was a 
 bloody though indecisive con- 
 test. 
 
 Who commanded the Confederates at the 
 time t 
 
 Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, com- 
 manded in this battle; but, in consequence of a 
 severe, wound which he received, Gen. Lee became 
 his successor. 
 
 What was McClellan 1 s next movement ? 
 
 Believing that the force at his disposal was not 
 sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred 
 his base of operations to the James river. 
 
 Bid the Confederates attack him again ? 
 
 While the transfer was in progress, the Confed- 
 erates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and a 
 series of destructive battles took place, lasting through 
 seven days. 
 
 24 
 
278 THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 Wliat army changes took place? 
 
 Late in June, the President ordered the forces then 
 under Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, to be consoli- 
 dated, and the command given to Gen. Pope. 
 
 Wfiat movement did Lee make t 
 
 Lee soon began to menace Washington; but, at 
 Cedar Mountain, August 9th, his advance, under 
 Stonewall Jackson, was unsuccessful in a conflict with 
 Banks's division. 
 
 Did Lee continue to move northward ? 
 
 The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and, from 
 the 23d of August to the beginning of the following 
 month, the struggle between the two great armies was 
 desperate. 
 
 Can you give any account of the struggle ? 
 
 In that part of the struggle known as the Second 
 Battle of Bull Run, Pope was defeated. In its clos- 
 ing part, at Chantilly, though losing Stevens and 
 Kearny, two of his best generals, he was more for- 
 tunate. 
 
 What further progress did Lee make? 
 
 Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications 
 of Washington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, 
 where he was pursued by McClellan, who had been 
 ordered from the James. 
 
 What occurrences followed ? 
 
 At South Mountain, September 14th, the national 
 forces were victorious ; but this success was more 
 than counterbalanced a few hours later by the loss, for 
 the second time, of Harper's Ferry with its munitions 
 of war and large garrison. 
 
 How was Lee's advance at last effectually checked ? 
 
 On the 17th, the great battle of Antietam {an4e r - 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 279 
 
280 THE GKEAT REBELLION. 
 
 tarn) was fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the 
 battle and during the campaign being not less than 
 twenty-five thousand men ; and then he returned t6 
 Virginia. 
 
 Give tfie final history of McClellan's command. 
 
 After remaining in Maryland till the latter part of 
 October, McClellan crossed the Potomac, but in No- 
 vember was superseded in the command by Burnside. 
 
 What movement was then made f 
 
 Led by their new commander, the army reached 
 and crossed the Rappahannock, the design being to 
 march against Richmond by the route from Fredericks- 
 burg. 
 
 Did Burnside effect anything ? 
 
 Fredericksburg was taken, December 12th, but, 
 after a disastrous attempt to carry the works behind 
 the city, the river was recrossed. 
 
 Wltat other events took place during the year ? 
 
 The Confederates meanwhile were active in Ten- 
 nessee and Kentucky. In two battles, one at Rich- 
 mond, August 30th, and the other at Munfordsville, 
 about a fortnight later, they were successful ; but at 
 Perry ville, October 8th, they met with defeat and fled. 
 
 When was West Virginia admitted, into the Union? Ans. In 1862. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1863. 
 
 Map Questions. 
 
 Where is Galveston? (Map, p. 269.) Mnrfreesboro ? Arkansas Post? Port 
 Gibson? Port Hudson? Gettysburg? (p. 279.) Chickamauga? Chattanooga? 
 Knoxville? Chancellorsville?* (p. 2S5.) 
 
 What was the first important event of 1863 ? 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln 
 issued his memorable proclamation, by which the 
 slaves, in the rebellious states not occupied by the 
 National troops, were declared forever free. 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 281 
 
 What other event took 'place at that time ? 
 
 On the same day the Confederates took the city of 
 Galveston, capturing, destroying, or dispersing the 
 land and naval force there. 
 
 What event was in progress at the same time 7 
 
 The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at 
 Murfreesboro between the armies of Rosecrans and 
 Bragg. At length, on the 2d of January, 1863, vic- 
 tory decided for the National cause. 
 
 Wliere, further west, was the Union cause also successful ? 
 
 Nine days after, the Confederates lost Arkansas 
 Post. It was taken by a land and naval force. 
 
 What changes in army commanders took place ? 
 
 Burnside, having, at his own request, been relieved 
 of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was 
 succeeded by Hooker. 
 
 When did Hooker commence operations ? 
 
 Toward the latter part of April, Hooker crossed the 
 Rappahannock, and, encountering Lee on the 2d and 
 3d of May at Chancellorsville, sustained a loss of 
 about eleven thousand men. He then recrossed the 
 river. 
 
 What movement was afterward made ? 
 
 On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered 
 nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward 
 movement. Hooker followed the invaders into Mary- 
 land, where his command was transferred to Gen. 
 Meade. 
 
 What can you state of the tattle 'that took place ? 
 
 At Gettysburg, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July, one 
 of the most important conflicts of the war took place. 
 Lee was finally defeated, and, with his army reduced 
 one-third, he made a rapid retreat. 
 
 24* 
 
282 THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 To what end were the operations at the West conducted ? 
 
 It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the com- 
 mander of the National forces at the south-west, to 
 open the Mississippi, his first point of attack being 
 Vicksburg. 
 
 Was he successful t 
 
 Near Port Gibson, May 1st, he gained a decided 
 victory. Others followed, and finally, on the 4th of 
 July, the Confederate commander, Pemberton, sur- 
 rendered Vicksburg. 
 
 To ivhat did Pembertori's surrender lead? 
 
 The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the 
 fate of Vicksburg, likewise surrendered; and thus 
 was the Mississippi opened. 
 
 What further can you state in relation to the surrender? 
 
 The surrender of this last place held by the enemy 
 on the river was made to Banks, Butler's successor. 
 The colored troops in Banks's army were commended 
 for their bravery in the assaults which had been made 
 on the place. 
 
 What can you state of Rosecrans's operations? 
 
 After his victory at Murfreesboro, Kosecrans had 
 no important contest with the enemy until he was 
 attacked by Bragg, near Chickamauga Creek, Septem- 
 ber 19th and 20th ; and, but for the stand made by 
 Thomas, would have been totally defeated. 
 
 What then took place? 
 
 He then fell back to Chattanooga. The timely arrival 
 of Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took the 
 command, enabled the Union army to gain a decided 
 victory, November 24th and 25th; and Bragg was 
 driven back into Georgia. 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 WJiat events took place elsewhere? 
 
 At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed 
 Longstreet. In Missouri and Kansas, guerrilla bands, 
 co-operating with the regular insurgent forces, con- 
 tinued to plunder and destroy. 
 
 What toas done to increase the National forces ? 
 
 By .virtue of authority vested in him, the President 
 ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men to 
 recruit the army. 
 
 JTovj was the order received? 
 
 An opposition to the measure was at once excited, 
 which culminated in a riot in the city of New York, 
 commencing July 13th, and lasting four days. 
 
 What furtJter account can you give <of the riot? 
 
 Before the outbreak was quelled, a number of build- 
 ings were sacked and burned, and the most fiendish 
 acts were committed,, particularly against the colored 
 population. 
 
 What can you stale of the navy during Hie year ? 
 
 The navy of the United States was employed in 
 various service during the year, and was very active. 
 The blockade of the Confederate ports became so 
 effective as to be fully respected by the nations of 
 Europe. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1864. 
 
 Map Questions. 
 
 Where Is Shreveport? (Map, p. 269.) Fort Pillow? Mobile Bay? Nash- 
 ville? Atlanta? (p. 279.) Monocacy? Fisher's Hill? Petersburg? Colum- 
 bia? 
 
 What were the first important military events of 1864 
 
 Gen. Sherman, in February, 1864, made a success- 
 ful expedition into Mississippi ; but this success was 
 more than counterbalanced by a defeat which the 
 Union forces sustained at Olustee, in Florida, on the 
 20th of the same month. 
 
284: THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 Where did the Union- troops again suffer disaster ? 
 
 An expedition against Shreveport, conducted by 
 Banks with the co-operation of Porter's fleet, failed to 
 accomplish its object. 
 
 Give a further account in relation to the expedition. 
 
 The losses were severe ; and the vessels, in conse- 
 quence of a fall in the waters of the Bed Eiver, were 
 only saved from capture or destruction by the great- 
 est exertions. 
 
 What indirect misfortune may he charged to (lie expedition ? 
 
 The absence of troops to aid Banks emboldened 
 the enemy to make a raid into Tennessee and Ken- 
 tucky. Fort Pillow was carried by assault; and 
 three hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, 
 were massacred. 
 
 What important military promotion teas made ? 
 
 The services which General Grant had rendered 
 the country, added to his peculiar fitness to command 
 large armies, induced the President to name him for 
 the position of Lieuten ant-General, and the nomina- 
 tion was confirmed by the Senate on the 3d of 
 March. 
 
 How was the. wisdom, of this act soon manifested ? 
 
 Vast preparations were at once begnn for two cam- 
 paigns : one against Richmond by the army of the 
 Potomac, and the other against Atlanta, conducted 
 by Sherman. 
 
 Give an account of Sherman* s movements. 
 
 Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand 
 men, advanced from Chattanooga early in May. His 
 progress was disputed by Johnston, but in vain. He 
 won battles, out-flanked his opponent, and by the 
 middle of July reached the vicinity of Atlanta. 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 285 
 
 What change in commanders then took place t 
 
 Johnston's "retreating policy" being condemned 
 by the Confederates, he was superseded in the com- 
 mand by Gen. Hood. 
 
 What then followed? 
 
 Several resolute attacks were then made .upon 
 the Union lines, but in every case the enemy was 
 repulsed, and finally Hood was compelled to evac- 
 uate Atlanta. 
 
 By ivhom. was the other large Union army commanded ? 
 
 Though Meade commanded the Army of the Poto- 
 mac, Grant was in the field, and planned its move- 
 ments, as well as the movements of the other armies. 
 
 When did Meade move, and ivhat soon followed ? 
 
 On the 4th of May, Meade crossed the Eapidan. 
 On^ the following day he encountered Lee in a con- 
 test, known as the battle of the 
 Wilderness. The slaughter was 
 terrible. At length, on the 7th, 
 the enemy fell back. 
 
 What furtfier conflicts took place f 
 
 Near Spottsylvania Court 
 House, Lee made a stand, and 
 here, during six days, some of 
 the severest fighting of the war 
 took place. The result was again to the advantage 
 of the National arms. 
 
 What did the Confederates accomplish on the sea ? 
 
 The enemy, by means of English-built privateers, 
 sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in pil- 
 laging and destroying large numbers of American 
 merchantmen. 
 
 
286 THE GREAT REBELLION. 
 
 What was the fate of the Alabama ? 
 
 The most noted of these privateers was the Ala- 
 bama. This vessel was at last met, June 15th, by 
 the Kearsarge, and, after a short contest, sunk. 
 
 What invasion was made by Gen. Early? 
 
 Early, commanding a large detachment of Lee's 
 army, invaded Maryland in July, defeated a Union 
 force at Monocacy {;mo-noc' -ah-8e) y and then recrossed 
 the Potomac, loaded with plunder. A similar inva- 
 sion was made soon after. 
 
 Was anything done to oppose the invaaders ? 
 
 Gen. Sheridan, succeeding Generals Siegel {see'-gel) 
 and Hunter, gained a complete victory near Win- 
 chester, September 19th, and a second, three days 
 after, at Fisher's HilL 
 
 What further did Sheridan acc&mptish ? 
 
 On the 19th of October, he was again victorious^ 
 routing the enemy, who made no further attempt* to 
 invade the North by way of the Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 What advance had been made against Lee t 
 
 Butler, co-operating with the Army of the Potomac, 
 secured a position on the south side of the James, 
 and thus favored a movement by which the army 
 was transferred to that side of the river* 
 
 What took place near Petersburg ? 
 
 Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 30th of 
 July a mine was exploded under one of the enemy's 
 forts, but the assault which followed through the gap 
 thus made was a disastrous failure. 
 
 Hoiv is Farragufs success in Mobile Bay spoken of? 
 
 Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the 
 United States during the war, none were more bril- 
 liant than that of Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay a 
 on the 5th of August. 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 287 
 
 What was his achievement ? 
 
 He succeeded in passing Forts Morgan and Gaines 
 at the entrance of the bay, and then gaining a com- 
 plete victory over the enemy's fleet. The two forts 
 were afterward captured. 
 
 What had Sherman been doing meanwhile t 
 
 Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, 
 Sherman destroyed Atlanta, and, on the 15th of No- 
 vember, commenced his memorable march to the sea- 
 coast 
 
 Give an account of his progress. 
 
 Advancing through Georgia and living upon the 
 country, he occupied the state capital and other large 
 towns ; carried Fort McAllister by assault ; and, on 
 the morning of the 21st of December, entered the city 
 of Savannah. 
 
 Row fared it with TJvomas during this time ? 
 
 At Franklin, November 30th, a battle took place 
 between the forces of Hood and Thomas, when the 
 Union troops fell back to Nashville. 
 
 What followed? 
 
 Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, 
 before he could put it into execution, Thomas attacked 
 him, December 15th and 16th, and routed him with 
 very great loss. 
 
 When was Nevada admitted into the Union? Ans. In 1864. 
 
 EVENTS OF L8 65. 
 Where did the operations of 1865 begin ? 
 
 The active operations of 1865 began with the re- 
 duction of Fort Fisher, the main defence of Wil- 
 mington, 
 
2 S3 THE GEEAT .REBELLION". 
 
 By whom was the reduction achieved? 
 
 This was accomplished on the 15th of January, by 
 a force under Gen. Terry, aided by Porter's fleet 
 
 Had any previous attempt been made to reduce the fort ? 
 
 About a month before, Butler had made a demon- 
 stration against the fort, but, deeming the works too 
 strong to be carried by his force, returned to Fortress 
 Monroe. 
 
 When did Sherman move from Savannah 9 
 
 By the 1st of February,. 1865, Sherman's army was 
 again in motion ; and his capture of Columbia, on the 
 17th, compelled the Confederates to evacuate Charles- 
 ton. 
 
 What further can you state of his progress ? 
 
 Marching through the Carolinas, he encountered 
 and defeated Gen. Hardee on the 16th of March, and 
 Johnston four days later. 
 
 What occurred toward the close of the month ? 
 
 On the 29th of March, the final movement of the 
 National forces, which had gathered around Eich- 
 mond, commenced ; and after ten days 7 marching and 
 fighting, the campaign was ended. 
 
 What was accomplished during the time ? 
 
 On the 3d of April, both Petersburg and Eichmond 
 were occupied by the nation's victorious troops. The 
 retreating enemy were hotly pursued by Sheridan, 
 and, on the 9th of April, Lee surrendered to Grant. 
 
 What is said of subsequent events? 
 
 From this period the history of the war is but a 
 record of National successes in the surrender of the 
 several remaining Confederate commanders. 
 
 How were ihejieople's rejoicings turned into sorrow ? 
 
 In less than a week after Lee's surrender, President 
 
THE GREAT REBELLION. 289 
 
 Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado acting in 
 sympathy with the Confederate cause. He died on 
 the following morning, April 15th. 
 
 Who then became President ? 
 
 The Vice-President, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, 
 thereupon became president, retaining the cabinet of 
 his predecessor. 
 
 What icas the fate of the person who shot Mr. Lincoln ? 
 
 The assassin of the lamented President eluded pur- 
 suit until the 26th, when, on being tracked to his hid- 
 ing-place and refusing to surrender, he was shot. 
 
 What important measures were taken by tlie new President ? 
 
 President Johnson soon removed restrictions on 
 commerce in the South, following up the work of 
 " reconstructing the Union," by addressing a proclama- 
 tion of amnesty to the people there. 
 
 What can you state of Davis ? 
 
 Jefferson Davis, after abandoning Richmond, fled 
 to Georgia, where he was captured. He was then 
 put in confinement at Fortress Monroe. 
 
 What can you state of the abolition of slavery ? 
 
 A resolution of Congress, proposing the abolition 
 of slavery, having been approved by three-fourths of 
 the states, slavery was declared constitutionally abol- 
 ished on the 18th of December. 
 
 25 
 
290 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELAT- 
 ING TO THE HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1492. America discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1497. Labrador discovered by the Cabots. 
 
 ] 498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot 
 
 The continent at South America discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1499. South America visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
 
 M512 Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon. 
 
 \Yol3. The Pacific ocean discovered by Balboa. 
 
 11520. Carolina visited by De Ayllon. 
 
 (1521. Mexico conquered by Cortez. 
 
 11524. Coast of North America explored by VerrazanL 
 
 i!528. Narvaez undertook to conquer Florida. 
 
 '1534. St. Lawrence river discovered by Cartier. 
 
 1539. De Soto undertook to conquer Florida. 
 
 1541. The Mississippi river discovered by De Soto. 
 
 1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance. 
 
 1564. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 
 
 1565. St. Augustine founded by the Spaniards. 
 
 Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards. 
 
 1583. Gilbert took possession of Newfoundland. 
 
 1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of Carolina. 
 
 1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
 '1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
 1602. Cape Cod discovered by Gosnold. 
 
 1605. Port Royal settled by the French. 
 
 1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charter? 
 
 1607. A settlement commenced on the Kennebec. 
 Jamestown settled by the London Company. 
 
 il608. Quebec settled by the French. 
 
 ■ 1609. Virginia received its second charter. 
 
 Hudson river discovered by Henry Hudson. 
 U610. "The Starving Time" in Virginia. 
 ^1612. Virginia received its third charter. 
 1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe. 
 
 French settlements destroyed by Argall. 
 1614. New England* coast explored by Smith 
 
 New York settled fbyrthe Dutch. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 291 
 
 1616. The culture of tobacco commenced iu Virginia. 
 
 1619. The first representative assembly in America met at Jamestown 
 
 1620. Commencement of Negro slavery in the English colonies 
 Massachusetts settled at Plymouth. 
 
 1621. Treaty with Massasoit made. 
 
 1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia. 
 
 1623. New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover. 
 
 1633. Connecticut tettled at Windsor. 
 
 1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's. 
 
 1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence. 
 Harvard College founded. 
 
 1637. The Pequod War. 
 
 1638. Delaware settled near Wilmington. 
 
 1641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts 
 
 1643. Union of New England colonies formed. 
 
 1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia. 
 
 1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland. 
 
 1650. North Carolina settled on the Chowan river. 
 
 1651. The "Navigation Act" passed. 
 
 1652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 
 1655. Civil war in Maryland. 
 
 New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 
 
 1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 
 
 1664. New York became an English province. 
 New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 
 
 1610. South Carolina settled on the Ashley river. 
 1673. Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington 
 
 1675. King Philip's War commenced. 
 
 1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 
 1680. Charleston founded. 
 
 New Hampshire made a royal province. 
 1682. Pennsylvania settled. 
 
 . Delaware granted to William Penn. 
 1686. Andros appointed governor of New England. 
 
 1689. King William's War commenced. 
 
 1690. Schenectady burned by French and Indians. 
 Port Royal taken by the English, under Phipps. 
 
 1692. "Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 
 1697. King William's War terminated by the " Treaty of Ryswick." 
 1702. Queen Anne's War commenced. 
 23* 
 
292 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1710. Port Royal captured by the English. 
 
 1 7 13. Queen Anne's "War terminated by the " Treaty of Utrecht.'' 
 
 1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces. 
 
 1732. "Washington born in "Westmoreland county, Virginia, Feb. 22. 
 
 1733. Georgia settled at Savannah. 
 1741. "The Negro Plot " in New York. 
 
 1744. King George's "War commenced in America. 
 
 1745. Louisburg captured by the English. 
 
 1 748. King George's "War terminated by the " Treaty of Aix la Chapelle.' 
 
 1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie. 
 
 1754. Washington delivered St. Pierre's reply to Dinwiddie. 
 
 The battle of the Great Meadows, May 28. 
 
 The battle of Fort Necessity, July 4. 
 
 Congress of Commissioners met at Albany. 
 
 1755. Convention of colonial governors in Virginia. 
 
 French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monckton, . . . June. 
 Braddock's defeat at the battle of Monongahela, .... July 9. 
 
 The British defeated by Dieskau, Sept. 8. 
 
 Dieskau defeated by the British, Sept. 8. 
 
 i 756. Great Britain declared war against France, . . May 17. 
 
 France declared war against Great Britain, June 9. 
 
 The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego, . Aug. 14 
 
 Indians defeated at Kittaning Sept. 8. 
 
 1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, Aug. 9. 
 
 The massacre at Fort William Henry, Aug. 10 
 
 1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga,.. . July 6. 
 Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, . July 8. 
 
 Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 26. 
 
 Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Aug. 27. 
 
 Grant defeated by Aubry near Fort Duquesne, Sept. 21. 
 
 1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the 
 
 French. 
 
 Battle of Montmorenci, July 9. 
 
 Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson, . July 25. 
 
 Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 
 
 Quebec surrendered to the English, Sept. 18. 
 
 1760. The French, under De Levi, attempted the recovery 
 
 of Quebec, April 28. 
 
 Montreal and rest of Canada surrendered to the Eng- 
 lish, Sep. 8. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 29J" 
 
 1763. The peace of Paris between Great Britain and France, Feb. 10. 
 Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain. 
 
 1765. The Stamp Act passed by Parliament, March. 
 
 A colonial congress met at New York, . , . Oct. 
 
 1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March. 
 
 1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed,.. June. 
 
 1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston, Sept. 27. 
 
 1770. " The Boston Massacre," March 5. 
 
 All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament, . . April. 
 
 1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, Dec. 16. 
 
 1774. "Boston Port Bill " passed by Parliament March. 
 
 " The first Continental Congress " met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5. 
 
 L775. The battle of Lexington, April 19. 
 
 Ticonderoga captured by Allen and Arnold, May 10. 
 
 Crown Point captured by the Americans, May 12. 
 
 Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15. 
 
 The battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 
 
 Washington took command of the army, July 12, 
 
 Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Nov. 13. 
 
 Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 
 
 1776. Norfolk destroyed by Lord Dunmore, Jan. 1. 
 
 Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 17 
 
 The battle of Fort Moultrie, June 28, 
 
 The Declaration of Independence, July 4. 
 
 The battle of Long Island, , Aug. 27 
 
 The city of New York abandoned by the Americans, Sept. 15 
 
 The battle of White Plains, Oct. 28. 
 
 The battle of Fort Washington, Nov. 16. 
 
 Fort Lee taken by the British, ; Nov. 18 
 
 General Lee surprised and taken prisoner, Dec. 13. 
 
 The battle of Trenton, Dec. 26 
 
 1777. The battle of Princeton, Jan. 3. 
 
 Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut, April. 
 
 The battle of Ridgefield, April 27 
 
 Meigs' expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor, May 23 
 
 Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. 
 
 Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans, July 5. 
 
 The battle of Hubbardton, July 7. 
 
 General Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July 10. 
 
 Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, July 27. 
 
-94 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1777. Fort Schuyler besieged by St. Leger^ Aug. 
 
 The battle of Oriskany, Aug. 6. 
 
 The battle of Fort Schuyler, Aug. 6. 
 
 The battle of Bennington. Aug. 16. 
 
 The battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11. 
 
 The first battle of Stillwater, Sept. 19, 
 
 The battle of Paoli, Sept. 20. 
 
 Philadelphia entered by the British, Sept. 26 
 
 ■ The battle of Germantown, Oct. 4. 
 
 Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British, Oct. 6. 
 
 The second battle of Stillwater, Oct. 7. 
 
 The surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. 
 
 The British repulsed at Fort Mercer. Ott. 22. 
 
 The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Oct. 23. 
 
 Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15 
 
 Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, Nov. 16. 
 
 Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Dec. 11. 
 
 1778. American Independence acknowledged by France. 
 Treaty of alliance with France. 
 
 British Commissioners sent to America. 
 
 Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. 
 
 The battle of Monmouth, June 28. 
 
 The battle of Wyoming, and massacre July 3. 
 
 The French fleet under D'Estaing arrived, July 8. 
 
 The battle of Rhode Island, . . Aug. 29. 
 
 Grey's ravaging expedition to the eastward, Sept. 
 
 Ferguson's expedition against Egg Harbor, Oct. 
 
 The massacre at Cherry Yalley, Nov. 11, 12 
 
 The battle of Savannah, Dec. 29. 
 
 1779. Sunbury captured by the British, Jan. 9. 
 
 The battle of Kettle Creek, Feb. 14. 
 
 The battle of Brier Creek, March 3. 
 
 Tryon's second expedition against Connecticut, March. 
 
 Stony Point captured by the British, May 31. 
 
 Verplanck's Point captured by the British, June 1. 
 
 War declared against Great Britain by Spain, June 16. 
 
 The battle of Stono Ferry, June 20. 
 
 Tryon's third expedition against Connecticut, July. 
 
 The battle of Stony Point, July 15. 
 
 British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee, . . . July 19. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 2S5 
 
 1779. The battle of the Penobscot, Aug. 13. 
 
 Sullivan's expedition against the Indians. 
 
 " The battle of the Chemung," Aug. 29. 
 
 Savannah besieged by the French and Americans, . . Sept., Oct. 
 
 Jones's naval battle off the coast of Scotland, Sept. 23. 
 
 D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 
 
 1780. Charleston besieged by the British, April and May 
 
 The battle of Monk's Corner, April 14. 
 
 Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12. 
 
 The battle of Waxhaw, May 29. 
 
 The battle of Springfield, June 23. 
 
 French fleet arrived at Newport, * July 10. 
 
 The battle of Rocky Mount July 30. 
 
 The battle of Hanging Rock, Aug. 6. 
 
 The battle of Sanders Creek, Aug. 16. 
 
 The battle of Fishing Creek, Aug. 18. 
 
 Arnold's treason. 
 
 Andre executed as a spy, Oct. 2. 
 
 The battle of King's Mountain, Oct.' 7. 
 
 The battle of Fisndam Ford, Nov. 12. 
 
 The battle of Blackstocks, , Nov. 20. 
 
 1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1. 
 
 The battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17. 
 
 The revolt of New Jersey troops, Jan. 18. 
 
 Arnold's depredations in Virginia, Jan. 
 
 Retreat of Morgan and Greene, pursued by Cornwallis. 
 Articles of Confederation ratified by the states. 
 
 The battle of Guilford Court House, March 15 
 
 The battle of Hobkirk's Hill, April 25. 
 
 Siege of Ninety Six by the Americans, under Greene, May, June. 
 
 The battle of Ninety Six, June 18. 
 
 Colonel Hayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31. 
 
 Arnold's expedition against Connecticut, Sept. 
 
 The battle of Fort Griswold, Sept. 6. 
 
 The battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8. 
 
 The siege of Yorktown, Oct. 
 
 The surrender of Cornwallis, OGt. 19. 
 
 1 782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, Nov. 30. 
 
 1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American 
 
 army, A.pril 19. 
 
296 * CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1783. Savannah evacuated by the British, July 11. 
 
 Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. 
 
 American army disbanded by orders of Congress, . . . Nov. 3. 
 
 New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. 
 
 Charleston evacuated by the British, Dec. 14. 
 
 Washington resigned his commission, Dec. 23. 
 
 Its'?. Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts. 
 
 Constitution of the United States agreed on by the 
 
 convention of delegates at Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 
 
 1789. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New 
 
 York, March 4. 
 
 "Washington inaugurated president of the United 
 
 States, April 30. 
 
 1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana Oct. 17, 22. 
 
 1791. United States BanK established at Philadelphia. 
 Vermont admitted into the Union. 
 
 St. Clair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, Nov. 4. 
 
 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union. 
 
 1793. Washington commenced a second presidential term,. March 4. 
 The difficulties with France. 
 
 1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, Aug. 20. 
 
 "Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 
 
 1795. "Jay's Treaty " with Great Britain ratified, June 24 
 
 Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain and Algiers. 
 
 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union. 
 
 1797. John Adams inaugurated president of the United 
 
 States, March 4. 
 
 1799. The death of Washington, Dec. 14. 
 
 1800. Seat of government removed to Washington. 
 
 Treaty of Peace concluded with France, Sept. 30, 
 
 1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 War declared against the United States by Tripoli,. . June 10. 
 
 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union. 
 
 1803. Louisiana purchased of France. 
 Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 
 
 1804. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, Feb. 3. 
 
 The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11 
 
 1805. Jefferson commenced a second presidential term, .... March 4 
 
 Derne, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, April 27, 
 
 Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 297 
 
 1806 British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared, . . . May 16. 
 
 Bonaparte issued his " Berlin Decree," Nov. 21 
 
 1801 British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade 
 
 with France, Jan. 7. 
 
 American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leop- 
 ard, June 22. 
 
 British armed vessels ordered to leave the Unite'd 
 
 States, July. 
 
 British "Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with 
 
 France and her allies, Nov. 11. 
 
 Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted, Sept. 
 
 Bonaparte issued his " Milan Decree," Dec. 17. 
 
 Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, Dec. 22. 
 
 1809. Commerce with Great Britain and France interdicted 
 
 by Congress, March 1. 
 
 James Madison inaugurated president, March 4. 
 
 1810. Bonaparte's "Rambouillet Decree" issued, March 23 
 
 1811. Action between the President and Little Belt, May 16. 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, Nov. 7. 
 
 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union. 
 
 War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United 
 
 States, June 19. 
 
 Invasion of Canada by General Hull, July 12. 
 
 Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, July 17. 
 
 The first battle of Brownstown, Aug. 5. 
 
 The second battle of Brownstown, Aug. 9. 
 
 Surrender of Detroit by General Hull, Aug. 16. 
 
 British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, Aug. 13. 
 
 British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution, . . Aug. 19. 
 
 The battle of Queenstown, Oct. 13. 
 
 British brig Frolic taken by the Wasp,. Oct. 18. 
 
 British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, Oct. 25. 
 
 British frigate Java taken by the Constitution Dec. 29. 
 
 1813. The battle of French town, Jan. 22. 
 
 British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb. 24. 
 
 Madison commenced a second presidential term, .... March 4. 
 
 The battle of York, April 27 
 
 Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor, . . . May 1. 
 
 The battle of Fort Meigs, May 5. 
 
 Fort George taken by the Americana, May 27. 
 
-y-o CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1813. The battle of Sackett's Harbor, May 29. 
 
 American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, June 1. 
 
 The battle of Fort Stephenson, Aug. 2. 
 
 American brig Argus taken by the Pelican, Aug. 14. 
 
 Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort 
 
 Mims, Aug. 30. 
 
 British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Sept. 5. 
 
 Perry's victory on lake Erie, Sept. 1 
 
 The battle of the Thames, Oct. 5. 
 
 The battle of Chrysler's Field, Canada, Nov. 11. 
 
 1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War,. . March 21 
 American frigate Essex taken by the Phoebe and 
 
 Cherub, March 28. 
 
 The battle of La Colle Mill, March 30. 
 
 British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, April 29. 
 
 British sloop Reindeer taken by the Wasp, June 28. 
 
 Fort Erie captured by the Americans, July 3. 
 
 The battle of Chippewa, July 5. 
 
 The battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, July 25. 
 
 Stonington bombarded by the British, without effect, August. 
 
 The first battle of Fort Erie, Aug. 15. 
 
 The battle of Bladensburg, Aug. 24. 
 
 The city of Washington taken by the British, Aug. 24. 
 
 British sloop Avon taken by the Wasp, Sept. 1. 
 
 McDonough's victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11. 
 
 The battle of Plattsburg, Sept. 11. 
 
 The battle of Nonh Point, '. Sept. 12. 
 
 The battle of Fort McHenry, Sept. 13. 
 
 The battle of Fort Bowyer, Sept. 15. 
 
 The second battle of Fort Erie, Sept. 17. 
 
 The British driven from Pensacola by General Jack- 
 son, Nov. 7. 
 
 The battle on Lake Borgne, Dec. 14. 
 
 Hartford Convention, Dec. 
 
 •The battle nine miles from New Orleans, Dec. 23. 
 
 Treaty of Peace between the United States and Great 
 
 Britain Dec. 24. 
 
 1815. The battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. 
 
 The American frigate President captured by a British 
 
 squadron, Jan. 15. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 299 
 
 1815. The British vessels Cyane and Levant taken by the 
 
 Constitution ' Feb. 20. 
 
 The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, March 23 
 
 War with Algiers declared by Congress, March. 
 
 Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 
 
 1816 The Bank of the United States rechartered for twenty 
 
 years, April 1* 
 
 Indiana admitted into the Union. 
 
 1817. James Monroe inaugurated president, Marcl * 
 
 Mississippi admitted into the Union. 
 
 The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 
 
 1818. General Jackson invaded the Indian territory. 
 
 Arbuthnot and Ambrister executed, April 30 
 
 Pensacola seized by General Jackson, May 24. 
 
 Illinois admitted into the Union. 
 
 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union. 
 
 1820. Maine admitted into the Union. 
 
 Florida ceded to the United States by Spain. 
 
 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union. 
 
 1824. Lafayette visited the United States. 
 
 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated president, March 4 
 
 1826. Death of the two ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 
 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated president, March 4 
 
 1831. Death of Ex-president Monroe, July 4. 
 
 1832. "The Black Hawk War." 
 
 " Nullification" in South Carolina. 
 
 1833. Removal of the government deposits from the Bank 
 
 of the United States. 
 
 1835. War with the Seminoles commenced. 
 
 General Thompson and friends massacred by the 
 
 Seminoles, Dec. 28. 
 
 A party, under Major Dade, massacred by the 
 
 Seminoles, Dec. 28. 
 
 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union. 
 
 1837. Michigan admitted into the Union. 
 
 Martin Yan Buren inaugurated president, , . . March 4. 
 
 The battle of Okechobee, Florida, Dec. 25. 
 
 1838. " The Canadian Rebellion." 
 
 1841. William Henry Harrison inaugurated president, .... March 4. 
 
 Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4. 
 
 24 
 
300 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1841. John Tyler inaugurated president, April 6. 
 
 1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 
 The " Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 
 
 1845. Joint resolution for the annexation of Texas signed 
 
 by President Tyler, March I 
 
 James K. Polk inaugurated president, March 4 
 
 Florida admitted into the Union. 
 Texas admitted into the Union. 
 
 1846. Iowa admitted into the Union. 
 
 Thornton's party captured by the Mexicans, April 26 
 
 Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. 
 
 The battle of Palo Alto, May 8. 
 
 The battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9. 
 
 Congress declared that " war existed by the act of 
 
 Mexico," May 11. 
 
 Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, and took Matamoras, May 18. 
 
 Monterey surrendered to General Taylor, Sept. 24. 
 
 The battle of Bracito, Dec. 25 
 
 1847. The battle of Buena Yista, Feb. 23. 
 
 The battle of Sacramento, Feb. 28. 
 
 The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, March 27 
 
 The battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. 
 
 The battles of Contreras and Churubusco, . Aug. 20. 
 
 The battle of Molino del Rey, . . . % Sept. 8. 
 
 The battle of Chapultepec, Sept. 13. 
 
 City of Mexico entered by the Americans under Scott, Sept. 14. 
 The battle of Huamantla Oct. 9. 
 
 1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2. 
 
 "Wisconsin admitted into the Union. 
 
 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated president, March 5. 
 
 1850. The death of Zachary Taylor, July 9. 
 
 Millard Fillmore inaugurated president, July 10. 
 
 California admitted into the Union. 
 
 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union. 
 
 1859. Oregon admitted into the Union. 
 
 1860. South Carolina "seceded" from the Union Dec. 24. 
 
 1861. Kansas admitted into the Union. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated president, * March 4, 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 301 
 
 1861. Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates Ap. 12, 13. 
 
 President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops April 15. 
 
 Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore April 19. 
 
 The President issues a second call for troops May 4. 
 
 Union victory at Philippi, Virginia June 3. 
 
 Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia June 10. 
 
 Union victor}' at Romney, Virginia June 11. 
 
 Union victory at Booneville, Missouri June 17. 
 
 Meeting of Congress in Extra Session July 4. 
 
 Battle of Carthage, Missouri July 5. 
 
 Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia . . July 11. 
 
 Battle near Centreville, Virginia July 18. 
 
 " Confederate Congress meets at Richmond July 20. 
 
 Battle of Bull Run, Virginia July 21. 
 
 Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri Aug. 2. 
 
 Battle of "Wilson's Creek, Missouri Aug. 10. 
 
 Ports Hatteras and Clark, N. C, captured Aug. 29. 
 
 Confederates take Lexington, Missouri Sept. 20. 
 
 Battle of Edward's Ferry, or Ball's Bluff, Virginia. Oct. 21. 
 Capture of Port Royal entrance by Union fleet... . Nov. 7. 
 
 Battle of Belmont, Missouri Nov. 8. 
 
 Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer . . . Nov. S. 
 
 1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky Jan. 19. 
 
 Fort Henry captured by Union fleet Feb. 6. 
 
 Roanoke Island captured by Union forces Feb. 8. 
 
 Fort Donelson captured by Union-forces Feb. 10. 
 
 Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark Mar. G, 8. 
 
 Frigates Congress and Cumberland sunk by the 
 
 Merrimac '. March 8. 
 
 Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac. . March 9. 
 
 Newbern, N. C, captured by Union troops March 14. 
 
 Battle at Winchester, Virginia March 23. 
 
 Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tenn Ap. 6, 7. 
 
 Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River April 7. 
 
 Fort Pulaski, Ga., captured by Union fleet April 11. 
 
 New Orleans captured by Union forces April 25. 
 
 Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia Mav 5. 
 
 2G 
 
302 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1862. Norfolk, Va., surrendered to the Unionists May 10. 
 
 Confederates retreat from Corinth, Miss May 28,29. 
 
 Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks May 31, June 1. 
 
 Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Unionists. . . . June 6. 
 Seven days' contest on the Virginia peninsula, June 25 to July 3. 
 
 The President calls for 300,000 more troops July 1. 
 
 Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia Aug. 9. 
 
 Pope's battles between Manassas and "Washington . Aug. 23, 30. 
 
 Battle near Richmond, Kentucky Aug. 30. 
 
 Invasion of Maryland by Lee's army ' Sept. 5. 
 
 Battle of South Mountain, Maryland Sept. 14. 
 
 Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates. . Sept. 15. 
 
 Battle of Antictam, Maryland Sept. 17. 
 
 Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky Sept. 17. 
 
 Battle of luka, Mississippi Sept. 19. 
 
 Battle of Corinth, Mississippi Oct. 4. 
 
 Battle of .Perry ville, Kentucky Oct. 8. 
 
 Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia Dec. 13. 
 
 Union repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi Dec. 29. 
 
 Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro', Tennessee . Dec. 31. 
 
 1863. The President's Emancipation Proclamation issued. Jan. 1. 
 
 Battle of Murfreesboro' resumed and ended Jan. 2. 
 
 Arkansas Post captured by Union forces Jan. 11. ■ 
 
 Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina. . . . April 7. 
 Union cavalry raid, under Grierson, in Mississippi. . April. 
 
 Battle at Port Gibson, Mississippi May 1. 
 
 Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia May 2, 3. 
 
 Battle of Raymond, Mississippi May 12. 
 
 Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi May 14. 
 
 Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi May 1 6. 
 
 Battle at Big Black River, Mississippi May 17. 
 
 Second invasion of Maryland by Lee's army June. 
 
 West Virginia admitted into the Union June 20. 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania July 1-3. 
 
 Vicksburg surrendered by the Confederates July 4. 
 
 Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates .... July 8. 
 Great Riot in New York city July 13-16. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 303 
 
 1863. Morgan defeated near Kyger's Creek, Ohio July 21. 
 
 Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio July 2G. 
 
 Fort Wagner, S. C, captured by Union troops. . . . Sept. 6. 
 
 Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia Sept. 19, 20. 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn., invested by the Confederates.. .. Nov. 18. 
 
 Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia Nov. 24. 
 
 Union victory at Missionary Ridge,' Georgia Nov. 25. 
 
 Union victory at Knoxville, Tennessee Nov. 29. 
 
 1864. President orders a draft for more men Feb. 1. 
 
 Battle of Olustee, Florida Feb. 20. 
 
 Grant created Lieutenant-General March 3. 
 
 Fort De Russy, La., captured by Union troops — March 14. 
 
 Battle of Cane River, Louisiana March 26. 
 
 Battle of Mansfield, or Sabine Cross Roads, La April 8. 
 
 Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana April 9. 
 
 Fort Pillow. Tenn., captured by the Confederates. April 12. . 
 Plymouth, N. C, surrendered to the Confederates . April 20. 
 Army of the Potomac commenced a forward move- 
 ment May 3. 
 
 Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia May 5-7. 
 
 March from Chattanooga against Atlanta com- 
 menced May 7, 
 
 Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Yirginia. May 7, 12. 
 
 Battle of Resaca, Georgia May 15. 
 
 Battle of New Market, Virginia May 15. 
 
 Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the 
 
 James June 14. 
 
 Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama June 15. 
 
 Invasion of Maryland by Early's army July 5. 
 
 Battle of Monocacy, Maryland July 9, 
 
 President calls for 500,000 volunteers July 18. 
 
 Battles before Atlanta, Georgia July 20, 22, 28. 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa., sacked and burned July 30. 
 
 Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Petersburg.* July 30. 
 
 Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay, Ala Aug. 5. 
 
 Weldon railroad seized by Union troops Aug. 1 8. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga., ?aptured by Union army Sept. 2. 
 
304 CHRONOLQGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1864. Battle of Winchester, Virginia Sept. 19. 
 
 Battle of Fisher's Hill, Virginia Sept. 22. 
 
 Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia Oct. 19. 
 
 Confederate ram Albemarle destroyed by torpedo. Oct. 28. 
 
 Plymouth, N.-O, recaptured by Union troops Oct. 31. 
 
 Nevada admitted into the Union Oct. 31. 
 
 Battle of Franklin, Tennessee Nov. 30. 
 
 Battle near Nashville, Tennessee Dec. 16. 
 
 Savannah. Ga., captured by Union army Dec. 21. 
 
 1865. Fort Fisher, N. C, captured by Union troops Jan. 15. 
 
 Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery passed 
 
 by Congress Jan. 31. 
 
 Columbia, S. O, captured by Union troops Feb. 17. 
 
 Charleston, S. C, captured by Union troops Feb. 18. 
 
 Wilmington, N. O, captured by Union troops .... Feb. 22. 
 
 Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina Mar. 19, 20. 
 
 Battle near G-oldsboro', North Carolina March 21. 
 
 Battle of Fort Steadman, Virginia March 25.. 
 
 Petersburg and Richmond captured April 3. 
 
 Surrender of Lee's army April 9. 
 
 Mobile, Ala., captured by Union forces April 13. 
 
 President Lincoln assassinated April 14. 
 
 Andrew Johnson inaugurated President April 15. 
 
 Surrender of Johnston's army April 26. 
 
 Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia May 10. 
 
 Close of the Great Rebellion. 
 
 Slavery declared abolished Dec. 18. 
 
SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. 
 
 305 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 
 
 
 
 SETTLED. 
 
 
 "1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 When. 
 
 "Where. 
 
 By Whom. 
 
 1 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 1607 
 
 Jamestown, 
 
 English, . . 
 
 
 New York, 
 
 1614 
 
 New York, 
 
 Dutch, 
 
 s * 
 
 Massachusetts,. . . 
 
 1620 
 
 Plymouth, 
 
 English, . . 
 
 -2* 
 
 CO 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 1623 
 
 Little Harbor,.. . 
 
 English, . . 
 
 _ + 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 1633 
 
 Windsor, 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 a * 
 
 Maryland, ... ... 
 
 1634 
 
 St. Mary's, 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 .Sc* 
 
 Rhode Island, . . . 
 
 1636 
 
 Providence, 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 O* 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 1638 
 
 Wilmington, 
 
 Swedes, . . . 
 
 fl* 
 
 North Carolina, . . 
 
 1650 
 
 Chowan River,.. 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 a> # 
 
 New Jersey, .... 
 
 1664 
 
 Elizabethtown,. . 
 
 Dutch, 
 
 IS 
 
 South Carolina, . . 
 
 1670 
 
 Ashley River, . . 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 H* 
 
 Pennsylvania, . . . 
 
 1682 
 
 Philadelphia, . . . 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 £* 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 1733 
 
 Savannah, 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 H* 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 1724 
 
 Fort Dummer,. . . 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 1791 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 1775 
 
 Boonesboro, .... 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 1792 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 1757 
 
 Fort Loudon, . . . 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 1796 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 1788 
 
 Marietta, 
 
 Iberville, 
 
 English, . . . 
 
 1802 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 1699 
 
 French, . . . 
 
 1812 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 1730 
 
 Yincennes, 
 
 French, . . . 
 
 1816 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 1716 
 
 Natchez, 
 
 French, . . . 
 
 1817 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 17£0 
 
 Kaskaskia, 
 
 French, . . . 
 
 1818 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 1711 
 
 Mobile, 
 
 French, . . . 
 
 1819 
 
 Maine, 
 
 1625 
 
 Bristol, 
 
 French, . . . 
 French, . . . 
 
 1820 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 1764 
 
 St. Louis, 
 
 1821 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 1685 
 
 Arkansas Post,. . 
 
 French, . . . 
 
 1836 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 1670 
 
 Detroit, 
 
 French, . . . 
 
 1837 
 
 Florida, 
 
 ]565 
 
 St. Augustine, . . 
 
 Spaniards, . 
 
 1845 1 
 
 Texas, 
 
 1692 
 
 S. A. De Bexar, . 
 
 Spaniards, . 
 English, . . . 
 French, .. . . 
 
 1845 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 1833 
 
 Burlington, .... 
 Green Bav 
 
 1846 
 
 Wisconsin, 
 
 1669 
 
 1848 
 
 California, 
 
 1769 
 
 San Diego, 
 
 Spaniards, . 
 
 1850 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 1846 
 
 St. Paul, 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1858 
 
 Oregon, 
 
 1811 
 
 Astoria, 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1859 
 
 Kansas, 
 
 
 
 Americans, 
 
 1861 
 
 _ _ _i 
 
 
 
 
333 
 
 SUCCESSION OF PRESIDENTS. 
 
 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 NO. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 OF WHAT 
 STATE. 
 
 INAUGURATED. 
 
 1 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
 
 1 
 
 George Washington 
 
 Virginia 
 
 April 30, 1789.. 
 
 John Adams. 
 
 2. 
 
 John Adams 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 March 4, 1797.. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 3. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1801 j 
 
 Aaron Burr. 
 George Clinton. 
 
 4. 
 
 James Madison 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1809 -j 
 
 George Clinton. 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 5. 
 
 James Monroe 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1817.. 
 
 Daniel D.Tompkins. 
 
 fi. 
 
 John Q. Adams.. . . 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 March 4, 1S25 . . 
 
 John C. Calhoun. 
 
 7. 
 
 Andrew Jackson. . 
 
 Tennessee . . . 
 
 March 4, 1829 j 
 
 John C. Calhoun. 
 Martin Van Buren. 
 
 8 
 
 Martin Van Buren . 
 
 New York . . 
 
 March 4,1837 .. 
 
 Richard M. Johnson. 
 
 9. 
 
 William II. Harrison 
 
 Ohio 
 
 March 4, 1841 .. 
 
 John Tyler. 
 
 10. 
 
 JohnTvler 
 
 Virginia 
 
 April 6, 1841. 
 
 
 11. 
 
 James K. Polk 
 
 Tennessee... 
 
 March 4, 1S45.. 
 
 George M. Dallas. 
 
 12. 
 
 Zaehary Tavlor .... 
 
 Louisiana. . . 
 
 March 5,1849 .. 
 
 Millard Fillmore. 
 
 13. 
 
 Millard Fillmore... 
 
 New York. . . 
 
 July 10, 1850. 
 
 
 14 
 
 Franklin Pierce. . . . 
 
 N. Hampshire 
 
 March 4, 1853.. 
 
 William R. King. 
 
 15. 
 
 James Buchanan .. 
 
 Pennsylvania* 
 
 March4,lS57.. 
 
 Jno.C. Breckinridge 
 Ilarmil.aJ tta-nlin. 1 
 Andrew Johnson. 
 
 16. Abraham Lincoln... 
 
 Illinois 
 
 March 4, 1861 j 
 
 17. Andrew Johnson .. 
 
 Tennis- 
 
 \pril 15. 13(55 
 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR GENERAL REVIEW. 
 
 PAffB 
 
 1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1562 290 
 
 2. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 11, 12 
 
 3. Give an account of the discoveries made by the Cabots 13 
 
 4. Give an account of Vespucci and his explorations 12, 13 
 
 5. Give an account of De Leon and his discoveries 13, 14 
 
 6. Give an account of De Ayllon's two expeditions 14 
 
 7. Give an account of Cortez and his expedition 15 
 
 8. Give an account of Verrazani's explorations 16 
 
 9. Give an account of Narvaez's expedition 15 
 
 10. Give an account of Cartier's explorations 17 
 
 11. Give an account of De Soto and his expedition 15, 16 
 
 12. Name in order the principal events from 1562 to 1616? 2£0 
 
 13. Give an account of the Huguenot attempts at settlement. . 17, 18 
 
 14. When and by whom was St. Augustine settled? 18 
 
 15 Give an account of Gilbert's two voyages 19 
 
GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 307 
 
 PAGK 
 
 16. Give an account of the expedition under Amidas and Barlow. 19 
 1*. Give an account of Raleigh's two attempts at settlement. ... 20 
 
 18. Give an account of the settlement of Port Royal 17 
 
 19. Give an account of the Kennebec river settlement 21 
 
 20. "When, where, and by whom was Virginia settled? 300 
 
 -1. Give the history of Jamestown through Wingfield's rule. . 25, 26 
 
 22. Give a connected account of Capt. John Smith. 25, 20, 27, 28, 29, 39 
 
 23. When, where, and by whom was New York settled? 279 
 
 24. Give the history of New York down till 1664 64, 65, G6, 67 
 
 25. Name, in order, the principal events from 1616 to 1637 269 
 
 26. When, where, and by whom was Massachusetts settled? . . . 279 
 
 27. Give the early history of the Plymouth settlement. 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 
 
 28. When, where, and by whom was New Hampshire settled? . 279 
 
 29 Give an account of Mason's connection with N. Hampshire. 44, 45 
 
 30 When, where, and by whom was Connecticut settled?, 300 
 
 31. Give an account of Hooker's connection with Connecticut . . 47 
 
 32. When, where, and by whom -was Maryland settled? 300 
 
 33. Give an account of Cecil Calvert, the second Baltimore. 77, 78, 79 
 
 34. When, where, and by whom was. Rhode Island settled ?. . . . 300 
 
 35. Give some account of Roger Williams 43, 50, 51, 48 
 
 36. Kame in order, the principal events from 1637 to 1663 291 
 
 37. Give an account of the Pequod War 47, 48 
 
 38. When, where, and by whom was Delaware settled ? 279 
 
 39. Give the history of the Swedish settlement in Delaware . .. 82, 83 
 
 40. Give an account of the colonial union formed in 1643 54 
 
 41. Give an account of Clayborue's Rebellion 76, 77, 78 
 
 42. When, where, and by whom was North Carolina settled?.. . 279 
 
 43. What three colonies were planted in North Carolina?. ... 85, 86 
 
 44. What account can }*ou give of the "Navigation Act?" 33, 34, 55 
 
 45. Name, in order, the principal events from 1663 to 1682 269 
 
 46. When, where, and by whom was New Jersey settled ? 279 
 
 47. Give the history o" New Jersey, under the rule of the Dutch. 70, 72 
 
 48. When, where, and by whom was South Carolina settled?. . . 279 
 
 49. State when and how Charleston came to be settled 86, 87 
 
 50. Give an account of King Philip's War 55, 56, 57, 45 
 
 51. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion 291, 34, 35 
 
 52 Name, in order, the principal events from 1682 to 1710 . 291 
 
 53. When, where, and by whom was Pennsylvania settled?. ... 301 
 
 54. What account can you give of William Penn ?. 80, 81, 73, 74, 82 
 
 55. Give an account of Andros's career.. . 68, 72, 73, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58 
 
 24* 
 
303 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 56. Give an account of King William's War 58, 50, 45, 46, 69 
 
 57. Name, in order, the principal events from 1710 to 1753 270 
 
 53. Give an account of Queen Anne's War 60, 61 
 
 59. When, where, and by whom was Georgia settled? 301 
 
 60. What account can you give of James Oglethorpe ? 88, 89 
 
 61. Give an account of King George's War 61. 62 
 
 62. Name, in order, the principal events of 1753, 1754, and 1755. 292 
 
 63. What efforts at colonial union were made in 1754? 96 
 
 64. Name, in order, the principal events of 1756, 1757, and 1758. 292 
 
 65. Name, in order, the principal events of 1759 292 
 
 66. Name, in order, the principal events of 1760 and 1763.. 292, 293 
 
 67. Give some account of General Wolfe 103, 105, 106 
 
 68. Give some account of General Montcalm. 100, 101, 102, 104, 106 
 
 69. Name, in order, the principal events from 1765 to 1775 ... . 293 
 
 70. State the causes that led to the Revolution. 55, 111, 113, 114, 115 
 
 71. Name, in order, the eight principal events of 1775 293 
 
 72. Name, in order, the three principal battles of 1775 185 
 
 73. Name, in order, the eleven principal events of 1776 293 
 
 74. Name, in order, the five principal battles of 1776 185 
 
 75. Name four battles that occurred before the Declaration 185 
 
 76. Name four, of 1776, that took place after the Declaration . . . 185 
 
 77. Name, in order, the first nine principal events of 1777 293 
 
 78. Name, in order, the succeeding events of 1777 294 
 
 79. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1777 185 
 
 80. What was Howe's route from Stat. Island to Philadelphia? 142, 143 
 
 81. Name the battles in which General Greene commanded. 185, 186 
 
 82. Name the battles in which General Gates commanded 185 
 
 83. Name the battles in which Washington commanded. 108, 1S5, 186 
 
 84. Name the battles in which General Howe commanded 185 
 
 85. Name the battles in which General Clinton commanded 185 
 
 86. Name the battles in which Cornwallis commanded 185, 186 
 
 87. Give an account of Burgoyne's invasion.. 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 
 
 88. Name, in order, the principal events of 1778 294 
 
 89. Give names and dates of the four battles of 1778 185 
 
 90. Name, in order, the principal events of 1779 294, 295 
 
 91. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1779 185 
 
 92 Give a connected account of D'Estaing. . . 154, 155, 156, 158, 162 
 
 93. Name, in order, the principal events of 1780 295 
 
 94. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1780 185. 186 
 
 95. Give some account of General Lincoln 159, 162, 164 
 
GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 309 
 
 PAOB 
 
 96. Grve a connected account of Arnold's treason. 1G7, 1G8, 169, 170 
 
 97. Give an account of (Jen. Gates.. 148, 149, 144, 145, 1G5, 16G, 174 
 
 98. Name, in order, the principal events of 1 781 ' 295 
 
 99. Give some account of General Morgan 124, 174, 175 
 
 100. Arnold. 118, 123, 124, 141, 147, 14S, 149, 167,108, 109,170,173, 179 
 
 101. Name, in order, the principal battles of 1781 .". . 186 
 
 102. Give an account of Greene. . 135, 15G, 167, 174. 175, 176, 177, 178 
 
 103. Give some account of Pulaski and De Kalb. 142, 143, 162, 165, 166 
 
 104. What of naval operations in the Revolution?. 135, 15G, 162, 180 
 
 105. Give some account of Lafayette ... 140, 142, 156, 174. 178, 240 
 
 106. Name live principal events of 17S7, 17S9, and 1790 296 
 
 107. Give a history of the colonial or state unions. 54, 96, 112, 1 16 v 183 
 
 108. Give some account of General St. Clair 145, 146, 189, 190 
 
 109. Give some account of General Wayne 143, 160, 190 
 
 110. Give some account of Franklin. . 96, 130, 140, 153, 181, 183, 289 
 
 111. Give an account of the difficulties with France. 190, 191, 192, 193 
 
 112. What naval difficulties occurred in 1S07 and 1811? 196, 197, 200 
 
 113. What troubles were caused by Tecumseh ? 200, 201, 203, 212, 213 
 
 114. Name, in order, the principal events of 1812 297 
 
 115. How man/ and what land battles took place in 1812 ? 233 
 
 116. Give an account of Hull's invasion of Canada 202, 203, 204 
 
 117. How many and what naval battles took place in 1812? 234 
 
 118. Name, in order, the first four principal events of 1813 297 
 
 119. Name, in order, the succeeding events of 1813 2J8 
 
 120. Give an account of Harrison's operations in 1813. .. 208, 210, 212 
 
 121. Name, in order, the principal land battles of 1813 233 
 
 122. What naval battles occurred during the year 1813? 234 
 
 123. Name, in order, the principal events of 1814 298 
 
 124. Give an account of the Creek War 212, 213, 214 
 
 125. Give an account of Wilkinson's operations 215, 216, 221 
 
 126. Give an account of Brown's operations.. . 215, 221, 222, 223, 224 
 
 127. What account can you <rive of the Hartford Convention? 232, 233 
 
 128. What naval battles occurred during the year 1814? 234 
 
 129. Name, in order, the principal events of 1315 298, 299 
 
 130. What naval battles took place during the year 1815? 234 
 
 '31. What vessels did the Constitution capture during the war? . 234 
 
 132. In what actions was Commodore Decatur engaged? 234 
 
 133. Give some account of Decatur 194, 195, 207, 234, 237 
 
 134. In what naval actions was Captain Porter engaged? 234 
 
 i35. In what actions was Captain Lawrence engaged? 234 
 
310 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 136. Give an account of the troubles with Algiers . 24?, 10 J. 195, 237 
 
 137. Give an account of the Seminole Wars.. . 238, 239, 242, 213, 214 
 
 13S. Give an account of the Nullification troubles ,241, 242 
 
 139 Give some account of Jackson.. 213, 230, 231, 238, 239, 241, 242 
 
 140. Give an account of -'The Canadian Rebellion." 245 
 
 141. G1ve.au account of " The Dorr Rebellion." 246 
 
 142. Give some account of Gen. Harrison. . . . 201, 208, 210, 212, 245 
 
 143. Give the history of Texas down to the Mexican War.. . 24G, 249 
 
 144. Name, in order, the principal events of 1845 ' 300 
 
 145. Name, in order, the principal events of 1S4G 300 
 
 146. Give names and dates of the four battles of 1S4G 2G2 
 
 147. Name, with dates, the nine principal events of 1847 300 
 
 148. What battles were fought during Scott's march in Mexico?. 257 
 
 149. What of Scott?.. 221, 222, 223, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 2G0, 2G1 
 
 150. What battles occurred during Taylor's inarch in Mexico?. . . 250 
 
 151. Give an account of Taylor. 244, 250. 251, 252, 253, 255. 25G, 265 
 
 152. Name the principal events connected with the early history 
 
 of N. Y. city. 65, 67, 70, 112, 113, 115, 128, 131, 133, 182, 188 
 
 153. Name the events of Charleston 87, J 28, 129/159, 164, 177 
 
 154. Name those of Boston. 43, 56, 57, 58, 114, 1 15, 1 1% 117, 120, 127 
 
 155. Name the events of Philadelphia. SI, 121, 130, 135, 143. 154, 192 
 
 156. Name the events of Savannah ... 89, 157, 158, 162 
 
 157. Name three battles that have occurred in. Vermont 185 
 
 158. Name two battles that have occurred in Massachusetts 185 
 
 159. Name two battles that have occurred in Connecticut. . . 1S5, 1SG 
 
 160. Name twenty-one that have occurred in N. Y. 108, 1S5, 233, 234 
 1.61. Name six battles that have occurred in New Jersey 1S5 
 
 162. Name ten battles that have occurred in Pennsylvania. . 108, 185 
 
 163. Name fourteen that have occurred in S. Carolina.. . 163, 185, 186 
 
 164. Name four battles that have joccurred in Georgia 1 85 
 
 165. Name three battles that have occurred in Maryland 233 
 
 166. Name, in order of settlement, the thirteen original states.. . . 3t5 
 
 167. Whet., where, and by whom, was each of the thirteen settled? 305 
 
 168. Name the other states, in the order of their admission 305 
 
 169. Name the presidents, in the order of their succession 306 
 
 170. Name the presidents who served eight years each 306 
 
 171. Name the presidents who served only four years each 306 
 
 172. Name the presidents who served less than four years each... 306 
 
 173. Name the presidents who came from Virginia. . 306 
 
 174. Name each president with the cotemporary vice-president . . 306 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of 
 America, in Congress assembled, July 4th, 1770. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becorr.es neces- 
 sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
 have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
 the powers of the earth, the separate and eq .al station to 
 which the laws of nature and of nature's Go . entitle them, 
 a decent respect to the opinions of manki .d requires that 
 they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
 separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
 created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
 certain unalienable rights; that among these, are life, liberty, 
 and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
 governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
 powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever 
 any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, 
 it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
 institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
 principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
 them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 
 ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long 
 established, should not be changed for light and transient 
 causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that 
 mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are snffer- 
 able, than to right themselves by abolishing the formt) „u 
 which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
 abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
 evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
 
4 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 
 and to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
 has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such 
 is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their for- 
 mer systems of government. The history of the present king 
 of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur 
 pations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an 
 absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts 
 be submitted to a candid world : — 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
 necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
 and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- 
 tion till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so sus- 
 pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation 
 of large districts o ' people, unless those people would relin- 
 quish the right of lepresentation in the legislature ; a right 
 inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
 uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- 
 lic records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com- 
 pliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- 
 posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of 
 the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
 cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, 
 incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at 
 large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the mean 
 time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, 
 and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
 states; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- 
 tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their 
 Tl /.^ration hither, and raising the conditions of now appro- 
 priations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refus- 
 ing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the 
 tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
 salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their 
 substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
 without the consent of our legislature. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, 
 and superior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdic- 
 tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our 
 laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, 
 for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- 
 tants of these states: 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
 jury : _ 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
 offences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
 boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
 ment, and enlarging its boundaries,^ as to render it at once 
 an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- 
 solute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- 
 uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our 
 governments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them 
 selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases 
 whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
 of his protection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt ow 
 towns, and destroyed the. lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
 
6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and 
 tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and 
 perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
 totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 lie has constrained onr fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
 the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become 
 the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall 
 themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
 endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the 
 merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
 undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and condi- 
 tions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
 for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
 tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
 prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which 
 may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
 brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
 attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- 
 able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
 circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
 have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
 we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
 to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
 rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
 been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
 must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces 
 our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- 
 kind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
 America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the 
 Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our inten- 
 tions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good 
 people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
 these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and 
 independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegi- 
 ance to the British crown, and that all political connection 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 7 
 
 between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought 
 to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent 
 states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- 
 tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts 
 and things which independent states may of right do. And, 
 for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
 the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to 
 each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- 
 grossed, and signed by the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 "William "Whipple, 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 Eobert Treat Paine, 
 Elb ridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 "William "Williams, 
 Oliver "Wolcott. 
 
 New York. 
 William Floyd, 
 Philip Livingston, 
 Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 Richard Stockton, 
 John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 John Hart, 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Morton, 
 George Clymer, 
 James Smith, 
 George Taylor, 
 James Wilson, 
 George Ross. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Csesar Rodney, 
 George Read, 
 Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 Maryland. 
 Samuel Chase, 
 William Paca, 
 Thomas Stone, 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Car* 
 rollton. 
 
 Virginia. 
 George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 Thomas Nelson, jun., 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Hey ward, juiu, 
 Thomas Lynch, jun., 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 1. Under what kind of government were the American colonies before 
 the Revolution ? Ans. The American colonies, prior to the Revolution, 
 were ruled by colonial government. 2. What forms of colonial govern- 
 ment were there ? Ans. There were three forms of colonial government ; 
 the Provincial or Royal government, the Proprietary government, and 
 the Charter government. 3. What was the Provincial government? 
 Ans. The Provincial government was that which was under the con- 
 trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, ruled according to in- 
 structions" from his royal master. 4. Which of the colonies were under 
 Provincial government? Ans. The colonies under Provincial govern- 
 ment were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Car- 
 olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 5. What was the Proprietary gov- 
 ernment? Ans. The Proprietary government was that which was under 
 the control of one or more proprietors, by authority of a grant and privi- 
 leges conferred by the king. 6. Which "of the colonies were under Pro- 
 prietary government? Ans. The colonies under Proprietary govern- 
 ment were Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 7. What was tLe 
 Charter government? Ans. The Charter government was that wherein 
 certain political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 8. 
 Which of the colonies were under Charter government ? Ans. The colonies 
 under Charter government were Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- 
 necticut. 9. When did the colonies throw off their colonial form of govern- 
 ment? Ans. In 1776, upon the recommendation of Congress, most of the 
 colonies declared their political connection with Great Britain at an end, 
 and proceeded to adopt state constitutions. 10. When did the states 
 unite under one government? Ans. The Articles of Confederation, unit- 
 ing the thirteen states under one general government, were adopted by 
 Congress in 1777 ; but, in consequence of delay on the part of the sever- 
 al states to ratify, the Confederation was not complete till 1781. 11. 
 How lono- did the "Confederation exist? Ans. The Confederation existed 
 from the'ratification of the Articles, in 1781, to the time when the Con- 
 stitution went into effect, on the 4th of March, 1789. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 We, the people of the "United States, in order to form a 
 more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
 quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the 
 general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
 selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
 Constitution for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
 Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- 
 ate and House of Representatives. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
 posed of members chosen every second year by the people 
 of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have 
 the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
 branch of the the state legislature. 
 
 Preamble. — 12. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? 
 13. What is the object of the preamble? Ans. The object of the preamble 
 is to state the purposes of the Constitution. 14. How many and what 
 purposes are stated in the preamble? 15. By whom was the Constitu- 
 tion ordained and established? 16. Recite the preamble. 17. How many 
 and what departments of government are established under the Consti- 
 tution ? Ans. The Constitution establishes three great departments of 
 government: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 18. What is 
 the legislative department ? Ans. The legislative department is the pow- 
 er that enacts the laws. 19. What is the executive department? Arts. 
 The executive department is the power that enforces the laws. 20. What 
 is the judicial department? Ans. The judicial department is the power 
 that interprets the laws. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. 1.—21. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? 22. 
 In whom is the legislative power vested ? 23. Of how many and what 
 branches does Congress consist? 
 
 Sec. II. — 1st Clause. — 24. By whom are the representatives chosen ? 
 25. How often are they chosen? 26. What qualifications are requisite 
 for electors of representatives ? 27. What is an elector ? Ans, An elec- 
 tor is one who has the right to vote in choosing; an officer. 
 
10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall 
 not have attained to the age of twenty -five years, and been 
 seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
 when elected^ be an inhabitant of that state in which he 
 shall be chosen. 
 
 3d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
 portioned among the several states which may be included 
 within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
 which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
 of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
 of vears, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
 other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- 
 in three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
 United States, and within every subsequent term of ten 
 vears, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
 number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
 thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one repre- 
 sentative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the 
 state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, 
 Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Planta- 
 tions one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, 
 Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, 
 North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 4th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation 
 
 2d Clause. — 28. How old must a person be before he can be a represent- 
 ative ? 29. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? 
 30. What is the requisite in regard to his habitation? 31. Now name 
 the three qualifications requisite for a representative. 3d Clause.— 32. 
 How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states? 
 33. How are the respective numbers of the representative population of 
 the several states to be determined ? 34. What provision is made in re- 
 gard to Indians? 35. What is meant by "all other persons?" Am. By 
 " all other persons" are meant slaves. 36. When was the first census or 
 enumeration to be made ? 37. How often thereafter is the census to be 
 made? 38. How many inhabitants at least are required for one repre- 
 sentative ? 39. If a state should not have that number, what is the law? 
 40. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual pop- 
 ulation of the several states ? 41. Which state at first sent the greatest 
 number of representatives ? 42. Which two states sent the smallest num- 
 ber? 43. Of how many members did the first House of Representatives 
 consist? 44. Of how many does the present House consist? Arts. 238. 
 4th Clause. — 45. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to bo 
 tilled ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 
 
 from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue 
 writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 5 th Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
 their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
 power of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
 posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legis- 
 lature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one 
 vote. 
 
 2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
 consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 
 equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the sena- 
 tors of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of 
 the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
 fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
 sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
 year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
 during the recess of the legislature of any state, the execu- 
 tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
 next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such 
 vacancies. 
 
 5th Clause. — £6. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representa- 
 tives chosen ? 47. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 
 48. What sole power has the House? 49. What is meant by impeach- 
 ment? Ans. An impeachment is an accusation against a public officer, 
 charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his official duties. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1st Clause. — 50. Of whom is the Senate composed? 51. By 
 whom are the senators chosen? 52. For how long a period are they cho- 
 sen ? 53. How does the mode of electing a senator differ from that of a 
 representative? Ans. A senator of the United States is chosen by the 
 legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by the people. 54. 
 How do their terms of office differ? Ans. A senator is chosen for six 
 years ; a representative for only two. 55. How many votes is each sen- 
 ator entitled to? 56. Have the large states any more senators than the 
 small ones? 2d Clause. — 57. Into how many classes were the senators at 
 first divided? 58. In what order were their seats of office vacated ? 59. 
 What proportion of the Senate is elected every 2d year? 60. How often is 
 one-third elected? 61. When may the executive of a state fill a vacancy 
 in the Senate? 62. For how long a time does a senator so appointed 
 hold his office? 63. How is the vacancy then filled? 64. Now state how 
 T&caccies in the Senate are filled. 
 
12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3c? Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not 
 have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years 
 a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
 elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be 
 chosen. 
 
 4th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall 
 be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless 
 they be equally divided. 
 
 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
 and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice- 
 president, or when he shall exercise the office of president 
 of the United States. 
 
 6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
 all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 
 shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the president of 
 the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : 
 and no person shall be convicted without the concurrenco 
 of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 1th Clause, Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
 extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- 
 tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit 
 under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nev- 
 ertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
 ment and punishment, according to law. 
 
 Zd Clause. — 65. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? 
 66. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? 67. 
 What is required of him in regard to residence? 68. Now name the 
 three requisites for a senator. 69. How do they differ from those of a 
 representative? (See page 11.) 4th Clause. — 70. Who is president* of 
 the Senate ? 71. When only is he entitled to vote ? 5th Clause, — 72. What 
 officers are chosen by the Senate? 73. What is meant by a "president 
 pro tempore?" Ans. A " president pro tempore" is one chosen only for 
 the time being. 74. When does the Senate choose a " president pro tem- 
 pore?" Uh Clause. — 75. What sole power has the Senate? 76. What 
 sole power has the House ? (Seepage 10.) 77. Under what solemnity 
 does the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment? 78. When does the 
 chief-justice preside in the Senate ? 79. Who presides when the presi- 
 dent of the United States is tried ? 80. What proportion of the Senate is 
 necessary to a conviction? 7th Clause. — 81. How far may judgment ex- 
 tend in cases of impeachment ? 82. To what is the convicted party fur» 
 ther liable? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 1st Clause. The times, places and manner of holding elec- 
 tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
 each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
 at an}' time by law make or alter such regulations, except as 
 to the places of choosing senators. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
 every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday 
 in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
 day. 
 
 section v. 
 
 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
 returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority 
 of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a 
 smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
 authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in 
 such manner, and under such penalties as each house may 
 provide. 
 
 2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 
 ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, 
 with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
 ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
 parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the 
 yeas and nays of the members of either house on any ques- 
 tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be en- 
 tered on the journal. 
 
 Sec. IV. — 1st Clause. — 83. What is prescribed by each state legislature 
 in regard to elections for senators and representatives ? 84. What power 
 has Congress over such regulations? 2d Clause. — 85. How often does 
 Congress assemble ? 8G. On what day is it prescribed that the meeting 
 shall take place? 87. May a different day be appointed ? 88. How? 
 
 Sec. V. — 1st Clause.— 89. Of what is each house constituted the judge? 
 90. What proportion constitutes a quorum ? 91. What is meant by a 
 quorum? Ans. By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do busi- 
 ness. 92. What power do a smaller number possess, as regards ad- 
 journing? 93. What else may they do, as regards absentees? 2d Clause. 
 94. What power has each house, over the rules of its proceedings? 95. 
 What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules? Zd Clause. 
 9G. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal? 97. 
 How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? 98. What part 
 of its journal may either house withhold from publication ? 
 
14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 4th Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, 
 shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 
 than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
 the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 1st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive 
 a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, 
 and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They 
 shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the 
 peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at 
 the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
 returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in 
 either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 2c? Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the 
 time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil of- 
 fice under the authority of the United States, which shall 
 have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
 been increased during such time ; and no person holding any 
 office under the United States, shall be a member of either 
 house during his continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 
 
 99. When shall the j r eas and nays be entered on the journal? 4th 
 Clause.— 100. For what length of time may either house adjourn without 
 the consent of the other? 101. How is each house restricted as regards 
 the place to which it may adjourn ? 
 
 Sec. VI.— 1st Clause.— 102. Are Members of Congress compensated for 
 their services ? 103. How is the compensation determined ? 104. Are 
 members of Congress paid by their states, respectively, or bvthe general 
 government? Ans. The senators and representatives in Congress are 
 not compensated for their services by the individual states, but by the 
 general government, out of the treasury of the United States. 105. 
 What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to ? 106. 
 What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitu- 
 tion allows to Congressmen ? 107. In what does treason consist ? (See 
 page 30.) 108. What is felony? Ans. A felony is understood to mean a 
 crime punishable with death. 109. What is meant by a breach of the 
 peace? Ans. "A breach of the peace is a violation of the public order. 
 
 110. For what are members of Congress not to be questioned? 2d Clause. 
 
 111. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? 112. Sup- 
 pose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 
 
 the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose 
 or concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
 of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
 a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
 if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, 
 with his objections to that house in which it shall have orig- 
 inated, who shall enter the objections at large on their jour- 
 nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsider- 
 ation two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it 
 shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
 house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
 proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 
 But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be de- 
 termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
 voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
 of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
 by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
 shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in 
 like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
 their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
 not be a- law. 
 
 Sec. VII. — 1st Clause. — 113. In which branch of Congress must all bills 
 for raising revenue originate? 114. What power has the Senate over 
 such bills? 2d Clause. — 115. After a bill has passed both houses of Con- 
 gress, what must be done with it ? 116. What must the president do with 
 the bill? 117. What is the president's act of objecting to a bill called? 
 Arts. The president's act of returning a bill with his objections, is called 
 a veto. 118. Why was the veto power given to the president? Ans. The 
 veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the exec- 
 utive department of the government against the encroachments of the 
 legislature; also with a view to greater security against the enactment 
 of improper laws. 119. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the 
 duty of the house to which it is sent? 120. When is the bill sent to the 
 other house? 121. What accompanies the bill to the other house ? 122. 
 Then what does that other house do with the bill? 123. If two-thirds 
 approve of the bill, what then ? 124. Now state how a bill may become 
 a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president ? 125. When the two 
 houses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes? 126. 
 What record of names is imperative ? 127. State how a bill may become 
 a law, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it. 128. 
 In what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has passed 
 b N <h houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 
 
16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the 
 concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
 be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be 
 presented to the president of the United States; and before 
 the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being 
 disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules 
 and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Congress shall have power 
 
 1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and 
 excises, to pay th-e debts and provide for the common defence 
 and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
 posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
 States ; 
 
 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
 States; 
 
 od Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
 and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 
 
 4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 
 
 Zd Clause. — 129. "What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, 
 and votes, requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take 
 effect ? 130. What is the object of the provision ? Ans. If it were not for 
 the provision Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or resolu- 
 tions, and thus evade the president's veto. 131. When the president ve- 
 toes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take? 132. In what 
 case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president 
 no veto power ? 
 Sec. VIII.— 1st Clause. — 133. What power has Congress in regard to 
 " taxes, duties, imposts and excises? 134. What are taxes? Ans. Taxes 
 are contributions of money exacted by government from individuals, for 
 public purposes. 135. How many kinds of taxes are there? Ans. There 
 are two kinds of taxes ; direct and indirect. 136. What are direct taxes? 
 Ans. Direct taxes are those laid directly on the person or property of in- 
 dividuals. 137. What are indirect taxes ? Ans. Indirect taxes are those 
 laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. 138. 
 What are duties ? Ans. Duties are taxes on the importation or exporta- 
 tion of goods. 139. What are imposts? Ans. Imposts are taxes on 
 goods imported. 140. What are excises ? Ans. Excises are taxes on goods 
 
 E rod need or manufactured in the country. 2d Clause. — 141. Whatpower 
 as Congress in regard to borrowing money? Zd Clause. — 142. What in 
 regard to regulating commerce? &th Clause.— 143. What in regard to a 
 rule of naturalization ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. H 
 
 and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout 
 United States; 
 
 5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
 and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
 measures; 
 
 6th Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
 feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 
 
 7th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 
 
 8th 'Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- 
 ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inven- 
 tors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
 coveries ; 
 
 9^/i Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- 
 preme court; 
 
 10th Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
 committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of 
 nations; 
 
 144. What is meant by naturalization ? Ans. Naturalization means the 
 act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 145. 
 How long must a person reside in the United States before he can be 
 naturalized ? Ans. A foreigner is required to reside at least five years in 
 the United States before he can be naturalized. 146. What power has 
 Congress in regard to bankruptcies? 147. What is meant by bankrupt- 
 cies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his just 
 debts, bth Clause. — 148. What power has Congress in regard to coining 
 money ? 149. What, in regard to the value ot money ? 150. What, in 
 regard to foreign coins ? 151. What, in regard to weights and measures ? 
 6th Clause. — 152. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting ? 
 7th Clause. — 153. What, in regard to post-offices and post-roads? 8th 
 Clause. — 154. In what way may Congress promote the progress of sci- 
 ence and arts ? 155. For how long a time is the author of a book entitled 
 to the exclusive right of publishing it? Ans. The author of a book is 
 entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it, for the term of twenty- 
 eight years. 156. What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right 
 to publish a book is termed a copyright. 157. May a copyright be re- 
 newed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, the copyright 
 may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 158. For how 
 long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of 
 manufacturing it ? Ans. The inventor of a machine is entitled to the ex- 
 clusive right of manufacturing it, for a term of fourteen years. 159. 
 What is the right called? Ans. The exclusive right to manufacture a 
 machine is termed a patent right. 160. Can a patent right be extended? 
 Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized at the end of the four- 
 teen years, to extend the patent right, for the further period of seven 
 years. $lh Clause. — 161. What power has Congress in regard to judicial 
 tribunals ? 10th Clause.— 102. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.1 
 
18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 11th Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
 reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
 water ; 
 
 12th Clause. To raise and support armies, but no appro- 
 priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
 two years ; 
 
 13th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 14th Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- 
 lation of the land and naval forces ; 
 
 15th Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
 execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and 
 repel invasions ; 
 
 16th Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
 ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them 
 •as may be employed in the service of the United States, 
 reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the 
 officers, and the authority of training the militia according 
 /to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 Ilt : h Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
 whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
 •square) ;as may, by cession of particular states, and the ac- 
 
 163. "What is piracy? Ans. Piracy is robbery on the high seas. 164. 
 'What is meant by the term " high seas?" Am. The "high seas" are all 
 the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-watejr mark. 11th 
 Clause. — 1 65. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? 166. 
 What in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal?" 167. "What are 
 ■ letters of marque and reprisal?" Ans. "Letters of marque and reprisal" 
 are commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing i 
 tthem to seize the^ersons and property of the citizens or subjects of a na- 
 tion that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has com- 
 mitted. 168. "What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning 
 captures? 12th Clause. — 169. "What power has Congress in regard to 
 armies? 170. In what way is such power restricted ? lUh Clause. — 171. 
 'What power has Congress in regard to a navy ? 14.th Clause. — 172. "What 
 power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? 15th 
 Clause. — 173. What power, in regard to calling forth the militia, etc.? 
 lUh Clause. — 174. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and dis- 
 ciplining the militia ? 175. What in regard to governing the militia? 
 .176. What reservations are secured to the respective states ? 11th Clause. 
 — 177. What power has ^Congress in regard to the seat of government, 
 and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth? 178. What is 
 :'\q district occupied by the seat of government called ? Ans. The dis- 
 ' -ict occupied by the -seat. of the national government, is named The Dis 
 '.-•v^ of Columbia,. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 
 
 ceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government 
 of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all 
 places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the 
 state m which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
 magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- 
 iugs ; — and 
 
 18th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
 and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
 and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
 government of the United States, or in any department or 
 officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons 
 as any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- 
 mit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the 
 year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or 
 duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
 ten dollars for each person. 
 
 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
 shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or 
 invasion the public safety may require it. 
 » 
 
 179. How large was the District of Columbia originally? " Ans. The 
 District of Columbia was originally a tract ten miles square. 180. From 
 what states had it been derived ? A/is. It had been derived by cession, 
 from the states of Maryland and Virginia. 181. Is the District of Colum- 
 bia at present ten miles square'? Ans. The portion which had been de- 
 rived from Virginia, having been ceded back to that state in 1846, the 
 District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Poto- 
 mac. 1S2. What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire 
 property in a state, for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? 18tk Clause. 
 ■ — 183. What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
 making laws ? 
 
 Sec. IX. — 1st' Clause. — 1S4. What restriction was imposed upon Con- 
 gress, in regard to the migration or importation of certain persons? 185. 
 Who were meant by " such pei*sons f Ans. By " such persons" were 
 meant slaves. 186. What was the great object of the clause? Ans. The 
 great abject of the clause was to enable Congress to put an end to the 
 importation of slaves into the United States, after the year 1808. 187. In 
 what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, without actually 
 forbidding it? 188. When was the importation actually prohibited? Ans. 
 On the 1st of January, 1808, an act of Congress went into effect, prohibit- 
 ing the importation of slaves. 2d Clause. — 189. What is said ot the writ 
 of habeas corpus ? 
 
20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
 he passed. 
 
 4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
 laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration here- 
 in before directed to be taken. 
 
 5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
 ported from any state. 
 
 6th Clause. No preference shall be given by any regula- 
 tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over 
 those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
 state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, 
 but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
 regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
 tures of all public money shall be published from time to 
 time. 
 
 8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Unit- 
 ed States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
 under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ac 
 
 11)0. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. A writ of habeas corpus is 
 a written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the 
 body of a certain person shall be brought before him. ' 191. What is the 
 object of the writ 1 Ans. The object of a writ of habeas corpus is to pro- 
 vide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 192. Re- 
 peat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 193. In what 
 cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? 3d 
 Clause.— '194. What is^said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws? 195. 
 What is a bill qf attainder? Ans. A bill of attainder is an act of the legis- 
 lature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons sup- 
 posed to be guilty of high crimes. 196. What is an ex post facto law? 
 Ans. A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was 
 not punishable at the time of its commission, is an ex post facto law. Uh 
 Clause.— -197. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct 
 tax? 198. What is meant'by a capitation? Ans. A capitation js a direct 
 tax upon individuals. 199. How is the census to be taken ? (Seepage 10.) 
 5th Clause. — 200. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to 
 articles exported from any state ? 6th Clause.— 201. What preference is 
 forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce or revenue ? 202. What 
 freedom have vessels that are bound from one state to another? 7th 
 Clause. — 203. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from 
 the national treasury? 204. What publication must be made iu regard 
 to receipts and expenditures of all public money ? 8th Clause.— 205. 
 What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 206. What is 
 said of office-holders accepting presents etc.? 207. Under what circum- 
 stances may an otfice-holder accept a present i 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 
 
 cept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
 whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 section x. 
 
 1st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
 or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin 
 money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and 
 silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of 
 attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation 
 of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the 
 Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
 except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
 inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and im- 
 posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for 
 the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such 
 laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
 Congress. 
 
 Zd Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- 
 gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war 
 
 208. Kepeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 
 
 Sec. X. — 1st Clause. — 209. What prohibition is placed upon the several 
 states as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 210. What, as re- 
 gards letters of marque and reprisal? 211. What, as regards the coin- 
 ing of money? 212. What, as regards bills of credit? 213. What is 
 meant by bills of credit? Am. Bills of credit, within the meaning of 
 the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money .among the peo- 
 ple. 214. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 215. 
 What prohibition is placed upon individual states," in regard to a bill of 
 attainder? 216. What, in regard to an ex post facto law? 217. What, in 
 regard to a law impairing an obligation ? 218. What, in regard to a 
 title of nobility ? 219. Recite the clause just considered. 2d Clause.— 
 220. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts or 
 duties ? 221. In what case only, may a state lay any imposts or duties? 
 222. What are inspection laws ? Am. By inspection laws are meant laws 
 requiring certain articles of commerce to be examined by officers called 
 inspectors. 223. What is the object of inspection laws ? Ans. The ob- 
 ject is to protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part of the 
 producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of 
 articles produced. 224. What disposition must be made of the net prod- 
 uce of all duties and imposts laid by individuals? 225. What are the 
 inspection laws of individual states, as regards imports or exports, sub- 
 ject to ? 3d Clause. — 22G. What prohibition are individual states under, 
 as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ? 
 
22 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
 another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, 
 unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
 not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1st Clause. The executive power shall he vested in a 
 president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
 his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
 the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected, as 
 follows : 
 
 2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner a* 
 the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 
 
 227. What is a duty of tonnage? Arts. A duty of tonnage, or a ton 
 nage duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 228. "What 
 prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping of troops? 229. 
 What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? 230. What, as to an agreement 
 or compact with another state, or with a foreign power? 231. What, as 
 to engaging in war? 232. Under what circumstances then may a state 
 engage in war ? 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Shc. I. — \stClause. 233. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat? 
 — 234. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 235. 
 What is the president's term of office ? 236. How often may a president 
 be re-elected? Ans. The Constitution does not limit the number of terms 
 for which a president may be re-elected. 237. Who was -the first presi- 
 dent of the United States? (See table, page 280.) 238. For how many 
 terms did Washington serve? 239. Why was not Washington elected 
 for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of office, Wash- 
 ington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 240. What has been 
 the effect of his declination? Ans. Washington's example, in declining 
 to be elected for a third term, has become a precedent W which subse- 
 quent presidents have been guided. 241. How many and what presidents 
 have served two terms each? (See table, page 280.) 242. Which has the 
 longest term of office ; the president, a senator, or a representative ? 243. 
 What term has each? 244. What is the vice-president's term of office ? 
 245. Who was the first vice-president of the United States ? (See table, 
 page 280.) 246. By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? 
 Ans. The president and vice-president are not chosen by the people di- 
 rectly, but by electors. 2d Clause. — 247. In what manner does each state 
 appoint electors ? 
 
CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 
 
 equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
 to which the state may be entitled in the Congress: but no 
 senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust 
 or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an 
 elector. 
 
 [The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot 
 for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
 same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons 
 voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign 
 and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United 
 States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Sen- 
 ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
 son having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such 
 number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
 there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal num- 
 ber of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose 
 by ballot one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, 
 then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like man- 
 ner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
 be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; 
 a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
 two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary 
 to a choice. In every case after the choice of the president, the person 
 having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice- 
 president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, 
 the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] 
 
 THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective 
 states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
 one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
 state'with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
 person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 
 
 248. What number of electors is each state entitled to ? 249. Who are 
 prohibited from being electors? 
 
 THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 250. What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution 
 prescribing the proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-pres- 
 ident ? Ans. The original clause of the Constitution, prescribing the mode 
 in which the president and vice-president were to be elected, has been 
 repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the Consti- 
 tution. 251. Where do the electors for president and vice-president 
 meet? 252. In what way do they vote? 253. What is prescribed re- 
 specting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote? 254. How is 
 it required that their ballots shall be made out' 
 
24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make 
 distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all 
 persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of 
 votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
 transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
 States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the pres- 
 ident of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and 
 House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
 votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the great- 
 est number of votes for president, shall be the president, if 
 such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from 
 the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three 
 on the list of those voted for as president, the House of 
 Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
 president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
 be taken by states, the representation from each state 
 having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
 % member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a 
 majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. 
 And if the House of Representatives shall not'choose a pres- 
 ident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
 before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice- 
 
 255. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 256. What 
 provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their 
 hands ? 257. After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are 
 they directed ? 258. To what place are they then transmitted ? 259. 
 What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates? 260. How 
 is it determined who is elected president? 261. Now describe the man- 
 ner in which the electors choose a president. 262. In the event of no 
 choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 
 263. From how many and what candidates must the House of Represen- 
 tatives choose the president? 264. In what way must the choice be 
 made? 265. How are the votes taken in choosing the president? 266. 
 How many votes is each state entitled to ? 267. How many is each enti- 
 tled to, when voting by electors? 268. In choosing the president by the 
 House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? 269. In such 
 case, how many states are necessary to a choice? 270. Whenever the 
 right of choosing a president devolves upon the House of Representa- 
 tives, till what time may the right be exercised? 271. Now describe the 
 manner in which the House of Representatives choose a president? 272. 
 In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to 
 choose a president, what takes place ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 
 
 president shall act as president, as in the case of the death 
 or other constitutional disability of the president. 
 
 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
 votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
 number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
 pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the 
 two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the 
 vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
 two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority 
 of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
 the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
 president of the United States. 
 
 3c? Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
 choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give 
 their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
 United States. 
 
 4th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
 citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of 
 this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; 
 neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 
 
 273. How is it determined whom the electors have chosen for vice-pres- 
 ident? 274. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes. 
 by whom is the vice president chosen? 275. When choosing a vice-pres- 
 ident, how many senators are requisite to a quorum? 276. How many 
 are necessary to a choice? 277. What is said of the eligibility to the of- 
 fice of president, as compared with that of vice-president? 
 
 od Clause. — 278. What power has Congress over the time of choosing 
 the electors ? 279. What as to the day on which the electors shall vote ! 
 280. In the event of Congress determining the day on which the electors 
 shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed? 281. When are the 
 electors chosen ? Ans. The electors are chosen in each state on the Tues- 
 day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential 
 term. 282. Where do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The 
 electors meet in their respective states at a place appointed by the leg- 
 islature thereof. 283. What place is usually appointed for their meeting ? 
 Ans. The place usually appointed for their meeting is the capital of their 
 state. 284. When do the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. The 
 meeting of electors takes place on the first Wednesday in the last Decem- 
 ber of each presidential term. Uh Clause. — 285. What person, as regards 
 bis place of birth, cannot be eligible to the office of president? 
 
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been 
 fourteen years a resident within the United States. 
 
 5th Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
 office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
 the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
 volve on -the vice-president, and the Congress may by law 
 provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- 
 ability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring 
 what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall 
 act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi- 
 dent shall be elected. 
 
 6th Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive 
 for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
 creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall 
 have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- 
 riod any other emolument from the United States, or any 
 of them. 
 
 1th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
 he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
 
 286. How old must a person be to be eligible to that office ? 287. How- 
 many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided with- 
 in the United States? 288. Now state the legal qualifications of a pres- 
 ident. 289. Recite the clause relating to the qualifications, bth Clause. 
 — 290. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the 
 vice-president? 291. What provision is made by the Constitution for the 
 ease of removal or death, etc., of the president? 292. What, for the case 
 of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president? 293. In the case 
 of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer, shall, 
 by law of Congress, act as president ? Ans. In case of the removal, death, 
 resignation, or inability, of both the president and vice-president, the 
 president of the Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. 294. What 
 is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate ? Ans. In case 
 there is no president of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives shall act as president. 295. How long shall such officers, act- 
 ing as president, continue to act? (itfi Clause. — 296. What does the Con- 
 stitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the presi- 
 dent? 297. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolu- 
 ment ? 298. Recite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 
 299. What is the salary of the president? Ans. The salary of the presi- 
 dent, as fixed by act of Congress, is $25,000 a year, together with the use 
 of the presidential mansion and its furniture.. 300. What is the salary of 
 the vice-president ? Ans. The vice-president's salary is $8,000 a year. 
 1th Clause. — 301. What does the president do, just before entering oa the 
 execution of his office ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 
 
 execute the office of president of the United States, and 
 will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend 
 the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief 
 of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili- 
 tia of the several states, when called into the actual service 
 of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, 
 of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
 upon any subject relating- to the duties of their respective 
 offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- 
 dons for offences against the United States, except in cases 
 of impeachment. 
 
 2c? Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
 thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, 
 and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 
 
 302. Repeat the oath or affirmation taken by the president. 
 
 Sep. II. — 1st Clause. — 303. In what relation does the president stand 
 toward the army and navy ? 304. "When only can he command the mili- 
 tia? 305. Whose opinions may he require in writing? 306. Upon what 
 subjects may he require the opinions? 307. Is he bound to be guided by 
 such opinions ? Ans. It is not required of the president that he be guid- 
 ed by the opinions of the members of his cabinet. 308. What executive 
 departments have been established by Congress ? Ans. By various acts 
 of Congress, six executive departments have been established, namely : 
 (1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of 
 War, (4) Department of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Department, and (6) 
 Department of the Interior. 309. For what purpose were they estab- 
 lished ? Ans. They were established for the purpose of aiding the presi- 
 dent in the executive and administrative business of the government. 
 310. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? Ans. The heads 
 of the departments are appointed by the president, with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate. 311. How is the attorney-general appointed? 
 Ans. The attorney-general of the United States is appointed in like man- 
 ner with the heads of the departments. 312. Of whom does the presi- 
 dent's cabinet consist? Ans. The president's cabinet consists of the 
 heads of the departments, and the attorney-general of the United States. 
 
 313. What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons ! 
 
 314. What h x reprieve? Ans. A reprieve is a limited suspension or de- 
 lay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 315. With what 
 exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and 
 pardons? Id Clause.— 316. What power has the president relative to 
 treaties? 317. In whom is the appointing power vested? 
 
28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
 judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the 
 United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise 
 provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the 
 Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
 officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the 
 courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 3d Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
 vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
 by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
 their next session. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
 tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
 consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
 expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 
 both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement 
 between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
 may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he 
 shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he 
 shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
 shall commission all the officers of the United States. 
 
 318. What is the first step in making an appointment? 319. What offi- 
 ces are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make appoint- 
 ments? 320. What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of 
 inferior officers ? 3d Clause. — 321. What vacancies can the president fill ? 
 322. When does such appointment expire ? 
 
 Sec. III. — 323. What information is the president required to give to Con- 
 gress? 324. What recommendations is he required to make? 325. In 
 what way are the recommendations made? Ans. The president's rec- 
 ommendations to Congress are made by means of written messages. 326. 
 Was the reading of written messages always the practice ? Ans. The 
 first two presidents, Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses 
 of Congress, and make their recommendations by verbal addresses. 327. 
 Is Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations ? Ans. 
 Congress is under no obligation to adopt the recommendations of the 
 president. 328. When may the president convene both nouses? 329. 
 May he convene only one house ? 330. When ? 331. When may the 
 president adjourn Congress? 332. What is the duty of the president 
 respecting ambassadors, etc.? 333. What is his duty respecting the 
 execution of the laws ? 334. What is his duty respecting the granting of 
 commissions ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment 
 for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
 and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall T be vested in 
 one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- 
 gress may from time to time ordain and establish. The 
 judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
 their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, 
 receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
 diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
 in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws 
 of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
 made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassa- 
 dors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of 
 
 Sec. IV. — 335. For what crimes may government officers be removed 
 from office ? 336. How may the removal be effected ? 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Sec. I.— 337. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 338. 
 In what is the judicial power of the United States vested ? 339. How 
 long do the judges hold their offices? 340. What is established as to the 
 compensation of the judges ? 341. How can the judges be removed from 
 office? (Seepage 12.) 342. How is the supreme court of the United 
 States organized? Ans. The supreme court of the United States is com- 
 posed of one chief-justice, and eight associate justices, any five of whom 
 constitute a quorum. 343. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Ans. 
 The salary of the chief-justice is $6,500 a year, 344. What is the salary 
 of 2ach associate justice ? Ans. The salary of each associate justice is 
 $6,000 a year. 
 
 Sec II. — 1st Clause. — 345. Name the first of the nine subjects in which 
 the United States courts have jurisdiction. 346. Kame the second, con- 
 cerning ambassadors, etc. 
 
30 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to 
 which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies 
 between two or more states ; between a state and citizens 
 of another state; between citizens of different states; be- 
 tween citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants 
 of different states, and between a state, or the citizens there- 
 of, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 
 
 2c? Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
 lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall 
 be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. 
 In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court 
 shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
 with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the 
 Congress shall make. 
 
 3d Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im 
 peachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in 
 the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; 
 but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be 
 at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
 directed. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con 
 sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
 enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 
 
 347. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 348. The fourth, 
 concerning controversies with the United States. 349. The fifth, con- 
 cerning controversies between states. 350. The sixth, concerning con- 
 troversies between a state and citizens. 351. The seventh, concerning 
 controversies between citizens. 352. The eighth, concerning controver- 
 sies between citizens claiming lands. 353. What is the last of the nine 
 subjects ? 2d Clause. — 354. In what cases has the supreme court original 
 jurisdiction? 355. What is meant bv original jurisdiction? Ans. The 
 original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or com- 
 mences. 356. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Arts. The ap- 
 pellate jurisdiction of a court is that in which the decision of an inferior 
 court is taken on appeal. 3d Clause. — 357. Before whom must the "trial 
 of all crimes" be held ? 358. What cases are exceptions to the law ? 359. 
 By whom are impeachments tried? (Seepage 12.) 3(50. Where must 
 the trial of a crime committed within a state be held ? 361. Where, when 
 not committod within a state? 362. Repeat the entire clause just consid- 
 ered. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1st Clause. — 363. Of how many things does treason against 
 the United States consist? 3G4 What are the two things? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 
 
 convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
 to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
 punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work 
 corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of 
 the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
 public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other 
 state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe 
 the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall 
 be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to 
 all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 
 
 Id Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, 
 felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
 found in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
 authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, 
 to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 365. What is necessary to a conviction of treason? 2d Clause. — 366. 
 What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason ? 367. 
 What punishment has Congress accordingly declared ? Ans. Congress 
 has declared that the punishment of treason shall be death by hanging. 
 368. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 369. 
 What is meant by attainder? Ans. Attainder means a staining, corrup- 
 tion, or rendering impure. 370. What is meant by corruption of blood? 
 Ans. By " corruption of blood" a person is disabled to inherit i.inds from 
 an ancestor; nor can he either retain those in his possession, orv-ansmit 
 them by descent to his heirs. 
 
 ARTICLE IY. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 Sec. I.— 371. Of what does Article IV. treat? 372. How are the public 
 acts, etc., of the several states, to be treated in each state? 373. How are 
 they to be proved ? 
 
 Sec II. — 1st Clause. — 374. What privileges and immunities are the cit- 
 izens of each state entitled to ? 2d Clause. — 375. What is said of persons 
 charged with crime, fleeing into another state ? 
 
32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3c? Clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
 state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
 in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharg- 
 ed from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on 
 claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Congress 
 into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erect- 
 ed within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state 
 be fbrmed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of 
 states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states 
 concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2c? Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
 of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
 territory or other property belonging to the United States ; 
 and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
 prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particu- 
 lar state. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
 Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
 each of them against invasion ; and on application of the 
 legislature', or of the executive (when the legislature can- 
 not be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 Zd Clause.— 376. What is said of persons escaping from service or la- 
 bor? 377. What persons are referred to in the third clause? Ant. 
 Fugitive slaves and persons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. 
 
 Sec. III. — 1st Clause.— Z7%. By whom may new states be admitted into 
 the Union? 379. What is said of the formation of new states? 380. How 
 many states belonged to the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? 
 (Sea page 10.) 381. How many belong to the Union now ? 2d Clause. 
 — 382. What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
 erty belonging to the United States ? 383. What construction as to claims 
 is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 
 
 Sec. IV. — 384. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the sev- 
 eral states in respect to their form of government? 385. In what two 
 events are the United States bound to protect individual states ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
 deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- 
 tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds 
 of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing 
 amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all in- 
 tents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified 
 by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or 
 by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
 other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; 
 provided that no amendment which may be made prior to 
 the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
 manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth sec- 
 tion of the first article ; and that no state, without its con- 
 sent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
 into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as 
 valid against the United States under this Constitution,' as 
 under the confederation. 
 
 2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
 States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
 of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 
 3SG. Of what does Article V. 'treat ? 387. In what two ways may 
 amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? 388. What two ways are 
 provided for ratifying amendments? 389. What three restrictions upon 
 the power of making amendments were originally imposed by the Consti- 
 tution? 390. Why have two of the restrictions lost their force? 391. 
 What do "the first and fourth clauses" referred to, declare? 392. What 
 permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists 
 in full force ? 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 1st Clause— 393. What debts and engagements does the Constitution 
 recognize ? 2d Clause.— 394. What is declared to be the supreme law of 
 the land I 
 
34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any 
 thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contiary 
 notwithstanding. 
 
 3c? Clause. The senators and representatives before men- 
 tioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, 
 and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
 States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or 
 affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious 
 test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
 public trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be 
 sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
 the states so ratifying the same. 
 
 395. By what are the judges in every state bound ? 3d Clause.- 
 
 396. Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Constitution * 
 
 397. In what way shall they be bound ? 398. What prohibition is made 
 in regard to religious tests ? 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 899. How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in or- 
 der to its establishment ? 400. Where did the Convention meet which 
 framed the Constitution ? Ans. The convention which framed the Con- 
 stitution met in Philadelphia. 401. In what year was it framed? 402. 
 Who was the president of the convention ? 403. How many delegates 
 signed the Constitution ? 404. Which of the thirteen states was not rep- 
 resented in the convention ? 405. How many states ratified the Constitu- 
 tion before it went into effect ? Ans. Eleven states ratified the Constitu- 
 tion before it went into operation. 406. Which of the thirteen states did 
 no*, ratify the Constitution until afterward? Ans. North Carolina and 
 Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been rati- 
 fied by the other eleven states and had gone into operation ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 AMENDMENTS, 
 
 ROPOSED BT CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL 
 STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
 of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
 abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the 
 right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the 
 government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security 
 of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, 
 shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any 
 house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, 
 but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
 houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
 seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 407. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded ? Ans. 
 All the amendments to the Constitution with the exception of the 12th, 
 may be regarded as a declaration, securing to the people and states cer- 
 tain rights, beyond the possibility of being encroached upon by Congress. 
 LSt Article. — 408. What declaration does the first amendment make, respect- 
 ing religion ? 409. What, respecting the freedom of speech ? 410. What, 
 respecting the freedom of the press? 411. What, respecting the right of 
 petition? 2d Article.— 412. What is the declaration respecting the right 
 of the people to keep and bear arms ? 3d Article. — 413. What is said of 
 quartering soldiers? 4th Article.— 414. What is said of searches and 
 seizures ? 
 
 • 
 
30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
 and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 
 persons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- 
 wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
 of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
 forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of 
 war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for 
 the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; 
 nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
 against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
 without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
 taken for public use, without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the ' 
 right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of 
 the state and district wherein the crime shall have been com- 
 mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
 by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the 
 accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; 
 to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
 favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
 
 415. "What is said of the issuing of warrants ? 5th Article. — 416. 
 What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes ? 417. "What is 
 said of a second trial for the same offence? 418. What is the meaning 
 of the clause that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? An*. 
 It means that no person shall be a second time tried for the same offence, 
 of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 419. When shah 
 not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 420. What guar- 
 antee of protection to life, liberty, and property is given? 421. When 
 only can private property be taken for public use ? Uh Article.— 422, 
 What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy ? 423. What right, 
 as to the witnesses against him ? 424. What right, as to the witnesses in 
 his favor? 4^5. What right, as to the assistance of counsel? 7th Arti- 
 cle. — 426. In ivhat suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 
 
 shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury sliaJ 1 
 be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise 
 re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord 
 iug to the rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights 
 Bhall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
 by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
 Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved 
 to the states respectively, or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
 strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
 prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of 
 another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 
 
 427. In what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury 
 be made? 8th Article. — 428. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 
 WA Article.— 429. "What is said of rights retained by the people ? 10th 
 Article. — 430. What is said of the powers reserved to the states? 11th Ar- 
 ticle. — 431. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? 
 
38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARTICLE XIIL* 
 
 Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
 except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
 have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
 States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. II, — Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 * For the twelfth amendment, see page 23. 
 
 V6th Article. — Section I. — 432. What is said of slavery and invol- 
 untary servitude ? Sec. IL — What power has Congress with refer- 
 ence to this subject ? 
 
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