mm\ m t^-^ ,« .: '•^^. 49 '-•.p-. i ' .'. v u' -V\0 A ■4' TABLE OF COJSTTEJSrTa UNION ORGANIZATIONS. Introductory remarks ^*^^- Three Months' Militia, 1861 '' Six Months' Mihtia ^^ Missouri State Militia [[[ ^^ Enrolled Missouri Militia ' ^^ Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia..".. * ^^ Provisional Enrolled Militia ^^ ""ZZ^^^S^"^'''' -^e;- au^hoiit^ii-S^t^ W;.! O.iei^-i^-3:;, '' Mis^souri Militia, organized under ord;;;;;V;7 State 'c^nV^ntVon 'of' "April" 8, '"^ United States Reserve Corps", 'three months' "s"e"r"vk;: ." ." Z United States Reserve Corps, three years' service . i nf Three lears' Volunteers ^"^ Six or Twelve Months' Volunteers .".'.' ^^^ One, Two, or Three Years' Volunteers.. ^^^ Home Guards, 1861 ^^^ Citizen Guards ^^^ Mississippi Marine Brigade ^^^ Marine Corps " ^^4 L!^fof'^Z^^"■^^^^^^ III the Uni ed.? °^^^^^^^^^«"« r-g»la^ly ™u«tered into the militarv service of It^erl-i ..".". "!!'";:"^ ''' *'^ ''^'^ I^epartment as having been in List of Missouri organizations"of Milida;'ci"tken Guards', a"nd"Mari;"e"c"or'p's*;;*t ^^^ m the mihtary service of the United States ... . 227 CONFEDERATE ORGANIZATIONS. Introductory remarks Missouri State Guard ^^^ Missouri Volunteers, Confed'e"rate "ser'vice! ! ! Itt Local Defense '^^^ nstofMissouriStateGua;d";;gan[;ati;n;;^^ 320 Lis Missouri orgamzations in the service of the Confederate States 332 List of Missouri Local Defense organizations, Confederate service :.;; 336 5 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. The conditions existing in Missouri during the civil war were pecul- iar in that the State was represented by two governments, one main- taining its allegiance to the Federal Union, the other, after declaring the State a sovereign and independent republic, forming an alliance with the Confederate States and finally acknowledging organic union therewith. These exceptional conditions, and others which resulted from the geographical position of the State and the divided sentiment of its people, forming them into hostile factions, resulted in many perplexi- ties and informalities in the organization of the military forces of the State and the creation of a great variety of organizations, especially on the side of the Union, some of them previouslj' unknown to the military service of the United States. These irregularities caused much perplexity and misunderstanding as to the status of some of the organizations and the relations of their members to the State and to the General Government. The nature of these irregularities and their results will be pointed out in the following pages. It is sufficient here to state that not less than seventeen different classes of troops were organized in the State of Missouri on the Union side alone, not counting the several varieties of those classified in this paper as Home or Citizen Guards. 7 UNION ORGANIZATIONS. THREE MONTHS' MILITIA, 1861. On April 15, 1861. the President issued his proclamation calling for 75,000 militia for the purpose of suppressing insurrection and "to cause the laws to be duly executed." This proclamation was in terms as follows: Whereas, the laws of the United States have been for some time past and now are opposed and the execution thereof obstruoted in the States of South Carolina, Geor- gia, Alabama, Florida, Mississij)])!, Louisiana, and Texas by combinations too power- ful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the marshals by law: Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the Ignited States, in virtue of the power in me vested by the Constitution and the laws, have thouorht fit to call forth, ami hereby do call itorth, the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000, in order to suppress said com1)inations and to cause the laws to be duly executed. The details of this object will be immediately communicated to the State authori- ties through the War Department. I appeal to all loyal citizens to favor, facilitate, and aid this effort to maintain the honor, the integrity, and tlie existence of our national Union and the perpetuity of poj)ular government, and to redress wrongs already long enough endured. I deem it proper to say that the first service assigned to the forces hereby called forth will probably be to repossess the forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union, and in every event the utmost care will be observed consist- ently with the objects aforesaid to avoid any devastation, any destruction of or interference with property, or any disturbance of peaceful citizens in any part of the country. And' I hereby command the persons composing the combinations aforesaid to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective al)odes within twenty days from date. Deeming that the present condition of pul)lic affairs presents an extraordinary occasion, I do hereby, in virtue of the power in me vested by the Constitution, con- vene both Houses of Congress. Senators and Representatives are therefore summoned to asseml)le at their respec- tive Chambers at 12 o'clock noon on Thursday, the 4th day of July next, then and there to consider and determine such measures as in their wisdom the public safety and interest may seem to demand. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at the city of Washington this 15th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1861, and of the independence of the United States the eighty-fifth. Abraham Lincoln. By the President: William H. Seward, Secret nri) of State. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. 1, pp.- 67,68.] On the date of this proclamation the Secretary of War addressed let- ters to the go^'^rnors of twenty -four States, including one to the gov- ernor of Missouri of which the following is a cop3': War Department, Washington, April 15, 1S61. Sir: Under the act of Congress "for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the L^nion, suppress insurrections, repel invasions," etc., api)roved February 28, 1795, 11 12 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. 1 have tlie lioiior to request your excellency to cause to be imniediatelv detached from the militia of your State' the (juota designated in the table below, "to serve as infantry or riflemen for the period of three months, unless sooner discharged. Your excellency will please communicate to me the time at or about which your quota will be expecteecti\'e States, and will execute the duties assigned them with as little delay as practicable, reporting the progress and completion of their labors to the Adjutant-! ieneral of the Army direct. In addition to these duties, 'the nmstering officers will perform such staff duties as may be assigned them by the chiefs of the supply departments of the Army. ******* Missouri, St. Louis. First Lieut. J. M. Schofield, First Artillery, and First Lieut. George B. Cosby, Second C-avalry. ******* By order of the Secretary of War: L. Thomas, Adjutant- General. The governor of the State emphatically declined to honor the requi- sition of the President, advising the Secretary of War, in a telegram dated April 17, IS(il, as follows: ExEciTivE Department, -, ^ ^, Jefferson Citi/, Mo., April 17, 1»)1. Hon. Simon Ca.meron, Serretanj of War. Sir: Your dispatch of the 15th instant, making a call on Missouri for four regi- ments of men for immediate service, has been received. There can be, I apprehend, no doubt but the men are intended to form a part of the President's armv to make war upon the people of the seceded States. Your re(iuisition, in my judgment, is illegal, unconstitutional, and revolutionary in Its object, udiuman and diabolical, and can not be complied with. Not one man will the State of Mis-souri furnish to carry on any such unholy cru.sade. C. F. Jackson, Governor of Mixaonri. [Ibi,l.,pp.,sL>,,s:;.] THREE months' MILITIA. 13 On the same date, April 17, 1861, Mr. Frank P. Blair, jr., tele- graphed to the Secretary of War: East St. Lons, April 17, 1861. Hon. S. Cameron, Secretnnj of ]\ar: Our governor will not meet your reijuisition for volunteers. Will you accept inde- pendent companies and regiments from jNIissouri? If so, please order C'aj^tain Lyon to muster them into service. ******* Frank P. Blair, Jr. [Ibid., Series T, Vol. LIU, pp. 488,489.] On April 11^^ IStJl, Mr. Blair ag-ain telegraphed the Secretary- of War, as follows: East St. Louis, April 19, 1861. Hon. Simon Cameron: * * * Send order l)y telegrai)h at once for mustering men into service to Capt. N. Lyon. It will surely then l)e executed, and w^e will fill your requisition in two days. * * ^ Answer innnediately. Frank P. Blaik, Jr. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. I, pp. 668, 669.] On April 21. 1861, Brigadier-General Harney, commanding the Department of the West, denied the request of Captain L3"on, com- manding the troops at the St. Louis Arsenal, that he be authorized to accept the services of volunteers for its defense. General Harney\s letter on this subject is as follows: Headquarters Department of the West, St. Louis, Mo., April 21, 1861. Capt. X. Lyon, Second Infantry, Commanding Troops, St. Louis Arsenal, Mo. Sir: Your two communications of this date, one asking for authority to accept the services of volunteers in the defense of the St. Louis Arsenal, * * * have been laid before the commanding general, who deems it inexpedient to approve the recommendations contained in your communications. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, S. WiMJAMS, A ssi slant A djii taut- General. [Book No. 8, Department of the West, pp. 71, 72.] On the same date Brigadier-General Harney was relieved from his command in an order from the War Department of which the follow- ing is a copy: An.TUTA NT-Genera l' s Office, Washinrani conveying these instructions is as follows: A D.iuTANT-( General's Office, April 31, 1861. Capt. N. Lyon, Second Inft. Louis and to use them for the defense of the public property " By order of Brigadier-General Harney: S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant-General. [Book No. 87, Departments of the West and Western, p. 294.] foi? " ^^^ '^"^^ ^'^^^' "^^^^^ ^^' "^^^^' ^^P^^^" ^"^'°" telegraphed as ri^i T rr ^j- , . ^, , ^^^'^ St. Louis, [April] 22, 1861. Col. L. Thomas, Adjutant-General: > l /- j , Dispatch to muster troops received at twelve (12) o'clock last night I have to-day received seven hundred (700) men, and armed six hundred (600). N. Lyon, [E. & P., 463363.] ^'"^^"'"' '^''"^"^ Mantry. _ Under date of April 27, 1861, Captain Lyon, then commanding the bt. Louis Arsenal, made a detailed report of his operations in a letter of which the following- is an extract: Col. L. Thomas, '^^- ^^'^^' '^^'^^-"" '^^''^^ ~^' '^''- Adjutant-General, Washington, D. C. Sir: Since receiving the authority to receive and muster in 3Iissouri troops at this place, It has been a physical impossibility to write for the purpose of informing, the Department of what is transpiring here. The first telegraphic dispatch of the 21st instant, trcyn Major Porter, was received about 12 o'clock of that night, and the vol- unteer companies comnienced arriving early next morning. About 700 arrived that day and 600 were armed. On the next day (Tuesday, 23d ) nearly the same number arrived and 400 were armed. Through Wednesday and Thursday the arrivals con- tinued about the same, and on Thursday 2,100 had been received, armed, and sworn into the Lnited States service. Through yesterday and to-dav about 200 men per day have been received, and all except one company armed. One regiment is full two others are nearly full, and about half a regiment more is formed. Offers to the extent of several thousands more will doubtless be made, and if it is the wish of the (rovernment to accept them, I shall need to be so informed, as my orders now limit me to four regiments As there is artillery enough of light and heavv pieces for about three companies, and as there are many excellent artillerists who 'are exceedinelv anxious to organize as artillery companies, I have started a battalion of three com- panies tor the purpose of working our pieces, and to be ready for active service with them in the held in case ot moving. I also have an application to accept a company ot sappers and miners who have had experience in Europe, and I propose to do so A complete and m a short time an efficient army corps can be thus organized at this point. I desire the instructions of the War Department upon these matters As these troops were received at once upon obtaining authority, and without any provisions beforehand tor them, and without officers of the Subsistence and (>uarter- master departments on the spot to attend upon them, and no arrangements for quartering them, great inconvenience to them has occurred, and an overwhelminc. business devolved upon mvself. wvci>^iieiiuiiie Q^^fi M^*"""" ''''^•^/" ''■''"* ""^ ^^^'^'■^ ^'^'' (company ane considered to have l^een State militia called into the service of the United States l)y the President, and that the officers are entitled to the same recognition for services rendered that thev would have been entitled to had they been appointed and commissioned ])y the governor of the State. (R. and P., 450639.) As already stated, this force consisted of 1 battalion of light artil- lery, 5 regiments of infantr}", and 1 company of pioneers. It is proper to add that 3 of the infantry regiments consisted of 12 companies each, 2 of which were designated as riflemen, and that a rifle battalion of 2 companies and an independent company" of riflemen were also attached to the infantry force. S. Doc. 412 2 SIX MONTHS' MILITIA. On August 24, 1861, shortly after the formation of tlie new State government. Governor GambU^ issued a prochimation calling into the service of the State of Missouri, for the period of six months, 42,000 militia "to protect the lives and propertj' of the citizens of the State." Following is a copy of the proclamation: The powers of the civil authorities ]jein<4 inHufReient to protect the lives and prop- erty of the citizens of the State, I, Hamilton R. Ganiljle, governor of the State of Missouri, do hereby call into the active service of the State 42,000 men of the militia of the State, assigning 6,000 as the quota for each niilitarj' district, which is the same as a Congressional district. The force thus called into the service will be, as far as possible, a volunteer force and will consist of 10,000 cavalr}^ and 32,000 infantry. If the number volunteering should exceed this reijuisition, the excess will be held as a reserve corps. If there should be a deficiency, it may become necessary to resort to a draft. The adjutant-general will issue to the division inspector of the several mil- itary districts the order necessary to carry this requisition into effect. The force called out will be for six months, unless peace in the State be sooner restored. Arms will be furnished as rajaidly as they can be had. Given under my hand and the seal of the State at Jefferson City, tliis 24th day of August, in the year 1861. H. R. Gamble. By the Governor: M. Oliver, Secrelanj of State. [Annual Report Adjutant-General of Missouri, 1863, p. 9.] In compliance with the terms of the proclamation, the adjutant- general of the State issued a general order relative to the organization of the militia force, as folloAvs: General Orders, \ Headquarters, Jekferson City, No. 1. i August 24, 1861. Insi)ectors of divisions will immediately give notice of the times and places when and where they will attend, in their respective districts, to muster volunteers into the State service under the proclamation of the governor of this date. The force to be raised is (5,000 in each military district, to consist of 1,500 cavalry and 4,500 infan- try. The inspectors will cause elections for officers of com|)anies to be held, and election returns to be made to these headtjuarters immediately upon mustering com- panies into servi(;e. The company officers will proceed to elect the field officers of regiments as soon as possible. Tiiere has been pu1)lished a synojisis of the law for the organization of comi)anies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, which will be followed in the organization here ordered. If tiie insjjectors are unable to attend at all the places appointed for mustering the forces, they will give immediate notice to these headquartt'rs, in order that officers may be assigned to discharge the duty. By ()rder of the Connnander in Ciiief: G. R. Smith, Adjutant-General. [Il)i(l., p. 10.] Under date of August 80, 1S61, an " explanatory order ■' was issued from the State head(|uarters, in which it was announced that organized regiments of the militia, not exceeding 15 in number, would be per- mitted to vokmteer into the service of the United States to serve for 18 SIX months' milltia. 19 the period of three years; and it was further announced that such of the militia as .should not enter the United States service would coop- erate with the Federal Gov'ernment in establishing ])eace in the State. Following is a copy of the explanatory order: Explanatory Order 1 Headquarters, Jefkerson City, No. 2. J" AiKjmt 30, 1861. When any regiment is organized and the ofiicers commissioned under tlie State law, and desires tovokinteer into service of the United States for three years or dur- ing the war, the coinmun(hng ofhcer will notify the adjutant-general, and a muster- ing officer of the United States will be detailed l)y the proper officer of the United States service to muster the regiment into service. Tliis will extend to 15 i-egiments. The troops organized under the call of the governor which do not enter the service of the United States will cooperate with the Federal (.Tovernment in establishing peace in the State. By order of the Commander in Chief: Geo. R. Smith, Adjutant-General. [Ibid., p. 10.] It does not appeal- that any regiment of the State militia organized under the gov^ernor's proclamation of August 24, 1861, wdiich was known as the "Six months' militia," volunteered into the United States service; and although, as stated l)v the adjutant-general of the State in his annual report of 1803 (p. 10), the people of th(> State responded promptly to the call of the governor, the embodied force fell far short of the niunber called for, the annual report for 1801 showing an aggregate strength of only 0,185 officers and men. [Offi- cial Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. I, This militia force, as stated by the State adjutant-general, was made up almost entirely of citizens of the interior of the State, who enrolled themselves into companies for the defense of their homes and families. The service performed l)y them was principally that of •' scouring their counties in search of rebel camps and rendezvous, and acting as scouts and guides to the various bodies of vohuiteers th(m in the State.'"' (Annual Keport Adjutant-General of Missouri, 1803, p. 11.) During the latter part of 1861 and the early part of 1862 a different class of militia (the force known as the '* Missouri State Militia") was in process of organization, and the governor, finding that the "'six months' militia"" entailed great expense upon the State without any corresponding })enetit, on the llth of January, 1802, issued an order directing its disbandment on the 2oth of the same month. Following is a copy of the order: General Orders, 1 HeadquaR'I'ers State of Missouri, > Adjutant-General's Office, No. 2. J ,S'/. Louix, January U, 1S62. I. The conniiandcr in chief, in view of tlie fact that the organization of the six months' militia entails great exi)ense upon the State without any corresponding ben- elit, orders that this class of troops be disbanded on the 25th of "January, 1862. II. Commanding officers of the six months' militia will muster their conunands for pay and discharge upon the 25th day of January, 18()2, and will be prepared to deliver up all ])roperty of the State in their control, and to account for such as has been lost, consumed, or destroyed in the service. Upon compliance with these requirements, or as soon thereafter as the rolls can be examined, the officers and men will be paid by the State. III. Companies which shall report themselves ready for muster into the State service for the term of the war in accordance with the conditions of the agreement made between the United States and the governor of this State as set forth in Gen- eral Orders, No. 1, series of 1S61, will be accepted and mustered without delay. After muster they will be subsisted, clothed, armed, and paid l)y the United States. 20 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. IV. The I'ollowiiif; places are designated as points at which the six months' troops will l)e mustered out of service on the ilay above named, viz, St. Joseph, Cameron, Chillicothe, Macon City, ]\Iexico, and Louisiana. Ollicers commamling these troopa will inarch tln'ir men to the nearest and most convenient of the aVjove-named places in time to I)e present at the muster for pay and discharge as al)Ove ordered. By order of the Commander in Chief: Chestkk JIakdinc;, Jr., Adjutajit-dencraL A siinull portion of the force liad l)een di.scharg-ofl previous to the issiue of the order (juoted above, and a hirger portion remained in serv- ice for a short period after the date fixed for its disbanduient. The six month.s' militia was strictly a State force, organized and employed for the protection of the live.s and property of the citizens of the State of ^Missouri, It was paid by the State and the State was subsecpiently. reimbursed by the United States under the provisions of the act of Congress approved April IT, 18<)6, entitled "An act to reim- burse the State of Missouri for moneys expended for the United States in enrolling, equipping, and provisioning militia forces to aid in sup- pressing the rebellion." (14 Stat. L., pp. 38,39.) The designations of the organizations forming this militia force are g'iven in the schedules accompanying this paper. The organizations nimibered 5 regiments, 11 battalions, and 10 independent companies. One of the latter was designated as cavahy and one as an artillery company. Some of the organizations of the force are known to have been mounted. MISSOURI STATE MILITIA. The Missouri State Militia was a peculiar force, entirel}'^ separate and distinct from all other militia organizations of the State, and its status in the service was the subject of considcra])le controversy dur- ing the period of its existence. Its organization was the result of a desire on the part of the officials of the State to place in the lield a force of State militia iit the expense of the General Government (Annual Report Adjutant-General of Missouri, 1863, p. 11) which should cooperate with the United States troops "in repelling the invasion of the State and supressing rebellion therein/'' The proposition for the organization of such a force, made to the President by the governor of the State, under direction of the State convention, was as follows: Executive Mansion, ]Va,s}il)i(jt())i, JVorernlier 5, 1861. The governor of the State of Missouri, acting under the direction of tlie convention of that State, i)roposes to the Government of the United States that lie will raise a militarj' force, to serve within the State as State militia din-ing the war there, to cooperate with the troops in the service of the United States in repelling the inva- sion of the State and suj)pressing rebellion therein; the said State militia to be embodied and to be held in the camp and in the field, drilled, disciplined, and gov- ernefl according to the Army Regulations and subject to the Articles of War; the said State militia not to be ordered out of the State, except for the immediate defense of the State of Missouri, but to cooperate with the trooi)s in the service of the United States in military operations within the State or necessary to its defense, and when officers of the State militia act with ofticers in the service of the United States of the same grade the officers of the United States service shall com- mand the combined force; the State militia to he armed, ecpiipped, clothed, sub- sisted, transported, and paid by the United States during such time as they shall be actually engaged as an embodied military force in service, in accordance with regu- lations of the United States Army or general orders as issued from time to time. In order that the Treasury of the United States may not })e burdened with the pay of unnecessary officers, the governor proposes that, although the State law requires him to a])point U]ion the general staff an adjutant-general, a commissary- general, an inspector-general, a c|uartermaster-general, a i)ay master-general, and a surgeon-general, each with the rank of cohjnel of cavalry, yet he proposes tiiat the Government of the United States pay only the adjutant-general, the (juartermaster- general, and inspector-general, their services being necessary in the relations which would exist Ijetween the State ^Militia and the Uniteil States. The governor further proposes that, while he is allowed Ijy the State law to appnint aides-de-camp to the governor at his discretion, with the rank of colonel, three only shall be reported to the United States for payment. He also ]>roposes that the State Militia shall be commanded by a single major-general and l)y such number of l)rigadier-generals as shall allow one for a brigade of not less than four regiments, and that no greater numljer of staff officers shall l)e appointed for regimental, brigade, and division duties than as provided for in the act of Congress of the 22il of July, 1801 ; and that whatever be the rank of such officers as fixed by the law of the State, the compen- sation that they shall receive from the United States shall only l)e that which belongs to the i»ank given by said act of Congress to officers in the United States service per- forming the same duties. 21 22 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. The field officers of a regiment in the State Militia are one colonel, one lieutenant- colonel, and on<' major, and the company otRcers are a captain, a first lieutenant, and a second lieutenant. The governor proposes tiiat, as the money to l)e disbursed is the money of the l"'nited States, such staff ofiicers in the service of the United States as may be neces- sary to act a,s disljursing olHcers for the State ^lilitia shall be assijjned by the War Pej'artnient for that duty; or, if such can not be spared from their present duty, he will ajiiioint such i)ers<)ns disbursinir othcers for the State Militia as the President of the I'nited States may designate. Such regulations as may be required, in the judg- ment of the President, to insure regularity of returns and to protect the Tnited States from anv fraudulent ])ractices shall be ol)served and obeyed bv all in office in the State Mi'litia. The above projiositions are accepted on the part of the United States, and the Sec- retary of ^Var is dii'ected to make the necessary orders upon the Ordnance, Quarter- master's, Conmiissary, Pay, and ^ledical Deitartments to carry this agreement into effect. He will t-ause the necessary staff officers in the United States service to be detailed for duty in connection with the ^Missouri State ^Militia, and will order them to make the ui'cessary provision in their respective offices for fulfilling this agree- ment. All requisitions upon the different officers of the United States, under this agreement, to lie made in substance in the same mode for the ^Missouri State Militia as similar recpiisitions are made for troops in the service of the United States, and the Secretary of War will cause any additional regulations that may be necessary to insure regularity and economy in carrying this ai^reement into effect to be adopted and communicated to the governor of ^Missouri for the government of the ^Missouri State :\Iilitia. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. I, pp. 618,619.] The final paraovaph of the paper quoted above was evidently intended l)v its trainer for the sionature of the President as his accept- ance of the ijroposition made in behalf of the State anthorities, but the President adopted another and a nioditied form of acceptance, as is shitroveS1 Louis, XovemJicr J7, 1861. Brig. Gen. John M. Schofield, of the United States Volunteers, having been appointed and commissioned brigadier-general of the ^Missouri State Militia, is hereby placed in command of all the militia of the State. H. W. Halleck, Major-General, Mls^mnri State Militia. [Ibid., p. 4.] On the 29th of November, 1861, an order was issued by General Schofield assuming command of the State Militia and announcing that the organization of the ""State forces,'' according to the arrangement entered into ])etween the President and the governor of Missouri, would l)e prosecuted as rapidly as possible. Following is a copy of the order: General Orders, .\ Headquarters Missouri Militia, No. I. i St. Louis, Xovemher 29, 1861. I. In compliance with orders from ]Major-(Teneral Halleck, of the Missouri ^lilitia, dated St. Louis, November 27, 1861, I hercbv assume command of all the militia of the State. II. The organization of the State forces and their muster into service, according to the terms of the arrangement entered into ))etween the President of the United States and the governor of iNIi.ssouri, will be prosecuted as rapidly as possible. ]\Ius- tering officers will be ai)i)ointed and rendezvous designated from time to time as circumstances may require. III. Mustering officers will be strictly guided by the regulations published here- with. IV. A strict observance of the Army Regulations will be required of all troops mustered into the service of the State. Ordnance, quartermaster, and subsistence stores will be i.ssued only upon requisitions, in due form, made by the proper officers. All officers will l)e re(|uired to render their accounts promptly and accurately. V. Officers commanding troojjs now in the State service will make returns of their respective commands to the adjutant-general of the State iiiuueiliately, and hereafter on the last day of every inontii. J. M. SciioFiin.D, Brigadier-General Commanding. [Il)id., p. 4.] On the same date, November 2!>. 1S<)1, General Schofield put)lished detailed instructions for th(^ oi'ganization and nuister in of tiie Missouri State Militia, the pri^paration and distribution of muster-in rolls, the sultsistence of the troops, and the issue of clothing, camp and garrison MISSOURI STATE MILITIA. 25 equipage, etc. This was done in a general order of wliich the follow- ing is a cop3^: General Orders, ) Headquarters Missouri State Militia, No. 2. / St. Lonh, Xoremher 29, 1861. I. The followino; instructions are issued for the information and government of mustering officers and all others interested: II. Whenever a number of individuals, between the ages of eighteen (18) and forty-five (45) years, not less than eighty-three (83) nor more than one hundred and one (101) shall desire to volunteer as a company into the military service of the State, to serve for the term of during the Avar in the State of ]\Iissouri, from the date of organization unless sooner discharged, the inspector-general, his assistant, or some other officer designated to muster them, having been furnished with a complete roll of the men to be mustered, which lie will verify Ijy calling their names and l)e assured that all are present, and cause each and every indivitlual to liold up his naked right hand, he will administer the following oath: "You, each and every one of you, do«soieninly swear that you will honestly and faithfully serve the State of Missouri against all her enemies, and that you will do your utmost to sustain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and of this State, against all violence of whatsoever kind or descripticm; and you do further swear that you will well and truly execute and obey the lawful orders of all officers properly placed over you, whilst on duty, so help you God." The t)ath having been administered as above, the mustering officer will then direct the company to go into an election of one captain, one first lieutenant, and one second lieutenant, and preside over (superintend) such election. The officers having been properly elected, the captain will appoint the noncommissioned officers, musicians, and a wagoner; and the mustering officer will then muster the company into the service of the State. CAPTION OP muster ROLLS FOR MUSTER INTO SERVICE. III. Muster roll of Captain , Company (A), in the Regiment of Missouri Militia, commanded by Colonel , called into the service of the State of ]\Iissouri by the governor, to serve for the term of during the war in Missouri from the date of organization unle.ss sooner discharged. NUMBER OF ROLLS TO BE MADE. IV. For muster into service there will be four copies of muster rolls, viz, one for the captain, one for the Adjutant-( ieneral at Washington, one for the adjutant-general and one for the inspector-general of the State of Missouri. FILLING UP THE MUSTER ROLLS. V. In making muster rolls, give two lines to each commissioned officer, and leave a blank line between lieutenants and sergeants, between sergeants and corporals, and so of the grades 1 )elow. VI. Number (in the marginal column only) the captain, 1; first lieutenant, 1; sec- ond lieutenant, 1; sergeants, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; corporals, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; musicians, I, 2; wagoner, 1; privates, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on, in alphabetical order. Every grade on any roll will commence with No. 1, and the recapitulation will show the corre- sponding number of each graile. VII. The Christian name, or the first one, as "John B. Smith," must, in all cases, be written in full, not the first letter of it. VIII. The mustering officer will deliver to the captain one muster roll of his com- pany; the others (three in number) will l)e sent to the adjutant-general of the State. IX. For {)eriodical payments there will be six copies of the muster roll, four as al)ove, and two for the paymaster. X. The rolls of field anany lieutenants), regimental quartermaster (one of the company lieutenants), surgeon, assistant surgeons, sergeant-major, regi- mental (luartermaster-sergeant, regimental commissary-sergeant, hospital steward, and two principal musicians. 26 MISSOT^RI TROOPS UNTOlSr. ISSUE OF SUBSISTENCE STORES. XI. Returns for issues to companies will be made by the captains (see Form 13, Regulations), and, as this is the only mode l)y which subsistence stores can l)e issued to companies, officers should inform themselves without delay. Returns for issue to companies will, when practical)le, be consolidated for the regiment. (See Form 14.) ISSUES OF CLOTHING, C.\MP AND GARRISON Elil"IPA<;E. XII. Recpiisitions for issue to companies will be made by the captains ])y special requisitions (see Form 40). The number and articles should be written in the body of the recjuisition. It is desirable that requisitions for clothing and requisitions for camp and garrison equipage should be separate for a company equipjjed for the first time. ISSUES OF gRDNANCE AND ORDNANCE STORES. XIII. Requisitions for issues to companies will be made by the captains (see Form 23). The forms referred .to in this order will be found in the series of numbers, under the heads (jf the several anies will be received provided their horses are good and serviceable. The horses and horse e(iuipments will be inspected and appraised as follows: VII. The mustering officer and captains of comjtanies will select three respectable and impartial men, good judges of the value of horses, and not members of any com- pany nor owning or having interest in any horse therein, to appraise the horses and horse equipages. The valuation will be the fair cash price at the j)lace and time, what the judges would be willing to give were they jnirchasing for themselves. And the assesseii value for horses and horse c(iuipnients — the two seixirate — will be ]nit on the muster roll opposite the owners' nanu^s, and the appraL-^ers. being sworn by the mustering oHicers, will sign the certilicate for that purpo.^e on the roll of nmster into service, and the valuation will be continued on the sul)sequent rolls. VTII. Every man shouM l)e the owner of the horse in his use. No one belonging to the command (conqxuiy or regiment) can be the owner of, or in any niamier have interest in, the horse in use of another. J. M. SCHOFIELD, Brigadier-General, Commanding. [Ibid., pp. 7,8.] MISSOURI STATP] MILITIA. 27 And on Dec'oml)er 13, 1861, further instructions were given in an order, of which the following is a copy: Oeneral Orders, 1 Headquarters Missouri State Militia, No. 5. r St. Lovia, December IS, 1861. The following regulations will ])e observed by ]iost quartermasters and commissa- ries and officers engaged in organizing State troops: I. Any officer authorized l)y the commander in chief to raise troops for the State service may enroll men aneing limited to any s])ecitic number) a military force, to be armed, ecjuipped, clothed, suljsisted, transported, and paiil l)y the Cniteil States during such time as they should he actually engaged as an eml^odied military force in service. (See Senate Ex. Dot-. No. 6, Thirty-seventh Congress, second session, and (ieneral Orders, No. 96, War Department, series 1861.) In accordance with this agreement the organization of this force was commenced in November, 1861 (see copy of General Orders, No. 1. Headi^uarters State ]Militia, November 2o, 1861, herewith inclosed, marked A"), and authority given to ]iartiesto recruit tVir companies and regiments all over the State, and at the time of the jnissage of the act of Congress limiting the number to be raised over lo.OOO men were enlisted. Preparations were immediately made by the governor, on the recei))t of the order limiting the number, to muster out the surplus: and this was being done when the following connnunication was received from the Adjutant-General. "Ad.iutant-Geneeal's Office, ''Wa.shington, June 23, 1862. "His Excellency the Governor of Missouri, "-Sy. Louis, Mo. " Sir: It having been represented at this office that some three regiments of State militia have been raised in your State in excess of the nundoer authorized by Con- gress, I am instructed to inform you that these extra troops will l)e received into the general service of the United States, provided such is their wish. If they do not desire to come into the general service they will be disbanded. "I am, sir, very resi)ectfully, your ol)edient servant, " L. Thomas, Adjutant-General.'^ An order was inuiiediately issued to the commanding officers of regiments (copy inclosed, marked C) directing a report to be made to these headquarters of those who desired to be mustered into the United States service. Through their commaiul- ing officers the troops expres.sed an unwillingness to enter the service as United States volunteers. The governor then ordered that the surplus force be disl)anded, Vmt Brig. Gen. J. M. Scholield, then commanding the District of ^lissouri, protested against it on the ground of the small force of United States troops in his command and the threaten- *Here omitted; but >ee pp. 23, 24. 30 MISSUUKI TRUOPS UNION. ing aspect of affairs in the State at that time; and the governor, at the request of the general coniniamhng:, telegraphed to the War Department informing the authorities of his intention to disliand the surplus, and also the reasons urged by General Scho- field that it should not be done, and received a reply from the General in Chief of the Army, of which the following is a copy: " Washin(;ton, D. C, August 15, 1862. "His Excellency Governor Gamble: ''The Secretary of War consents to your retaining in service the surplus militia, at least for the present; that all preparation should be niade for the draft, and the ques- tion of postponement will be decided hereafter. "H. W. Halleck, Generalin C'liief." The foregoing is the authority by which the surplus militia w^as retained in service during the time the necessity existed for it. As soon as the exigencies of the service would admit orders were issued to reduce the force to the proper number, and by the last consolidated return (for December) forwarded from this office the aggregate is 10,370. An order will be issued in a few days breaking up four of the regiments and dis- tributing the companies among the other regiments to bring them to the standard of twelve companies each, as required by act of Congress approved July 17, 1862, and General Orders, No. 126, War Department, 1861. I am, colonel, very respectfully, vour obedient servant, Wm. D. Wood, Colonel and Akle-de-Otiiq), Acting Adjutant-General. General Orders, ^ Headquarters State op Missouri, > Adjutant-General's Office, No. 29. j St. Louis, June 30, 1862. The following communication from the War Department is published for the infor- mation of all concerned:'' To enable the governor to comply with the above requirements the officer com- manding each company of militia now in service will, without delay, ascertain and report to the adjutant-general of the State, through the commanding officer of his regiment or battalion, the officers and the number of men of his company who are willing to be mustered into the service of the United States as volunteers for "three years or during the war." By order of the Commander in Chief: Wm. D. Wood, Colonel and Acting Adjutant-General. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. Ill, pp. 52-54.] In connection with the subject of the reduction of the Missouri State Militia and it.s rcoro'aiiization into reg-inients of 12 companies each, under the provisions of the act of Congress approved July 17. 1862, the adjutant-general of the State said in his annual report v>i 18()3 (p. 4^): The resolution of Congress which confirmed the agreement between your excel- lency and the President in reference to the raising of the "Missouri State ]\Iilitia," provided that the force should not exceed 10,000 men; and as the mnu])er which was enlisted prior to June, 1862, ha. 29. MISSOURI STATE MILITIA. 31 "General Orders, "| "Headquarters State op Missouri, y "Adjutant-General's Office, "No. 5. j "St. Louis, Februari/ S, 1863. "I. In compliance w'ith an act of Congres'^, 'approved July 17, 1862,' and General Orders, No. 126, series 1862, from the War Department, the following consolidation of the regiments I'omposing the Missouri State Militia, organized under General Orders, No. 96, War Department, series 1861, are announced fur the information of all concerned: "First. The Third Regiment of Cavalry, M. S. jNI., is hereby broken u|), and the 10 companies belonging to the same will be attached and distributed as follows: " Four companies to be attaclied and one companv to be distributed among the Sixth Cavalry, M. 8. M. " Four comj)anies to be attached and one company to be distributed among the Seventh Cavalry, ]M. S. M. "Second. The Fifth Regiment of Cavalry, M. S. j\I., is hereby broken up, and the 10 companies belonging to the same will be attached and distrilmted as follows: "Three companies to be attached and two companies to be distributed among the First Cavalry, M. S. M. "Four companies to be attached and one companv to l>e distributed among the Ninth Cavalry, :M. S. M. "Third. The Twelfth Regiment of Cavalry, ■\I. S. ]\I., is hereby broken up, and the 8 companies belonging to the same will be attached and distributed as follows: "Three comijanies to be attached to the Tenth Cavalry, 31. S. 31. "Three companies to be attached and two companies to be distributed among the Thirteenth Cavalry, M. S. M." The Fifth Regiment, Colonel Penick, was subsequently mustered out of service, as was also the remainder of the Second Battalion; thus the force was reduced to the limit mentioned above. It may here be remarked that but one organization of the Missouri State Militia (the Schotield Light Artiller}^) was "received into the general service of the United States"' under the invitation extended in the War Department letter of June 23, 1802, quoted above in the report of the Secretary of W^ar to the President of the Senate. As was to be expected from the peculiar character of the Missouri State Militia, a question soon arose as to its status in the service. If it was a military force in the service of the State of Missouri, the gov- ernor of the State was authorized to remove its officers, but if it was in the military service of the United States, the President alone could exercise the power of dismissal. The right to the extra pay su])se- quently provided by Congress for officers of the volunteer forces who should serve to the close of the war, the rights of ))oth officers and enlisted men to pension, and the rights of enlisted men to the bounties provided b}^ law for enlistments and reenlistments in the United States service were also involved. The question was first brought to the attention of the United States military authorities by Governor Gam- ble in a letter to Major-General Halh'ck, dated September 22, 1862. That letter and the ensuing correspondence between the governor and the General in Chief are here quoted: Headquarters Missouri State Militia, St. Loui.9, September 22, 1862. Major-General Halleck. General: I see that questions are al)Out to arise here with some of the United States othcers \vhich you can settle without difficulty before they assume an unpleas- ant aspect. You know the character of the force which I raised as State militia under my arrangement with the President. Besides that force I have proceeded to enroll the entire militia of the State. As yet you are the major-general of the State militia. General Schofield was com- missioned brigadier-general of the State militia, and the connnand was by your order assigneil to him. At that time there was no other militia organization than the troops organized under the arrangement with the President. 32 MISSOURI TROOPS FISriON. Brio;adier-(Teiieral Davidson is now in command of the St. Louis District. He is an ottic-er of volunteers, but not of tiie State militia. He claims tiie right to com- mand the enrolled militia and to order them into service, they not now being in actual service. Questions arise in res]iect Injtli to the force organized under my arrangement with the President and tlie mass of militia enrolled. I assert that the force I raised under my arrangement with the President is a State force and not a I'nited States force. The document tiled in the War Dejjartment signed by the President will determine this. That document provides that the force to be raised shall he ordered to cooperate with the troops in the service of the I'nited States, and determines what ofticer shall command the combined force. The Presi- dent in making the agreement stii)ulated that the commanding general of the depart- ment should l)e commissioned l)y the governor major-general of the State militia. These jirovisions as well as the whole tenor of the paper show tlie understanding of the parties to be that the force was to be a State force, and it was only to prevent a po.«sible dithculty that the unity in the command was provided for by making the same otticer the general of both descriptions of forces. I call your attention to this question now, not because any ditiiculty has arisen, but to prevent its occurrence. Very resi)ectfully, your obedient servant, n. R. (tAJIHLE. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. II, p. 579.] "\V.\shin'(;ton, September 27, 1S62. His Excellency Governor G.vmble, St. Louis. Governor: Yours of the'22d in relation to command of volunteers and militia officers is received. I am informed that the (General Government has uniformly acted on the ground that the clause of the Constitution (Art. I, sec. 8, p. 15) resi)ecting the "appointment of officers and the authority of training the militia" refers only to the officers of the organization under which they are brought into the service of the United States, and that the commanding or "governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States" belongsto the Federal Government; or, in other words, may Vie "prescribed by Congress." For example, when the militia of a State is called into the service of the United States by regiments, the regimental officersmust be appointed l)y the State; so when called in by brigades, the brigade officers must also be so appointed. But it by no means follows that these regiments or brigades when once in the service are to be commanded always and only by officers so appointed. On thecontrary, such organizations are to be "governed" orcommanded as may be jirescribed In- Congres^s; or, in the absence of any law on that sul)ject, as may be directed by the President as Connmuider in Chief, always in conformity with the connnon law of military usage. Thus, regiments of militia mustered into the service of the United States would be under the orders of a brigade commander of pro{)er rank designated by law or by the President. The act of July 17, bS62, conforms t(i the foregoing view of the constitutional pro- vision anointed l)y one State can not connnand tlie militia of another State while in the service of the United States. MISSOURI STATE MILITIA. 38 It can hardly he supposed tliat the framers of the Constitution intended to authorize the use of the State niiUtia in the service of the United States and at the same time to put such restrictions upon that use as to render it impossihle. Let us now put this questiou to a practical test. The President, under the author- ity of tlie law of July 17, has called for a draft of 300,000 men from the militia of the loyal States. The men so drafted are to be organized into regiments bj^ the several States and mustered into the service of the United States by regiments as organized and ofticered by the States respectively. What is to 1)6 done with these militia regi- ments when so nuistered into tlie service of the United States? The law contem- plates that they are to be used the same as any other troops in the Ignited States and to be assigned "to brigades, divisions, and army corps under regular or volunteer com- manders legally appointed by the President of the United States. But if State mili- tia can be commanded only by otticers appointed by the States, respectively, we have twenty or thirty separate and independent organizations, which can not be made to act in conjunction, and which are bound to obey only the orders of the othcers appointed l)y their own State. Could anyone imagine a more perfect state of mili- tary anarchy? Troops in the service of the United States, paid and suljsisted by the United States, and yet not "governed" or commanded l)y tlie United States! Such a construction of the "Constitution ojiens to us the shortest possil>le road to dissolution and anarchy. I have no doubt that the practice of the (xovernment in regard to the militia in the service of the United States is in perfect accordance with the constitu- tional provision referred to, and that a battery, battalion, or regiment of militia when nuistered into service can be commanded by any officer of proper rank appointed by the United States. In regard to rank, the Army Regulations are very specific. Paragraph 9 provides tliat olHcers commissioned by the United. States rank officers of like grade commis- sioned by a State. Adopting this view of the general question, we will now examine how far the terms of the authority given by the President to the governor of Missouri to raise militia for the service of the United States excepts such forces from the general rule of com- mand while in such service. This authority does not prescribe how this militia force was to be received into the service of the United States, lint it was in fact, under the orders of the War Department, received by companies and regiments; and when four regiments were received, the governor api)ointed a brigadier-general and V)rigade staff officers. It seems to have been the intention that when these troops w«re brigaded they should have their own brigade conmianders, and also that they should be sub- ject to the general command only of the commander of that department. But it also seems to have been understood tliat this militia force might be used in other ways than as sejiarate and distinct brigades and regiments and that the exigencies of the service might require parts of it to serve in conjunction with other troops when the militia officers were to be commanded by United States officers of the same grade. In fact, this militia force has never served in the field by l^rigades, but by regiments and companies or detachments, and where they act in a district or at a post or in campaign ''in conjunction " with other troops they must be commanded by the officer highest in rank, whether he be a militia officer or not. But you draw a distinction between a general of the Regular Army and of volun- teers in regard to his right to command the Missouri Militia when acting in conjunc- tion with other troops. I do not think that such a distinction was intended liy the President's order, both regulars and volunteers being component parts of the Army. If not so intended, it could not be admitted on the general rule as to command. In regard to the other point presented in your letter, I agree with you that the commanding officer of a military district can assume no command over the enrolled State militia until the same is lirought into the service of the United States. Very respectfullj', your obedient servant, H. W. Halleck, General In Chief [Ibid., pp. 591-593.] Headquarters of the Ak.viy, Washington, October 3, 1862. His Excellency H. R. Gamble, Governor of Missouri, iSt. Louis. Governor: Col. Albert Jackson, of the Twelfth Regiment of Cavalry, Missouri State Militia, has appealed to the Secretary of War against the order of your excel- lency revoking his commission and discharging him from service. This case has raised an important question in regard to the authority of the governors of States over the parts of the militia of those States which are received into the service of the S. Doc. 412 3 34 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. United States. The whole matter has been duly considered, and I am directed to convey to you the views of the Department. As stated in my letter to you of the 27th ultimo, it is believed that the Constitution has given to Congress the entire "governing" of the State militia while in the service of the United States. The control of a State over that part of its militia which enters the service of the United States ceases the moment it is mustered into that service. It is then governed by the laws of the United States. By these laws and ])y the Regu- lations of the Army, made in pursuance of an act of Congress, the power to try, pun- ish, or dismiss an officer of State militia in the service of the United States is vested in the President and in certain officers of the United States. No such power has been given to a governor of a State over such troops. The act of Congress regulating the government of militia in the service of the United vStates places them on the same footing as to government or command as volunteers. A militia officer in service, therefore, can he discharged from the service only by the President or those acting under his authority. A State governor can fill the vacancy so created, but he can not himself create the vacancy. This, I think, will be admitted to be the general rule under the law. Does the authority conferred by the President on the governor of Missouri except the militia •of that State in the service of the United States from the operation of this rule? That document says: "It (the militia) is to be held in camps and in the field, drilled, disciplined, and governed, according t(j the Regulations of the United States Army and subject to the Articles of War." Again, "They shall be considered as disbanded from the service of the United States whenever the President shall so direct." During such time as they shall be actually engaged as an embodied force in active service, "and they are to be armed, equipped, clothed, subsisted, transported, and paid l)y the United States." The War Dej^artment is of opinion that the militia of Missouri which have been mustered into service under this authority and not dislianded or mustered out by direction of the President are in "the service of the United States," and that they must be "governed" as prescribed by Congress for militia so in service, except where otherwise stipulated in the special authority given to the governor of Missouri. It is stij^ulated that the governor is authorized to appoint <"ertain officers of such mili- tia; but he is nowhere authorized to try, punish, and discharge or otherwise "gov- ern" anil "discii)line" the officers of the State militia while in the service of the United States. This can be done only in the manner prescribed, and by the officers designated, in the Rules and Articles of War and in the Regulations of the United States Army. The Secretary of War has therefore deciiled that your order discharging Colonel Jackson from the service of the United States was given without authority of law. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. W. Hallkck, General Jn Chief. [Ibid., pp. 640,647.] St. Lons, October 10, 1862. Major-General Hallkck, (leneral in (^hief. Gknkral: I have received your letter of the 27th of September, in answer to mine of the 22d. I delayed a reply until the receipt of yours of the 3d instant rendered a reply necessary. 1 confess that upon reading yours of the 27th September (which has been published in the newspapers) I was greatly surprised at its contents. In my letter, to which it jiurports to l)e an answer, I had si)okeu of a particular body of troops raised by me under an agreement with the President and referring you to the terms of that agree- ment. I asked the (picstion whether they were to be regarded as State troops or United States troops. I asserted that they were State troops. In your answer you l)roceed to show that militia called into the service of the United States are to be otlicered l)y the State according to the organizations called for, but may be com- manded by officers of a higher grade or higher organization bt-longing to either the regular or volunteer service of tlie United States; that is, if the call upon the State 1h' for rcgiiiu'iits the State authorities conuui.ssion the officers of the regiments, but the brigade commanders are designated by the l'n>sident under tlu' law. The prin- ciple you assume would, in its a])plication to a call for militia by brigades, allow the State authorities to appoint brigailiers, leaving division commanders to be designated by the I'resideiit. Yon proceed at great length to show the great inconveniences, if not absurdities, resulting from any other rule for the commaml of the nulitia in the service of the United States, and, finally, you ai)j)ly the rule to the particular force about which I asked the (lucstion l>y assuming that the force is in the service of the United States. MISSOURI STATE MILITIA. 35 The surprise produced by your reply, general, was not on account of the novelty of your positions, but on account of their utter irrelevancy to the question which I had submitted to your consideration. I never doubted the authority of United States generals to command regiments of militia called into the service of the United States as regiments. My question concerned a special corps of militia raised under a special agreement with the President, in relation to which I sought no other advan- tage than that the expense should be borne by the United States, because the State could not meet it. It was but natural that I shouM expect that my question — whether this corps raised under the agreement is a United States force or a State force — should be answered by an examination and construction of the written agreement. That agreement is in the form of a proposal by the governor to raise a force of State militia for the declared purpose of cooperating with the troops in the service of the United States in repelling invasion and suppressing insurrection within the State. The purpose of cooperating with troops in the service of the United States clearly indicates that the force to be raised is not itself in that service. Moreover, it is stii>u- lated that the force to be raised " shall be ordered by the governor to cooperate with the troops in the service of the United States in military operations." Can it have been the understanding of the parties that this force, which was to cooperate with the troops in the service of the United States, and was to be ordered by the governor thus to cooperate, was itself to be in the service of the United States? It is impossible to believe it. It is provided that in case of such union of the two descriptions of forces " the combined force " shall be commanded by the United States officer. Are the two forces, thus combined, both in the service of the United States? If so, what is the sense of the stipulation? The force to be raised by the governor as State milita is "to be held in the camp and in the field, drilled, disciplined, and governed according to the Army Regula- tions and subject to the Articles of War." If the force is to be in the service of the United States this is all solemnly expressed nonsense, because the Regulations and Articles of War would be the law for its government without any such stipulation. But the clause has meaning and force when we find in the militia ordinance of the State the provision " that when the militia shall be called into the actual service of the State the officers and men shall be subject to the same Rules and Regulations and Articles of War that govern the armies of the United States." The document announces to the President the rule by which the contemplated force is to be governed, while the government is still to be by the State authorities under their own law. Again, the instrument provides that the troops to be raised "shall be armed, equipped, clothed, subsisted, transported, and paid by the United States." It is suggested that the parties making the agreement knew that troops in the service of the United States would be armed, equipped, clothed, jiaid, etc., by the United States, as a matter of course, without any stipulation to that effect, and that there- fore this stipulation was inserted for the reason that the force to be raised, being a State force, needed this stipulation to be secure in respect to their pay, etc. In other words, this part of the agreement shows that the parties considered the force a State force and not a United States force, and that therefore this was a necessary provision in the contract. The provision for paying certain officers on the general State staff by the United States, because they were necessary in the relations which this force was to sustain to the United States, proves beyond doubt that the force was not to sustain the rela- tion to the Government borne by troops in its service. The provision "that because the money to be disbursed was to be money of the United States, therefore such staff officers in the service of the United States as may be neces.sary to act as disbursing officers for the State militia shall be assigned by the War Department for that duty, or, if they can not be spared from their present duty, the governor will appoint such persons disbursing officers for the State militia as the President may designate," proves beyond doubt that this was not to be a United States force. The President never would have consented to have his disbursing officers appointed by the governor. The paper when submitted to the President received his approval, but he thought it best to consult General McClellen l^efore perfecting the agreement. The general objected to it, and, being sent for by the President, came to the Executive Mansion, where his objection was stated in my presence. The chief objection was that diffi- culties might arise from a difference in command, and he stated the mode of avoiattle. I have accepted verv many resignations, which I could not do if the troops were in the service of the United States. I have constantly acted upon the belief that they are State troops. Yet I have had no jiensonal feeling in the matter, and if to-day it were deeme, authorizes the President of the Unite)i, 1). ('. Colonel: I inclose herewith a communication from the governor of Missouri rela- tive to the reenlistment of the Missouri State ^lilitia as veteran volunteers. 1 fully MISSOURI STATE MILITIA. 41 concur in all the governor says on this subject, and resi^ectfully recommend it to the favorable consideration of the War Department. In drill, discipline, and ettii-iency these troops will compare favorably with any volunteer troops which I have seen. Hence the advantages to result from their reenlistment will be as great as in the case of other troops. Also their arduous and efficient services have merited the same reward as that accorded to others who reen- list as veterans. In fact, I am aware of no reason why they should not be received into the veteran corps, while there is in favor of it the consideration, in addition to the general one applicable to all troops, that it will do away with this exceptional corps by transferring the men composing it to the general service. This I deem an important consideration, and I trust will be so regarded by the Department. If this proposition be adopted, I will recommend that the men reenlist in their present companies and regiments, the organization remaining inichanged until all the old troops shall have had an opportunity to 'reenlist l)y the expiration of their two years' service. This will take until May next. Then the veterans can be con- solidated and organized inider the best officers, if such consolidation be found neces- sary, and those who refuse to reenlist can be also consolidated and remain in service as militia as long as they may be required. This remainder will doul)tless be very small and perhaps will not be needed longer in service. I am, colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. M. SCHOFIELD, Major-General, C'ovimandhtg. [Inclosure.] Headquarters State of Missouri, Office of Comma xder in Chief, St. Louis, December 7, 1863. Major-General Schofield. General: You know the interest which I have always felt in the jNIissouri State Militia, a corps of 10,000 men, raised ])y me under an agreement with the President of the United States of the 7th of November, 1861, of which corps you are the major- general. The service of this corps was, by agreement, limited to the State of Mis- souri, and to its immediate defense. It has now been rendering most laborious and efficient service for nearly two years; some of the men having been full two years enlisted, and by the coming sj^ring most of them will have been two years in service. Although this is a local force, yet there never has been a time since it was organized when a much larger force of volunteers was not required for the defense of the State, so that the Missouri State Militia was engaged in performing precisely the same serv- ice that was required of the volunteers. In everything, then, that gives value to soldiers in their past experience of military life, the State militia stands jirecisely upon the same footing with volunteers; in drill and discipline they are equal to volunteers; in marches and battles they have shown themselves equal to any other troops; their ability to endure the fatigue and priva- tions of a campaign has been fully tested in their past service. The term of service for which these men were enlisted was "during the war in Mis- souri," and, in my judgment, that term has very nearly expired. I am anxious that the Government shall have the services of these men in its opera- tions in other States, because I l)elieve they will be found very efficient in any field in which they may be employed. I wish them to be in the general service without any territorial limitation, yet I am aware that there is no power I)y which, without their consent, their terms of enlistment can V)e changed, and I am further aware that any general proposition made to any corps to change their enlistment will not be universally acceded to. I desire, therefore, that such of the men in the Missouri State Militia as are willing to go into the general service of the I-nited States be reenlisted on the footing of veterans, with the bounty and privileges given to veterans. I believe that this can not be allowed to them under existing orders; but I am so profoundly convinced that the Government would derive great benefit from the arrangement that I wish you to urge upon the authorities at Washington the })ropriety of issuing orders which will authorize the soldiers of this corps to enlist as veterans. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. R, Gamble, Governor of Missouri. 42 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. [Indorsemt'nts.] War Department, Adjutant-General's Office,* December 14, 1863. Respectfully submitted to the General in Chief, who has already decided that the Missouri State Militia were not entitled to the benefits of General Orders, No. 191, current series. General Schofield's letter seems to me to give reason for thinking that the good of the service might be promoted by adopting his suggestions. James B. Fry, Provost- Ma rshal- General. I respectfully recommend the enlistment of Missouri State Militia into the general service of the United States as veterans, without any conditions as to time of reor- ganization or place of service. December 18, 1863. H. W. Halleck, General in Chief. War Department, Provost-Marshal-General's Office, December 22, 1863. Maj. Gen. J. M. Schofield, U. S. Volunteers, Commanding Department of the Mhsnuri, St. Louis, Mo. General: I have respectfully to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 8th instant in reference to the reenlistment as veteran volunteers of the Missouri State Militia. In reply I have to inform you that the permission of the Department is hereby given to reenlist the said troops into the volunteer service of the United States, but without any conditions as to time of reorganization or place of service. This must be distinctly understood. The regulations governing the reenlistment of other troops as veterans will be appli- cable to the force in question. I am, general, very respectfully, etc., J. B. Fry, rroiost- Marshal- General. [M2520, V. S., 1863.] Under the authority received from the War Department a circular was issued from headquarters Department of the Missouri, of which the following is a copy: Circular.] Headquarters Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, Mo., December 2o, 1863. Telegraphic instructions have just been received at these headquarters which authorize the reenlistment of the Missouri State Militia as veterans with the under- standing that they shall be reorganized on the footing of volunteers in the United States service, to be used wherever the Government may have need of their services. As the time for payment of the veteran bounty is limited by law to the 5th proximo, regimental commanders must appoint their recruiting oftieers for veterans in accord- ance with General Orders, No. 150, current series, from these head(]uarters at once. All men of the Missouri State Militia reenlisting as veterans will be retained in their present regimental and company organizations until the original term of service expires, when the veterans will be consolidated under officers selected for their effi- ciency from the corps. By command of Major-General Schofield: O. D. Greene, Assistant Adjutant- General. Under date of May 10, 1864, the adjutant-general of Missouri was advised by the War Department that the State was entitled to credit for the men reenlisted under the authority of the Department letter of Deceml>er 22, 1803, quoted above, and that the men were entitled to 'This indorsement was prepared for the signature of an official of the Adjutant- General's Office, and, through an inadvertency, when signed by the Provost-Marshal- General, the designation of the office was not changed. MISSOURI STATE MILITIA. 43 the veteran bounties. Following is a copy of the War Department letter and its inclosure: War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, May 10, 1864. Brig. Gen. John B. Gray, Adjutant-General of Missouri, St. Louis. General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 5th instant relative to credits of men of the Missouri State Militia reenlisted under the authority of the War Departuient Provost-Marshal-General's letter of December 22. 1863. In reply I am directed to inform you that the State is entitled to credit for the said men, and that the men are entitled to the veteran bounties. In explanation I respectfully inclose herewith a copy of a letter from the Provost- Marshal-General to the Hon. Wm. Hall relative to the same subject. I have the honor to remain, T. M. Vincent, Assistant Adjutant-General. [M 2520, V. S., 1863.] [Inclosure.] War Department, Provost-Marshal-General's Office, Washington, D. C, Mat/ 9, 1S64. Hon. William A. Hall, United States House of Representatives, Washinf/ton, D. C. Sir: I have examined the papers you left in relation to the Missouri Militia and do not find that the cjuestion of reenlistment as veterans is touched by the opinion of the Solicitor of the War Department. On the contrary, I find in the opinion the fol- lowing: "This inquiry does not relate to pensions nor allowances for reenlistment." The question presented by the papers you left seems to be one connected with a claim for bounty for past services, and does not affect my letter of December 22 permitting the reenlistment of these men as veterans. In this view of the case I return the papers to you for such further action upon the claim for bounty as you may find best. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, James B. Fry, Provost- Marshal- General. [W 1178, V. S., 1864.] In a letter from the War Department, dated June 10, 1864, Major- General Rosecrans, then commanding- the Department of the Missouri, was authorized to collect the veteran volunteers I'eenlisted from the Missouri State Militia and form them into a regiment or battalion, and in the same letter authority was granted for the reenlistment of such other members of the force as might desire to enlist for unconditional service, the recruits so enlisted to be formed into companies and regi- ments. Under this authority several regiments were organized for the volunteer service. In January, 1865, it was decided by the War Department that, though "mustered in for during the war," the Missouri State Militia should be held to service for three years only. This decision was conveyed in a letter, of which the following is a copy: War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, January 5, 1865. Col. B. L. E. Bonneville, Commissary of Clusters, Department of Missouri, Benton Barracks, Mo. Sir: I have respectfully to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 22d ultimo, transmitting list of regiments Missouri State jNIilitia (received into service under General Orders, No. 96, War Department, series of 1861) mustered in for dur- ing the war, but who claim discharge after three years' service. In reply 1 am directed to inform you that the said troops were mustered in for during the war, but it is decided by the Department that they will be held for three 44 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. year? only, and their muster out will be governed aecordincrly, under the same regu- lations as are applied to the muster out and discharge of other troops from the serv- ice of the United States. T. :M. Vincent, Assintant A djutani- (ieneral. [Letters-Sent Book, Vol. 11, i.j). ;]»i7, 368.] The tiniil order issued by the War Department relative to the muster out of the Missouri State ^Militia was dated June 28, 1865, and is as follows: War Department, Ad.tutant-General's Office, Washington, June 23, 1863. Maj. Uen. (i. M. DoixtE, St. Louis, Mo.: The Secretary of War directs that all troops ])elonging to the ]VIissouri State 3Iilitia, authorized by General Orders, No. 96, of 1861, and yet remaining in service, be immediately discharged. The musters out will be made under the regulations promulgated in General Orders, No. 94, current series, from this office. Thomas M. Vincent, As.sintant Adjutant- General. [Official Eecords of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. V, p. 59.] That the Missouri State Militia rendered valuable service to the United States and to the State of Missouri, both within the limits of the State and beyond its borders, there is abundant evidence. In his report (not dated) of operations in Missouri and northwestern Arkansas from April 10 to November 20. 180!^, General Schofield stated with reference to this force: The troops were placed upon active duty in the field in conjunction with the United States troops as fast as organized in companies, without waiting for regimental or battalion organizations. In this, the best of all schools for instruction, a degree of efficiency was acquired seldom equaled by new troops in so short a time. By April 15, 1862, an active, efficient force of 13,800 men was placed in the field. * * * As rapidly as this force was placed in the field a corresponding number of United States troops was relieved and sent to join the armies then operating in the more southern States. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XIII, p. 8.] And in a letter heretofore quoted in this paper General Schotield again l)ore testimony to the gallantry and efficiency of these troops, stating that "in drill, discipline, and efiiciency"' they would compare favorably with an^^ volunteer troops he had seen. Similar testimony was given by the governor of the State in a letter, also (juoted in this paper, in which he stated that *' in drill and efficiency they are eijual to volunteers: in marches and ])attles they have shown themselves equal to any other troops.'' Testimony as to their good character was also given by the adjutant- general of the State in his annual report of 1868 (p. 50), in which he said: It can be said with truth that in every instance where the Missouri State Militia have met the enemy they have fought like veterans. At no time have they ilis- graccd their State, and whenever they have been called upon to go In'yond its bor- ders they have , p. 19.] On the same day, July 22, 1S02, pursuant to the authority thus con- ferred upon him, General Schotield issued the following: General Orders, \ Headquarters ^Missouri State Militia, No. 19. i -SV. Lords, Mo., Jnly 22, 1862. An iimnediatc organization of all the militia of ^Missouri is hereby ordered, for the purpose of exterminating the guerrillas that infest our State. Kvery al)le-bodicd man caf)able of l>earing arms and subject to militar}' duty is lierel)y ordered to repair, witliout delay, to the nearest military post and report for plied as (piickly as possibk' by the ordnance dejiartment. The militiamen who shall assiMuble at any post will be immediately enrolled and organized into cdnipanies, elect their officers, and be sworn into service, in accord- ance with the militia laws of the Statt\ under the immediate superintendence of the cominandiiig otlicer of the post. The militia thus organized will l)e governed liy the Articles of Warand Army Regu- latiims, and will l)e subject to do duty under the orders of the commanding officers 48 ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 49 of the post where they enrolled, or such other officers of the United States troops or Missouri Militia, regularly mustered into service, as may be assigned to their command. Commanding officers will report from day to day, i)y telegraph when practicable, the progress of enrollment at their posts and the number of arms recpiired. Six days after the date of this order are allowed for every man fit for military duty to report to the commanding officer of the nearest military post and be enrolled. All persons so enrolled will be regarded as belonging to the active militia of the State until further orders. The commanding officer of a post, or any higher commander, is authorized to give furloughs to such men of this militia force as can not be absent from their ordinary business without serious detriment or such as are not neeiled for present service. Such leaves of al)sence will in no case be for a longer period than ten days, and may be revoked at any time or renewed at their exi)iration at the discretion of the olheer granting them. The same strict discipline anil obedience to orders will l)e enforced among the militia in service under this order as among other troops, and commanding officers will be held strictly responsible for all unauthorized acts of the men. The enrollment and organization of the militia of St. Louis will l)e under the gen- eral direction of Col. Lewis Merrill, commanding St. Louis Division, who will estab- lish rendezvous, appoint enrolling officers, and make such regulations as he shall deem necessary. By order of Brigadier-General Schofleld: C. W. Marsh, Assistant Adjutant-General. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XIII, \i. 506.] On the 24th of July an order was issued I)}- General Schotield pro- viding for the organization into se))arate corps of the employees of the United States, State and city governments, and of railroad and trans- portation companies and other corporations. Following is a copy of the order: General Orders, \ HEADtiUARTERs IMissouRi State Militia, No. 20. j St. Louis, Mo., July ^4, 1S6J. All persons in the employ of the United States, State, or city governments will be enrolled and organized by the chiefs of their respective dei^artments, and will act under the orders of their respective chiefs. All railroad and transportation companies, and other corporations employing large numbers of men, will organize their employees into distinct corps, under their respective chiefs. The chiefs of such companies, corporations, and departments of government not now in the military service of the State or of the LTnited States will report to an authorized enrolling officer and be themselves sworn into service, when they will proceed to enroll and organize the men under their control. All voluntary organizations of the loyal militia wliich may be i)erfected before the expiration of the time specified for enrollment in (Tcneral Orders, No. 19, and pre- sent their nmster rolls to the sui)erintendent of enrollment in St. Louis or the nearest enrolling officer will be recognized and received as such. It is desirable that such voluntary organizations shall, as far as possible, embrace all the men subject to militia duty belonging to the same business firms located in close proximity to each other, so that a certain portion of the members of such organizations may be called into active service at any time without interrupting their ordinary business. Bv order of Brigadier-General Schofield: C. W. Marsh, Assista nt Adjutant- General. [Ibid., pp. 508,509.] In conformity with this order, special orders were issued by Col. Lewis Merrill, commanding the St. Louis Division, for the organiza- tion of the employees of certain transfer, express, and railroad com- panies, as follows: Special Orders, \ HEAixiUAKTERs St. Louis Division, No. 48. i St. Louii<, Mo., JuJij 34, 1862. The officers and employees of the St. Louis Transfer Company and of the Adams, American, and United States express compafiies will be enrolled in a special trans- S. Doc. 412 4 50 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION, portatioii corps under the direction of the piiperintendent of the transfer company as enrolling ofticer, and will for the present be organized in the same manner as an infantry battalion of four comiyanies. - ' The enrolling ofiicer will report for further orders to Capt. R. A. Howard, superin- tendent of enrollment. IJ. The otHcers and employees of the North Missouri Railroad, the Pacific Rail- road, unSf. Loim, July 38, 1862. All persons who prefer to contriljute UKiney rather than personal service in the Enrolled Militia can procure exemption from military duty for one year by enrolling their names and paying an exemi^tion fee into the military treasury of the State or of the county in which they reside, at the ojjtion of the individual. The money paid into the State treasury will be used in paying extra bounty and other extra ex]ienses incurred in raising volunteers for the Ignited States service, and will be exjiended under the orders of the governor. That paid into the vai'ious county treasuries will be used in defraying the expenses of the State militia when in active service or in camps of instruction, and will be disbursed under the orders of the governor. The exemption fee will be SIO for each individual and one-tenth of 1 per cent upon all taxable property, as shown by the last assessment. The exemption fee may be paid in money or in supplies for the supi»ort of the militia when in active service. It is expected that all persons of means, though legally exempt from military serv- ice, will voluntarily contribute in proportion to their ability to one of these funds, and thus enroll themselves among the loyal and willing supjjorters of law and onler. All persons not exempt from military service by law, l>y general orders, or by payment of exemption fee will be enrolled and organized into companies, regiments, and brigades. The organization prescribed by law will be so far modified that each company shall contain of each grade three times the number prescrilied by law. On these nuinl)ers any proportion not to exceeil one-third may be exempt from service for one year by the ijayraent of the usual exemi)tion fee into the company treasury. The fund thus formed will constitute a company fund, to be expended under the orders of the council of administration in defraying the expenses incident to the organization, instruction, equipment, etc., of the company when not in active 52 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. service, and, if need be, to meet the necessities arising from any sudden and unex- pected call for active service. That }K)rtion of each company not exrtnpt by payment of company fee will be divided into two equal parts, one of which will at all times be ready for active service. Those at any time ready for active service will be called the first class. Those exempt for the time being only will be called the second class, and those exempt at all times the third class. The senior captain of the company will be captain of the third class and ex-officio treasurer of the company. The niemliers of the first and second class, respectively, in each grade will at first be determined by lot, after which they will alternate monthly at the end of each month. A member of the first class may at any time be transferred to.the second class by obtaining a substitute from the latter. The field and staff officers of a regiment will also be three of each grade, having corresponding positions in command of the three classes. When companies are organized into regiments, 10 per cent, of each company fund will be paid into the regimental fund for the payment of expenses incidental to a regimental organizatinn. The senior quartermaster of the regiment will be regimental treasurer, and will disburse the regimental fund only on the orders of the commanding oflficer of the regiment. Each company will be furnished with arms only sufticient to arm the first class, and the company will provide itself with a suitable armory and place for drill, where it will be drilled daily, at least three hours, at such times of day as may be most convenient. At the end of the month the arms and drill-room will l)e transferred to the second class, now become the first, who will in like manner drill daily at stated hours and be at all times ready for active service during the month. Arms and equipments will not be taken from the armory except for service. When the men are off duty, the arms and ecjuipments will be carefully storfid away in the armory, which will at all times be suitaljly guarded. Military treasurers of the State and counties will be appointed by the governor. Bv order of Brigadier-General Schofield: ' . C. W. Marsh, Assistant Ad )uta id- General. [Ibid., pp. 518,519.] A few da^'s later, on Augii.st -i. 1862, General Orders, No. 23. were revoked and new regulations adopted. This was done in General Orders, No. 24, of which the following- is a copy: Gener.a^l Orders, \ Headquarters Missouri State Mii.itia, No. 24. j St. LovM, August 4, 1S6J. General Orders, Xo. 23, from these headquarters, dated July 28, 1862, is hereby revoked. All the loyal men of Missouri subject to military duty will be organized into com- panies, regiments, and brigades, as ordered in General Orders, Xo. 19, from these headquarters, dated July 22, 1862. All disloyal men and those who have at any time sympathized with the rebellion are recjuired to report at the nearest military post or other enrolling station, be enrolled, surrender their arms, and return to their homes or ordinary places of busi- ness, where they will be permitted to remain so long as they shall continue quietly attending to their ordinary and legitimate business and in no way give aid or com- fort to the enemy. Disloyal persons or sympathizers with the rebellion will not be organized into lomjianies nor required nor j>ermitted to do dutv in the ^lissouri Militia. Commanding officers of divisions will appoint enrolling officers and establish ren- dezvous at such places, in addition to the various military posts, as they may deem expedient. As far as practicable, the militia of each county will be organized separately, each citmpany being composed of men residing in the immediate vicinity of each other. The oniv exceptions will be the voluntarv organizations authorized bv General Orders, Xo. 20. The officers and en)ployees of all railroad and transportation companies will be organized into distinct corps, and will l)e emi)loyed as militia only in transporting troops and public property and in protecting their means of transportation. Militiamen employed in any manner l)y the Tnited States or State of Missouri, ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 53 or engaged in working npon contracts made with the United States or State of ^Mis- souri, for the supj>ly of any article requireil for the miUtary or naval service, will not, while so employed, be required to do any military duty except for the protec- tion, in case of necessity, of the public property where they are enipli^yed. Division commanders are authorized to call into active service, for the time being, such companies and regiments of the organized militia in their divisions as the exi- gencies of the service may require, and to provide for their maintenance while in active service. But no company will be kept continuously in active service for more than thirty days, except by orders from these headquarters or in cases of urgent necessity. It must be borne in mind that the main object of a general organization of the militia is for the protection of their homes, and that they are to be kept fi'om their ordinary business as little as possible. In calling the militia into active service care will be taken to leave sufficient force to protect the homes of those called out and to distribute the services as uniformly as possi])le. Every company of militia will have its place of rendezvous, which should be at a military post, if one is convenient; if not, then at a convenient town or general place of resort. The arms and equipments will be kept at the rendezvous, and always properly guarded by detail from the company. In case of alarm companies will ])e rallied at the rendezvous and act under their immediate commanders, as circumstances may require, for the protection of their immediate vicinity. In dangerous localities several companies or a regiment will have their rendezvous at the same place, and will keep it guarded by a company or more, as circumstances may require. On the 11th day of August, instant, each enrolling officer will proceed to ascertain and enroll the names of all men in his enrolling district who shall have failed to come forward and be enrolled as required, and report the same to the district com- mander. Bv order of Brigadier-General Schofield: C. W. INlARSH, Assistant Adjutant-General. [Ibid., pp. 534,535.] The loyal men of the State responded promptly to the call of the governor, and within thirty- days more than 20 regiments were formed in the city and county of St. Louis alone, numbering- upward of 17.000 men. and at the close of the year 1S62, 69 regimental, 3 battalion, and 58 independent company organizations had been formed, embracing an aggregate strength of 52,050 officers and enlisted men. The total strength of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, as tinally organ- ized, has not been discovered, but it has been ascertained from official sources of information that 85 regiments, 16 battalions, and 33 inde- pendent companies were formed, not including some organizations of Citizen Guards which had the status of Enrolled ^Missouri Militia, but which will l)e treated in this paper under their appropriate designations. The following statement of the Enrolled Missouri Militia in active service in 1864 is copied from the report of the adjutant-general of the State for that year (p. 38) : Districts. Aggre- ! First. Second. Third. : Fourth. Fifth. Seventh. Eighth. gate. January 1,799 I 1,744 1 1,235 870 . . . . , 898 877 2.697 Februarv 2,621 1,235 March Ai)ril 870 Mav 339 936 1,698 339 .Tune 1.339 1,774 2,142 1 \K 45 2. 275 July 3, 517 August 1,475 1,306 4, 495 3,231 3,662 1,306 September October 7, SlO November 2, 329 .■190 1S4 2, tiOii 2,399 j 374 644 438 4, 1.51 474 24, 164 4 939 December 248 870 54 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. It is pr()l)able that the foregoino- stiitement includes the organizations of Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia hereafter to be referred to. It may be here stated that in November. 1862, an order was issued from State headquarters declaring- a penalty, including a line of $10, for failure to enroll for service in the militia. Following is a copy of the order: General Orders, \ Headquarters State of Missouri, > Adjutant-General's Office, No. 48. J St. Loni.% Xorembi'r 7, 1S62. ******* II. Any person who has been notified to enroU and fails to comply with the order within the time specified by the brigadiei-genergil commanding the district shall be subject to a fine of SIO, to be assessed by the colonel of the regiment to which such Xierson should l)elong, subject, however, to the revision of the general commanding; and such offender shall be further liable to imprisonment until his fine is paid and he duly enrolled. By order of the Commander in Chief: Wm. D. \Vood, Acting Adjutant-General, Missouri. [Journal Missouri House of Representatives, adjourned session, 1863-64, Part I, Appendix, p. 214.] Early in February. 1863, to c[uote the annual report of the adjutant- general of the State for that year (p. 27), **it became evident that the crisis which called for the general arming of the people of the State had measural)ly passed away in consequence of the successes which had attended their efforts all over the State." and it was decided by the governor to begin the organization in the various military dis- tricts of a '•picked force of men, to be detailed from the different regiments for a more permanent service, and to consist of those who could the most easily be spared from their ordinary avocations, hav- ing but few if any others dependent upon their labor for support." The regiments organized under this plan were designated ''provisional regiments."" and have a history of their own. which will be given under the title, Provisional Enrolled Missouri ^Militia. It became evident to the State authorities that there was danger that the "rebel sympathizers"' in some portions of the State would form themselves into companies (Report of Adjutant-General of Missouri, 1863, p. 29), and to prevent this the following order was issued: General Orders, ^ Headquarters State of Missouri, [■ Adjutant-General's Office, No. 7. J St. Louis, Fehrucirii 19, 1863. The orders heretofore issued for the enrollment of the militia of this State did not contemplate the enrolling of disloyal persons and their organization into companies indiscriminately with loyal citizens. It was specially rc(|uired that all disloyal men should be enrolled as such, but their organization into companies was strictly for- bidden. Some enrolling officers, however, allowed disloyal organizations to be per- fected, either througii neglect or disobedience of orders, and others are still in progress of organization. For the purpose, therefore, of si'parating ilisloyalists from Union men, and in order that proper measures of precaution may be taken to i)revent the arming of such as can not l)e trusted, it is hereby ordered that all coniniandants of regiments and bat- talions of enrolled militia report to the adjutant-general of the State, immediately on tiie receipt of this f)rder, such companies of tiieir commands of whicli all or any considerable portion of the men have l»een enrolled as disloyal, or are known to be so. All officers are strictly enjoined to see that no further organizations of this kind are made, and will report to their immediate commanders any which may be in progress of organization. I>y order of the Commander in Chief: William I). Wood. Acting Adjutant-Con'ral. ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 55 It is evident that the immediate object of this order was to prevent the organization of disloyal men into companies of ProAisional Enrolled Missouri Militia, but as the order applied to the enrolled militia force in general, it is here quoted as a part of the histor}' of that force. One object of the organization of the provisional regiments was to reduce the calls upon the previously organized regiments of Enrolled Missouri Militia for active service, and this object appears to have been accomplished. But disorders continued to prevail, and on June 28, 1864, Major-General Rosecrans, who had succeeded to the command of the Department of the Missouri, issued an order in which he called upon the people of the State, by public meetings and the selection of local committees, to choose and organize out of the enrolled State militia select companies to serve for the protection of their respective counties. This proposition on the part of the conmianding general was in conformity with an agreement with the governor of the State, and resulted in the organization of a number of independent compa- nies known as Provisional Companies, Enrolled Missouri Militia, the history of which will be given under its appropriate head. The Enrolled Missouri Militia maintained its organization as an embodied military force until March, 1865, though several regiments (the Twentj^-iifth, Thirty-ninth, Fortv-tirst, and Forty -eighth) were disbanded in 1863 pursuant to an order of which the following is a copy: General Orders, "| Headquarters State of Missouri, y Adjutant-General's Office, No. 30. J St.. Louis, November 1, ISGS. I. In consequence of an extraordinary reduction in numV)ers, from various causes, such as removals from the State, vohniteering in the United States service, and pay- ment of the commutation tax in Heu of miUtary service, the following regimental organizations of the Enrolled Missouri Militia are hereby disbanded, and the com- missions of their officers are, with the exception of the officers hereinafter named, revoked: Twenty-fifth Regiment P]. M. M. (Buchanan Countv), except Companies F and K. Thirty-ninth Regiment E. M. 31. (Platte County)/ Forty-first Regiment E. 31. 31. (Andrew County). Forty-eighth Regiment E. M. 31. (Clay and C'linton counties). And all officers of these regiments who have now in their possession any public property are directed to turn over such jiroperty to their district commander without dela}% taking duplicate receipts tlierefor in proper form. II. Colonels James H. 3Ioss. Forty-eighth Regiment E. 31. 31., and John Scott, Twenty-fifth Regiment E. 31. 31., are hereby retained in service and commission, and are instructed to reorganize the effective militia of Clay, Clinton, and Platte counties, and Buchanan and Andrew counties, respectively, forming the same into companies in compliance with the militia laws of the State and existing orders, and forwarding dulv certified muster-in rolls to the headquarters of the Seventh Military District, t. 31. 31., at St. Joseph. By order of the Commander in Chief: John B. Gray, Adjutant-General. [Journal 3Iissouri House of Representatives, adjourned session, 1863-64, Part I, Appendix, p. 447.] In 1865 a new militia law was enacted, in whit-h it was provided that all organizations of the Enrolled Missouri Militia should cease to exist on the expiration of thirty days after the appro\al of the act. This act, approved Februarv 10, 1865, contained the following: Sec. 26. All organizations of the "Enrolled 3Iissouri 3Iilitia" sliall cease to exist on the expiration of thirty ilays after the ajiproval of this act, and the commissions of all officers of the Enrolled 3Iissouri 3iilitia, including all commissions issued to l)ersons on the staff of the governor jirior to January 1, 1865, shall be deemed to be vacated on that day. [Animal Report Adjutant-General of 3Iissouri, 1865, p. 47.] 50 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Pursuant to this provision of law, an order was issued from head- quarters State of jSIissouri as follows: General Orders, "| HKADciUAHTicRs State of Missoi-ri, > Ad.u'tant-General's Office, No. 12. j - Jeffersun City, March 11, 1865. I. All regiments, companies, and detachments of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, including those companies organized under the provisions of General Ordei-s, Xo. 107, series of 1864, from head(|uarters l)e})artment of the Missouri, who are now in active service, are liereby relieved, to take effect from this date. Commanding officers of the above forces are hereby directed to cause to be made out prior to the 15th of April next complete muster and pay rolls for all service rendered under proper authority, where they have not already been made out and forwarded to this office. II. All officers of the I'nrolled Missouri IVIilitia who have in their possession pub- lic property belonging to the State or (ieneral Government are hereby directed to turn over the same to such officers as may be designated to receive it; and in order to facilitate this transfer, division commanders of the Missouri militia will instruct their district commanders to announce in general orders an officer to receive and receipt for the said property, designating the points wliere the same will be received. No officer accountable for public property will receive any payments until they have received from the quartermaster-general a certificate of their nonindebtedness to the State. It is therefore desired that they forward their returns at an early date, with a view to a prompt settlement of all accounts and claims growing out of the Enrolled Missouri Militia. By order of the Commander in Chief: Samuel P. Simpson, Adjutant-General. [Ibid., p. 43.] According to the report of the adjutant-general of the State for the year 18(55, the Enrolled Missouri Militia was disbanded March 12, 1805, and the conunissions of all of its officers were vacated on that date. EQUIPMENT, SUBSISTENCE, PAY. The question as to the equipment and support of the EnroHed Mis- souri Militia was one that early claimed the attention of the authorities, both of the State and the United States. In the order. Xo. 19, of July 22, 1862, ((uoted above, directing the enrollment of the force, it was provided that every man should bring with him whatever arms he might have or could procure, and a good horse if he had one. It was also announced that all arms and annnunition, of whatever kind and whei'cver found, not in the hands of the loyal militia, would be taken possession of by the militia and used for the public defense, and that those of the militia who had no arms and could not procure them m the manner indicated would be supplied as quickly as possible hy the Ordnance D(^partment— evidently 1)y the rnited States. In a telegram to the Secretary of War, dated fluly 20, 1S02, General Scholicld said: "I ciui not ])ossil)ly meet them [guerrilla bands] with- out calling out some of the newly enrolUnl. May I feed them when 1 deem it absolutely neeessaiy?" To this inciuiry no answiM- has been found. On the same date, July 20, 1802, General Schotield addressed the General in Chief through his assistant adjutant-general: IlEAnQUARTERS St. LoUIS DISTRICT, St. Louis, 3ro., Jul, I 36, 1S62. Col. .). C. K ELTON, Amstant AiJjutanl-Genernl, Wose ti) make tlie militia force thus organized self-sustaining, the expenses of those at any time in active service l)eing paid by those who are exempted. I shall want arms and ainnmnition onlv fnmi tlie T'nitcd States. FNROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA, 57 It would, however, greatly aid me could I be authorized to issue su])8istence for a short time, and when necessary only, until the organization should be perfected. I must use at once some of this force, and it is difficult to do so without fui'nishing subsistence in certain cases. There are in the arsenal about 29,000 altered smooth-bore muskets not needed for general issue. I respectfully request that Colonel Callender be authorized to issue these arms and such others captured in Missouri as may be lit for service, and the necessary ammunition, upon my orders. I am, colonel, very respectfully, your ol)edient servant, J. INI. ScHOFiELD, Brigadier-General. [Official Eecords of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XIII, pp. 513, 514.] To this letter General Halleck replied, July 30, 1862: War Department, Waslihigton, July 30, 1862. General Schofield, St. Louis, Mo.: Colonel Callender is authorized to issue such captured arms as he can spare to the militia called into service. I think they should be subsisted by requisitions on rebel sympathizers and the seizure of property of rebels in arms. H. W. Halleck, General in Chief. [Ibid., p. 522.] On August 12, 1862, General Schofield, in his capacity as the rep- resentative of the United States in command of the military District of Missouri, issued a oeneral order announcing that during active operations in the pursuit of guerrillas the troops of his command, including the Enrolled Missouri Militia, would, as far as possible, be subsisted upon the enemy and those who had given aid to the rebellion, such necessary subsistence for the militia as could not be obtained from the country to be furnished by the commissary-general of the State, Following is a copj^ of the order: General Orders, \ Headquarters District of Missouri, No. 9. i St: Louis, August 12, 1862. 1. During active operations in the field in pursuit of guerrillas, the troops of this command will not )je incumbered with transportation of supplies, but will, as far as possible, ol)tain subsistence from the enemy and those who aid and encourage the rebellion. Property taken for the use of the troops will be properly accounted for, and nothing will be wantonly destroyed or wasted. The Enrolled jNIiliiia, when in active service, will be subsisted in like manner. Such necessary subsistence stores as can not be obtained from the country will be furnished by the commissary -general of the State. Whenever it becomes necessary to use the property of the loyal people, vouchers will be given in due form, which vouchers will constitute claims against the State, to be settled at some future day. * -y- •»:- ■::• * * «• By order of Brigadier-General Schofield: C. W. Marsh, Assistant A djutant- General. [Book No. 580, Department of the INIissouri, p. 49.] On August 29, 1862, the governor of the State issued an order relative to the subsistence of the troops, as follows: General Orders, "| Headquarters State of Missouri, y Adjutant-General's Office, No. 38. j St. Louis, August 29, 1862. 1. The quartermaster-general will supply the commands of the enrolled militia, called into active service and performing duty with rations of hard bread, coffee, sugar, and salt. Subsistence re(iuired in addition to these articles will be taken from disloyal citizens. * * * * * * * By order of the Commander in Chief: W>i. D. Wood, Acting Adjidant-fieneral. [Journal ^lissouri House of Representatives, adjourned session, 1863-64, Part I, Appendix, p. 88.] 58 MlririOURI IKOOPS— UNION. Disorders having resulted from the execution of General Orders, No. y, from headquarters District of Missouri, the following- order for their suppression was issued: General Orders, \ Headquarters District of Missouri, No. 23. / St. Louh, September ^^, 1862. I. The general commanding has learned, with niiic-h regret, that in various parta of the State, under jiretense of carrying out General Orders, No. 9, from these head- quarters, dated August 12, 1SB2, there has l)een perpetrated pillage and marauding of tile most unsoldierlike and disrejiutalile cluiracter. The order in question was carefully drawn, and the general commanding is no less surprised than mortilied to find that it should be either innocently misunderstood or wantonly perverted. The first paragraph provides, in language sedulously guarded, that "during active oiierations in the field in jiursuit of guerrillas, the troops of this command will not be incumbered with transportation of supplies, but will, as far as practicable, obtain subsistence from the enemy and those who aid and encourage the rebellion. Property taken for the use of troops will be properly accounted for, and nothing will be wantonly destroyed or wasted. The Enrolled ^lilitia, when in active service, will be subsisted in like manner. Such necessary subsistence stores as can not be obtained from the country will be furnished by the commissary -general of the State. Whenever it becomes necessary to use the propei'ty of the loyal people, vouchers will be given in due form, which vouchers will constitute claims against the State, to be settled at some future day." It must strike all with astonishment that the Enrolled ^lilitia of the State not in active service nor in pursuit of guerrillas should, in some cases, have quartererigadier-General Schofield: C. W. Marsh, Assista))t AdjuUint-GeiH'raJ . [Book No. 580, Department of the Missouri, p. 55.] On October 12, 1862, Maj. Gen. Sanuiel R. Curtis, who had been assigned to the eonnnandof the Department of the Missouri, addressed a lett(M- to the General in Gliief iclative to the subsistence of the militia, in which he also recjiiested authority to issue blankets and clothing to the iiiilitia in active, service. In this lettci- he .said: ENEOLLED MISSOURr MILITIA. 59 Headquarters Departjiext of the Missouri, St. Louis, Mo., October 1^, 1862. Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, General In Chief. General: Many of the Enrolled Militia of this State have been and are in actnal service. They have been called ont for stated periods, say thirty days. Heretofore they have had half rations fni-nished by the Government, and I have ordered fnll rations when they seem to need and deserve them. There are many of them doing good service, and very mnch need blankets and clothing. A month or two's service would be worth a suit of clothes. There is a large quantity of gray clothing here that can l)e colored; also a tiuantity of condennied clothing. I reconnnend the issue of such damaged clothing to these troops that have served a month and are again on duty to serve thirty days at my discretion. I would in such discretion furnish the most needy and deserving. I submit the matter for your consideration. I have avoided making any call myself for militia; but they were called before I took this command, and they are many of them so useful they can not be immediately dis- pensed with. They have been called out by the governor or some of the local militia commanders according to orders from General Schofield, with a kind of under- standing they are not to be paid, and as far as possible are to be maintained at the expense of the disloyal neighlxirs. The general plan seems to work well, but thei'e are a great many i3oor men in this kind of service very willing to work for nothing who have not the clothes to work with. *****■){■* I am, general, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Saml. R. Curtis, Major-Gene7'al. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XIII, pp. 729, 730.] The Secretary of War declined to sanction the issue of clothing- recommended by General Curtis. This decision was communicated in a letter from the General in Chief of which the followino- is a copy: WASHiNCiTON, D. C, October S5, 1862. Major-General Curtis, Commanding, etc., St. Louis, Mo. General: Your communication of October 12, in relation to the issue of clothing to the militia of Missouri called into service for one month, has been submitted to the Quartermaster-General and to the Secretary of War. 1 am directed by the General in Chief to say that the Secretary of War "declines to direct the issue asked for." Clothing Avill not be issued by the United States to troops called into service for only one month. Very respectfully, general, your obedient servant, J. C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant-General. [Ibid., p. 763.] Under date of Januar}^ 9, 1863, an order was issued by General Curtis, pursuant to authority from the Secretary of AVar, in which it was announced that, when in actual service, the Enrolled Missouri Militia would be entitled to draw forage and subsistence, and to be furnished transportation by the United States. Following is a copy of the order: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department op the Missouri, No. 4. ) St. Louis, Mo., Januari/ 9, 1863. Pursuant to authority of the Secretary of War, the Enrolled INIissouri ^Militia will be entitled to draw forage and subsistence, and to be furnished transportation, when in actual servii-e, upon re Al).irTANT-(TEXERAI.'S OFFICE, No. 4. J ,V/. Louis, Jamumi 13, 1863. I. Provision haviiiir been made by the I'nited States authorities for tlie supply of subsistence antl forage to tlie Enrolled Militia of Missouri when in active service, you are therefore ordered to suspend at once all assessments made within the limits of your commani this order he said, with refer- enc-c to the equipment and subsistence of the militia: General Orders, \ Headqu.\rters Department of the jNIissouri, No. 176. i St. Lomi^, Mo., September 26, 1864. Missouriatis: ****** * V. The governor of the State has Ijeen informed of the threatened raid and requested to call the militia to serve until the invaders are destroyed or driven from ENEOLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 61 the State. I rely upon their courage and patriotism, and have only to say: Let your assembling be prompt, and let the commissioned officers see that proper steps are at once taken to secure for their commands all needful supplies of arms, equipments, ammunition, camp and garrison ecjuipage, and blankets. Brig. Gen. E. Anson More, chief (juartermaster of the State, will furnish these supplies on requisitions made according to his instructions. The chief commissary of the department will furnish subsistence. * * ***** By command of ^lajor-General Rosecrans: J. F. Bennett, Assixtant Adjutant-General. One method adopted by General Scholield for the support of the Enrolled Missouri Militia was the assessment of ""the secessionists and Southern sympathizers in St. Louis County." For the purpose of carrying this project into etfect he appointed a board of citizens. This was done in Special Orders. No. 'Jl. headquarters District of Missouri, August 28, 1862, of which the following is an extract: Special Orders, \ Headquarters District of Missouri, No. 91. j St. Louis, Augud -^8, 1862. ******* III. The following-named gentlemen are hereby appointetl a county board for St. Louis County, viz: Messrs. Henry ^loore, John Cavender, G. F. Filley, Charles Borg, and Ferdinand Meyer. This board will assess and collect without unnecessary delay the sum of 8500,000 from the secessionists and Southern sympathizers in St. Louis Ci)unty. The money thus olitained will be used in subsisting, clothing, and arming the enrolled militia while in active service, and in providing for the support of such families of militiamen and United States volunteers as may 1 »e left destitute. ******* Bv order of Brigadier-General Schofield: C. W. Marsh, Assistant A(ljutant-(ieneral. [Book No. 580, Department of the Missouri, p. 69.] On Augiist 30, 1862, three additional members of the ))oard were appointed and one of the original members was relieved. This was done in Special Orders, No. 91, as follows: Special Orders, \ Headquarters District of Missouri, No. 94. i St. Louis, August 30, 1862. The following gentlemen are hereby appointed additional members of the St. Louis Comity board, appointed by Special Orders, No. 91, from these headijuarters, dated August 28, 1862, viz: Col. John O'Fallon, Mr. Daniel Garrison, and Mr. James S. Thomas. Mr. John Cavender, being president of the committee charged with the disburse- ment of the fund for the relief of soldiers' families, is hereby relieved from serving as a member of the county board. Bv order of Brigadier-General Schofield: C. W. Marsh, Assistant Adjutant- General. [Ibid., p. 73.] Commissioners were appointed for the same purpose in the Central District of Missouri. The first announcement on the subject l)y the commanding general of that district was as follows: Special Orders, \ Headquarters Central District of Missouri, No. 3. t Jefferson City, September 29, 1862. I. A large proportion of the wealth of the country is in the hands of disloyal inhab- itants, who have no articles in kind required for the sul)sistence of troops, whereby they have hitherto escaped l)earing a reasonable share of the burdens imposed upon the disloyalists of the county. For the purpose of equalizing sui'h burdens as near as may be, an assessment of §5,000 is hereby levied upon the ilisloyal inhabitants of 62 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Jefferson City, whereof the sum of $3,000 will be applied to snbsistinj; the Enrolled INIilitia whilst engaged in actual service, and the remaining $2,000 is appropriated to the relief of the destitute families of the soldiers engaged in actual service and to relieve temporarily destitute refugees who have been driven from their homes by rebels or guerrillas. II. Dr. William A. Curry, Dr. Bernard Bruns, ]'. T. :\riller, esq.. Col. Allen P. Richardson, and T. W. Cloney, esq., are hereby appointed comnnssioners to assess, levy, and collect said sum of monej'. They will determine the ])ersons upon whom the levy shall be made and the amount thereof that each shall jiay. III. iSaid commissioners will at once proceed to determine who shall pay said assessment, and to fix the amoinit to be paid by each. As soon as this is done thej'' will cause notices to be served uj)on said jiersons, notifying tliem of said assessment, and the amount thereof, which they are respectively required to pay, and requiring them to pay the .same within ten days from the date of the service of the order. IV. Should any person after being so iKjtified fail, neglect, or refuse to pay the amount so assessed and required to be paid by him for ten days, he will be arrested and held in close custody, and the provost-marshal will at once seize sufhcient of the personal property of such person to jiay said assessment, and advertise and sell the same without delay, the sale to be in some public place, to the highest bidder for cash, and to be made between the hours of 9 o'clock in the forenoon and 5 o'clock in the afternoon. V. The money collected for the subsistence of the militia will be paid out by the commissioners, from time to time, as it is collected, on the orders of the quartermas- ter and commissary for the Enrolled Militia at this place, who is hereby required to account on his m<_)nthly statements and quarterly returns for all supplies paid for by this fund. VI. The money collected for the destitute families and refugees will be paid out on the orders of Dr. A. Peabody or Mrs. A. P. Richardson, ]Mrs. T. L. Crawford, or of any two of them, they being hereby ajipointed a board to distribute the same. VII. This assessment may be paid in such articles as would be bought with the money, provided the same will be delivered at cash prices, as required, and at such places as may be designated. Ben. Lo.vx, Brigndler-General, Mmouri State Militia. [Otiicial Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XIII, p. 691.] Similar orders were published relative to the appointment of com- mi.ssioner.s for other localities within the Central District. The connnandino- general of the District of Northeast Missouri also a))pointed connnissioners for the purpose of niaking assessments for the support of the '" loyal militia/' Following is a cop}" of his order on this subject: Gen'er.\l Ordkks, \ Hk.vdquarters District Northeast Mis.sorRi, No. 3. ) Macon Citij, Mo., Octotin- .^, ISS'ri. It is only connnon justice, if the loyal men of INIissouri are recpiired to take up arms to i)reserve the peace of the State, that the disloyal, who «'an not be trusted with the ))ul)lic safety, and the sennloyal, who have enrolled as loyal, but neglect or fail in tlicir duty, should bear their fair share of the burden l)y subsisting and, when necessary, mounting the nnlitia in active servii'e. In order that this may be done systematically and work equal justice to all who are recjuired to contribute, a com- mittee of honest citizens will be apjKiinted in each county, whose duty it shall be to levy an assessment for the sustenam-e of the loyal militia. These connnittees will be governed l)y the following regulations: I. The assessment will be levied in money and jiaid in either money or ])roduce, as the contril)utor may elect. In case it is i)aid in money it will lie jiaid into the hands of the committee and by them turned over to the local commissary, by whom it will be exi)eudi'(l in piu-chasing in the open market the subsistiMice retiuired for the use of the trooi)s; win'U it is ])aid in ])roduce it nnist be in such kind of jiroduce as is ordered, and the amount must eciual in money value at market rates the amount of iiioney levied. II. The amount assessed by the committee will be in })roportion to the wealth of the persons assessed, and the standard for the estimate of wealth will' be the last valuation made by proper State otlicers. III. The i)ayiiient of assessments in produce will be made by delivery of the arti- cles to the local commissary, and his receipt to the individual will be submitted to the conniiittee, to be entered on their books, and no payment of an assessment will ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 63 be complete until the receipt has been so entered and countersigned by a member of the committee. IV. No articles of produce will be accepted in payment of an assessment except meat, breadstuffs, and forage, and no money paid for an assessment must be expended except for meat and breadstuffs and cooking utensils for the use of troops. V. Tlie following jjcrsons will l)e subject to assessment: First, all persons who have enrolled themsehes as disloyal or in sympathy with the rebellion; second, all persons who have failed or neglected to enroll, whether loyal or disloyal; tliird, all persons M'ho have enrolled as loyal or who are or have been notoriously disloyal, and who have done no acts or used their influence to show their loyalty. YI. Property of widows or orphan children less in value tlian $5,000 will not be assessed unless they have given aid or comfort to guerrillas; in that case it will l)e included in the assessment. VII. The committee will keep a regular set of 1)Ooks, in which the names and resi- dences of the individuals assessed will be entered, together with the estimated value of their possessions and the money value of the amount levied, together with the dates and amounts of the payments thereon. iSubstance taken for the subsistence of troops since the 1st of August last will, upon due proof thereof being made to the committee of the fact and of its market value, be credited to the account of the person from whom it was taken in making up the account of his payment. VIII. When an assessment is made and payment refused or neglected, after due notice, the committee will notify the military commander of the fact, who will cause property to four times the amount of the levy to be seized from the delinquent and publicly sold to pay the amount. IX. Notice of assessment will be made as follow's: To persons living 5 miles and less from the point at which the payment must be made four days' notice, and one day longer notice for every additional 8 miles of travel necessary to make delivery of the amount le^•ied. In extrenie cases, of which the committee must be the judges, shorter notice, at their discretion, may be given, allowing, however, a reasonable time for the delivery. X. Each member of the committee will take the following oath before entering upon the discharge of his duties: I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and honestly discharge my duty as a member of the assessment committee, constituted by General Orders, No. — , Headquarters Northeast Missouri District, in accordance 'with the rules therein laid down, to the best of my ability. So help me God. XI. Each local connnissary will take the following oath before entering upon the discharge of his duties: I, , do solemnly swear that I will honestly and faithfully discharge the duties of commissary for the Enrolled Militia; that 1 will honestly "expend the moneys which may come into my hands from the assessment committee in the man- ner and for the purpose indicated in General Orders, No. — , Headquarters North- east Missouri District, and that I will not have any pecuniary or other interest in any purchase which I may so make. So help me God. XII. When horses are necessary to mount the local militia they will be obtained by requisition upon the county committee, who [will] direct them to be furnished liy those subject to assessment who can best spare them, taking care to avoid stripi)in'g a farm entirely or seriously crippling its means of cultivation. These horses will Ije receipted for by the connnittee and to them by the militiamen to whom they are issued, Avho will be held responsible for their return and careful usage. In case they are unavoidably lost or killed in action, of which there must be" some proof, the value will be paid the owner by a general assessment upon those required to furnish horses. Horses so taken will be returned to their owners as soon as the necessity for their use is past. In no case M'ill horses be taken to mount a militiaman who can mount himself, unless by so doing he would entirely strip his own farm. By command of Brigadier-General Merrill: Geo. M. Houston, Major and Assistant Adjutant- General. [Ibid., pp. 704, 705.] On September 1. 1S62, immediatel}' after the orgaiiization of the St. Louis board of assessment, the governor of the State addressed the l)anks and banking- institutions of the city of St. Louis, as follows: Headqi-akters MissoiRi State Militia, ,St. Louis, September 1, 1862. Sir: The State requires the sum of $150,000 to purchase arms for the militia, and as you have seen from an order of General Schofleld, it is intended to raise the money by assessments upon those who are the known enemies of the Government. -6-4 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. In the meantime it is necessary to have the money for the above purpose imme- diately, ane repaid. Your obedient servant, H. R. Gamble. [Journal ^Missouri House of Representatives, adjourned session, 1863-64, Part I, Appendix, p. 354.] The mone3% $150,000, asked for ))y Governor Gamble was proniptl}^ advanced and was expended in the State service, but the authoritv for or the expediency of the proposed assessment having- been called in question, the governor, on December 2, 1862, addressed the lianks from whom advances had been received, as follows: St. Louis, December 2, 1862. Sir: I appealed some time since to the different banks and banking institutions of the city for an advance of the sum of $!b50,000 for the purpose of arming the enrolled militia of the State, the advance to be refunded out of the proceeds of an assessment then recently ordered by General Schotield. The banks with commendable promptness made the advance. My present object is to know whether the institutions will release the security afforded by the assessment, and rely ui)on the State for the repayment of the money which has been expended in its service. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. R. G.^mble, Governor of Missouri. [Ibid., p. 354.] To this letter the banking institutions replied in form as follows: St. Louis, December 4, 1862. Hon. H. R. Gamble, Governor of Missoxiri. Dear Sir: Understanding from your communication of 2d instant that it is desired that the assessment should be dispensed with, I am authorized to say that if sut-h should be the case, the will, waive any claim we may have on the funds v.hich would have been collected from that source. Respectfully, etc., . [Ibid., p. 355.] Under date of December 5, 1862, General Schotield, in answer to a connnunication from the president of the assessment board, stated that in the matter of the proposed assessment he had acted upon his own responsibility as an otiicer of the United States and not under the orders of the governor of Mis.souri, though the measure had the approval of that official. Following is a cop}' of General SchotieWs letter: St. Louis, Mo., December 5, 1862. James S. Thomas, Esq., President »S?. Louis County Board. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receij)t of your comnmnication of the 3d instant, in which you request me to answer, for the information of the county l)oard, the following (|U('stions touching S]>ecial Orders No. 91, issued by me, and under which your l)oard is now acting: First. Is it ordered under the authority or approval of Hamilton R. Gamble as governor of the State of Missouri? Second. Is it an order of your own as commander of the State troops of Missouri, or as commaniler of the militia enrolled under tlic order of the governor? Third. Is it an order of your own as t-ommandcr of the military District of Mis- souri; and if so, is it recognized by tiie War I)t'i)artment? Tlu'sc (jucstions can doulitlcss be most satisfactorily answered by a brief reference to the military condition of ^lissouri at and almut the time the order was issued, and to the position occupied by myself at that time. By appointment from the major- general commanding the De])artment of the Mississippi, 1 was commander of the ENKOLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 65 military District of Missouri, and as such, acted purely under the authority of the United States. I was placed here for a certain definite purpose, which may be brietly stated — to restore the authority of the United States throughout the State of Missiuiri and to restore and preserve the peace of the State. To enable me to accom- plish this, there was placed at my disposal a certain military force, composed of United States Vohuiteers and the State militia raised for this special service, under an agreement between the governor of Missouri and the President of the United States. For a time this force seemed quite sufficient for the purpose, but soon military operations in Arkansas and Tennessee rendered necessary the withdrawal from Mis- souri of a large portion of the troops originally assigned to my command. Soon after this, in pursuance of a plan of the rebel government, large numbers of rebel troops from Missouri were sent back into the State with commissions to recruit and organize troops for the Southern army. Some of these returned rebels succeeded in passing secretly through our lines, others were arrested, and others gave them- selves up and took the requirefl oath and parole, professing their desire to return to their allegiance. These emissaries from the rebel government spread themselves over the State, and secretly enlisted, organized, and officered a very large number of men; places of rendezvous were designated, and all were ordered to hold themselves in readiness to asseml)le when the signal should be given. Their plan was to main- tain their ground in Missouri, if possible, and if not, to make the best of their way into Arkansas. They were promised, and to some extent received, cooperation from the enemy's forces in the latter State. So extensive was their organization that not- withstanding the discovery and partial prostration of the scheme, not less than 10,000 guerrillas were at one time in arms in Missouri. Aware of the impending danger, I called upon the United States (irovernment for more troops. The reply was that not a single regiment could be furnished. There was nothing left, then, but to call forth the latent power of the State to save her from the horrors of guerrilla war, and to preserve the authority of the United States Avithin lier borders. I therefore availed myself of my position as brigadier-general of the Missouri militia, and called upon the CJovernment for authority to enroll and organize all the militia of the State and to call into active service such force as I might deem necessary. This authority was readily granted, and the work immediately commenced. With the immense difficulties which lay in the way of its successful prosecution, arising from the appre- hension and distrust excited in the minds of the people, both loyal and disloyal, and the doubts existing in the minds of many of the success of so great an experiment, tried for the first time in the country, your board are, perhaps, as familiar as myself. Its final triumph and happy results are known to every one in Missouri. Not the least of the ditficulties to be overcome was to provide the means for arming and subsisting this force. Some arms were furnished by the United States, but soon this source failed. Subsistence was entirely denied. I was therefore again thrown upon my own resources to provide the means for performing the duty assigned me by the Government, viz, ' ' to take care of Missouri. ' ' Under these circumstances I deter- mined that those who, by their open or secret aid and encouragement to the rebellion, had brought upon the State so great a calamity should bear the extraordinary expense necessary to bring back a state of peace and prosperity, and at the same time be made to realize that such crimes could not be committed with impunity. The mode of accomplishing this was a matter for careful consideration, particularly whether it should be done under State or Federal authority. The money was to be chiefly used for the support of a State force, for whose maintenance the United States were in no way responsible and provided for by no law of Congress. The State was entirely without means to meet such expense, and I was so informed by the governor. On the other hand, this force was called into existence solely to enable me to discharge the important and difficult duty assigned me by the United States Government, and to enable me and my predecessors to accomplish which we had been entrusted with all the powers of martial law. There was manifestly no other law, either State or Federal, under which the monej^ required could l)e raised for the specific purpose, either by assessment of disloyal persons or otherwise, nor by which those guilty of aiding in bringing calamity upon the State could be made to feel the sting of just retribution before it shouUl be too late to produce good results. It \\as therefore manifest that the order should spring from United States authority, the source of martial law. Hence the order was issued from "Headquarters District of Missouri," and possessed whatever of force I could give it in my capacity as representative of the military power of the I'nited States in ^Missouri. The above is substantially an answer to all your questions. I acted in this, as in all other matters, upon my own responsibility as an officer of the United States, and not under the orders of the governor of Missouri. It was a matter with which the S. Doc. 412 5 66 MTSSOUEI TROOPS UNION. governor had otiicially nothiiifj: to do, altliough he expressed unhesitatingly his approval of the measure, and proceeded at once tt) raise funds to meet the present necessities of the military service, pledging, as he was authorized by me to do, the money to be raised by assessment to meet tlie liabilities thus incurred. Your first question may therefore be Vjrielly answered thus: The order was issued not under the authmity l)ut with the apjiroval of the governor of Missouri. Your second (juestion is answered in the negative. In order that your third question may be fully answered, it is proper for me to state that no intimation of either ajiproval or disapproval of the measure has ever reached me from the War Department. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. M. SCHOFIELD, Brigadier-General. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XXII, Part I, pp. 810-812.] The enforoenient of the a.ssef^sment order by General SchoHeld cre- ated great di.s.satisfaction and serioii.s opposition. A memorial on the .subject addres.sed to the governor of the State wa.s '\)y him referred to ^Major-General Curtis, commanding the Department of the ]Mi.ssouri, who, on December 9, lb;62, referred the matter to the General in Chief, with comments relative to the legality of the tax. Following is a copy of this communication: Heaixjuarters Department of the Missocri, St. Loui.% December 9, 18S2. I have carefully read this communication of the Rev. Dr. Eliot, and considered the grave questions involved. An order was issued by General Schofield, commanding the District of ^Missouri, to levy half a million of dollars from the "secessionists and Southern sympathizers of St. Louis County, for subsisting, clothing, and arming the enrolled militia while in active service and in providing for the support of such families of militiamen and United States ^"olunteers as may be left destitute." As the fund is only to a]iply to State troops and State paupers, I supposed the order was issued by General SchoAeld in his capacity of a State brigadier-general; l)ut the indorsement to me by the gov- ernor and the communication of General Schofield of the 5th instant, directed to the board of connnissioners, seem to invoke the responsibility of the United States as the sole author of this assessment. Before taking any step myself in this matter, I there- fore sul)niit certain legal (juestions w'hich arise in my mind to the consideration of the commanding general in chief: Can the United States levy and collect a special tax of this sort for a State purpose? Are the enrolled militia in "active service" a State or United States charge? Does not such direct tax by the United States contlict with the general diivct tax levied by Congress? Does it not conflict with the confiscation law? Does it not conflict with the Constitution in the mode and object of taxation and the right of the State to jirovide for its own militia? The right to meet a nrilitary necessity by forced laws or forced assessments I claim as a military necessity, but 1 do not perceive that such a necessity is presented now Avhere the order seems to apply. I have, therefore, to refer the matter to Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, whose deter- mination will be communicated to the reverend and very worthy author of this doc- ument and to his excellency the governor. Respectfully, Saml. R. Cvjitis, Major-General. [Ibid., pp. 802, 80.3.] On the following day, December 10, 1862, General Curtis addres.sed a letter to (lovernor (Jamble on the same subject, in which he said: IIeadqi'arters Department of the Missouri, .SV. Zon/.v, December 10, 1862. Gov. Hamilton R. Gamble, .SV. Louis, Mo. Sir: Your note of the 1st instant, on the subject of assessment, saying tiiat you inform gentlemen who come to you "that the assessment stands upon United States autliority, and not upon State authority," was duly received and carefully consid- ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 67 ered. 1 have supposed it a State proceeding, and expressed my determination to support your officers in their efforts to execute your will, if found necessary. Since you and General Schotield regard it as an act of the United States, grave questions arise in my mind as to the harmony of my exercise of such powers in the face of the Constitution, the revenue laws, and the confiscation act. I have, therefore, referred the whole matter to headquarters, for the consideration of (ieneral Ilalleck, pending which the President has directed me to stay all further proi'eedings. I have the honor to be, governor, your excellency's obedient servant, S.\Mi.. R. Curtis, Ml tj<>r-( ieneral, Commanding Department of tlie Mmouri. [Ibid., p. SL'7.] The instructions of the President referred to in General Curtis's letter to Governor Gamble were as follows: ExECUTivK Mansion, Washington, December 10, 1862. Major-General Ctrtis, St. iMuis, Mo.: Please suspend, until further order, all proceedings on the order made by General Schofield, on the 28th day of August last, for assessing and collecting from secession- ists and Southern sympathizers the sum of $500,000, etc., and in the meantime make oiit and send me a statement of facts pertinent to the question, together with your opinion upon it. A. Lincoln. [Ibid., p. S26.] On December 30, 18()2, the Governor issued an order prohibiting the making of assessments by officers of the Enrolled Missouri Militia. This order reads as follows: General Orders, "| Headquarters State op Missouri, y Adjutant-General's Office, No. 50. j St. Louis, December 30, 1862. The impression seeming to exist among officers of the Enrolled Militia that the orders heretofore issued from district or department headquarters by United States officers, in regard to assessments, are to be executed by them, this order is pul>lished to correct any such impression and to prevent confusion. The Enrolled Militia are under the exclusive command of their own officers, except when they are by express orders placed under the command of United States officers, and they will be governed only by such orders as may be issued from these head- quarters. If, therefore, any officers of the Enrolled Militia are engaged in making assessments in pursuance of orders from United States commanders they will imme- diately suspend all action under said orders. No orders authorizing assessnjents have ever been issued from these head(iuarters, and none will, therefore, be made l)y the Enrolled Militia. By order of the Connnander in Chief: Wm. p. Wood, Acting Adjutnvt-< -I eneral . [Journal Missouri House of Representatives, adjourned session, 1863-64, Part I, Appendix, p. 100.] On the following day Governor Gamble advised the President of his action in a communication of which the following is a copy: Jeffer.son City, Mo., December 31, 1862. His Excellency Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States: I have stopped all assessments of Enrolled Militia. Please order by telegraph the suspension of all assessments by United States officers. Great distress is produced. H. R. Gamble, Governor of Missouri. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XXII, Part I, p. 888.1 68 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. A few days later, on January 3, 1863, Brigadier-Grcneral Merrill, coniniandino- the District of Northeastern Missouri, instructed his sub- ordinates relative to assessments as follows: Circular.] Headquarters District of Northeastern Missouri, WarmitoU; Mo., Januanj 3, 1863. Gentlemen: I am directed by General Merrill to instruct you that no orders from any couipetent source have been given to stop the assessment in northern Missouri, and that no such order will be made at any future time, except it be l)y some authority of an officer superior to himself, and then it will be against his hearty pro- test. You will accordingly proceed with your work as rapidly as possible in order that the amounts assessed may be collected at once. Should any order stopjung the assessment be made ))y proper authority you will be at once notified. I am directed to state, in addition, that, in this matter, you are not under the control of any local military commanders, or subject to any orders, except those from General Merrill. Neither are you subject to any control from the governor or any otiitter of the Enrolled Militia of this State in regard to the matter. By order of Brigadier-General ]Merrill: Geo. M. Houston, Major and Assistant Adjnta)tt-General. [Ibid., Part II, p. 16.] On Januar}^ 5, 1863, the President addressed Major-General Curtis on the same subject in a letter of which the following- is a copy: Executive Mansion, Washington, January 6, 1863. Major-General Curtis. My Dear Sir: I am having a good deal of trouble with Missouri matters, and I now sit down to write you particularly about it. One class of friends believe in greater severity and another in greater leniency in regard to arrests, ])anishments, and assessments. As usual in such cases, each questions the other's motives. On the one hand, it is insisted that Governor Gamble's Unionism, at most, is not lietter than a secondary s])ring of action; that hunkerism and a wish for political influence stand before Unionism with him. On the other hand, it is urged that arrests, banish- ments, and assessments are made more for private malice, revenge, and pecuniary interest than for the public good. This morning I was told by a gentlemen, who I have no doubt believes what he says, that in one case of assessments for $10,000, the different persons who paid compared receipts, and found they had paid $30,000. If this be true, the inference is that the collecting agents pocketed the odd $20,000. And true or not in the instance, nothing but the sternest necessity can justify the making and maintaining of a system so liable to such abuses. Doubtless the neces- sity for the making of the system in Missouri did exist, and whether it continues for the maintenance of it is now a practical and very important question. Some days ago Governor Gamble telegraphed me, asking that' the assessments outside of St. Louis County might be suspended, as they already have been within it, and this morning all the members of Congress here from Missouri but one laid a paper before me asking the same thing. Now, my belief is that (Tovernor Gamble is an honest and true man, not less so than yourself; that you and he could confer together on this and other Missouri tjuestions, with great advantage to the public; that each knows something which the other does not, and that acting together you could about double your stock of i)ertinent information. ^lay I not hope that you and he will attempt this? I could at once safely do (or you could safely do without me) wliatever you and he agree upon. There is absolutely no reason why yon should not agree. Yours, as ever, A. Lincoln. [Ibid., pp. 17, 18.] On January 20, 1863, the Secretary of War advised General Curtis that the order suspendino- ''assessments for damao-es"' was not desig-ned to be limited to St. Louis. l)ut was meant to include all such assess- ments in the State of Missouri. Following- is a copy of his communi- cation: ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 69 War Department, Washington, January 20, 1863. Major- General Curtis, St. Louis, Mo.: The order suspending; for the present any further action upon assessments for dam- ages was not designed to be hniited to St. Louis, but was meant to incUide all such assessments in the State of ^Missouri. You will, therefore, suspend them until further instructions. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. [Ibid., p. 6-i.] And on the same day Brigadier-General Merrill, whose order of January 3, 1868, is quoted above, issued the following- circular, copies of which were addressed to his subordinate commanders: Circular.] Headquarters District ok Northeastern Missouri, ]]'arreritoii, Mo., January ^0, 1863. Gentlemen: You will not, for the present, continue the collection of any assess- ments you have made. It is hoped that the proper knowledge of this matter on the part of the President will soon permit the resumption of your work, which for the present, on account of strong opposition made to it by your representatives in Con- gress and the President, must be suspended. It would be well to let your repre- sentatives have a knowledge of your feelings on the sul)ject, as they are now work- ing against it with such force as makes it advisable to bend to the pressure for a little while, for fear of a Presidential order revoking the whole thing. With much respect, your obedient servant, Lewis Merrill, Brigadier-General, Commanding Di.'>trict of Northeastern Missouri. [Ibid., p. 64.] It is possible that some of the more recent of the foregoing orders and instructions had reference to assessments for the payment of damages sustained b}^ loyal citizens from the depredations of guer- rilla bands, as well as to the assessments for the support of the loyal militia. The history of the former class of assessments, however, is foreign to the subject of this paper. It is sufficient here to state that the project of making assessments upon the alleged disloj^alists for the support of the Enrolled Missouri Militia does not appear to have been revived. It will be seen from another part of this paper that about the time the project was abandoned provision was made l)v the (xcneral Government to furnish the Enrolled Missouri Militia with forage, subsistence, and transportation when on active service, and that author- ity was subsequently given by the Secretar}' of War for the issue of clothing, camp and gai-rison equipage, and medical supplies. Provision was made by the legislature of the State for the "pay- ment and support" of the Enrolled Missouri Militia b}' an act approved March 9, 1863, of which the following is an extract: AN ACT to provide the means for the payment and support of the enrolled militia forces of the Stale of Missouri. Be if enacted bi/ tlw i/i'nrral a.%<^<'mf>li/ of tJie State of }flsso)iri, as foUoir.'<: § L For the purpose of [>aying the Enrolled Militia, including surgeons and physi- cians, who have been in the service of the State, and such other militia forces as may be ordered into the service of said State, the governor is hereby authorized and diret-ted to cause to be issued State bonds as the same may 1)e required from time to time, to pay the militia forces aforesaid for services actually rendered to the State, in sums of one, three, five, ten, and twenty dollars each; in all not to exceed in amount three millions of dollars, and which shall be known as "Union Military Bonds," and shall be payable at the oflice of the treasurer in .lefferson City, Missouri, twelve 70 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. months after date, with six per centum interest fi'om date, out of the Union Military Fund hereinafter provided, and shall be redeemable at any time thereafter at the 2)leai?ure of the State. * * * * * * vr § 9. A fund i.s hereby created wliich shall ])e denominated the "Union ^lilitary Fund," and shall consist of all moneys tliat may come into the Treasury of the State from appropriations made by the Congress of the United States to the State of Mis- soui'i, for the purpose of paying the militia forces thereof, or for indemnity for expenses incurred in suppressing the rel)ellion, or by loan for that purpose; and all taxes, dues, assessments, lines, and other liabilities that may l)e levied, assessed, and collected for, or may be due or coming to said State, l)y virtue of this or any other act for the special purpose of paying the militia; and this fund shall be and is i)ledged for the payment and redemi)tion of all the bonds, principal and interest, which may be issued under this act (and shall be set apart by the Treasurer for that purpose only), and })aid out under its provisions. § 10. Fach and every person liable to do and perform military service contained within the following classes, shall be exempt from such service during each year on the annual payment of a commutation tax in consideration of such exemption equal to ten dollars each, and one per cent, upon the assessed value of his property: First, all persons who have refused, or who may hereafter refuse, for any cause, to perform military service. The commutation tax, in this section provided, shall be assessed and collected on assessment rolls, to ])e made out for each county by such military officers as may be assigned to that duty, and such commutation tax shall 1 )e collected and paid into the State Treasury as i>art of said fund, as provideil in the next section. ******* § 14. The governor is hereby authorized and directed to borrow any sum of money not exceeding one million five hundred thousand dollars upon ))onds of the State, signed by himself and countersigned by the Secretary of State, with the great seal of the State attached, not having less than one, nor more than three years to run, at seven per cent, interest, with coupons attached for the interest, payable semiannually at Jefferson City, Missouri. Said bonds shall be redeemable at maturity, and the principal and interest shall be paid out of the ^Military Fund created Ijy this act. The l)onds thus issued shall be registered in the secretary's office, and the money borrowed thereupon shall be paid out to the Enrolled Militia for active service, as prescribed in this act. These loans may be obtained from banks, or individuals, in ^Missouri ])aper. United States Treasury notes made a legal tender, or other current funds; and in case said loan is effected, the bonds in this bill provided shall not be issued. Approved, March 9, 1863. [Laws of Missouri, 1863, pp. 25-29.] In an act of the legislature approved March 23, 1863, the tenth sec- tion of the act of March 9, 18(53, was so amended as to reiiuire the animal })ayment of $30 instead of $10 commutation tax in lieu of personal service. As reported bv the adjutant-general of the State (Annual Report. 18(53, p. 30), the provisions of the State law permitting exemption from militia duty on the payment of the commutation tax interfered greatly with the ethciency of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, and it was found ex})edient l)v the governor of the State to order that the law should not apply to pen-sons who had })een detailed for active service in the provisional regiments unless the jiayment of the tax had been nuule in advaiu-c of tiie detail. Following is a copy of the order: GeNER.VL OrDER.S, 1 llEADCiC-^KTEKS St.\TE OK MISSOURI, > Al).irTANT-GEXER.\L'.S OfFICE, No. 14. j ay the com- mutation tax, when properly assessed, are required to perform military service until said tax is paid, they receiving the pay allowed to other persons in the military serv- ice of the same grade, and the commissaries of exemptions will cause all such per- sons to be arrested and require them to perform fatigue duty until said tax is fully discharged. By order of ^laj. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans: John B. Grav, Adjiitarit-Geiieral. [Annual Report Adjutant-General of ?kIissouri, 1864, pp. 38-40.] General Orders, "j Headquarters State of ^Missouri, I Adjutant-General's Office, No. 20. j St. Louis, May 10, 1864. ******* II. Commissaries of exemptions are furthermore directed to forward to the com- manding officers of their respective districts, upon the date above mentioned, a list embracing the names and residence of all jiersons lialjle to perform militia duty within their counties who have failed to enroll in compliance with existing orders, and who have l)een assessed in consequence of such failure, or who have failed to pay the commutation tax when properly called upon, either for the year 1863 or 1864, in order tliat such persons may be arrested and required to {perform fatigue duty until said tax l)e fully discharger!, in compliance with the i)rovisions of General Orders, No. 5, current series, from these headquarters. ******* By order of Maj. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans: John B. Gray, Adjutant-General of Mmouri. [Ibid., p. 43.] 72 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. OBJECT OF OKGANIZATIOX, COMMAND, SERVICE, STATUS. The object of the organization of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, as given in the general orders relating to their enrollment and embodi- ment as a military force, need not be here repeated. C'ontemporane- ouslv uith the issue of those orders General Schotield addressed the General in Chief, through his assistant adjutant-general, a letter in which he said, with regard to the purpose of the organization: Headquarteks St. Lot'is District, St. Lotus, Mo., July 26, 1862. Col. J. C. K ELTON, Assutant Adjutant-deneral, Washington, D. C. Colonel: I have the honor to inclose, for the information of the major-general commanding, copies of orders recently issued by the governor of ^Missouri and m}self, directing an enrollment of all the militia of the State preparatory to calling into service such force as any emergency may render necessai-y. My reasons for adopting this course are the following: Large numbei'S of returned soldiers from Price's aimy, having found their way l)ack to their home.*, have secretly organized nearly the entire reVtel portion of the State and are beginning to carry out the declared intention of some of their leaders to wage a war of destruction and extermination upon the loyal peojile, while Price is organizing a force in Arkan- sas with the purpose of reentering INIissouri, if possible. So much has the pi'obabil- ity of this result taken hold of the rebel mind in Missouri that a general risinji' among them is certain unless prompt and vigorous measures l)e taken to jnit it down. Whether any considerable force will attempt to enter [Missouri lam hardly able to judge, as it depends mainly upon the movements of General Curtis and their result. One thing is certain, there is now near the Arkansas line, south of RoUa, a much larger foi'ce than I can cojoe with unless I concentrate a large portion of my force and leave a corresponding portion of the State to l.)e overrun by guerrillas. This is the immediate and pressing necessity which has induced me to call at once for all of the militia of the State to be in readiness for any emergency that may arise. The ulti- mate and still more important end to be accomplished is to place the State in a condi- tion to take care of itseli without expense to the United States, an\ order of the Coniniauder in Chief: John B. Gray, ,1 djiitant- General. [Ibi.l., p. 257.] On May '2i), 18t)3. the coniniand of the Enrolled jNIissouri Militia then in actual .service within the State, includino- the Provisional Regiments, Avas conferred upon Major-General vSchoiield, who had been assigned to the command of the Department of the Missouri. This was done in orders from State headquarters published in general orders from headquarters Department of the Missouri, as follows: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, Xo. 45. i St. Louh, May 30, 1863. The followinj; order from headquarters State of Missouri, is published for the information of all concerned: ■"General Ordkrs, ~| "Headquarters State of Missouri, \ " Ad.tutant-General's Office, "No. 17. j ''St. Louisa, May 29, 1863. "1. The command of the Enrolled Militia now in actual service within the State, including the Provisional Regiments, is conferred u]ion Maj. Gen. John ^I. Schotield, commanding the Department of the Missouri. ******* "By order of the Connnander in Chief: "Alexander Lowry, " Captain and A.%^i.'^tant Adjutant-fieneral.^' Commanding officers of Enrolled Militia in actual service will make the customary reports and returns to the commanders of the districts in which they may be serv- ing. These returns will be consolidated at district headquarters and forwarded to department headquarters in the usual manner, but separate from the return of other troops. By command of Major-General Schotield: A. V. COLBURN, A ., 1864, by MajorCTcneral Dodge, Imt it does not ai)p('ai' that tlu» latter was invested with the command of the P^nrolled Missoui'i Militia. In his report (not dated) of operations in ^Missouri and northwestern Arkansas from April 10 to November 2articularly was this the case in tlie northwestern portion. The entire Northwestern Division, under the command of Brigadier-General Loan, was very .soon in a condi- tion to take care of itself, the other troops being sent first t(j the Northeastern Division, and afterward transferred, with their very eflii-ient commander, to the Central r»ivision. Brig. (Jen. W. I*. Hall, of the P'nrolled Militia, was assigned to the command of the Northwestern Division on .\ugust 25, 1S62, since which time ])erfect peace has been maintained in that portion of the State without any aid whatever from the United States. ******* [Official Recordsof the Union and Confederate .\rmies, Series I, Vol. XIII, pp. 9-12.] On ()c-t()l)cf 20. ls<>8, (leiionil SclioHcdd. then inujor-o-tMienil of vol- unteers, c(jniinan(liMo- the Depurtineiit of the ^li.s.soiiri, wrote to the President ndative to the Enrolled Missouri Militia: ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 79" Headquarters Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, October £0, 1S63. The President, Waxhhigton, T). C. Mr. President: In compliance with so much of your ini^tnictions, dated October 1, as directs me to report my opinion upon the availabihty for j^ood of the Enrolled INIilitia of Missouri, 1 have tlie honor to submit the following: The services of the P>nrolled ]\lilitia have been of great value, not only during the sunnner of lS(i2, when they were lir>uis to relieve troops in the city which I wished to send after Shelby. Within six hours after the order was made the whole city was under the guard of this regiment and a few colored recruits, and the old troops were on their way to Jefferson ('it>-. The regiment was just as valuable to me during the short time that its services were required as a regiment of regular troops would have be(ni. There are some points of oljjection to the Enrolled ^Militia organization, arising from defects in the State laws. 3Iilitiamen are exempted from active service for one year upon payment of the small sum of S30. The*^ consequence of this is that, as a rule, oidy the most worthless class of men are found in its ranks. The company otticers are elected l)y the men, and share their social and political prejudices, in a. 102.] And in 1864 the following joint resolution was adopted: Rexulred hy the legislature, approved Fel)ruarv 10, 18(55, quoted in the preceding- chapter. However, as also stated by the adjutant-general, " bnt few companies remained in active service up to the time of disbandment. and tiicy were chietly tliose organized under General Orders, No. 107, Depart UHMit of the Missouri, series of 1864,"" hereafter to be referred to. The objects of the organization of the Provisional Regiments, as PROVISIONAL ENROLLED MISSOURI MILITIA. 85 stated in the orders for their formation, quoted above, were: (1) "To repress any attempt at insurrection;'' (2) ""To prevent any com- binations for rebellion against the Government;" and (3) "To main- tain the iau's of the State.-^ The italicized words just quoted were emphasized by the adjutant-oeneral of the State in his annual report for the year 1863. Other reasons for the organization of the Provisional Regiments, as already shown, were: (1) The crisis which called for a general arming of the people had passed; (2) a reduced force under the new plan of organization would be as etiective as a larger force not subject to the same degree of discipline; (8) a large portion of the original force would be relieved from active service. Reports and orders i-elative to the character and services of the Enrolled Missouri ]Militia, either directly or indirectly applicable to the Provisional Regiments, have already been quoted in this paper under the head of "Enrolled Missouri Militia." The following addi- tional mention l)y General Schotield of the Provisional Regiments is here given as pertaining exclusively to the history of those organizations : Headquarters Department of the Missouri, St. Lrmis, Mo., December 10, 1863. Col. E. D. TowNSEND, Assistant Adj^dant-General, Washington, D. C. Colonel: I have the honor to submit a general summary of military operations in this department since the 24th of May, 1863, when I assumed this command. * r? -A * -;:• •;;• * In addition to the above, the governor of Missouri had commenced the organiza- tion of nine regiments of militia, styled "Provisional Regiments," intended for con- tinuous active service. A portion of this militia had been in active service for a considerable length of time, l)ut not under the orders of the department commander, and not acting in concert with the U'nite paid by the State when actually on duty, liut in all cases they must be on duty with the approval <:if the governor to receive pay. In organizing these forces and in all local measures for active defense after organ- ization, the district commanders of this dejiartment and the brigadier-generals of the various re chosen "out of the Enrolled State ]\iilitia,'" but as appears from the animal report PROVISIONAL ENROLLED MILITIA. 8^ of the adjutant-general of the State for the year 18()4 (page 372) the companies were "organized both b}" volunteering and detail.'' The object of their organization is clearl}* shown. . They were organized for local and temporary service, in their "respective counties," for protection against the outrages of guerrilla bands, w^ere to be armed and equipped bj^ the State, and were to be paid b}' the State, "when actually on duty, * * * with the approval of the governor." Their militar}^ status did not differ in anj^ essential respect from that of other bodies of the Enrolled Missouri Militia in the State service. They were not in the niilitarv service of the United States. It has been decided by the Interior Department that the members of these local companies are not of the class of Provisional Missouri Alilitia to which a pensionable status was given by section 8 of the act . of March 3, 1873 (section 4722, Revised Statutes), and the joint reso- lution of February 15, 189.5. (Decisions of the Department of the Interior, Pension and Bounty Land, Vol. VIII, pp. 518-530.) In this respect they differ from the Provisional Regiments, Enrolled Missouri Militia, which were organized for a more permanent service. As before stated, the Provisional Enrolled Militia numbered sixt}^- two companies. MISSOURI MILITIA, ORGANIZED UNDER AUTHORITY OF STATE GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 3, OF JANUARY 30, 1865. The Enrolled Missouri Militia was disbanded March 12, 1865, under the provisions of section 26 of the State militia act approved Februaiy 10, 1865. This section reads as follows: Sec. 26. All organizations of the P^nrolled Missouri Militia shall cease to exist on the expiration of thirty days after the approval of this act, and the commissions of all officers of the f^nrolled Missouri Militia, including all commissions issued to per- sons on the staff of the governor, prior to January 1, 1865, shall be deemed to be vacated on that day. [Annual Report Adjutant-General of Missouri, 1865, p. 43.] In anticipation of the passage of this act and the consequent retire- ment from active service of the Enrolled Missouri Militia, and also because of the approaching muster out of the Missouri State Militia, measures were taken by Major-General Dodge, then commanding the Department of the Missouri, in cooperation with the State authorities, to replace these troops by a body of men who, as stated by the adju- tant-general of the State in his annual report of 1865 (p. 52), '' would be more effective and available, and at the same time less expensive to the State."' On Januar}^ 7, 1865, General Dodge addressed the governor of the State on the necessity for a new organization of the militia, suggest- ing the formation of companies in certain counties. Following is a cop3' of his letter: Headquarters Department of the Missouri, Si. Louis, Mo., January 7, 1865. His Excellency Thomas C. Fletcher, Governor of Missouri. Governor: I tliink Ave should, as early as {possible, get an organization in all the disloyal counties, especiallj' in those bordering on tlie INlissouri Kiver. If the legis- lature i)asses a Ijill Avith no exem]>tion clause and classilies the enrollment, say we call out, arm, and equip tlie lirst class, and jmt 100 men on duty in each of the above- mentioned counties under exjK'rienced, tried, and undoubtedly loyal men; get the start of all guerrillas, etc. l'>y this means the running from one county to another by these l)ands will be prevented. The Government can, I understand, feed these men. Let the counties pay them. It is no more than right that the disloyal coun- ties should pay for their own jjrotection, and this would do away with all complaint as to pay. The district commander could have these men under his command, and, if necessary, we could place subdistrict commanders over them from some of our old regiments. As soon as you adoj^t the plan for a militia l)ill I will put the district commanders to work to organize these comjianies and hold all loyal men in these counties. Al)ove all things get, if possil)le, in the counties referred to, old soldiers for commanders — men who have l)een tried and in regard to whose standing there ^•an be no doubts. It seems to me we ought to have 100 men on duty in each of the 90 MISSOURI MILITIA, GENERAL ORDERS, NO. :?, 1865. Ul counties on the Missouri River within the next sixty days. There are a large num- ber of officers returning from Sherman's army who could be used to good advantage in this work. Let me hear from you. Very respectfully, sir, your obedient servant, G. M. Dodge, Major-G'i'iieral. [OflBcial Records of the Tnion and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XLVIII, Part I, p. 449.] The condition.s existing in Missouri at tliis time, and especially in tiie northern eounties, were discussed in a correspondence of which the following is a cop}" Executive Mansion, ]Vashinf/ton, Jumuirii In, 1865. Major-General Dodge, St. Louis. Mo.: It is represented to me that there is so nuich irregular violence in northern Mis- souri as to be driving away the people and almost depopulating it. Please gather information, and consider whether an appeal to the people there to go to their homes and let one another alone, recognizing as a full right of protection for each that he lets others alone, and barring only him who refuses to let others alone, may not enable you to withdraw the troops — their presence itself a cause of irritation and constant apprehension — and thus restore peace and quiet and returning pi'osjierlty. Please consider this, and telegraph or write me. A. Lincoln. [Ibid., J). 535.] Headquakteks Department of the Missoiki, St. Louis, January 15, 1SG.'>. Governor Fletcher, Jeferson Citt/: President Lincoln telegraphs me that it is represented to liiiu tiiat there is much irregular violence in northern Missouri. That on account of this it is being almost depopulated, and suggests the propriety of withdrawing the troops and calling upon the citizens to return, and recognizing as a full right to each that he let the other alone. Do yon believe any such policy would have tlie desired effect? I have not heard of many cases that he speaks of. Consider this private and answer by tele- graph. G. M. Dodge, ^fnjor-0('ueral. [Ibi.l., p. 535.] • Jefferson City, Jnvtiarii IH, 18(15 Maj. Gen. G. M. Dodge: I have heard of some Union men being killed in north Missouri and of some rebels moving away. No Union man wants the troops withdrawn from here. The Union men will return ami be organized under new military law and can then defend them- selves. I will consent to no l')argains with rebels. All we want is discipline in the troops we have and those to be organized. I do not believe the policy mentioned by you would have any good effect, and think it has been suggested by the same men who have been compromising with the enemy since the war l3egan. I had hoped the President would not listen to their counsels again. Thos. C. Fletcher, Governor of Missouri. [Ibid., p. 547.] Headquarters DepartiMent of the Missouri, »S7. Louiit, Mo., ./aiiuary I'l, 18l>5. Hon. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, Washingioti, I). C. Dear Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your telegram of the 15th instant. Since I assiimed command here the troubles in north Missouri have increased, from the fact that the troops that were in those counties infested by guerrilla bands were nearly all withdrawn by me to send to General Thomas, but there is no doubt that this country is now more quiet than it has been before for three years. Where these troubles exist the people are to a great extent disloyal, and it is the protection, aid, and sympathy that they give to the enemy and to out- 92 MISSOIKI TROUrS UNION. laws that causes those troubles. One class (the disloyal) desires all troops with- drawn, while the other (the loyal men) petition to have more sent. The fact is that unless troops are ke])t in the ^lissouri River counties no loyal people can live there. I have consulted with (Tovernor Fletcher in relation to this matter, and so far as ])ossible we have endeavored to quiet these troubles. Three thousand men left these counties and joined Price last fall. JNIany of them are now sneaking back and irointr into the bush to operate. The jieople who are leaving are mostly those whose friends are in the rel)ol army, or whose syiiniathies are with the rebels, and those who exj)ect to be disfrantdiised, and who have but very little, if any, sympathy with our Government. They do not leave on account of depredations committed upon them by the trooi)s, but through fear of action of the State convention. I believe most of the loyal men, and those who have determined to become loyal, are determined to stay. Those of them that do go flee from guerrillas, which no order or i)roc]amation would reach. The Imsh whackers can only be put down and kept down l)y hoMing the citizens who aid, feed, and harbor them responsible. Loyal local organizations I consider the l)est troops to keep these outlaws under, and I had settled in my own mind ujjou the jiolicy to pursue, viz: As soon as the State l('<>isiatnre j)asses the new militia bill, to raise imder it 100 men from each of these disloyal counties, place them under competent and reliable officers, citizens of the State \\ ho have seen service. Let the Government arm, equi}), and feed them, and the counties pay them. Place one of these companies on duty in eai-h of the dis- loyal counties where these troubles exist; withdraw therefrom the Unitetl States vol- imteers, and call ui)on tlie citizens to suitjiortand aid these organizations. To a great extent they will clu'erfnlly do it. Tliose who will not, and who persist in giving aid to bushwhackers, to be sent out of the department. I have issued stringent orders to all the troops in regard to committing depredations and acts through personal enmity, and good effects are hereliy l)eing produced. I hear of l:)ut very few depreda- itons by troops recently, but bushwhackers are roblnngand murdering: in many places. During the winter it is to the interest of these outlaws and their friends to keep our trooj)s away. As soon as s])ring comes they exi)ect to obtain reenforcements from the Soutli, and even from the loyal States, where many have gone to winter, and who, when the leaves come, will ail return. What troops I have are kept very active, and they are doing good work in the way of breaking up guerrillas and marauding bands. The troops in north Missouri are nearly all ^lissouri State ]\[ilitia, whose term of service is fast expiring. Their discipline has been very lax, and on account of the defective nature of that organization, they have not been efficient. I have taken measures to hold the othcers responsit)le for the discii)line and acts of these troops. I do ])elieve that the system of local organization that J intend to inaugurate will prove effective for the si)ecial reason that we will have the selection of the officers, and most of them will l)e old, tried, and experienced soldiers, fully ind)ued with the right sentiment, and feeling a personal interest in restoring law and order. Allow me to assui-e you tliat the couise you projjose would be protested against by the State authorities, the legislature, the convention, and by nearly every loyal man in north Missouri, while it would receive the .simction of nearly every disloyal, semiloyal, and nonconunittal person there. All such could, under that course, live, and would woidrolection in their ])ower to any and every person who shows an honest and earnest desii-e and intention to support the Government, and assist in putting down guerrilla warfare. 1 heiewith inclo.^e my Order, No. 7," which endiodies some of the views in your dispatch, and which will receive the cordial indorsement and cheerful support of every person in the State who is not aiding and abetting the l)ushwhackers, or who are so disloyal that they would not agree to or approve of anything issued I)y a Federal ofiicer. I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, G. 31. Dodge, [Ibid., J). 546.] Major-General. "This order does not relate to tiie organization of troops and is not, therefore, here reproducecJ. MISSOURI MILITIA, GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 3, 1865. 93 On January 23, 1865. General Dodge requested of the governor the organization of thirtv-ono companies for service in certain counties and localities. Following is a copv of his letter of that date: Headquarters Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, Mo., January es, 1S65. Thomas C. Fletcher, (Torernor of Mii^sourl. Governor: I respectfully request that couipanies of militia be raised ])y volunteers from such classes as you deem best for service in each of the following counties: Mounted: One company for Warren and Montgomery; one company for Callawaj' and Audrain; one companj' for Boone; one company for Ralls, Monroe, and INIarion; ■one company to be raised at Hannil)al; one comjiany for Howard; one company for Handolph; one company for Chariton; one com]iany for Carroll and Livingston, to be stationed in Carroll; one company for Ray and Caldwell, to be stationed in Ray; one company for Clay and Clinton, to be stationed in Clay; one company for Platte; •one company for Jackson; one company for La Fayette; one company for Saline; one company for Cooper and ^loniteau; one company for Osage and Maries; one company for Stoddard; one company for Johnson; one company for Pettis; one com- pany for Morgan; one company for Mississippi; one company for Scott; one com- pany for Perry, one company for New Madrid; one company for Cape Girardeau; one company for Sainte Genevieve. Infantry: One company for bridge on Pacific Railroad; one company for Imdge on Southwest Branch [Pacific] Railroad; one company for bridge on Iron INIountain Railroad; one company for bridge on North ]\Iissouri Railroad. As soon as raised to be turned over to the sulidistrict commanders for the respec- tive counties. I will order them subsisted as soon as they rendezvous. I most •earnestly request that none but experienced officers and also old soldiers be placed at the head of these organizations — men who will enforce orders and maintain strict ■discipline. The Government will issue clothing, forage, arms, and equipments ( when the State has not sufficient arms and equipments to sup^ily them, already issueci to the Enrolled ?tIissouri ^Militia) upon proper requisitions. I deem it important that this force be put in the fiel Ad.jutant-General's Office, . No. 3. J St. Louis, January 30, 1865. 1. At the request of Maj. Gen. G. M. Dodge, commanding Department of the INIissouri, and for the purpose of repressing lawlessness and to secure safety of life and property to all good citizens, and to strengthen the hands of legal justice, by enabling the officers of the law to execute its processes and judgments, it is ordered that the following companies of militia l)e raised by volunteering for a term of serv- ice not to exceed one year. TO be MOUNTEDt One company for Warren and Montgomery; 1 company for Callaway and Audrain; 1 company for Boone; 1 company for Ralls, Monroe, and jNIarion, to be raised at Hannibal; 1 company for Howard; 1 company for Randolph; 1 company for Cliari- ton; 1 comi^any for Carroll and Livingston, to lie stationed in Carroll; 1 I'ompany for Ray and Caldwell, to l)e stationed in Ray; 1 company for Clay and Clinton, to be stationed in Clay; 1 company for Platte; 1 company for Jackson; 1 comjiany for La Fayette; 1 company forSaUne; 1 company for Cooper and 3Ioniteau; 1 company for Osage and INIaries; 1 company for Stoddard; 1 company for Johnson; 1 company for Pettis; 1 company for jNIorgan; 1 company for Mississippi; 1 company for Scott 1 company for Perry; 1 company for New JMadrid. 94 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION, IXFAXTRY. • One company for Ca]ie Girardeau; 1 company for Sainte Genevieve; 1 company for bridge? on Pacific Railroaitants of the State of Missouri, and, if necessary, 'to proclaim martial law in the city of St, Louis. This additional force was to ))e discharged, in whole or in part, as soon as there should appear to Captain Lyon and his advisers to be no danger of an attempt of the enemy to take possession of the cit}' of St. Louis, or to put the city under the control of a combination hostile to the (lovernment of the United States. Following is a co]\v of his instructions: War Department, April 30, 186 1. Capt. Nathaniel Lyon, Commandhig JkiKirlment of tlic WiM. Sir: The President of the United States directs that yon enroll in the military serv- ice of the United States the loyal citizens of St. Lonis and vicinity, not exceedintr, ■svith those heretofore enlisted, 10,000 in mnnber, for the purpose of inaintainiivj: the autiiority of the United States; for the protection of the pi'aceahle inhabitant- of Missouri; and you will, if deemed necessary for tliat ]Mir])ose l>y yourself and by Messrs. Oliver T. Filly, John How, James O. Ilroadhead, Samuel T. Glover, J. Wilzie, and Francis P. Blair, jr., proclaim martial law in the city ui St. Uouis. Tiie additional force hereby authorized shall ])e discharued, in part or in wlmle, if enlisteil, as soon as it api)ears to you and the gentlemen aI)ove named that there is no danger of an attempt on the part of the enemies of the Government to take mili- tary possession of the city of St. Louis, or put the city in the control of a combina- tion against the (Tovernment of the United States; and while sucli additional force remains in the service the same shall be governed by the Rules and Articles of War, and such special regulations as you may prescribe. 1 shall like the force heretofore directeoint- ments, in theal)sence of instructions upon the subject, were made by me in accord- ance with the laws of the State of Missouri, and referred to the Department for its action. I have now the honor to inclose an order issued by Capt. T. W. Sweeny, Second Infantry, under similar circumstances, he having been elected brigadier-general of the I'nited States Reserve Corps of Missouri Volunteers and assigned to that com- mand by Brigadier-General Harney, late commander of the Department of the West, as heretofore reported. I would resjiectfully remark, in connection with this subject, that these officers would have been commissioned by the governor of this State under these appoint- ments and with the rank by them fixed had he been loyal enough to call for volun- teers under the first proclamation of the President, and that in my action in the l)remises I desired to give them the same positions, respectively, which they would have held had the call been made by the governor, supposing that this action would be acceptable to the General Government. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, N. Lyon, Brigadier-General of Volunteers, Conimanding. [Inclosurc] Special Orders, \ Headquarters Brigade, U. S. R. C, No. 13. f St. Louis, Mag 28, 1861. The following appointments are herel)y made on the brigade staff of the L'^nited States Reserve Corps, viz: Assistant adjutant-general, Lieut. Col. Josiah W. Bissell; quartermaster, Maj. James O. Broadhead; paymaster, ]Maj. J. K. Mills; commissary, Maj. Nathaniel Constable; aide-de-camp, 3Iaj. Thomas Burgh. T. W. Sweeny, Captain, Second Infantry, Commanding U. S. R. C. [137 L., A. G. O., 1861.] The United States Reserve Corps, including the brigadier-general and staff, was mustered into the United States service as militia under 100 MISSOURI TROOPS — UNION. the President's call of April 15, 1861, and was credited ])y the War Department to the State of Missouri under that call. In 1897 the question as to the status of these troops being under consideration, it was decided bv the Assistant Secretary' of War that they, including the officers of ail grades, must be considered to have been State militia called into the service of the United States by the President, and that the officers are entitled to the same recognition that they would have been entitled to receive if the}" had ))een appointed and commissioned by the governor of the State. (R. & P., 150(581),) The Three Months' Militia of 1861. treated in this paper under a separate head, and the United States Reserve Corps (three months' service), combined, represent a militia force of more than lt),(>oO men furnished bv the State of Missouri under the President's call of April 15. 1861. There is nothing in the muster-in rolls of the United States Reserve Corps showing any conditions as to the locality of their service, but it was reported by General Lyon that ''they were sworn into service upon the condition that they were not to be called upon to perform duty outside of the county" of St. Louis. (127 L., A. G. O., 1861.) Many of them were, with their own consent, employed upon active service in the field, but their efficiencv as a corps was seriously impaired by the condition under which they were received into the service. This fact was illustrated l)v an official of the Missouri militia by the remark: ''The n)en have false notions about discipline and subordination, thinking that, as they are privileged soldiers, as well as substantial men of families, the}" have the, right to determine bv vote what they shall do." (R. and P., 163868.) In the reorganization of the corps for the three years' service it was sought by General Lyon to avoid any limitation as to the district in which it should serve; with what success will be seen in the chapter of this paper devoted to the Ignited States Reserve Corps, Three Years' Service. The United States Reserve Corps organized for three months' service consisted of one company of cavalry and live regiments of infantry. UNITED STATES RESERVE CORPS, THREE YEARS' SERVICE. As has been seen in the preceding- chapter, the United States Reserve Corps, consisting- of live regiments of infantry and a company of cav- alry; wa«s organized by Capt. (subsequently Brig. Gen.) Nathaniel Lyon, at St. Louis, Mo., during the month of May, 18(31, to serve for the period of three months. It was a force of Missouri militia, enrolled for service in the neighborhood of St. Louis. The original authority for its acceptance into the three years' service has not been discovered, but that such authority was g-iyen b}^ the War Department is shown in a letter addressed by the Secretary of War to General Lyon, under date of June T, 1861, as follows: War Department, Washington, June 7, 1861. Brig. (Jen. N. Lyox, (.'ommanding MIfisouri Volunteers, St. Louis. Oeneral: You are directed to muster in for the war the regiment known as the "American Zouaves," Morgan L. Smith, colonel. In explanation of orders heretofore given it is proper to say that it was intended to allow all the men already in service in ^Missouri to be mustered in for the war, or others to be received in lieu of them for that term. SiMOX Cameron. [50a W., A. (t. 0.,1861.] That it was not the intention of General Lyon that the reorganized force should be limited as to the locality of its service is show^n ]\v an order issued by him under date of July 1(), 1861, of which the follow- ing is a copv: Special Orders, \ Headquarter!? Army of the West, No. 19. j Springfield, Mo., July 16, 1861. None of the regiments of United States Reserve Corps, in the city of St. Louis, will be retained in the service as such beyond their present three montlis' term, unless it shall be al)S()lutely necessary for the defense of the city pending the organ- ization of the three years' volunteers authorized l\v the Government. Th(^se regiments of the Reserve Corps that desire to reorganize for the long term of service must do so without limitation as to the district in which they are to serve. By order of General Lyon: J. M. ScnOFIELD, Assistant Adjutant-General. [Book No. 9, Department of the West, p. 42.] On August 12, 1861, specific instructions for the reorganization of the I/nited States Reserve Corps were given by ^Major-General Fremont, who had l)een assigned to the connnand of the Western Department. These instructions contemplated the organization of 5 regiments of infantry with a reserve of 2 companies to each. 2 squadrons of cavalry, and 2 batteries of light artillery, the whole force to be subject to the same regulations and to receive the same pay as other volunteers, except the 101 102 MISSOURI TROOPS — UNION. reserve companies, which were to receive pay only when called into actual service. The full text of the instructions is as follows: HE.\D(iUAUTKRS AVeSTERX DePAKTMEXT, St. Louis, Mo., Avgmt 12, 1861. Col. J. McNeil, United Stat ea Reserve CorpK, St. Loiti.^. Sir: Inasmuch as the term of the several regiments of the I'nited States JReserve Corps in St. Louis has expired, or in a few days will expire, and the men be paid off, and as the present state of political affairs in Mi.ssouri, as well as the movements anr-in rolls of their respective commands, "with a view to a systematic organiza- tion'' of the forces of the department, and on December !», 1861, he published the following general order: General Orders, \ HEArxjUARTEus Department of the Missouri, No. 21. / ,S7. Louis, December 9, 1S61. 1. The following letter, having been l)ronght to the notice of the major-general commanding this department, is published for the information of all concerned, viz: "Adjutant-(teneral's Office, ''Washi Ill/foil, October 2.5, ISGl. "Sir: Information having been received that bodies of troops are being formed in and about St. Louis, Mo., which, under the name of Home Guards, Reserve Corps, 104 MISSOURI TROOPS UXION. and other appelliitioiis, are heinj; mustered into the service of the United States for duty only in Hniited locaUties, or upon certain (contingencies, yon are hereby cau- tioned tiiat sucli orjianization.s are entirely witlntut authority, and that no payments made to them will be sanctioned by the (iovernment. "I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, "L. Thomas, ''^ Adjiitant-denertiL "The P.vv>r.vsTER-(4KNEHAi., Wdxlinifiton, J). C." Otficers appointed from these head(}uarters to muster troops are authorizeil to muster or remuster into the service of the United States all such l)odies of troops for three years or (hiring the war, nidess sooner discharged, as directed by the act of Congress on the su))ject, provided their plan of organization conforms to the orders of the War Department, including in the muster or reumster so made the period during which the bodies of troops above referred to have been in actual service. ******* By order of 3Iajor-General Halleck: J. C. Keltox, Assistant Adjutant-General . It does not appear that an}" of the Reserve Corps organizations were mustered or reniustered under the provisions of the order quoted above, l)ut the announcement that such troops were not to be recog- nized as entitled to pay created great dissatisfaction. On the 12th of Deceml)er. iSol, Brig. Gen. Alexander As])oth. com- manding the division in which two of the regiments were serving, addressed to the connuanding general a letter, of which the following is a copy : Headqi'akteks FoiRTH Division, Vamp JIaUcrk; near Holla, December 12, 1861. Assistant Au.n t^xt General, Department of the Missouri. Sir: I herewith inclose, in connection with my telegram of to-day to the com- manding general, the order for the reorganization of the " Reserve C'orps " regiments, issued on the 12th day of August, 1861, from the headcjuarters of the Western Dei>artment. The order sliows that the regiments were organizer-< loicral, ComiiKDidinr/ Fotirtli Dirisio}i. [A. i;;. Department of the :^Iissouri, 1S61.] Under dale of l)oc(Miit)cr 14. 1S61. r>rig. (icn. J. M. Schofield. com- manding th(^ Missouri Stiite Militia. :i(l(lr(>ss(Ml to the department head- (juarters a hotter on the same subject, in which i)e said: U. S. RESERVE CORPS, THREE YEARS' SERVICE. 105 Headql'akteks Missoi'Ki State ^Iii.itia, >S'/. Loitls, Dnrriiher 14, 1861. Col. J. C. Keltox, Assi>ody of them are unwilling to ilo. Altliough their muster-in rolls contain no qualification as to service in or out of this State they were organized under written authority from ]\Iajor-(ieneral Fremont containing the condition that they were to serve in the State, and the meii were enlisted and "sworn in" under this condition. Very naturally they are imwilling to serve any longer withont some assurance that this condition will i)e comj>lied with and that they will at some time be paid for their services. I am informed that the men of these regiments almost unanimously desire to join the State militia. The conditions of this service being i)recisely the same as that to which they are pledged, it has occurred to me that tlie general commanding might have the ])Ower to transfer these regiments as they now exi;-t to tlie State service; or, if necessary, an order to this effect niiglit l)e obtained from the War Department. If this can 1)e done, it will be the simplest and most satisfactory method of settling the question of their future condition and avoid the loss of the services of these regi- ments during reorganization. If this transfer can not be made, 1 respectfully suggest the i)ropriety of imme- diately mustering these regiments out of service. Tliere are in various parts of the State large lunnbers of men organized as "Home Guards" and "Reserve Corps" who wish to enter the State service if tiiey can be officially released from their obligations to the United States in such a manner as to preserve some legal evidence of their iiast services whereby they niay hope to ol)tain pay for tlieir services at some future time. it seems to me desirable to bring fiiese irregular bodies of men under one or the other of the regtilar organizations as ()uickly as possible. Many of the men wish to enlist in the United States Volunteers, while many prefer to serve in the militia, Init they will do neither until some official record is made of their past services. I am, colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. M. ScnoPiELD, llrif/i((lier- Goirral, (_ 'omiiiandhig Missouri Militia. [S. 1315, V. S., 18(i2.] A letter was also addressed to department head([uarters hy General Asboth, under date of Deceml)er 14. 1861, as follows: IlEADCiCARTEKS Foi'KTII DIVISION, Camp Ilalleck, near RoUa, Deremher 14, 1861. A SSISTANT A D.I CTA XT-( i EX ER AL, I)e]iartiiient vf the Missouri. Silt: Although the ])ayment of the regiments iiere has Ix-en already commeiu'ed and decisive directions have been es})ecially given, as I am informed, to the pay- masters for the payment of Wright's cavalry Ijattalion and Boyd's infantry regi- ment (both originally Home (luard organizations), no orders have been received by the ])aymasters to disburse the sums due the two reser\e volunteer regiments, of which I the day Ijefore yesterday reported l)y telegraph ami mail. In order, therefore, to remove as soon as possil^le the difficulties in which the men 106 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. here of these regiments and tlicir families at St. Louis are involved, I beg leave to have laid before the commanding: general more fully, through Ac-ting Brigacber-Gen- eral Albert, to whose bri^rade they belong, the imi)ortance of an immediate order to the paymasters in accordance with the telegram issued to me the day before yester- dav from headquarters. Have the kindness to secure Colonel Albert an early interview with the command- ing general. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, [Alexanokr] Asboth, Acting Major-denend, Command'nui Fourth Dlfiaion. (A. 49, Department of the Missouri, 1861.) Apparenth' as a re.sult of these representations. Major-General Hal- leck issued an order in which he directed that all corps reg-ularly mus- tered into service for three years, with a legal organization, including the United States Reserve Corps, should be paid for past services actually rendered l)y them, and that irregular organizations mustered in with an unauthorized limitation as to place of service should be allowed the option of being regularl}^ mustered into service for three years or during the war, with pay for past service, or of being- mus- tered out with pa}^ onh^ for the period of actual service in Missouri away from their homes. Following is a copy of the order: General Ordeks, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 25. j St. Louis, Dt'cemher 14, IS'U. ■.k ->;- ***** II. All corps regularly mustered into the service of the United States for three years or during the war, unless sooner cbscharged, in accordance with General Orders of the \Var Department, current series. No. 15, plan of organization, and No. 61, declaring when certain officers are to be mustered in, according to the nimd)er of men enrolled, and in case of cavalry regiments, with (ieneral Ordei's, No. 78, allowing o majors to a regiment when consisting of 12 companies, and 2 majors to a regiment of 8 or 10 companies, no matter what the descriptive designation, whether United States Reserve C(jrps or whatever it may l)e, will be paid to cover the period of past service actually rendered l)y them, and they will lie i)aid hereafter at the regular periodical musters until further orders. * * * III. Ibime Guards and other irregular organizations mustered in with an unau- thorized limitation as to plac-e of service, or in service witliout having been mustered in, will be allowed the option to be now regularly mii-tered in for three years or during the war, according to law aiKi regulations, to cover the full time of back service, so that they can be regularly paid and furnished with sujiplies, or to be mustered out of service and receive pay only for the period they "have done active service in Missouri away from their homes." * * * * * * * By order of Major-General Halleck: J. C. Kelton, Astiisiani Adjntnnt-Genernl. In a letter addressed to the Adjutant-General of the Army under date of December 13, 1861, General Halleck said of the United States Reserve Corps: There seems to have been some misapprehension at Washington in respect to the "Reserve Corps" and " Home (tuards." Tlie former, at least the regiment stationed in this city [St. Louis], are regularly mustered into service for three years without any limitation as to their place of service. They are regularly organized Missouri Volunteers and entitled to pay and allowances the same as any otiier volunteer. They will be paid accordingly. [Oliicial Records of the Union and Confetlerate Armies, Series I, Vol. VI 11, ]). 434.] U. S. RESERVE CORPS, THREE YEARS' SERVICE. 107 And in a letter addre.s.sed to Major-General McClellan, December 19, 18<51, General Halleck said: HEADtiUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ^NIliSSOURI, St. LoHis, Dixember 19, 1861. Maj. Gen. (teorge B. McCi-Ei.t.AN, ral ilalleck issued an order in which he warned the discontented meml)ers of the Reserve Corps of the results to l)e expected from a violation of tluMr military obligations. Follow- ing is a copy of the order: U. S. KESERVE CORPS, THREE YEARS' SERVICE. 109 General Orders, )^ IIeadqiarters Department of tjie ^Mifssorui, No. 22. ) St. Loui.% Jinniar!/ 17, 18(:2. ******* II. (Jrganizations which have l)een mustered into the United States service u.ider the title of " Reserve Corps," or other desin;nations, are re^nilarly in the military serv- ice of the United States, and are to be jiaid and supplied the same as any oi^her troops. It is not the intention to require the service of such troops out of this State, except in cases of emergency, but they must do the same duty as other troops, and any refusal on their part to ol)ey orders will be jtunished to the full extent of the law. If they absent themselves from their post without ])roper leaves, they will be treateil as deserters. Officers who may neglect their duties and fail to preserve order and discipline among their men will be dismissed the service. Any person found creating dissatisfaction and mutiny among the troops will be seized and con- fined, and if found guilty will suffer death. By order of Major-General Ilalleck: J. C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant-General. In Jaiuiarv, 1S62, the Tliird United States Reserve Corps was con- solidated with the Gasconade County Battalion and other Reserve Corps organizations to form the Fourth Missouri Infantry Volunteers. This was followed by a mutiny and the disarming- and continement of the members of several companies, as announced in General Orders, No. 28, headquarters Department of the Missouri, dated February 2, 1862, of which the following- is a copy: General Orders, ) Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 28. )' St. Louis, Febrnarij 2, 1862. Several companies of the Fotirth Regiment of Missouri Volunteers, lately called the Third United States Reserve Corps, having shown themselves nuitinous and dis- ol)edient of orders, have been disarmed and placed in continement at Benton Bar- racks. The privates and non(;ommissioned officers of these comjianies will be sent under a suitable guard to Cairo to work on the fortifications at that place until further orders. The connnanding officer of that post will see that these companies are made to work faithfully on the fortifieations, and will report to these headquarters the names of any who by their repentance and oliedience to orders and discipline desei've pardon and restoration to military rank and resjiect. The officers of these companies have not joined in this mutinous demonstration, but they have failed or neglected to enforce order, obedience, and military discipline; they will therefore l)e mustered out of service and discharged. The major-general commanding this department is always willing to listen to com- plaints and ready to redress well-founded grievances; but, at the same time, he is determined to enforce discipline and obedience to orders, and any comi>anies, regi- ments, or corps which shall hereafter disobey orders or exliibit a mutinous dis])Osi- tion, will be dealt with in a most summary manner. The Rules and Articles of War in respect to mutiny will be rigorously enforced. By command of Major-Generai Ilalleck: N. H. McLean, Assistant A djutant- General. This order was followed" by one dated February" 26, 1862, threaten- ing- with arrest and punishment ""certain parties" accused of practices calculated to produce dissatisfaction and mutinous conduct. Follow- ing is a copy of the order: General Orders, 1 Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 48. r St. Louis, Mo., February 26, 1862. » * * * * » " ♦ IV. It is officially represented to the commanding general that certain parties in this city and elsewhere have been negotiating with companies and regiments, origi- nally, perhaps, irregularly organized, to ol)tain for a certain price tlieir disbandmeut or discharge, and encouraging expressions of dissatisfaction and nuitinous conduct as a means to accom})lish that end. An investigation of this matter will be made 110 MirSOUfll TEOUP.S 1 NIUN. immediately, and the provost-mai^hal-fieneral will arrest the guilty parties and eon- fine them in the military prison until they can be tried and punisheil as prescribed by the Rules and Articles of War. Bv command of Major-General Halleck: N. H. McLean, Asuistant Adjiitdnt-denerftl. Mutinios soon after occurred in the First United States Reserve Corps, and also in the Fourth and Fifth' Missouri Cavalry retj'iments, composed partially of the Hollan Horse, which was orig-inaUy formed as a Reserve Corps oi-g-anization. Concerning- these mutinies, Brig-adier- General Schotield, then commanding the District of Missouri, reported, under date of July 18. 1802, as follows: Headquarters District of Missouri, St. Loiiix, Jiihi 13, 1862. Col. JoHX C. Keltox, Ai^sistaiit Adjut' I lit- General, Department of the ^fis■sm)ppi, Corinth, J//.w..- I have the honor to report for the information of the commanding general the mutinous conduct of a portion of the troops under my commantl and the disposition I have made of them. When the conunanding general diret'ted me to reinforce General Curtis l)y all my availal)le force, 1 had no infantry that could be used at once except Colonel Rom- bauer's regiment, the First United States Reserve Corps, then stationed along the Pacific Railroad. I at once concentrated this regiment at Rolla and ordered it for- ward to Batesville. It proceeded as far as West Plains, and there mutinied, all except the officers and about 2S7 men, refusing to go farther. Colonel Romliauer detailed 12 officers and a guard of Vol men to remain with the mutineers, directing them to guard the j^ost of West Plains. But the officer left in command, finding that his men could not l)e relied upon to defend the place in case of attack, returned to Rolla with his entire command. At Rolla 288 noncommissioned officers and men l)roke out in open mutiny, refus- ing to do any duty whatever, and declaring their determination to break up and come to St. Louis. They were promptly arrested, disarmed, and sent to the North- ern part of ^Missouri to work on the ))lockhonses on the Hannibal and St. Joe Railroad. I inclose a list of the officers left witli these men l)y Colonel Rombauer. They are now in St. Louis, with the exception of one major, one caj>tain, and three lieu- tenants left with the few obedient men at Rolla. I do nf)t believe it possible to make this regiment efficient with its present organi- zation and un. 54.] On August 1»), 18(>1J, Brig. Gen. Lewis Merrill, conmianding the Division of Northeast Missouri, reported in a letter to General Scho- tield that there was likely to be trouble with the mutineers, and that U. S. RESERVE CORPS, THREE YEARS' SERVICE. Ill as the}^ were evidently acting under the conviction that thev were clearly within their rights he was loath to proceed to extreme measures. His letter is as follows: HKAIKilAKTEKS DIVISION NoRTHEAfST MlSSOrUl, MaroH City, Mo., Aiu/uot 16, 1862. Col. C. W. Marsh, Aniii stunt- Ad jnlaiit (ieneraJ. Colonel: I find that there is Hkely to l)e trouble with the nuitineers. I inelose herewith a translation frnm one of the Saint Louis German jiapers, and would state, tor the information of the general, that \\\wi\ thorough investigation of the whole mat- ter, partly personal and partly tliroagh Lieutenant Brandt, that the men have become thoroughly convinced that they are doing right and will sultmit to any punishment rather than work beyond the ihiity days, which, they claim, is the limitof the time for which they can be made to work* without trial. Thinking at lirst tliat it was simidy insubordination incited l)y some of the nii.'^chievous leaders among them, I had intended issuing an order requiring them to [go to] work and enforce the order to the extremest .severity, if need be, l)ut became satisfied, on fuller investigation, that the whole of them are acting upon what tliey believe to be a principle of right, and that the result of the attempt would have been the necessity of shooting at least half of them. Had I been convinced that they had no justice in their claims I should not have hesitated to do so; but believing, as I am compelled to, that tlie distinct under- standing on their part on enlistment was that they were to serve only in the State, and that that statement was made by authority, I am loath to push to extremities men who, however wrong (1 think), are acting upon principle. I submit the whole matter to the general for his decision, with the assurance that his orders will be enforced, whatever they may be. I am, colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Lewls Merrill, Brigadier- General, CommandiiKj. [Book No. 647, Department of the [Missouri, y. 6.] This letter was forwarded by General Schorield to department headquarters with a letter of his own, in which he stated that, so far from being of any service to the (xovernment. the Reserve Cori)s regi- ments had become a '"positive burthen;" that, although the roils did not show it, there could be no doul)t that they were enlisted for service only in Missouri, and that it was done by General Fremont's order; that the order {General Orders. No. 25, of 1861) declining to recognize this limitation and giving them the option of being regularly nuistered in as volunteers or being mustered out had rendered them dissatistied with the service even in Missouri, and for these reasons he recom- mended that they be mustered out of service. His letter is as follows: Headquarters District of Missouri, St. Louis, August 22, 1862. Maj. N. H. McLean, Assixtant Adjutant-General. Ma.ior: I have the honor to request that the so-called " Reserve Corps" regiments of [Missouri may be mustered out of service. So far from being of any .service to the Government they are a positive burthen. They were enlisted for service only in Missouri. Of this there can be no doubt, although their muster-in rolls do not show it, and it was done by General Fremont's order. The order declining to recognize this limitation and giving them the ojition to be regularly mustered in as volunteers or t<) b.e mustered out has rendere r I f/adier- General. [Book No. 568, Department of the Missouri, p. 95.] General Scolielcrs letter was forwarded to the Head [iiarters of the Army, and, on Aiiguist 2S, 1S32, he was authorized to muster out of service the Reserve Corps reo-uuents in his district. This author it^^ was conveyed in a h^ttar of which the following is a cop}': Ad.iutaxt-Gexekal's Office, Washington, D. C, AwjvM S8, 1862. Brig. Gen. J. M. Schofield, Comniandini/ District Missouri, St. Louis, Mo. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 22d instant, in reference to the mustering out of service of the "Reserve Corps" regiments of Mis- souri. In reply I am directed to inform you that you are hereby authorized to have the said regiments in your district mustered out of the service of the United States. Vj. D. Townsend, Assistant Adjutant- General. [Letters sent, .\. G. O., Vol. 2, 1862, p. 404.] Immediately upon the receipt of this letter (xeneral Schotield issued the following- order: Special Orders, \ Headquarters District of Missouri, No. 98. i St. Louis, September 1, 1S62. Authority having been received from the War Department to muster out of service the Reserve Corps regiments in this district, they will l>e mustered out as rapidly as their places can be supplied by other troops. The Second Regiment (Colonel Kallman), now at Benton Barracks, will be nuistered out without delay by Lieut. J. T. Price, Fifth United States Infantry. The portions of the First Regiment (Colonel Rombauer) now in this district will be assembled at Benton Barracks as soon as practicable, and when assembled will be mustered out of service by Lieutenant Price. Bv order of Brigadier-General Schotield: C. W. Marsh, .1 ss'ixta nl Adjutant -( ieneral. [Book No. 580, Department of the ^lissouri, ]). 75.] Because some of the Reserve Corps regiments had been mustered out of service under the provisions of the order quoted a))ove, other troops, originally organized as reserve regiments but not then serving as such, su[)p()sed that th(\v should also he mustered out under the .same order. Major-(ieneral Curtis, who had been assigned to the commatid of the Department of the Missouri, therefore issued a genei'al order of which th(> following is a copy: General Orders,! He.\dcond RegimcMit Miss((uri Artillery."*' 1'he findings of the h:)ard. of which Br'g. Gen. Fitz Henry Warren was president, and whicli met April S, 1863. at St. Louis, Mo., were as follows: First. The present Second Regiment Artillery Missouri Volunteers was originally enlisted anm- panies have at some period or other been in a state of mutiny, the alleged rea.«on in each instance being that they were illegally changed from United States Reserve 116 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Corps to United States Volunteers Avithoiit their consent and aiiiior- General Curtis by indorseniont dated May 7, 1S(>;}. as follows: IlEAIMjrAHTEKS DEr.VKT.MENT OF TJIE Ml.SSOl'lil, -S'^ Loiii«, Mai/ 7, 1863. Respectfully forwarded to the .Vdjatant-General of the Army, accompanying letter to the General in Chief of date of .May 4. Attention is respectfully called "to the pro- ceedings and finding of the court of imjuiry, and the attidavits, orders, letters, and other i)apei\s attached. Should the finding of the court be approved, I have the honor to request that the.se papers be returned with full instructions as to the dis- posi.tion t(j l)e made of the " Re.serve Corjis" portion of the Second Missouri Artillery. S. K. Curtis, Major-deneml. [Il)id.] The letter of May 4, 1S<;3, referred to in (leneral C'lirtis's indorse- ment, is as follows: tlEADCiUAKTEKS DEPARTMENT OF THE MISSOURI, St. Lmm, May 4, 1863. Maj. Gen. H.W. Halleck, Ge))t:r(d in Chief. General: Yours of the 29th ultimo, concerning the Second Artillery Regiment, is received. You are mistaken in sui)p(jsing all are to be mustered (jut. Kone will be if you are sure a full "thorough examination" was had last 3' ear and the matter was properly then and there decided that "they were regularly mustered in for the war." The order to remuster was given by me and I had been assured by the officers they had been remustered, and so they were. But it was for pay ami not for muster in again. 1 have tried to force these men to do duty. Tliey have been punished almost to the death; but they have demanded a hearing on a chai'ge of fraud in liiis second muster. General Davidson, a severe disciplinarian, and (General Warren, and Colonel Glover, who had detachments of these troops and in various ways endeav- ored to force obedience, assured me there was some mistake, and the facts should be iiKpiired into. They would not do duty and were worsy than useless. The men asked to have the facts determined. There is nothing on re"ord that shows the men had been heard in the jiremi-jes. They claimed the bendit of the order rdjuiring me to nuister out the Reserve Corps, and if the fact existed as they still averreil, I supposed my duty plain. On their petition, properly indon^ed, I finally submitted the matter to disiTeet, unprejudiced officers. They called in the officers and prob- ably some of the men, and the proof shows that they were not remustered and sworn as three-year volunteers They did not so understand it, i<.w\ tin' rolls do not show it, but on the contrary show they are still a specialty. No one was more vexed and surprised than I have t)een in this matter. It was a renuister under pretense of pay muster, and the rolls show it was only mu.ster for ])ay. The court, I believi', decided unanimously that they were not rennistered; that they are a Rt'serve Corjis, and ought to be mustered out ])ursuant to your order. I have suspended the muster out as your telegra])h exi>ressed disaj)proval, and I shall still await your furtlier orders. Although only part of the corps have been regarded as Home etter soldiers, Imt as now organized they are only u.seful when they think their homes are in danger. I have resisted step by step the.se losses of Home (iuard troops, and my utmost efforts fail. The jiroof is irresistible. They are included within the scope of my ordei's from you and the honorable Secretary of War. Shall I jjroceed to execute the order and try to get new and uiKjuestionable nuisters? It seems to me necessary. I remain, general, very respt'ctfully, your obetlient servant, S. R. Curtis, Major-deneral. I*. S. — 1 send herewith the original petition of the soldiers of this regiment with (ieneral I >aviilson's indf)rsement, the proceedings and lindings of the board of iiKpiiry, and all the papers in the case. S. R. Curtis, Major-dowral. [Ibid.] U. S. RESERVE CORPS, THRJ^^E YEARs' SERVICE. 117 A brief of the cv.se having- ])een sii1)mitted to the (Tenenil in Chief, it was indorsed by him as follows: Thi.« regiment ?''((.s reiiuiHtered at? vf)lunteer8 for three years or the war, while I com II landed the dej)artinent, and under the supervision of a staff officer. All the men understood the character of the engagement. Those who wished to he considered as simply " lIomey the superior authorities to whom he may refer this matter that the severer course of coercion and ]>unishment in order that these men may be obliged to do their duty be dispensed with, then I would most respectfully and earnestly recommend that all those claiming to belong to the Reserve Corps be inmiediately nmstered out of service. Jas. Tottex, [Ibid.] ^ 11(S MISSOI'KI TROOPS I'NION. The iii.spection report wtis forwardod to the Adjutiiiit-Gciiorrtl of the Army, accompanii'd bv a letter from General Sehotield as follows: HlCAIxa'AHTKRS DiCl'AKTMENT OF THE MlS^OL'RI, -SV. Lonh; Mo., Jidi/ ?7, 186S. Col. E. I). TOWNSKNI), AsxisliDit Adjut(tut-(lfitcyNi:f.: I have the honor to transmit herewith insi)e('ti()n report of tlie Second Artillery Missouri Volnnteers, with reijnest that it 1h' laiil ))efore the (.Teneral in Chief, and hii^ s])eeial attention asked to the facts as set forth in tlie report and the recommendations of the ins])et'tin,. is*;;-), tiie General in Cliief. to v.lioin the inspection re[)()rt had lieen sul)mitted. authorized GeiuM'al Scholield to muster out such otiicers and men of the Second Artillery as he mioht deem necessary. Theveu])on General Sehotield issued the following order: Si'ECi.w, Orders, \ IIeadqiakteks I)ei'.\i;tme.\t of the Missoiri, No. 219. j St. Lnn'ix, Mo., Anf/ust 13, 18•• ->: :i. All the nonconmiissioncd ollicers and jirivates of the Second IJegiment .Vrtillery Missoviri Voluntrers, with the exce])tions hereinafter referred to, who were enlisted before the "JOth day of November, ISBl, will be must(>red out of service without delay. .\ll men who are now under punishment iiy sciitence of general court-martial or military commission, all who have been tried and are awaiting sentence, and certain others against whom gi'avi' charges lia\e lieen preferi'ed (a list f)f which men accom- panies this order for the information of the mustering ofiicer) will be excepted from this muster out of service. * * v:- «• v> •/;• % The Second Missouri .Vrtillery Volunteers will be reorganized and recruited to its maximum as rapidly as practical)le. For this ]iU'-posea military board will beajipointed to examine the capacity, quali- fications, proiiriety of conduct, and eliu-iency of all the connnissioned oHicers of the regiment, and to consolidate the men-remaining in the regiment after the muster out hereby ordered into the proper number of full companies. Cpon the report of this IxKinl the commaniling general will order the muster out of such officers as shall not Ih' foimd (itteil for tlieir positions. The assistant conunissary of musters of the District of St. Louis will make the nnisters require(l bv this ordei-. ^ * * \\\ command of .Major-i Jent-ral Scholield: .f. A. Ca.mimjei.l, Aks'isIiuiI A'lintditt-OoicraL U. S. RESERVE CORPS, THREE YEARS' SERVICE. 119 The history of fehe several organizations of the United States Reserve Corps accepted into service for the period of three years is, briefly, as follows: CAVALRY. J^irst Battalion, also hw7rn as ^'IIoNa?i Horse.-' — This battalion was organized from October, 1861, to February, 1862, at St. Louis and Warreuton, Mo. One company of the battalion was nuistered out of service March 4, 1862, by order of General Halleck, apparently under the provisions of General Orders, No. 25 "of December 11, 1861, head- quarters Department of the Missouri. Of the other six companies, three were consolidated with the ''Fremont Hussars'" to form the Fourth Missouri (yavalry, and were mustered out of service in Sep- tember, 1862, undertheprovisionsof Special Orders, No. 98, ''of Septem- ber 1, 1862, District of Missouri, directing the muster out of the Reserve Corps regiments. The remaining three companies were con- solidated with the "Benton Hussars" to form the Fifth Missouri Cavalry and were mustered out in September, 1862, under the provis- ions of the special orders before cited directing the muster out of the Reserve Corps regiments. ARTILLERY. First Reqiment. — This regiment, composed of twelve companies of heav}' artillery and three light l)atteries, was organized at St. Louis, Mo. , from September to November, 1861. On Novemlier 20, 1861, its des- ignation was changed bv order of Brigadier-General Curtis, conunand- ing the St. Louis District, to the "Second Regiment Misso^iri Volun- teers. " The number of companies was subsequently reduced by consol- idation to the regulation standard. The enlisted men who belonged to the original Reserve Corps regiment, except those who were reserved for punishment, were mustered out of service under the provisions of Special Orders, No. 219 '^ of August 13, 1863, headquarters Department of the Missouri. INFANTRY. Flrxt Beghiient. — This regiment was organized at St. Louis, Mo., during the month of September, 1861, and was mustered out of serv- ice during the months of September and October, 1862, luider the pro- visions of Special Orders, No. 9S,'' head(|uarters District of jNIis.souri, dated September 1. 1862, authorizing the muster out of the Reserve Corps regiments. Secrmd Regimmt. — This regiment was organized at St. Louis. Mo., during the months of August and September, 1861, and was mustered out of service in September, 1862, under the provisions of Special Orders, No. 98,'' headquarters District of Missouri, dated September 1, 1862, authorizing the muster out of the Reserve Corps regiments. Th'trd Begiment. — This regiment was organized at St. Louis, Mo., during the months of August and September, 1861. It was consoli- dated with the Gasconade County Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, to form the Fourth Missouri Volunteers, which latter regiment was mustered but of service February 1, 1863, apparently under the *Ord a i)art of the military establishment of the United States during the short period of its "(_)re retiuired by the public nece.s- ]22 THREE years' YOLITNTEERS. 123 ?itief^. You oau place full reliance upon the representations of Lieutenant JohnsDU, and I trust I may l)e perniitteil to hojie that the tender of this valuable corps, com- ing; as it does from this locality, will be accepted at once. If more than four regi- ments fur the three years' service are to be accepted from this State, it is important this should l)e known, and how many, as five reiiiments have already offered besides the above. At the request of parties interested the al)0ve is su))mitted to the President. Yery respectfully. N. Lvox, Brigadier-General of ]'oIuntcers, Cvmmanding. [503 W, A. (t. O., 1S61.] A similar letter was addressed to the President on the same da}' bv Colonel Blair. These letters were indorsed by the President as follows: I think the Zouave regiment ought to be received, for moral effect as well as for military purposes. It will be a counterpoise to the prejudice against the Germans. I refer the case to you [Att )rney-General] and Mr. Blair, as the special conunittee on ^Missouri. June 6, ISHI. [Ibid.] A letter on the sul)iect of the existing "prejudice against the Ger- mans," referred to in the President's indorsement, had been previously addressed to the Secretary of War ])y Brig. Oen. Willi;tm S. Flarney, General Lyon's predecessor in the coumiand of the Department of the West. Tliis letter, dated May 15, 1861, in which General Harne}^ recommended the organization of a regiment to consist "'exclusively of Irishmen,"' was indorsed by Colonel Blair, who concuried in General Harney's recommendation. Following is a copy of the letter and indorsement: p].\ST St. Locis, Ii.l., Muij 15, 1861. Hon. SiMox Camekox, Secretari/ of War: I think it of the utmost importance that an additional regiment, consisting exclu- sively of Irishmen, should be raised in St. Louis. It will at once settle matters in St. Louis and do away with the prejudice against the Government troops, which consist almost exclusively of Germans. AYm. S. Harxey, Brigadier-General, Commanding. I concur in the importance and ])olicy of General Harney's recommendations, and believe that it will end our troubles here and enalde our troops to do service else- where. Fraxk p. Blair, Jr., Colonel Firat Ilegivieni Missouri Volunteers. [Official Records of the Union and Confedei-ate Armies, Series I, Vol. Ill, pp. 373-374.] No record has been found of a replv to General Harney's letter of May 15, 1861, or to Colonel P>lair's letter of ]May 24, 1801, but on Jiuie 7. 1861, the S(^cretary of War addressed General Lyon as follows: War Departmext, WaxJiington, June 7, 1861. Brig. Gen. X. Lvox, Contmandiug J//.s.s'o(/r/ Volunteers, Sf. Loni.^. Gexerai.: You are directed to muster in for the war the regiment known as the "American Zouaves." .Alorgan L. Smith, colonel. In explanation of orders heretofore given, it is proper to sav that it was intended to allow all the men already in service in ^Missouri to be nuistered in for the war, or others to be received in lieu of them for that term. SiMox Camekox. [503 W., A. G. 0., 186L] 124 MISSOUKI TROOPS UNION. It will bs sssn th it, alth )u:i;h the original '* orders" or instruction.s have not baeii disL- )vered, th i military aLithorities at St. Louis were authorized to receive into the service of the United Stites for the three years' term ail of the militia and United States Reserve Corps troops then in service, or their equivalent, numbering- upward of 10,0U0 men. This authorit\' was evidently given under the Presi- dent's call of May 3, 1861, for 42.034 volunteers. The (juestion as to the appointment of officers, raised in Colonel Blair's letter of May 24, istJl, appears to have ))een ignored. The organization of volunteer regiments for the long term was at once begun, th(^ First Missouri Militia being reorganized during the month of Jiuu\ 1861, and accepted into service for the period t)f three years under authoi'ity of (xeneral Lyon, by whom authority was also given for the organization of a number of new regiments. The work thus begun by General Lyon was contimied l>y his successor, Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont, who, on July 25, 1861. assumed command of the newly created Westei'n Department. Under date of August 5. 1861, the governor of the State, under the new State government, was authorized by the War Department to raise 15 regiments — 10 of infantry, 3 of cavalry, and 2 of artillery. This authority, Avhich was evidently given under the acts of July 22 and 25, 1861, was conveyed in a letter of which the following is a copy : War Department, Waslnngtoii, Augusts, 1861. His Excellency H. R. (ta>[ble. 8ik: Hon. F. P. Blair, jr., has tendered to this department 15 additional regiments, to be organized in Missouri, for the several arms of the service, as hereinafter stated. You are therefore authorized and empowered to raise and organize the 15 regiments referred to — 10 regiments of infantry, 3 regiments of cavalry, and 2 regiments of artillery — for the ser\ ice of the Unitetl States, to serve for three years or during the war. This department will exercise the right to revoke the cdnnnissions of all othcers who may be found incompetent for the proper discharge of their duties. You will promptly advise Adjutant-(feneral Thomas, at "Washington, the tlate at which your nun will le ready for nuistering, and he will detail an officer for that ])urpose, who will ])e instructed to muster by comjianies. \'ery respectfully, your ol)edient servant, Thomas A. Scott. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. T, ji. 388.] It does not appear that any action was taken by the State officials under this authority, th(» organization of Missouri troops, uiulertaken by Generals Lyon and Fivmont, Ixdng continued by the latter after the reoi'ganization of the State government and up to the time he was relieved from command, the officers being designated or ai)p()inted by him, notwithstanding the existence of a loyal State government, it appearing that, for some rca.son, the governor had declined to com- mission the officers. Besides creating numerous Home Guard and United Stat(\s Reserve Corps organizations, treatinl in this pa])or under separate^ lu>ads. Gen- eral Fremont. innntHliately u])on his assumption of the conmiandof the A\'(\stern DcpartmenL [)ro('eeded to authorize the organization of a largi^ force of volunteer troops, aggregating, with tiiose ])reviously authorized by General Lyon, al)()ut thirty n^ginuMits. Ix'sides inde- pendent companies and battalions. Tlu^ irregularities of his adminis- tration in the organization of corps not authorized by law, the accept- thiip:e years' volunteers. 125 ance of others with unlawful conditions of service, and the unlawful exercise of the appointing- power, will be treated in a separate chapter. On Noveni])er 2, 18(51, General Fremont was relieved from the com- mand of the Western Department, and on November 11>, l.sHl. !Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck assumed command of the newly organized Department of the Missouri. The methods adopted l)v General Hal- leck for the correction of existing irreguhirties will, like the irregu- larities themselves, be described in another chapter. One result of his action was to place the organization of ^Missouri volunteers whei'e it belonged — with the State authorities. The Secretary of War had, on December 3, ISOI. ordered that *•' no more regiments, batteries, or independent companies" be raised by the governors of Staters, except upon the special requisition of the War Department, and that those then forming in the several States be completed, under the direction of the respective governors thereof, unless it be deemed more advantageous to the service to assign the men already recruited to organizations then in the tield. (General Orders, No. 105, Headquarters of the Army, 1861.) On December 31, 18(51, evidently under theprovisionsof this order, the governor of Missouri, in special orders from State headciuarters, consolidated several fragmentary organizations, forming from them the Twenty-tirst and Twenty-sixth Missouri Volunteers, and on Jan- uary 2, 1862, General Halleck issued a general order (No. 4), in which he directed that "under General Orders, No. 105, Adjutant-Generars Othce, Washington. Deceml)er o, 1861,'' all corps of Missouri volun- tem-s not completed l)e reported to the governor for such action as he might deem expedient to adopt. These orders from the Statt^ and department headquarters were fol- lowed in quick succession by other orders from the State executive consolidating incomplete organiz 'tions, and from the military com- mander mustering out such organizations as had been acceyjted with unauthorized conditions of service, imtil the organization of the three years' volunteers was placed upon the basis required by law and the regulations of the War Department. The question of the issue of t-ommissions to officers of the Missouri volunteer regiments early received the attention of the majoi'-general connnanding the Department of the Missouri. Those officers had been mustered into service upon apointments received from General Fre- mont, or without regular appointments or commissions from an}- source, and the questionable status of the officers so serving not onW caused emljarrassment to the connnanding general but impaired the efficiency of the troops with which the officers were serving. On December 11, 1861, General Halleck nominated to the governor of the State the officers of the "Merrill Horse" (Second Cavalry) for commissions, to rank from the respective dates on which the officers were mustered into service in the grades for which they were recom- mended. On the same date an order was issued by the State execu- tive announcing, among other things, that commissions Avould not be issued to officers of ^Missouri volunteers in the service of the United States until authenticated copies of the muster-in rolls of the corps to which they belonged had been tiled in the office of the adjutant-gen- eral of the State. This order (General Orders, No. 1:, of the State of >Hssouri) was promulgated in General Orders, No. 31, Department of 126 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. the Missouri, diited December •JO, LSOl, of which the foUowino- is ii copy : General Orders, \ HEAn(U'AHTi:Hs Dei'artmext of the MissorRi, Xo. 31. j St. Louis, December 20, 1861. The attention of Miasouri volunteers is called to the followint^ orders of the gover- nor of this State: "General Okueks, "i "HEAixiUARTEKs State of Missouri, \ " A I ).i cta xt-G exer a l' s Office, "Nd. 4. J ''St. Louis, Decciaher 14, 1861. "I. Conunissions will not be issueil to utticers of the Missouri volunteers in the service of the United States uiitil authenticated copies of the nuister-in rolls of the corps to which they belong shall have been tiled in the office of the adjutant-general of the State; nor will promotions or appointments to fill vacancies in any particular corps be made unless the commander thereof shall have transmitted to the same office a formal return, exhi])iting all changes which have taken jjlacein his command from the time of original muster uj) to and including the date of tlie event by which the vacancy sougiit to lie tilled was occasioned. "II. The major-geneial commanding the Department of the Missouri, having in view the better discipline and increased efficiency of the troops, has requested that applications for commissions or appi)intments in the Missouri volunteers .•^hall be sub- mitted to him for iiis approval tjefore l>eing considered by tlie governor. "This course will be adopted, and will l)e pursued as well in regard to the issue of commissions to officers now serving with the volunteers as to original appointments and promotions. "By order of the Commander in Chief: "Chester A. Hardixg, Jr., "J djntani- Geuerol. ' ' Authenticated copies of niuster-in rolls will be innnediately traiLsmitteil in coni- pUance with the above orders. By order of Major-General Ilalleck: J. C. Keltox, Asxistaiit Adjutaut-deneral. The neeessit}' for the immediate commissioning- of the otticers Avas, however, considered ))V General HaHeck to be so pressino- that he viro-ed u\)o\\ the governor the importance of recoiisiderino- his determi- nation to wait for authenticated copies of the rolls. The exigencies of the case as viewed t)v General Hal leek, and the necessity for ])rompt action on the part of the governor of the State, were stated by the former in a letter of which the following is a copy: St. Louis, Deceviiier 18, 1861. His Excellency \\. R. Gamble, Gorernor of Missouri. Goverxor: By a letter from your adjutant-general of this date I am informed that commissions will not Ije issued to officers of volunteers now in the service of the United States until authenticated copies of the muster-in rolls shall have been filed in the office of the adjutant-general of the State and other conditions are com- ])Iied with. In many ca.ses it will be almost iiniio.ssible at the present time to prot-ure these authenticated copies for file, as required, as the troops are scattered on duty in vari- ous parts of the State, and months must elapse before such copies can be olttained from the paymaster, mustering officers, or the Adjutant-Cieneral at Washington. The ofiicers of these volunteer companies and regiments have liecn in active .serv- ice for niontlis under mere appointments, and some have been ])aid as such. lUit difliculties now arise in making such j)ayments, and the men in many cases, finding that the ofiicers have no commissions, refuse to ol)ey them. Moreover, it is doubt- ful whether such othcers, not l)eing commissioiitMl, can legally serve on courts-martial. These dithculties are beconnng of a very serious character, and threaten a total dis- organization of some of our best regiments; in some cases the men are on the verge of mutiny. These things call for a prompt remedy. It will not do to delay the matter for the sake of mere formalities. I have been working night and day to sujijily the defi- ciencies and to correct the irregularities. After one whole month's labor I havf in many cases been unable to jirocure muster-in rolls for my own ofiicers, and in order to expeihte matters I liave borrowed those filed with the paymaster. In no case threp: yeaks" vuluxteers. 127 have I, or will I, recommend to you for commission any officer without satisfactory evidence of his having been in service from tlie time at which his conunission is to date. I nm satisfied, governor, that if you insist ui)on a strict compliance witli the tirst paragraph of your order No. 4, weeks, and perhaps months, must elapse before com- missions can i.ssue. In the meantime disorganization and want of di.sciiiHiie must increase. I may wish to send these regiments into the field in a very few days. If you refuse to commission the officers, how can tliey legally exercise command? By delaying these conunis.^ii)ns you delay the pacification of ^lissouri, and greatly embarrass all plans of ulterior ojjerations. I hope, governor, you will reconsider this matter and issue commissions as fa.st as I ol)tain satisfactory proof of the service and muster in of the officers. It is the only means of getting order out of chaos. Your" order is a very proper one for ordinary times and ordinary circumstances, but I most strenuously urge you to make an exception in the cases I submit to you as requiring innnediate action. • All information in regard to muster-in rolls and vacancies which I have is at the service of your adjutant-general. Permit 'me to repeat, governor, that the present condition of the troops here requires prompt action in this matter of commissions, and that delay may lead to the most serious results. Very respectfully, your ol)edient servant, II. W. H.\lleck, Mdjor-deiifral. [Book No. 18, Department of the Missouri, pp. 80-83.] Thi.s letter was followed by other letters from General Halleck, with which he sul)mitted lists of officers whom he desired to be com- missioned, not from the dates of muster in, as previously recommended in the case of the officers of the ^Merrill Horse, but from the dates of their enrollment, it appearinj^ that in many cases companies had been '■'full and ready for service long- before they were actually mustered." (Book No. 18, Department of the Missouri, p. 88.) The adjutant-g-eneral of Missouri, in his annual report to the gov- ernor of the State, dated December 31, 1868 (p. IT), states: The officers of all the regiments wliich were raised in ^lissouri were, as soon as the machinery of the State government was properly put in operation, commissioned by your excellency in due form. On January 1. 1862, according to the adjutant-generars report of that date, the Missouri volunteers in the service of the United States numbered o2, 821; but these included some organizations which were sul)se([uently mustered out of service by reason of unauthorized limi- tations in their contracts of service, besides several organizations, composed of citizens of other States, which were finally transferred to the States to which a majority of their members ])elonged. Of this latter class of troops the State adjutant-general says in his annual report of 1863, pag-e 18: Owing to the refusal of the Government to accept all the men who offered their services in the loyal States at the beginning of the war, large numbers of persons came to Missouri' to enlist, and in some instances nearly whole regiments were mustered into service, and denominated ^lissouri regiments, while their membei'S were, a large majority of them, residents of other States. As a result, upon the applit'ation, either of the governors of their States or of the organizations them- selves, the following regiments were transferred to other States, and lost their his- tory as Missouri troops: The Ninth Mi.-^souri Infantry was made the Fifty-ninth Illi- nois Infantry; the Thirteenth Missouri Infantry was made the Twenty-second r)hio Infantry; the Fourteenth Missouri Infantry or "Western Sharpshooters" was made the Sixty-sixth Illinois Infantry, and Schwartz's Battery transferred to Second Illinois Artillery. Continuing, the adjutant-general says in the same report, pag-e 18: These are all the transfers of organizations that have been made to other States, although in some of the present regiments of Missouri volunteers a majority of the- 128 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. men have come from other States than Mir^.souri, l)ut in nearly all Huch, the number from the different States has been so equally (liviiled that they have preferred to retain their original d'l^sij'aation, rather thau lose th.:?ir history as .Missouri regi- ments. They have felt, ami still feel, a pride in Ijeing calle'l Missourians, for they can say with truth that no Missouri reginn'iit has yet been di-sijra-eil. It will be seen from the foreo'oing that on or before January 1, 1S62, by reason of the reorganization of the State government and the cooperation of its officials with the United States military author- ities, the machinery for the org-anization of Missouri troops for the volunteer service and the appointment of their officers, had been placed in the hands of the State executive, where, under the law, it properly belonged, and that the irregularities of organization due to the unauthorized administrative action of one of the militarj' com- manders had, as far as practicable, been corrected. On July 1, larracks, Mo., to be organized into companies. Commanding officers of regiments and detachments will report h\ telegrai>h to these headquarters the number of men who have reenlisted in their respective com- mands, and who are to be sent to Benton Barracks under the provisions of this order. By command of Major-General Rosecrans: 0. D. Greene, ' Assistant Adjutant- General and Chief of Staff. THKEE years' VOLUNTEERS. 131 General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 162. i St. Louis, Mo., September?, 1864. The organization of the Thirteenth Missouri Vohinteer Cavah-y having been com- pleted, another regiment will at once be organized under the same authority, and under the same general conditions governing in the organization of the Thirteenth (see General Orders, 128, from these headquarters), which will be designated as. the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteer Cavalry. Officers will be detailed from these headquarters for recruiting for the regiment from the Missouri State ]\Iilitia. Applications for permission to recruit will be for- warded to these head(iuarters through the ordinary channel. Oflicers receiving recruiting details will at once signify their wishes with regard to entering the new regiment; ]>ut, whether desiring commissions therein or not, will enter vigorously upon the duty and continue thereupon until duly relieved. They will make frequent reports direct to these headquarters as to their success in recruiting. Nonveterans of the ^Fissouri State Militia are officially informed that no effort will be spared to make this one of the very best regiments raised in the State, and that no officers will be recommended foi- or appointed to positions in it who have not tried and approved qualifications for their respective grades. In addition to his present duties. Col. E. C. Catherwood, of the Thirteenth Mis- souri Cavalry, is (temporarily) assigned to the duty of organizing the regiment. Benton Barracks is designated as the regimental rendezvous, and to that point all veterans and reenlisted nonveterans of the Missouri State ]Militia force not absorbed by the organization of the Thirteenth will be sent by district commanders without further orders. District, regimental, and post commanders are charged to exert themselves to give this order early promulgation to all under their command, and to facilitate all proper efforts of recruiting officers in securing men. ' By command of Major-General Rosecrans: O. D. Greene, Assistant Adjutant- General and Cliief of Staff. Under the authority of the War Department and the orders from the department couniiander one regiment, the Thirteenth Cavalry, was organized, and another regiment, the Fourteenth Cavalry, was par- tially completed. Of this latter regiment the adjutant-general of the State says in his annual report of 1865, pages 4, 5: The Fourteenth Cavalry, under the supervision of the department connnander, was in process of organization at the date of the last report by the transfer of such veterans of the ^Missouri State ^Militia as had not been assigned to the Thirteenth Cavalry. There not being a sufficient number of these veterans to complete the regiment, authority was obtained to fill it up by volunteering under the laws governing the general recruiting service. Nine companies were [had been] mustered in at the time of the suspension of enlistments, April 13, 1865. The Fourteenth Cavalry was the last regiment raised in the State of Missouri for three years' service. Under date of January 30, 1865, authority was given by the War Department to raise six regiments, composed of men enlisted for one, two, or three years, as the recruits might elect (Annual Report Adjutant-General of Missouri, 1865, p. 6), but the suspension of hos- tilities soon followed and recruiting ceased, the recruits procured under the authority of Januarj' 30 being formed into one regiment, the Fifty-tirst Missouri Infantr3\ In this chapter no attempt has ])een made to show the eti'orts put forth by the State authorities to secure recruits for the old regiments in the held to till the quotas of the State under the various calls of the President, the contemporaneous action of the State officials in the organization of regiments for short periods of service, or the action of the United States officials in the drafting of recruits under the enrollment acts. The object has been to show in a general way the history of the organization of the three j^ears' regiments of Missouri volunteers in service during the civil war. That they rendered gal- 132 MISSOURI TROUFS UNION, lant service in defense of the Union is al^undantly shown by the official records. As to the status of these troops in general, no comment is necessary beyond the mere statement of the fact that the}^ were in the military service of the United States and that the surviving members of the force, and the heirs of those deceased, are entitled to all of the benefits accruing- from such service. It is true that under the administration of Major-General Fremont some organizations not authorized l)y law were received into the mili- tar}" service of the United States, but the unauthorized organizations were promptl}^ disbanded or converted into organizations having a legal basis, or were, as in the case of the engineer troops, pioneers, and sappers and miners, subsequently legalized by act of Congress. This act, approved Jul}' 17, 1862, is as follows: AN ACT to define the pay and emoluments of certain officers of the Army, and f(ir other purposes. ****♦*♦ Sec. 20. Ami he if further enacted, That the different regiments and independent companies heretofore mustered into the service of the United States as volunteer engineers, pioneers, or sajipers and miners, under the calls of the President or Secre- tary of War, or by authority of the connnanding general of any military de]iartment of the United States, or which, having l)een mustered into the service as infantry, shall have been reorganized and employed as engineers, pioneers, or sajijiers and miners, shall be, and the same are hereby, recognized and accepted as volunteer engineers, on the same footing, in all res])ects, in regard to their organization, pay, and emoluments, as the Corps of Engineers of the Regular Army of the United States, and they shall be paid for their services, already jierformed, as is now pro- vided by law for the ])ayment of othcers and noncommissioned officers and privates of the Engineer Corps of the Regular Army. Approved, July 17, 1862. [12 Stat. L., pp. 594-597.] As regards the officers appointed by General Fremont to the organi- zations formed by him and those mustered into service without api)oint- ments or commissions, they were finally commissioned by the governor of the State; and with regard to the nunc i)ro tunc action of the gov- ernor in giving or attempting to give them rank from dates prior to the issue of their commissions, it is necessary only to remark that the remuster act of February 21, 1897, authorizes recognition and pay- ment for service rendered with duly authorized commands from the dates of rank given in commissions issued b}^ competent authority. The status of the general and staff officers and persons appointed b}' General Fremont to offices which had no legal existence need not be here considered. Of the Tlii-ee Years' Volunteers, 15 regiments, 10 battalions, and 2 independent companies of cavalry, 1 regiment of engineers. 2 regi- ments and () batteries of artillery, 11 regiments and 1 battalion of infantry, 4 companies of pioneers, sap]:)ers and miners, and a compan}' designated a ''Telegraph Corps" were ])artially or completely' organ- ized. Some of these were disbanded after a short period of service because of their illegal organization or because of an uidawful limita- tion in their contracts of service; some were consolidated to form com- plete organizations, and others were transferred to the States from which a majority of their ineml)ers were recruited. As finally reor- ganized and h(>ld to service as Missouri volunteers the force included 18 regiments of cavalry. 2 regiments of artillery, 1 regiment of engi- neers, and 28 regiments of infantry. Tiiese do not include the United States Reserve Corps regiments organized for three years' service, which are treated under their appropriate title. SIX OR TWKLVE MONTHS' VOLUNTEERS. Under date of Auoust 6, 1861, Hon, John S. Phelps and Hon. Frank P. Bhiir, jr., members of the House of Representatives from the State of jNIissouri, addressed to the President a letter, in which the}' recom- mended the organization of a volunteer force to serve for six months, ''to be employed in preserving- peace and quiet" in the State of Mis- souri, to repel threatened invasion, ""'to remove the seat of war from among the people of that State to the southward, to invade Arkansas, and to keep the Indians west of that State under subjection." Fol- lowing is a copy of the joint letter of Messrs. Phelps and Blair on this subject: The President. Sir: An invasion of the State of Missouri by troops under the command of (gen- eral MoCulloch has taken place. Other invasions of that State are threatened by troops from the States of Arkansas and Tennessee. We recommend you receive into the service of the United States from the State of Missouri troops to serve for six months, to be employed in preserving peace and quiet in that State, and to repel the threatened invasion, and to remove the seat of war from among the people of that State to the southward, to invade Arkansas, and to keep the Indians west of that State under subjection. If this suggestion shall be adojited I recommend 5,000 stand of improved arms in addition to those already sent to Missouri be forthwith sent, with a proper supply of clothing, camp and tent equipage, ammunition, and means with which to obtain commissary and other quartermaster sui)plies, and also medical suiiplies, etc. Arms for cavalry and equipments should also be furnished for a battalion or regi- ment of mounted men, to be raised in southwest Missouri, in addition to the arms before mentioned. Arms will be needed when Arkansas shall be invaded to arm men of that State who are Union men and willing to enter the military service of the United States. The munitions of war we have mentioned we think should be sent to Springfield, Mo., for use at that point and its vicinity. John S. Phelps. Frank P. Blair, Jr. House of Eepresextatives, August 6, 1861. [P. 157, Book Xo. 2, Secretary of War.] This letter wa.s indorsed b}' the President as follows: Executive Mansion, August 7, 1861. HonoraV)le Secretary of War. My Dear Sir: The within paper, as you see, is by Hon. John S. Phel])S and Hon. Frank P. Blair, jr., both members of the present Congress from Missouri. The object is to get up an efficient force of Miasouriuns in the southwestern part of the State. It ought to be done, and Mr. Phelps ought to have general superintendence of it. I see by a private report to me from the Department that eighteen regiments are already accepted from Missouri. Can it not be arrangeil that )>(iii of them (not yet organized, as I understand) may be taken from the locality mentioned and put 133 134 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. under the control of 'Sir. I'lu'lj)!?? And let bini have discretion to accept them for a shorter term than three years, or the war; understanding, however, that he will get them for the full term if he can. I hope this can lie done, because Mr. Phelps is too zealous and etiicient, and understands his ground too well fcr us to lose his services. Of course provision for arming, equipping, etc., must be made. Mr. Phelps is here and wishes to carry home with him authority for this matter. Yours, truly, A. Lincoln. Under the authority of the Pre.sident embodied in the indorsement quoted above, Mr, Phelp.s was authorized by the Acting Secretary of War to organize live regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry, to serve six months or such longer period, not exceeding the duration of the war, as the men might elect. This authority was granted in a letter of which the following is a copy: War Department, Augusts, 1861. Hon. John S. Phelps, Spi'iiigjjcld, Mo. Sir: By direction of the President of the United States, I am authorized to accept from you five regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry for six months, or such longer period, not exceeding the duration of the war, as the respective regi- ments may be enlisted for — the several regiments to be ready for marching orders within sixty days from this date. This accejitance is with the distinct understanding that this Department will revoke the commissions of all officers who may be found incompetent for the proper dis- charge of their duties. You will promptly advise Adjutant-General Thomas the earliest day at which your regiments will be ready for mustering, and he will issue the necessary instructions to muster by companies and to subsist the men. Your requisitions for arms and equipments should be made to Quartermaster-Gen- eral Meigs and General Ripley, Chief of Bureau of Ordnance, without delay. I am, sir, very resiaectfully, your obedient servant, Thomas A. Scott, Acting iSccretani of War. [Military Book, No. 45, p. 239.] On August 9, 1861, Mr. Phelps addressed Major-Cxeneral Fremont, commanding the Western Department, on the subject of his project as follows: Washington City, August 9. 1S61. Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont, St. Louis, Mo. Gknkkal: I made representation to the President that I was desirous to raise in southwest ^Missouri tive regiments of infantry and one regiment of cavalry to serve in Mi.ssouri, in Arkansas, and the Indian conntry west of Arkansas, with the distinct understanding tliat these troops sh(iuld l)e so stationed that on lirst Monday of November all who were (lualitied to vote might vote in State election for State offi- cers and on (juestion of ratifying the acts of the convention. I desire to organize these troops as a brigi'de under our State law and shall serve with them. I wish to command these troops. They will compose a part of your army and I ilcsire your cordial approval of this movement. I could not perceive that tliis arrangement could in the least embarrass, l)ut on the contrary would aid yon. The Home (uiards, as you are aware, have not a legal organi- zation. Not an otiicer of those guai' by the North Missouri Railroad. You must bear in mind that the stores, depots, arsenal, etc., of this place are now mainly guarded Ijy raw militia called out for thirty days. It will be sutliciently obvious how this stands as a matter of military prudence. I think I have established some credit for prudence and foresight, and in my judgment I ought to have some troops from abroad to guard this depot and the prisons, and authority to call out and arm volunteers for some definite period in consonance with law and policy to meet exigencies which may arise. ******* - W. S. RosECRAXs, Major-Genrrah [Ibid., p. 332.] And on the following day, July 23, 1864, General Rosecrans was authorized to "'call out and arm for service,'"" for such yjeriod as in his opinion the exig-ency might recpiire, "such force of volunteers''' in his department as might be deemed necessary for " its security and for the protection of the depots, prisons, and public property therein." This authorit}' was given in a letter of which the following is an extract: Washixgtox, D. C, Jnhi 23, 1864. Major-General Rosecraxs: The Secretary of War directs me to inform you that you are authorizeil to call out and arm for service, for such jieriod as in your opinion the exigency may retjuire, such force of volunteers in your department as may be deemed necessary for its security and for the protection of the dejiots, prisons, and public property therein, reporting to the Adjutant-General a copy of «uch call, and making upon the i>roper bureaus requisitions for arms and supplies. * * * The Secretary further direct me to say that there are not any troops at the disposal of tlie Department that can be sent you from aliroad, and tliat if there were any they would be sent. He directs that you connnunicate to Major-General Canliy, con)manding the division to which your department belongs, the military ^ondition and necessity of your dejiartment, in order that he may render you any aid and supply any force that may ])e in his power. Yj. D. TowxsExi), A ssistant A (tjutaut- ( lenrrol. [Ibid., p. 358.] Upon the receipt of this authority, and after a conference with the governor of the State (Animal Report Adjutant-General of Missouri, 1864, p. 11), (jeneral Rosecrans issued a general order calling for "■ nine regiments of six and twelve months' volunteers," the regiments to be recruited for twelve months' service if they could lie promptly raised for that period; otherwise to l)e accepted for six months. Fol- loAving is a copy of the order: Gexerai, Orders, \ HEAixjrAHTERs Department of the Mi.ssoiri, No. 134. i St. Louis, Mo., July 28, 1864- Missoyrinns: I. Rebel officers and soldiers from Price's army liave been sent or permitted to come among you to recruit, rol), plunder, and nuirder, as best they can, in violation of the laws of war and of humanity. Sj)read over the country, with robbers and desperailo(.'s from home and abroad, they carry spoliation, terror, and death into dis- SIX OR TWEi/VE months' volltnteers. 137 tricts where peace and quiet should reign undisturbed, and they add to the distress of the people whom they drive to the lirush, or compel to abandon their crops and avocations, and to stand tjuard over their own lives — by terrorism— by threatening them with raids from Shelby and Marmaduke, or the invasion of the State by the rebel army. To enable you to cope with small, roving squads of guerrillas, the commanding general urged you, in General Order 107, to organize, and select trustwrescribed, for his approval, without delay. But to meet emergencies and outbreaks, like those in north Missouri, and to be prepared for future threatened dangers, without the distressing, expensive, and incon- venient resort to calling out the militia (jn every occasion, he has received authority from the War Department to call out such number of volunteers, and for such periods of service as he may deem necessary. Under this authority he calls on the gallant and loyal people of Missouri for nine regiments of six mul tu'elre months' rohmtei'rs, to be organized and mustered into the United States service at the following designated points: Two regiments at Benton Barracks, St. Louis, Mo. One regiment at St. Joseph, Mo. One regiment at INIacon, ^lo. One regiment at Hannibal, Mo. One regiment at Rolla, I\Io. One regiment at Pilot Knob, Mo. One regiment at Sedalia, INIo. One regiment at Si)ringfield, Mo. In all cases these regiments will be recruiteil for twelve months' service when thej^ can be promptly raised for that period; otherwise they will be accepted for six months. II. Organizations of Vfjlunteers Ijy companies, or half comi)anies, whether from the militia or elsewhere, reporting tri the district commander, will l)e at once accepted, subject to the United States Mustering Regulations, and on his a])i)roval mustered into the service of the I'nited States by the otiicers assigned for that jnirjiose. The officers will be connnissioned by the governor, on the recommendation of the I'nited vStates district commander, with the api>roval of the general commanding the depart- ment. III. Field officers of regiments and 1 )attalions, on like recommendation and approval, will be commissioned and mustered in, so soon as their commands have the legal numbers. IV. The assistant commissaries of musters of districts are assigned to duty as mustering-in officers for this organization, and will make their reports in that con- nection direct to Col. E. B. Alexander, United States Army, superintendent volunteer recruiting service for the State. V. Volunteers or militia now in service under the recent emergencies have the thanks of the connnanding general for their prompt and patriotic response to the call of the country in which they have periled life, serving at their own expense; and are infoi*med that as far as practicable they will l)e mustered in to cover the period of their actual service as citizens. VI. The commanding general calls attention to the great importance to all con- cerned of selecting for olficers none but capa))le, brave, loyal, honest, sober, and industrious and law-al)iding men. He hopes that every word of this may be fully weighed, assuring them that in his experience most of the demoralization, suffering, and inefficiency which it has been his lot everywhere to see has arisen from not tak- ing due precaution in the selection of officers. Let soldiers beware especially of goo]>ulated unless something is done to prevent it. Since the enrollment thousands of men are gone into rebel army, and as many more left the State. The loyal men, who have braved every- thing to stay in jNlissouri, will all l)e drafted, and all i)eaceful avocation be completely abandoned. Can not something be done to save us? 1 propose to raise six regiments of cavalry, United States Volunteers, for service in the State during time tr()()i)s may be necessary here. The ten regiments, Missouri State ^lilitia, are going (Uit of servicer; will all 1)e out by April next. If tin- Department will permit us at once to organize the six regiments, we can get volunteers to fill them, provided Ave have permission to recruit out of any Missouri regiment whose term of service expires within, say, nine months. Let the term of service of tlie new regiments be two or three years. ONE, TWO, OR THREE YEARS' VOLUNTEERS. 143 I am confident of being: able to raise the regiments if usual l)ounties are allowed. If you concur in this proposition, will you indorse and forward it to Secretary of War? Very respectfully, your uliedient servant, Thos. C. Fletcher. Will send vou copv of military ))ill in a dav or two; have adopted your suggestions. [M. 209, V. S., 1865.] This letter was indorsed by General Dodge as follows: Headquarters Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, January 14, 1S65. Respectfully forwarded to the War Department. I am satisfied that the successful way to obtain the quota of this State is to allow Governor Fletcher to raise new regi- ments. We can hold the INIissouri State Militia, or a great portion of it, if this is done. We will have to nl)tain troops to replace the Missouri State Militia; their time expires about the time we may expect trouljle in the State. I am doing all I can to have them reenlist, but it is an uphill l)usiness, as they are placed on a differ- ent footing as to bounties from other troops. I urgently request that the War Depart- ment take some action in this matter. G. M. Dodge, Majiir-General, Commanding. The authority requested by the governor was denied in a telegram from the AVar Department, dated January 24, 1S65, in which, how- ever, the governor was advised that if he desired to raise new regi- ments of volunteer infantry for general service, without conditions as to enlistments from the Missouri State Militia, the necessary authority would be given. Following is a copy of the War Department telegram : War Department, Provo.'it- Marshal- GeneraVs Office, January 24, 1865, Governor of ]\1issouri, Jefferson City, Mo.: Your letter of 11th instant to General Dodge proposing to raise six regiments of volunteer cavalry has been forwarded to this Department. Authority for additional cavalry can not be granted, as new regiments of that arm are not needed, but if you desire to raise new regiments of volunteer infantry for general service, and without conditions as to recruitment from the Missouri State Militia, please inform me, and authority, say for six new regiments, will be promptly sent you. James B. Fry, Provost-Marshal-General. [OflScial Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. IV, p. 1075.] Following the proposition of Januaiy 11, the adjutant-general of the State, under date of January 17, 1865, requested authority to reenlist the six months' men whose terms of service were expiring for an additional term of six months, dating from their original enlist- ments, thus securing to the State credits for twelve months' service. This proposition, which, with the reply of the War Department, is quoted in full in the preceding chapter, was also declined. On the 29th of January, 186.5. a ncAv proposal was made. This was that regiments be organized for twelve months'' service in the State of Missouri, the proportions of infantry and cavalry to be determined by the commanding general of the Department of the Missouri. This new proposition was embodied in a letter (or possibly a telegram) to the Secretary of War, of which the following is a copy: , Executive Department, Jefferson City, Mo., January 39, 1865. Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, United States. Sir: I have the honor to submit that the condition of Missouri justifies me in making and the United States in accepting the following proposition: That I will 144 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. call out and organize for twelve months' service in the State of ^lissouri the number of men embraced in the quota of the State, under the recent call of the President, in such proportions of infantry and cavah-y as the commanding general of this department may direct, they to be accepted in satisfaction of the (juota of the State. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Tiios. C. Fletcher, Governor of Mismuri. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XLVIII, Part I, p. 678.] On the .same date another comnmnication eml)od3iiio- the same propo- sition in another form was addressed to the SeoreHar\' of War, a.s follows: ExEfi'TivE Department, JeJf'crson Citij, Mo., Janutir)/ J9, 1865. Hon. E. M. St.\xtox, Seerdar>j of Wdr. Sir: I propose to raise a force etiual in number to the quota of the State under call of December 19, 1864 (13,984 men), for, say, one year for service in the State, while troops are necessary in this dei)artment, in such proi)ortion of infantry and cavalry as the major-general commanding may direct, such force to be credited to our quota under said call. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, Thomas C. Fletcher, (jovernor of Missouri. [Ibid., Series III, Vol. IV, p. 1090.] The letter la.st cj noted was inclosed in one to the connnanding gen- eral, Department of the Missonri, of which the following is a copy: . PlxEcrTivE Maxsiox, Jefferson ('ifij, Mo., Jamutry 30, 1865. Maj. Gen. G. M. Dodge, Commandinr) Depurttnent of the Mhmuri. General: I have the honor herewith to mclose a proi)osition to Secretary of War for organizing a force of say 14,000 men, for service in ^Missouri for twelve months, in such pr()])orti(>n of infantry and cavalry as you may direct, to be credited the State on quota under call of Deceml)er 19, 1864. You are aware of our condition, and appreciate the hardships of a draft for 13,984 men out of a population worn down with militia duty as ours. The injustii-e of requir- ing us to furnish men to the United States service while \ve are compelled to keep so large a numlier of our people constantly in service as miHtia, is so apparent that it needs only to l)e understood to be acknowledged. Your department has Ijeen well- nigh stripped of effective force, the new regiments raised for service in the State are all gone, the Missouri State Militia is rapidly lieing mustered out; it is necessary now to keep in active service a large number of men organized under (ieneral Orders, No. 107, as well as other Enrolled Missouri ]\IiHtia, for none of which do we get any credits. We will be compelled to keep, say, 14,000 militia in active service, and if we furnisli 14,000 on our (juota under recent call, tlie effect is to make us furnish double the numljer we should Ijc reiiuired to furnish, and the i)eople of the State prevented from cultivating their farms. I know you fully understand the condition of the State and the justice of what I have asked of the War Department. Will you please indorse and forward accompanying letter? I have forwarded coi)y to delega- tion in Congress. Very respectfully, your oberal of tlu> State (Annual Kcport. Ibdo, p. 6) that " the Secretary of Wai' declined to api)rove the plan on the ground that the service cont('m])latcd was conditional, and an e.\C(^ption Avould thcu'cforc be made in favor of Missouri.'' However, without waiting for this replv, the governor, on the 80th of January, accepted the proposal of the War Department that he should raise new regiments ONE, TWO, OR THREE YEARS' VOLUNTEERS. 145 •of volunteer infantrv for unconditional service. His acceptance of the War Department plan was as follows: Headquarters State of Missocri, Adjutaxt-Gexeral's Office, St. Louis, January SO, 1865. Oen. James B. Fry, Prorost-Mars}ial-Ge»eval, WasJilugfon, D. C: Please give nie authority to raise six regiments of infantry for twelve months' service, as indicated in your telegram of the 24th instant. Thomas C. Fletcher, Governor of 3Iissouri. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Vol. IV, p. 1091.] The authority requested by Governor Fletcher was immediately granted in a telegram of which the following is a copy: War Department, Provost-Marshal-General's Office, January 30, 1865. Governor of Missouri, St. Louis, Mo.: You are authorized by the Secretary of War to raise six regiments of volunteer infantry under the call of December 19, 1864. The period of service will be for one, two, or three years, as the recruits may elect. The said troops should be mustered into service by February 15 next, in order that thej' may l)e credited on the quota of the State under the call before the draft commences. Incomplete regiments which fail to organize within a reasonable time will he con- solidated, so as to form and V)e mustered in with complete regimental organization. The recruitment, organization, and musters must conform to existing regulations. The regiments will l:)e for general service wherever required. In raising them no enlistments from the Missouri State jMilitia or other troops already in the service of the United States will be sanctioned. James B. Fry, Provost-Marslial-General. [Ibid., p. 1092.] Under this authority recruiting was begun for six regiments, the Fifty-tirst to the Fifty-sixth, inclusive, and continued until the general suspension of recruiting for tiic volunteer armies, when instructions for the consolidation of the incomplete regiments were issued by the War Department as follows: Washington, D. C, April 14, 1865. Governor Thomas C. Fletcher, Jefferson Oily, Mo.: Recruiting has been stopped, and therefore the men enlisted for your new regi- ments should be consolidated immediately into as many complete regiments as num- bers will form. Thomas M. Vincent, Assistant Adjutant-General. [Ibid., p. 1270.] The result of these instructions, and of the efforts made for the for- mation of six regiments of Missouri Volunteer Infantry for one, two, or three years' service, was the organization of one regiment, the Fifty- first, which was mustered into service for the period of twelve months. Hostilities having ceased, this regiment rendered no active service, but was employed upon guard and escort dut}' in St. Louis until its mus- ter out of service, August 31, 1865. It is evident from the meager results of this last effort to organize volunteer regiments in Missouri that in that State, as well as in other States of the Union, the eagerness manifested in the early days of the war to enter the militar}" .service of the United States had, in the clos- ing months of hostilities, become materiallv relaxed, a condition doubt- less due to four years' experience of the dangers and hardships of war. S. Doc. 112 10 HOME GUARDS, 1861. On Ma\' 31, 1801, Brig. Gen. Nathaniel L3'on, United States Volun- teers, relieved Brigadier-Generel Harney of the eoniraand of the Department of the West, and on the 11th of June he was authorized by the War Department to enlist in the service of the United States such loj'al citizens of the State of Missouri as he might think proper, to be armed by the United States, but not to be paid except when called into active service by the War Department. This authority was granted in'a letter of which the following is an extract: "War Department, WftsJiiugton, June 11, 1861. General Lyon: You are authorized to enlist in the service of the United States such loyal citizens of the State of Missouri as you think proper, who shall not receive pay except when called into active service by this Department. Five thousand additional stand of arms have been ordered to be forwarded to you for distribution among them. ******* Simon Cameron, Secretanj of War. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 384.] The letter quoted above is the authorit}' for the organization of the Missouri Home Guards of 1861. The records relative to their organ- ization and service, and even with regard to the authority granted to individuals for the formation of companies and regiments, and the specific conditions of service, are very meager. It appears, however, that some such organizations had an existence even before General Lyon was authorized to make enlistments for local service; that such organizations were subsequently recognized and armed by General Lyon and his successor, Major-General Fremont: that ]>v these officers, and their subordinate commanders, numerous individuals Avere author- ized to enroll companies and regiments of Home Guards, and that such guards rendered valuable service to the Government. Some of them were organized and armed for the purpose of protecting their own homes and neighborhoods, not receiving or expecting to receive com- pensation therefor, while others were enrolled for more active service, for which they were assured they would have a valid claim for pay. Concerning these irregular organizations. General Chester Harding, jr., adjutant-general of the State of Missouri, said in an official report, dated January 1, 1862: Adjutant-General's Office, St. Louis, January 1, 1862. His Excellency Governor W. R. Gamble: ******** In June, 1861, the Government of the United States sent to the arsenal for dis- tribution among the loyal inhabitants of ^lissouri 10,000 stand of arms and sets of accouterments. These were placed in the hands of the so-called Home Guards in 146 HOME GUARDS, 1861. 147 different parts of the State. No accurate account can be given of the Home Guards. To the great majority of them these arms and accouterments were given for the purpose of enabling them to protect their own homes and neighborhoods. They expected neither pay nor subsistence from tlie Government, and made no reports to its authorities. They have been of great service to the State and to the Union cause, and have exhibited much gallantry when brought in contact with the enemy. Besides those armed by the United States, there were probably enough more in the Home Guard organization who furnished their own arms to make the whole number in the State upward of 15,000. There was a class of Home Guards, however, which should properly be considered a part of our volunteer force. These troops were raised under the following circumstances: For a long time Missouri w'as not per- mitted to place in the field all men who desired to serve as volunteers for the war. Until late in the summer the State was limited as to the number of regiments that would be accepted, and there was no authority to accept cavalry or artillery. Brigadier-General Lyon, then in charge of this department, desiring to make his entire volunteer force available, enrolled some battalions and companies of Home Guards for three months' service and placed them in charge of a part of our lines of communication. These troops were ordered upon duty as soon as organized, and were kept in active service constantly until their time of enlistment expired. A complete list of them can not be given. The following is an approximate estimate of their number: Potosi Home Guards 50 De Soto Home Guards 102 Carondelet Home Guards 103 Inks's Battalion 350 Owens's Battalion 400 Hundhausen's Battalion 400 St. Charles Battalion 300 Jefferson City Battalion 200 Hannibal Battalion 304 Total 2, 209 These troops, although they were necessarily stationed where they were most exposed to the malarious fevers of the country during the summer and fall without adequate supplies, and although in faithfully performing an important duty they have been more than decimated by diseases, are yet unrecognized and unpaid by the Government. ******* I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Chester Harding, Jr., Adjutant-General. [Ibid., Series III, Vol. I, pp. 794-796.] The author of the report from which the above quotation is made was well qualified to speak with reference to the Missouri Home Guards of 1861, having been himself an assistant adjutant-general on the statf of General Lyon and fully conversant with the whole subject. The question of the payment of the Home Guards was early ]>roug-ht to the attention of Major-General Fremont, and in a letter from his assistant adjutant-general, dated September 7, 1861, it was stated: The general commanding does not intend to make any decision in the case, it never having been his intention to order the pavment of the Home Guards. [Book No. 8, Western Department, pp. 498, 499.] A few days later, on September 12, 1861, another correspondent was advised: General Fremont has decided not to order the Home Guards to be mustered at all, either for pay or out of service, as they were never mustered in. They are to seek relief through Congress, as it was understood between them and General Lyon that thev expected nothing but arms and subsistence. [ibid, p. 509.] On October 25, 1861, the Adjutant-General of the Army addressed the Pa3niiaster-General, cautioning him against the payment of Home 148 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Guards and other troops oro'anized in the vicnut}' of St. Louis "for duty onh' in limited localities or upon certain contingencies.'' His letter is as follows: A D.I UT-A NT-G EXEK A l' S OfFICE, Wasliingtoii, October ^5, 1861. Paymaster-Genera r., Washington, I). C. Sir: Information having been received that bodies of troops are being formed in and about St. Louis, Mo., which, under the names of "Home Guards," "Reserve Corps," and other apjiellations, are being mustered into the service of the United States for duty only in limited localities or upon certain contingencies, you are hereby cautioned that sut'h organizations are entirely without auth(jrity, and no ])ayments made to them will be sanctioned by the Government. 1 am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, L. Thomas, Adjutant-General. [Lettei-s Sent, A. G. O., Vol. 33, p. 468.] It is probable that this letter was intended to appl,v especially to the Keserve Corps regiments which were at the time in process of organi- zation at St. Louis. On November 9, 1861, Major-General Halleck was assigned to the command of the newly created Department of the Missouri. In his instructions from Major-General McClellan, commanding the Arm}' of the United States, he was required to examine into the legality of the organization of the troops serving in the department, and when he found any illegal, unusual, or improper organization, to give to the officers and men an opportunity to enter the legal military' establish- ment under the general laws and the orders of the War Department. (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. in, p. 56.S.) On December 2, 1861, General Halleck was addressed ])x the AVar Department as follows: Ad.iut a xt-G ener a l' s Office, Washington, December 2, 1S61. Commanding Officer of the Department of Missouri. Sir: The Secretary of War directs that such of the Home Guards or Reserve Corps of ]\Iissonri as have done active service in INIissouri away from their homes be j^aid for the period thus served in the same manner as other volunteer regiments of their respective arms. You will take such further action in regard to these troops as the interest of the service may demand. I am, sir, verA' respectfully, your oT)edient servant, L. Thomas, Adjutant-General. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Annies, Series III, Vol. I, p. 709.] This letter was based upon correspondence of which the following is a cop3': Washington, November 16, 1861. Gen. L. Thomas, Adjutant-General United Slates Army. Sir: I have been requested to state, for the information of the Department, the facts relative to the Reserve Corps and Home Guards in the State of Missouri. I was assistant adjutant-general upon the staff of General Lyon at the time of the formation of these corps, and am acquainted with the whole subject. General Lyon authorized parties residing in different parts of the State to organize as Home (juards for their own protection and tiie preservation of ])cace in their respective neighborlioods. These were armetl by the United States upon ])roof of their organization being fur- nished. They were also supplied with ammunition, but were not to receive rations, clothing, or pay. Geneial Lyon also authorized Col. J. W. Owens, Maj. William C. Inks, Captain Nagel, and Captain Cook to raise commands corresponding with their titles, for three months' term, for the pur]>ose of guarding tfie railroad lines, with the assurance that services wlii(;h they might render the Government would con- stitute a valid claim for pay, and that he would u.se his influence and authority to have this claim recognized. INIaj. Josiah Hunt was authorized to raise a battalion HOME GUARDS, 1861. 149 upon the same footing as had been the basis of the St. Louis United States Reserve Corps, viz, that actual service was to be paid for. Each of the officers above named raised their respective cotiunand. Tiiey were armed, equipped, and furnished with camp and garrison equipage as fast as possible. Clothing was not to be had for troops in the field, and of course the Home Guards got none. They were all ordered upon duty. Colonel Owens's regiment guarded the Pacific Railroad on the South- west Branch and on a portion of the main line. Major Inks' s battalion guarded the line from Franklin to St. Louis; Captain Nagel's company (from Carondelet) guanled the Iron Mountain Railroad from St. I^ouis to and including the Meramet- bridge; Captain Cook's company (from De Soto) guarded another important portion of the same line. Major Hunt was at Hannibal protecting the railroad property there and for some distance west. I omitted to mention Col. (then .Maj.) E. Peabody's Reserve Corps at St. Joseph. It was organized upon similar authority to that given to Major Hunt. From the time of the enrollment of Colonel Owens's, ]\Iajor Inks's, Captains Nagel's and Cook's commands to the expiration of their three months, and longer, these troops were on constant active duty and duty of the most tUsagreeable nature. To give an instance: Captain ]Maupin, of Owens's regiment, with a fine company of about ninety men, was ordered to guard the second crossing of the Meramec River, on the Southwest Branch. When he was relieved he had but twenty men fit for duty. The rest were disabled by fever and ague and other dis- eases incident to that service. That C'olonel PeaV)ody's and Major Hunt's conunands performed arduous duty also I know, but can not state how much, as they were placed under the immediate control of the commanding officer on the line of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, and did not report to General Lyon. The United States Reserve Corps of St. Louis (five full regiments) have been paid for term of their enlistment, and the others, in my opinion, are justly entitled to their pay. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Chester Harding, Jr., Colonel Tentli Missouri ]'(ilnntt'er>i. [First indorsement.] ADjrTANT-GENER.\L's Office, November 19, ]S61. Respectfully referred to the Secretary of War, with the recommendation that such of the Home Guards or Reserve Corps of iNlissouri as have done active service be paid in the same manner as other volunteer regiments. L. Thomas, Adjuiaut-Gcneral. [Second indorsement.] War Department, November 25, 1861. Approved, as recommended, Thomas A. Scott, Acting Secretan/ of War. [Ibid., pp. 651, 652.] With a view to the reorganization of the forces of his department in accordance with instructions, General Hallock issued General Orders, No. 14, of 1861: General Orders, \ Headcjuarters Department of the Missouri, No. 14. i St. Louh, Ik'cemlM'r 4, 1S61. With a view to the systematic organization of the forces of this department, all commanders of regiments, l)atteries, troops, and companies, raised under authoriza- tions from any source whatever, now in the service of the United States in this dejiart- ment, will forward certified copies of their "muster-in rolls," including those of the field and staff, as well as those of companies, to these headcpiarters. The rolls will be accompanied by a letter of advice, stating the present station of the force, giving the town and county, also whether the officers are commissioned, and l)y whom. These rolls will be forwarded through the commanders of districts, divisions, bri- gades, or posts, who will see that it is done as promptly as possible. Where there are corps or detachments which have not been mustered, but have been in service, tlie commanding officer will make affidavit before an officer authorized to administer oaths, that the rolls are correct, and that the men and officers on the rolls thus authenticated have been in service for the period set opposite their respective names, which affidavit will be forwarded with the rolls. . The ol)ject of this order being to have commissions furnished to tho.se officers who are without them, and the troops mustered, so that they can be paid and supplied 150 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. with clothing and sul).si.stence, in accordance with law and regulations, the interests of the service as well a:^ those of men and officers prompt the utmost diligence in complying with this order. They will be addressed to the assistant adjutant-general at these headquarters, marked on the envelope "Muster-in rolls." By order of Major-General Halleck: J. C. Keltox, A si^iKta ni Adjutant- Genera 1. On December 9, 18(51, the War Department letter of October 25, 1861, quoted in this paper, having' been brought to his notice, the commanding general issued the following: General OROftRS, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 21. i St. Louis, December 9, 1861. 1. The following letter having been brought to the notice of the Major-General commanding this department, is published for the information of all concerned, viz: " Adjutaxt-Gexeral's Office, " Washington, October 25, 1861. "The Paymaster-General, Waxhiiu/toii, D. C: "Sir: Information having lieen received that bodies of troops are being formed in and about St. Louis, Mo., which, under the name of Home Guards, Reserve Corps, and other appellations, are being mustered into the service of the United States fur duty only in limited localities, or upon certain contingencies, you are hereby cautioned that such organizations are entirely witln)ut authority, and that no payments made to them will be sanctioned ])y the Government. " I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, " L. Thomas, Ad/ntarit-General." Officers appointed from these headquarters to muster troops are authorized to muster or remuster into the service of the United States all such bodies of troops, for three years or during the war, unless sooner discharged, as directed ))y the act of Congress on the subject, jirovided their plan of organization conforms to the orders of the War Department, including in the muster or renmster so made the period during which the bodies of troops above referred to have been in actual service. ******* By order of Major-General Halleck: J. C. Keltox, Assistant Adjutant-General. Reporting to the Adjutant-General of the Army, under date of December 13, 1801, General Halleck said: Headquarters Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, December 13, 1861. Brig. Gen. L. Thomas, Adjutant-General of Die Arnvj, Washington City: ******* The " Home (fuards" are not a regular organization; some have l)een mustered in with the reservation of serving only in this State, while others, although long in service, have never been mustered at all. I have offered them the option to be mustered in according to law, so as to cover their past services, or to be mustered out and receive pay only for "active service in Missouri areag from their homes," in ac- cordance with your instructions of the 2d instant. Most of them will jjrobably pre- fer the latter alternative. If they do, it will be very difficult to ascertain the length of their service "away from home." ******* [1257, Missouri Department, 1861.] The offer referred to above, giving the Home Guards the option of being regularly nuLstered into service or nuistered out with pay for services rendered awav from their homes. Avas published in General Orders, No. 25, of December 14, 18<)1: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 25. / St. Louis, December 14, 1861. * * * • * * * * III. Home Guards and other irregular organizations mustered in with an unau- thorized limitation as to place of service, or in service without having been mustered HOME GUARDS, 1861. 151 in, will be allowed the option to be now regularly mustered in for three years, or durins the war, according to law and regulations, to cover the full time of back service, so that they can be regularly paid and furnished with supplies, or to be mus- tered out of service, and receive pay only for the period they "have done active service in Missouri away from their homes." ******* By order of Major-General Halleck: J. C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant- General. On December IS, ls61. General Halleck informed a correspondent that no more Home Guards would be org-anized to be paid and sup- ported })y the United States (Letters sent. Department of the Missouri, Vol. XVI, p. 116), and on the following- day, in a letter addressed to Major-General McClellan, commanding the Army, he stated that the Home Guards were being disbanded as rapidly as he could supply their places. Within a few days all of the organizations of the Missouri Home Guards formed by authority of Generals Lyon and Fremont, and their su])ordinate commanders, had ceased to exist. To quote the report of the Hawkins Taylor Conuuission, subsequently appointed, "these organizations were kept up from one to six months, and in a few cases for a longer period;" all had now been disbanded, either by orders from the commanding general or through their own independent action. As stated in the annual report of the adjutant-general of the State for the year 1863 (pp. 15, 16): The various organizations of Home Guards throughout the State had either been disbanded by orders from competent authority, or else, tinding that there was no prospect, either immediate or remote, of obtaining any j^ay from the General Gov- ernment, had relieved tliemselves from dutij, for the purpose of providing for tiieir families, in such localities as were nominally within the lines of loyal troops and where the danger appeared to be not too imminent. The italics used above are in the original, but neither the}' nor the language of the report should be construed as a reflection upon the patriotic citizens to whom the report refers, as these citizens had not been formalU' mustered into the service of the State or of the United States and were under no legal obligations of service. The organizations in existence when General Halleck assumed com- mand of the department had not accepted his offer to be "regular^ nmstered" into the United States service, and on Februar}' 21, 1862, a general order was issued from department headquarters directing that ""all arms and accouterments issued to Missouri Home Guards by order of the late Brig. Gen. Nathaniel L3'on,''' be turned over to the United States authorities. It does not appear that the mem])ors of the Home Guard organizations were paid, either during the period of their service or at the dates of the disbandment of the organizations to which they belonged, the pa}" promised them for the time they were in active service away from their homes. In a letter from General Halleck, heretofore quoted in this paper, it was said of the Home Guards then in service that it would be "very difficult to ascertain the length of their service 'away from home,'"' and in a letter dated January 18, 1862, General Halleck said of the organizations disbanded before he took command: Headquarters Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, Mo., January 18, 1862. Brig. Gen. L. Thomas, Adjutant-General of the Arm;/, Wa-shington. General: Several bodies of men who were organized under General Lyon and General Fremont, and have done service in the field, were disbanded before I took 152 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. the command. It appears that they were promised pay, but they can not be paid under the Secretary's order to me in relation to Home Guards, because they can not be brought together for mustering in and out. It has been proj^osed that such troops be permitted to be mustered into the State militia to include the time they actually served away from their homes (the proper affidavits, etc., being required on the muster rolls, as in the case of Home (iuards), and to be paid the same as State troops. The governor thinks this measure would greatly increase mustering in the militia. I recommend the measure for the action of the War Department. Very respectfully^ your obedient servant, H. W. Halleck, Major-Gciieral. [M. 77, V. S., 1862.] To thif? letter the Adjutant-General replied as follows: AD.irTANT-CtE.NERAL's OfFICE, ]V((s}iiii(jtoii, Februari/ S, 1863. Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, Commanding Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, Mo. Gener.\l: In reply to your communication of January IS, I am instructed to say that if the men organized under Generals Lyon and Fremont and disbanded l>efore you took command of the department, can not again be collected to be mustered in and out, you will take such measures as you may deem best calculated to muster them individually, if necessary. It is not considered advisable to cover the time already served by them by antedat- ing their enlistments in the State service. I am, general, very respectfully, your obedient servant, L. Thomas, Adjutant- General. [Letters sent, Adjutant-General's Office (V. S.), Vol. 1, p. 418.] The difficulties in the way of the payment of the Missouri Home Guards do not appear to have been easily overcome, as considerable legislation and the appointment of commissioners were found to be a necessary prerequisite. The first legislation on the subject is found in an act approved March 25, 1862, of which the following is a cop}^: AN ACT to secvire to the officers and men actually employed in the Western Department, or Depart- ment of Missouri, their pay, bounty, and pension. Be it enacted Ini tlw Senate and House of Representatives of tJie I'lrited States oj\[merica in Congress assonbled. That the Secretary of AVar be, and he is herel)y, authorized and required to allow and pay to the officers, noncommissioned officers, musicians, and privates who have been heretofore actually emplnyed in the military service of the United States, whether nuistered into actual service or not, where their services were accepted and actually employed l)y the generals who have been in command of the Department of the West, or the Department of the IMissouri, the pay and 1)0unty as in cases of regular eidistment. Sec. 2. Ami he it further enacted. That the officers, noncommissioned officers, musi- cians, and jirivates so employed, who may have been wounded or incapacitatee it further enacted, That there be, and hereliy is, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of one hundred HOME GUARDS, 1801. 153 thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to carry into effect the act approved March twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, to secure pay, bounty, and pensions to officers and men actually employed in the Western Department or Department of Missouri. Approved, May 14, 1862. [12 Stat. L., p. 385.] Subsequently, by a resolution approved July 12, 1862, it was enacted that all payments under the act of March 25, 1X62, be sus- pended and that a connnission be appointed to examine the claims arising under the provisions of that act. Followino" is a cop}" of the resolution: A RESOLUTION to suspend all payments nmltT the act approved 2'ith of March, lS(i2, entitled "An act to secure to the otiicers and nien actually employed in the Western Department or Department of Missouri their pay, bounty, and pension," and for other purposes. Resolved by the Senate and Houfte of Representatives of the United Slates of Anierica in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to suspend all payments under the act approved 25th March, 18(52, enti- tled "An act to secure to the ofiicers and men actually employed in the Western Department or Department of Missouri their pay, l)ounty, and pension;" and that there shall be appointed by the President, immediately after the passage of this reso- lution, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three commissioners to examine all claims arising under the provisions of that act, and report the same, with the facts connected therewith, to the Secretary of War; said commissioners to have such compensation for their services as the Secretary of War may consider just and reasonable: Provided, That said commissioners shall be required to examine and report within sixty days after the passage of this resolution u])on all such claims as may l>e presented by persons claiming to have been organized or employed in the State of ^Missouri, and to have ])erformed service according to the provisions of the said recited act, whereupon payments shall be made as recommended by saiil com- missioners and as required toy said act: And provided further, That within ninety days from the passage of this resolution the said commissioners shall examine and report upon all other claims arising under the act aforesaid, when payments shall be made as herein prescril)ed. Approved, July 12, 1862. [12 Stat. L., p. 623.] For some reason not discovered the commissioners provided for l)y the resolution of July 12, 1S62, were not immediately appointed and the provisions of that resolution were accordingly revived by a joint resolution approved February 16, 1863, as follows: JOIXT RESOLUTION to revive "An afct to secure to the officers and men actually employed in the- Western Department or Department of Missouri their pay, bounty, and pension, "and for other pur- po.ses." • Resolved by the Senate and House of Rejrresentatlres of the United States of Ainerira in Congress assembled, That the provisions of a joint resolution entitled "A resolution to suspend all payments under the act approved the 25th of 3Iarch, 1862, entitled 'An act to secure to the officers and men actually employed in the "Western Depart- ment or Department of Missouri their ]iay, bounty, and pension, and for other pur- poses,' " approved July 12, 1862, be, and they are hereby, revived, and the commis- sioners therein provided for shall be allowed six months from the passage of this resolution within which to make their report. Approved, February 16, 1863. [12 Stat. L., p. 824.] Messrs. Hawkins Tajdor, Charles T. Sherman, and Francis T. Rus- sell were appointed conunissioners under the provisions of the revived resolution, and their appointment was announced in a general order from the War Department of which the following is a copy: General Orders, \ War Department, Ad.iutant-CJeneral's Office, No. 64. J Washington, March 16, 1863. Hawkins Taylor, esq., of ; Charles T. Sherman, esq., of Ohio, and Francis T. Russell, esq., of Missouri, are appointed Ijy the President commissioners under the 154 MISSOUKI TROOPS UNION. joint resolution of July 12, 1862, revived, to examine claims of officers and men actually employed in the Western Department, or Department of Missouri. James H. Moss, esq., is appointeil solicitor for the Commission. By order of the Secretary of War: L. Thomas, Adjutant-General . The commissioners promptly entered upon the duties for which the}' had been appointed, establishing their headquarters at St. Louis, Mo. Soon after assembling- a circular was issued, quoting the acts of Con- gress under which the Conmiission was constituted, closing with the following IXSTRrCTIOXS TO CLAIMANTS. For the information of claimants whose claims may be presented for examination by the Commission, organized for the jiurpose of examining claims for pay, bounty, and pensions of officers and men for military services rendered the United States prior to ^Nlarch 25, 1862, in the Western Department, or Department of Missouri, the following suggestions are made and forms recommended in regard to presenting tes- timony in sup]iort of claims, viz: It is desirable that a short and comprehensive statement should accompany the papers of each claimant, whether an individual claim or com])any claim, showing the date, locality, authority, and immediate causes for the organization or services, the county or counties in which the services were rendered, the nature and extent of such services, and the date and place when discharged, and such other facts and cir- cumstances that may throw light upon his or their claim or claims. Company rolls should in all cases, when obtainable, be tiled as the evidence of claim, and when so filed they must be made out in the same manner and with as full detail as rolls made out for drawing pay under the army regulations, and must be accompanied by evidence of the authority for the organization of the company and for the calling of the same into active service, or the acceptance of said service by the commanding officer. When the com]>any has been mustered out of service and the officer commanding the same is out of service, his affidavit in place of the certificate must be made and be on the same sheet of paper or form on which the roll is made out, and may Ije in the following form, viz: State of Missouri, County of : A B makes oath, and says: I am the identical individual who was of Com- pany — , called into the military service of the United States, in the Department of Missouri, by order of ; that this roll exhibits the tnie state of the company for the jieriod herein mentioned; that the remarks set opposite each officer's and soldier's name are accurate and true, and that the recapitulation exhibits the true state of the company, and that I have no knowledge of any meml)er of said company having received i)ay, or anything in lieu thereof, either from the State or General Government for services rendered, except as stated in said roll. AB. The individual claimant's application may be made out as follows, viz: Statk of Missouri, County of : A B makes oath, and says: I am the identical {lerson who was a in Com- pany [.\], conimanded by Captain (if a regiment, here insert the number of the regiment and the name of colonel), in the military service of the United States in the Department of Missouri; that I rendered service in said company from the day of , 186-, to the day of , 186-, making continuously days; that I have received for said service dollars and cents, and that the amount due me yet for said service is dollars and cents, for which I have received no equivalent, or anything in lien thereof, and that I have accounted for all public propertv that has come into mv hands or undi'r mv control. A B. All affidavits to l)e sworn to l)efore a notary jniblic, clerk or judge of court having a seal, or justice of the ])eace whose official character is properly attested. When the claims of single individuals are i)resented, they should be accompanied by the same eviilence of the authority for such service as is required in cases of presentation of claims by company rolls, as explained above, and nuist be verified in the same way. The certificate of the officer administering the oath to claimants must certify to the identity (jf the claimant as the individual who rendered the service when the facts are |)ersonally known to him, and when he has no personal knowledge of the identity of the claimant that fact must be proven by other testimony. HOME GUARDS, 1861. 155 Whilst coiiforinity to the above rules, as nearly as may be, is regarded as important to the protection of the Government, yet in extreme or exceptional cases the com- missioners will not hesitate to allow bona fide claims established to their satisfaction. In all cases deemed proper by the commissioners oral testimony will be required. The Conunission is now in session in the circuit court room of the court-house, in St. Louis, and claimants are notified to present their claims, with proofs, as early as may be. Hawkins Taylor, Charles T. Sherman, Francis T. Russell, Commission. James H. Moss, Solicitor for tlw Commissioners. James Fletcher, Sea-etary. [7412, V. S., 1871.] In a later edition of the "" ln.>;tructions,'' the following was substi- tuted for the last two paragraphs quoted above: Evidence of jiresent loyalty of all claimants will be required. Proof of actual service must be made, at least in part, Ijy persons other than officers and members of regiments and companies having a common interest therein. Evideni-e in writing, liy authenticated athdavits and certificates, is desired, but in all cases deemed proper the Conunission will require oral testimony, and, if neces- sary, furnish subpcienas for witnesses and allow mileage and per diem attendance. The Commission is now in continuous session in the circuit court room of the court- house in St. Louis, and claimants are notified to present their claims with proofs as early as may be. The time of the Conunission is limited to the 16th of August next, and many claims may be excluded for want of time. A delegate from the Conunission will attend at Des Moines City, Iowa, from and after June 8, and at Leavenworth City, Kans., July 6, and St. Joseph, ]Mo., July — , for the convenience of claimants in those sections for a few days only; but an acting quorum will remain continually in St. Louis. [Ibid.] On May 12, 1863, the commissioners addressed to the Secretar}^ of War a letter in which they reported progress, and requested instruc- tions relative to their jurisdiction of certain claims. Following is an extract of the letter: St. Louis, ]Mo., Mai/ 13, 1863. Hon. E. ^I. Stanton, Secretary of War. Sir: The Commission to examine claims for services in the Western department, under the act of Congress of INIarch 25, 1862, have the honor to report that since the date of their last letter it has been establishing rules of evidence and receiving and examining claims. The number of claims before us is about 9,000, with a large number yet to come in. Various disputed questions have arisen and been decided. The one of the most frequent occurrence is whether claims of officers for services reni. P. S.— The solicitor for the Government, James H. Moss, decides tliat the Commis- sion has jurisdiction over claims presented by the regular three years' volunteers for services rendered prior to the time of their being nmstered into the regular three years' service. I concur with Mr. Moss in the opinion he gives. F. T. Russell. [Ibid.] 156 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. The (juestion su))mitted l)y the commissioners was referred to the Solicitor of the War Department, whose views were concurred in by the Secretary of War and conmninicated to the Commission for its information and g-uidance. These views were expressed in a letter of which the following- is a copy: War Department, WusJiiiu/ton Cit>i, June 4, 1863. Hon. PjDwix 31. Stanton, Secretar)/ of War. Sir: The letter of Hawkins Taylor, chairman of the Committee on Claim?, as organized under General Orders, No. 62 [6-1], having been referred to nie, I have the honor to say: That it was enacted by the statute of ^larch 25, 1862, chapter 49, secti(in 1. that the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, authorized and required to allow and pay to the officers, noncommissioned officers, musicians, and privates who have been heretofore (tcivdJly employed in the military service of the United States, whether mustered into actual servi(;e or not, where their services were accepted and octualhj employed by the generals leho liave been in command of the Department of the West or the Department of the Missouri, the pay and bounty as in cases of regular enlistment. Section 2 provides for the payment of pensions in certain cases. Section 3 provides that in certain cases the bounty shall be paid to the heirs of those who have been killed. By the act of July 12, 1862, payments under the former act were suspended, and commissioners were appointed to examine and rei^ort upon all claims arising under that act, within jieriods of time therein stated. By the act of February 16, 1863, the time for making report of these claims was extended to six months from that date. The design of the act of March 25, 1862, was to place volunteers in Missouri, who had at some period enlisted in the service of the United States, upon the same footing as to pay, pensions, and bounty as though they had been regularly mustered into the service at the time when they actually entered the service and were actually accepted as United States soldiers by the military commander of the dejiartment ti) which they belonged, thereby placing the volunteers of INIissouri upon an equal fayand allowance for such service. With few exceptions we refused to allow such claims. It was in evidence before us that the sei'vice was either cavalry or infantry, as the exigencies of the time recpiired; that forage for the horses was furnished by Government when in actual service; and in the opinion that it was better for the owners to use their horses in the service, and thereby prevent them from being taken by the rebels— for this reason, mainly, we have allowed no pay for horses, only when it was proved clearly that the com]:)any was organized as cavalry, and that by special authority from the general commanding having such autliority. There have l^een many cases presented for subsistence, transportation, and other expenses attending this service, but the law under which we Avere acting, in our opinion, gave us no jurisdiction over such cases. The amounts are generally small, and in the hands of loyal men who have suffered in the cause. We would, therefore, respectfully recommend that this class of cases be promptly investigated and paid. It appeared upon investigation that two regiments from the State oflowa, under the command of Colonels Morledge and Edwards, and one company under Uapt. W. C. Jones, were called out by proper authority, and did service in ^Missouri. That the legislature of Iowa made provisions for the pay- ment of the officers and men, and that part have been paid, and the l)alance are being paid upon presentation of their claims. Satisfactory evidence was produced of their service and that the claiui was within our jurisdiction, but as the State of Iowa had parth' paid them and had assumed the payment of the balance, we did not enter them upon our books, but gave the State ofhcers a certificate of facts that will assist the State in settling the same with the War Department. No claims were presented from the State of Kansas, though we were advised that services were rendered by officers and men that would probably come within our jurisdiction. None were presented, proljably because of the absence of officers in active service in the field and the distracted condition of things in that State. Among other claims presented to us were some for services rendered as "spies and scouts," employed by the different commanders of the department. The serv- ices were performed either by regularly organized companies, or bands, or by indi- viduals. We are satisfied that the services were performed, that they were valuable and dangerous, and should be paid; but in the absence of any rule of compensation established, either by law or custom, or of a knowledge on our part of the prices usually paid, we have inserted the names of the companies and individuals on our books, leaving the department to give the customary compensation to such persons for such services. By reference to our books the claim of Capt. J. M. Richardson's company will 1)6 found in volume 1, on page 112. That of Capt. Emory S. Foster's couipany will be found in volume 1, on page 96. That of Cicero A. Lewis in volume 1, i)age 53. That of Jenisha Page in volume 1, page 53. The paper annexed hereto, marked A," contains a statement of our expenditures, and are the vouchers for such payments. Herewith is $1,983.80, the balance of the money placed in our liands to pay the expenses of the Commission. Haavkixs T.wlor, Chas. T. Shermax, Francis T. Russeli,, Commissio7iers. I have cheerfully concurred in the findings of my associate commissioners so far as they go, as giving thus much to the early and worthy defenders of my State; but to the brave and ruined men of the Southwest and the Northwest, I deeply regret that a little more could not have been awarded. In the matter of pay for horses, too, I respectfully submit that I have steadfastly "Not here reproduced. 160 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. differed ■with them. I take the ground that the law directing us to allow pay to officer;^, noncommissioned ofticers, musicians, and privates, who have been hereto- fore actually employed in the military service of the Uniteil States, Avhether mustered into actual service or not, when their services were accepted and actually employed by the generals, etc., the same jiay as in cases of regular enlistment authorized us to allow to private soldiers using their horses in a moimted service the army pay in such eases. The law in general is not limited to an infantry, cavalry, or artillery service, but embraces all, an'()uld themselves, if living, have been entitled to receive them. (R. & P., 74366.) The Missouri Home Guards of 18(51 differed from local organiza- tions generally in that they were organized under the authority of United States otticials and were called into actual service, if at all, through the agency of the General Government and not through the action of the State othcials. In view of this fact, and of the recogni- tion given them by the act of March 25, 1862, it has been decided by the War Department, concurring in the opinion of the Judge-Advocate- General of the Arm}', that the members of those organizations whose claims of service were recognized by the Ha^^ kins Taylor Commission are to be regarded by this Department as having been in the military service of the United States and as having formed a part of the United States militarv establishment during the civil war. (K. & P.. 430378.) ' _ ^• With regard to the records of the Hawkins Taylor Commission, a letter was addressed by this oflice to Hon. F. M. Cockrell, United States Senate, under date of December 18, 1900, and was published in Senate Doc. No. 56, Fifty-sixth Congress, second session. Following is a copy: Record axd Pension Office, War Department, Wasliinr/tot) C'ili/, Dcci'iiiber IS, 1900. Hon. F. M Cockrell, United St((tei< Senate. Dear Sir: In reply to your letter without date, received this morning, in which you recjuest to be advised what records of the Hawkins Taylor Commission are on file in the War De])artnient, and esjiecially whether there is record of the proofs presented to the Commission showing length of actual service, also whether the rolls showing the names and services gave dates of enrollment and expiration of term and the period of actual service less than tlie period l)etween enrollment and exjiiration of service, I have the honor to advise you as follows: As you were advised in the letter addressed to you by this office under date of Deceinber 5, 1900, relative to the case of J. P. Hopkins — " The records of the jjroceedings of the Hawkins Taylor Commission, or other retained records of the Conunission, are not filed in this Department, and nothing is known at this ofiice relative to tlieir whereabouts, if they are in existence. The registers prei)ared l)y the Conunission, filed in tliis otiice, contain the only known record of the Commission relative to individual service." The registers of the Commission show, in the case of each man whose claim for service was adjudicated by it, the " date of organization " of the conunand of whiclv he was a member, and the date of his discharge, and in addition to this the i>eriod which the Commission "allowed as actual military service rendered the United States.'! It was fre(|uently the case tiiat the ])erio(l allowed a man by the Commis- sion as actual military service rendered the Cnitcd States was consideraltly less than the period to the Pen.«ion Ollice in this case was exactly in accordance with tluit showing of the register. HOME GUARDS, 18()1. 163 It is well known that the men whose claims were adjudicated by the Hawkins Tay- lor Commission did n(jt render continuous military service from the date of organi- zation of their commands, or from the date of their enrollment therewith until the date of their discharge, and the purpose for which the Commission was created was chiefly that of ascertaining exactly how nuich military service was rendered by each of these men. This the Commission did, and its findings, as recorded in the regis- ters of the Commission, are the only known source nf infcjrmation with regard to the actual military service of any man whose claim was adjudicated l)y the Connnission. There is an i'nconsideralile number of rolls of these Home-Guard organizations on file in the Department, l)ut they show nothing of importance more than dates of organization or enrollment, and "dates of disbandment or discharge, just as the reg- isters of the Commission show similar extreme dates, and they afford no indication as to the amount of military service actually rendered between those dates. As stated above, the Commission was ap]winte<"l for the purpose of ascertaining and stating the amount of such service, and the report of the Commission is now the only means of determining that amount in any case. What documentary evidence, if any, the Conmiission had Ijefore it is unknown, but it is inferred from tlie report of the Commission that its findings were based to a great extent upon the oral testimony of claimants or their witnesses. At any rate, no records of the proceedings of the Commission are known to be in existence, and nothing is known as to the disposition made by it of any documentary evidence that may have been suljmitted to it. The report of the Connnission will be found printed in Senate Report, No. 214, Forty-eighth Congress, first session. This report embodies all the information known to this ofiice with regard to the methods of procedure of the Commission. Very respectfully, F. C. AiNSWORTH, Chief, Record and Pension Office. It is now known that the rolls that were in the custod\' of the Haw- kins Taylor Commission were turned over to the adjutant-general of Missotiri (Adjutant-Generars Report of 1863, p. 8), and it has been ascertained that the}^ are now on file with the archives of the State. (R. & P., 651504.) The i-egisters or records of claims kept b}" the Commission are tiled in this office, and are the onl}" authentic records of service actu ally rendered. From these registers was prepared the schedule (accompanying this paper) of the organizations whose members were paid through the agency of the Hawkins Taylor Commission. This schedule is complete, and it can safely be assumed that organizations not mentioned therein were not of the class of Home Guards actively employed in the militar^^ service of the United States, for whose relief the act of March 25, 1862, and subsequent legislation was intended. According to a report of the adjutant-general of the State of Mis- souri, heretofore quoted in this paper, 10,000 stand of arms were placed in the hands of the Home Guards organized especially for their own protection; and according to the same authority there were prol)- ably enough men in these Home-Guard organizations who furnished their own arms to make the membership of the local organizations upward of 15,000. But, as also stated by the same authority, "no accurate account can be given '' of this particular class of Home Guards, as "they accepted neither pay nor subsistence from the Government and made no reports to its authorities." No schedule of these local organizations, whose members were not recognized for pay by the Hawkins Taylor Conunission, can therefore be prepared. The history of the Missouri Home Guard organizations of 1861 may be simimarized as follows: (a) They were organized or recognized, if recognized at all, under the authority granted Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lj^on, Jiuie 11, 1861, to 16-1 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. "enlist ill the .•^el■vice of the United States such lo3'al citizens of the State of Missouri" as he might think propin". who should "not receive pay except when called into active service." {h) Some of them had an organized existence prior to June 11, 1861, but all were either organized or recognized by Generals Lj^on and Fremont, or their subordinate commanders, if recognized at all, under the authority granted General Lyon on that date. (r) They were composed of two classes: (1) Those who were organ- ized for their own protection and the pr(\servation of peace in their own neighl)orhoods, and were armed by the United States but were to receive neither pay, clothing, nor rations, and (2) those who were organized, armed, and equipped for more active local service, for which service it was understood the}' would have a valid claim for pav. (d) With the exception of the meml)ers of some two or three organ- izations which were mustered into the United States service and have been paid as United States troops, they were not formally mustered into the service of the United States. (e) Those Avho were '"actually employed in the military service of the United States" ("called out or accepted by proper authority") have, through Congressional legislation, the action of the Hawkins Taylor Connnission, and the rulings of the ^^^ar Department, been placed upon the same footing as volunteers in the service of the United States with regard to pa}^ bount}^ and pension; and they or their representatives have received, or are entitled to receive, certiticates of honorable discharge if there is nothing in their personal records to show a dishonorable termination of service, (y) Members of those organizations whose services were not recog- nized by the Hawkins Taylor Commission have no legal status as volunteers or militia in the service of the United States, or, bj' virtue of their membership in the Home Guard organizations, an}^ legal status as militia in the service of the State of Missouri. As stated in the report of the Hawkins Taylor Commission, quoted in this paper, "the numlxu' of claims tiled for Services of companies was 274," of which numbcn" 247 claims wore "'■ allowed." The records of the Connnission tiled in the War Department show that of the organiza- tions represented in the allowances made 6 regiments and 22 ])attal- ions, aggregating 102 companies, and 41> independent companies, making a total of 241 companies, were Home-Guard organizations, the other 6 companies reported by the Commission (5 companies, as shown by the records, consisting of scouts, spies, and others) evidently not being of that class. The number of allowances to individual mem- bers of Home-Guard organizations was 10,178. The rolls of companies not re])resented in the allowances made by the Connnission are not known to b(> in existence, and even the desig- nations of such companies are unknown to the War Department. CITIZEN GUARDS. Under the title of " Home Guards, 1861," it has been seen that soon after the beginning- ot" hostilities in Missouri numerous bodies of citizens were organized, by authorit}^ of the War Department, for home protection and local service, and that those on active duty were paid for their services, through the agency of a commission appointed under authority of Congress. These early organizations of Home Guards were disbanded after a few months"' service. Later in the progress of the war it was found expedient to form other companies of citizens for the protection of their homes and for local service in various localities and under divers conditions. A majority of these organizations, designated as "Citizen Guards," were formed for protection against the aggressions of guerrilla bands. In some instances they were recognized as Enrolled Missouri Militia and paid by the State, and in a few cases thev have l)een paid under special legislation by Congress, but in a large number of cases no provision has ever l)een made for their payment, either by the State or the United States, the service having been rendered without promise or expectation of pay. On August 25, 1863, Major-General Schotield, the commanding general of the Department of the Missouri, and also a major-general of the State of Missouri, commanding, by authority of the govei'nor, all of the militia of the State, issued a general order in which he invoked the active cooperation of citizens in the extermination of guerrilhis and directed that, to protect themselves from violence, and to aid the troops when necessai'v, all loyal and peaceable citizens be permitted to bear arms. Following is a copy of the order: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 86. i St. Louis, August ^5, 1863. Large numbers ^f men are leaving the broken rebel ariiiies in the Mississippi Val- ley and returning to INIissouri. Many of them, doubtless', come back with the pur- pose of following a career of ])hm(ler and murder under the form of guerrilla warfare, while others would gladly return to their homes as peaceable citizens if perraittecl to do sf) and protectted from violence. The State is in danger of a repetition of the scenes of violence and bloodshed which characterized the months of July and August, 1862. The united efforts of all loyal and peaceably disposed citizens, as well as of the troops of this department, will be required to avert this evil. It IS the desire of the commanding general that all those who voluntarily abandon the rebel cause and desire to return to their allegiance to the United States shall be permitted to do so, uners wlio had })een slain had been carried l)y the others far beyond the Iwrder counties, and that I had not the slightest faith in his a1)ility to control a mass of people who might choose to assendjle under a call which promised the iinest po.ssible opportunity for plunder, ixeneral Lane desired me to consi«ler the matter fully, and inform him as soon as jiossible of my decision, saying if I decided not to allow the peo])le the "right"' which they claimed, he would ai)]ieal to the President. It was not difficult to discover that so absurd a i)roposition as that of Mr. Lane could not have been made in good faith, nor had I nmcli dilliculty in detecting the true oliject which was propo.^ed to be accom- plished, which was to ol)tain, if possH)le, my consent to accept the services of all who might meet at Paola and take them into Missouri uniier my command, when I, of course, would be iii'ld responsible for the nmrder and robln-ry which must neces- sarily ensue. I soon becaine satistieil tiiat, notwithstanding Mr. Lane's a.*sertion to the contrary, lie had no thought of trying to carry out his scheme in o]>jH)sition to my orders, and that the vast majority of the peojjle of Kansas were entirely o]>po,seil to any such movement. On the 4tli of S('i)tend)er 1 published an onler, a copy of which is inclosed, j)rohibiting armed men, not in the military service, from passing from one State into the other, and sent a suthcient force along the State line to enforce the order against any who might be disposed to disobey it. The people quietly aci^ui- esced. The Paola meeting, which liad i>romised to be of gigantic ])i-oportions, dwindled down to a few lumdred people, who spent a rainy day in listening to speeches and i>assing resolutions relative to the f^enator from Kan.sas and the com- mander of the Dcjiartment of the Missoini. ******* CITIZEN GUARDS. 109 Not the least of the oljject? of my visit to the bordei- was to see for myself the condition of the border counties, and determine what nioditieation, if any, ought to be made in the policy which General Pawing had adopted. I spent several days in visiting various points in the counties affected l)y General E wing's order; and in con- versing with the i>eople of all shades of politics who are most deeply affected by the measures adopted, 1 became fully satisfied that the order depopulating certain counties, with the exception of specified districts, was wise and necessary. That portion of the order which directed the destruction of property I did not approve, and it was modified accordingly. The evil which exists upon the border of Kansas and Missouri is somewhat dif- ferent in kind and far greater in degree than in other parts of Missouri. It is the old border hatred intensified by the rebellion and liy the murders, robberies, and arson which have characterized the irregular warfare carried on during the early periods of the rebellion, not only by the rebels, but by our own troops and people. The effect of this has been to render it impossible for any man who openly avowed and maintained his loyalty to the Government to live in the l)order counties of Mis- souri outside of military posts. A large majority of the people remaining were open rebels, while the remainder were compelled to abstain from any word or acts in opposition to the rebellion at the peril of their lives. . All were practical] v enemies of the Government and friends of the rebel guerrillas. The latter found no diffi- culty in supplying their commissariat wherever they went, and, what was of vastly greater importance to them, they obtained prompt and accurate information of every movement of our troops, while no citizen was so bold as to give us information in regard to the guerrillas. In a country remarkably well adapted l)y nature for guer- rilla warfare, with all the inhabitants practically the friends of the guerrillas, it has been found impossible to rid the country of such enemies. At no time during the war have these counties been free from them. No remedy short of destroying the source of their great advantage over our troops could cure the evil. I did not approve of the destruction of property, at first contemplated by General Ewing, for two reasons, viz, I l)elieve the end can be accomplished without it, and it can not be done in a reasonable time so effectually as to very much embarrass the guerrillas. The country is full of hogs and cattle, running in the woods, and of potatoes in the ground and corn in the field, which can not be destroyed or moved in a reason- able time. I hope the time is not far distant when the loyal people can return in safety to their homes, and when those vacated by rebels will be purchased and settled by people who are willing to live in peace with their neighliors on both sides of the line. The measure which has been adopted seems a very harsh one; but, after the full- est exaiiiination and consideration of which I am capable, I am satisfied it is wise and humane. It was not adopted hastily, as a consequence of the Lawrence mas- sacre. The su])ject had long been discussed between (General Ewing and myself, and its necessity recognized as at least jirobable. I had determined to adopt the milder policy of removing all families known to be connected with or in sympathy with the guerrillas, and had connnenced its execution before the raid upon Lawrence. The utter impossibility of deciding who were guilty and who innocent, and the great dan- ger of retaliation Ijy the guerrillas upon those who should remain, were the chief reasons for adojiting the present ))olicy. In executing it a liberal test of loyalty is adopted. Persons who come to the military posts and claim protection as loyal citi- zens are not turned away without perfectly satisfactory evidence of disloyalty. It is the first opportunity which those people have had since the war began of openly proclaiming their attachment to the Union without fear of rebel vengeance. * ***** * I am, colonel, very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. M. ScHOFiELD, Major-General. [Ibid., pp. 572-575.] On November lb, 1803. Generul Ewing. having" in contemplation the return to their homes of the \o\sd residents of the border counties, telegraphed Major-General Schofield as follovs^s: K.\xsAS [City], XorOnher 18, ISfiS. Maj. Gen. J. M. Schofield, St. Louis: I shall endeavor to get the settlements in neighborhoods where men can maintain military organizations. It is important to provide my [by] order for the organiza- tion of small companies to whom issues should be made of guns and pistols and cloth- 170 MISSOURI TROOPS ITNIOIST. ing. There will be about 300 of guch reliable men in the three counties. Shall I provide in the order for puch organization and isnnes? Thomas Ewix(;, Jr., Brlr/adier-General. [Book No. -407, Department of the Mis.souri, p. 164.] To this telegram General Schofield replied, also by telegraph, on the same date, authorizing the organization of the l)order men into com- panies of convenient size, as pro})osed by General Kwing. stating that he would recognize them as militia in active service and authorize the issue of arms, clothing, and subsistence. Following is a cop}' of Gen- eral Schotield's telegram: November 18, 1863. Brigadier-General Ewing, Kansas City, Mo.: Organize the men who return to the border counties into companies of convenient Bize, as you propose. I will recognize tliem as militia in active service and authorize the issue of arms, clothing, and subsistence. I will send from here clothing for that specific purpose. • J. M. Schofield, Major-Genei-al. [Book No. 108, Department of the Missouri, p. 261.] On the 20th of November General Ewing issued a general order announcing the conditions under which former residents of the depopu- lated districts might return to their homes. This order provided, among other things, that all men permitted to return (loyal men only) should be organized, as far as practicable, into companies of "militia of the State in active service"" for the protection of their homes against the attacks of guerrilla bands. Following is a copy of the order: Gener.\l Orders, \ Headquarters District of the Border, No. 20. j Kansas City, Mo., November 20, 1863. I. Loyal persons, formerly resident in that i)art of the district from which the inhabitants were required to remove by General Orders, No. 11, may obtain permits to return and safeguards for persons and property in the manner and on the terms herein prescribed. Applications for such permits and safeguards will be made to the officer commanding at one of the following stations nearest the ajiplicant's jilace of residence, to wit, Westport, Independence, Hickman 3Iills, Pleasant Hill, Harrisoiv ville, Trading Post, and must be accompanied with satisfactory proof of the uniform loyal conduct and reputation of the applicants. ^Vhen the applicant is the head of a family, the permit or safeguard will name the applicant and the nonadult children of the family. Each adult of a family will make separate proofs and receive a sepa- rate permit and safeguard. The commanding officer of each of the stations named will keep a record of the names, ages, and places of residence of persons to whom such permits and safeguards are issued by him, and of the persons by whom their loyalty is shown, and also, in like manner, a record of persinisto Avhom he refuses to issue such permits and safeguards. Transcripts of the record will be sent to these head({uarters from time to time with the trimonthly reports. Such permits and safe- guards will be in the form hereinafter prescribed. When proof is made in any case to the satisfaction of the station commander, he will fill up carefully the blanks in such form, and sign the permit and safeguard, and forwarcl the same to these head- quarters for the approval of the general commanding. No such i)ermit and safe- guard will be valid without such approval indorsed upon it. Save in exceptional instances, such permits will not be given at present to persons owning no lands or crops or having no sufficient means of sui^port in the district named, nor to persons living in the timber more than three miles distant from any station, nor to ]>erson8 having near relatives or connections in the rebel service. Where in their judgment such exceptions shoidd be made, commanders of stations will send to these head(iuar- ters, in writing, the reasons for such exception. II. If any person in the military service of the Fnited States shall knowingly and willfully connnit any act of injury to the person or property of any resident holding such safeguard,' he shall be arrested and sent here for trial by court-martial for the offense of forcing a safeguard, which is one of the gravest in the Articles of War. If any ])erson not in the military service of the Tnited States shall knowingly and willfully cs under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to ])e referred to." Company B. Kansas City Station (hiards, Missouri State ]\Iilitia. commaiuled l)y Ca])t. James Hickman: This company was organized October 3, L863. at Kansas City. Mo.. l)y authority of General Ewing. and ai)parently under the provisions of General Orders, No. 3, head- ([uarters Post of Kansas City, September 24, 1863, before referred to. It was ordered into active service on the date of its organization and • was relieved from duty »Iuly 9, 1864. It was not recognized ))y the •Seep. 177. CITIZEN GUARDS. l75 State authorities at? a militia organization and was not paid by the State, but was paid by the United States under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to be referred to." Company B, Kansas City Station Guards, commanded by Capt. Rufus Montgall: This company was organized August 1>, 1864, at Kansas City. Mo., l)y authority of General Schotield. and was on active duty from the date of its organization to March 12. ISHo. It was not recognized by the State authorities as a militia organization and was not paid by tlie State, but wa> ])aid l)y the United States under si)ecial legislation of Congress, hereafter to be referred to.'' Company C, Kansas City Station Guards, connnanded by Capt. Jesse P. Alexander: This company was organized October 10, 1863, pursuant to General Orders, No. 8, headquarters Post of Kansas City, Septem- ber 24, 1863, before referred to, was ordered into active service on the date of its organization, and was relieved from duty July y, 1864. It was again ordered into active service Septeml)er 1, 1864, and con- tinued on active duty luitil March 12, 1865, when it was relieved. It was not recognized by the State authorities as a militia organization and was not paid by the State, but was paid by the l^nitt^l States under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to Ite referred to." Company D, Kansas City Station Guards, commanded l)v First Lieut. William J. Gault: This company w^as organized Octo))er 3, 1863, at Kansas Cit}', Mo., '"'■ under a general order from Maj. Gen. John M. Schotield, United States Volunteers''' (evidently under the provisions of General Orders. No. 3, headquarters Post of Kansas City. September 24, 1863, liefore referred to), was ordered into active service on the date of its organization and was relieved from duty July 9, 1864. It was not recognized by the State authorities as a militia organization and was not paid by the State, but was paid by the United States under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to be referred to.'' Company D, Kansas City Station Guards, commanded by Capt. B. F. Newgent: This company (or ''detachment," as it is designated in the pay roll) was organized ]March 10, 1864, at Kansas City, Mo., ordered into active service on the same date, and relieved from duty March 12, 1865. No specific authority for its organization has been discovered, l)ut it was evidently formed under the general authority given to General Ewing to organize companies of citizen guards for local service. It was not recognized by the State authorities as a militia organization and was not paid b}' the State, but was paid by the United States under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to l)e referred to." Comi)any D, Kansas City Station (Guards, connnanded })y Capt. B. L. Kiggins: This company was organized (or reorganized, as stated in the roll) June 12, 1864, at Kansas City, jNIo., was ordered into active serv- ice June 13, 1864, and was relieved from duty Noveml)er 15, 1864. During the period of its service it performed guaid duty at Kansas City and was employed in "'digging trenches and throwing u]) breast- woi-ks ])reparing against an antici])ated attack by Price's army." It was not recognized ])y the State authorities as a militia organization and was not paid by the State, but was paid by the United States under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to be referred to." Company E, Kansas City Station Guards, commanded by Capt Wil- liam O. Shouse: Tliis company was organized June 13, 1864, at Kan- "See p. 177. 17() MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. sa.s City, Mo., was ordered into active service on the same date, and was relieved from duty November If), ISO-i. No specific authority for its organization lias l)een discovered, but it was evidently formed under the g-eneral authority g-iven to (xeneral Ewing to organize com- panies of citizen guards for local service. It was ''on constant duty during Price's raid protecting comniissarj^ stores, etc." It was not recognized by the State authorities as a militia organization and was not paid by the State, but was paid by the United States under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to l>e referred to. ' Company E, Militia, of the Kansas City Guards, commanded by Capt. Peter Causey: This company was organized June 1.3, 1804, at Kansas City, Mo., ''in pursuance of general orders, dated head- quarters Fourth Subdistrict, District of Central Missouri, Kansas City, Mo., June 12, 1864."" No original record of this order has been discovered, but the quotation on the roll reads as follows: Those fitizenh! who have not already enrolled themselves in either the Enrolled Missouri INIilitia, Caj)tain Carpenter's or Captain Hickman's company, will immedi- ately proceed to organize themselves into companies of 100, electing their own otfi- cers, and report to these headquarters in twenty-four hours. This company was "on constant duty as picket and station guard from 13th day of June, 1864, to loth day of November, 1S64. and during the time of Price's raid in the month of October, 1864, the entire company was constantly engaged on fortihcations." It was relieved from duty November 15, 1864. It was not recognized by the State authoritie.-. as a militia organization and was not paid by the State, but was paid by the United States under special legislation of Congress, hereafter to be referred to." Ph<(xant lf!U Vomixuiy. Pleasant Hill Company, commanded by Capt. Andrew Allen: This company was accepted into service December 25, 1863, at Pleasant Hill, Mo., under authority of General Schotield. dated November 18, 1863, quoted above, as a company of Enrolled Missouri ^Militia. The records, however, show that it was ordered into active service Sep- temV)er 18, 1863, and continued in active service until Noveml)er 18, 1864, when it was relieved from duty. It was recognized l)y the State of Missouri as Company I, Seventy-seventh Enrolled ^lissouri Militia, and was paid by the State. A large percentage of its mem])ers were over the military age, and were mustered " onh' to secure for them the pay for services rendered." 'Westj'off PoJ'ici (iiiard. Capt. A>'illiam A. Pe vis's company: This company was organized October U, L863, at Westport, Mo.; was ordered into active sei'vice on the same date, and was relieved from duty ,]u\\ 0, 1864. It was again ordered into active service September 1, 1864, and relieved from duty ]March 12, 1865. No specific authority for the organization of this company has been discovei'ed. but it was evidiMitly organized under General Ewing's (ienei'al Orders, No. 12, which has not been found of record. It was not recognized by th(> State authorities as a militia organization and wjis not paid by the State. ])ut was paid by the United States under spin-ial l(>gislation of Congress, hereafter to ))e referred to." "Seep. 177. CITIZEN GUARDS. 177 The muster-in rolls of five of the companies whose histories are given above, viz. those commanded by Capts. Alexander Robinson, Elias P. West, and Andrew Allen, and Lieiits. Jacob Axlino and Wil- liam N. O. Monroe, indicate that it was the intention of the mustering officer, who was a United States mustering officer, to muster the com- panies, which were designated as Enrolled Missouri Militia, into the service of the United States. It w^ill ])e observed, however, that the authoritv given bv Major-Cieneral Scholield (November 18, 1863) for their organization contemplated their recognition as "militia in active service," and that it w'as General Schotiekrs intention to so recognize them is shown l)y a certiticate given by him in 1870, when the question of the payment of some of the companies organized by General Ewing was pending in Congress. This certificate reads as follows: Fort Leavkxworth, Kans., May 38, 1870. I hereby certify that the organization known as the "Kansas City Station Guards," called into service in the year 1863 ))y General Thomas Ewing, jr. , under authority given him by me, and all other companies of Missouri militia called into service at the same time and under the same authority, were intended to l)e placed upon the same footing as to pay and allowances as other militia in active service. The authority was given l)y me not only as major-general. United States Army, commanding the Department of the Missouri, but as major-general of the State of Missouri, conunanding, by the governor's authority, all the militia of the State, with full power to call into active service such portion of the militia as I might think expedient. Authority had been given by the National Government to arm, clothe, and feed such troops; but no provision of law had yet been made for their payment. Hence I>ay was not promised them at the time of their organization. The same was true of the enrolled militia generally. The organization above named has, in my opinion, the same title to pay, and from the same source, as other enrolled militia when in active service. J. M. ScHOFiELD, Major-General. [E 11"6, V. S., 1869.] Consistently with the record and the views expressed by General Schofield in the foregoing certiticate, it was decided by the Assistant Secretarv of War, in 18'.^5, that the companies designated above by the names of their commanding officers were not in the military serv- ice of the United States, the action of the mustering officer evident!}" having been *'a mistake on his part," and certainly, if intended to nnister the companies into the United States service, was without authority, and therefore void. (R. & P., 386101.) It is now seen that all of these companies, with the single exception of the company commanded ])y Lieutenant Axline, were recognized and paid b}" the State as Enrolled Missouri Militia. By an act of Congress approved April 12, 1871, the " Westport Police Guards,'' "Hickman Mills Company,'' and the "Kansas Cit}' Station Guards," were placed on the same footing as to pay and allow- ances as volunteers in the service of the United States. This act of Congress is in terms as follows: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Bepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the military organizations known as the " Westport Police Guards," "Hickman Mills Company," and companies A, B, C, D, and V., of the "Kansas City Station Guards," having been called into the service of the United States, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-three, in the District of the Border, Department of the ^Missouri, under authority derived from I\Iaj. Gen. John M. Scho- field, United States Army, be, and they are hereby, placed on the same footing as to pay and allowances as volunteers in the service of the United States. Sec. 2. That it shall be the duty of the projjcr accounting officers of the Treasury Department to adjust the accounts of all members of the above-described organiza- S. Doc. 412 12 178 MISSOURI TKOOPS UNION. tions, and, on jtre^entation of j)ro])erly authenticateil rolls, showing the names of all ofhcers and men Ijelonjjring to such organizations and the term of service of each, and of such other evidence as may be recjuired to fully prove such service, the said accounting officers shall pay the accounts out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated: I'rorided, hotvecer, That this act shall not be so construed as to entitle the members of said military organizations to bounty or pensions under any law of the United States. Ajjproved, April 12, 1871. [17 Stat. L., p. 641.] It will be observed that this act specifically provides that it shall not be so construed as to entitle the members of the organizations referred to to bounty or pension. As regards the companies for whose relief the legislation of April^ 1871, was enacted, a former adjutant-general of the State said in an affidavit dated January 3, 1870: State of INIissouri, County of St. Louis: John B. Gray, of St. J.,ouis, Mo., who, being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says: That he was State adjutant-general of the State of Missouri during the years of 1863, 1864, and part of the year 1865. That the companies of troops called the " Kansas City Station Guards" and "Hickman Mills Company," and the "West- port Police Guards," organized by General Thos. Ewing, Jr., United States Army, in October, 1863, were not formed under authority of the State of Missouri, and made no returns to the headquarters of the State of Missouri. That the organizations aforesaid were created and supported by the United States and were not subject ta orders of State officers. Deponent further states that in the reimbursement made by the United States to the State of Missouri by the operations of the act of Congress of April 17, 1866, for moneys expended by the State of Missouri in support of her militia during the war, the payment for the services rendered by the companies aforesaid was not included, said companies never having been paid anything by the State of Missouri, for the reason that they were not considered as State troops, as heretofore stated; and deponent further states that he acted as agent for the State of INIissouri in the matter of her reimbursement, presenting all of the claims to the com- mission appointed under the act aforesaid, as well as to the United States Treasury, and that he is personally knowing to the facts stated, and further deponent says not. John B. Gray. Sworn and subscribed to before me this 3d day of January, A. D. 1870, at St. Louis, Mo. G. D. O. Kellman, Notary Public, St. Louis County, Mo. [E 116, V. S., 1869.] It will be seen from the foregoing that the companies of Citizen Guards formed in the District of the Border were organized for then- own protection, or for purel}^ local service, and that they were either recognized and paid l)y the State as Enrolled Missouri Militia, or have been yjaid by the United States, under special legislation authorizing it, for the time they were in active service, Thc}^ were not in the military service of the United States, either as volunteers or as State militia. As shown in this paper there were twenty companies of Citizen Guards organized in the District of the Border. These are all of which a record has been discovered. DISTRICT OF SOUTHWEST MISSOURI. Under date of September 18, 18()3, an order was issued by Brig. Gen. John McNeil, United States Volunteers, commanding the District of Southwest Missouri, in which he authorized the loyal citizens of CITIZEN GUAKDS. 17i^> the district lo associate themselves together for the defense of their homes and families ''against the lawless invasion of guerrillas, or the depredations of bushwhackers and horse thieves." Following is a copy of the order: General Orders, 1 Headquarters District of Soi-tiiwest INIissouri, No. 34. / SpringJieJd, Mo., Sejitcmber IS, 1863. I. All loyal citizens of this district ai)plying to these hea(l(]iiarters to carry arms in their owndefense, or to associate with their loyal neighbors for the defense of their homes and their families against the lawless invasion of guerrillas, or the depreda- tions of bushwhackers and horse thieves, can have a i)ermit for that purpose on the certiticate of any proi)erly appointed i)rovost-inarshal nearest their place of abode certifving to their loyalty. II. "These certificates of loyalty will only be issued to those who have been actively loyal during all the time of this rebellion; and to be loyal at these headquarters means to have been an active and sympathetic supporter of the (Tovernment of the United States in all its measures to suppress this rebellion. The citizen who has chosen the position of neutrality, and who claims or has claimed to have "done nothing on nary side," is not loyal and will not be trusted with arms. III. When the inhabitants of neighborhoods associate under this order they will select from their fellows a responsilile citizen as captain, and such other officers as may be necessary for a proper organization. A. roster of the ofhcers and a roll of the meinbers will be furnished to the district provost-marshal at Springfield, Mo., imme- diately after their associating forthe purpose indicated. IV." These associations being expressly authorized for the defense and protection of persons and neighborhoods from lawless violence in the absence of legally author- ized force, it is distinctly announced that they will not be allowed to set on footany military expedition or enterprise, or to make prize of war for their own profit or advantage. If assailed they must repel, pursue, and, if possible, destroy the assailing foe. If justly apprehensive of assault they can anticipate such assault ])y attack, and do all such acts as would be justified in times of peace in protecting themselves against lawless depredators. All such expeditions and their results will be reported to these headquarters, and all property seized wall be turned over to the district provost-marshal . V. Violation of the above orders will subject the parties found guilty to be treated as bushwhackers, and it is to be distinctly understood that in issuing this order the district commander has alone in view the protection of the loyal and peaceful citi- zens, and will, with all the power in his control, punish and repress lawless violence and brigandism. By order of Brig. Gen. John McNeil: [C. G. Laurant,] Assistant Adjutant- (lencral. [Book No. 607, Department of the Missouri, p. 38.] Under authority of this order a company or detachment commanded oy Capt. T, J. Stemons, consisting of three officers and fourteen men, was organized Fel^ruary 27, l^fi-i, in eJasper County. It is evident from the order that the detachment was organized solely for home defense. It was not recognized or paid ])y the State of Missouri as a militia organization, nor was it accepted into the service of the United States. No record has l)eeji found that it rendered any service, either to the State or the United States. It is possible that other organizations were formed under the pro- visions of General Orders, No. 3-i, but no record of any such addi- tional organizations has been discovered. DISTRICT OF CENTRAL MISSOURI. un March 10, 18G4, Brig. Gen. E. B. Brown, United States Volun- leers, commanding the District of Central Missouri, authorized the organization of the loyal citizens of his district into companies " to 180 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. assist ill the ostal)lishniont of law and order" and ""for local defense and police." This was done in an order of which the foUowino- is a cop3^ : ctENEral OnnERs, "I Headquarters District ok Central Missoiri, No. 12. i Warremhimj, Mo., March 10, 1864. The protection of the citizens of the country from the acts of bad men demands tiiat every person should he recpiired to assist in the reestal)]ishnient of law and order, and that this may l)e the more effectually done, all male citizens capable of handlinjj a gun who are known to l)e relialile, honest men, and who will supjiort and defend the Govermuent of the United States, will l)e orjifanized into companies for local defense and police. Commandinlic good demands it. In case of danger the alarm will be given and every man will be put under arms. Commanding officers of companies will give timely notice of the number of the detail for patrol duty, so that the necessary arrangements can be made to promptly comply with them, and do as little injury to private inter- ests as possible. The officers will Ijc elected in the same manner as is required by law for the organization of the Enrolled ^Missouri State iSIilitia. Maj. M. Chapman, acting assistant adjutant-general Fifth Military District, will have special charge of the arming of this irregular force in La Fayette, Johnson, and Saline counties. As soon as the enrollment and organization of the Enrolled ^Missouri Militia is perfected, the companies on duty in obedience to this order will be relieved by companies of Enrolled ^Missouri Militia. By order of Brigadier-General Brown: J. II. Steger, Aiut organized, and for that reason more effective. Every honest man who understands the object of the l)anding of the citi- zens together under this order most heartily approves it. Those who clamor against it have some ulterior object in most cases. It is just what you want to protect you from the house Iwrners, etc., that you refer to. I hope, my old friend, to hear that you are made the leader of a Citizen Guard, and that with the troops' assistance you will fully protect yourselves without any apprehension of danger, and without pre- venting any citizens in Hickory County from raising their "craps" or attending to their ordinary business. I am, very truly, your obedient servant, E. B. Brown, Brigadicr-Goicral of Volunteers. [Ibid., p. SOL] In order that the citizens of the District of Central Missouri might distinctly understand their position in "assisting to maintain peace and in securing protection to life and property." the following order was issued ])y Major-General Pleasonton, then commanding the district: General Orders, "I Headquarteks District of Central Missouri, No. 42. / Warrcnshurg, Mo., Juhj 29, 1864. The disturbed state of affairs in this district requires that the citizens should dis- tinctly understand their position in assisting to maintain peace and in securing pro- tection to life and i>roperty. Two classes of citizens only will hereafter l)e recognized at these headijuarters, viz, the loj'al and the disloyal. All persons wiiose services are required in their respective districts for the Citizen (Tuard or other military organ- izations, and who refuse to serve, or who endeavor to excite insubordination and discontent in those communities, will l)e considered disloyal. They will be arrested by the conunanding officers concerned and sent under proper guard to these head- quarters, to be transferred out of the country or (otherwise disposed of as may be decided on. Aliens as well as others are expected to show a willingne.ss to di'fend their own pro])erty, and will be required to do so by joining some of the military organizations for that jnujiose or they will be obliged to leave this district. By order of ^hijor-Cieneral Pleasonton: J. H. Steger, ^l.w/.s7r/H/ Adiulant-Clritenil. [Ibid., Series 1, Vol. XLI, Part II, p. 456.] On October l>, 1804, a general order was issued by Major-General Rosocrans, then in connnand of the Department of the Missoui'i, and also in command of the militia of tlie State, in which it was announced that "all citizen organizations for local (h^fense'' would be "legalized ])oth for State and Tnited States service" by IxMng denominated "" Pro- visional Knrollcd Militia/' TudcM' the i)ro\isions of that order the Citizen ( iuard organizations of th(^ District of Central Missouri were discontiiuuMl, with a view to the reorganization of their members into companies of Provisional Enrolled Militia. This was done in an order from head(|uai'ters of the district, dated Jamiary 12, 1805, of which the followino- is an extract: CITIZEN GUARDS. 183 General Orders, \ Headquarters District of Central Missouri, No. 2. i Warrensburg, Mo., January 12, 1865. -X- * * * * * * III. The organization in this district known as Citizen Guards is hereby discon- tinued, and the nieml)ers thereof will be organized in conforinity to the foregoing orders [G. O., No. 192, headquarters Department of the Missouri, dated October 9, 1864]. Commanding otiicers of the Citizen Guard organizations will turn over the public arms in their possession to the nearest post commander, who will transfer them to the district ordnance depot at Jefferson City, Mo. ii- ***** * By order of Col. John F. Philips, commanding: A. R. CONKLIN, Acfhig Asiiistant Adjutant-General. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XLVIII, Part I, p. 500.] It will be seen from the foregoing that the Citizen Guards of the District of Central Missouri, organized under the provisions of Gen- eral Orders, No. 12, of March 10, 1864, were formed solely for home protection, and were expected to serve without pay. The}" were not recognized by the State of Missouri as militia of the State and were not accepted into the military service of the United States. No record has been found of any military service rendered by them, either to the State or the United States. It is shown by the records that sixtj^-iive companies of these Citizen Guards were organized, the designations of v/hich, by the names of their respective (-ommanders, will appear in an accompanying schedule. It is also shown bv the records that one company of Citizen Guards (commanded bv Capt. E. S. Hoge) was organized at California, Mo., under authority of General Orders, No, 107, of June 2S, 1864, head- cjuarters Department of the Missouri, and General Orders, No. 42, of July 29, 1864, headquarters District of Central Missouri. The hrst- mentioned order provided for the formation of companies of Provi- sional Enrolled Militia; the second order, quoted above, did not authorize the formation of companies of any class. The company was not recognized by the State as a militia organization and evidently should be classed among the organizations formed under General Orders, No. 12, District of Central Missouri, providing for the enroll- ment of the Citizen Guards, and it has been so classed in the schedule and in the above enumeration.'' DISTRICT OF NORTH MISSOURI. On July 20, 1S«;4, Bi'ig. Gen. Clinton B. Fisk, United States Vol- unteers, connnanding the District of North Missouri, issued an appeal to the loyal men of the district "to rally for the protection of life and property, and the extermination of the Confederate guerrillas'" then infesting northwest Missouri (Official Records of the Union and Con- federate Armies, Series I, Vol. XLI, Fart II, p. 2!»4). In response to this call the ''citizen soldiery " turned out '"'' by the thousands'" (Ibid. , p. 392), but as the companies formed under this call were, with one excep- tion, classed as Enrolled Missouri Militia, and that one company was disbanded for disobedience of orders (Il)id., p. 542), a further history "For information relative to other companies of Citizen Guards organized in the District of Central Missouri, see "Organizations under General Orders, No. 176, Department of the Missouri, 1864," p. 187. 184 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. of the matter need not here be given. No rolls or other service records of the dislianded company have been discovered. On September 28, 1864. during- the invasion of the State In- General Price, General Fisk ordered the formation of a Citizen Guard for the defense of the city of Glasgow. Followino- i.s a copy of the order: Special Field Orders, \ Headquarters United States Forces, No. 6. ) Glasgow, ^fo., September ^8, 1864. I. An immediate enrollment of every white male person, between the ages of 15 and 50 years, residing in Howard or Chariton County, within one mile of the city hall in Glasgow, is hereby ordered. Col. Clark H. Greene and ]M. English are appointed commissioners of enrollment and are authorized to appoint deputies and clerks in order to secure a speedy com- pletion of the rolls. All persons thus enrolled will be organized into a Citizen Guard under the direction of Maj. Jas. W. Lewis for the defense of Glasgow. All orders issued by IMajor Lewis will be respected and obeyed as if promulgated by the district or post commandant. By order of Brig. Gen. Clinton B. Fisk: ThOS. J. TiDSWELL, Jr., Lieutenant and Actlny Assistant Adjutant- General. [Book No. 661, Department of the Missouri, p. 7.] No record has been found of the organization or service of any com- pany of citizens under this order. It is probable that if such a com- pany was formed it was classified as Enrolled Missouri Militia and paid by the State. DISTRICT OF ROLLA. Under date of January 23, 1865, Brig. Gen. E. B. Brown, United States Volunteers, commanding the District of Rolla. issued a general Older directing- the organization of companies of Citizen Guards for the purpose of defending themselves and their property "from thieves, robbers, marauding bands, guerrillas, and rebels, and to more ett'ectu- all}^ assist the civil officers and courts in the discharge of their duties.'^ Following is the text of the order: (tENeral Orders, \ Headquarters District of Rolla, No. ,3. i Rolla, Mo., January 23, 1865. In order that the citizens of this district may be enabled to cooperate in carrying out the policy of the major-general commanding ths Dejiartment of the Missouri, as has been indicated in (ieneral Orders, No. 7, current series, from his headquarters, and thus defend themselves and their property from thieves, robbers, marauding bands, guerrillas, and reliels, and to more effectually assist the civil officers and courts in the discharge of their duties, and by these means restore peace andcjuietto the country, it is hereby ordered that all persons capat>le of handling a gun, and who can be trusted with one, do form themselves into companies of Citizen Cniards, com- posed of such numl)ers as may be most convenient for the protection of their imme- diate neighborhoods. The basis of the organization of the companies as al)ove directed must l)e unconditional loyalty to the Government of the United States and to that of the State of Missouri; a willingness to give an active cooperation to the civil and military authorities in their efforts for the restoration of the civil law in the land and safety to the ])erson and projterty of its inhabitants, and to assist in a war of extermination, by lawful means, of all guerrillas, bushwhackers, robbers, thieves, and rel)els, c>r other disturbers of the peace and ([uiet of the country. Without further action from these headquarters, tlie people will immediately form themselves into companies in the manner prescribed for the organization of the militia under the laws of the State, nominate their officers, who will make out muster rolls and forward them for the approval of tlie general commanding the district, through the conunand- ing officer of the nearest military post or station, \\ho will irrtify to the loyalty and integrity of the officers, and, as far as practicable, of tlie memliers of such companies. If the organizations are approved special orders will be made i-onlirming them. Com- pany commanders will forward in the same manner an application for permits for CITIZEN GUARDS. 185 each member to keep or purcha:«e arms and ammunition. Xo resident citizen in this district will be allowed these privileges unless he is a member of a company of Citizen Guards organized under this order by the 1st day of March next. All connnanding officers of posts or stations in this district will assist the people, as far as practicable, in this enrollment and organization, and report all failures after reasonable time to comply with this order. While the C^itizen Guards organized under this order will not be considered a regular military force, entitled to i^ay or other renmneration for their services, yet they are so far hereby legalized as to make them subject to the same laws, rules, and regnlations, and are entitled to tlie same imnuinities as are applicable for the police of the troops in the United -States, and officers are expected to enforce obedience to their orders. Any person who fails to enroll after receiving proper notice to do so, or, after enrolling, fails to assist in the conmion defense when ordered, will l)e reported to these headquarters, and after an examination and proof of his neglect of duty he will be sent out of the district. It is not expected that the Citizen Guards will be on active constant duty, yet as many as may be deemed neces- sary are expected to patrol the country, and thus be able to learn of the movement^ of bad men and give the alarm if there is danger. As a general rule, one-tenth of the company should be constantly scouting, and give three continuous days each month to this duty, so that, either in person or by substitute, each person will give one-tenth of his time for the common good and have nine-tenths for himself, being in turn guarded by his neighbor, but all to turn out in case of an emergency. The Citizen Guards will thus become an organized armed posse comitatus, and can he made a powerful auxiliary to the civil courts in the country, and at the same time relieve the army of a large amount of labor that legitimately belongs to the people to perform in guarding their own firesides. Regular rations of subsistence will be issued to each Citizen Guard while on active duty, to be drawn monthly by the company command- ers on the usual provision return. Ammunition in small quantities will be issued by the ordnance officer, on the proper requisitions. The being a member of a Citizen Guard Company will not exempt any person liable to do military duty in the militia or volunteer service, nor will exemption from duty in the regular military service by reason of age, physical disability, alienage, or other causes exempt any person from duty as a Citizen (niard. All authority heretofore granted from these headquarters to any citizen of this district to keep arms or ammunition for their own use, who is not now or does not become a member of a Citizen Guard Company by the 1st day of March next, will be revoked, and the arms taken for the use of the guards. All arms, horses, or other property captured from guerrillas or other lawbreakers by the Citizen Guards will be reported to district headquarters, and an order will be made giving the company making the capture the right to use the property until it is required by the Government. (Jreat care nuist be observed in the organization of the Citizen Guard companies and the selection of the officers, else they may become, in. the hands of bad men, engines of oppression and a terror rather than a blessing to the people. Persons guilty of any irregularities will Ije severely punished. While it may be necessary in some cases to subsist on the country, it should not be done with- out providing compensation to the parties from wliom it has been taken. By order of Brig. Gen. E. B. Brown: W. D. HlBBARD, first Lieutenant and Acting Assistant Adjutanl- General. [Official Recordsof the Unionand Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XLVIII, Partly p. 622.] The General Orders, No. T, from headquarters Department of the Missouri, cited in the order quoted above, reads as follows: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the jMissoiri, No. 7. j Si. Louis, Mo., January 8, 1865. It being the intention of the general commanding to employ every means in his power for the purpose of ridding the department of bushwhackers, guerrilla bands, and rebel emissaries, and of restoring and maintaining law and order, he deems it proper to make known, in orders, to the citizens of Missouri, their duty in the premises, and the requirements that will be exacted from them. The experience of the past three years has clearly demonstrated the fact that the bushwhackers and guerrilla bands operating in this State congregate, dwell, and obtain their sujtport in disloyal counties aod neighborhoods, where they are encouraged and protected, and the efforts of the military forces to hunt them down are often rendered unsuccessful by reason of the deceptive and noncommittal course of the resident disloyal citizens. The general commanding desires all such citizens to distinctly understand that he 180 MISSOUEI TKOOPS FNION. intends, to the extent of liis ability and jwwer, to hold them to a strict accountability for their every act of direct or indirect hostility to tlie Government, or that tends in any manner to aid these outlaws. Henceforth, in order to merit and receive its aid and protection, citizens must, bj' their actions, show to tlie Goverinnent tliat they not only have no sympathy what- ever with bushwhackers antl guerrilla bands, but that tliey are most earnestly opposed to them, and they must, at the same time, give these outlaws to know that they can not dwell in their midst and roam over entire counties, and abide in their neighborhood unmolested and not reported. Hereafter it will be required of citizens, in all cases, to report the passing by, the congregating or camping, near or upon them, the feeding, whether through fear or force, or otherwise, of bushwhackers, guerrillas, and any other knowledge they may have relative to the whereal)outs, doings, etc., of. these outlaws. This report must be promptly made to the nearest military authorities. All citizens failing to report as above required will have their property seized and themselves and families sent beyond the limits of this deiiartment; and those who are found to have given direct and voluntary aid to bushwhackers and guerrillas or rebels, will 1)e arrested and banished, or tried by military courts for violation of the laws of war. Any person making any agreement with bushwhackers and guerrillas, or pre- tended rebel bands, for his own personal security or that of his family or projierty, and who does not immediately report to the Federal authorities the fact of such agreement, showing that it was made through force, need not expect any mercy at the hands of the Government. The disloyal residents of each county will be held to a strict accountability for any injury inflicted upon loyal people thereof by bushwhackers and rebel marauders. It is time that jieople who have been allowed to live peaceably, enjoy protection, anil grow rich imder our Government, while they have given aid and comfort to the enemy, either directly or indirectly, or by a noncommittal course of conduct, should be ma(le to show their hands, and once for all to place themsehes either in earnest, practical support of the Government or with its avowed enemies, so that we can deal with them understandingly. From this time henceforth district and subdistrict commanders and provost-mar- shals will report to these headquarters the names of all individuals and families who are found to be guilty of aiding the rebellion, or of aiding or encouraging bush- whackers and partisan marauders, by such acts of eonunission or onussion as herein mentioned, in order that immediate action may be taken in their cases. Those citizens who consider themselves so bound to their guerrilla and rebel friends that they can not comply with the requirements of this order, and who therefore ]irefer to join their friends within the rebel lines, will, upon api)lication in writing to these headquarters for that jjurpose, be given permission to pass beyond our lines, with the privilege of taking with tl»em suflicieut of their personal property, such as clothing, etc., to render them comfortable. The military forces throughout the department are commanded to respect the civil law, and, when necessary, to aid its officers, to refrain from all unautliorized depredations, esi)ecially to commit no act through personal enmity, and to jjrotect, aid, and encourage all those who, by their acts, uniforndy show an honest and ear- nest desire to supjiort the (Tovernment in ])utting down tlie rebellion and ridding the country of 'nishwhackers and guerrilla bands. By command of ^hijor-(ieneral Dodge: J. W. Barxes, Asfiisiant Adjutant-deneral. It will he ol)soi'vo(l that the Citizen (luard companies authorized by the order Hr.st (juoted were not, acoordino' to the ternus of the order, to be considered a reo-ular military force, entitled to pay or other remuneration for their services; that each man was to be furnished with rations wliile on active duty; that meml)ership of the companies did not exiMiipt from duty in the militia or vohuiteer service, and that .such disabilities as usually ex(Mui)t from military duty did not exempt from (liitv in the Citizen (iuards. Th(» status of thes<> local troops is olivious. TIkv were simply citi- zens, orjianized for their own ]irotection. to stn've without pay. They were not of the oroanized militia of the State, and they were not in the military ser\ ice of the United States. CITIZEN GUARDS. 187 No record has been found of the service, if an}^, rendered by these companies, but it is sliown that thirty companies had an organized existence. Of these, however, the organization of but twenty-one companies was confirmed in orders from district headcjuarters as pro- vided in the case of "approved " companies. The company organiza- tions not so confirmed will be indicated in the schedule accompanying this paper. ORGANIZATIONS UNDER GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 176, DEPARTMENT OF THE MISSOURI, 1861. Upon the invasion of the State of Missouri in September, 1864, by the Confederate forces under Major-General Price, Major-General Rosecrans, commanding the Department of the Missouri, issued an address to "Missourians," in which he invited citizens not in the Enrolled Militia to join the militia organizations called out in their localities, or report to the nearest United States commander for such duty as they could perform during the continuance of the "raid." This address was published in general orders, dated September 26, 1864, of which the following is an extract: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 176. J St. Louis, Mo., September 26, 1864. Missourians: I. After two years of barbarous and harassing war, in which every citizen directly or indirectly suffered loss of property, and many of life, you are now invaded by Price and the recreant Missourians, who, in defiance of professed principles, have been the chief cause of your sufferings and loss. They bring with them men from other States to plunder, murder, and destroy you for adhering to the Government of your interests and your choice. Prepare for them the reception they deserve. Make this raid fatal to the enemy and you will insure peace. Let them succeed and you will almost ruin your State. II. They boast of secret conspirators among you, who are ready to join them in ruining you. Let no Missourian be found base enough to do it. Let every citizen who has spirit and manhood to defend his own home offer his services. Citizens not in the Enrolled Militia or organized under General Orders, No. 107, can join the militia organizations called out in their localities, or report to the nearest United States volunteer or militia commander for such duty as they can perform during the continuance of the raid. I look for a hearty response from all men who are true to their State and Nation. Bring arms if you have any, horses if you can ride, and fight as scouts. Let ever)' arm be nerved, every brain active. ******* By command of Major-General Rosecrans: J. F. Bennett, Assistant Adjutant-General. On the same date, September 26, 1864, General Rosecrans issued another order, in which he directed a partial suspension of business in the cit}' of St. Louis to facilitate the work of organization for local defense. Following is a copv of the order: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 178. ( St. Loui.% Mo., September S6, 1864. On the recommendation of his honor the mayor, and many leading business men of the city, all public business will be suspended after 12 m. to-morrow to enable us to complete our organizations for local defense, and so permit an active force to pur- sue the enemy. Such business as is necessary to supply the daily wants of the people — public administration, banking and printing offices, manufactories which can not be stopped without great damage — are exempt from the operations of this order. Exempts from the military service capable of defending their homes are requested to organize under direction of his honor the mayor, who will be provided with experienced officers to assist him in the organization. 188 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Whatever is done should be done immediately, and with united energies. The organization should be completed in fortj'-eight hours, when business will be resumed. Loyal exempts, let us hear from you. By command of Major-General Rosecrans: J. F. Bennett, Assistant Adjutant-General. On the foUowino- da}' General Rosecrans announced Col. B. Gratz Brown as a volunteer aide-de-camp on his .stall', for teniporarv duty, and charged him with the organization of the "Militia Exempts.'' (Offi- cial Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. XLI, Part III, p. 400.) On the 29th of September the organization for local defense in the city of St. Louis had so far progres-sed as to justify the general resumption of business, and an order announcing that fact was accord- ingly issued from department headquarters. In the same order Col. B. Gratz Brown was assigned to the command of the Militia Exempts, "organized for special duty in the city of St. Louis." The order reads as follows: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 183. j St. Louis, Mo., September 29, 1864. I. The organization of the citizens of St. Louis has so far progressed that busi- ness may be resuu^ed to-morrow morning; but all business houses will close at 3 o'clock p. m., daily, until further orders, to give opportunity for drill. IL Col. B. Gratz Brown, volunteer aide-de-camp, is hereby assigned to the immediate conuuand of the Militia Exempts, organized for special duty in the city of St. Louis. By coiTimand of Major-General Rosecrans: J. F. Bennett, Assistant Adjutant- General. On October 9, 1864. General Rosecrans issued his General Orders, No. 192, in which he announced that all citizen organizations for local defense would be legalized both for State and United States service by being denominated " Provisional Enrolled Militia," and that to legalize the issue of arms and supplies to the organizations of Militia Exempts they also would be considered as having been formed under the order (General Orders, No. 107, of June '2S., 1864) which provided for the organization of companies of Provisional Enrolled Militia." Following is an extract of General Orders, No 192: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 192. ( St. Louis, Mo., October 9, 1864. I. (leneral Orders, No. 107, current series, from these headquarters, having been promulgated to provide for local defense against bands of bushwhackers and other disturbers of the public peace, and for the maintenance of law and order more effec- tually than could be done by calling out the Enrolled INIilitia, as well as to engage all good citizens in the work, it is therefore ordered that all citizen organizations for local defense in this State conform to the provisions of that order. II. These organizations will l)e legalized both for State and United States service by being denominated " Provisional Enrolled Militia," and the company and regi- mental rolls will state in the heading the object of the organization. ******* VI. When these organizations are thus formed, and the rolls approved by the general commanding, the companies will beaccei)ted, and their officers commissioned a.s "Provisional Enrolled INIilitia," for the special purpose of local defense and the ])reservation of law and order. VII. lOxcept in cases of extreme public danger, no organization thus called out will be ordered to go beyond the limits of its own county, nor will it be permitted "General Orders, No. 107, is quoted in full under the head of Provisional Enrolled Militia. CITIZEN GUARDS. 189 to go into neighboring counties, unless to pui^ue or meet marauders or other pu1)lic enemies, or to arrest fugitive criminals from its own county. VIII. To legalize the issue of arms, clothing, camp and garrison equipage, etc., to the organization of "Exempts," formed duiing the recent raid, they may be con- sidered as having been formed under General Orders, No. 107, and their rolls will he entered at the State headquarters, whei-e they will be placed on the records of such organizations. By order of Major-General Kosecrans: Frank Exo, Assistoid A(Ijut(irtt-(n')>rr"l. Five regiments, two l)attalions, and several unattached companies of Militia Exempt.s were speedily formed in the city of St. Louis and vicinity, embracino- a force of more than 5,000 men. Concerning this force Colonel Brown reported. October 10, 186-1: Headquarters City (tuard, St. Louh, Octoher 10, 1S64. Major-General Rosecrans, Commanding Depttrtinent of the 3fisiiouri. General: Having volunteered my services to aid in perfecting the defense of the city of St. Louis against a threatened attack from the hostile force now in the State, I proceeded, in pursuance of General Orders, No. 179, from department heailquarters, to organize into companies and regiments such of the citizens not included in any other military organization as desired to take up arms and hold themselves in readiness for duty. The result I have now the honor to report to you in the shajie of five regiments, two battalions, and several unattached companies, embracing a force of more than 5,000 well-armed men, most of whom are familiar with drill, and many of whom have served out the period of their enlistments in the volunteer regiments recently mustered out. In regard to one of the battalions that formed at Carondelet it is proper to state that when reported for muster it consisted of from 300 to 400 men, but owing to some misunderstanding on the part of those enlisted the organi- zation has not yet been completed. Subjoine, one was recognized and paidasaState militia organization in activ(vservice, while the other four conqianies were not recogni/cd or paid, either by the Stati^ or the United States, Of the service of these four companies no definite record has been found, and even the names of the members of two of them (those of Captains Fisher and Grover) are unknown to the War Department. If any CITIZEN GUARDS. 193 service was rendered l>v any one of the four companies, it was evidently of short duration and strictly for "local defense"' — sueh service as was frequently render(>d in the State of Missouri during- the civil war without promise or expectation of pay. It is to be remarked of the Citizen Guards in general that they made no reports or returns to the War Department, and that it is quite pos- sible that many organizations were formed of which no record has been discovered. In this chapter, under the head of Citizen Guards, such information has l)een given as the records atf'ord relative to the organizations known to have been in existence. S. Doc. 4:12 13 MISSISSIPPI MARINE BRIGADE. The Mississippi Marine Brigade, consisting- of one regiment of infan- try, two squadrons of cavalry, and one battery of light artillery, was organized at St. Louis, Mo. . l)y authority of the War Department, as a special corps, for service on the Mississippi River. It was created largely by transfers from other organizations and received few, if anv, recruits from the State of Missouri. It was not a Missouri organiza- tion and is mentioned here only because, evidently through a miscon- ception of its status, a majority of its members were credited to that State. 194 MARINE CORPS. Among- the many peculiar and illegal organizationf5 formed I)}" Major-General Fremont, or b}^ his authority, during his administra- tion of the affairs of the Western Department, was an organization designated by him as a "Marine Corps."" This corps, consisting of three companies, was organized for ''river transportation service," and would have no place in a history of Missouri military organiza- tions but for the fact that an effort has been made to give the members of the corps a military status, and that, evidentl}" through a misappre- hension as to their status in the service, the}^ were credited to the quota of the State of Missouri. The earliest record bearing upon the organization of the "Marine Corps" is found in a letter dated August 13, 1861, to "Capt." Thomas Maxwell, of which the following is a cop}^: St. Louis, August 13, 1861. Capt. Thomas Maxwell. Sir: You are hereby authorized to recruit a Marine Corps to serve during the war, to consist of 1 captain, 2 pilots — first and second; 4 engineers — first, second, third, and fourth; 2 mates — first and second; 1 clerk, 1 steward, 30 sailors, 8 firemen, 1 watch- man, 1 cook and mate, 1 cabin boy. When you shall have completed the organization of said corps, you will apply to these headquarters, where the necessary order will be issued. J. C. Fremont, Major-General, Commanding. [Letters Sent, Western Department, Vol. 15, p. 205.] Under the authority thus conferred upon Captain Maxwell the first compau}" of the Marine Corps was promptly organized, all of its members being reported as having been ""enrolled'' August 14, 1861, one day after the authority for the organization was given. In a letter dated August 10, 1861, General Fremont directed that the necessary orders be issued to have the "officers and seamen sworn in for the war," and that a steam transport be turned over to Captain Maxwell. Following is a copy of the letter embodying these instruc- tions : August 19, 1861. Capt. J. C. Keltox, U. S. A., A ss ista ni A d jut ant- Gen eral: Caiitain Kelton will issue the requisite order to have Captain Maxwell's company of officers and seamen sworn in for the war, and a steam transport turned over to Captain Maxwell to-day. J. C. Fremont, Major-General, Commanding. [Ibid., p. 282.] On the same date a letter was addressed bj^ direction of General Fre- mont to the mustering oflicer at the St. Louis Arsenal repeating the 195 190 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. order that "Captain Maxwell's compaii}^ of seamen" be "sworn in.' This letter is as follows: Headquarters Western Department, St. Louis, Mo., Aiujud 19, 1861. Capt. A. Tracy, Metering Officer, St. Loim Araenal, Mo. Sir: The general directs tliat Captain Maxwell's company of seamen be sworn in for the war. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. C. Keltox, Assistant AdjutcnU-Geueral. [8451, V. S., 1883.] Pursuant to the foregoing instructions Captain Tracy, Tenth Infan- tr}', a United States mustering officer, on August 20, ISOI, nuistered in (i. e., "accepted into the service of the United States") Captain Maxwell's company as the "First Company in the First Marine Corps ( Brigade) of ]\Iissouri Volunteers," to serve for the term of three years. This muster in, it may be remarked, was made on the printed form commonly used in the muster of volunteers into the United States service. Under date of xlugust 28, 1801, General Fremont authorized "Capt." James Abrams to organize a ""Marine Corps" (Letters Sent, Western Department, Vol. 15, p. :^31), and it is recorded that on the 10th of the same month he authorized "John Young"/ to raise such a corps (Ibid., p. 464), but the terms of the last-mentioned authority have not been found of record. The authority granted Captain Abrams was in preciselv the same terms as those quoted above in the letter to Capt. Thomas Maxwell. On September 12, 1861, " Capt." John Reily w^as authorized to raise a company, with the same organization as that given above, except that Captain Reily was authorized to add to the oiganization "one carpenter,'''' and in the letter of authorit}" the organization was desig- nated a " Marine Corps for River Transportation Service.''' No record has been found that an organization was completed under the authority given to John Young, but Abrams's and Reily's companies were recruited, and were nmstered into the United States service for the term of " the war," under special instructions from Major-General Fn'moiit. Upon the assignment of iMajor-General Hallcck to the command of the newly organized DepartnuMit of the Missouri, he was instructed by Major-General McClellan, connuanding the Army, to ''examine into the legality of the organization of the troops serving in the Department,'' and when he found any illegal, uiuisual, or improper organizations, to give the officers and men an opportunity to enter the legal military establishment (Official Records of the Union and Con- federate Armies, Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 5()S), and in General Orders, No. 2;"). dated L)eceml)(>r 14, 1861, General Ilalh^-k directed, among other things, tiiat tli(> members of certain irr(\gular organizations l)e paid to cover ])ast services actually rendei"(>d. Hut General Halleck evidently did not regard the "]\birine Corps" as entitled to pay or other consideration as a military organization in the service of the United States; for, in a letter addressed by him to Major-General McClellan, under date of December 19, 1861, he said: I am dischar<:in^ most of the steamers formerly in the (Tovernment employment and nnisterin^' out of service wliat is called the "Marine Corps," wiiich are nothing more than hired men on these boats. This will be a j^reat saviuLr of expense. [1291, Missouri Department, 18()1.] MARINE CORPS. 197 Thi.s remark of General Halleek was evidentl}^ based, in part at least, upon a report made the da}' previous by Capt. P. T. Turnley, assistant quartermaster, relative to Captain Reily's company of the "Marine Corps." Following is a copy of that report: Decembkk ]8, 1861. In September last this crew and two others were sworn into service for and during the war, unless sooner discharged, by order of General Fremont. General Fremont also ordered all officers and employees on steani transports to be sworn in in like manner, and all teamsters on land. This mode was commenced, but failed to such an extent as to be abandoned. Orders were given a month ago to discharge all such employees and to pay them off. I have been doing this as fast as they couie into port. This boat and crew arrived yesterday. I ordereil the captain to make up his service roll and bring it to my office, for the discharge and payment of all the otlicers and crew. I have not yet got the roll, but am expecting it hourly. Captain Keily should not inform the men otherwise than that they are all entirely discharged from their service under their contract. P. T. Turnley, Assistant Quartennaster. [iMiscellaneous Papers, Marine Corps.] Under date of January i>, 1862, Captain Turnlc}' addressed a letter to department headquarters, in which he said: I mustered and paid off to December 31, 1861, and on that day discharged from further service the three companies of steamboat crews, called, respectively. First, Second, and Third Marine Corps of Missouri Volunteers. * * * I learn the captain of one or more design not to acknowledge their discharge, but to come forward monthly for payment. Please publish an order discharging them. [T12, Missouri, 1862.] Thereupon an order was issued by General Halleck, as follows: Special Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 29. i St. Louis, January 10, 1863. ******* 4. The three Marine Corps under command of Maxwell, Abrams, and Reily hav- ing been mustered out and paid to December 31 by Captain Turnley, quartermaster, United States Army, are discharged the service of the United States on and after that date. By order of Major-General Halleck: J. C. Kelton, Assistant Adjutant-General. It has always been held by the War Department, since the attention of the Department was called to the military status of the "Marine Corps,'' that its muster into service was not a lawful nuister into the military service of the LTnited States, such an organization being unknown to the military establishment and not authorized by law. The members of this force were not officers or enlisted men in the United States military service, for which reason, evidently, thej' were paid by the Quartermaster's Department and not from the appropria- tions for the pay of the Army. They are regarded by the War Department as having l)een civilian employees in the Qnartermaster's Department and not as having formed a part of the military estab- lishment of the United States. (R. & P., 58T8TT.) As shown above, the "Marine Corps" numbered three companies. IRREGULAR ORGANIZATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS UNDER MAJOR-GENERAL FREMONT. On the 25th of July, 1861, Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont assumed command of the Western Department and immediate!}^ proceeded to the organization of a military force, consistino- largely of Missouri vohmteers and men brought from other States and organized as Mis- souri regiments. This force assumed the proportions of an army corps, the officers of which, including those of a large staiS', were appointed bj'^ General Fremont himself, without authorit}^ of law and without the sanction of his official superiors. Among the corps thus organized b}^ General Fremont's authority were some not authorized by law, several of them being unknown to the military service of the United States, others were accepted with an unlawful limitation as to the locality of their service, and among the officers appointed by General Fremont were many not only not author- ized by law l)ut bearing titles unknown to the nomenclature of the United States Army. As a preliminary to further remarks it is proper to state that the acts of Congress approved July 22 and 25, 1861, under which volun- teers were received into the service of the United States, authorized their acceptance only as '■'cavalry, infantry, or artillery," and that the former act contained the following proviso: The governors of the States furnishing volunteers under tliis act sliall commission the field, staff, and company officers requisite for the said volunteers; but, in cases where the State authorities refuse or omit to furnish volunteers at the call or on the proclamation of the President, and volunteers from such States offer their services under such call or proclamation, the President shall have power to accept such serv- ices, and to commission the proper field, staff, and company officers. [12 Stat. L., p. 269.] On August 9, 1861, (xcneral Fremont addressed to Hon. Montgom- ery Blair a letter of which the following is a copy: He.xdqcarters Westkrx Dei'.vktment, ,SV. Louh, August 9, 1S61. Hon. MoNTGOMEKV Bl.vir, Washington. My Dear Mr. Blair: The greater part of the old troops, especially the foreign element, is going out of service. The new levies are literally the rawest ever got together. Tliey are reported by tlie officers to be entirely unacquainted with the rudiments of military exercise. To bring them before the enemy in their present c()n/. Dear Sir: The inclosed message from Gustave Koerner, aide-de-camp to General Fremont, was read in Cal)inet meeting to-day by the President. It was determined to refer all irregnlar apjiointments in the Department of the West to yon for examina- tion, with instrnetions ti) snbniit some plan that will do justice to those men now serving who are faithful and competent otiicers, and provide a remedy for the evils now existing. Very respectfully, Thomas A. Scott, Assi!• Ad.iutaxt-Ciexeral's Office, No. 304. j Washington, November 12, 1861. ******* Par. 4. INIaj. (Jen. J. C. Fremont, United States Army, having been relieved from the command of the Western Dei)artment, and from duty in the field, those mem- bers of his staff who have Ix'en selected from civil life, under the authority of the act approved August 5, 1861, cease from the tlate on which he relinquished com- mand to be connected with the service. Par. 5. All persons, with the exception of regimental and company officers, who have been appointed into the military service by Major-(Teneral Fremont, and who.se appointments have not been sanctioned by the President, are hereby dis- charged the service of tlie United States. By command of Major-lJeneral INIcClellan: L. Thomas, Adjutant- General. The act of Congress a})proved August 5. 1861, referred to in para- fraph 4 of the order (pioted above, is Piil)lic, No. 42. authorizing the ^resident to appoint aides-de-camp. The following order issued b}' Major-General ]McClellan is here IRREGULAR ORGANIZATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. 205 quoted as a part of the history of appointments in the Western Department: Special Orders, "j Headquarters of the Army, I Ad.iutant-Uexekal's Office, No. "307. j WasJiiiKjtoii, Nnvernher 16, 1S61. 1. The following appointments made by Col. Chester ilaiiling, jr.. Tenth Missouri Volunteers, in obedience to instructions from Major-tTcneral Fremont, conmuuiding "Western Department, ilated August 21, 1861, are conlirmed, to take effei't from the dates hereinafter specified, viz: George D. Kellogg, assistant adjutant-general of volunteers, with rank of captain, August 21, 1861. William D. Colman, assistant quartermaster-general of volunteers, with rank of captain, August 21, 1861. Edward Harding, commissary of subsistence of volunteers, with rank of captain, August 21, 1861. J. S. Trout, brigade surgeon of volunteers, August 21, 1861. These appointments will be considered as vacated on the 12th day of November, 1861, upon which date the officers mentioned were honorably discharged from the service of the United States, in pursuance of Special Orders, No. 304, current series, from this office. ******* By command of Major-General McClellan: • L. TH<).^rAS, Adjuiunl-General. It is evident that this order, not being the action of the President of the United States, who alone is authorized to make appointments to the stati' corps of the Army, had no legal effect on the status of the persons to whom the order relates. General McClellan's order No. 30-1 was speedily followed by orders for the pa3^ment of the class of persons referred to in its second part (paragraph 5). Following are copies of correspondence and orders relative to the subject: [Copy of indorsement on Special Orders, No. 304.] Ad.iutant-General's Office, Noremlier So, 1S61. ^Respectfully returned to the Paymaster-General. The list of persons ajipointed by General Fremont has been this day returned to General Halleck with the following indorsement: "The Secretary of War directs that all persons discharged under the second part of the accompanying Special Orders, No. 304, who have actually rendered service shall be paid." L. Thomas, AiJjuhaU-Geiu'ral. Respectfully forwarded to Lieut. Col. T. P. Andrews, Deputy Paymaster-General, United States Army, for his information. Ben.i. F. Larned, J'aymader-General. St. Loris, Mo., December 1, ISGl. Col. B. F. Larned, PaipnaMer-General United States Army. Sir: Yours of the 28th instant indorsing the Adjutant-General's note on the list of General Fremont's appointees is received, and as 1 undt-rstand it as ordering his military appointees (second paragraph of Special Orders, No. 304) are to be paid to November 12, and those of his staff are not to be paid at all, I shall so act unless directed otherwise l)y General Halleck. ******* Very respectfully, your obedient servant, T. P. Andrews, Deputy Pay master-General, United States Army. 206 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Special Orders, ) Headquarters Department of the ^Iissouri, ISio. 23. ) St. Louis, December £, 1861. ******* 4. The preneral coninuuuliiig has been advised that the Secretary of War directs that all ])ers()ns discharged under the second paragraph of Special Orders, No. 304, dated Ileadciuarters of tlie Army, Washington, November 12, 1861, who h^ve actu- ally rendered service, shall be paid for such service. The mils of the persons so discharged will immediately be copied and furnished to the chief of the pay department in this city, and also regulations will be adopted for determining in each case the time of service. By order of Major-General Halleck: J. C. K ELTON, Assistant Adjutant-General. St. Louis, December 5, 1861. Lieut. Col. T. P. Andrews, Chief, Pay Department, St. Louis. Colonel: You will receive herewith a list of appointments made by Major-General Fremont, sent to me from the office of the Adjutant-General of the Army with the following indorsement: '*The Secretary of War directs that all persons discharged under the second paragraph of the accompanying Special Orders, No. 304, who have actually rendered service shall be paid." You will make the payment as directed, taking proper precautions to ascertain the time of service "actually rendered," and requiring for that purpose the affidavits of the claimants. An additional list will be furnished as soon as it can be prepared. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. W. Halleck, Major-General. General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 21. j St. Louis, December 9, 1861. ******* II. All persons commissioned liy Major-General Fremont and discharged under the second paragraph of Special Orders, No. 304, dated Headquarters of the Army, Washington, November 12, 1861, and whose names are not included in the lists fur- nished to the chief of the pay department, in compliance with instructions from the Secretary of War, dated November 25, 1861, will refer their claims for payment to the A(ljutant-ayiiu'nt for their services to November 12, the day on which the appointments of Cieneral Fremont expired. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, H. W. Halleck, Major-General. IRREGULAR ORGANIZATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. 207 Adjutant-General's Office, Washmglon, January 13, 1S6£. Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, Commimd'mg the Depart mo it of the Missouri. General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th ultimo, relative to the payment of cei'tain officers whose names do not appear on either of the lists sent from this office, with orders for ]iayment, and to state that authority is granted you to order payment for their services to Noveml)er 12, 1861, as requested. I am, general, very resj^ectfully, your oliedient servant, L. Thomas, AdJHtditt-General. On November 11), 18()1. General Halleck nssumed the command of the department to which he had been as.sioned. One of hi.s first official acts was to dis))and the companies of "•telegraph builders, operators, etc., and the com})anies of telegraph -guards created ))y authority of Major-General Fremont.'' (Special Orders of November lil, IJ-'BI, Hook No. Si), Department of the Missouri, p. 16.) A few days later, on the 27th of Novem))er, he ordered the muster out of the squadron of cav- tilrv known as the "Fremont liody Guard," which had been mustered in with an unlawful restriction as to its service (Special Order Book No. 89, Department of the Missouri, p. 10), and on the -tth of December, he issued a general order preparatory to a '"systematic organization of the forces" of the department. Following is a copy of the last-mentioned order: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 14. i St. Louis, December 4, 1S61. With a view to a systematic organization of the forces of this department, all com- manders of regiments, batteries, troops, and companies raised under authorizations from any source whatever, now in the service of the United States in this department, will forward certified copies of their "muster-in rolls," including those of the field and staff, as well as those of comjmnies, to these headquarters. The rolls will be accompanied by a letter of advice, stating the present station of the force, giving the town and county, also whether the officers are commissioned, and by whom. These rolls will be forwarded through the c(immanders of districts, divisions, brigades, or I>osts, who will see that it is clone as promptly as possible. Where there are corps or detachments which have not been mustered, but have been in service, the command- ing officer will make affidavit before an officer authorized to administer oaths that the rolls are correct, and that the men and officers on the rolls thus authenticated have been in service for the period set opposite their respective names, which affi- davit will be forwarded with the rolls. The object of this order being to have connnissions furnished to those officers who are without them, and the troops mustered so that they can be paid and supplied with clothing and sul)sistence, in accordance with law and reijulations, the interests of the service as well as those of men and officers promj)t the utmost diligence in complying with this order. They will he adilressed to the assistant adjutant-gen- eral at these headquarters, marked on the envelope "^Muster in rolls." By order of Major-(ieneral Halleck: J. C. Kelton, Assixtcfiit Adjutavt-deneraL Under date of December 18, 1861, General Halleck addressed to the Adjutant-General of the Army a conununication in which he set forth at considerable length the irregularities of organization existing in his department and the measures projjosed for their correction. This letter is in part as follows: Heaiku'arters Department of the Missouri, St. Louis, Mo., Decemher 1,3, ISGl. Brig. Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, Adjntant-Geveral of the Armi/, Wasltington, D. C. General: On examination of the organizatiDii of the troops in this department, I find numerous irregular and fragmentary bodies actually in service, but not in the 208 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. manner authorized by law. It is very difficult to dispose of these in such a way as not to injure the pu1)lic service or do injustice to the officers and men, and at the same time conform to the law and regulations. In the case of the Fremont Body Guard, I used my best endeavors to induce them to remain in service, but they unaninKjusly protested against it, on the ground that they were not enlisted to serve the I'liited States but to serve Major-General P"re- mont, and tiiat on his removal their term of service ceased. I directed the captains of companies to present me their original muster rolls, which they did, and I found that they had only obligated themselves to serve as General Fremont's ))ody guard. They said, moreover, that the mustering officer, Capt." John D. O'Connell, Four- teenth Infantry, annoimced to them at the time of the mustering in that if General Fremont should die or be otherwise removed from the command their term of serv- ice would cease. I, therefore, at their own solicitation and the request of IMajor- General Fremont, mustered them out. * * * * * * * The engineer organization in this department is a very peculiar one, and the greater part of it without any authorit,y of law. As near as can be ascertained this organization is as follows: Officers. Enlisted men. Colonel Blssell's engineer regiment Two eompanies of tek'^raph men One company of telegraph guards Signal company Force of sappers and miners Company of pioneers, sappers and miners . Company of pontoniers Engineer dela<'lnnent at Iron ton Engineer cor]>s, etc 925 200 25 51 42 98 100 17 Colonel Bissell's regiment is regularly mustered into service, receiving infantry pay, with allowance for extra service, as provided by law. The other ten companies, under various names, I propose to unite into a l)attalion, and to muster them in as infantry on the same terms as Bissell's regiment; that is, to have tlie extra allowance when acting as engineer troops. To effect this it will probably be necessary to break up the present organizations, so as to dispense in the new with the extra officers. The two com])anies of telegraph men and telegraph guards, 9 officers and 225 men, have already been mustered out, but manj' of them are ready to reorganize as infantry in the manner proposed. The engineer corps proper, as it is called, has no troops, but probal)ly al)out fifty offi- cers. The names of forty-three have already been ascertained, l^ut some one turns up every few days holding a connnission or appointment from ( ieneral Fremont. Some of these are already discharged; but it is imi)ossil)le to disi-harge tliem all at present, their services being alisolutely indisjiensable in the construction of the works which are now ])eing built at Paducah, Cairo, Fort Holt, (lirardcau, Holla, Jefferson City, La ^Nline C'antojnnent near Sedalia, etc. The connnanding officers at these places report that it is impossible to proceed with these defenses, now partially constructed, without the aid of one or more engineer officer at each jilace. I coincide in their opinion, and shall l)e oljliged to retain in service some ten or twelve of the most com- petent of these officers, with the pay of captains and lieutenants of engineers, until some arrangement can be made to replace them by regular officers. I would remark tliat the pontonier company lias a large and costly bridge train nearly com)>lete, and that the signal <-ompany has in its jmssi'ssiou signal instruments, not, perhai)s, of much value for military operations, V)ut which have cost a large sum of money. The changes proposed will obviate the present irregularities and anomalies of organ- ization; greatly reduce the exjienses, and give efficiency to this branch of the service which now seems to be without form and almost without use. I consider myself authorized by the instructions of the 2d instant to make thein, and shall do so as rapidly as possible, unless otherwise directed. The reorganization of the fragmentary bodies of artillery, cavalry, and infantry will be pushed forward with all possible dis])atch. Very respei'tfully, your obedient servant, H. W. H.M-LECK, Major-General. [( Xlicial Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. VIII, p. 434.] IRREGULAR ORGANIZATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. 209 On December 14, 1861, (xeneral Halleok issued his General Orders, No. 25, in which he directed that the members of all corps mustered into service without due reoard to the ratio of otticers and men, as fixed in the general orders of the War Department, be paid for past services actually rendered. In another paragraph of the order he announced his plan of reorganization, as follows: General Orders, \ Headquarters Department of the Missouri, No. 25. i St. Lonis, Deconher U, 1S61. ******* Y. All incomplete organizations of companies and regiments heretofore mustered into service, hut not in accordance with the law and orders regulating the ratio between ofticers and men, will l)e reorganized in accordance with the instructions of the War Department. ******* By order of Major-General flalleck: J. C. Kelton, Asghtaiit Adjutdnt-Gcurral. A few days later, on December 19. 1S(U. in a letter addressed to Major-General McClellan, (xeneral Halleck said of his proposed reorganization: The condition of the i-ountry and the state of public feeling here resulting from General Fremont's removal excited by designing party politicians rendered it prudent to move in this matter slowly and cautiously. The task imposed on me here in this chaos of incendiary elements is not an easy one, and those at a distance who can not understand the real condition of affairs should not be hasty in judging of my conduct, and, above all, thev should not embarrass me by unnecessary interference. [Ibid., p. 449.] By the discharge of the staff ofScers appointed by General Fremont, the consolidation of fragmentary organizations, the disbandment of those unauthorized by lavr, the muster out of such organizations as had been accepted with unauthorized conditions of service, and the commissioning bv the governor of the otticers of reoimental oro-aniza- tions retained in service, which was done at General Halleck's request, the task of "' reducing chaos to order" was tinally accomplished. The evil eft'ects of General Fremont's irregular and unlawful proceedings were, however, manifest long nfter his relinquishment of the command of the Western Department, as is apparent elsewhere in this paper, especially in that portion of it devoted to the United States Reserve Corps, three j'ears' service. S. Doc. 412 14 LISTS OF UNION ORGANIZATIONS. 211 LIST OF MISSOURI ORGANIZATIONS REGULARLY MUSTERED INTO THE MILITARY SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES OR RECOGNIZED BY THE WAR DEPARTMENT AS HAVING BEEN IN THAT SERVICE." CAVALRY. First Regiment, Missouri State Militia. First Battalion, Missouri State Militia, old, (Became Companies A to F, First Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) First Battalion, Missouri State Militia, new. First Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service. (Also known as Hollan Horse; consolidated with Fourth and Fifth Cavalry regiments, three years' volunteers.) First Regiment, three years' volunteers. First Battalion, three years' volunteers. (Bowen's Battalion.) First Battalion, Western Cavalry, three years' volunteers. (Also known as Fremont Hussars; became part of Fourth Cavalry, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Second Regiment, Missouri State Militia. Second Battalion, Missouri State Militia, old. (Consolidated with Fourth and Eighth Cavalry regiments, Missouri State Militia.) Second Battalion, Missouri State Militia, new. Second Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Also known as Merrill's Horse.) Third Regiment, Missouri State Militia, old. (Consolidated with Sixth and Seventh Cavalry regiments, Missouri State Militia.)'' Third Regiment, Missouri State Militia, new. Third Battalion, Missouri State Militia. (Became part of Third Cav- alry Regiment, old, Missouri State Militia.) Third Regiment, three years' volunteers. Fourth Regiment, Missouri State Militia. Fourth Battalion, Missouri State Militia. (One company transferred to First Infantry Regiment, M.issouri State ]Militia; remainder became First Cavalry Battalion, Missouri State Militia, new.) Fourth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Fifth Regiment, Missouri State Militia, old.'' "The Missouri State Militia, although not actually in the military nervice of the United States, has a status so nearly assimilated to that of troojis in the United States service that it has been int-luded in this list. For information as to the status of the Missouri State iNIilitia. see narrative statement, p. 21. ••This regiment was broken up February 2, 18t)3, and on the same date the Tenth was designated the Tliird Cavalry, ^lissuuri State Militia. " This regiment was discontinued February 2, 1863, and on the same date the Thir- teenth was designated the Fifth Cavalrv, ?iIissouri State ^lilitia. 213 214 MISSOURI TROOPS — UNKW. Fifth Regiment, Missouri State Militia, new. Fifth Battalion, Missouri State Militia. (Consolidated with Sixth Cav- alry Keo-iment and Sixth Cavalry Battalion. Missouri State Militia.) Fifth Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Consolidated with Fourth Cavalry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Fifth Independent Battalion, three 3'ears"' volunteers. (Also known as Berry's Battalion.) Sixth Reginient, Missouri State ]Militia. Sixth Battalion, oVIissouri State ]SIilitia. (Also known as Boonville Battalion; consolidated with Thirteenth Cavalry, and First Infantry, Missouri State ]Militia.) Sixth Regiment, Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia, twenty months. (Became ihe Sixteenth Cavalry, twent}' months' volunteers.) Sixth Regiment, three j^ears' volunteers. Seventh Regiment, Missouri State Militia. Seventh Battalion, Missouri State Militia. (Became a part of the Second Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Seventh Regiment, Provisional Enrolled Missouri Militia, twenty months. (Became the Fifteenth Cavalry Regiment, twenty months' volunteers.) Seventh Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers. Eighth Regiment, Missouri State Militia. Eighth Battalion, Missouri State Militia. (Became part of Fourth Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Eighth Regiment, three years* volunteers. ISJinth Regiment, Missouri State Militia. Ninth Battalion, Missouri State Militia. (Became part of Fifth Cav- alry Regiment, old, Missouri State Militia.) Ninth Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Transferred to Third and Tenth Cavalry Regiments, three years' volunteers.) Tenth Regiment, Missouri State ^lilitia." Tenth Battalion, Missouri State Militia. (Became part of Tenth Cav- alry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Tenth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Eleventh Regiment, Missoui'i State Militia. (Consolidated with the Second Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Eleventh Battalion. Missouri State Militia. (Became part of Twelfth Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Eleventh Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers. Twelfth Regiment, Missouri State Militia. (Consolidated with the Third, new, and Fifth Cavalrv regiments. Missouri State Militia.) Twelfth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Thirteenth Regiment, Missouri State Militia.'' ThirtecMith Regiment, three years' volunteers.'' Fourteenth Regiment Missouri, State Militia. (Also kjiown as ^loun- tain or jNIounted Rangers; consolidated with the Fourth and Eighth Cavalry regiments, Missoui'i State Militia.) "On February 2, 1863, this regiment was designated the Third Cavalry, new, Missouri State Militia, the original Third Cavalrv having been lir<,>ken up on that date. ''On February 2, ISHM, this reuinient was designated the Fifth Cavalry, new, Missouri State Militia, the original Fifth Cavalrv having l)een discontinued on that date. "This regiment was composed of veteran VI ijuuteers reenlii^ted from the Missouri State Militia regiments. OEGANIZATIONS IN U. S. SEEVICE. 215 Fourteenth Regiment, three years' vohinteers." Fifteenth Reg'iment, twenty months' voh^nteers. Sixteenth Regiment, twenty months' volunteers. Benton Hussars. (Became part of the Fifth Cavalr}', three 3"ears' volunteers. ) Berry's Battalion. (Fifth Independent Battalion, three years' vol- unteers.) Black Hawk Battalion. (Became part of the Seventh Cavalrj', three years' volunteers.) Boonville Battalion. (Sixth (Cavalry Battalion. Missouri State Militia.) Bowen's Battalion. (Also known as First Battalion, three j^ears' vol- unteers: l)ecame part of Ninth Cavalry, three years' volunteers.) Burris's Unattached Company. (Became Compan}^ I, First Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Cass County Home Guard Regiment, three }'ears' volunteers. Dade County Squadron. Captain Switzler. (Company A, Fremont Battalion.) Dade County Squadron, Captain Wright. (Company D, Fremont Battalion.) Fremont Battalion. (Became part of Sixth Cavalry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Fremont's Body Guard Battalion, three years' volunteers. Fremont Hussars. (First Western Cavalry Battalion, three years' volunteers.) Fremont Rangers, IIJino!s. (Became part of Third Cavalry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Goerisch's Company. (Cavalry Company L, Second Infantry Regi- ment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service; became Company B, First Cavahy Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service.) Hawkins's Independent Company. (Became Company F, Sixth Cav- alry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Hawk's Independent Company. (Attached to Twenty-second Infantry Battalion, three years' volunteers; became Company I, Seventh Cav- alry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Hollan Horse. (First Cavalry Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service.) Humphrey's Independent Compan3\ (Attached to the Eighteenth Infantry Regiment; })ecame Company M, Seventh Cavalry Regi- ment, three years' volunteers.) Johnson's Unattached Company. (Became Company L, First Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Kaltenl^ach's Company. (Cavalry Company L, Fifth Infantry Regi- ment, United States Reserve Corps, three 3'ears' service; became Company C, First Cavalry Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service.) Kansas Rangers. (Also known as Mounted Rangers; became part of Union Rangers.) Loring's Independent Company. (Attached to Eighteenth Infantry Regiment, three years' volunteers: became Company K, Seventh Cavalry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) "This regiment \va.>^ partially composed of veteran volunteers reenlisted from the Missouri State Militia regiments. 216 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Love's Independent Company. (Attached to Eighteenth Infantiy Regiment, three years' volunteers: became Company L. Seventh Cavalry Regiment, three vears' vohmteers. ) Melter's Company. (Attached to First Infantry Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three months' service.) Melter's Company. Dragoons, First Infantry, United States Reserve Corps, three years* service. (Became Company A, First Cavalry Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years" service.) ^Merrill's Horse. (Second Cavalry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Mounted or Mountain Rangers. (Fourteenth Cavalry Regiment, Mis- souri State Militia.) Mounted Rangers. (Kansas Rangers.) Peery's Unattached Company. (Became Company K, First Cavalry Regiment. Missouri State Militia.)- Prairie Scouts. (Companies C and L. First Cavalry Regiment, three years' volunteers, and Xaughton's Irish Dragoons. Twenty-third intitols Regiment.) Red Rovers. (Became Companv I, Tenth Cavalrv Regiment. ^Missouri State Militia.) Scholield Hussars. (Became Company I. Thirteenth Cavalrv Regi- ment, Missouri State Militia.) Siegler's Company. (Cavalrv Company L, Third Infantry Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service; became Com- pany E. First Cavalrv Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service.) Smallwood's Company, Scouts and Guides, three months' volunteers. Sobolaski's Independent Company of Lancers, three years' volunteers. Stewart's Battalion, three years' volunteers. Union Rangers. (Part of AVood's Battalion, three years' volunteers.) Warren County Battalion. (Part of Tenth Cavalrv Regiment. Mis- souri State Militia.) Wenkel's Company. (Cavalrv Company ^I. Fifth Infantry Regiment. United States Reserve Corps, three years' service: became Company D, First Cavalrv Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service.) Winter's Independent Company. (Attached to Twenty-second Infantrj" Battalion, three years' volunteers; became Company H, Seventh Cavalrv Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Wood's Battalion, three years' volunteers. (Consolidated with the Sixth Cavalry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) ARTILLERY. First Battery. Missouri State Militia. First Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service." (Became Second Artiller\' Regiment, three years' volunteers.) First Regiment. Light, three years' volunteers. First Flving liattiM-y, three years' volunteers. (Company F, Second Artillery R(>ginient, three years' volunteers.) Second Regiment, three vears' volunteers.'' "This regiment was composed of 12 companies of heavy artillery and 3 light batteries. ''This regiment was originally composed of 12 companies of heavy artillery and 3 light batteries. By reorganization it became a light-artillery regiment, composed of 12 batteries. ORGANIZATIONS IN U. S. SERVICE. 217 Arthur's Batteiy. (Batteiy G, Second Artillery Kegiment. three years" volunteer;?.) Atwater's Battery. (Battery E, First Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Backof s Battalion, three months' militia. 1861. Backof's Battery. (Sehotield Li^lit Artillerv, Missouri State Militia.) Backof's Battalion, Lig-ht Artillery, three years' volunteers." Backof's Battery. (Sehotield Liglit Artillery, three years' volunteers.) Boardman's Battery. (Battery M. Second Artillery Regiment, three 3-ears' volunteers.) Buel's Battery. (Became Bulliss's Battery, Light Artillery, three years' volunteers.) Bulliss's Battery. (Originally Buel's; became Sheldon's Battery, Light Artillery, three years' volunteers.) Burke's Battery. (Battery K. First Artillery Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Callahan's Battery. (Battery H. First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Callender's Battery. (Battery D. First Artiller}- Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Cavender's Batter}'. (Battery G. First Artillery Regiment, three years* volunteers.) Cole's Battery. (Battery E, First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Confare's Battery. (Battery K, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Essig's Battery. (Batterv A. Backof's Artillerv Battalion, three months' militia. ISHl.) Fish's Batteries. (Batteries A. K. and M. First Artiller\' Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Flagg's Battery. (Battery E, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Foust's Battery. (Battery F. First Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Fuchs's Batteries. (Battery L, subsequently 1, and Battery C, Second Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Hescock's Battery. (Battery G. First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Jackson's Battery. (Battery G. Second Artillerv Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Johnson's Battery. Horse Artillery. (Became Johnson's Company, Unattached Cavalry, Missouri State Militia.) Jovce's Batterv. (A temporary organization formed of men detached from the Tenth Cavalrv Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Julian's Battery. (Battery I. Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) KnispeFs Battery. (A temporary organization formed of men detached from the Fourth (Aivalrv Regiment, three years" volunteers.) Kowald's Battery. (Organization not completed: men mustered out or transferred to Schwartz's Batterv. lUlnois Artillerv.) ^This battalion was composed of two iiKlependent batteries', viz, AVelfley's and [Mann's. 218 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Landgraebers Battery. (First Flying- Batter\ ; originally Pfennig- hauscn's; became Battery F, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Lovejoy's Howitzer Battery. (A temporar}- organization formed of men detached from various companies of the Second Cavalry Regi- ment, three years' volunteers.) McClanahan's Battery. (A temporary organization formed of men detached from the Second Cavalry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) McMurray's Batteries. (Battery- L, First, and Battery L, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Mann's Battery. (Battery B, Backof's Artillery Battalion, three years volunteers; l^ecame Battery C, First Artillery Reginient, three years' volunteers.) Manter's Battery. (Battery A, First Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Marr's Batteries. (Batteries K and M, First Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Matthaei's Battery. (Battery C, First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteei's.) Maurice's Batteries. (Batteries B and K, First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Millers Battery. (Batterj^ I, First Artiller}- Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) jSIontgomery's Battery. (Battery H, Second Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Murph3''s Batter3^ (Batter3' F, First Artillerv Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Neustaedter's Battery. (Battery C, Backof's Artiller3' Battalion, three months' militia, 1861.) Nichols's Battery. (Batter3' E, First Artiller3^ Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Pfennighausen's Batter3'. (First Independent Batter^', Fl3'ing Artil- lerv; became Landgraeber's First Independent Batter3% Fl3'ing •Artillery.) Powell's Battery. (Batter3' M, First Artiller3' Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Randol's Battery. (Battery L, First Artillerv Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Richardson's Balt(M-v. (Battery D, First Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Riemann's Batterv. (Battery A, First Artillerv Regiment, United States Res(M've Corps, three vears' service; subsequentlv Batterv L, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Rinne's Batterv. (Battery C, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Rowland's Battery. (Batterv K, Second Artillerv Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Schaerrt's Batterv. (Battery D, Second Artillerv Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Scliotield's Batterv. (Batterv A. First Artillerv Regiment, three yeai's' volunteers.) Schotield Light .A.rtillery. Missouri State Militia. Schofield Light Artillery, three years' volunteers. (Became Batter3' L. First Light Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) ORGANIZATIONS IN U. S. SERVICE. 219 Schwarz'.s Btitterv. (Battery E, Second xVrtillerv Regiment, three 3"ears' volunteers.) Sheldon's Battery. (Previously Buer> ajid Bulliss's; became Bat- ter}' I, First Artillery Kegimcnt. three years' volunteers.) Simonton's Battery. (Battery B, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteei's.) Stange's Batteries. (Battery C, First Artillery Regiment, Ignited States Reserve Corps, three years' serv.ce, and Batteries E and M, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Stone's Batteries. (Batteries C and K, First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Strodtman's Batteries. (Batteries A and G. Second Artilierv Regi- ment, three years' volunteers.) Sutter's Battery. (Battery B, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Tannrath's Battery. (Battery I, First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Thurber's Batteries. (First Battery, Missouri State Militia — origi- nally Wachsman's — and Battery L, Second Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Thurneck's Battery. (Battery B, First Artillery Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service.) Tiemever's Battery. (Batterv M, First Artillery Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Troll's Battery. (Battery A, Second Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Voelkner's Batterv. (Batterv F, Second Artilierv Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Wachsman's Battery. (First Batterv, Missouri State Militia, and Batterv A, Second Artilierv Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Weliiey's Battery. (Battery A, Backofs Artillery Battalion, three years' volunteers: became Batter}- B, First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) AVelker's Battery. (Battery H. First Artillery Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Wilkins's Battery, (Battery B, P>ackof's Artillery Battalion, three months' militia, iStJl.) Yates's Battery. (Battery H, First Artillery Regiment, three years' volunteers.) INFANTRY. First Regiment, three months' militia, ISGl. (Also known as Ger- man Turners: composed of 12 companies, 2 of which were known as Companies A and B, RiHe Battalion.) First Regiment, ^Missouri State Militia. First Regiment. Enrolled ^Missouri Militia. (Three companies in United States service thirty days in 1864.) First Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three months' scr\ice. (Composed of 12 companies.) First Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service. First Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Became First Artillery Regiment, three years" volunteers.) First Regiment, Rities. (Eleventh Infantry, three years' volunteers.) 220 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. First Northeast Battalion, three years' volunteers.'' Second Reg'inient, three months' militia. 1861. Second Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three months' service. Second Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service. Second Regiment, three vears' volunteers. (Also known as Asboth ^ Rifles.) Second Northeast Battalion, three years" volunteers.'' Second Regiment, Rifles. (Twelfth Infantry, three years' volunteers.) Third Reg-iment, three months' militia, 1S61. (Composed of 12 compa- nies, 2 of which were known as Companies A and B. Rifle Battalion.) Third Regiment. United States Reserve Corps, three months' service. Third Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service. (Consolidated with the Gasconade County Infantry Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service, to form the Fourth Infantry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Third Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers. Fourth Reg-inient, three months' militia, 1861. (Also known as Schwarze or Black Jager Reg-iment; composed of 12 companies, 2 of which were known as Companies L and M, Ritie Battalion.) Fourth Regiment, United States Reserv^e Corps, three months' service. (Composed of 12 companies, 2 of which were known as Companies L and M, Rifle Battalion.) Fourth Regiment, Ignited States Reserve Corps, three years' service^ Fourth Reg-iment, three years' volunteers. Fifth Regiment, three months' militia, 1861. Fifth Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three months' service. Fifth Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service^ (Became the Fifth Infantr}' Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Fifth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Sixth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Seventh Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Also known as Irish Seventh.) Eighth Regiment, three vears' volunteers. (Also knowMi as American Zouaves.) Ninth Regiment, three j'ears' volunteers. (Also known as Zouaves; became Fift3"-ninth Illuiois Infantry.) Tenth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Elev(Mith Reg-iment, three 3'ears' volunteers. (Also known as First RcginuMit, RiHcs.) Twelfth Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers. (Also known as Second R<'gini('nt, Rifles.) Thirteenth Regiment, three 3-ears' volunteers, old. (Also known as U])per Tliirteenth; l)ecame Twenty-fifth Inf'antiy Regiment, threi^ years' volunteers.) Thirteenth Regiment, three vears' volunteers, new. (Became Twcnt3'- second Ohio Volunteers.) Fourteenth RegiuKMit, three years' volunteers. (Also known as Birge's or \\'est('rn Sharpshooters ; became Sixty-sixth I lUnots Infantrv.) Fifteenth Regiment, three vears' volunteers. (Also known as Swiss Rides.) *The First and Second Northeast battalions mentioned in this list were consoli- dated to form the Twenty-first Missouri Infantry, three years' volunteers. They are separate and distinct from the oriianizations of the same desiirnations mentioned in the list of Home (Juard oriranizatioiis paid tlironich the a;j;ency of the IIa\vkin^ Taylor Commission. ORGANIZATIONS IN U. S. SP:RVICE. 221 Sixteenth Kegiment, three years' vohinteers. (Organization not com- pleted: Company A became Company A. Twenty-seventh Infantry Keg-iment, three years" vokinteers: the remaining members of the regiment were assigned to I Hi no! x regiments.) Seventeenth Kegiment. three years' vokinteers. (Also known as "Western Turner Rifles.) Eighteenth Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Also known as Morgan Rangers.) Nineteenth Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers. (Also known as Lj'on Regiment; 4 companies organized: consolidated with Third Infantry ReginHMit, three years' volunteers.) Twenty-lirst Regiment, three years' volunteers.-' Twent3'-second Battalion, three years' volunteers. (Consolidated with Tenth and Twenty-fourth Infantry Regiments, three 3'ears' volun- teers.) Twentv-third Regiment, three years' volunteers. Twenty-fourth Regiment, three years' volunteers, (Also known as Lyon Legion.) Twent3"-tifth Regiment, three vears' volunteers. (Consolidated with the Engineer Regiment of the West to form the First Engineer Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Twenty -sixth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Twentv-seventh Regiment, three years' volunteers. Twent3'-seventh Regiment, Mounted Infantry, three years' volunteers. (Also known as Johnson County Home Guards.) . Twentv-eighth Regiment, three vears' volunteers. (Organization not completed: changed to form Tenth Cavalry Regiment, three 3"ears' volunteers.) Twenty-ninth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Thirtieth Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers. (Also known as Sham- rock Regiment.) Thirty-first Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.'' Thirtv-second Regiment, three vears' volunteers.'' Thirty-third Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Also known as Mer- chants' Regiment.) Thirty-fourth Regiment, three vears' volunteers. (Organization not completed: consolidated with Thirtieth Regiment.) Thirtv-tifth Regiment, three years' volunteers. Thirty-sixth Regiment, three years' volunteers. (Organization not completed; consolidated with Thirty-second Infantrv, three years' volunteers.) Thirty-seventh Regiment, three years' volunteers, (Organization not completed: one officer mustered in and out of service: no record of enlisted men.) Thirty-eighth Regiment, three years' volunteers, (Organization not completed; officers nuistered out: no record of enlisted men,) Thirty-ninth Regiment, six and twelve months' volunteers. " The Twentieth Regiment was not organized. The Twenty-first Regiment was formed l)y consolidation of the First and Second Northeast Infantry battalions, three years' volunteers. '' The Tliirty-first and Thirty-second Infantry, three years' volunteers, were con- solidated into a battalion known as the Consolidated Battalion, Thirty-first and Thirty-second Missouri Volunteers, subsequently designated the Thirty-second Infantry Regiment, three years' volunteers. 222 MISSOUEI TROOPS UNION. Fortieth Keo-imont, twelve month.s' volunteers. Forty-Hrst KeL^-iment, twelve months' volunteers. Forty-second Regiment, six and twelve months' volunteers. Fort3'-third Reg-iment, twelve months' volunteers. Forty-fourth Regiment, six and twelve months' volunteers. Forty-tifth Regiment, six and twelve months' volunteers. FortN'- sixth Regiment, six months' volunteers. Forty-seventh Regiment, six months' volunteers. Forty-eighth Regiment, six and twelve months' volunteers. Forty-ninth Regiment, twelve months' volunteers. • Fiftieth Regiment, six and twelve months' volunteers. Fift^^-iirst Regiment, twelve months' volunteers.'^ Sixt3'-third Regiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia. (Four companies in United States service in i8()4.) American Zouaves. (Eighth Infantry Regiment, three 3'ears* volun- teers.) Asboth Rifles. (Second Infantry Regiment, three j-ears' volunteers.) Bayles's Independent Company, Rities, three months' militia, 1861. (Also known as Lyon Guard.) Benton Cadets (regiment), three 3'ears' volunteers. Birge's Sharpshooters. (Fourteenth Infantry Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Black Jager. (Fourth Infantry Regiment, three months' militia, 1861.) B3a'ne's Unattached Company, Missouri State Militia. (Became Com- pany A, First Infantry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) Dietrich's Independent Companv, United States Reserve Corps, three 3^ears' service. Gasconade Count3' Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three 3'ears' service. (Consolidated with the Third Infantry Regiment, United States Reserve Corps, three 3'ears' service, to form the Fourth Infantry Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) German Turners. (First Infantry Regiment, three months' militia.) Holman's Battalion (sharpshooters), throe years' volunteers. (Con- solidated with the Twent3'-sixth Infantr3' Regiment, three 3^ears' volunteers.) Irish Seventh. (Seventh Infantry Regiment, three vears' volunteers.) Kansas Cit3^ Battalion, United States Reserve Corps. (Van Horn's Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three years' service.) Kendrick Guards. (Company I, First Infantry Regiment, Missouri State Militia.) King's Independent (Jompany A. Railroad Patrol Guard, United States Reserve Corps, three 3'ears' service. (Also known as Railroad Patrol Guard.) Krekel's l^attalion. L'nited States Reserve Corps, three years' service. Lvon Guard. (Ba3'les's Independent Company, Rifles, three months' militia, 1861.) Lyon Legion. (Twent3'-fourth Infantrv' Regiment, three years' vol- unteers.) Lyon R(»giment. (Nineteenth Infantry Regiment, three 3'ears' volun- teers.) " RecruitiiifiC was hejinn for the Fifty-secoiul to the Fifty-sixth Regiment, inclusive, but none of tliese iv^iiuents was eonipleteil, and the recruits were assigned to the Fiftv-tirst I\('''iiiient. ORGANIZATIONS IN U. S. SERVICE. 22^ Marion Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, three 3'ears' service. (Companies C and D became Companies D and C, respectiveh', of the Twenty-second Infantry Battalion, three 3'ears' volunteers. See also Marion County oro-iiiiization. Home Guards.) Merchants' Regiment. (Tliirty-third Infantr}' Regiment, three years' volunteers.) ]\Iorgan Rangers. (Eighteenth Infantry Regiment, three j^ears" vol- unteers.) Osterhaus's Battalion, three tnonths' militia, IStJl. (Also known as Ritie Battalion; attached to Second Regiment, three months' militia.) Phelps's Regiment, six months' volunteers. Railroad Patrol Guard. (King's Independent Company, United States Reserve Corps, three veai's' service.) Schwarze Jager. (Fourth Infantry Regiment, three months' militia, lS»il.) Shamrock Regiment. (Thirtieth Infantry Regiment, three years' volunteers.) Swiss Rifles. (Fifteenth Infantry Regiment, three 3' ears' volunteers.) Upper Thirteenth. (Thirteenth Infantrv Regiment, old, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Van Horn's Battalion, United States Reserve (^orps, three years' serv- ice. (Also known as Kansas Cit3^ Battalion, United States Reserve Corps.) Western Sharpshooters. (Fourteenth Infantr3' Regiment, three 3^ears' volunteers.) Western Turner Rities. (Seventeenth Infantr3' Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) Zouaves. (Ninth lnfantr3' Regiment, three 3"ears' volunteers.) ENGINEERS. First Regiment, three years' volunteers. Engineer Regiment of the West, three years' volunteers. (Consoli- dated with the Twenty -fifth Infantry Regiment, three years' volun- teers, to form the First Engineer Regiment, three 3"ears' volunteers.) PIONEERS. Voerster's Independent Company, three months' militia, 1861. PIONEERS, SAPPERS AND MINERS. Gerster's Company A, three vears' volunteers. (Became Company H, Fifth Infantr3^ Regiment, three years' volunteers.) PONTONIERS. Winklemaier's Compan3', three 3'ears' vohuiteers. (Became Company K, Fifth Infantiy Regiment, three 3'ears' volunteers.) SAPPERS AND MINERS. Balz's Companj'^, three 3^ ears' volunteers. Veith's Company, Missouri State M.ilitia. (Became Compan3" H, First Infantry Regiment, ^Missouri State Militia.) 224 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. SAPPERS. MINERS, AND PONTONIERS. Voerster'.s Company, three 3^ear8' volunteers. (Became Compuny 1. Fifth Infuntrv Reghiient, three years' volunteers.) TELEGRAPH CORPS. Smith's Company, three years' volunteers. HOME GUARDS, IStil. [Called into active service and paid through the agency of the Hawkins Taylor Commission.] First Reo-inient, Northeast Missouri, consisting- of -i cavalry and 12 infantry companies. First Keg'iment, United States Reserve Corps. (Also known as Union Home Guards, and Cole County Home 'Guards.) Second Regiment, Northeast Missouri. (Also known as Knox Count}' Home Guards.) Fourteenth Battalion, Missouri Volunteers. Fifteenth Battalion. United States Reserve Corps. (Also known as Polk County Home Guards.) Adair County Company. (Shibley's Point Home Guards.) Adair County Company, commanded by Capt. James E. Gordon. Alexandria Home Guard Cavalry. (Company C, First Northeast Missouri Regiment.) Benton County Battalion, commanded by Col. Henry Imhauser. (Also known as German Battalion.) Boonville Battalion Reserve Corps, commanded by Maj. Joseph A. Eppstein. Boonville Reserve Corps, Independent Company A, commanded by Capt. Joseph A. Eppstein. Boonville Company, commanded by Capt. Frederick W. Becker. Brooktield Company, commanded b}' Capt. AVatson E. Crandall. (Also known as Independent Company A, Missouri Reserve Corps. See Linn County Company.) Caldwell County Company, commanded by Capt. Moses L. James. Caldwell County Company, conunanded hy Capt. Ed. D. Johnson. Caldwell County Company (cavalry), commanded by Capt. Washing- ton T. Fillson. Caldwell County Independent Compan}', commanded by Capt. James R. Murphy. (Shoal Creek Rangers.) Cape Girardeau County Battalion, commanded by ]Maj. George H. Cramer. Cape Girardeau Battalion, commanded l)v Lieut. Col. Lindsav Mur- doch. (Also known as Fremont Rangers Battalion.) Carondelet Company, United States Reserve Corps, commanded ])y Capt. Henry Nagel. (Also known as United States Reserve Corps, Independent Company A; became Compan}- F, Fifth Infantr}' Regi- ment, United States Reserve Corps, three 3'ears' service.) Ca.ss County Company, commanded l)v Capt. Aaron Thomas. Christian County. (See (xreene and Christian Counties organization.) Clinton County Company. conunand(>d l)v Capt. William A. Edgar. Clinton County Company, conimanded by Ca])t. Hugh L. W . Rogers. Cole County liegiment, conmiaiuk^d by Col. Allen P. Richardson. (First United States RestM've Corps, Home Guards.) Dade County Coin]:)any. commanded by Capt. Theodore A. Switzler. (Al.so known as Fremont Rangers.) ORGANIZATIONS IN U. S. SERVICE. 225 Dallas Countv Battalion, coimiianded In' Col. AVilliam B. Edwards. De Soto Company, coiiiinanded b}- Capt. Allen Cook. (Also known as Jetl'erson County Company.) Doiig-las Count}" Company (cavalry), commanded by Capt. John S. Upshaw. Franklin Countv Battalion, conmianded by Maj. William C. Inks. (Pacific City Battalion.) Franklin Countv Battalion, Reserve Corps, commanded by Col. James W. Owens. Fremont Kanoers, Independent Compan}-, commanded by Capt. Wil- liam J. Bucld. Fremont Rangers Battalion. (Cape (jirardeau Battalion.) Fremont Rang-ers. (Dade County Company.) Gasconade Count}' Battalion, commanded by Lieut. Col. Julius Hundhausen. Gasconade County Battalion, commanded by Col. James A. Matthews. Gentry County Battalion, commanded by Col. Manlove Cranor. German Battalion. (Benton County Battalion.) Greene County Company, commanded l)y Capt. Colley B. Holland. Greene and Christian Counties organization, consisting of 14 companies, commanded by Col. John S. Phelps. Harrison County Regiment, conmianded by Col. Henry O. Nevill. Hickory County Battalion, conunanded by Maj. J. B. Hastain. Jetterson County Company. (De Soto Company.) Johnson County Regiment, commanded ))y Col. James D. Eads." Johnson County Company, commanded by Capt. John P. McCluney. Knox Countv Regiment. (Second Regiment, Northeast Missouri Home Guards.) Lawrence County Battalion, commanded by Col. James C. Martin.' Lawrence County Cavalry Companv, commanded by Capt. Peter F. Clark. Lawrence County Company. (Stone Prairie Company.) Lexington County Company, commanded by Capt. Frederick R. Neet. (Company K, Fourteenth Battalion, Home Guards.) Linn County Company, commanded l)v Capt. Robert McCollum. Linn County Company. (Brooktield Company.) Livingston County Company, commanded by Capt. Peter Sutliti'. Marion County organization, consisting- of Company A, commanded by Capt. Joseph Loomis, and Company B, commanded by C'apt. Louis Souther. Missouri Reserve Corps, Independent Company A. (Brooktield Com- pany.) Moniteau County Company, commanded by Capt. John F. Potholi'. Modaway County Battalion, commanded by Col. William J. W. Bickett. Osag"e County Battalion, commanded by ^laj. Chesley Glover. Osage County Company B, Independent, commanded by Capt. John B. Cooper. *Only the field and staff of this regiment were paid by the Hawkins Taylor Com- mission. The regiment became the Twenty-seventh Mounted Infantry, three years' volunteers. ^ It appears that there were four companies organized under the connnand of Maj. Josiah Hunt, but only Companies A and B were paid by the Hawkins Taylor Commission. Companies C and D became Companies D anil C, respectively, of the Twenty-second Infantry Battalion, three years' volunteers. S. Doc. -1:12 15 226 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Osage and Hit-korv County organization, consisting of IT companies, commanded ))y Col. Josepli ^^^ McCliirg. Ozark County Company-, connnanded ))V Capt. W. F. Martindale. Ozark County Company, United States Reserve Corps Ca\'alry. com- manded by Capt. Thomas B. S. Stone. (Also known as United States Reserve Corps, Company A, Ozark County.) Pacific City Battalion. (See Franklin County Battalion.) Pettis County Company, commanded b}" Capt. William H. Burke. Pettis County Company, connnanded l)y Capt. John P. Tliatcher. Pettis County Detachment, Company Ai commanded by Capt. Samuel Montgomery. Phelps County Company, commanded by Capt. William Wenzel. Phelps County Company, commanded by C'apt. John W. Bennight. Pike County Battalion, commanded I)}' Col. George W. Anderson. Pilot Knob Company, commanded by Capt. Ferdinand Schmitz. Polk (Jounty Battalion. (Fifteenth United States Reserve Corps.) Potosi County Company, connnanded by Capt. George R. French. Putnam County Compan}', conmianded l)}- Capt. James G. Gyles. Putnam County Company, commanded by Capt. Hugh Rol)erts. l*utnam County Company, commanded by Capt. William H. Bogle. Putnam County Company, commanded by Capt. Sylvester S. Collins. Putnam County Company. (Shawneetown Company.) Schuyler County Company, commanded by Capt. William H. Bolander. Scott County Battalion, United States Reserve Corps, commanded by Maj. Daniel Abbey. Scouts and Guides, Independent Company, commanded by Capt. Wil- liam J. Budd.'' Shawneetown Company, commanded by Capt. -lames Ewing. (See Putnam County Company.) Shelby County Company, United States Reserve Corps, commanded by Capt. rfoseph II. Fornian. Shil)ley"s Point Comi)any, connnanded b}- Capt. Jacol) R. Cook. (See Adair County Company.) Shoal Creek Rangers, commanded by Capt. James R. Murpln\ (See Caldwell County Independent Company.) Spies, Scouts, and Messengers, Independent Company, commanded by Capt. John M. Richardson.'^ St. Charles County Regiment, commanded ])y Col. Arnold Krekel. Stone County Battalion, commanded by Col. Asa G. Smith. Stone Count}' Company, Independent, connnanded b}- Capt. James M. Moore. Stone Prairie Company, commanded by Capt. »lohn Sexton. (Also known as Lawrence County Company.) Sullivan County Company, connnanded ])y Capt. Victor Doze. Sullivan County Company', connnanded ])v Capt. rJames W. Cooper. Sullivan County Compain', connnanded by Cai)t. William S. Meals. Sullivan County Company, connnanded l)y Capt. Aaron P. Connaughty. Union Home Guards. (First United States Reserve Corps.) United States Reserve Corps, Independent Company A. (Carondelet Company.) United States Reserve Corps Cavalry, Company A, Ozark County. (Ozark County Company.) W^ebster County Battalion, commanded by Col. Noah H. Hampton. "Though not Home (iuanls, this conii)any was paid on the report of the Hawkins Tavlor Commission. LIST OF MISSOURI ORGANIZATIONS OF MILITIA, CITIZEN GUARDS, AND MARINE CORPS NOT IN THE MILITARY SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES.* SIX MONTHS MILITIA.' First Biittaliou (All)iii\s). Second Battalion (Cox's). Third Regiment (Dallnieyer's). Third Battalion (Joseph's). Fourth Regiment (Simpson's). Fourth Battalion (Thompson's). Fifth Regiment (Fagg's). Sixth Regiment (Cranor's). Sixth Battalion (Burris's). Seventh Battalion (Harrison County). Albin's Battalion. (Also known as First Battalion.) Brewer's Independent Company. (Attached to Simpson's Regiment.) Burris's Battalion. (Also known as Sixth Battalion.) Castleman's Independent Companj'. (Attached to Washington Countv Battalion.) Cox's Battalion. (Also known as Second Battalion.) Cochran's Independent Company C. Cranor's Regiment. (Also known as Sixth Regiment.) Dallmcyer's Regiment. (Also known as Third Regiment.) Fagg's Regiment. (Also known as Fifth Regiment.) Fenwick's Independent Company. (Attached to Simpson's R-^giment.) Grundy County Battalion, conmianded by Lieut. Col. Walter King. Harrison County Battalion, commanded by Maj. J. W. Caseboth. (Also known as Seventh Battalion.) James's Battalion. Joseph's Battalion. (Also known as Third Battalion.) Kimball's Regiment. Leg's Independent Compan}'. Man's Independent Compan}. "This list was compiled from the official reports of the adjntaiit-ofeneral of the State of Missouri, the records of the War Department, and the rolls tiled in the office of the Auditor for the War Department upon which the State was reindaursed for expenses incurred in the organization and maintenance of its militia. Although based upon such data as are accessible to the War Department, it is possible that it does not include some organizations that were in the State service, and it is known that it does not include some organizations of Citizen and Home Guards whii'h were not recognized either as militia of the State or as in the service of the llniter\s Company. Boyd's Company. Bray's Company. Brown's Company. Carrothcrs's Company. Castor's Company. Dawson's Company (originally McCaslcn's). Day's Company. Dietrich's Compan3\ "The rolls upon which the State was reimbursed for expenses incurred are filed in the oliicc of thi- .Vuditor for the War Department. ''The Si.Kth and Seventh rctriments were mustered into the service of the United States for the period of twenty months, and became the Sixteenth and Fifteenth regiments, Mis,souri Cavalry, respectively. ORGANIZATIONS NOT IN U. S. SERVICE. 281 Fergusoirs Company. FiLson's Company. Fink's Company. Foster's Company. Frazer's Compan3\ Gaddy's Company. Garth's Company. Gatzweller's Company. Green's Compan}-. Hale's Company. Harris's Company, eonnnanded by Capt. A. J. Harris. Harris's Compan}', commanded by Capt. John A. Harris. Hart's Company'. Hartwig's Company (artilhny). Holhmd's Company. Hoover's Compan3^ Hume's Company. Johnson's Company, commanded by Capt. Abraham Johnson. eJohnson's Company, commanded l)y Capt. Henry D. Johnson. Kendrick's Company. Leg-g's Company. Lennon's Company. Long's Company. Mace's Company. McCaslen's C'ompany (linall}'' Dawson's). IVIcNeill's Company. McNutt's Company. Major's Company. Mason's Company. Maj'o's C'ompany. Miller's Company. Morehouse's Company. Morris's Company. Newman's Company. Palmer's -Company. Parpam's Company. Finger's Company. Pwiehaus's Company. Rallston's Company. Real's Company. Renshaw's Company. Schelsky's Company. Shoemaker's Company. Spickard's C'ompany. Steines's Company. Wehde's Company. Winters's Company. MISSOURI MILITIA." [Orgrtiiized under General Orders, No. 3, headquarters State of Missouri, dated January 30, ISCi.i.] Audrain County Company, commanded bv First Lieut. John L. Mitchell. Babcoke's Company, "The rolls upon which the State was reimbursed for expenses incurred are filed in the office of the Auditor for the War Department. 232 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Batet? Count}" Company, coinnuinded by First Lieut. John Atkinson. Benton Count}' Company, commanded l^y First Lieut. Jolm Cosorove. Bollinoer Count}' Company, commanded hy Capt. John R. Cochran. Boone County Company, commanded by Capt. Henry N. Cook. Boone County PUitoon, connnanded by First Lieut. 1). P. J. Dozier. Bridges North Missouri Railroad Company, commanded by Capt. Luman W . Story. Calhiway County Company, commanded by First Lieut. William H. Thomas. Camden County Company, commanded by Capt. Henry G. Bollinger. Cape Girardeau County Company, connnanded by Capt. Ezra King. Carroll and Livingston Counties Company, commanded ])y First Lieut. Daniel Hoover. Cass County Company, commanded by First Lieut. Joseph Burk. Chariton County Company, connnanded by Capt. Peter K. Dolman. Christian County Company, commanded by First Lieut. T. J. Gideon. Clay County Company, connnanded by Capt. Ro])ert jVIcMillan. Clay and Clinton Counties Company, commanded ])y Capt. John W. Younger. Cooper County Company, commanded by Capt. George Miller. Cooper and Moniteau Counties Company, connnanded ])y Capt. John B. Calhoun. Crawford County Company, connnanded by Capt. N. G. Clark. Dent County Company, connnanded l)y Capt. G. A. Kenamore. Duidvlin County* Companv. commanded by First Lieut. William L. White. Henry and Bates Counties Company, commanded by Capt. William Weaver. Howard County Company, connnanded by Capt. William R. Forbes. Howard County Company, connnanded ))y Capt. Warren ^V. Harris. Jackson County Company, commanded ])y Capt. ^^'illiam S. Smith. Jasper Countv Company, commanded by First Lieut. Lv)nan J. Burch. Johnson County Company, commanded by Capt. AVilliam E. Chester. La Fayette County Company, connnanded by First Lieut. R. W. P. Mooney. Lincoln County Company, commanded by Capt. John Ai. Reed. Liini County Company, connnanded l)y First Li(>ut. B. F. Carter. Linn County Company, connnanded by Capt. Rice Morris. Livingston County Company, connnanded by First Lieut. A. J. Boucher. Macon County Conn)anv, connnanded by First Lieut. Robert Davis. Miller Couitty Company, commanded by ('apt. John 15. Salsman. Mississij^pi County Company, commanded ))y Capt. -lohn A. Rice. JNIontgomery and Warren Counties Company, connnanded by Capt. S. W . Hopkins. Morgan County Company, connnanded b}- Ca])t. R. P. Ruley. Newton County Company, connnanded l)v First Lieut. Sanuiel A chord. Osage and Maries Counties Company, commanded by Capt. James M. Dennis. Ozark and Douglas Counties Conipany. connnanded by Capt. Charles K. Ford. Pacific Railroad Company, commanded by Capt. H. P. Dow. Perry County Company, commanded ))v Capt. Hiram Minor. ORGANIZATIONS NOT IN U. S. SERVICE. * 233 Pettis County Coiiipiinv. conniianded by Ctipt. H. C. Donnohue. Pike County Company, connnandod l)y Capt. William Kerr. Platte County Company, commanded ))y First Lieut. Franklin Luthey. Pulaski and Texas C'ounties Company, commanded by Capt. Richard Murphy. Ralls. Monroe, and Marion Counties Company, commanded by First Lieut. Henry C. (ientry. Randolph County Company, connnanded by Capt. Alexander Denny. Randolph County Company, commanded ])y Capt. Charles F. Mayo. Ray and Caldwell Counties Company, conmianded by Capt. Clayton tiffin. St. Clair County Company, commanded liy Capt. Benjamin F. Cook, St. Francois County Company, commanded ])y First Lieut. F. A. Millert. Ste. Geneyieve County Company, commanded by First Lieut. David Flood. Saline Count}" Company, commanded by Capt. John S. Crain. Southwest Branch Pacitic Railroad Company, commanded l)v Capt. Thomas Thomas. Stoddard County Company, commanded by First Lieut. Louis M. Rinoer. Stoddard and Dunklin Counties Company, commanded by Capt. J. C. Thompson. Stone County Company, commanded by Capt. Patrick C. Berry. Taney County Company, commanded by Capt. William L. Fenex. Wright County Company, commanded liy Capt. Thomas K. Paul. MISSOURI MILITIA." [Organized under the ordniiTnce of the State C'onvention of A]>ril S, 1805.] First to Third Regiment, inclusive. First to Third Battalion, inclusive. Fourth and Fifth reo-iments. Fifth Battalion. Sixth Regiment. Sixth Battalion. Eighth to Eightv-foui'th Regiment, inclusive. Benton Barracks Rjattalion. commanded l)y Maj. John W. McHarg. Clark County Company (unattach(Hl), commanded by Ciii)t. D. A. Day. Fletcher Guards Company (unattached), connnandiMl by Cai)t. S. \V. Hannnack. National Guard Regiment of St. Louis, commanded ])y Col. H. Klein- schmidt. CITIZEN GUARDS.'' First Regiment, ]\Iilitia Exempts. First Battalion, Militia Exempts. "Rolls of these organizations are doubtlei^.s tiled in the office of the adjutant-general of the State. None are tiled in the War Department or in the otHce of the Auditor for the War Department. ''The roiln of the few organizations of Citizen Guards mentioned in this list that were rt^eognized and i)aid l)y the State, and for which the State was reimbursed l)y the United States, are filed in the oftice of the Auditor for the Wai- Department, as are also those of the few companies (Mickman ]\Iills Companies, Kansas City Station Guards and Westport Police (luards) that were paid througii si)ecial legislation ))y Congress. Such rolls as are known to ])e in existence, of the organizations not paid either by the State or the United States, are filed in the War Department. 234 • MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Second Koo-iment, Militia Exempts. Seeoncl Battalion. ^lilitia Ex(Mnpts (colored). Third Reoiment, Militia Plxempts. Third Battalion, ^lilitia Exempts (unorganized). Fourth Regiment, Militia Plxenipts. Fifth Res^iment. Militia Exempts, Allen's Company. Asher's Company". Baker's Company. Baldwin's Compan}'. Bale's Company. Beat3''s Company (Carroll C^ount}' Guards). Beeslev's Company."" Berry's Company. Berrvman's Company. Birchtield's Compan}". Black's Company. Bogard Guards (Wells's Company). Brown's Compan}', commanded by Capt. James H. Brown. Brown's Company', commanded b}^ Capt. Josiah Brown. Burkler's Company. Calhoun Guards (Squire's Company). Carroll County Guards (Beatj^'s Compan}^). Cavness's Company. Cleveland's Company. Cole's Company. Copenhaver's Company. j Davis's Company. ' Deegan's Company. Derrick's Company. Devinny's Company. Dillon's Company. Donnohue's Compan}^ Dorman's Company. Eaton's Comi)any." Ellis's Company. Eneberg's Company. Ewing's Coni])any. Fishci-'s Company.'' Foster's Company. Freeman's CVtmpany. Good's Company. (Torrcll's Company. Gould's Compan\\ ( T ray so n 's Company . Grover's Company.'' n Harrison's Company." ■ I luri'isonville C()ni])any, commanded l)v Capt. Alexander Rol)inson.'' " Ilarrisonvillc Company, conunanded by Capt. Elias 1*. AVest.'' "Organization not confirmed. ''Tliere is official evitlence that this company was in existence, but no rolls of the orgaiii/ation have l)cen found. "Recognized by State antiiorities as an independent company, Enrolled Missouri Militia. ' Hecojinized by State authorities as Company K. Seventy-seventh Enrolled Missouri Militia. ORGANIZATIONS NOT IN U. S. SERVICE. 235 Hatton'.s Compan}^ Haj'^s's Coiupany, Heismeir's Companw Henderson's Company. Hickman Mills Company, commanded by First Lieut. Jacob Axline. Hickman Mills Company of Mounted Men, commanded ])y Capt. David Tate. Hoge's Compan3\ Hollan))eck's Compan3\ Holt's Company. Hudson's Company. Independence Company A, Home Guard, Enrolled Missouri Militia, conmianded b}' Capt, Peter Hinter." Independence Company A, Citizen Home Guards, commanded by Capt. Peter Hinter.-^*^ Independence Company B, Citizen Home Guards, Missouri Militia, commanded by Capt. Francis Little.*^ Independence Company, commanded b}^ First Lieut. William N. O. Monroe. (Also known as Wa3^ne City Independent Company.)" Isrig-o-'s Compan3^'' Jennino-,s\s Compan}^, commanded by Capt. Jesse Jennings. Jennings's Companj^, conmianded by Capt. William Jennings. Johnson's Company. Jones's Company, commanded by (^apt. Daniel S. Jones. Jones's Company, commanded hj Capt. James M. Jones. Kansas Cit}" Guards (Militia), Company' E, conmianded ])y Capt. Peter Cause3\ Kansas City Station Guards, Company A, cammanded l)y Capt. Caleb A. Carpenter. Kansas Cit3' Station Guards, Company A (Independent), commanded b3' Capt. Caleb A. Carpenter. Kansas City Station Guards, Company B, Missouri State Militia, commanded by Capt. James Hickman. Kansas City Station Guards, Compan3^ B, commanded b3' Capt. Kufus Montgall. Kansas City Station Guards, Compan3^ C, commanded b3^ Capt. Jesse P. Alexander. Kansas City Station Guards, Company D, commanded by First Lieut. William J. Gault. Kansas CitA^ Station Guards, Compan3^ D, commanded b3- Capt. B. F. Newgent. Kansas Cit3" Station Guards, Coiiipan3'^ D, commanded bv Capt. B. L. Biggins. Kansas City Station Guards, Compan3' E, commanded In* Capt. William O. Shouse. Ke3''s Company.'' Kirbv's Company. Lower's Compan3'. McBride's Company. INIcMahan's Compan3'. Mahnken's Compan3\ Martin's Company. ^Recognized by State authorities as an independent companj^, Enrolled Missouri Militia. ** Organization not confirmed. 236 MISSOURI TROOPS UNION. Middleton's Company.^ Miller's Company, B, Jeflferson City Citizens' Guard. Mitclieirs Coiiipaii}', commanded ])y Capt. E. G. Mitchell. Mitchell's Company, commanded by Capt. William A. Mitchell. Mizcll's Company. Morgan's Company'. Murray's Company, commanded I)}' Capt. W. V. Murra}'. Murray's Company, commanded l)y Capt. Williani W. Murray. Norris's Company. Parazett's Company. Parker's Compan3\ Pitts's Company, Pleasant Hill Company, commanded by Capt. Andrew Allen.*' Porters Compan}'. Potter's Compan3% commanded b}' Capt. James M. Potter. Potter's Compan}', commanded by Capt. Thomas P. Potter. Preston's Compan3\ Price's Compan}'. Reeves's Compan}'." Robinson's Compan3\ Samples's Company. Seaton's Company. Smith's Company." Sorrell's Company. Squires's Company (Calhoun Guards). Stark's Company. Stemons's Company. Taggart's Company. Thompson's Company. Tinken's Company. Turner's Company. Tutt's Compan3\ Tyre's Compan^^" Walde's Company. Wall's Company. Ward's Com])any. Wear's Compan3\ Wehde's Compan}'. Wells's C()ni])any (Bogard Guards). Westport Police Guard, commanded by Capt. William A. Bevis-. Whelchel's Company. Whitaker's Compan}'. Williams's Company. Yanc y's ( 'ompan3\ Zeih'r's Company. MA71INE CORPS. "^ First to Third Companj^ , inclusive. "Organization not confirmed. ''Recognized by State authorities as Company I, Seventy-seventli Enrolled ^lis- eouri Militia. ''The rolls of tlie .Marine Corps are tiled in the War Department, but the rolls upon which payment wan made by the (Quartermaster's Department are filed in the office of the Auditor for the War Department. CONFEDERATE ORGANIZATIONS. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. In order that the status of tlie Missouri troops in the service of the State and of the Confederate States during- the civil war may l)e fully understood, it appears to be necessar}" to advert to the political rela- tions of the State as maintained ])y the State goverimicnt in affiliation with the Confederate States as distinguished fi'om the go\ernment that represented the State as a member of the Federal Cnion. That the State legislature in existence at the outbreak of hostilities was opposed to the coercion of the seceding States is shown l)y joint resolutions adopted at its regular session in Fcliruary, 18<^31, in which it was declared to be the opinion of the general assembly that in the event of the invasion of the slave States the people of Missouri would instantly rally in defense of their Southern l)rethren. Following is a copy of the resolutions: JOINT RESOLUTION ON THE SUBJECT OF COERCION. "Wliereas, we have learned, witli profound regret, that the States of New York and Ohio have recently tendered men and money to the Pre.'^ident of the United States for the avowed purpose of coercing certain sovereign States of the South whieh have seceded, or may secede, from the Federal Union, into obedience to the Federal Gov- ernment: Therefore, Resolved by the House of Rejjresentatives, the Semite concurring therein, That we regard with the utmost abhorrence the doctrine of coercion as indicated by the action of the States aforesaid, believing that the same would result in civil war, and forever destroy any hope of reconstructing the Federal Union. So believing, we deem it our duty to declare that if there is any invasion of the slave States for the purpose of carrying such doctrine into effect, it is the opinion of this general assem])ly that the people of Missouri will instantly rally on the side of their Southern brethren, to resist tlie invaders at all hazards and to the last extremity. Resolced, That the g(jvernor of the State be requested to transmit to the governors of New York and Ohio the above resolutions. Approved, February 21, 1861. [Laws of the State of INIissouri, Regular Session, Twentv-first Geueral Assembly, p. 773.] In a proclamation dated June 12, 1861, calling the militia into the active service of the State for the purpose of repelling invasion, and for other purposes. Governor Jackson said of the political relations of the State: In issuing this proclamation I hold it to be my solenni duty to remind you that Missouri is still one of the United States; that the executive department of the State government does not arrogate to itself the power to disturl) that relation; that that power has been wisely vested in a convention, which will at the proper time express your sovereign will, and that meanwhile it is your duty to obey all the constitutional reciuirenients of the Federal Governmei^t; but it is equally my duty to advise you that your tirst allegiance is due to your own State, and that you are under n(j obliga- tion whatever to ol)cy the unconstitutional edicts of the military despotism which has enthroned itself at Washington, nor to submit to the infamous and degrading sway of its wicked minions in this State. [Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 698.] On August 8, 1S(51, writing from Memphis, Tenn., to Hon. E. C. Cabell. Governor Jackson referred to a "declaration of independence" 239 240 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. issued l)y him on the 5th of August (Ortieial Keeoids of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 081)). No otticial record of this })rochimation has })een discovered, ])ut it is published in Moore's "Rel)ellion Record:" and as itg'ivesat length the views of the governor as to tlie political status of the State and his reasons and authority for declarnig it a '"• sovereign, free, and independent repuhlic." with full power to levy war, contract alliances, and '' do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do," it is here quoted in full: In the exercise of the right reserved to the people of Missouri by the treatj' under which the United States acquired the temporary dominion of the country west of the Mississijjpi River, in trust for the several sovereign States afterwards to l)e formed out of it, that people did, on t]ie twelfth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and twenty, " nuUually agree to form and establish a free and independent republic bj'^ the name of the State of Missouri." On the tenth day of August, eigliteen hundred and'twenty-oue, the State was duly aduiitted into the Union of the United States of America, under the compact called the Constitution of the United States, and "on ecpial footing with the original States in all respects whatever." The freedom, inde- pendence, and sovereignty of Missouri, and her equality with the other States of the Union, were thus guaranteed not only by that Constitution, but by the laws of nations requiring the sacred observance of treaties. In rei)eateil instances the Government and people of the States now remaining in that Union have grossly violated, in their conduct towanl the people and State of ^Missouri, both the Constitution of the United States anil that of Missouri, as well as the general, great, and essential principles of liberty and free government. Their President, Abraham Lincoln, in avowed defiance of law and the Constitution of the United States, and under the tyrant's plea of necessity, has assumed to regulate com- merce with foreign nations and among the several States, stopping ])y violence our trade with our Southern neighbors, and depriving our citizens of the right secured to them l)y a special solemn compact with the United States to the free navigation of the ^lississippi River, lie has usurped powers granted exclusively to Congress in declar- ing war against the Confederate States; to carry on this unholy attenq)t to reduce a free people into slavish sul)jection to him he has, in violation of the Constitution, raised and supported armies and j^rovided and maintained a Navy. Regardless of the right reserved to the States, respectively, of training the militia and appointing its otiicers, he has enlisted and armed, contrary to law, under tlie name of Home Guards, whole regiments of men, foreigners and others, in our State to defy the constitutional authorities and i)lunder and murder our citizens. P>y armed force and actual bloodshed he has even attempted to deprive the jieople of their right to keep and ])ear arms, in conformity to the State laws, and to form a well-regulated militia ni'cessary to the security of a free State. With his sanction his .soldiers have I)een (juartered in houses without the consent of the owners thereof and without any authority of law. The right of tlie people to be secure in their persons, houses, i)apers, and effects against unreasonable seart-hes'and seizures has l)een habitually and grossly violated by his officers acting uiuler his orders. He has utterly ignored the binding force of our constitutional State laws, and carried his insolence to such an extent as to introduce from other States free negroes into our midst, and place them in positions of autiiority over our white citizens. He has encouragerinciples consecrated in the Declara- tion of Independence of the United States that to secure the rights of citizens "gov- ernments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new govern- ment, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness." .Missouri having an admitted equality with the original States which had made this declai-ation, it was hoped that the rights therein asserted would not l>e denied to her people. Her authorities also relied on the clause in the very I'nistitution with which she was admitted into the T'^nion, asserting as one of the general, great, and essential principles of liberty and free government " that the people of this State have the inherent, sole, and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their constitution and form of government whenever it may be necessary to their safety and happiness." But this military commander haughtily refused the consent of his Government to the exercise by us of these rights, which our ancestors in tlie last century endured an eight years' war to vindicate. He l)ut expressed, however, the deliberate purpose of his masters at Washington, and the peo})le over which they rule, for his predecessor at St. Louis had, a few weeks before, formally proclaimed to our people that our e(iuality with the other States would be ignored; that we should be held in subjection to the North, even though the independence of our Southern sister States might be acknowledged; that, to use his own words, "whatever may be the termination of the unfortunate condition of things in respect to the so-called cotton States, Missouri nmst share the destiny of the Union;" that the free will of her people shall not decide her future, but that "the whole power of the Government of the United States, if necessary, will be exerted to maintain Missouri in the Union" in subjection to the tyranny of the North. The acts of President Lincoln have been indorsed by the Congress and people of the Northern States, and the war thus commenced by him has been made the act of the Government and nation over which he rules. They have not only adopted this war, but they have gone to the extreme of inciting portions of our peojile to revolt against the State authorities; by intimidation they have obtained conti'ol of the rem- nant left of a convention deriving its ]iowers from those authorities, and, using it as a tool, they have through it set up an insurrectionary government in open rebellion against the State. No alternative is left us; we nuist draw the sword and defend our sacred rights. By the recognized universal public law of all the earth war dissolves all political compacts. Our forefathers gave as one of their grounds for asserting their inde- pendence that the King of Great Britain had "abdicated government here by declar- ing us out of his protection and waging war upon us." The people and Ciovernment of the Northern States of the late Union have acted in the same manner toward Mis- souri, and have dissolved by war the connection heretofore existing between her and them. The general assembly of Missouri, the recognized political department of her gov- ernment, by an act approved May 10, 1861, entitled "An act to authorize the gov- ernor of the State of Missouri to suppress rebellion and repel invasion," has vested in the governor, in respect to the rebellion and invasion now carried on in Missouri by the Government and people of the Northern States and their allies, the authority "to take such measures as in his judgment he may deem necessary or proper to repel such invasion or put down such rebellion." Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority in me vested by said act, I, Claiborne F. Jackson, governor of the State of Mis.souri, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of my intentions, and tirndy l)elieving that 1 am herein carrying into effect the will of the people of Mis.souri, do hereby, in their name, by their authority, and on their behalf, and subject at all times to their free and unbiased con- trol, make and puldish this provisional declaration, that by the acts, and people, and Government of the United States of America, the political connectioii heretofore existing between said States and the peojile and government of Missouri is, and ought to be, totally dis.solved; and that the State of ^Missouri, as a sovereign, free, and inde- pendent republic, has full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- lish connnerce, and do all other acts and things which independent Stales may of right do. Published and declared at New ^ladrid, Missouri, this fifth day of August, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred and sixty-one. Claihorne F. Jacksox, (iovernor of Mmouri. [Moore's Rebellion Record, Vol. H, Docs., pp. 479-481.] S. Doc. 412 IG 242 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. A provisional declaration to the same effect was issued by Lieutenant- Governor Reynolds on the 81st of July, 1861. which it is not deemed necessary here to record. By an act of the Confederate Cono-ress approved Au!4'ust 20, IS'U, provision was made for aiding- the State of Missouri in repellino' inva- sion by the United States and to authorize the admission of the State as a member of the Confederate States of America. The act also pro- vided for an alliance, offensive and defensive, between the Confederate States and the State of Missouri, as a preliminary to the admission of the State as a member of the Confederacy. That portion of the act relating to admission and the proposed alliance is here quoted: AN ACT to aid the State of Missouri in repelling invasion by the United States, and to authorize the admission of said State as a member of the Confederate States of America, and for other purposes. * * * * * * * Sec. 2. That the State of Missouri shall l^e admitted a member of the Confederate States of America, upon an equal footing with the other States, under the constitu- tion for the provisional government of the same, upon the condition that the said con- stitution for the ])ro visional government of the Confederate States shall be adopted and ratified by the pi'operlyand legally constituted authorities of said State; and the governor of said State shall transmit to the President of the Confederate States an authentic copy of the proceedings touching said adoption and ratification by saif information that you contemplate an attack upon my camp, Avhilst I understand that you are impressed with the idea that an attack upon the arsenal and United States trooi)s is intended on the part of the militia of Missouri. I am greatly at a lo.ss to know what could justify you in attacking citi- zens of the United States who are in the lawful performance of duties devolving upon them under the Constitution in organizing and instructing the militia of the State in obedience to her laws, and therefore have been disposed to doubt the cor- rectness of the information I have received. ] would l)e glad to know from you ])ersonally whether there is any truth in the statements that are c-onstantly poured into my ears. So far as regards any hostility being intended toward the (inited States or its property or representatives by any portion of my command, or, as far as I can learn (and I think I am fully informed), of any other part of the State forces, I can say jiositively that the idea has never been entertained. On the contrary, prior to your taking connnand of the arsenal, I proffered to Major Bell, then in command of the very few troops constituting its guard, 24(3 STATE GUARD, 247 the service of myself and all my command, and, if necessary, the whole power of the State, to protect the United States in the full possession of all her property. Upon General Harney's taking command of this department I made the same prof- fer of services to him, and authorized his adjutant-general. Captain Williams, to com- municate the fact that such had been done to the War Department. I have had no occasion since to change any of the views I entertained at that time, neither of my own volition nor through the orders of my constitutional commander. I trust that, after this explicit statement, we may be able, by fully understanding each other, to keep far from our borders the misfortunes which so unhappily afflict our common country. This conununication will be handed to you by Colonel Bowen, my chief of staff, who will be able to explain anything not fully set forth in the foregoing. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, D. M. Frost, Brigadier-Genera!, Conimaadinfj Camp Jack-son, 3//.s-,sourf Volunteer Militia. [Oificial Records of the Union and Coafederate Aruiie.-?, Series II, Vol. I, p. 109.] Headquarters United States Troops, St. Louis, Mo., Maij 10, 1861. General D. 31. Frost, Coimnaiiding Camp Jackson. Sir: Your command is regarded as evidently hostile toward the Government of the United States. It is, for the most part, made up of those secessionists who have openly avowed their hostility to the General Government, and have been plotting at the seizure of its property and the overthrow of its authority. You are openly in conmumication with the so-called Southern Confederacy, which is now at war with the United States, and you are receiving at your caisip from the said Confederacj' and under its tlag large supplies of the material of war, most of which is known to be the property of the United States. These extraordinary preparations plainly indicate none other than the well-known purpose of the governor of this State, under whose orders you are acting, and whose purposes, recently communicated to the legislature, have just been responded to by that body in the most unparalleled legislation, having in direct view hostilities to the General Government and cooperation with its enemies. In view of these considerations, and of your failure to disperse in obedience to the proclamation of the President, and of the eminent necessities of State policy and wel- fare, and the obligations imposed ui)on me liy instructions from Washington, it is my duty to demand, and I do hereby demand, of you an immediate snrrender of your command, with no other conditions than that all persons surrendering under this demand shall be humanely and kindly treated. Believing myself prepared to enforce this demand, one-half hour's time l^efore doing so will be allowed for your compli- ance therewith. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, N. Lyon, Captain, Second Infanfn/, C'ommanding Troops. [Ibid., p. 110.] A copy of the reply of General Frost to Captain Lyon's demand for the sitrrender of the camp is embodied in a letter from the former to Brig. Gen. William S. Harney, commaiidino- the United States Depart- ment of the West, dated May 11, 18G1. in which General Frost referred at some length to the object of the encampment and its purpose with reference to the United States property at the St. Louis Arsenal. His letter to General Harney is as follows: St. Loris Aksenai,, Mo., Maij 11, 1S61. General William S. Harney, United States Arm;/, Cmnmanding Department of the ]Vest. Sir: In accordance with the laws of tlie State of Missouri which have been existing for some years anil in ol)edience to the orders of the goveruftr, on INIonday last [Mon- day, May <}, 1861] I entered into an encanijMiient with the militia force of St. Louis County for the purpose of instructing the same in accordance with the laws of the United States and of this State. P^very officer and soldier in my command had taken with uplifted hand the following oath, to wit: "Yon, each and every iine of you, do solemnly swear that you will honestly and faithfullv serve the State of ^Missouri aearing alone the coat of arms of the State of Missouri. That, in addition to all this, on the morning before this attack was made I addressed to Captain Lyon a communication informing him of the proffer of services I had pre- viously made of myself and of all my command, and if necessary the wlmle jjower of the State of ^Missouri, to ])rotect the United States j)roperty, and assuring him that I had in no respect changed those views or opinions, either of my own volitiim or through any orders emanating from my constitutional commander. Under all these circumstances I apjieal to you as the chief representative of the United States in this department for justice on behalf of those loyal citizens who are now belli as prisoners of war, captured inider and marching t(t their })lace of confine- ment with the flag of the Union flying over their heads. I ask that you will not put upon the command the aL Frost, liri(iudier-y the troops, were 1,200 ritle muskets of United States manufacture, late model, .58 caliber; 6 field pieces, brass; 25 kegs of powder; from 30 to 40 horses; and several arm chests of arms understood to be like the 1,200 muskets mentioned. * ****** Respectfullv, vour obedient servant, N. Lyox, Cajitain, Second In fa ntn/, ('oinmnndmij. [Ibid., Series II, Vol. I, p. 107.] The general as.sembW had been summoned by the governor to meet in .special .session at Jefferson City on the 2d of May, "for the purpose of enacting such measures as might be deemed necessary and proper for the more perfect organization and equipment of the militia and to raise the mone}^ and provide such of the means as might be required to place the State in a proper attitude of defen.se'' (The Fight for Missouri. Snead, p. 151), and measures looking to that end were speedily adopted. By an act of the assembly approved Ma}' 9, 1861. the sum of -$10,000 was placed at the disposal of the governor, to be applied at his dis- cretion to such military service or expenses as immediate necessit}^ might require, and by another act of the same date the governor was authorized to continue in the active service of the State all or such of the volunteer companies that he had ordered into encampment for such time as he might think necessary. Following are copies of these enactments: AN ACT to create a special military fund for the use of the govenuir. Be it enacted by the general assemhli/ of the State of Missouri as follows: Section 1. That the sum of ten thousand dollars is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the treasury, and is hereby placed at the disposal of the governor, to be applied by him, at his discretion, to such military service or ex})onses as immediate necessity may require. * * * * * * * This act to take effect and Ije in force from and after its passage. Approved, May 9, 1861. [Laws of the State of Missouri, called session, Twenty-tirstlieneral Assemlily, i>. 47.] AN ACT in relation to the volunteer militia of Missouri. Be it enacted by the general ansonbly oftlie State of Missouri as folloirs: Section 1. That the governor of the State is hereby authorized and empowered to continue in the active service of the State all or such of the volunteer companies that he has hereto- fore ordered into encampment for such time as he may think necessary. This act to take effect and l)e in force from and after its passage. Approved, May 9, 1861. [Ibid., p. 44.]' On May 10, IStll. the date of the surrender of Camp Jack.son, an additional sum of ^20.000 was phiced at the disposal of the governor, and on the same date the governor was authorized to take such meas- ures as he might deem necessary to repel invasion or put down rebel- lion. The enactments thus providing are as follows: AN ACT placing money at the disposal of the governor for the defense of the State. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Missouri as follovs: Section 1. In addition to the sum of ten tliousand dollars lieretofore approjiriated, the further sum of tw«'iity tliousand dollars is lieri'by ajiprojiriated, out of any money in the treat^ury, to be placed at the disi)o.>jal of the governor, to be u.le-b(Mlied free white male inhabitants of the State of ^lissouri between the ages (.>f 18 and 45 years who shall be enrolled or liable to militai-y duty under the provisions of this act shall constitute, be known, and designated as the "Missouri State (hiaid;" and tlie State of Missouri is hereby divided into nine mili- tary districts and divisions, as follows, viz: Sec. 12. It shall he the duty of the governor to nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to appoint the following general officers, to wit: One brigadier-general for each military district in the State, who shall command the whole military force therein: Proridecf, That the whole number of brigadier- generals in the State shall never exceed nine who shall be in commission at any one time besides the governor's staff, and every brigadier-general shall reside in the military district comprising his command; and the brigadier-generals thus appointed shall hold their offices until their successors shall be elected and qualified. Sec. 13. Whenever in any one military district the numljer of organized companies shall reach twenty-four, there shall be elected a brigadier-general by the commis- sioned otHcers of the line of such district, who shall hold his office during good behavior. COMMANDER IN CHIEF. Sec 16. It shall be the duty of the commander in chief to require that a uniform system of drill, discipline, returns, reports, and accounts is observed throughout the State, and that all conunanding officers of districts shall make such reports and returns as will enable him at all times to have exact information of the strength and military conditioTi of all the State forces. COMMANDING OFFICERS OF DISTRICTS — DUTIES AND POWERS. Sec. 24. It shall be his duty to report at once to the commander in chief, and also to the governor, any insurrection in or invasion of his district, and until he sliall receive sjjecial orders in the case from his superiors he shall take such measures to repel the invasion or sujipress the insurrection as are at his command and best cal- culated to maintain the peace and dignity of the State. OIU; ANIMATION. Sec. 38. All troops mustered into the service of the State, whether the same be volunteers or drafted, shall be officially known and designated as the "Missouri State Guard;" and all cfunpanics shall be known and designated in their respective regi- ments, battalions, or squadrons by the letters of the alphabet, beginning with the letter "A," but may have special com|iai!y di'signations. VOI.INTEERS. Sec 39. The active force of the line of the ^lissouri State (iuard shall, in time of peace, be raised and kept up by voluntary enlistment, which enlistment shall l>e for a term of seven vears. STATE GUARD. 253 Sec. 40. The companies cif infantry shall not contain less than 50 nor more than 100 members; of cavalry, not less than 50 nor more than 80; of artillery, not less than 48 nor more than 100. Sec. 41. Whenever an association of individuals shall desire to volunteer as a com- pany, into the military service of the State of ^Missouri, they shall itmcure, in accord- ance with the preceding section, the nundier of men required for the particular arm to which they wish to attacii themselves, all of whom must he able-bodied citizens of the State of Missouri and not less than 18 years of age. * * * The members of the association, to the nund»er required by law for their particular arm, having assembled at the time and place specified, the mustering officer will then proceed to muster them into the service of the State in the following manner: Causing each and every individual to holil up Ids naked right liand he shall administer the fol- lowing oath: "You, each and every one of you, do solenmly swear, or affirm (as the case may be), that you will bear true allegiance to the State of Missouri, and that you will serve her honestly and faitlifully against all her enendes or opposers what- soever; that you will support the constitution of the State of Missouri and observe and obey the orders of the governor of Missouri, and the orders of the officers appointed over you, whilst on duty, according to the rules and articles for the govern- ment of the Missouri State Guard; so help you God." The foregoing oath having been adnnnistered to at least 50 mend:>ers, the nuistering officer will tlien direct the company to go into an election of one caj)tain, one first, one second, and one third lieutenant; and, presiding over such election, shall appoint three discreet and disin- terested persons to receive and count the ballots in his presence; and no officer shall, at any time, be considered elected unless he shall receive a majority of the votes cast; and no election for company officers shall be valid unless at least 35 legal votes are polled, and each officer elected must accept such election in writing. REGIMENT — HOW CONSTITITED. Sec. 50. A regiment shall consist of not less than six nor more than eight com- panies of the same arm, but companies of other arms may be attached by order of the commanding officer of rilitia of Missouri," saving and excepting division inspectors, of the rights, privileges, immunities, or rank acquired by them under existing laws; but ail companies so organized shall, as quickly as possible, recruit their companies to the legal standard, and in all other respects conform to this law. Sec 94. It shall be the duty of the auditor of public accounts to set apart and cause to be retained by itself one-twentieth of the general revenue of this State, which shall be and constitute the general military fund of the State, and out of 254 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. which nhall be paid the salaries of the adjutant-general, quartermaster-general, and all other accounts required l^y the provisions of this act to be paid, on any account audited bv the military board for the benefit of the Missouri State Guard. BRINXiIXG TROOPS INTO THE FIELD. Sec. 135. Whenever it shall be necessary for the defense of the State, the main- tenance of public tranquillity, the sui)pression of riot, rebellion, or insurrection, or the repelling of invasion, that the military force of the State, or any part thereof, be called into the field, the commanding officers of districts shall first have recourse to the organized enlisted force in their respective districts (having due regard to the appropriateness of arms to the kind of service required, and giving preference to troops nearest the place of distur))ance); and should such organized enlisted force be deemed insufficient for the requirements of the service such commanding officer of the district in which such disturbance may exist shall be authorized to accept the services of a sufficient number of volunteers from the enrolled force of such dis- trict; and should there continue to be an insufficiency of force in the field for the requirements of the service, then the commander in cliief may, in his discretion, order the commanding officer of such district to draft from the enrolled force of his district, as shall be hereinafter provided, such number of men as may be required; or the commander in chief may order the organized enlisted force from any other or adjoining d-istrict to the support and defense of the district w^herein such dis- turbance may exist. Sec. 136. Whenever the necessities of the public may require that troops shall be retained in the field for a longer period than six months, the commander in chief shall first determine the number of troops required for the service, and apportion the same among the military districts, having reference to the enrolled force in each district. He shall then issue his order to the commanding otficers of districts, wherein shall be stated the total number of men required, the ])eriod for which such troops shall be called into service, the particular arm of the service in which such troops shall be required to serve, and the place and time for general rendez- vous; and the commanding officers of districts shall, immediately upon the reception of such orders from the commander in chief, proceed to raise, organize, and forward to the place of general rendezvous the quota as required in the order of the com- mander in chief; and in order thereto they shall be authorized to accept the services of such persons as may volunteer, first, from the organized enlisted force of their respective districts; second, from the enrolled military force of their respective dis- tricts; and should there be an insufficiency of men to sujiph' the quota required, such commanding otficers of districts will at once apportion the deficit of men among the counties comjirised in their respective districts, having reference to the enrolled force therein, and proceed to draft from the same as hereinafter provided. And whenever troops shall be called into the field under the provisions of this section, the same shall constitute, be known and designated as a distinct army corps; and the commander in chief may order, at his discretion, by special detail, any one of the commanding officers of any military district in the State to the command of such army cor])s, and relieve such officer at i>leasure. And whenever an army corps shall be commanded l)y any officer of lower rank than the commanding ofiicer of the military district in which such corps may be serving, such officer of such corps shall be sul)ordinate to such commanding officer of such military district and subject to his orders. ARMED CLUBS PROHIBITED. Sec. 167. It is hereby declared unlawful for any number of the inhabitants of this State to unite togetiier in the semblance of an armed organization without hav- ing been first duly organized and mustered into thi- ser\ice of the Stati' under the provisions of tins act; and whenever it shall come to the knowledge of any officer or soldier of the Missouri State (iuard that such an armed organization has been or is likely tc be attempted, it shall be his duty to immediately notify the command- ing officer of the district in which such organization has l)een or is to be attempted of the fact, and it shall be the duty of the commanding officer of such district to immediately disarm the same; and to this end he shall have authority to use so much of the military force at his conunand as will obtain that end; and all arms found in i)ossessi()n of such organization shall be confiscated to the State, and be • seized and forwarded to the State arsenal: J'ruridcd, That nothing in this section shall be so construeil as to prevent the summoning a posse comitatus by a sheriff or other civil ofiicer to enforce the execution of any civil process. STATE GUARD. 255 HOME GUARD. Sec. 168. The division inspector of tlie district, or liis assistant, may organize, under and according to the provisions of tiiis act, one or more companies of men for a Home Guard, to remain in and perform military service in the county in which they are organized, and shall he under the conti'ol of the commamling officer of the district. Sec. 169. The county in which such Home Guards shall he raised shall i)ay all the expenses of such companies. * * * Sec. 170. All white ])ersons over the age of fourteen and under the age of eighteen years (with the consent of their parents, guardians, or masters), and all white persons over the age of forty-five years, and none others, shall he competent to serve in the Home Guard. ST.\TE TROOPS — HOW CALLED OUT. Sec. 171. The commander in chief shall have power at anytime (when the gen- eral assembly is not in session) to call into the active service of the State any num- ber of the State forces that he may deem necessary for the purpose of suppressing insurrection, repelling invasion, or for the protection of the lives, liberty, or jjroperty of any citizens of this State. Sec. 172. If any officer of the State Guard shall willfully fail or refuse to comply with the orders of the commander in chief, under the foregoing section, such officer shall, on conviction before a court-martial, l)e cashiered, and otherwise punished by. line or imprisonment, as may be adjudged ])y such court. SERVICE outside OK THE STATE. Sec. 177. Whenever volunteers may be required to serve outside the limits of the State, the preference shall be given to the companies organized under this act; and the commander in chief shall jiroclaim the numl)er of companies he requires and the day on which the selection will be made; and if on that day more companies have applied than are necessary he shall decide by lot which shall be received of those that have so volunteered. ******* This act to take effect and be in foi'ce from and after its i^assage. Approved, May 14, 1861. [Ibid., pp. 3-43.] On the loth of May special provision was made for the distribution of the militia act. This was done by an act of the assembly of which the following is a copy: AX ACT to provide for the di.'^tribution of the militia law. Be it enacted by the general assiemhh/ of the State of Missouri, as follows: Section 1. That the secretary of state is hereby authorized and directed to have 5,000 copies of the act to ])rovide for the organization, government, and supi)ort of the military force of the State of Missouri printed in pamphlet form, and distribute the same immediately, by mail or otherwise, under the direction of the adjutant-general of the State, according to the population of each county, respectively. This act to take effect from its passage. Approved, May 15, 1861. [Ibid., p. 44.]" On the same date an act was passed authorizino- the appointment of a major-general to command the militia. This act is as follows: AN ACT to authorize the appointment of ono major-general for the Missouri militia. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Mv^souri, as follows: Section 1. The governor is hereby authorized to appoint one major-general, who shall, in time of insurrection, invasion, or war, command the entire military force in the field, and shall hold his office during good behavior. Sec. 2. The appointment of said major-general shall be subject to the confirmation of the senate; and should the general assembly not be in session at the time of the 256 MISSOURI TR(X)PS CONFEDERATE. appointment of said major-general, said appointment shall 1)8 subject to confirma- tion at the next session thereafter. Sec. 3. The said major-general shall be ex officio president of the military board authorized to Vje created by an act to provide for the organization and government of the militia, approved May 13, 1861; but shall have no command, except of troops actually in the field. This act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage. Approved, May 15, 1861. [Ibid., p. 43.] The organization of the Missouri State Guard was at once begun. On the 18th of May, Maj. Gen. Sterling Price assumed command and announced his staff in the following general order: Genekal Orders, 1 Headquarters Missouri State Guard, No. 3. / Jefferson City, Mcui 18, 1S61. 1. The undersigned hereby assumes command of the Missouri State Guard. 2. The following-named officers are announced as composing the staff of the major- general commanding: Col. Henry Little, assistant adjutant-general; Lieut. Col. A. W. Jones, aide-de-camp; Lieut. Col. R. T. Morrison, aide-de-camp; Surg. William N. Snodgrass, medical director; Asst. Surg. H. W. Cross, assistant medical director. 3. All communications for the commanding general will be addressed to the "Assistant Adjutant-General, Headquarters of the Missouri State Guard," and until further orders will be directed to Jefferson City, Mo. Sterling Price, Mujor-Gericral, L'ounmmd'nici. [Official Records of the LTnion and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 686.] On the following day special orders for the organization of the troops of the Sixth Militar}- District were issued, as follows: Special Orders, 1 Headquarters Missouri State Guard, No. 4. J Jefferson Cifij, May 19, 1861. 1. The brigadier-general commanding the Sixth Military District, Missouri State Guard, will take innnediate .>^teps to organize into regiments all the troojis in his district now in the field. Tliis organization will be made in accordance with the new military laws of the State. 2. It is left to the discretion of the brigadier-general commanding the district to organize the regiments of six or eight companies, and the mounted companies may be attached to the regiments as provided for in section 50 of the military laws. 3. After the organization of regiments is complete, should there be surplus com- panies not sufficient in number to form a regiment of six, they will be organized into a battalion of two or four couiitanies, in accordance with section 48, military laws. AVhen l)y the arrival of other companies these battalions are augmented to the requisite number they will be organized into regiments. By command of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price: Henry Little, Axshtrnd ^\djut(tnt-(>eneral. [IV)id., p. 686.] The War Department records of appointment and organization are incom])lete and no record has been found of the orders issued at this time to the other district commandci's, but it is stated ])y Thomas L. Snead in his history, The Fight for Missouri (p. IS-l), that on the 21st of May the governor announced the appointment of nine ))rigadier- generals (one for each military district) and that "their connnissions were forthwith transmitted to all, with orders to enroll at once the men within their respective districts, and get them ready for active service." The author of this publication was an aide-de-camp on the staff of the governor, and acting adjutant-general of the ^lissouri State Guard. lie gives the names of the nine brigadier-gHMierals. as follows: Alexander ^V. Doniphan. M. Monro(^ Parsons, ,Iames S. Kains, John B. C-lari<. Meriwetber Lewis Chirk, Nathaniel W. Watkins. Beverly Randoli)h, William Y. Slack, and James H. McBride. STATE GUARD. 257 On the 21st of May Col. John R eid, "• commissary -g^eneral," was announced as "chief of the subsistence department" on the staff' of the major-general conimandino-. (Official Kecords of the I'nion and Confederate Armies. Series I, Vol. LIII. p. 687.) While the organi- zation of the Missouri State Guard was thus in progress, a convention was entered into V)etween General Price, the major-general connuanding. and Brig. Gen. W. S. Harney, commanding the United States forces, in which it was declared to be their mutual object to restore peace and good order to the people of the State. Following is a copy of the agreement: tST. Louis, J/i-/// Jl, 18(il. The underhiigned, officers of the United States Government and of the government of the State of Missouri, for the i)urpose of removing misajiprehensions and allaying public excitement, deem it j)roi>er t<) declare ])ui)licly that they have this day had a personal interview in this city, in which it has l)een mutually understood, without the semblance of dissent on either part, that each of them has im other than a com- mon object, equally interesting ami important to every citizen of Missouri — that of restoring peace and gooil order to the people of the State in sul)ordination to the laws ■of the (ieneral and State governments. It being thus understood, there seems no reason why every citizen should not confide in the proper officers of the (ieneral and State governments to restore ijuiet, and, as among the best means of offering no coun- terinfluences, we nuitually recommend to all persons to respect each other's rights throughout the State, making no attempt to exercise unauthorized powers, as it is the determination of the proper authorities to suppress all unlawful proceedings, which can only disturb the public peace. General Price, having l>y commission full authority over the militia of the State of Missouri, undertakes, with the sanction of the governor of the State already declared, to direct the whole power of the State officers to maintain order witliin the State aniong the people thereof, and General Harney pulilicly declai-es that, this ol)ject being thus assured, he can have no occasion, as he has no wish, to make military movements which might otherwise create excitements and jealousies, which he most earnestly desires to avoiil. A\'e, the undersigned, do therefore mutually enjoin upon the people of the State to attend to their civil business of whatsoever sort it may l)e, and it is to be ho])ed that the unquiet elements, which have threatened so seriously to disturb the public peace, may soon subside and be remendjcred only to be deplored. Sterling Price, Major- (ieneral, Mlitsonri State Gaard. Wm. S. Harnev, Brigadier- (ieneral, ( 'otii )nandinfi. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 375.] Following this declaration, on the 24:th of May, the militia of the Sixth Militarv District, except those fron] the city of St. Louis, were ordered to their homes, but the work of organization was to be continued. The order to the connuanding genei'al of the Sixth District was as follows: General Orders, \ Heaikjuarters Missouri State Guard, No. 5. i Jefferson ('it tj, MamU, 1861. I. The brigadier-general commanding the Sixth ^Military District will take imme- diate steps to send to their respective homes all the troops ikjw in the field in said district, except those from tlie city of St. Louis. The mounted companies and all infantry companies that can reach their homes l)y railroad will be first ordered away. II. On reaching their respective counties and on the governor, but upon me. As lieutenant- governor I am, b}' our constitution, president of the senate, and I am also l)y law president of the general assembly when in joint session. That body has adjourned to meet at the caj^ital on the third [Monday of September, nexf. As their i)residing officer 1 am the only person armed with ]>ower by law to arrest disturbers of their deliberations when they are in actual session, and I con- ceive it to be but a small extension of this authority for me to take necessary meas- ures to put down those who intend to disturl) those deliberatifjus by possi1)ly even preventing a session. To wait until the general assembly meets and attempt to [)unish such disturbance after it is committed would be sheer folly, as it would have been committed by a force sufficient to defy ])uiiishment. Moreover, I have entirely reliable information that an attempt on my part to jierform the duties of presiding officer of the senate would l)e i)revcnted l>y tiie Cnited States authorities; and even if the information be incorrect, I do not consider it l)ecoming the dignity of a free State that one of its ])rincipal oHicers should exercise his powei-s virtually at the suf- ferance of a military dictator claiming the right to suspend even the writ of habeas corpus. I believe history will furnish examples of protection given to such an officer in such an emergency by friendly foreign powers; and should no precisely similar example exist, I feel assured that the pul)lic opinit)n of your confederacy, as STATE tJUARD. 261 well as that of Missouri, would fully justify you in extending protection to the pre- sidinpc officer of a body which, as the general assenibly of Missouri has done, has unmii^takably evinced itt? sympathy with your cause. Under this sense of duty to the general assemljly and people of Missouri I intend to return to the State, and, as soon as I can do so with a reasonable prospect of suc- cess, call aroune regarded in any other light than an indirect secession ordinance, ignoring even the forms resorted to Ity other States. Manifestly its most material provisions are in conflict with the Constitution and laws of the United States. To this extent it is a nullity, and can not and ought not to be upheld or regarded by the good citizens of Missouri. There are obligations and duties resting upon the people of Missouri under the Constitution and laws of the United States which are paramount, and which, I trust, you will carefully consider and weigh well before you will allow yourselves to be carried out of the Union under the form of yielding obedience to this military bill, which is clearly in violation of your duties as citizens of the United States. It must be apparent to everyone who has taken a jiroper and unbiased view of the subject tliat, whatever may l)e the termination of the unfortunate condition of things in respect to the so-called cotton States, Missouri nnist share the destiny of the Union. Her geographical position, her .«oil, productions, and, in short, all her material interests, i)oint to this result. We can not shut our eyes against this con- trolling fact. It is seen and its force is felt throughout the nation. So important is this regarded to the great interests of the country that I venture to express the opin- ion that the whole power of the Oovernment of the United States, if necessary, will be exerted to maintain Missouri in her present position in the Union. I express to you, in all frankness and sincerity, my own deliberate convictions, without assum- ing to sjieak for the kettles, 2 mess pans, 5 hatchets, 1 iron j)ot; subalterns of companies (to every 2), 1 tent in the field, 1 ax, 1 hatchet. III. Each regiment will adopt the State Hag. made of l)lue merino, G by o feet, with the Missouii coat of arms in gold gilt on each side. Each mounted company will have a guidon, the fiag of wliicli will l)eof white merino, 3 by 2.] feet, with the letters M. S. (i. in gilt on I'acli side. The length of the i)ike for colors and guidons will be 9 feet long, including spear and ferule. Each company of infantry will have 1 drum and 1 fife. Each comi)any of mounted men will have 2 bugles or trumpets. If the colors, guidon.^, drums, fifes, and bugles can not be procured in the district, requi- sitions will be made on the (|uartermaster-general of the State. By command of Maj. (ien. Sterling I'rice: Henkv Little, Asdxfiint A(ljnta))t-!edge itself not to occupy with its trooi)s any localities in the State not occu])ied by them at this time. Nothing l)ut the most earnest desire to avert the horrors of civil war from our beloved State could have tempted me to jiropose these humiliating terms. They were rejected by the Feileral olhcers. They demanded not only the disorganization and disarming of the State militia and the nullilication of the military bill, but they I'efused to disarm their own Home Guards, and insisted that the Federal Government should enjoy an unrestricted right to move and station its troojis throughout the ■State whenever and wherever that nught, in the opinion of its officers, be necessary, 264 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. I either for the protection of the "loyal subjects" of the Federal Government or for the repellinjr of invasion, and they plainly announced that it was the intention of the Administration to take military occupation under these pretexts of the whole State, and to reduce it, as avowed by (ieneral Lyon himself, to the "exact condition of Maryland." The acceptance by me of these degrading terms would not only have sullied the honor of ^Nlissouri, but would have aroused the indignation of every brave citizen, and precipitated the very conflict which it has been my aim to prevent. We refused to accede to them, and the conference was V^roken up. Fellow-citizens, all our efforts toward conciliation have failed. We can hope nothing from the justice or modera- tion of the agents of the Federal Government in this State. They are energetically hastening the execution of their bloody antl revolutionary schemes for the inaugura- tion of a civil war in your midst; for the military occupation of your State by armed bands of lawless invaders; for the overthrow of your State government, and for the subversion of those liberties which that government has always sought to protect, and they intend to exert their whole power to sul)jugate you, if possible, to the military despotism which has usurped the powers of the Federal Government. Now, therefore, I, G. F. Jackson, governor of the State of ^lissouri, do, in view of the foregoing facts and by virtue of the powers vested in me by the constitution and laws of this Gommonwealth, issue this my proclamation, calling the militia of the State, to the number of 50,000, into the active service of the State, for the purpose of repelling said invasion, and for the protection of the lives, liberty, and property of the citizens of this State, and I earnestly exhort all good citizens of ^Missouri to rally under the flag of their State for the protection of their endangered homes and firesides, and for the defense of their most sacred rights and dearest liberties. In issuing this proclamation, I hf)ld it to be my solemn duty to remind you that Missouri is f^till one of the United States; that the executive department of the State government does not arrogate to itself the power to disturb that relation; that that power has been wisely vested in a convention, which will at the proper time express your sovereign will, and that meanwhile it is your duty to obey all the constitu- tional recjuirements of the Federal (Tovernment; but it is equally my duty to advise you that your first allegiance is due to your own State, and that you are under no obligation whatever to obey the unconstitutional edicts of the military despotism which has enthroned itself at Washington, nor to submit to the infamous and degrad- ing sway of its wicked minions in this State. No brave and true-hearted Missourian will obey the one or submit to the other. Rise, then, and drive out ignominiously the invaders who have dared to desecrate the soil which your labors have made fruitful and which is consecrated by your homes. Given under my hand as governor and under the great seal of the State of Missouri at Jefferson City this 12th day of June, 1861. Cl.vibor.ne F. J.vckson. By the t-(^leiieral. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 592.] The governor's proclamation and the order for the assenibhige of the Missouri State Guard was followed almost inuiiediately by open hostilities, which it is not the puipose of this paper to discuss. On June 16, 1861. General Parsons was directed to hasten with his command to Boonville. brino-ino- with him such men as might join him on the way (li)id.. Series I. Vol. LIII, p. 61>H). und on July 4. 1861, the following general order was issued for the organization of the forces in the tield: General Orders, \ Headqu.arters ]\ItssoiRi State Guard, No. 16. ) Camp Lamar, July 4, 1861. The commander in chief issues the following general orders for the government of the forces now in the field : I. The several brigadier-generals now in the field will proceed forthwith to the organization of the forces from their respective districts, and all i-ompanies or parts of companies from the Second District will report their strength and equipments, together with a list of their commissioned officers, to Gen. John B. Clark and be attached to his command. All companies and parts of companies from the Fifth Dis- trict will make a like report to Cien. W. Y. Slack and be attached to his conmiand. All companies and parts of companies from the First, Eighth, and Ninth districts will make a like report to Gen. M. M. Parsons and be attached to his command. II. Col. John Reid is hereVjy detailed as commissary-general of the forces now in the field, and the commissaries of the several brigades will make to him a full and complete return as soon as practical)le of all the commissary stores under their con- trol, which will be equitably distributed by him to the several brigades upon requisi- tions from the proper officers. III. In the absence of the quartermaster-general. Acting Quartermaster Edward Haren will, through himself and the quartermasters of brigades and their assistants, have charge of the transportation of the forces now in the field, as provided by law. By order of C. F. Jackson, Commander in Chief: Warwick Hough, Adjakint-d'cucral. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 705.] On July 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. A. E. Steen. commanding the Fifth Military District, was directed to organize his division (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 710), and on the 11th of July the following order was issued: General Orders, )^ Heaixharters Missocri St.\te Guard, No. 3. J Coirskin Prairie, July 11, 1861. I. The State troops now in the tield will be designated as follows: First Division, Missouri State Forces, Brig. Gen. M. M. Parsons; Second Division, Missouri State Forces, Brig. Gen. J. S. Kains; Third Division, Missouri State Forces, Brig. Gen. J. B. Clark; Fourth Division, Missouri State Forces, Brig. Gen. W. Y. Slack; Fifth Division, Missouri State Forces, Brig. Gen. A. E. Steen. II. Brigadier-generals commanding divisions will proceed to organize into regi- ments and battalions all the companies in their commands not already so organized. This organization, being by divisions, will be entered accordingly, as First, Second, or Third Regiment of Infantry; First, Second, orThird Division; the same in regard to other arms of artillery or cavalry. The i-ompanies in each regiment or battalion will be lettered as A, B, C, etc. Each division commander will report such organiza- tion, with the names of the field officers elected, to headquarters. ******* By order of Gen. S. Price, commanding: H. Little, Asmtaiit Adjatant-Getteral. [Ibid., p. 710.] - 266 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. On the 16th of July Brig. Gen. M. M. Parsons, the senior brigadier- general of the Missouri State Guard, was assigned to the command of the forces in the tield during the temporar}- absence of Major-General Price, and Col. Horace Brand, First Regiment Riflemen, Sixth District, was appointed inspector-general on the staff of the major-general com- manding. (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. LIll, p. 713.) On August 1, 1861, Brig. Gen. M. Jetf. Thompson issued from the headquarters of the First ^lilitary District of the Missouri State Guard at Bloomtield. Mo., a proclamation appealing to the •' people of Missouri" to rally to his standard. Again it becomes necessar}- to refer to Moore's Rebellion Record, no official copy of this procla- mation having been found. As recorded in the publication referred to (Vol. II, Docs., p. iST) the proclamation i"eads: Headquarters Missouri State Guard, Bloomfield, Mo., August 1, 1S61. MISSOURIANs! STRIKE FOR YOUR FIRESIDES AND YOUR HOMEs! To the people of Missouri: Having been elected to command the gallant sons of the First Military District of Missouri in the second war of independence, I appeal to all whose hearts are with us immediately to take the field. By a speedy and simultaneous assault on our foes we can, like a hurricane, scatter them to the winds; while tardy action, like the gentle south wind, will only meet with northern frosts, and advance and recede, and like the seasons will be like the history of the war, and will last forever. Come, now; strike while the iron is hot! Our enemies are whipped in Virginia. They have been whipped in Missouri. General Hardee advances in the center, CTcneral Pillow on the right, and General McCulloch on the left, with 20,000 brave Southern hearts to our aid. So leave your plows in the furrow and your oxen in the yoke, and rush like a tornado upon our invaders and foes, to sweep them from the face of the earth or force them from the soil of our State! Brave sons of the Ninth District, come and join us! We have plenty of ammunition and the cattle on ten thousand hills are ours. We have 40,000 Belgian muskets coming; but bring your guns and muskets with you, if you have them; if not, come without them. We will strike your foes like a Southern thunderbolt, and soon our camp fires will illuminate the iVIeramec and Missouri. Come, turn out! Jeff. Thompson, Brigadier-General Commauding. On August 14. 1861, General Price announced in orders the appoint- ment of Phineas M. Savery as i)rovost-marshal of the Missouri army, with the rank of major, and directed him to recruit a company. He also congratulated the army on the brilliant victory won at the l)attle of Wilson's Creek on the lOth of August (Official Recoi-dsof the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. LIII. p. 727), and on the 20th of the same month he issui^d a proclamation announcing "to the people of Missouri" that the army under his command had been organiz provisional or tempoiary governor of the State, or who should in any other way give aid or comfort to the enemy, that tli(\v would be tield ajs enemies STATE GUARD. 267 and treated accordingly. The full text of the proclamation is as follows: Jekfersdn City, Aiujust ::fO, 1S61. To the people of Missouri. Fkllow-Citizens: The army under my conunand has been organized under the laws of the State for the protection of your homes and firesides and for the mainte- nance of the rights, dignity, and honor of Missouri. It is kept in the Held for these purposes alone, and to aid in accomplishing them our gallant Southern brethren have come into our State. With these we have achieved a glorious victory over the foe, and scattered far and wide the well-appointed army which the usurper at Washington has been more than six months gathering for your sul)jugati()n and ensla\ement. This victory frees a large portion of the State from the power of the invaders and restores it to the protection of its army. It consequently l)ecomes my duty to assure you that it is my firm detei-mination to protect every peaceaV)le citizen in the full enjoyment of all his rights, whatever may have been his sym{)athies in the present unhappy struggle, if he has not taken an active part in the cruel warfare which has been waged against the good people of this State l)y the ruthless enemies whom we have just defeated. I therefore invite all good citizens to return to their liomes and the practice of their ordinary avocations, with the full assurance that they, their families, their homes, and their i)ropcrty shall be carefully protected. I at the same time warn all evil-disposed j>ersons who may su|)])ort the usurpations of anyone claiming to be provisional or temporary governor of Missouri, or who shall in any other way give aid or comfort to the enemy, that they will be held as enemies and treated accordingly. Sterling Price, Major- General, Vommanding MiKsouri State Guard. [Ibid., p. 730.] On October 23, 1861, an order was issued by Major-General Price for the reorganization of the divisions of the Missouri State Guard. This order is as follows: General Orders, \ Headquarters Missouri State Guard, No. 6:3. J Otmj) near Neosho, October 23, 1861. Paragraph No. l,of General Orders, No. 3, July, 1801, organizing and designating the divisions, being an error, is hereby corrected, and in accordance with the require- ments of the military l)ill the divisions will in future l)e designated as follows: First Division, composed of troops from the counties of St. Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, Cape Girardeau, Bollinger, iladison, Iron, Wayne, Stoddard, Scott, Missis- sippi, New Madrid, Butler, Dunklin, Pemiscot; Second Division, composed of troops from the counties of Scotland, Clark, Knox, Lewis, Shelby, Marion, Monroe, Ralls, Pike, Audrain, Callaway, Montgomery, Lincoln, Warren, and St. Charles; Third Division, composed of troops from the counties of Putnam, Schuyler, Sullivan, Adair, Linn, Macon, Chariton, Kandolph, Howard, and Boone; Fourth Division, comjjosed of troops from the counties of (Gentry, Harrison, Mercer, (irundy, De Kail), Daviess, Livingston, Clinton, Calilwell, Ray, Carroll, and Worth; Fifth Division, composed of troops from the counties of Atchison, Nodaway, Holt, Andrew, Buchanan, Platte, and Clay; Sixth Division, composed of troops from the counties of Saline. Pettis, Cooper, Moniteau, Cole, Osage, Gasconade, Maries, Miller, Morgan, Camden, Pulaski, and Phelps; Seventh Division, composed of troops from the counties of Dallas, Laclede, Texas, Dent, Reynolds, Shannon, Wright, Wel)ster, Greene, Christian, Stone, Taney, Douglas, Ozark, Howell, Oregon, Carter, and Ripley; Fightli Division, composed of troops from the counties (jf Jackson, l^a Fayette, Cass, Johnson, Bates, Henry, Benton, Hickory, Polk. St. Clair. Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton, Jasper, Lawrence, Newton. McDonald, and Barry; Ninth Division, composed of troops from the counties of St. Louis, Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, and Crawfoni. By order of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price: [H. Little, Adjutanl-Getieral.} [Ibid., p. 750.] On the ^-tth of Novenil)er an address was issued by Brigadier- General Parsons to his friends and fellow-citizens of the Sixth Mill- 268 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. tary District, appealing to them to join his .standard. Following is a copy of his address: HEAIKiUARTERS SiXTH MILITARY DISTRICT, MISSOURI StATE GuARD, (\itnp on Cedar Creek, November 24, 1861. To my friends and fellow-citizens of the Sixth Military District of Missouri: Six months have elapsed oince I have had the honor of addressing any of you, except my veterans who were in the tield with me. You will remember that in June last I left your district with a handful of men for the confines of Arkan.sas. Altht)Ugh few in number when I left, our forces increased until I was enabled to meet, with my brother generals, the mercenary foe ujjou the fields of Carthage and put him to rout, thus securing my original object of making Arkansas the base of future opera- tions. Aided by the troops of the Confederate States, from this position we were enabled to meet the great hero of the Federal Army upon the bloody field of Wilson's Creek, and vanquished him with the loss of his life and the demoralization of his entire army. ]My countrj'inen, these deeds of chivalry would alone have been sufficient to have placed unfading laurels upon the brows of my soldiers, ))ut, although I had buried upon that bloody field many of my gallant comrades in arms, our exertions did not cease there. Our march was onward. We again met the enemy at Dry Wood, and the gallant little division which I had the honor to command again gallantly met the enemy while he was pursuing our retiring friends, and, driving him from the field, .saved their artillery and nmnitions from capture. Yet the undaunted spirit of your military district was not yet satiated. Glory still led them on. The strong fortifications of Lexington were in front; straightway to them their columns wended. In a four ciays' siege Lexington fell, and your divi- sion was honored with the position of receiving the surreiider of the enemy. Circumstances, over which your general in chief and myself had no control, forced us again to retire upon the confines of Arkansas. We were followed by an army under General Fremont — an army, the best appointed that ever marched" upon the Western Continent — and after having stationed ourselves in a position where we could give the enemy battle, he halted, pondered, and finally turned, in precijiitate retreat, l^efore our veteran soldiers. We again have come upon the borders of your military district. Our soldiers are as energetic, as brave, as willing, and as anxious to meet the enemy as ever, and they will meet him, and vanciuish him, too, if he dares present a hostile front. But then, my countrymen, let me appeal to you. Do you intend to live in ease, in winter comfdrts, and far from danger, by your own firesides and with your own families, and allow these veterans of five battles still to war for your security, your lives, and your property? I believe you will not. Then I ask you in the name of all that we cherish ujKin this earth, in the name of our honor, our families, and of those who are to come after us, to rally to the call of your gallant old leader, the general in chief. Of course some will fall in this bloody strife. Many fields may yet run red with the blood of our brethren. Yet, why should we despond? It is bv the blood of martyrs that liberty is maintained, and as for those who have already fallen, or tho.«e wlio may hereafter fall, we will vi^it them in our inemories with the poet's couplet: How sloc'p the l)riive, who sink to rest By all thfir rouiitry's wishes blest! There Honor comes, n pilgrim gray, To hk'ss the tnrf that wraps their elay; And Freedom shall a while repair. To dwell, a weeping hi'nnit. (here. I will not close this appeal without calling upon our friends from the St. Louis District. Brave Kelly is here, who has bled for our cause upon the bloody field of AVilson's Creek. His gallant command has been cut down by the fate of battle. Are there no bold spirits, no brave Irish hearts in the St. Louis District, who will rallv to his standard? I know there are. An invitation and opportunity is all they desire. Let them come. My countrymen, the invader is already faltering and retiring before us; one more grand cfmtest and our country is free. M. M. Parsons, Brigadier-General, Sixth District. [Ibid., J). 7."i().] Two days later a stirring appeal was addressed V)y (leneral Price to tiic pt'opU' of ccMtrul and nortii Missouri, urgently calling foi- 50. 000 8TATK GUARD. 269 volunteers "for his {iiiny. To emphasize this appeal he stated that to the call of the chief magistrate in June. 1861, for AO.OOO men for serv- ices in the State Guard less than 5,000 had responded. The proclama- tion reads as follows: Proclamation to the People of Central and North Missoiri. Maksshall, Mo., November 26, 1S61. Fellow-citizena: In the month of June last 1 was '(•ailed to theconiniaiid of a handful of Missourians, who nobly gave up home and eomfort to es^pouse in that gloomy hour the eau^^e of your bleeding country, struggling with the most wa useless and i-ruel des])(>tism known among civilized men. When jieace and protection could no longer l)e enjoyeil but at the price of honor and liberty your chief magistrate called for 50,000 men to drive the ruthless invader from a soil made fruitful by your labors and consecrated by your homes. To that call less than 5,000 res])onded; out of a male population exceeding 200,000 men, one in forty only stepped forward to defend with their persons and their lives the cause of constitutional liberty and human rights. Some allowances are to l)e maile on the score of a want of militarj' organization, a supposed want of arms, the necessary retreat of the army southward, the blockade of the river, and the presence of an armed and organized foe. P>ut nearly six months have now elapsed; your crops have been tilled; your harvests have been reaped, your preparations for winter have l)een made; the army of Missouri, organized and equipped, fought its way to the river; the foe is still in the field; the country lileeds and our peoj)le groan under the inflictions of a foe marked with all the characteristics of barbarian warfare, and where now are the 50,000 to avenge our wrongs and free our country? Had 50,000 men docked to our standard with their shotguns in their hands there would not now be a Federal hireling in the State to pollute our soil. Insteail of mined communities, starving families, and desolated districts, we should have had a people ble.ssed with protection and with stores to supply the wants and necessities and comforts of life. Where are those 50,000 men? Are INlissourians no longer true to themst^lves? Are they a timid, time-serving, craven race, tit only for subjection to a despot? Awake, my countrymen, to a sense of what constitutes the dignity and true greatness of a free people. A few men have fought your battles; a few men have dared the dangers of the battlefield; a few have borne the hardshijis of the camp, the scorching suns of summer, the frosts of winter, the malaria of the swamps, the privations incident to our circumstances, fatigue, and hunger and thirst, often without blankets, without shoes, with insntticient clothing, with the cold, wet earth for a bed, the sky for a covering, and a stone for a jiillow, glad only to meet the enemy on the field, where some i)aid the noblest devotion known among men on earth to the cause of your country and your rights with their lives. But where one has l)een lost on the field three have been lost by diseases induced by privation and toil. During all these trials we have murmured nf)t; we offered all we had on earth at the altar of our common country — our own beloved ^Missouri — and we only now ask our fellow-citizens, our brethren, to come to us and helj) to secure what we have gained and to win our glorious inheritance from the ('ruel hand of the sjioiler and the oppressor. Come to us, brave sons of Missouri! Rally to our standard! I must have 50,000 men. I call upon you in the name of your country for 50,000 men. Do you stay at home to take care of your property? ^Millions of dollars have been lost becanse you stayed at home. Do you stay at home for protec- tion? More men have been murdered at home than I have lost in five successive l)attles. Do you stay at home to secure terms with the enemy? Then, I warn you, the day may soon come when you may l)e surrendered to the mercies of that enemy and your sul)stance be given up to the Hessian and the jayhawker. I can not, I will not, attril)ute such motives to you, my countrymen. But where are our Southern-rights friends? We nuist drive the opj)ressor from our land. 1 must have 50,000 men. Now is the crisis of your fate; now the golden op])ortunity to save the State; now is the day of your political salvation. The time of enlistment for our brave band is beginning to exjnre. Do not tax their patience beyond endurance; ilo not longer sii-ken theii- hearts by hope deferred. They begin to inquire, "Where are our friends?" Who shall give them an answer? Boys and small pro])erty holders liave in the main fought the battles for the i)rotection of your property, and when they ask. "Where are the men for whom we are fighting?" how can I, how shall I explain? Citizens of Missouri, I tall upon you by every consideration of interest, by every desire for safety, by every tie that binds you to home and country, delay no longer. "Let the dead bury their dead." Leave your property to take care of itself. Com- 270 , MISSOURI TROOPS — CONFEDERATE. mend your homes to the protection of (rod, and merit the admiration' and love of childhood and womanhood by showing yourgelves men, the 8ons of the brave and free, who bequeathed to us tlie sacred trust of free institutions. Come to the army of Missouri, not for a week or month, but to free your country. strike till each armed foe exi)ires! Strike for yoiir altars and your fires! For the sreeii graves of your sires, God and your native landl The Inirnino: tires of patriotism must inspire and lead you or all is lost; lost, too, just at the moment when all might be forever saved. Numljers give strength. Slum- bers intimidate the foe. Numbers save the necessity often of fighting battles. Num- bers make our arms irresistible. Numbers command universal respect and insure confidence. We must have men — 50,000 men. Let the herdsman leave his folds. Let the farmer leave his fields. Let the mechanic leave his shop. Let the lawyer leave his office till we restore the supremacy of law. Let the aspirants for ofiice and place know they will be weighed in the balance of jiatriotism and may be found wanting. If there l)e any craven, crouching spirits who have not the greatness of soul to respond to their country's call for help, let them stay at home, and let only the brave and true come out to join their brethren on the tented field. Come with supplies of clothing, and with tents, if you can procure them. Come with your guns of any description that can be made to bring down a foe. If you have no arms, come without them, and we will supply you as far as that is possible. Bring cooking utensils and rations for a few weeks. Bring blankets and heavy shoes and extra bed clothing if you have them. Bring no hor.ses to remain with the Army except those necessary for l)aggage transportation. We must have 50,000 men. Give me these men and, by the help of Goil, I will drive the hireling bands of thieves and marauders from the State. But if JMissourians fail now to rise in their strength and avail them.selves of the propitious moment to strike for honor and li])erty, you can not say that we have not done all we could do to save you. You will 1)6 advised in time at what point to report for organization and active service. Leave your property at home. What if it be taken — all taken? AVe have f!200,000,000 worth of Northern means in Missouri which can not be removed. When we are once free the State will indemnify every citizen who may have lost a dollar by adhesion to the cause of his country. We shall have our jjrojierty or its value with interest. But, in the name of God and the attributes of manhood, let me appeal to you by considerations infinitely higher than money! Are we a generation of drivel- ing, sniveling, degraded slaves? Or are we men who dare assert and maintain the rights which can not be surrendered, and defend those principles of everlasting rec- titude, pure and high and sacred, like God, their author? Be yours the office to choose between the glory of a free country and a just government and the bondage of your children! I will never see the chains fastened upon my country. I will ask for six and a half feet of Missouri soil in which to repose, but will not live to see my people enslaved. Do I hear your shouts? Is that yoin- war cry whic-h echoes through the land? Are you coming? Fifty thousand men! Missouri shall move to victory with the tread of a giant! Come on, my brave boys, 50,000 heroic, gallant, unconquerable Southern men! We await your coming. STKKLiN(i Prick, M'ljor-doirrdl, CoiiDixniding. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. YIII, p. 695.] On the ^1([ (lay of Doconiht^r. I8<»1. oloctions wore hold in several divisions of the Missouri State Guard for division couimanders, and the results of these elections were announced in order as follows: (tKNEK.\L Orders, \ TIe.\i)qiartkks Missoiri St.vte GvARn, No. 111. j ('(i)iip 0)1 Stic Hirer, December ^, 1861. 1. In accordance with (Jeneral Orders, No. S9, of November 20, ISOl, an election for brigadier-general was this day lu'ld in the Second, Third, and Fourth Divisions, and the following-named officers were declared duly elected according to law: ]\Iar- tin K. (ireen, l)rigadier-general Sccotid Division; I'ldwin \V. I'rice, brigadier-general Third Division; W. Y. Slack, brigadier-general Fourth Division. Brig. (ien. ^hirtin Y.. (Treen will assume connnaud of the Second Division, and Brig. (ien. E. W. Price of the Tliird Division, and Brig. Gen. W. Y. Slack will contimie in conunand of the Fourth Division, which he has heretofore commanded as brigadier-general of the Fourth Military District by virtue of appointment of the governor of the State. P>y order of Major-General Price: H. Little, AiljutdDl-General. [Il)id., Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 758.] STATE GUARD. 271 General Orders, \ Headquarters Missouri State Guard, No. 115. J Camp on Sac Hiver, December 4, 1861. I. In accordance with General Orders, No. 89, of November 20, 1861, an election was held in the Seventh and Eighth Divisions December 2, LStil, and the following- named officers were declareil duly elected according to law: James H. Mc Bride, brigadier-general of Seventh Militarv District; James S. Rains, brigadier-general of Eighth Military District. II. Brig. Gen. James H. McBride will continue in connnand of the Seventh Divi- sion and Brig. Gen. James S. Rains will continue in command of the Eighth Division, which they have heretofore commanded as brigadier-generals of the Seventh and Eighth Miiitarv Districts, respectivelv, bv virtue of appointment from the governor of the State. H. Little, Adjutant-General. By order of Major-General Price: [Ibid., p. 7o9.] The terms of enlistment of the Missouri State (Tiiard were now expiring; some were enlisting in the Confederate service and nian}^ were returning to their homes. Signs of demoralization and disinte- gration were abundant. Of these the following are in evidence. Brig. Gen. M. Jell'. Thompson, commanding the First Military Dis- trict, said in a letter to Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow dated at New Madrid, Mo., December 7, 1861: * * * The terms of enlistment of my men are expiring every day, and while there is so much suspense many are desiring to leave who would cheerfully enlist if matters coulalance are to form themselves into new companies and regiments of Missouri State Guard under the old law, subject to be called out at any time the governor may see tit. * *^* * * * * M. Jeff. Thompson, Brigadier-General, Commanding. [Ibid., p. 705.] Again, on the 26th of December, General Thompson wrote: Headquarters First Military District, Missouri St.\te Guard, New Madrid, Mo., December £6, 1861. Maj. (jen. Leonidas Polk, C. S. A., Columbus, Ky. Dear General: Nearly all my men are disbanded and comparatively but few have reenlisted. They seemed determined to take the Christmas holidays to themselves and are having a real noisy time of it. Two-thirds of those who have eidisted are "for the war," and I exjiect that all of those who join in January will l)e for the war. Those that come in later will be twelve-months' men. I have allowed each aspirant for office to open a kind of recruiting office, and I swear in each man myself, intend- ing to coml)ine them as soon as I find elements which suit. I disl)and the cavalry to-morrow, and will l)e witln^ut i)ickets for a few days. ******* Yours, most respectfully, M. Jeff. Thompson, Brigadiei'-General, Commandiui). [Ibid., J). 722.] Relative to the disbandment of the regiments of General Thompson's command, that officer wrote to General Price, January 1, 1802: New .Madrid, Mo., Jannanj 1, 1862. Maj. Gen. Sterling Price, Missouri State Guard, in Camp. Dear General: The instructions from your headquarters and your circular were rec-eived, and I have endeavored as far as possible to comjily witli your orders. I have, however, been very nuich discouraged by the action of my command and, from newspaper rumors, I am fearful you have suffered in the same way. I endeavoreil to get all to disband and I'eoi'ganize on the same day, each company of men selecting at once their new otiicers, and without any cessation to go on with our good work, but 1 couM not get a corporal's guanl to agree to reenlist without first returning home or STATE GUARD. 273 taking the Chri^tinasj holidays or some other excuse, and I had to adopt a plan to suit the condition of things; it was to march each regiment to the nearest safe point to the majority of their homes, and, setting different days for them to disband, to endeavor to induce them to reenlist. Of those disbanded at this place but few have volunteered up to this time. The Stoddard County regiment disbands this day at Cami) Blanton, in Stoddard County. The Dunklin County regiment disbands on the 4th at Clarkton, and the Ripley County regiment disbands on the 8th at Pitman's Ferry. How many of these will volunteer it is impossible to tell, but I am sure I will have but a skeleton force until February or March. The men are all sounder than the otticerg, and if I i-ould but stop their croaking all would be well. I do not censure all, for many of them are patriotic gentlemen, who are willing to serve any- where or work in any kind of harness, but many also who can not be reelected, from incompetency or other causes, for the purpose of covering their own defeat, hunt a thousand excuses, and delay others who would immediately join. I am now without an army, but still have hope, and if left single-handed and alone, I will keep the enemy in my neighborhood uneasy and on guard. * ****** Yours, most respectfully, M. Jeff. Thompson, [Ibid., p. 727.] Brigadier-General, Commanding, What with the disbandment of the old regiments, the organization of new ones for the State service, and the formation of volunteer regi- ment.s for the service of the Confederate States, to be treated in this paper under a separate head, the Missouri State Guard appears to have been at this time in a chaotic condition. The complex character of the command is illustrated bv the following: Gexer.\l Orders, \ Headqcarters Missouri State Gcard, No. 47. ( Camp on Cove Creek, Ark., February 23, 1862. Brig. Gen. D. 31. Frost is assigned to duty as the commander of the Seventh Divi- sion, in place of Brig. Gen. J. H. ]\IcBride, resigned. He will remain in command of the division until it contains twenty companies, when an election of a brigadier- general will be ordered. General Frost will also have the command of the Third Brigade of Missouri Volunteers. By order of 3Iaj. Gen. S. Price: Wm. H. Brand, Acting Assi.'arbai'()us horde.« which have dared to invade our soil and to desecrate our homes have just met with a sij^nal overthrut to mark a pathway to our homes. Follow me! Sterling Price. [Ibid., p. 814.] In accepting General Price's resignation of his State commission Governor Jackson referred to him in the following complimentary terms: The commander in chief takes this occasion to exjiress his sincere regret to the Missouri State Guard at the loss of so gallant, experienced, and distinguished an officer from their councils, and to encourage them in such a performance of their duties in the future as will keep bright the fame they have so nobly won under his leadership. [Ibid., V. 813.] On the same date, April 8, 1S62, the governor assigned Brig. Gen. M. M. Parsons, the senior division commander, to the command of all the Missouri State (Tuard then in the held, with instructions to organize them into companies, battalions, and regiments, "according to law." The governor's order is as follows: General Orders, ] Headquarters Adjutant-General's Office, y Missouri State Guard, No. 26. j Dex Arc, Arl:, April 8, 186S. I. Brig. (Jen. M. M. Parsons is hereby specially detailed to the command of all the Missouri State (juard now in the field, and will immediately organize them into companies, battalions, and regiments, according to law. II. The army corps to be thus organized will consist exclusively of infantry and artillery. III. The general commanding will report as soon as practicable the entire force in the Missouri' State Guard now remaining, rank and file. By order of the Governor: Warwick Hough, Ad'iiitiwt-Gfneral of ^fissouri. [Ibid., p. 814.] On assiuning conunand, pursuant to the preceding order. General Parsons issued the following: General Orders. ) Headquahters IMlssouri State Guard, No. 1. ■ i" DcH Arc, Ark., April f), 1862. I. By order of the governor of the State of Missouri, bearing date April 8, 1862, I have this day assumed the comuiand of the ^Missouri State Guard. II. The above-meutioned troojis will be inmiediately orgauized into companies, battalions, and regimeuts, according to the laws of the State of Missouri. III. Lieutenant-Colonel Shields is hereby detailed as inspector to muster and report the troops to these headquarters. IV. (ienerals of divisions will rei)ort iinnu'diately the entire force of their respec- tive coimnands. V. Division (luartermasters, or, in their absence, regimental (luartermasters, will immediately report all horses, mules, wagons, tents, camp eiiuipage, and other' property in tlu'ir respective commands and belonging to the State of Missouri. They STATE GUARD. 275 will also especially report all State property which has lieen transferred to the armies of the Confederate States. VI. Division ordnance officers will forthwith report all arms, ammunition, and artillery now belonjjing to the State of Missouri, and also all arms, ammunition, and artillery which may have been transferred to the Confederate Army. VII. Generals of division will cause the pay rolls of their respective commands to be made out and certified to without delay, as the funds for their payment are daily expected. VIII. Col. Joseph Kelly will, until further orders, assume command of the Sixth Division of ■Missouri State (niard. By order of ^I. M. Parsons, brigadier-general, commanding Missouri State Guard: Austin ]\I. Staxdisfi, Asslstaut Adjutanl-General. [Ibid., p. 815.] On the following day an order was issued by Maj. Gen. P^arl Van Dorn. relieving the Missouri State Guard from duty with his army; but this order, having been issued through a misunderstanding of Gov- ernor Jackson's intention with regard to the control of the State force, was promptly revoked. Owing to a then existing emergency, however, the contemplated reorganization of the State Guard was temporarily deferred. The orders of General Van Doi-n are as follows: Special Orders, \ Headquarters Traxs-Mississippi District, No. 46. ( Dc.s Arc, Ark., April 10, 1862. ******* III. In consequence of the governor of Missouri having assumed the control of the Missouri State Guard and its organization, it is herel^y relieved from further duty with this army, and will report for orders to his excellency. By order of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn: D. H. Ma CRY, Assistant Adjutant-Ueneral. [Ibid., p. 816.] Special Orders, \ Headquarters Trans-jMississippi District, No. 48. J Des Arc, Ark., April 11, 1862. The major-general commanding this district has ascertained, in an interview with Governor Jackson, of Missouri, that it was not his excellency's intention, by his order of the 8th instant, to assume control over the troops of the Missouri State Guard now in this army. Therefore Paragraph III, of Special Orders, No. 46, is hereby revoked. The present emergency demands the immediate services of every soldier of the army, and does not admit of the delaj^ which will be unavoidable in making changes of organization. Therefore the reorganization of the Missouri State (iuard, now serving under the orders of the major-general commanding this district, will be deferred until the earliest moment compatible with the interest of the service. By order of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn: Dabney H. Maury, Assistant Adjutant- General. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XIII, p. 814.] It appears that the Missouri State Guard became an integral part of the Army of the West, under the conmiand of Major-General Van Dorn. and that it was transferred to the east side of the Mississippi River, thus diverting it from the service for which it was organized, viz. the defense of the State of Missouri. The •'emei'gency " which delayed its reorganization, however, appears to have passed, and on the ISth of April General Van Dorn issued the following order: Special Orders, \ Headquarters Army of the West, No. 55. J Memphis, Tenn., April 18, 1862. ******* II. The troops of the Army of the West, known as the ^lissouri State Guard, will at once l)e organized into companies, battalions, and regiments, in conformity to the laws of Congress. 276 MISSOURI TROOPS— CONFEDERATE. Those who have been, or may hereafter be, enrolled into the Confederate service will in like manner be organized in companies, battalions, and regiments. Major-deueral Price, to whose division these troops belong, is chargerepare to mari'h to-morrow with eight days' rations. The Confederate troops under (ieneral Parsons will, if artillery, report to the commanding otticer of the artillery l)rigade; if infantry or cavalry, will report to the couunanding othcer of their division (General Little). A battery of four pieces of artillery will march with them. The rest of the artillery of Parsons's brigade will be turned over to the chief of artillery, or such othcers as he may order to receive it, who will give the necessary receipts for the same. Gen- eral Parsons will cause descriptive lists to be furnished to the Confederate troops under his command. By order of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn: 31. -M. KiM.MEL, Axsixtant Adjutant- Genera I. [Ibi.l., Series I, Vol. XVII, Part II, p. (UO.]' Referring to this order, Lieut. Col. George William Brent, writing on the same date from headquarters Western Department, said: The troops that have been discharged from the army of IMajor-General ^'an Dorn are not in the service of the Confederate States Army, but Missouri State (^iuard. All such troops may be allowed to go hence. [Ibid., p. tiOH.] On the 13th of July, the Mis.souri State Guard was relieved from further service east of the Mississippi River and ordered to join the STATE GUARD. 277 command of ]VIajor-General Hindman in the Tran.s-Mississippi Di.s- triet. General Bra<«o-. I>y whom this order was given, took occasion to express his appreciation of the soldierly qualities of the State troops. His order is as follows: Special Orders, \ HEADtiUAKTEus Department No. 2, No. 115. J Tupelo, Mm., July 13, 1862. I. The Missouri State Guard, under command of Brig. Gen. I\I. M. Parsons, are relieved from further service east of the Mississippi River, and will proceed with the least practicable delay to join the forces of Major-General Hindman as soon as prac- ticable. The general commanding desires to express to (reneral Parsons and his gallant officers and men his high apjireciation of their patri(jtic devotion to the cause in which we are engageil, which has ever distinguished the citizens of Missouri in the armies of the Confederate States. II. The quartermaster's department will furnish the necessary means of transpor- tation to facilitate the earliest possible execution of this order. By command of General Bragg: Thomas Jordan^ Chief of Staff. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XIII, p. 855.] Soon after their return to the region west of the Mississippi, meas- ures were adopted having for their object the transfer of the State Guard to the Confederate service. Col. Waldo P. Johnson, a recruit- ing agent for the Confederate Government, writing to General Price, September 15. 1862, said: Little Rock, Ark., September 15, 1862. Maj. Gen. Sterling Price. General: I arrived here al)out one week since, reported to Major-General Holmes, who confirmed and enlarge«l my authority, modifying it in one particular only, requiring me to report to him al(~)ne otficially the result of my efforts at recruiting in Missouri, and requesting me at the same time to advise you of the change. * * * On yesterday the governor arrived, and after a long interview between the governor and general, at which I was present, the governor turned over to General Holmes all the State property at this place, embracing a large amount of clothing and other army stores: also all now in Mississippi. The governor also made an order turning over all the State Guards now in Missouri to the Confederate States, re(iuiring them to report to me, withdrawing from all ])ersons all power to recruit in future for the Missouri State Guard. I have not seen General Parsons, l)ut arrangements are on foot to turn his entire command over to the Confederate States service, and I think it will be successful, as Governor Jackson, General Hindman, and General Parsons are all trying to effect it in a manner satisfactory to the men. ******* Waldo P. Johnson. [Ibid., p. 880.] No orders issued ])v the governor on the subject of the proposed transfer have been found of record, and whether or not the Missouri State Guard was actually turned over to the Confederate authorities has not been ascertained, but no record of their existence as a distinct military organization subsequent to the date of Colonel Johnson's let- ter has l)een discovered. As will hereaftei- be seen, however, an a])pro- priation was made a few days later )>y the Confederate Congress, and one at a still later date, for the payment of State Guard troops serv- ing the Confederacy under orders from military conunanders and l)y agreement between the Confederate and State authorities. It would seem from the terms of these appropriations that the service thus ren- dered was not as olticers and enlisted nien of the Confederate Army, but as State militia in the service of the Confederate States. Some of the methods adopted and the difficulties ejicountered in obtainino- recruits for the Missouri State Guard have alreadv been 278 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. shown ill these pages. It ma}', however, be of interest to quote fur- ther testimony on this subject. On the 30th of August, 1861, ten days after the issue b}^ Major- General Price of his proclamation (that of August 20, 1801) to the people of Missouri, Major-General Fremont, commanding the United States forces in that State, issued a proclamation in which he declared, among other things, that all persons who should be taken with arms in their hands within the lines of his army would be tried by court- martial, and if found guilty would l)e shot, and the property of those who should take arms against the United States or should be proven to have taken an active part with the enemies of the United States in the held was declared contiscated to the public use, and their slaves, if any, were declared free. (Official Records of the Union and Con- federate Armies, Series II, Vol. I, p. 221.) In answer to this procla- mation. Brig. Gen. M. Jetf. Thompson, commanding the First Military District, Miss6uri State Guard, promulgated the following: proclamation. Headquarters First Military District, Missouri State Guard, Camp Hunter, September 2, 1861. To whom it may concern: Whereas, Maj. Gen. John C. Fremont, commanding the minions of Abraham Lin- coln in the State of Missouri, has seen'tit to declare martial law throughout the Avhole State, and has threatened to shoot any citizen soldier found in arms within certain limits, also to confiscate the property and free the negroes belonging to the mem- bers of the Missouri State Guard; therefore, know ye that I, M. Jeff. Thompson, brigadier-general of the First Military District of Missouri, having not only the mili- tary authority of brigadier-general, but certain police powers granted by Acting Governor Thomas C. Reynolds, and confirmed afterwards by Governor Jackson, do most solemnly promise, that for every member of the ^Missouri State Guard or soldier of our allies, the armies of the Confederate States, who shall l)e put to death in pur- suance of said order of General Fremont, I will hang, draw, and quarter a minion of said Abraham Lincoln. While I am anxious that this unfortunate war shall be conducted, if possible, upon the most liberal jirinciples of civilized warfare, and every order that I have issued has been with that object, yet if this rule is to be adopted (and it must first be done by our enemies), I intend to exceed General Fremont in his excesses and will make all tories that come in my reach rue the day that a different policy was adopted by their leaders. Already mills, barns, warehouses, and other jirivate property have l)een wastefully and wantonly destroyed by the enemy in this district while we have taken nothing except articles strictly contraV)and or absolutely necessary. Should these things be repeated I will retaliate tenfold, so help me God. M. Jeff. Thompson, Briqadier-deneral, Commanding. [Ibid., Series II, Vol. I, p. 1«1.] It may be stated that the confiscation and emancipation features of General Fremont's proclamation were piomptly repudiated and set aside by Presid(Mit Lincoln. (Official Records of the Union and Con- federate Ai'inies. Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 485.) Of the methods empUned l)y General Price in obtaining recruits for his army and the obstacles encountered, he wrote, December 81, 1801: HEADQUAHrEKS MISSOURI StATE GuARD, Springtiehl, December 23, 1861. Major-General Polk, Cohnnhux, Ky. General: I acknowledge with very great pleasure the receipt of your letter of the 4th instant. ******* There are two main obstacles in the way of the successful prosecution of the war in this State, ime of which nught to have been long since overcome, and the other of which ought never to have existed, and the present existence of both of which STATE GUARD. 279 is due mainly, if not altogether, to the conduct of (ieneral McC'ulloch: First, the fact that the great majority of those who desire to take up arms on the part of the South are prevented from doing so by the enemy's occupation of the State, which closes to them every avenue of approach to my army, and, second, the dissatisfaction which General McCulloch's' constant refusal to cooperate with us has engendered in the minds of the people of Missouri, and which leads them to doubt whether the Con- federate Government really sympathizes with and desires to aid them. The most populous and truest counties of the State lie upon or north of the Mis- souri River. Had General ^NIcGuUoch, in response to my eai-nest entreaties, accom- panied me to that river immediately after the battle of Springfield, we could easily have maintained our position there until my army (which was, in fact, augmented from less than (5,000 to more than 16,000 men during the few days we lay there) would have been increased to at least 50,000, and four-tifths of the State would have fallen without a struggle into our possession. As it was, however, I was soon threat- ened by overwhelming numbers and I'ompelled to fall l^ack again to the southern border of the State, and thousands of those who had flocked to my standard, feeling that they had been betrayed and abandoned by the Confederate Government, returned to their homes discontented and disheartened. Again, after the late retreat of the army from the southwest, I begged General McCulloch to accompany me to the Missouri, and he again refused to do so. I started thither with my own army and reached the Osage just as the time of service of three-fourths of my own men was expiring. Nearly every one of them had left his home months before without an hour's notice, leaving their families unprotected and unprovided for. A severe winter was at hand; the men were themselves badly clad, and not one of them had ever received a dime in payment of his services. Many of them insisted upon going home for a few weeks to procure clothing for themselves and make some provision for the comfort of their families, who were exposed, not only to the severities of a Missouri winter, but to the fury ()f an enemy whose bar- barity can not be described. 1 could not refuse their reasonable request, and my army became so small that it would have been highly perilous for me to have crossed the Osage, threatened as I was from Kansas, from Sedalia, and from Rolla. Knowing, however, that thousands of the people on the north side of the Missouri would come to me, even at this sea- son, if I could but open the way for them, I sent a detachment of 1,100 men to Lex- ington, which, after remaining only a part of one day, gathered together about 2,500 recruits and escorted them in safety to me at Osceola. Could the detachment have remained on the river only a few days longer the number of recruits would have been indefinitely increased; but the enemy, having gotten insight into the move- ment, concentrated their forces against it and compelled it to return. There are many counties north of the river in which organized companies of from 500 to 1,500 are now ready to join and are only waiting an opportunity to do so. ******* We may yet make this winter campaign result in the deliverance of Missouri, or at least in great good to our cau.se. I will have at least 20,000 men under my com- mand in a very short time, and will gladly unite with you in a movement on St. Louis, as suggested by you. If you will mature your plans and communicate them to me you will be seconded in the execution of them, not only by myself, but by every man in my army, and whether we succeed in the main object or not, we will acconipHsh a great deal. Our people will see that the Government really desires to assist them. Their way to the army will at the same time be opened to them by the withdrawal of the enemy's forces from the rest of the State for the protection of St. Louis, and they will come to us from every (|uarter by hundreds and by thousands. I am informed, too, that there are over 6,000 men in St. Louis ready to spring to arms at the flrst gleam of hope. I do, therefore, hope you will find it expedient to undertake the execution of your bold and well-conceived plan. You will have my hearty cooperation. The bearer, Mr. Burton, will inform you more particularly of the strength of mj- army. I have the honor to be, general, with the greatest respect, your obedient servant, Sterling Price, Major- General, Missouri State Guards. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. VIII, p. 729.] But the difficulties experienced in recruiting the arni}^ were not the only ones to be met and overcome. Notwithstunding the provisions made in the State laws, quoted in this chapter, for the support of the militia, the authorities were greatly embarrassed by the lack of funds 280 MISSOURI TROOPS — CONFEDERATE. for the oquipiuent and subsistence of the troops and other necessarv expenses of conductino- military operations. On this sul)ject Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, the Confederate commander of the ''Army of Lib- eration,"" said in a letter to General Polk, August 8,* 1861: IIeaduuarters Army of Liberation, New Madrid, A nfjust 9, 1861. [General Polk.] General: * * * The Missouri forces are in the most inefficient possible con- dition. The authorities of the State have no funds, no means of subsisting the forces of the State; they have no regular organization of staff othcers; they have no means of sul)sistence except such as is taken by them from the inhabitants of the country. There is no one authorized to give certificates for these seizures, and if this system of illegal seizures should be kept up, it will turn the feelings of the best, friends of the South in the country against our cause. But, independent of this, it will be impossible to keep the Missouri forces in the field; they will disband, and in their present condition I would not blame them for doing so. To obviate this difficulty I have determined to accept any of these troops who will accept service in the Confederate Army for and during the war. * * * * * * * GiD. J. Pillow, General, Commanding. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 639.] Other testimony to the same eflect is not lackino-. Some relief was, however, provided b}' the Confederate Congress, which, on August 6, 1801, appropriated $1,000,000 for the purchase of clothing. su))sistence, and ammunition for the Missouri troops serving in cooperation with those of the Confederate States. The act by which the appropriation was made is as follows: AN ACT to give aid to the people and State of Missouri. The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That to aid the people of the State of Missouri in the effort to maintain, within their own limits, the constitu- tional liberty which it is the purpose of the Confederate States in the existing war to vindicate, there shall Vjc, and is hereby, appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, 11,000,000 to supply clothing, suljsistence, arms, and ammunition to the troops of Missouri who may cooperate with those of the Confederate States during the progress of the existing war; said sum to be expended under the discretion of the President of the Confederate States for the purposes aforesaid. Approved, Augusts, 1861. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 721.] And in the convention entered into l)etween the Confederate States and the State of Missouri, October 31, 1861, (juotcd in the jireceding chapter, it was provided: Art. IV. All expenditures for the prosecution of the existing war incurred by the State of ^Missouri from and after the date of the signing of this convention shall be met and provided for by the Confederate States. £Il)iil,, p. 754,] In an act of the Confederate Congress apjiroved January '21, 1862, the secretary of the Confederate treasury was directed to advance to the State of Missouri ^l^l, 000,000, to be applied to the payment of the trooi)s in the service of the State prior to their nuister into the Con- federate service, and in an act approved Fel)ruary 15, 1862. an addi- tional advance of $1,000,000 was aiitliorized foi- "military purposes" not sjx'citied. Following are (•o})ies of the enactments ri'ferred to: ;;AN act for tho relief of the State of Missouri! The ('(ingress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to issue to the State of Missouri, upon the application of STATE GUARD. 281 the fund commii^sioners for said State, $1,000,000 in treasury notes, upon the condi- tion that the said State of Missouri deposit with the Secretary of the Treasury of the Confederate States an equal sum in the bonds of the State of Missouri, authorized to be issued under an act of the legislature of said State, entitled "An act to provide for the defense of said State, and for other purposes," which bonds shall be held by the Secretary of the Treasury until the accounts of the State of Missouri for advances made for military purposes are adjusted as Congress may direct. Sec. 2. That upon the final adjustment of the accounts of the State of Missouri against the Confederate States, the sum hereby advanced shall be deducted from the amount found due to said State. Sec. 3. The sum hereby appropriated shall be applied by the State of ^lissouri to the payment of troops in the service of the said State prior to their muster into the Confederate service. Approved, January 27, 1862. [Ibid., Series IV, Vol. I, p. 882.] AN ACT for the relief of the State of Missouri. The Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby directed to issue to the State of Missouri, upon the application of the fun(i commissioners for said State, 81,000,000 in treasury notes, upon the condi- tion that the said State of ]Missouri deposit with the Secretary of the Treasury of the Confederate States an equal sum in the bonds of the State of Missouri, authorized to be issued under an act of the legislature of said State, entitled "An act to provide for the defense of the State of Missouri, and for other purposes," which bonds shall be held by the Secretary of the Treasury until the accounts of the State of Missouri for advances made for military purposes are adjusted as Congress may direct. Sec. 2. That upon the final adjustment of the accounts of the State of ^Missouri against the Confederate States the sum hereby advanced shall be deducted from the amount found due to said State. Approved, February 15, 1865. [Ibid., p. 939.] In a later act, approved September 23, 1862, lieretofore referred to in this paper, provision was made for tiie pa^ ment of officers and enlisted men of the Missouri State Guard who had been called into the service of the Confederate States by militarv commanders, or by agree- ment between the authorities of the State and the Confederate States, their pay to be the same that they would have been entitled to receive "if belong-ing to the Confederate Army.'' That portion of the act containing this provision is here quoted: AN' ACT to provide for the payment of certain claims against the Confederate States in the State of Missouri. ******* Sec. 2. All officers and soldiers of the ^lissouri State Guard, called into the service of the Confederate States by the order of any commanding officer of the Confederate Army, and rendering service to the Confeilerate States under any agreement made between the authorities of the State of Missouri and those of the Confederate States, shall receive the same pay for the time during which such ofl^cers and soldiers maj' have been in such service as they would have been entitled to receive if belonging to the Confederate Army: Provided, lioverer. That all staff officers belonging to said Mis.souri State Guard shall only receive for their services the same compensation with staff officers discharging like le minimum above given. MISSODRI VOLUNTEERS, CONFEDERATE SERVICE. Although the early efforts of the authorities of the State of Missouri were directed mainly toward the organization of the Missouri State Guard, a military force formed for the service and in defense of the State of Missouri, measures were simultaneously taken having for their object the enlistment of Missouri volunteers for the Confed- erate service. As early as April 15, 1861, Col. M. Jet!'. Thompson of the Missouri militia, subsequently a brigadier-general of the Missouri State Guard, offered to the President of the Confederate States the services of several companies of Missouri volunteers. His offer was made in the following terms: St. Joseph, Mo., April 15, 1S61. His Excellency Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, Montgomery, Ala. Sir: Not knowing the name of your adjutant-general or any other projier person to make the inquiries of which I desire, I have taken the liberty of addressing you direct. I am anxious to know whether the Confederate States desire volunteers from the border States, and if there is any regular arrangement for their reception, or whether it is necessary to have any authority from your government before volunteers should be raised. My object in asking is that, should Missouri refuse to join her Southern sisters, I desire and intend to move South, and I can, if acceptable, bring one, two, or three companies of as good and true men as the Southern sun ever shone on, if I can assure them that their officers will be confirmed and commissioned by your government. ****** -x- Yours, respectfully, M. Jeff. Thompson, Colonel, Inspector Fourth Military District, Mi> before this respon.se to Colonel Thompson's offer the Confederate Secretary of War had called upon Governor Jackson for a regiment of infantr}' for service in Virginia. His letter is as follows: IMoNTGOMERY, April 26, 1861. Governor C. F. Jacksox, Jefferson Cifi/, Mo.: Can you arm and equip one regiment of infantry for service in Virginia, to rendez- vous at Richmond? Transportation will be provided 1)y this government. The regiment to elect its own officers, and must enlist for not less than twelve months, unless sooner discharged. L. P. Walker. [Ibid.] Governor Jackson replied, in effect, that the State of Missouri was 3'et in union with the Government of the United States; that he had therefore no legal authority to furnish the men desired, and that the State was deficient in arms, ])ut that there were plent}' of men ready and willing- to march to the defense of the South, and Missouri would put 100,000 men in the tield, if required. Following is a copy of his letter: Executive Department, Jefferson City, Mo., Mai/ 5, 1861. Hon. L. P. Walker, Secretary of Tl't/r, Montgomery. Sir: Yours of the 26th ultimo, via Louisville, is received. I have no legal author- ity to furnish the men you desire. Missouri, you know, is yet under the tyranny of Lincoln's Government, so far, at least, as forms go. We are woefully deficient here in arms, and can not furnish them at present; l>ut so far as men are concerned we have plenty of them, ready, willing, and anxious to march at any moment to the defense of the South. Our legislature has just met, and I doubt not will give me all necessary authority over the matter. If you can arm the men they will go when- ever wanted, and to any point where they may be most needed. I send this to Memphis uy i>iivate hand, being afraid to trust our mails or telegraphs. Let me hear from you l)y the same means. INIissouri can and will i>ut 100,000 men in the field if required. We are using every means to arm our people, and until we are better prepared must move cautiously. I write this in i-ontidence. With my prayers for your success, I remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant, C. F. Jackson, (lovcrnor of Mi.^sonri. [Ibid., p. 690.] On the tith of May Colonel Thompson, of the Missouri militia, again addressed the President, advising him that he was then of the opinion that he and his men would be needed at home. He said: Headijuahteks Fourth INIilitary District, Missouri Volunteer ^Iilitia, Camp C. F. Jackson, Near St. Joseph. Mo., Monday, May 6, 1861. His Excellency Jefferson Davis, Presiderd of the Confederate States, Montyomery, Ala. Sir: Your favor of the 25th ultimo has been received, and I am thankful for your courtesy. I hope, and have reasonable exi)ectations now, that Missouri will soon wheel int(j line with her Southern sisters, in which <"a.se I an, 1861, Hon. E. C. Cabell strongly urged upon the Confederate Government the invasion of Missouri by the Confed- erate forces and the organization of Missouri troops for the Confederate service. His letter to the President on this subject is as follows: Richmond, Va., JiUi/ 6, 1861. His Excellency Jefferson Davis, Fresident of Confederate States of America. Sir: If not inconsistent with your views of constitutional powers, and if you have the troops at your command, I respectfully recommend that at least 10,000 well- appointed troops be concentrated on the northern border of Arkansas at the earliest practicable moment, within the military district of Brigadier-General Hardee, and a like number, if possible, within the department of Major-General Polk, and that both of these officers be distinctly authorized to enter the State of ^Missouri, to drive back and to pursue the enemy now threatening the invasion of Arkansas and a descent on Tennessee, as far into Missouri as they deem prudent and advisable. I Mould also respectfully ask that more specific instructions be given to General McCulloch, author- izing him to enter the State of ^Missouri with the same object and for the same pur- pose. None but the enemies of the Confederate States and of Missouri will protest against this — none others will object; but all whose wishes you would respect invite and will cordially welcome your troops in the State. I make this recjuest because I have reason to know that the instructions to these officers are of so guarded a character as to produce doubt as to their authority and embarrassment as to their movements. I also respectfully recommend that, if practicable, the troops destined to operate in north Arkansas and Missouri be armeci with muskets with bayonets and that an extra amount of field artillery ])e sent with them. Any army you may send will be immediately reenforced to any extent you may desire by Missourians, armed with the ordinary guns and rifies of the coimtry, and volunteers from that State will be on the spot to serve all the field pieces your army may have. There will also be at hand as many cavalry as you may want, but not regularly equipped. The ^lissourians will furnish prom])tly men and horses enough to drive every man of the enemy's forces far from Arkansas and back into Illinois. They want arms and organization, espe- cially muskets with l)ayonets and field artillery. Under command of the accom- plished generals you have sent to Arkansas organizatfon will soon l)e effected, and the deficiency of small arms, which you can not furnish, will be i^artially, and per- haps effectively, supplied by the i^rivate arms of the Missouri volunteers. In this way, I confidently believe, the enemy may be driven out of Missouri, and thus the safety of Arkansas and Tennessee and of the whole valley of the ^Mississippi be effectu- ally secured; for the troops of Mr. Lincoln will never venture to descend the river with an enemy in their rear so powerful as the State of Missouri in arms against them and threatening Illinois and Iowa. Thus may the military operations be transferred from Arkansas and Tennessee to Missouri, and the battles of those States be fought on Missouri soil, to which the people of Missouri cordially invite you. The danger of the invasion of Arkansas and the difficulty of driving back the enemy's forces threatening that State have l)een greatly increased by the j)ted under an act of the Confederate Con- gress, approved May 11. lsr»l, whicii piovidtnl. among other things, VOLUNTEERS. 287 that battalions and regiments might l)e enlisted from States not in union Avith the ConfederatT. The text of this enactment is as follows: AN ACT to make further provisions for the public defense. Whereas^, war exii^ts l)etween the Ignited States and the Confederate States; and Whereas, the public Aveh'are may require tlie reception of volunteer forces into the service of the Confederate States without the formality and delay of a call upon the respective states: [Therefore,] Hie CongreitK of tJir Confederate States of America do mart, That the Presi, IStil. the President was authorized to establish recruiting stations within the Confederate States for volunteers from Missouri and other border States. Follow- ing is a copy of the act: AN A(;T to luitliorize the establinhment of recruiting !ns for vohinteers from the States of Ken- tucky, MissoTiri, Maryhmd, and Delaware. The Congresa of the Confederate States of America do enact, That the President be, and he is hereby, authorized to establish recruiting stations within the Confederate States for the reception of volunteers into the military service of the Con-federate States from among persons who are, or have been, residents of the States of Ken- tucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware. Sec. 2. That the President be authorized to grant commissions as captains to such persons as he may think fit to raise and command coniiianies to be-composed of such volunteers; upon the condition, however, that such officers shall not hold rank or receive pay until such companies have l»ecn raised and are nnistered into service. Sec. 'A. Whenever such recruits sliail amount to a sufficient number to l)e formed into companies, the President may direct the same to l)e so organized, ajipointing all conuuissioned ofiicers of the several companies in addition to the captains provided for in the preceding section. And such comi)anies may be organized into regiments in like manner uiider the direction of the President. Sec. 4. Until such recruits shall amount to a sufficient number to be organized into comi)anies, they shall receive no comipcnsation excejit their cltithing and rations. Approved, August '.W, 1861. [Ibid., p. r>85.] On October l-t, 18()l, Brig. Gen. Ren. McCidloch, connnanding the Confederate forces in Arkansas, urged the reorganization of the Mis- VOLUNTEER S. 289 souri forces (the Missouri State Guard) and their muster into the Con- federate service. Writing to the Secretary of War he said: Camp Jackson, Ark., October 14, 1S6 1 . Honorable Secretary ov War. Sir: I am just in receipt of a letter from Governor Jackson in which lie informs me that liis force has fallen l)ack from Lexington to tlie Osage River, and that they are in great want of musket caps. ******* The sooner the Missonri forces are reorganized and mustered into the Confeilerate service the better, as they are at present not bound I)y any tie, and will remain in the field no longer than thev think fit, no matter what mav result from their withdrawal. * * "^ * * * * * Ben. McCuLLOcn, Brujad'(er-(iener(d, Commanding. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. Ill, p. 718.] The convention })etween the Confederate States and the State of Missouri, entered into Octol)er 31, 1801, has ])eon quoted in full in a preceding- chapter. For the sake of convenience of reference, articles II and III of this agreement are here repeated: Art. II. Until said State of Missonri shall become a member of said Confederacy the whole military force, material of war, an/l military operations, offensive and defensive, of said S"tate shall be under the chief control and direction of the President of the Confederate States, upon the same basis, principles, and footing as if said State were now and during the interval a member of said Confederacy, the said force, together with that of tlie Confederate States, to be employed fortheir common defense. Art. III. The State of Missonri will, whenever she becomes a member of said Confederacy, turn over to said Confederate States all the public property, naval stores, and munitions of war of which she may then be in possession acquired from the United States (excepting the public lands) on the same terms and in the same manner as the other States of said Confederacy have done in like cases. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 754.] On November 25, 1861, Maj. Gen. Sterling Price, commanding the Missouri State Guard, issued from his headquarters a circular in which he announced that the Confederate Government proposed, in accord- ance with the terms of the convention or treatv referred to, to receive into its service as many troops from the State of Missouri as might volunteer to serve for the period of twelve months. This circular, which embodies at great length the details of organization, and is pub- lished only in part in the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Series I, Vol. VJII, p. 603), is here quoted in full: Headquarters Missouri State Guard, November 25, 1861. Circular.] First. The Confederate Government proposes, in accordance with the terms of the treaty recently made between this State and that Government, to receive into its service as many troops frona ^Missouri as may volunteer to serve for twelve months. Second. The troops thus volunteering wilT l)e enlisted as State troops, and remain under the immediate command of Major-General Trice. Third. They will be organized in conformity to the laws of Congress and the regu- lations for the Confederate Army, as follows: Organization of companies. Of infantry — Each company will consist of— ''">' r^^^ '"""|'^- One captain ^^"^0 One first lieutenant ^0 Two second lieutenants 80 One first sergeant 20 Four sergeants ^ / Four corporals ' '^ Two musicians ^'^ Sixty-four privates (at least) H S. Doc. 412 19 290 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. Of cavalrv— Pay per month. ( )ne c-aptain $140 ( )ne first lit'uteiiant 90 Two second lieutt-nants 80 One first sergeant 20 Four serjieants 17 Four corporals 13 Two musicians 13 ( )ne blacksmith 13 ( )ne farrier 13 Sixty privates (at least) 12 Of artillery- One cajjtain 140 Two first lieutenants 100 One second lieutenant 90 One first sergeant 20 Four sergeants 17 Four corporals 13 Two nnisicians 13 Two artificers 17 Seventy privates (at least ) 12 Organization of regiments. Of infantry — One c6l( )nel $195 One lieutenant-colonel 170 One major 150 One adjutant (lieutenant of the line) |10 extra. One assistant quartermaster ( captain ) 140 One assistant commissary ( captain ) 140 One surgeon 162 One assistant surgeon 110 One sergeant-major 21 One quartermaster-sergeant 21 Of cavalry — One colonel 210 One lieutenant-colonel 185 One major 162 One adjutant $10 additional. One assistant quartermaster ( captain ) 1 40 One assistant connnissary (captain) 140 < )ne surgeon 162 One assistant surgeon 110 One sergeant-major 21 One quartermaster-sergeant 21 Fourth. Election and appoint nuid of officers. — Company oflicers: Fiach company elects its captain and lieutenants. The captain of each company selects the ser- geants, coi'porals, musicians, and artificers from his company, and they receive their warrants from the colonel upon his approval of the apjiointments. Regimental officers: The conunissioned officers of each regiment elect the colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and majoi-. The colonel appoints the adjutant from the lieutenants of the regiment, and the sergeant-major and (luartermaster-sergeant from the enlisted men. The President will, ujjou the ('olonel's recommendation, appoint, whenever their services are recjuired, an assistant (lUivrtermaster and assistant commissary, a surgeon and assistant surgeon, for each regiment. Fifth. Whenever a sufficient number of trooi)s shall have been thus enlisted, organized, armed, and equipjied, the muster rolls will be sent to the Secretary of War, and the troops will thereby 1h' transferred to the Confederate Army. The President will inimt>diately commission the olHcers and provide for and jwy the troojis. The President will at the same time organize the troops thus transferred into Ijrigades and divisions, over which he will appoint brigadier-generals and a major-general from Missouri. Sixth. The term of service will begin from the day of the organization of the company ami will end twelve months after that date. fr VOLUNTEERS. 291 Seventh. The officers will be (■oniinis.^iuiied in the Confederate Army, and their •commissions will be dated upon tlie day of their transfer to that service.* Eighth. Pan, etc: Until the troops shall have Ix'cn tran.e allowed ten cents a ndle for his traveling expenses from the place ■of his enrollment to the rendezvous, and also from the place of his discharge to the place where he .was enrolled. Tenth. The cavalry must furnish their own horses and keep them serviceable or they will be compelled to serve on foot. The nonconnnissioned officers and pri- vates will, however, be allowed forty cents a day for the use of their horses, to be ■computed from the day of their enrollment to the day of their discharge, and also for every twenty miles of travel between the place of their discharge to the place of their enrollment. Horses are to be valued when Ijrought into the service, and if killed in action will be paid for at such valuation. They will not be paid for in any ■other event. Eleventh. All arms will be paid for at a fair valuation, but will not be taken from the owner so long as he remains in the service. The commander of the company will, however, l)e responsible for their safe keeping. Twelfth. The Confederate States government will not accept any cavalry for twelve months unless already fully armed and equipped, and as the State can not arm and equip more than one regiment, only one will be enlisted. Thirteenth. The artillery will be organized as light batteries and not as regiments. Fourteenth. The Confederate States (iovernment will accept and fully arm and ■equip as many troops as may volunteer for the war, either as cavalry, artillery, or infantry. By order of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price: He.nkv Little, Colonel and Amstant Adjutant- General, Mmoari State Guard. On the day following the publication of this circular. General Price i.s.sued a proclamation, quoted in the la.st precedino- chapter, calling for 50,000 men, but it is probable that the object of that call was to secure men for the Missouri State (xuard. On the 9th of December, ISOI, Col. Henry Little was assigned by General Price to the command of the new volunteer corps. He was ■directed to select a suitable encampment and proceed with the work of ■organization. Following is a copy of General Price's order: . Oener.xl Orders, \ Headquarters Missocri State Guard, No. 119. j Cam]) on Sac River, Deremher 9, 1861. I. In accordance with General Orders, No. 109, Col. Henry Little, INIissouri Stiite •Guard and Confederate States Army, is hereby assigned to the command of the new volunteer corps. Colonel Little will select a suitable encampment and proceed to •organize the volunteers as prescribed in said order. All companies, squads, and indi- viduals will report to him without delay. To all squads who have entered this vol- unteer corps the commander of the division to which they belonged will cause to be delivered a pro rata proportion of the camp and garrison equipage and transporta- tion. A whole company will bring with them the camp and garrison equi])age which they now have in possession. All such articles will be receipted for by the (piarter- master of the volunteer corps. This will also apply to arms, etjuipments, and ammunition, which will l)e receipteil for l)y the ordnance othcer of the volunteer corps. II. Capt. Wright C. Schaumburg is appointed adjutant and quartermaster and commissary of the corps. * * * •X- •* * * By order of Maj. Gen. S. Price: H. Little, Adjutant-General. [Ibid. p. 759.] 292 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. No official copy of General Orders, No. 109, mentioned in the order just (juoted, has been found, but it is published in full by R. S. Bevier in his History of the First and Second ^Missouri Confederate Brio-ades (p. 74), from which it is here reproduced: Ctexeral Okders, ) Headquarters Missouri State Guard, No. 109. i Camp on Sac River, December 2, 1861. I. A separate encampment will be forthwith established for the troops voluntering to enter the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, upon the terms stated in the circular issued by Major-General Price on the 25th day of November last. II. All such volunteers will be admitted into the encampment either by companies, in squads, or individually. III. All individual volunteers and squads of less than twenty-five men will be organized into detachments for the purpose of transportation, suVjsistence, ilrill, and disci})line, and temporary officers will be appointed over them by_ Major-General Price. IV. Muster rolls will, however, be furnished to squads of ten men or more pro- posing to organize a company, and they may establish within the encampment a recruiting rendezvous for such company. V. Whenever twenty-five or more men may volunteer to form a company, or any squad referred to in the last section shall be augmented to twenty-five men, they may be temporarily organized into a separate detachment, under the command of an officer to be appointed by the major-general, and who shall hold his office until the detach- ment shall have recruited to the legal standard, when an election of company officers will be held and the company duly organized. YI. The major-general will appoint a competent officer with a sufficient staff to- command this volunteer corps. A regiment will be duly organized whenever a suffi- cient number of companies shall have been formed. VII. Companies may be organized without regard to the division of the State inta military districts, and the major-general will furnish discharges to any number of the State Guard who will enlist in the volunteer corps. VIII. Until the muster rolls shall have been transferred to the Confederate gov- ernment the major-general will grant a discharge to any volunteer who shall furnish a substitute who will serve twelve months from the date of his substitution. IX. The volunteeer corps will be armed, ecpiipped, tented, and clothed by the government, with as much uniformity as possible, out of the first supplies which shall be received. ' X. The regulations for the government of the Army of the Confederate States will be enforced in this corps. XI. Volunteers will report themselves to Col. Thomas L. Snead, so that they maj-- be duly sworn into the service. By order of Maj. Gen. S. Price: H. Little, Adjntant-Geueral. On the IHth of December Governor Jackson issued an address to the officers and soldiers of the Missouri State Guard and his fellow-citizens of the State, appealino- to them to enter the service of the Confederate States. Aj4ain it becomes necessary to refer to an unofficial publication, no copy of Governor Jackson's proclamation havino- been found among- the records preserved in the War Department. The proclamation, as published in Moore's Rebellion Record (Vol, III, Docs., p. 471), reads as follows: Officers and Soldiers of the Missouri State Gaard, and Fellow-citizens: In the montli of June last, after having exhausted every honorable means of avert- ing the calannties of civil war, I called upon the State for 50,000 volunteers to drive the ruthless bands of hired invaders from our soil. Before making that call, I had asked that you might have the privilege of determining at the polls in a peat-eable manner your future jjolitical relations with tlie United States, determined on my part to abide that decision whatever it miglit be. That privilege — a right which l)elongs to every freeman — was denied you. Our enemies chose to submit your rights to the arbitrament of the sword, and we accept the issue so boastingly ten- dered us. VOLUNTEERS. 293 There was no alteruativ^e left. We had either to draw the sword and defend our rights or, hke slaves, submit to the worst despotism on earth. Between these I could not and did not hesitate. I chose the former, and hence, from that time to the present, grim-visaged war has stalked through our State from the Nishnabotna to the St. Francois; from the Des Moines to the Neosha, and in his trail have fol- lowed charred walls, blood-stained fields, and desolate homes. When the circumstances by which we were surrounded are considered, it must be acknowledged that the State responded nobly to my call; and to you who left all the comforts of home and for six long months have been enduring all the hardships and sufferings of a soldier's life, too much praise and credit can not be given. Patiently have you borne the burning rays of the summer's sun, the beating storm, tjhilling blasts, and sickening hunger pains; and nobly have you stood upon the battlefield amid showering balls, bursting bombs, and charging horse. Yea, more than this, you have dared the burning fever, the feeble pulse, and risked the solitary grave with all of a patriot's faith and hope. These things have you done, my brave soldiers, but our work is not complete yet, for war, with its horrors and train of suffering, still hovers over our beloved State. We are fighting for liberty, equality, and independence, and can never leave the field while the foot of an enemy shall be left to pollute our soil. P^verything on earth that renders life valuable and dear to freemen is at stake, and none but the basest slave and craven coward can yield in such a contest. Not so with the enemy. We seek not his subjugation, his country, or his home. He can quit the field, retire to his home, and thereby give peace and happiness to a bleeding and suffering country. He can by these means at once close the unrelenting crusade which he is now wag- ing against us. Our enemies in the State, though impudently and arrogantly asserting that a majority of the people are on their side, have by their own conduct given most indu- bitable evidence that all their clainis are false, or that they themselves are too cow- ardly to fight their own battles. Are there any so blind among them as not to see that the predominant feeling in the State is with the South? Do they not knovv that an overwhelming majority of the people will never submit to the rule of an abolition despotism? Are they not aware that the usurpations of their defunct convention are almost universally con- demned by the people? If all these things are not well known to them, why did the convention, at its recent sitting, rescind their ordinance of a former session, sub- mitting their high-handed usurpations to a vote of the people for ratification? They knovv, and everybody knows, that the people would have put their seal of condem- nation, in thunder tones, upon all their unholy deeds, had the opportunity been afforded them. Why, if they have the majority, did they import regiment after regiment, brigade after brigade, general after general, from the ranks of Lincoln's hired hordes in the North to fight their battles in Missouri? Our friends from the South were never invited into Missouri until the Lincoln Government had quartered their Hessian troops all over the State. These troops thus quartered in our midst have been met upon every field, with few exceptions, by Missouri's sons alone, and with almost unvaried success. Now, when we have the assistance of the rich and powerful Southern Confederacy, with all her vast resources, and her gallant sons to stand by our sides, what must be the result? If any among us have hitherto entertained the idea that Missouri can be conquered, let them at once and forever banish the delu- sion from their minds. By your own strong arms and willing hearts, and dauntless courage, you have passed successfully through the darkest hour and greatest peril which can possibly attend the unholy crusade now being waged against you. Our enemies must have l)een l^rought to know that a bloody revenge must and will follow a co/jtinuance of our persecution. It can not be sui)po.sed that a large majority of our people are to be driven from their homes and firesides, and forced to surrender up the graves of their fathers and their children to Northern invaders. This can never be done as long a^ a man can be found or an arm shall be left to strike a blow. Overwhelming numbers may sometimes force us to retreat; circumstances may occasionally cause lis to fall back; but, as certain as God reigns in Heaven, we will return again and again, until the last man shall have perished, or we shall have reclaimed our homes. I have said, and now rejieat it, that our enemies can at any moment leave the field in safety and retire to their homes, whereas we can never lay down our arms with- out dishonor while an enemy shall jmllute our soil with his unhallowed tread. Honor and patriotism alike forliid it. The memories of the past and the hoi)es of the future equally forbid it. The question ff>r Missouri to determine is now resolved into this single proi^osition: Shall she be the empire State of the glorious Southern Confed- 294 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. eracy, the bright 8tar and peer of Virginia, in the f^outhern constellation, or shall she ignoniiniously submit to the abolition yoke of Northern fanaticism — conciuered, humbled, and disgraced — forced to remain under a government made tyrannical by fanaticism, disgraced by its rulers, and contemptible in the eyes of the world? But it is useless now to argue the interest or policy of the State; our enemies have chosen to sul)mit them l)oth to the arbitrament of the s\voi-d, and by the sword thej' must be settled. There is no reason why we should shrink from the contest. The Missouri State Guard, almost single-handed, have fought the armies of all the West- ern States for more than six months with unparalleled success. Their victories at Cole Camp, at Carthage, at Oak Hills, Fort Scott, Lexington, Fredericktown, and BehiKyit can not fail to inspire the country with renewed zeal, energy, and courage. These noble and heroic deeds have passed into history, and will form the brightest page of the crisis through which our country is passing. My brave soldiers, now in the field, the six months for which you were called is- now expiring, and many may desire to return to their liomes. It is natural yovi should desire to do so; but let me beg you not now to turn back from the work you have so nobly begun; do not now fail when the eyes of the whole country are upon you; do not lose your glorious reputation for want of a little more patience; do not let the princely heritage of Missouri be lost to you and j-our children, when a few more weeks or days of perseverance may win it for you. Let me, therefore, entreat you to embrace the opportunity which is now offered you to volunteer in the service of that great young government, the Southern Confederacy— one of the brilliant stars of which is our own loved Missouri — and fight under that bright flag which has yet known no defeat. That the bond of union between Missouri and her Southern sisters may be more perfect, and that encouragement be given our men, and that system and unity of purpose exist which insures success, it has been determined that the present mem- bers of the Missf)uri State Guard shall have the liberty to reorganize under the laws of the Southern Confederacy — that our Southern brothers may have the privilege of supplying our wants and paying our troops while we fight our battles, which are also theirs. Do not let the frosts of winter deter you from end)racing the opportunitj'. Do not fail to remember those patriotic sires who wintered at Valley Forge — let their bright example encourage you; the cause is the same — 'tis liberty and equality for which we fight. You have no homes to which you can safely go; the Hessian and the Jayhawker go wherever the army is not, and you will but put on the shackles of serfdom whenever you lay down your arms, even though it be but temporarily. 1 know your patriotism — you have proved it. I know your bravery — the world has seen it. I know your endurance — the cheerfulness with which you have borne your hardships has demonstrated it. Then I pray you maintain your reputation but a little while longer and Missouri will be regenerated and redeemed. To my fellow-citizens who have not yet joined the army, I have now a word to say. Can you longer delay? Can there he yet one lingering ray of hope in your hearts that the oiicf glorious Union can ever be reconstructed or reunited? Can you expect to remain as quiet spectators, tilling your fields and attending to your private speculations, while 50,000 of your brave brothers are on the "warpath?" Do you not know that absence from the field but j^rolongs the war, and that you are at all times liable to depredations from either party? Come out, then, like men. Remember that "he who is not for us is against us!" You know as well as I that the people of Missouri are Southern jteople — that their sympathies, their hopes, and their interests are with the South. Then, I call u})()n you in the name of our noble State, now struggling for independence, to come out and help your brothers who are in the field. You can not ask or expect them to do all the fighting, to endure all the liardships, and divide with you their glory and successes. You should not expect to enjoy the reward unless you participate in their struggles for victory and inde- pendence. C. F. J.\CKSON. New M.\drid, Mo., December IS, 1861. The call for the onli.stmont of ^lissouri vohinteiM-s for the Confeder- ate service was not enthusiastically received, and did not meet with the prompt response which po.ssibly it might have received at an earlier date. Citizens, as well as members of the Missouri State Guard, were reluctant to enter the service of the Confederate States, their disinclina- tion to enlist in that service being largely due to the delay of the President in the appointment of Cxeneral Price as a major-general in the Confederate Army, and the distrust of the Confederate authorities VOLUNTEERS. 295 engendered by their failure to cooperate to the extent expected in the attempts of the Missouri troops to free the State from the presence of the Federal forces. Some of the correspondence on this subject is here reproduced. On the 3d of December, 1861, President Davis wrote Hon. W. P. Harris, a Delegate to the Provisional Congress from the State of Mis- issippi: Richmond, Va., December 3, 1S61. Hon. W. P. Harris, Confederate States Congress. My Dear Sir: Language was said by Talleyrand to be useful for the concealment of one's thoughts; but in our day it fails to communioate any thought. If it had been otherwise, the complaint in relation to (Jeneral Price of which you speak could not have been made. Tlie commissioners of Missouri were informed that when that State offered troops they would be organized according to our military laws and generals would be appointed for brigades and divisions. Until then I have no power to appoint generals for those troops. The same statement, substantially, w^as made to the members of Congress from Missouri who called on me yesterday. They were also informed that, from conversation with informed persons and from corre- spondence now on file in the War Department, I was convinced that it was needful to the public interest that a general should be sent to the Arkansas and Missouri division who had not been connected with any of the troops on that line of opera- tions; and to the statement that the Missouri troops would not fully enlist under anyone except General Price, I asked if they required their general to be put in command of the troops of Arkansas, of Texas, and of other Southern States. To bring these different forces into harmonious cooperation is a necessity. 1 have sought to effect it by selecting General Heth to connnand them in com])ination. If it is designed, by calling Heth a West Point cadet, merely to object to his education in the science of war, it may pass for what it is worth; but if it be intended to assert that he is without experience, his years of active and distinguished service on the frontier of ^Missouri and the territory west of it will, to those who examine before they censure, be a sutticient answer. The Federal forces are not hereafter, as here- tofore, to be commanded V)y pathfinders and holiday soldiers, but by men of mili- tary education and experience in war. The contest is therefore to be on a scale of very different proportions than that of the partisan warfare witnessed tluringthe past summer and fall. I have long since learned to bear hasty censure, in the hope that justice, if tardy, is sure, and in any event to find consolation in the assurance that all my ends have been my country's. " With high respect, ' Jefferson Davis. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. VIII, p. 70L] On the 13th of December, the Missouri delegation in the Confed- erate Congress addressed General Price as follows: Richmond, Va., December 13, 1S61. Gen. Sterlinci Price. Dear Sir: Events of so extraordinary a character have transpired and are daily transpiring in this city connected with the affairs of Missouri that we think it of the utmost importance to communicate them to you by special messenger. For this purpose we have induced the War Department to appoint Colonel Peebles, of Gen- eral Clark's division, to convey you these dispatches. Those of our delegation who first reached Memphis were met by the alarming rumor that the President enter- tained the idea of appointing some other person than yourself to the command of the Missouri army and district. The delegates then in Memphis immediately hur- ried on, and upon their first morning's presence in Richmond waited upon the President to press your claims to the position. We assured him such a step as rumor attributed to him would paralyze our State and expose the entire Mississippi Valley to the enemy. In strong but respectful terms we urged the services done l)y the Mis- souri army for the Confederacy and the utter ruin which would follow us in the future if some stranger to our troops and people should V)e placed in your stead. The Presi- dent was firm and even impatient in his opposition to our views. He declared that while you had done well and while he entertained the kindest feelings for you personally, he was determined to appoint no man as major-general to command that department who was a resident of Missouii, Arkansas, or Texas. He alluded to the 296 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. difficulties l)et\veen yourself and MeCulloch, and jrave this as a reason why some one disconnected with those feuds should lie placeil over all the forces. We ask your especial attention to the opinion of the President, as we desire, in justice to yourself and our army, that you should know from whom it originated. The Presi- dent is further pleased to intimate that our (jfuerriila fighting in ^Missouri must now give place to a different mode, that of regular, systematized warfare. He uttered this in no offensive sense, l)ut evidently as a reason for the rule he has recently adopted in all cases of placing West Point graduates over the different divisions. The President further intimated that he had appointed Col. Henry Heth, ex-captain in the United States Army, as major-general of our district. Upon the next day Colonel Heth called upon us and stated that he had received the appointment and Avould start on the next Thursday for the command. We informed him frankly of our belief that the Missouri army would follow no one but yourself, and regretted the unfortunate position in which it placed our State. In the meantime assurances from every delegation on the floor of Congress were freely tendered us that no nomi- nation but that of yourself would be confirmed by Congress. The people and press also give unanimous expression to their indignation, and finally Colonel Heth, it is understood, requested the President to withdraw his name, or rather not to send it in to our body for their consideration. General Clark and Colonel Cooke had in the meantime arrived, and l)oth waited upon the President. They found him very much in the same mood as we have described before, but disposed to await further time and developments. It is under- stood now that General McCulloch will reach here this evening, and we fear for no purpose friendly to yourself. Of one thing, however, sir, you may rest assured — Con- gress will confirm no one but yourself. Daily and hourly assurances are given us that we will be supported in our course, and we are unanimous in pressing your name to the last extremity. It becomes our duty now, sir, to mention a matter of the most delicate nature in regard to the origin of this whole difficulty. It was understood at the time of our secession, by the legislature and the whole army, that you would receive this appointment. Governor Jackson, however, has pursued a course calcu- lated to create doubt in the mind of the President, whether we really wished it or not. We are not at liberty to give the full information in our possession, l)ut the time will speedily arrive at which the matter can and shall be fully ventilated. We wish to create no difficult)' between yourself and the Executive, especially at a crisis like the present, but we deem it proper that you should be apprised of the fact that not to any want of exertion upon our part, but to another quarter, is the service of ]\Iissouri indebted for the difficulty now existing. The appointment of Colonel Heth had been agreed upon l)efore our arrival, and nothing but our prompt exertion would have even delayed the full consummation of the design. As it is, we are sanguine of l)eing able to effect our object yet, notwithstanding the ol)stacles in the way. The President, at any rate, has stoi)ped in his headlong career and begins to hear the puVj- lic voice. We have introduced a bill giving us the credit of the Confederate States to the amount of $1,000,000 to j^ay our army for past services before our admission, and believe we can secure its passage; also an amendment to the sequestration act protecting our people against the confiscations of the Gamble government in ^Missouri and to secure us against the payment of taxes to both governments. It is with the highest gratification we are able to state that our reception here l)y the Congress and people has been of the kindest nature, and permit us to say further that your name and praise are identical with that of Missouri in the gallant struggle through which she is ]>assing. We inclose instructions from the Secretary of War in regard to the organization of our forces as Confederate troops, and would suggest that the transfer be made as soon as ]K)ssible, and we would further suggest that you disjtatch to us immediately a courit-r with any suggestions in relation to the service you may think proj)er, and any intelligence of interest to the public. We will, as soon as jKJSsible, establish a line of c(Mn-iers to your headquarters by an act of Congress. Very respectfully, John B. Clakk. C. W. P.i:iJ>. Thomas A. Harris. Thos. W. Fkee.max. AV.M. M. Cooke. G. (i. Vest. .\. H. CONKOW. [11)1.1., Scries I, Vol. id 11, j.. Tiil.] Tlio ci-iticism of (rovci-nor .Ijicksoii in tlic letter last quoted was d<)iil)tIoss duo to certain expressions in a letter addressed l)v him to \ VOLCXTEERS. 297 the President. November 5. 1861. transmitting the acts of the general assembly of the State preparatory' to organic union with the Con- federate State>. In that letter Governor Jaekson said, referring to the expected union: As soon as this may ]>e done I desire that the Mi-^souri forc-es shiall >>e reorganized at the earHest practicable moment under the Confederate < jovemment and a general appointed at once to command all the forces that may be ordered to Missouri. Who the man shall be L« of no consequence to me. I have full confidence in your goo^i judgment, and doubt not you will give as the l>est man you can. General Brs^g would Vje very- acceptable, but we will all be .satlsfie^l with anyone you may select. You know better than I that an army to be successful can have but one head, and that should be a good one. It may possibly be known to you that heretofore there has not lyeen that degree of harmony and concert of action l>etween Generals Price and McCulloch that should exist l>etween officers lalxjring in a common cause. While this has been the c-a.se hitherto to some extent, I am rejoice^! now to be aljle to say that a restoration of the most amic-able relations has been effected and that they and their annies are now coof>erating together in the most harmonious manner. [Ibid., p. 7-5.5.] On December 20. ISGl. the President wrcjte to General Price, express- ing his regard for the welfare of Missouri and his desire for a tender of troops from that State, to V)e organized into brigades and divisions under the laws of the Confederate States. Following is a copv of his letter: Richmond, Va., December 20, 1861. Gen. Stehlisg Price, ComrrMnding MU^juri Forces. My Dear General: I have received, with much pleasure, your letter of the 10th ultimo, with the inclosed corresfx>ndenc-e. It was not neeeen hope- fully looking for the tender of troofjs from Missouri and Arkansas, to be organized into brigade?- and divisions uixier the laws of the Ojnfe<^lerate States. We have at present no troopw- to give you exc-ept those under General McCulloch, and you are aware of their condition. I was sorry to learn from Colonel Cooke that the tenn of service of your forces is for .so short a period, and thaf the term of enlistment of so many Is about to expire. You know the disadvantage of short terms of service. Can you not organize a force for the war? So long 2£ it lasts the people of the country in which it Is carrie'l *>n must engage in it, and, until our indei>endence is recognizer! and peace restored, the onlv question should be, how can these ends be best promoted? **♦♦♦**♦ You may rest assured that the welfare of Missouri is ae dear to me as that of other States of the Confederacy, and that I will do all in my p^jwer to assl-t her in her struggle to maintain the common cause and to vindicate her free^lom and s^jvereignty. Accept my most friendly remembrance and a-suranf^-r of my V^est wishes for your soccess and happiness. Very resx>ectfully and truly, yours, Jeffeeson Davis. [Ibid., Series I, Vol.' VIII, p. 716.] On the following day the President addres^sed Governor Jackson, urging the tender of troops to the Confederate (iovernment. in order that they might be duly organized and general officers appointed. He .said: Richmond. Va., Decemlter 21, 1861. His Excellency the Governor of Mis**oiri. Mr Dear Sir: We are anxioas that the tr^xtps of Missouri should 1* tendered to the Confederate Government, in order that they may be organized into brigades and divisions and general officers appointed for them, or if preferable to them, received 298 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. as indej)endent companies or battalion;^, for such further organization as the interest of the service and the character of the troops may indicate. By this it is thought that their ethciency will be increased, and that they will be relieved from the anomalous position they now occupy as militia of the Confederate States without being a part of their organized army. This arrangement seems very desirable to me, ])oth for the sake of the Missouri troops and the advancement of our cause, and I hope it will meet with your concur- rence. Very respectfully and truly, yours, Jefferson Davis. [Ibid., p. 717.] To this letter Governor Jafk.^^on replied, December 30, 1861, as follows: New Orle.\ns, Deeemher 30, 1861. His Excellency the President of the Confederate States. Sir: Your letter of the 21st instant, forwarded by Colonel (laines, has been received. With respect to the matter of transferring the Missouri troops to the Con- federate Government, I have to say that tlie measure has not only my concurrence but my hearty approval. The moment I received intelligence that Missouri had been admitted a member of the Confederacy I wrote to General Price, urging him to have the transfer made at the earliest moment and to get the troops ^\for the ?«n-" if possible. What success has attended the general's efforts I have no means of knowing, not having heard from him since. Surrounded, however, as he is with embarrassments of the greatest magnitude, his men ])orne down by all the hardships and privations of a summer's campaign, dis- couraged and disheartene Dunklin County regiment disbands on tlie 4tli at Clarkton, and the Ixipley County regiment disl>ands on the Sth at Pit- man's Ferry. IIow many of these will volunteer it is inipossil)le to tell, but I am sure I will have but a skeleton force until Februarv or March. The men are all VOLUNTEERS. 301 sounder than the officers, and if I could but stop their croaking all would Ije well. I do not censure all, for many of them are ]>atriotic gentlemen, who are willing to serve anywhere or work in any kind of harness, but many also who can not Vje reelected, from incomptency or other causes, for the purpose of covering their own defeat hunt a thousand excuses, and delay others who would innnediately join. I am now without an army, Imt still have hope, and if left single-handed and alone, I will keep the enemy in my neighborhood uneasy and on guard. ******* Yours, most respectfully, M. Jeff. Thomi'sox, Brigadier- General, Commimdinq. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. VIII, p. 727.] On the 16th of January General Thompson wrote to General Polk, the Confederate commander at Columbus, Ky. : New Madrid, Mo., January 16, 1862. Maj. Gen. Leoniuas Polk, Confederate States Army, Columbus, Ky. Dear General: * * * Great inducements are being offered to my men to return to their homes and violent threats against those who do not. We are laboring under great difficulties, but I am not discouraged, although opposed by many circumstances which others must assist me to remove. As soon as Governor Jackson reaches this point I hope he will counteract the oppo- sition to the Confederate service which seems to prevail among the people. ******* Yours, most respectfully, M. Jeff. Thompson, Brigadier- General, Missouri State Guard. [Ibid., p. 735.] On the 9th of Januarj^ 1862, an act was passed by the Confederate Congress, which became a law without the President's signature, in which the President was authorized to appoint a major-general and such brigadier-generals as he might think proper to command the troops then and thereafter to be raised for the Provisional (Confeder- ate) Arm}' in the State of IVIissouri, such officers to receive pay from the dates of their respective appointments and to be allowed the usual staff officers suitable to their rank. This act reads as follows: AN ACT to provide for raising and organizing, in the State of Missouri, additional troops for the Provisional Army of the Confederate States. Tlie Congress of the Confederate States of America do enact. That the President be, and he is hereby, authorized to nominate and, by and with the advice and consent of Con- gress, to appoint and commission in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, one major-general and such Ijrigadier-generals to the command of troops now and hereafter to be raised and organized for the Provisional Army in the State of ]Mis- souri as he may think proper. Sec. 2. All officers appointed under the provisions of this act shall be entitled to receive pay from the date of their respective appointments, and shall be allowed the usual staff appropriate to their rank, and shall be assigned to the duty of raising and organizing Confederate forces in said State, with the view of putting them and their respective commands in the field at the earliest practicable period. Sec. 3. This act to take effect from and after its passage. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. LI II, p. 773.] Before the foregoing enactment became a law a bill somewhat similar in its provisions was passed, in which the President was author- ized to appoint, not onl}- general and stall officers, ]>ut such field and company' officers as might be required "" to facilitate and expedite the raising and organization of troops in the State of Missouri," with rank and pay from the dates of their respective appointments, but without the condition prescribed in the act quoted above that they were to 302 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. command Missouri troops. The bill as passed by Congress was in the following terms: AX ACT to v>rovi(le for misin!? and organizing, in the State of Missouri, additional forces for the Provisional Army of the Confederate States. Section 1. Tlw Congress of the Confederate Statei^ of America do enact, That in order to facilitate and expedite the raiding and orgjanization of troops in the State of Missouri the President he, and he is herehy, authorized to ap])oint, hy and with the advice and consent of Congress, such major and l)rigadier generals, field, staff, and company otlicers, as the interests of the cimnnon defense may require. Sec. 2. The otticers appointed under the provisions of this act shall be entitled to rank and receive pay fnjin the date of their respective appointments, and shall be assigned to the immediate duty of raising and organizing Confederate troops in the State of Missouri; and if sucli officers shall not, within a reasonable time, report their appropriate commands organized and ready for dut\% the President may, in his dis- cretion, vacate their commissions. Sec. 3. The otticers and men raised under the provisions of this act shall be subject to all the rules and regulations for the government of the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, in like manner as other troops of the Provisional Army. Alexander H. Stephens, I certify that this act passed the Congress. [Ibid.] President of the Congress, pro tempore. January 13, 1862. J. J. Hooper, Secretary. This bill was returned b}' the President without his approval, for reasons stated bj' him, as follows: Executive Office, January 32, 1862. To the Congress of the Confederate States: After mature deliberation I have not been able to ap{)rove the bill herewith returned, entitled "An act to provide for raising and organizing in the State of Mis- souri additional forces for the Provisional Army of the Confederate States." In a message just sul)mitted to the Congress in relation to certain forces to be raised in the State of Texas, I have stated the objections entertained to any legislative discrimina- tion for or against a particular State, thereby disturbing the harmony of the sys- tem adopted for the common defense. In a bill very recently passed by the Congress a new plan has been established for raising and organizing troops for the Confederate service. I5y the provisions of this last-mentioned law you have given me authority to raise and organize troops in all the States by granting commissions in advance of the actual enlistment of the troops to officers below the grade of general officers and above that of subalterns. To the officers thus commissioned you do not give anv pay or allowances until tiie actual organization of the companies, battalions, or regi- ments that the officers so commissioned were empowered to raise, and you do not allow j)ay, l)ut have even prohibited the allowance of subsistence or transportation to the men enrolled in order to enable them to reach the rendezvous of their com- panies. By the terms of the bill now returned an exception is made in favor of the State of Missouri alone. By the provisions of the bill it is contemplated that advance commissions shall l)e granted to officers of all grades from the highest general officer of the Provisional Army to the lowest subaltern of a company, and that the officers whether of the staff or the line thus appointed shall receive pay from tlie date of their respective aj^pointmeiits without any c(mdition rendering this ])ay dependent on their success in raising troops. Tlie general bill which has now become a law applicable to Missouri as to all the other States fixes a reasonal)U' term within which officers commissioned in advance nuist succeed in raising troops imder penalty of forfeiting their commissions. The present bill removes this ,«alutary restriction and vests in the Executive the dangerous power not only of appointing at his discretion an unlimited nund)er of military ollicers irrespective of any trooiis to l)ecommandele there would be a practicable difficulty in the operation of the bill, which appears insurmountable. All the troops now in service in the State of Missouri are State trooj>s, commanded by State officers, which have never been tendered or received in the (Confederate service. In exercis- ing the power of appointment ])roposed to be vested in me by the bill the best hope for success in its purpose would be founded on selecting those officers who had dis- tinguished themselves in command and had become endeared to the troops. But this would be to deprive the State troops of their commanding officers during the whole period necessary for the enrollment and organization of the troops under Con- federate laws. Missouri would thus be left comparatively defenseless while the reorganization was progressing. Therefore, regarding this bill as impolitic and unnecessary, it is submitted for your reconsideration. Jefferson D.wis. [Ibid., p. 771.] It may here be stated that by an act approved February 17, 1862, the act "'pa.ssed January ninth, eighteen hundred and .sixty -two," quoted above, was repealed. (Official Records of the Union and Con- federate Armies, Series IV. Vol. I, p. 943.) Notwithstanding^ the obstacles in the way of recruitinu- for the Con- federate service. General Price was able to report on the 17th of January. 1802, that two regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and two batteries of light artillery had V)een organized, and that several other regiments of infantry, a regiment of cavalry, and several com- panies of artilleiy were in a forward state of enlistment. Following is a copy of his report: He.\dquarters Missouri State Guard, Springfield, Jamiarij 17, 1862. Hon. J. P. Bex.iamix, Secretary/ of War, BicJunotxI, ]'a. » Sir: I have the honor to inform you that two regiments of infantry, Colonels Bur- bridge and Rives; one regiment of cavalry, Colonel Gates; two light batteries, one of six pieces. Captain Wade, the other of four pieces, Capt. S. Churchill Clark, have been organized here in conformity to the laws of the Confederate States for service in the Provisional Army. The muster rolls are being rapidly made out, and will be transmitted to you within five or six days. I have organized these regiments and batteries into a temporary l)rigade, under the command of Col. Henry Little, Confederate States Army. I hope that it will be the President's pleasure to accept the transfer of these troops without any unnecessary delay and as tendered of this date. The infantry regiments and the artillery companies are fully armed and equipjjed. The cavalry regiment is well armed and equipped, and will be completely armed and equipped by the State. 1 have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Sterling Price, Major- General, Commanding Misf^ouri State Guard. P. S. — Several other regiments of infantry, a regiment of cavalry (for the war), and several comi)anies of artillery are in a forward state of enlistment, and I expect to have the pleasure of transmitting to you the muster rolls of several additional brigades within a very few weeks. Yours, very respectfully, Steklinc; Price, Ma}or-General, Mi.^snnri State Guard. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. VIII, p. 7o().] On the 23d of January General Price promulgated a general order providing, among other things, for the distribution of the volunteer troops into brigades and battalions. This order reads as follows: General Orders, \ Headquarters Missouri St.\te (juard. No. 26. / Sjiringfield, Mo., January 2S, 1S62. I. The volunteer force will be distributed mitil further orders into two brigades and an extra battalion. 304 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. II. The following troops will constitute the First Brigade: 1. The First Regiment Cavalry, Colonel (lates. 2. The First Re>riinent Infantry, Colonel Ihirbridge. 3. The Second Regiment Infantry, Colonel Rives. 4. Captain Wade';^ battery. 5. Captain Clark's battery. Col. Henry Little will a.«sume command of this brigade, and appoint, with the major-general' .« approval, a brigade staff, consisting of: 1. An adjutant, with the rank of captain. 2. An inspector, with the rank of captain. 8. An ordnance othcer, with the rank of captain. 4. A (jnartermaster, with the rank of major. 5. A roniniissary, with the rank of major. 6. An aidcHle-camj), with the rank of tirst lieutenant. 7. A surgeon. III. The following troops will, until further orders, constitute the Second Brigade: 1. Colonel Bevier's battalion of infantry. 2. Colonel Rosser's battalion of infantry. 3. Colonel McCulloch's battalion of cavalry. 4. Captain Lucas's scpiad of artillery. 5. Cai>tain Landis's sipiad of artillery, together with all other V>attalions, squads, and individuals that do not enlist in either the First Brigade or the extra battalion. IV. The extra battalion will compose all volunteers who do not enlist in either the First or Second Brigades, and will be under the command of General McBride or some officer designated by him. V. Gen. William Y. Slack will assume command of the Second Brigade, and, with the major-general's approval, appoint such staff officers as the exigencies of the service may recpiire. He will, further, establish an encampment and order into it all volunteers who have not already been enrolled in or who shall not immediijtely cause themselves to be enrolled in either the First Brigade or the extra l)attalion. This order will be rigidly and innnediately enforced. He will organize the troops of the brigade into sijuads and battalions. Each squad shall consist of at least twenty- five men and each battalion of at least three squads. The commanding officer of each battalion and squad shall be appointed by the commanding officer of the brigade, subject to the major-general's approfal. All other battalion and squad officers shall be appointed by the commander of the battalion or squad, with the approval of the officer commanding the brigade. The squads will be organized into companies as speedily as possible and the com- panies into regiments. The cavalry of this brigade and one or more squads of artillery may be temjiorarily attached to any division of the State Guard, upon the application of the commander of such division. A daily rejKjrt of the strength and condition of such cavalry or squad shall, however, be made to the commanding officer of the brigade. VI. The term of service of anyone volunteering to enter the Confederate service begins from the date of his enrollment in an organized comi)any, or from the date of the organization of the company when he enlists in an unorganized i-ompany. The pay of those enlisted within twenty miles of these head(]uarters will begin from the date of their enrollment by the proper officer of either the First or the Second Brigade or of the extra battalion. The troops remain in the pay of the State until the transmission of the muster rolls to the Secretary of War, whii-h act tiansfers them to the Provisional Army of the Confederate States and puts them in the pay of the Ct.)nfederate Government. VIL No one except the (luartermaster or conunissary of one of the brigades or of the extra battalion shall purchase any stores or supjilies of any kind for the use of the troops in this corps nor give a receipt for any article obtained for their use, nor shall any such ([uarti'rmaster or commissary issue subsistence or supplies of any kind to any company, sipiad, or individual, excei>t upon requisition in due form, ai>proved by the commandi'r of the brigade or extra battalion, nor shall such commander approve any recjuisition unless the troops for whom it shall be made be duly enrolled in his brigade or battalion. Any officer who shall presume to disobey this order will be held to a strict accountability. VI I L The quartermaster, conunissary, and ordnance officer of the First Brigade will each take an exact inventory of all the public proi)erty within the brigade belonging to his department; and after obtaining therefor the proper receipts (in the form refpiired by the regulations for the government of the armies of the Con- federate States) frt)m the officers to whom the same has been delivered, he will receipt in due form to the quartermaster-general and conunissary-general of the State for such property. VOLTNTEERS. 305 IX. No discharge will be hereafter granted to any soldier ui the State Guard ui)nii the ground of " reenlistnient for twelve months or longer" unless he shall bring a certifieate from the adjutant of one of the brigades or of the extra battalion that he has been duly enrolled in such brigade or battalion. X. The Confederate (lovernment will not accept any additional conijianies of cavalry unless they enlist for the war. By order of Maj. Gen. S. Price: \Vm. H. Bk.\xd, xlmMant Adjutunt-deneral. [Il)id., p. 73i).] On the 28th of January Col. Thomas L. Snoad was dispatched to Richmond with the rolls of the completed oroanizations (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. \'III. p. 744), and on the 5th of February the Secretary of War. acknowledoino- the receipt of (ieneral Price's letter of Januaiy 17. (|U()ted al)oye. assured him, in effect, that it had always been the intention of the President to appoint him a major-ocneral in the Confederate service as soon as a number of troops should be mustered in from Missouri sufficient tQ form a diyision. The Secretary's letter, which contains several items of information besides that relating to General Price's appointment, is here quoted. War Dkpartmext, Richmond, Februarij 5, 1862. Maj. (ien. Hterlixg Price, SprhKjtidd, Mo. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter of 17th ultimo. I am much gratified to learn that you are proceeding successfully in the effort to organize troops for service under the Confederacy and have already a l)rigade under Col. Henry Little. The President, whose intention it has always been to secure your services in the common cause as soon as a nnndier of troops could be mustered in from INIissouri sufficient to form a division, at first thought of tendering you the nomination of com- mander of the brigaectfully call on your excellency to raise and have mustered into the Confederate service the above-named number of regiments, or so many thereof as it may be possible for you to ()l)tain. These regiments will l)e called into camps of instruction, which you are invited to select. They will there be clothed, sub- sisted, and armed at the expense of the Confederate States. Each man will receive a bounty of $50 when mustered into service, as well as transportation from his home to the place of rendezvous. It is earnestly hoped that your excellency will spare no effort to have your troops ready for the field by March 15, at which date it is confidently l)elieved you will be joined by the forces of your sister States in such numbers as will enable us, by con- joint effort, to drive the invader from the soil of Missouri. I am, respectfully, your obedient servant, J. P. Ben.iamin, Secreiari/ of War. [Ibid., Series IV, Vol. I, p. 906.] The State authorities were at this time strenuously engaged in the enlistment of volunteers for the Confederate service, and it does not appear that their action was or could be in any way affected by the requisition just ([uoted. According to a return made by the adjutant and inspector general of the Confederate States, the Missouri troops in the Confederate service February 28, 1862, numbered 8,200. It has, however, been shown in this j)aper that there were then several regiments in process of organization not included in this return. On the 19th of March General Price advised the Secretary of War thata])out 5,0<)<» of his command had already been sworn into the Con- federate service and that he felt assured that the bulk of the remainder would follow their example Avhen it became known that he had been api)ointed a major-general in the service of the Confederate States. His letter to the Secretary is as follows: Heaiku'arters M1S.SOCR1 State GcAun, Camp Van Bnrcn, ArkaiisaK, Marcit 19, 1862. Hon. J. P. Ben.iamin, Serretanj of War, RirJunoiHl, Va. Sn{: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your valued conmuuiication of the 5th ultimo. It would have met with earlier attention but that circumstances surrounding me since its reception, ere this well known to you, have forced the delay. In accordance with your request I herewith give the names of officers in the State (iuard coiHpetent to command brigades; they are named in order of their merit, as estimate*! by me: 1. Col. Henry Little, conunaniling brigade, reported. VOLUNTEERS. 307 2. Brig. Gen. Martin E. (xreen, comnianding Second Division, 3. Brig. Gen. A. E. Steen, romniamling Fifth Division. 4. Brig. Gen. M. M. Parsons, commanding Sixth Division. 5. Brig. Gen. D. M. Frost, commanding Seventh Division. Brig. Gens. William Y. Slack and Edwin AV. Price I prefer not to classify. The first, l)ecause severely wounded in the engagement of the 7th and 8th instant; the sec- ond because now a prisoner of war, having been ca{)tured some weeks since when on his return to the army from nortli Missouri with recruits. Besides, he is my son. Both are officers of jnarked gallantry and energy. I commend to your consideration, as chief of artillery in this (li vision, Brig. (Jen. M. Dewis Clark. The larger ])art of the State (uiard, I think, will enlist in the Confederate service, and to the pnjmotion of tliis object I shall direct every practicable energy. My men, numbers of them, would have entered that service before, but were i Department, and report to him from time to time your action under them, and you are i)articularly directed to obey promptly and strictly all his orders and instructions, through whomsoever they may be communicated to you. In confer- ring upon you these important powers I manifest the great confidence which I repose in your jiatriotism, prudence, and sound common sense — qualities which are essen- tial to the proper discharge of the grave duties which have been devolved upon you. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Stekling Price, Major-General, Commanding. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 824.] Transinittintv a cop}^ of these instructions to the Secretary of War, General Price suggested the propriet}' of authorizing certain citizens named by him to raise troops within the State of Missouri for the Confederate service. His letter to the Secretaiy is here quoted: Headqua]{ters District of the Tennessee, Tupelo, A ngust 23, 1862. Hon. George W. Randolph, Secretary of War. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 12th instant, and to say that I have in accordance therewith authorized Lieut. Col. Waldo P. Johnson, of the Fourth Missouri Infantry, to proceed beyond the Missis- sippi for the purpose of meeting and organizing the Missouri troops. A copy of my instructions to him are herewith transmitted to you. I am in doubt whether your letter empowers me, or whether, indeed, the rules of the department permit you to empower me to confer authority upon anyone to raise trooi)s in ^Missouri. The dis- tance of that State from the seat of government, however, and the consequent diffi- culty of comnmnicating with the Department of War, and the peculiar condition of the State itself, all require that rules different from those that govern in the other States of the Confederacy should prevail there. I therefore respectfully suggest to you the propriety of authorizing certain citizens of that State to raise troops within it for the Confederate service, which troops, when raised, will be reported to Colonel Johnson or some other Confederate officer. I beg leave to mention to you in this connection the names of the following gentlemen who might be safely intrusted wdth that authority. The Senators and Representatives from IVIissouri can advise you more particularly as to the fitness of these gentlemen, and they will be able to suggest to you other names w'hich do not now occur to me: JainesII. McBride, of Texas County; Edwin W. Price, of Chariton; John I>. Clark, jr., of Howard; John Q. Burbridge, of Pike; Edward B. Hull, of Pike; Leonidas [C] Campbell, of Greene; Joseph C. Por- ter, of Lewis; John T. Hughes, of Clinton; Thomas INIcCarty, of Clay; J. J. Clark- son, of l^awrence; Robert W. Crawford, of Dade; Charles B. Alexander, of Pettis; Caleb Dorsey, of Pike; I). Herndon Lindsay, of Salini'; John H. Halley, of Putnam; Richard H. Musser, of Chariton; Ebenezer Magoffin, of Pettis; R. A. Boughan, of Vernon; Benjamin F. Walker, of Cedar; Francis J. Smith, of Jefferson; W. L. .Tef- fers, of C'ape (lirardeau; William IL Matthews, of Washington; [W. C] CJuantrill, of Jackson; John T. Coffee, of Dade; Alonzo W. Slayback, of Buchanan; l>ouis A. Welton, of Saint Louis; David C. Woods, of Saint l^ouis; 15ruce, of Monroe; Fritz INh'Culloch, of Shelby. I have directed I\Ir. Edward T. Fristoe to accompany Colonel Joluison as acting assistant adjutant-general to aid in the organization of the troops. He is a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute, and was at the break- ing out of the war professor of mathematics in the University of Missouri. He has been with tlie army for some time, and is a gentleman of high character, ability, and (!X))erience, and I hope that the President may be pleased to confer upon him an ap|)ointment with appropriate rank. I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, your obedient servant, Sterling Price, Major-Geueral, Commandinc/. [11. id., p. 82.S.] No record has l)een found of any action having been taken by the AVar Department on General Price's recommendations, but Lieutenant- VOLUNTEERS. 309 Colonel Johnson, whose authority was eiiliirt>;ecl by General Holmes, soon dispatched agents to Missouri for the purpose of recruiting- within the borders of the State. On the l.jth of September he wrote to General Price: Little Rock, Akk., Scptonhrr l'>, 1863, Maj. Gen. Sterling Pkice. General: I arrived here about one week since, reported to Major-General Holmes, who conlirnied aiid enhiri^ed my autlioritv, modifyin": it in one particular only, requir- ing me to report to him alone otlicially the result of my efforts at recruiting in Mis- souri, and requesting me at the sanu' time to advise you of the change. Woon after I reached here I dispatcheA about thirty pei'sons to different parts of Missouri for the purpose of enlisting and swearing into the service of the Confederate States Army all the able-bodied men they could meet with, to have them reported at camj) for organi- zation and instruction, remaining here myself, at the request of (reneral Holmes, for the purpose of having an interview with Governor .Jackson, who was then expected dailJ^ On yesterday the governor arrived, and after a long interview between the governor and general, at which I was present, the governor turned over to General Holmes all the State property at this place, eml)racing a large amount of clothing and other army stores, also all now in Mississippi. The governor also made an order turn- ing over all the State Guards now in Missouri to the Confederate States, rccjuiring them to report to me, withdrawing from all persons all power to recruit in future for the Missouri State Guard. I have not seen General Parsons, but arrangements are on foot to turn his entire command over to the Confederate States service, and I think it will be successful, as Governor Jackson, General Hindman, and General Parsons are all trying to effect it in a manner satisfactory to the men. Quite a large number of troops has already been organized along the southern border of Missouri, and from all the information I have obtained I believe there are many more to be collected and organized. But unfortunately there have been feuds and difficulties of almost every kind among them, which have annoyed (General Holmes very much, but I think he has adjusted most of the embarrassing cases, and I hope in future, if po.ssible, to avoid difficulties of a like character. They have been such as are incident to the organization of volunteer forces everywhere. ******* Waldo P. Johnson. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XIII, p. SSO.] It may here be mentioned that by an act of the Confederate Con- gress, approved September 2;>, 18(52, provision was made for the pay- ment of officers and men enrolled in the Confederate service under the command of General Price, '"in the State of Missouri," for the periods between the dates of their enrollment and the dates of their acceptance as Confederate troops. Following is a copy of the act: AN ACT to provide for the payment of certain claims against the Confederate States in the State of Mis.souri. Tlic Conf/re>2, an order was issued l)y the War Depart- ment suspending the execution of the conscription act of April 16, 1862, "and of all the amendments thereto," in the State of Missouri. It was also provided that, until further orders, troops from that State should be received into the Confederate service under the previous 310 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. legislation of the Confederate Congre.s.s. This order, in so far as it related to the State of Missouri, reads as follows: General Ordkks, \ Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, No. 74. j Richmond, October 2, 1862. 1. The execution of the act approved April 16, 1862, commonly called the conscrip- tion act, and of all the amendments thereto, is suspended, by direction of the Presi- dent, in the States of * * * and Missouri. Troops from those States will, until further orders, be received into the Confederate service under the acts passed by the Confederate Congress prior to the passage of the act above referred to, the execution of which is hereby suspended. * * * * * • * * By order: S. Cooper, Adjutant and Inspector General. [Il)id., p. 106.] That the eti'ect of the foregoing order may be understood it is neces- sary to here quote a portion of the conscription act to which it refers: AN ACT to further provide for the public defense. In view of the exigencies of the country, and the absolute necessity of keeping in the service our gallant army, and of j^lacing in the field a large additional force to meet the advancing columns of the enemy now invading our soil: Therefore, Section 1. Tlie Congress of the Confederate Slides of America do enact, That the Pres- ident be, and he is hereby, authorized to call out and place in the military service of the Confederate States, for three years, unless the war shall have been sooner ended, all white men' who are residents of the Confederate States, between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five years at the time the call or calls may be made, who are not legally exempted from military service. All of the persons aforesaid who are now in the armies of the Confederacy, and whose term of service will expire before the end of the war, shall be continued in the service for three years from the date of their original enlistment, unless the war shall have been sooner ended. * * * * * * * Approved, April 16, 1862. [Ibid., Series IV, Vol. I, p. 1095.] It would appear that the suspension of the execution of the conscrip- tion act in the State of Missouri was not construed by the Confederate authorities as exempting the Missouri volunteers from the prolonga- tion of their terius of service luider the provisions of the act. Theii' detention in the service after the expiration of the period for which they were originally enlisted, in connection with their enforced service east of the Mississippi River in violation of assurances given at the time of their enlistment, was the cause of serious disaffection in one of the l)rigades, calling forth from General l*rice a strong ai)pcal to the patriotism and patience of its members. This appeal, in which (icn- cral Price referred at great length to the causes of complaint and the grounds upon which they were based, was published in a general order, dated December 14, 18(32. of whicii the following is a copy: Special Orders, \ Headcjuarter-s Second Corps, Dej'aktment or No. 82. J Mississippi and Eastern IjOCIsiana, Crenada, Miss., December 14, 1863. 1. Tlif major-general comnumding has learned with very profound regret that the troops of Green's l)rigade are greatly disaffected ))y reason of their l)eing kept upon this side of the Mississippi River, and jiarticularly ))y the detention in the service beytjnd their original term of enlistment. lie has Ikh'U informed that there is dangi-r tliat some of them may, under the im])u]se of this disaffection (which has l)een artfully intensified l)y flesiguing men), <1() acts whicii will not only l)ring dis- grace upon tliemselves and their iamilics hut upon tlieir comrades and their State, and whi<'ii may bring disaster and ruin upon the cause for which tliey have done and VOLUNTEERS. 311 suffered so much. He therefore asks thein to listen to a few words of counsel and advice. He admits they have much seeming cause to be discontented. They were, most of them, enlisted under his assurance that they would not he brought away from Mis- souri, but would ]ie permitted to fight there for the independeni-e of tlu-ir own State and for the defense or the recovery of their own homes. He believes that without that assurance they would have preferred to fight, as they had theretofore fought, an unpaid soldiery under that Hag of Missouri beneath whose folds they had never suf- fered defeat, but under which they had won victories wliich will «ever be forgotten 80 long as valor and patri(jtism shall be honored among men. He gave that assur- ance in perfect good faith, believing then, as he l)elieves now, that he was authorized to give it. The men who had enlisted under that assurance were nevertheless imme- diately transferred to this side of the Mississippi River, far away from their invaded homes and their hapless families, and they had hardly been brought hitlier before they were impressed as it were into the service beyond the period of their (Original and voluntary enlistment. He admits tiiat these facts have given them too much seeming cause to believe that the Government has designedly entrapped them into its service, and artful men have, he has been told, used these facts to convince them that they have been wronged and outraged by it, and that they ought to resist its attempts to hold them in its service. If the major-general commanding believed this, and that the Government had acted thus basely, he would i)lace himself at your head and lead you back to the State of your devotion and his love, and no obstacle should prevent him. But, soldiers, he does' not believe it. The Government may have erred; it has not willfully or intentionally wronged 3'ou. The major-general commanding has never ceased to urge your transfer ])ack to the Trans-Mississippi Department. He has never, since this war begun, lost sight of the smoke of your camps but once, and then he left you reluctantly to go to Richmond in order to entreat the President to send you and him l)ack to INIissouri to battle there for the Confederacy. He has recently forwarded other urgent entreaties to the same effect, and one of his staff is even now in Richmond awaiting the President's answer to tliem, and he has been informed that the President says that you shall be sent back to Missouri as soon as you can he spared from this place. Await his answer with that patient forbearance which becomes the good citizen as well as the brave soldier. The major-general commanding has carefully examined the laws relating to this subject, and he thinks that there can be no doubt that the terms of enlistment of all the Missouri troops in this corj)s between the ages of eighteen and forty years have been extended by the j)rovisions of those acts to three years from their date of enlist- ment in the Confederate service if the war shall last so long. The law of April 16 says in so many words that "all the persons aforesaid (that is to say, all white men who are residents of the Confederate States between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five years) who are now in the armies of the Confederacy, and whose term of service will expire before the end of the war, shall be continued in the service for three years from the date of their original enlistment, unless the war shall liave been sooner ended," and no subse(iuent act, in his oi)inion, changes that provision except to extend the age to forty years. This may, and doubtless does, seem hard to you, Init it is a hardship which bears upon the citizens of every State alike, and surely you, who have shown yourselves to be so brnve and patriotic, will not claim exemj/tion from a law which has been manfully submitted to by the citizens of every State in the Confederacy. Soldiers of Missouri ! be patient ; lie as you have heretofore ])een, long-suffering and obedient. Remember what you owe, not only to yourselves and to your families, but to the memory of the brave comrades who have already fallen in this death struggle. Remember that they have died that you may be free. You have l)y your exalted patriotism and your glorious services not only won for yourselves the respect of the world and the love of the' Southern peojile, but you have made the name of ^Missouri honored wherever the history of your deeds has heen told. Throw not away by an act of cowardly desertion all that yon have so hardly and so gloriously won, and bring not disgrace ujion the name which you have made so honored just at the day and perhaps at the hour when you may be reaching the wished-for goal of all youi- struggles and all your hopes. Remember that you are the inheritors and should be the defenders of the honors and glories whic-h" cluster al)out the old State Guard. Hold the old banner still aloft and trail it not h(ime in disgrace. No past services, however glorious, can save from dishonor liim who meanly 312 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. deserts liis country and his comrades in the hour of danger nor shield his wife and children from the shame and ignominy which cling ever after to the deserter's family. lUit if there be among you one cowardly enough to desert let him consider the dillicultles which obstruct his path and remem1)er the fate which awaits him. From that fate the major-general commanding can not save him if he would. Be then i)atient for awhile. Every effort is being made to accomplish your wishes and to take you Vwck to your homes. Thwart not those efforts by mutinous behavior or dastardly desertion. The major-geneijal commanding claims the right to speak to you plainly. He has never deceived you. He has never hesitated to share your every discomfort and j'our every danger. He might at any time have gone back to ]Missouri to command a new army had he Ijeen willing to part from you. He might go there to-morrow if he would consent to leave you ; but he will never abandon the brave soldiers and long- suffering men whom he has led from the l)eginning, who have always followed him so nobly, and who have won for him all the honor and glory which a partial people has lavished upon him. He asks that you will continue to stand by him as he has stood by you and as he will stand by you to the end. By order of ^lajor-General Price : Thos. L. Sne.\d, Assistant Adjutant- General. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XVII, Part II, p. 794.] As reg-iirds the recruiting- service west of the Mississippi, Maj, Gen. Theophilus H. Hohnes, commanding- the Trans-]Nlississippi Department, wrote November 15, 1862, that he had in his arnu' about 6,000 Missouri recruits that he had caused to be organized into regi- ments and mustered into the Confederate service for three years or the war. The entire recruiting service, he said, had been placed in the hands of Col. Waldo P. Johnson. Following- is an extract of his report : Headquarters Trans-Mississippi Department, Little Rock, Ark., Noirmhcr 15, 1S62. Hon. Secretary of War: ******* There are in this army about 6,000 Missouri recruits. They are in the service in all sorts of ways, having been raised, some under the Missouri authorities, some under the Confederate authorities, and some under no authority at all, except that of the officers raising them. I have had them all organized into regiments and regu- larly mustered into the service for three years or the war. The entire recruiting service I have placed under Col. W. P. .Johnson, wh.owas sent here for that jnirpose by General Price, acting under your authority. ******* I am, sir, very respectively, your obedient servant, Tn. H. Holmes, Major-d'eiteral. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XIII, p. 918.] Writing on the same subject, June 29, 1863, Maj. Gen. T. C. Hind- man referred to the difficulties encountered in procuring recruits and the measure of success obtained under th(> discouraging circumstances undei- Nvhich the service was conducted, there l)eing then twelve tine regiments and three batteri(»s of Missouri troops serving in the Trans- Mississippi Department. He said: RiCHMoxn, Va., June i?9, 1S63. Gen. S, Cooper, Adjutant and Im^peetor (Icnrral. Gen'erai.: As a report supplementary to the one made by me on the 19th instant, I beg to mention here the officers to whom I am most indebted for assistance in the labor performed while commaixling the Trans-.Mississippi District. In the enrollment and organization of tmops from Missouri Brigadier-Generals Parsons and .M(d{ride, Colonels Clark, Payne, .lackman, Tiiompson, Porter, Mac- Donald, and Shelby, Lieutenant-Colonels Caldwell, Lewis, and Johnson, Majors VOLUNTEERS. 313 jNlurra}', Musser, and Pindall, "and Captains Standish, Buchanan, Cravens, Peery, Qaantrill, and Harrison were especially zealous and useful. In estimatinj; the value of their labors and of the many other devoted men who assisted them, it is to be con- sidered that, in order to bring out recruits from their State, it was necessary to go within the enemy's lines, taking the risks of detection and punishment as spies, secretly collecting the men in sciuads and companies, arnung, ecpiipping, and sub- sisting them by stealth, and then moving them rapidly southwai-d througiia country swarming with Federal soldiers and an organized i.iilitia, and whose, population could only give assistance at the hazard of confiscation of property and even death itself. That they succeeded at all under such circumstances is attrii^utal)le to a cour- age and fidelity unsui'passed in the history of the war. That they did succeed beyond all expectation is shown by the twelve tine regiments and three batteries of Missouri trooi)s now serving in the Trans-Mississippi Department. ******* I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, T. C. HiNDMAN, Major- General. [Ibid., p. 45.] Besides the general authority before given to (^ol. Waldo P. John- son as recruiting agent for the State of Missouri, it appears that spe- cial authority was given him by Lieut. Gen. E. Kirl^y Smith, then commanding the Trans-Mississippi Department, to go into the State of Missouri and there enlist, for twelve months, volunteer companies for the Confederate service. No record of this special authority has been found, but, based thereon, authority was given Colonel Johnson by Governor Re^niolds to impress, in the name of the State and on its credit, such supplies as he might deem necessary in the prosecu- tion of his work. A copy of the governor's order on this subject dated June 27, 1803, with other orders thereto attached, was captured by the Federal troops and is here reproduced: Military Special Orders, \ Executive DEPART^rEXT, State of Missouri, No. 12. ) Little Hock, Ark:, June 27, 1863. I. Col. Waldo P. Johnson, of the Provisional Army of the Confederate States of America, having been authorized by Lieu tenant-General Smith, commanding the Trans-]\lississippi Department, to go into the State of Missouri and there enlist, for twelve months, volunteer companies for the service of the Confederate States, author- ity is hereby granted to Col. AValdo P. Johnson, by himself, or his agent therefor by him appointed in writing, to impress, in the name of the State of Missouri and on its credit, all supplies which he may deem necessary or useful in his recruiting service. II. AVhenever supplies are imjn-essed under this order a written cei'tificate shall be given to the person from whom the same are impressed, setting forth the cjuan- tity, description, and market value thereof, the person from wdiom and the i)lace at which they are taken, that the same are impressed under this order, and that com- pensation will her-eafter he made therefor on satisfactory evidence of the loyalty of the owner thereof to the State of ^lissouri and the Confeilerate States of America during the present war. III. A full and accurate account shall be rendered to the cjuartermaster-general of the State f)f Missouri of all property impressed under this order, specifying as far as possible the supplies used l)efore and those used after the muster into the Confeder- ate service of the company to which the recruits receiving such suj^plies may belong. IV. Every appointment bj- Col. Waldo P. Johnson of an agent under this order shall be accompanied by a co|)y of this order, certified by Col. \\'aldo P. Johnson, and no such agent shall have any authority to apjwint anysubagent unless exjjressly thereto authoi'ized in writing by Col. Waldo P. .lohnson. Tiios. C. Reynolds, Governor of Missouri and Couuuander in Chief Missouri State Guards. A true copy: Waldo P. Johnson, Lieutenant-Colonel Fourth Missouri Lnfantry. 314 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. June 27, 1863. Having authorized Col. Edward B. Hull to recruit in the State of Missouri, he is hereby authorized to exercise the following powers granted in the foregoing order of Thomas C. Reynolds, governor of the State of Missouri, to wit: When he recruits troops for the Confederate service he is authorized to impress pro- visions for his men and forage for their teams, and also the necessary transportation, keeping an accurate account of the amount taken and the disposition made of the same, being careful in all proceedings to conform strictly with the provisions of said order. Waldo P. Johnsox, lAeutenant- Colonel Fourth Missouri Infantrij. Colonel Hull is authorized to empower as many as six persons to impress supplies in compliance with the foregoing order. Waldo P. Johnsox, Lieutenant- Colonel Fourth Missouri Infantry. Captain Chambers is authorized to exercise the powers granted in the foregoiug order for all troops raised under my orders. E. B. Hull, Colonel on Recruiting Service. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XXXIV, Part I, p. 64.5.] As a part of the record it ma}- be here stated that on August 8, 1863, Lieutenant-General Smith, commanding the Trans-Missis.sippi Depart- ment, requested Governor ReA'nolds to furnish from his State a bri- gade of cavalry (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series IV, Vol. II, p. 702), but no record has been found of the action taken on this request. On the 12th of Septeml)er, 1S63, Brig. Gen. F. M. Cockrell. of the First Missouri Brigade, then commanding the division of ^Missouri troops east of the Mississippi River, in parole camp at Demopolis, Ala., addressed the War Department relative to the condition of the division, its reduction by losses in battle, and the impossibility of obtaining recruits from the west side of the river. In view of exist- ing conditions he requested that Missourians belonging to the Trans- Mississippi Department, captured by the Federal troops and returned to the Confederate lines east of the river, ))e attached permanently to the regiments and batteries of the division under his command. Fol- lowing is a copy of his letter: DE^ropoLIS, Ala., September 12, 1863. Gen. S. Cooper, Adjutant and Inspector General, Richmond, Va. General: I most respectfully and earnestly apply through you to the Secretary of AVar to have all the ^lissourians belonging to the Trans-Mississippi Department who have ])een and may hereafter l)e ca]>tured and sent into our lines by way of City Point and Richmond, Va., ordered into and attached i)ermanently to the Missouri regiments and l)atteries of this division, now east of the INIississippi River. There are six infantry regiments and two cavalry regiments and five l)atteries in this division. The six infantry regiments and three batteries compose the First Brigade, INIissouri Volunteers, to command which I am assigned, by order of the Secretary of War, in my appointment as Ijrigadier-general. This First Brigade lost in the series of l)attles preceding and during the siege of Vickslwrg, in killed, wounded, and missing, 1,389 men — al)out one-half of its strength. These regiments and l>attt'ries are greatly reduced. The First and Fourth Infantry regiments were consolidated last fall l)y mutual consent of theotfieers, the ten companies of each regiment being consoHdated into five companies, making one consolidated regiment of ten companies. Tlie First Regiment of Missouri C'avalry and Third Battalion of IMissouri Cavalry, both now dismounted and having served as infantry since April, 1862, and two ])atteries, now compose the Second Brigade, lately commanded by Brig. (ien. M. E. Green, who was killed at Vicksl)urg, the Arkansas troops of this brigade, five or six regiments in number, having crossed the Alissi.ssippi River after the capitulation of Vicksburg. This Iirigade is now connnamled by Col. Elijah (iates, of the First ^Missouri Cavalry, and is likewise greatly reduced. Both brigades were captured at A'icksburg and are VOLUNTEEES. 315 now in paroled camp at Demopolig, Ala. If this division of ^Missouri troops is to be kept in the service east of the Mississippi River there are many cogent reasons and arguments in favor of my application. There is now no possible chance to get recruits from the west side of the river. The Missourians belonging to the Trans- Mississippi Department who have been captured and passed into our lines by the Federals, and are now at Camp Lee, Virginia, and Demopolis, Ala., and other points, can not now cross the Mississippi River in any organization, and if they go at all must go in small squads or separately, and in whatever way they may go running risks of being captured; and if effort is made to retain them east of the ^lississippi River in any temporary organizations and not connected with troops from their own State, thej' will naturally become disaffected, considering such only temporary, and will scatter and attemjit to cross west of the river. The regiments and batteries of this division are so greatly reduced and so much decimated that a few more engagements will almost annihilate them and at least compel many consolidations; and consolidations of old organizations are manifestly injurious to the l)est interests of the service; and if sucii organizations can he pos- sibly tilled and kept distinct by recruits or troops from even new organizations; for soldiers connected with old organizations, which have passed through the ordeal of so many well-embattled fields, are inspired with a morale and a love of glory and regimental honor which will naturally nerve their hearts and strengthen their arms and lead them to deeds of daring and even desperation amid any danger. The Trans- Mississippi Missourians, if ordered into our conuiiands, will i)robably l)e of more real value to our cause than they would be elsewhere, and if permanently attached to our organizations under our officers and mustered and paid with our troops they will become better satisfied than they otherwise would be, and will very soon become thoroughly identified with the organizations to which they are attached. The First and Fourth regiments of Missouri Infantry will probal)ly be separated by the desire and agreement of the officers, and if there are any companies at Camp Lee or else- where l)elonging to the Trans-Mississippi Department, and already organized and officered, such company or companies can l)e ordered into these regiments and still maintain their company organizations and retain their officers. I do not desire any commissioned officers to be ordered here except such as belong to organized com- mands, and are ordered here with their commands, and all troops ordered here should l)e distinctly informed that it is permanent until otherwise ordered by the Secretary of War. The gallantry of the troops of this division, shown wherever and whenever they have encountered their oft-met and hated foes, the despoilers of their homes and oppressors of their families and friends, and their patriotism and devo- tion, as shown so conspicuously at and since the capitulation of Vicksburg, and their ardent desire to keep their ]iresent organizations distinct and separate, and to have their thinned ranks filled, that they may continue to represent in force, in the gal- lant army of our loved and young Confederacy, their loved and native ^Missouri — their home now groaning under an unparalleled despotism — and my own convictions as to the very l)est interests of the service impel me to appeal most earnestly to you for the immediate eonsunmiation of this. application. Trusting that this application may be cordially approved and receive earliest prac- ticable attention, and that the trans- ^Mississippi Missourians now at Camp Lee and Demopolis, Ala., or elsewhere, as well as those who may liereafter arrive, may lie ordered to and permanently attached to this command, 1 am, general, your obedient servant, F. ]\I. COCKRELL, Brigadier-General, First Missouri Brir/ade, And now commanding Boiven's Old Division, Missouri Troops. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. LII, Part II, p. 524.] This letter was approved and forwarded by Lieutenant-Geiieral Hardee, and was indorsed by the Secretary' of War as follows: October 14, 1863. A DJ UTA NT-Genera l : I am anxious to recruit this veteran brigade, and, if practicable, to maintain its honoreil organizations. Such orders as is desired may be granteil if there be any Missourians at Camp Lee or arriving with exchanged prisoners to whom it would ap])ly, but if such men Ijelong to other organizations they must be temporarily assigned, unless with their own consent they are transferred. If assigned, let it he till further orders. J. A. S. [Seddon.] [Ibid., p. 526.] 316 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. Pursuant to the instructions of the Secretary, an order was issued from the office of the Adjutant and Inspector General directing- that ''all Missouri soldiers not engaocd in actual service east of the Mis- sissippi River," (i. e., those east of the Mississippi River not engag-ed in actual service) be attached to General CockrcU's (First Missouri) brigade; those belonging to military organizations west of the Mis- sissippi to be temporarily and all others permanently so attached. The chief of the conscription bureau was also directed to assign to the same brigade all Missourians east of the Mississippi liable to con- scription. The order on this subject reads as follows: Special Orders, \ Ad.iutaxt and Inspector General's Office, No. 247. i Richmond, October 17, 1863. ******* IX. All Missouri soldiers not engaged in actual service east of the Mississippi River will report to the commanding general of the First Missouri Brigade at Demopo- lis, Ala. The men belonging to military organizations west of the Mississippi River will be temporarily attached to the above-mentioned brigade. The remainder will be per- manently attached. The chief of the conscription bureau will order all Missourians east side of the Mississippi liable to conscription to the same brigade. ******* By command of the Secretary of War: Jno. Withers, Amdant Adjutant- General. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XXXII, Part III, p. 673.] On the 29th of Februar}^, 1864, Lieutenant-General Polk, then com- manding at Demopolis, directed that all unattached men in his depart- ment belonging to regiments in the Trans-Mississippi Department be formed into a trans-Mississippi battalion. His order was published in a circular of which the following is a copy: Circular.] Headquarters, Demopolis, Fehniary 29, 1864- All unattached men in this department lielonging to the regimental in the Trans- Mississippi Department are ordered to report to Lieut. Col. H. C. Davis, Cahaba, Ala., for the purpose of l)eing organized into a trans-Mississippi battalion. By command of Lieutenant-General »Polk: Thos. M. Jack, Amstant Adjuiant-General. [Ibid.] This circular being in conflict with War Department Special Orders, No. 217, (jiioted al)ove, Lieut. Col. R. S. Bevier, a recruiting officer for General CockrelPs brigad(\ addressed the Secretary of War as follows: Richmond, Va., Marcli 24, 1864. Hon. J. A. SiCDDoN, Secretarji of War. Sir: I ai)pend herewith an order or circular issued by Lieut. Gen. L. I'olk, which conflicts with Special Orders, No. 247, of October 17, 18fW, issued by yourself in regard to ^lissonrians, and attaching all cast of the Mississippi River and not in active service at tliat time to tlie First ^Missouri J^>rigadc, (icneral (V)ckrell. Fearing this circular of Lieutenant-General I'olk might j^roducea conflict of interests, and be con- sidered to attach to Missourians who come througli by the exchange and are sent on to Cockrell's l)rigade by me to be temi)orarily attai'hed, although belonging to organ- izations in the Trans-]\Iississii)i)i Department, I therefore respectfully ask that General Polk's circular, as far as it applies to Missourians, may be suspended, as conflicting with the said Si)ecial ( )rders. No. 247. Very respectfuUv, your obedient servant, R. S. Bevier, Lieutenaiit-('o!otiel and Recruitinij Officer, Cockrell's Mis.'^ouri Brigade. [Ibid., p. H72.] VOLUNTEERS. 317 Upon this repre.sontutioii of the ciise Gonenil Polk was requested to so modify his order that it would not contiic't with the previous order of the War Department respectino- the assig-imient of Missouri soldiers to General Coekrell's brioade. The action of the War Department, as indorsed on Colonel Bevier's letter, was as follows: March 28, 1864. AdJUTANT-G EXER A L : Call General Polk's attention to the order respecting Missourians to be attached temporarily to General Coekrell's brigade, and request that his order be so modified as not to conflirt with it. J. A. S. [Seddon.] Adjutant and Inspector General'.« Office, Marcli 28, 1S64. Respectfully referred to Lieutenant-General Polk, with attention invited to the indorsement of the Secretary of War, and to Special Orders, No. 247, last series, from this office, a copy of whirh is inclosed. By order of Adjutant and Inspector General. H. L. Clay, Assistant Adjutimt-Geueral. [Ibid., pp. 672, 673.] No record has been found of the action, if any, taken bv General Polk on the order of the Secretarj^ of War. During the summer and autumn of 1864, an invasion of the State of Missouri b}' General Price being in contemplation, special attention was given to the subject of recruiting the Missouri forces in the Trans- Mississippi Department. On this subject General Price said in a letter to Governor Rej^nolds, June 2H, 1864: I believe, as General Rains suggests, that we should send good recruiting officers in advance of the army, supported by a cavalry force to enable him [them] to organize their recruits, and they should be joined bj^ the army before the enemy would have time to concentrate a force to overwhelm them. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 999.] In the same letter (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. LIII, p. 1000) General Price said: He [Col. Sam. Woodson, an ex-member of Congress] says there are 20,000 men in St. Louis alone now armed and -waiting to join me. On the 3d of October, Col. W. R. Gause. Third Missouri Infantry, was ordered by the Secretary of War to report to General Price in Missouri for the purpose of raising troops in that State, or for such other assignment as General Price should direct. Following is a cop3' of the Secretary's order: Special Orders, )^ Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, No. 237. ) Blr}t)iiond, October 6, 1864. ******* X. Col. W. R. Gause, Third Missouri Infantry, will proceed with least practicable delay to the State of ^Missouri and report to Maj. Gen. S. Price for the purpose of raising troops in that State, or such other assignment as may be directed by General Price. ******* By command of the Secretary of War: John Withers, Assistant Adjutant- General [Ibid., Series IV, Vol. Ill, p. 713.] 318 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. Of the results of General Price's campaign, in so far as the}^ related to the number of recruits obtained and the proposed distribution of them, Maj. Gen. M. M. Parsons wrote, November Itl, 1804: Headquarters Parsons' Division, Camden, Ark., November 16, 1864. Maj. Gen. Sterling Price, Connnandhig Mi.^souri Expedition. General: Allow me to congratulate you on yonr successful campaign in Missouri. Though you were unable to hold the State, the injury you intiicted on the enemy and the large number of recruits brought out l)y you exceeded my most sanguine calcu- lations. * ****** As you stated to me your purpose before leaving for Missouri was, if you succeeded in recruiting sufficiently, to till m}' old regiuients to their maximum, a new regiment should be added to my division in order to equalize the brigades. I have now five regiments, one battalion sharpshooters, and two Ijatteries. To till all to the maxi- mum and form the new regiment would take 5,900 men. I, by your direction, stated to my officers on my return from my last visit to you your intentions on this sub- ject. It was highly satisfactory. They and the men were all content. Only two desertions since you left. After giving the complement of men 1 ask, I should like very much to see another infantry division organized of Missourians, then take mine and that and make a corj)s for you. You would have a command of infantry about 20,000 strong, which, drilled and equipjied, would be the tinest corps in the service. ******* With great respect and esteem, your friend, truly, ^I. M. Parsons, Major- General. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XLI, Part IV, p. 1054.1 On this subject General Price said, in his report dated December :38, 1861, of his expedition into Missouri: I brought with me at least 5,000 new recruits, and they are still arriving in large numbers daily within our lines, who l)ring the cheering intelligence that there are more on their way to the army. After I passed the German settlements in ^Missouri my march was an ovation. The people thronged around us and welcomed us with open hearts and hands. Recruits flocked to our tlag in such numl)ers as to threaten to become a burden instead of a Ijenefit, as tliey were mostly unarmed. In some counties the question was not who should go to the army, but who should stay at home. I am satisfied that could I have remained in ^Missouri this winter the army would have been increased 50,000 men. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XLI, Part I, p. 640.] Like the Missouri State Guard, the Missouri volunteers in the Con- federate service achieved for themselves an enviable reputation for gallantry in the tield, and such prestige as may have been lost to the ]Missouri troops by the temporary disati'ection among the members of one brigade at the expiration of their original term of enlistment appears to have l)een regained l)y the pledges subsequently given by c(>rtain I'egiuKMits of service •"' for forty years," if necessary to the suc- cess of the cause in which they were engaged. In acknowledgment of these ''pledges of fidelity to the cause of Southern independence"' the Confederate Congress voted a rest^lution of thanks, of which the following is a copy: JOINT RESOLUTION of thanks to Mis-iouri ollicers iiikI soldiers in the tJonfetU'rate service east of tlie Mississippi River. Rexoli'cd 1)1/ the f'nni/rexx of the Cnnfolfrat/' Statex of America, That the thanks of Con- gress an- eminently due, and are h('rel)y tendered, to I^rig. Gen. F. M. Goikrell, anil the ofiiciTs and soldiers conqiosiug the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth regiments of Missouri Infantry, First, Second, and Third regiments of Missouri Cav- alry, the batteries of Bledsoe, Landis, (4uil)or, Walsh, Dawson, and Barret, and \Voo(lson's detached comiJany, all in tlie service of the Confederacy, east of the Mis- VOLUNTEERS. 319 sissippi River, for the prompt renewal of their pledges of fidelity to the cause of Southern independence for forty years, unless independence and peace, without cur- tailment of boundaries, shall be sooner secured. Approved, May 23, 1864. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XXXVIII, Part III, p. lOOS.] In the absence of the official returns and many of the muster rolls it is impossible to determine the number of Missouri volunteers in the Confederate service, but after the consolidation of incomplete organi- zations there were, as nearly as can be ascertained, sixteen regiments and twelve battalions of cavalry, fourteen rooiments and two bat- talions of infantry, and twenty-one compahies of artillery, which, at the minimum strength, according to the Confederate plan of organiza- tion, would aggregate al)out 31,000 men of all arms. In estimating the number of volunteer troops furnished by Missouri to the Confederate States during the civil war it should, however, be considered that many of the regiments were probably above the mini- miuii strength, and that large numbers of recruits were received to supply the losses in battle, and from other casualties of the service. LOCAL DEFENSE. In the act of the general as^embh' of the State of Missouri, approved May 14, 1861, quoted in this paper under the title of ''^Missouri State Guard,"" division inspectors were authorized to oroanize companies of Home (xuards, to be composed of persons not within the age limits required for membership of the regiments of the State Guard organ- ized for general service. Provision Avas also made by the Confederate Government for the organization of corps for local defense. By an act of Congress approved August 21, 1801, the President was authorized to accept volunteers ''for the defense of exposed places or localities,'"' or for such special service as he might deem expedient, such troops to be mustered into the service of the Confederate States and to be subsisted and paid for such time as they should be employed under the orders of the President. Following is a copy of the act: AN ACT to provide for local defense and special service. The Congress of the Confederate States of America do ennd, That the President be, and he is hereby, authorized to accept the services of volunteers of such kind and in such proportion as he may deem expedient, to serve for such time as he may prescribe, for the defense of exposed places or localities, or such special service as he may deem exi)edient. Sec. 2. And such forces shall be mustered into the service of the Confederate States, for the local defense or special service aforesaid, the nnister roll settin.ij: fortli distinctly the services to be })erformed; and the said volunteers shall not be consid- ered in actual service until thereunto sjiecially ordered by the President. And they shall be entitled to pay or subsistence only for such time as they may be on duty under the orders of the President or by his direction. Skc. 3. Such volunteer forces, when so accepted and ordered into service, shall be organized in accordance with and subject to all the provisions of the act entitled "An act to provide for the public defense," approved ]March sixth, one thousand eight himdred and sixty-one, and may be attached to such divisions, l>rigades, regi- ments, or l)attalions as the President may direct, and when not organized into liat- talions or regiments before l^eing nmstered into service the President shall ajipoint the field officers of tlu' battalions and regiments when organizeeing regularly received into service, shall be entitled to the same pay, rations, and quarters during their term of service, and be subject to the same regulations, as other soldiers. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That for any arms and munitions of war captured from the enemy by any body of partisan rangers and delivered to any quartermaster at such place or places as may be designated by a commanding general, the rangers shall be paid their full value in such manner as the Secretary of War may prescribe. Approved, April 21, 1862. [Ibid., p. 1094.] In a later act, approved October 13, 1862, provision was made for the formation of squads or companies for local defense, in any part of the ConfederacT, hy the voluntar}- association together of individuals ""over the age of forty-live years, or otherwise not liable to military duty," who should elect their own officers and be governed by rules and regulations to ))e established by themselves, and be considered as belonging to the Provisional Arm\' of the Confederate States, serving without pay or allowances, and entitled, when captured, to all the privileges of prisoners of war. This act contained the proviso that in the States and districts in which the act of April 16, 1862 (the con- scription act), was suspended, persons of any age, resident therein, might volunteer and form parts of such squads or companies so long as the suspension of the operation of the conscription act should con- tinue, the only condition being that the persons so volunteering should first take the oath of allegiance to the Confederate States. The enactment referred to is here quoted: AN ACT to authorize the formation of volunteer companies for local defense. The Congress if tlie Confederate St(des of America do enact, That for the purpose of local defense in any portion of the Confederate States, any number of persons not less than twenty, who are over the age of forty-five years, or otherwise not liable to military duty, may associate themselves as a military comi^any, elect their own offi- cers, and establish rules and regulations for their own government, and shall be con- sidered as belonging to the Provisional Army of the Confederate States, serving without pay or aMowances, and entitled, when captured by the enemy, to all the privileges of prisoners of war: Prorided, That such company shall, as soon as prac- ticable, transmit their muster roll, or a list of the names of the officers and jirivates thereof, to the governor of the State, the commanding general of the department, or any brigadier-general in the State or Confederate service, to l^e forwarded to the Sec- retary of War; but the President or the commander of the military district may, at any time, disband such companies: Prorided, That in the States and districts in which the act entitled "An act to further provide for the public defense," approved April the sixteenth, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and the acts amendatory thereof, have been suspended, persons of any age, resident within such States or dis- tricts, may volunteer and form part of such companies so long as such suspension shall continue: Prorided, That no person shall" become a member of said company until he shall have first taken the oath of allegiance to the Confederate States of America in writing, a copy of which shall be filed with the muster roll of said com- pany as above prescribed. Approved, October 13, 1862. [Ibid., Series IV, Vol. II, p. 206.] In the regulations formulated by the Confederate War Department about February, 1863, for the "organization of troops," it was announced that no troops would be accepted for local service "unless required by the officer commanding the district in question," and then only as prescribed by the act of August 21, 1861, '" receiving pay, sub- sistence, etc., only while in actual service." (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series IV, Vol. I, p. 824.) S. Doc. 112 21 322 MISSOUEI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. Ill iui Older issued Iw the War Department April 28, 1862, it was announced, under the head of "Additional Corps — Guerrilla Service," that applications for the formation .of bands of partisan rangers under the act of April 21, 1862, should ])e made throug-h the commanding- generals of the militaiy departments in which such corps were to be employed (Il^id., p. 1098), and in the same order it was further announced that corps raised for local defense (evident]}' those formed under the act of August 21, 1861) wthiIcI retain their organization dur- ing the terms of their enlistment unless previouslv disbanded. (Ibid., p. 1099.) The irregularities reported as having been committed b}" the parti- san corps rendered it necessarv that they be brought under stricter discipline than had before l)een enforced, and the commanders of mili- taiT departments were therefore directed to coml)ine them into battal- ions and regiments, in order that they might be brought under the same regulations and discipline as other troops. Such of the partisan corps as were serving within the enemy's lines were, however, excepted from the operation of the order. The order of the War Department on this subject, dated June 12, 1863, reads as follows: General Orders, \ Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, No. 82. i Richmond, June 12, 1863. The second section of the act entitled an act to organize partisan rangers provides that such partisan rangers, after being regularly receiv'ed into service, shall be entitled to the same pay, rations, and quarters during their term of service and be subject to the same regulations as other soldiers. The irregularities reported to this department as having been committed by such corps renders it proper that these corps shall be placed under stricter regulations than those heretofore adopted. The generals commanding the departments in which they are serving are hereby authorized to combine them into battalions and regiments with the view to bringing them under the same regulations as other soldiers in reference to their discipline, position, and movements; and the same officers will recommend any further measures for their organization as an integral portion of their commands as will in their opinion pro- mote their efficiency and the interest of the service. The general of the department will recommend field officers for the organizations that may be made, to ]>e submit- ted for the consideration of the President. Such partisan corps as are serving within the enemy's lines are for the present excepted from this order. By order: 8. Cooper, Adjutant and Inspector General. [Ibid., p. oSo.] By an act of congress approved February IT. 1864, the act of April 21. 1862, authorizing the organization of partisan bands was repealed and measures similar to those pi'eviously adopted by the War Depart- ment were authorized for the purpose of bringing into a proper state of discipline the bands then in existence. As in the War Department order, however, the partisan corps serving within the enemy's lines were, within the discretion of the Secretary of War, excepted from the contemplated changes. P'oilowing is a copy of the act referred to: A BILL to repeal iiii net to orKiinizc bands of partisan rangers, approved April twenty-first, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, and for other purposes. T]ie covf/rrf.^ of tlie Coiifcderaic Statcfi of America do euact, That the act of congress aforesaid be, and the same is hereby, repealed: Provided, That organizations of partisan rangers acting as regular cavalry at the passage of this act shall be continued in their present organization: Provided, They shall hereafter be considered as regular cavalry and not as partisan rangers. Sec. 2. That all the l)ands of partisan rangers organized under the said act may, as the interests of the service allow, be united witii other organizations, or be organ- ized into I)attalions and regiments, with tlie view to })ringing them under the gen- eral conditions of the Provisional Army as to discipline, control, and movements, under such regulations as the Secretary of War may prescribe. LOCAL DEFENSE. 323 Sec. 3. The Secretary of War i«liall beautliorized, if he deems proper, for a time, or permanently, to except from tiie operation of this act such companies as are serving within the hnes of the enemy, and under such CDuditions as he may prescribe. Apjiroved, February 17, 1864. [Ibid., Series IV, vol. Ill, p. 19-1.] It can not be a.scertained from any accessible records what number of Home Guards, if any, was oro-anized under the act of the Missouri legislature of May 14, is^ll. or whatniunber of ''Partisan Kang-ers" or troops for "local defense," if any, was raised in the State of Missouri under the acts of the Confederate Congress ([uoted above, but it is knowMi that a very large number of individuals not belonging to any regular military organizations were engaged in that State in opposi- tion to the military forces of the United States and the State militia and Home Guards serving in cooperation with the Federal troops. Of this the following from Confederate sources alone is sutMcient evidence: On Decem))er 8, 1801, President Davis, writing to Hon. W. P. Har- ris, of Mississippi, said: '"The contest [in Missouri) is therefore to be on a scale of very different proportions than that of the partisan war- fare witnessed during the past sununer and fall.'' (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Vol. Vlil, p. 701.) On the 13th of Deceml)er the Missouri delegation in congress remarked in a letter to General Price: ''The President is further pleased to inti- mate that our guerrilla ffghting in Missouri must now give place to a different mode, that of regular, systematic warfare" (Ibid., Series I, Vol. LIH, p. 762), and on June 10, 1862, Hon. Thomas A. Harris, a memljer of congress from Missouri, addressed a letter to the Secre- tary of War relative to the character of the contest in Missouri and the class of troops employed. In this letter he said: KiCHMOND, June 10, 1862. Hon. George W. Randolph, Secret an/ of War. Sir: In pursuance of the understanding involved in our conversation of this morn- ing, I i)ro(;eed to reduce to writing the inijuiries then propounded, with the view of eliciting answers which I may be at Hl)erty to use in furtherance of the j^oHcy adopted by the Government; and if in the course of propounding the imiuiries I should digress in such a manner as to introtUice a suggestion or an argument, I indulge the hojje that you will not attril)ute it to any impertinent attempt at dictation or a desire to introduce unsolicited advice. On the contrary, I feel assured that in tlie anomalous and unfortunate condition of the gallant peojile of Missouri, whom I have the honor in part to rei)resent. sufticient justilication may be tV)und for any anxiety which I may manifest. But to proceed to the ol)ject of my letter: The State of Missouri at this Tiioment is at the mercy of the enemy. Not a single Confederate soldier treads her soil, and lier ))rave sons, as far as ])ossible, have been transferred to the east bank of the Mississippi River by the act of the Confederate (Jovernment. It is not my pur- pose to dwell in eulogy ujjon the self-sacrificing ])atriotism of those brave men of Missouri who, after a protracted campaign of enclurance and glory, have folli>wed their heroic leader through the fatiguing marches of the mountains of Arkansas to the soil of Tennessee, leaving tjehind their homes and families to the mercy of an un{)rincipled enemy. History will ilo justice to the act of magnanimous patriotism. The object of this letter is to ascertain the line of policy which this CJovermnent would recommend to the jieople of Missouri now witliin the limits of the State to pursue. It can not be unkncjwn to you, sir, that a general system of guerrilla war- fare now desolates the State; that the loyal citizens, writhing under the yoke and oppression of the enemy, are struggling unaided and illy provided with the indis- pensable materials of war to assist and maintain their libertv, projterty, and self- respect; that acts of unprecedented oppression and barbarity, ni violation of all the principles of civilized warfare, are daily perpetrated ui)on that gallant people. We can ascribe this continued and self-sacrificing struggle maintained by the people of Missouri so unequally to none other cause than their utter detestation of the enemy and their loyalty to the Government of the Confederate States. 324 MISSOURI TROOPS CONFEDERATE. The ([iK'stion then presents itself, Does this exhaustinjr and unequal system of de- fense adopted l)y the people of ]\Iissouri obtain the apju-oltation of the (iovernnient? And does it, in the opinion of the Government, contribute toward the ultimate suc- cess of the conunon cause? An answer in aftirmative to the imjuiry would in my opinion devolve u]K)n this (lovernment the institution of such retaliatory measures as would compel the enemy to treat prisoners captured in the State of Missouri in ac- cordance with the rules of civilized warfare, and the additional oblijiation of supply- ing the men in the held in that State promptly ami to the extent of its ability with such numitions of war as are indispensably necessary. Further, I may say that the troops in the fieltl under State authority, con)manded l)y officers duly commissioned l)y the ijovernor of INIissouri, should be placed upon a footiufrof absolute or a])prox- imate eipiality with other soldiers of the Confederate Army. But should your rei)ly be in the negative, is it not proper and exjiedient that the (Jovernment of the Con- federate States should interpose so far as to con,vey to the peo})le of ^Missouri an ex- pression of its disapjiroval of the policy there inaugurated, and indicate such a line •of policy for them to pursue as would harmonize with the views of the Covernment? It is for the Government to judye of the difficulty, sacrifice, and advantage to result from maintaining military operations in Missouri hundreds of miles from any efficient aupjiorting column, in which determination the extraordinary diffii-ulties of commu- nication and transportation will of course receive due consideration. ******* Thomas A. Harris, Mcnther of Congress. [Ibid., Series I, Vol. XIII, p. 838.] Further evidence on the same subject is found in a letter from Gen- eral Price to Governor Reynolds, dated November 2, 1863, of which the following- is an extract: Cami' Bragg, Ahk., Noveiiiher 2, 1863. His Excellencv Governor Thomas C. Reynolds, Marshall, Tex. Dear Sir: I have the honor to inclose to you an official copy of Colonel Quii'ifi'ill's report of his march from Missouri River to Canadian, detailing in a terse but graphic style his attack upon Fort Baxter and up(jn JNIajor-General Blunt and escort. This report was handed to me ))y Captain Brinker, whom you will see bore a conspicuous pait in the attack. Colonel Quantrill has now with him some 350 men of that dar- ing and (lashing character which has made the name of Quantrill so feared by our enemii's, and iiave aided so much to keep jMissouri, though overrun by Federals, identified with the Confederacy. The services of these men can not be spared, but an obstacle presents itself which I fear will require more than my exertions to over- come. To engage your valual)le assistance in the task is the object of this communi- cation. It is with much regret that I find a disposition in these men to avoid coming into the service of the Confederacy. Indeed, it is this reluctance which has causel, 1862. Subsecpiently Eighth, changed to Eleycnth, Infantry Regiment.) Second Regiment. (See Gause's Third Infantry Regiment.) Second Battalion. (Also known as First Infantry Battalion. First Brigade, Ai'iny of Tennessee. Consolidated with Fifth Infantry Regiment.) Second and Sixth Regiment. (Formed by consolidation of the Sec- ond and Sixth Infantry regiments October 1, 1868.) Third (Gause's) Regiment. (Also known as Second Infantry Regi- ment.) Third Regiment. (See White's Ninth Infantry Regiment.) Third (Erwin's) Biittalion. (Also known as Fifth Infantry Battalion. Merged into Sixth Infantry Regiment.) ORGANIZATIONS IN CONFEDERATE 8TATE^^ bERVICE. 335 Third and Fifth Regiment. (Formed l)y consolidation of the Third and Fifth Infantry regiments.) Fonrth Regiment. (Consolidated with First Infantry Regiment.) Fifth Regiment. (Consolidated with Third Infantry Regiment.) Sixth Regiment. (Formed from Frwin's Third and Hedgpeth's bat- talions. Consolidated with Second Infantr}' Regiment.) Seventh (Franklin's) Regiment. (Formed by consolidation of First and Second Northeast Cavalry regiments.) Seventh (Jackman's) Regiment. (Also called First, Third, Fourth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Infantry Regiment.) Seventh (MitchelFs) Battalion, (Consolidated with Frazier's Battalion to form MitchelFs Eighth Infantry Regiment.) Eighth (Burns's) Regiment. (Formerly Hunter's Second Infantry Reginjent; subsec|uently Eleventh Infantry Regiment.) Eighth (Mitchell's) Regiment. (Also known as Fifth Infantry Regi- ment. Formed l)y consolidation of Mitchell's Seventh and Frazier's Infantry battalions.) Eighth Battalion. (Consolidated with Clark's Ninth Infantiy Regi- ment.) Ninth (Clark's) Regiment. (Formed from Eighth Infantrj^ Battalion and the Missouri companies of Clark's Arkansas and Missouri Bat- talion.) Ninth (White's) Regiment. (Also known as Third and Twelfth Infan- try Regiment. ) Ninth Battalion, Sharpshooters. (Also known as Pindall's Sharp- shooters.) Tenth Regiment. (Also known as First Infantry Regiment.) Eleventh Regiment. (See Hunter's Second and Burns's Eighth Infan- try regiments.) Twelfth Regiment. (See White's Ninth Infantry Regiment.) Thirteenth Regiment. (Also known as Fourteenth Infantry Regi- ment.) Thirteenth Battalion, mounted. Fourteenth Regiment. Fourteenth Regiment. (See Thirteenth Infantry Regiment.) Fifteenth Regiment. Sixteenth Regiment. Clarksoivs Battalion, Arkansas and Missouri volunteers. (The Mis- souri companies were consolidated with the Eighth Infantr}^ l?at- talion to form Clark's Ninth Infantry Regiment.) Frazier's Battalion. (Consolidated with Mitchell's Eighth Infantry Regiment.) Hedgpeth's Battalion. (Consolidated with Sixth Infantry Regiment.) Hughes's Battalion. Hunter's Battalion. (Became Hunter's Second Infantry Regiment.) Macfarlane's Battalion. (Consolidated with Fourth Infantry Regi- ment.) Pickett's Battalion. Pindall's Sharp.shooters. (Ninth Infantry Battalion.) Rosser's Battalion. Stern's Battalioji. Winston's Reeiment. LIST OF MISSOURI LOCAL DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONS, CONFEDERATE SERVICE.' Boone's. Cameron's. Cobb's. Cockrell's. Coleman's, Ciabtree's. Crow's. Hawthorne's. Hindman's. Hudson's. Hunter's. Irwin's. Parcel's. Quantrill's. Reves's. Tracy's. "This list is made up from such official mention of the Missouri local defense organizations as has been discovered, but the rolls of the organizations are not on tile in the War Department, and it is probable that none were ever prepared. The num- ber of such local organizations is not known, but there is reason to believe that it was very largely in excess of the number here given. 336 o H 122 80 4 § g '^^ *1 o. v-o"^ 'oK o'^ .•^^;,%'^° '^o^ .^ /. c' A^^ -^-0^ 'bV^ .0 ** V .T* A ^^ ,^J^^^\ ** fO^.C^^"^^ ^o 1^ . 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