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EMIGR^VTIOjST 
 
 UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 INDIANA AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS 
 
 PREPARED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIREC- 
 TION AND BY AUTHORITY OP 
 
 OLIVER P. MORTON, 
 
 Governor of Indiana. 
 
 ,/ 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS: 
 JOSEPH J . RING II AM. S T A T E PRINTER 
 
 1864. 
 
T5.H 
 .13925 
 
EMIGRATION 
 
 UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 INDIANA AS A HOME FOR EMIGRANTS. 
 
 GKXRAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 The inducements offered to emigrants by the United States of 
 North America have long been : 
 
 1st. Citizenship, with every right, and privilege of the native 
 born citizen, after a residence of five years. 
 
 2d. Abundant labor at high wages, by which industrious emi- 
 grants have always been enabled to lay up money and acquire 
 property. 
 
 3d. Cheap lands, which have afforded homes, farms, and landed 
 estates on terms that a few years of industry and economy have 
 enabled the emigrant to meet, and to become a landed proprietor. 
 
 4th. Light taxes, which have allowed the emigrant to retain all 
 he has been able to make. 
 
 5th. Abundant facilities for changing residences, if any be found 
 unpleasant, unhealthy, or unremunerative. 
 
 6th. Cheap provisions, which have made expenses light com- 
 pared with the wages of labor. 
 
 7th. Numerous and cheap schools; most of the State affording 
 the advantages of education free of cost. 
 
 To sum up all in a few words, the highest wages with the cheap- 
 est lands, living, and education, and the highest political privileges, 
 that laboring men ever received in any country. 
 
The homestead law has, within a few years, added to these ad- 
 vantages that of free homes, or farms of 40 to 160 acres, free of 
 cost, to all settlers in good faith upon any of the hinds belonging 
 to the Government. In many of the older States these lands are 
 all taken up, but in the new States and Territories there are still 
 many millions of acres. 
 
 The war has now added to all the inducements enumerated that 
 of the highest wages ever known even in the United States. The 
 drain of labor into the armies has been immense. More than a 
 million of the farmers, manufacturers, mechanics, and other labor- 
 ing classes, have been drawn from their farms and shops, and it has 
 been impossible to supply their places. For years to come the 
 most rapid emigration will be insufficient to do it. Wages have 
 consequently gone up to a figure never known before, and must 
 remain there 1 ill the waste of the war has been supplied. But 
 even if rapid emigration should supply it within a few years, wages 
 can only fall back to the point at which they started, and that was 
 far higher than any country in Europe has ever known. 
 
 These inducements are held out by all the States alike, but there 
 are others, as the extent, excellence, and cheapness of land, healthi- 
 ness, character of climate, amount of population, facilities for 
 manufactures, for agriculture, for transportation of produce or man- 
 ufactures to markets, minerals and mines, and the facility of work- 
 ing them, cheapness of education, varieties of products, and so on, 
 in which necessarily some states are superior to others. Indiana, 
 tin- following facts will show, is equal to the best, and offers every 
 possible inducement, except the accidental and doubtful one of 
 mining for gold and silver, that any country can do. 
 
 THE STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES. 
 
 The State of Indiana was originally a portion of the "North- 
 western Territory,' 1 lying in the triangle formed by the great lakes, 
 the Mississippi, and the Ohio. It was admitted into the Union in 
 1816, with a population of less than 100,000. It was then the 
 nineteenth State of the Union, and the sixth admitted after the 
 formation of the Constitution. It lies between latitude 37 deg. 
 47 min. and 41 deg. 46 min. north, and longitude 84 deg. 49 min. 
 
nd 88 deg. 2 mill. west. On the north it is bounded by the Lake 
 and State of Michigan, on the east by the State of Ohio, on the 
 south by the Ohio river, separating it from Kentucky, and on the 
 west by the State of Illinois, separated at the southern end of the 
 boundary by the Wabash river. Its extreme length from north to 
 south (which is its western boundary, from Lake Michigan to the 
 mouth of the Wabash river), is 276 miles. Its average breadth 
 from the Ohio line to the Illinois line is 140 miles. It contains 
 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres. It is divided into 92 
 counties, which will average nearly 400 square miles or 20 miles 
 square, each, and are generally regular in form. It has no large 
 cities, but several small, active, and flourishing ones. Indianapolis, 
 the capital, lying in the center of the State, and containing a pop- 
 ulation of 30,000, is the largest. Evansville, New Albany, Jeffer- 
 sonville, Madison, and Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio river; Vin- 
 cennes, Terre Haute, and Lafayette, on the Wabash river; Rich- 
 mond, near the Ohio line; Fort Wayne, South Bend, Laporte; and 
 Michigan City, in the northern portion of the State, with popula- 
 tions ranging from 4,000 to 15,000, are the next largest and most. 
 flourishing places, though most of the 92 counties contain at least 
 one town of 1,000 to 4,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The surface of the State is generally level or undulating, except 
 along the Ohio river, and in the counties adjoining them, where high 
 and often abrupt hills arise, and the country is rough. Stretching 
 northward from the southern border of hills to the northern bound- 
 ary are vast undulating plains, slightly broken by ranges of low 
 hills, following the courses of the principal streams; in the western 
 and northern portions showing frequent, and beautiful prairies of 
 limited extent; while the remainder is covered with heavy growths 
 of trees, nearly all of which are suitable for timber or lumber in 
 some form. The highest point of these plains is about 600 feet 
 above the level of the Ohio river, and as there are no great depres- 
 sions the whole surface may be described as a vast table land from 
 which the broken hills of the Ohio lead down to the level of the 
 great water courses of the continent. This moderate but. regular 
 elevation secures an unusual average of health. Through this table 
 land numerous streams make their way to the Ohio, generally 
 from the northeast to the southwest, the chief of which, the Wa- 
 bash and the White rivers, divide it into two great valleys. These 
 valleys, stretching diagonally southwestwardly across the State. 
 
6 
 
 embrace two-thirds of its whole area, the first containing 12,000 
 and the second 9,000 square miles, and more than two-thirds of its 
 best land. On the south and southeast of these main valleys is 
 the valley of the Whitewater and the Ohio, generally hilly, but 
 fertile, containing about 5,500 square miles. To the north and 
 northwest is the valley of the St. Joseph, which flows into Lake 
 Michigan, and the Kankakee, which flows into the Illinois river, 
 containing about 5,000 square miles. This valley is marked by an 
 unusual variety of surface, being sandy and sterile near the shore 
 of Lake Michigan, swampy along the Kankakee, and diversified 
 with intermingled prairie and timber lands between the two. On 
 the southeast lies the valley of the Maumee, which flows into 
 Lake Erie, containing about 2,000 square miles, generally very 
 productive and healthy. 
 
 One marked feature of nearly all these streams and their numer- 
 ous tributaries is what is called the "bottom," or space enclosed 
 between the low hills or bluffs following the course of the streams 
 on botli sides. These "bottoms" are rich alluvions, of varying 
 breadth from a few hundred yards to several miles, of almost une- 
 qualled fertility, very level, and generally heavily wooded. Beyond 
 these "bottoms" the surface, as before remarked, stretches away in 
 beautiful plains, more or less undulating, with every variety of soil 
 and timber. The streams are almost uniformly unfailing, clear, 
 and wholesome, and afford inexhaustible water power. 
 
 There are no large lakes in the State, though there are numerous 
 ponds and small lakes, lying principally in the north and north- 
 western portions. Many of them have no outlets, but are clear, 
 wholesome, and usually well filled with good fish, and, in their 
 season, abound with wild fowl. Beaver Lake, near the Illinois line, 
 in Jasper county, is the largest, covering a surface of 10,000 acres. 
 Many of the smaller ones are bordered by swamps. In the region 
 of these lakes lie the principal swampy lands in the State. Their 
 extent it is difficult tc determine, as they are being steadily drained 
 and reduced to cultivation. 
 
 POPULATION AND MORTALITY. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The entire population of Indiana in 1860, as shown by the offi- 
 
cial census of that year, was 1,339,000 whites, and 11,428 blacks, 
 a total of 1,350,428. In 1850 it was 988,416. The ratio of 
 increase in ten years was 36.63. Of the population in 1860, 693,- 
 348 were males, 645,362 were females. The population per square 
 mile was 39.33, which was an increase of nearly 11 per cent, per 
 square mile in ten years. Of this population 1,232,244 were na- 
 tive born, and 118,184 foreign born. The following table shows 
 the nativity and number of the principal portions of the foreign 
 born population : 
 
 Germany 66,705 
 
 Ireland 24,495 
 
 England 9,304 
 
 France 6,176 
 
 Switzerland 3,813 
 
 Scotland 2,093 
 
 The following table exhibits the principal occupations and the 
 number of persons employed in them in 1860. The immense dif- 
 ference between the number of "farmers'' and "farm laborers," 
 shows how many more men in Indiana own their lands and work 
 them for themselves than work for others: 
 
 Farmers 158,714 
 
 Farm laborers 40,827 
 
 Laborers 33,928 
 
 Carpenters 10,584 
 
 Blacksmiths 4,883 
 
 Shoemakers 3,804 
 
 Seamstresses 2,367 
 
 Millers 2,305 
 
 Railroad men 1,806 
 
 Wheelwrights 1,881 
 
 Tailors 1,417 
 
 Painters 1,246 
 
 Stone Masons 1,058 
 
 Plasterers 862 
 
 Saddlers 824 
 
 Printers 698 
 
 Bricklayers 548 
 
 Marble'and Stone Cutters 468 
 
8 
 
 Ta u ners 318 
 
 Servants 14,304 
 
 The demand for the labor of every one of these classes has 
 greatly increased since the war began, while nearly every class has 
 been diminished, or not at all adequately increased. Farm labor- 
 ers, especially, are needed, and can command the same wages that 
 used to be paid to skilled mechanics, and better wages twice over 
 than any but master mechanics can make in any country in Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 MORTALITY. 
 
 The mortality in Indiana during the year ending in 1S60, as 
 shown by the census, was, in the aggregate, 15,205, divided as fol- 
 lows: Males 7,421, females 7,181, by diseases of various kinds; 
 males 603, females 317, by violence. A total mortality of 15,205 
 in a population of 1,350,428, is 1 death to every 89 inhabitants, a 
 very low rate indeed. Massachusetts, in 1860, lost 1 in every 60 ; 
 Kentucky, 1 in every 70 ; and in New York, 1 in every 78£. In 
 London the rate of mortality is 1 in every 40, and in all England 
 1 in every 45. This shows that the health of Indiana is excellent, 
 surpassing that of most States, either in America or Europe. As 
 population increases, forests will be cleared away, swamps drained, 
 facilities for communication opened, dwellings improved, and med- 
 ical advantages increased, and, of course, health will be improved. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The principal portion of the population of Indiana, as of nearly 
 all the civilized countries of the world, and certainly of all the 
 States of America, is engaged in Agriculture. Most of the emi- 
 grants engage in it. It is the chief dependence of all classes. The 
 advantages which Indiana offers to the farmer and agricultural 
 laborer, or to any class of population desiring to engage in agricul- 
 ture, art; therefore very prominent considerations in determining 
 the settlement of emigrants within its limits. These advantages 
 will be found, with very little examination, to be equal to many, 
 and superior to most of these presented by other Slates. 
 
9 
 
 FIRST. EASE OF ACCESS. 
 
 Indiana lies on the main line of travel between the East and 
 West. It can be reached from New York, Boston, Quebec, or 
 Montreal, either by rail or water, and can therefore be reached 
 cheaply. The emigrant can go to almost every county in it by 
 railroad. He has no need to buy or hire a wagon to convey his 
 property more than a very few miles. If he goes very far West, 
 he must carry his family and his property in wagons for days and 
 even weeks together. An examination of the accompanying map 
 will show that the lakes touch it on the north, where ships can ap- 
 proach; that the Ohio runs all along its southern border, where 
 steamboats can pass at any season of the year; and that five 
 railroads" connecting with the Atlantic coast enter its eastern bor- 
 der and pass through it. It can thus be reached at seven different 
 points in its length. 
 
 SECOND. QUALITY OF LANDS. 
 
 There is no State in America of whose entire surface so large a 
 proportion is capable of cultivation. Except a small portion of 
 the hilly region along and back of the Ohio, and the swampy area 
 in the north, which is being rapidly reclaimed, and much of 
 which will be reclaimed finally, there i& not probably 100,000 acres 
 of the 21,600,000 that either are not or cannot be profitably culti- 
 vated. It will be inside of the truth to say that nearly 20,000.000 
 of the 21,600,000 acres embraced in the State's area, are capable 
 of cultivation. Of this vast expanse of farming land the varieties 
 are great enough to suit every branch of agriculture. The "bot- 
 toms," prairies, and the greater portion of the Wabash and White 
 river valleys, are unsurpassed as producers of Indian corn. With 
 very indifferent cultivation 100 bushels to the acre have been fre- 
 quently obtained, and with careful cultivation 120, 130, and as 
 high as 140 have been produced often and regularly enough to 
 prove that nothing but cultivation is needed to make these enor- 
 mous crops the ordinary or average yield. The great fertility of 
 the soil has really perpetuated a sluggish and careless mode of 
 farming; for farmers, finding themselves well paid without much 
 care, took 'no care, and let the soil, sun, and rains work for them. 
 Large portions of the other valleys, the W T hite Water, Ohio, St. 
 Joseph, and Maumee are ccpially productive, but are better suited 
 and more generally devoted to small grains, wheat, rye, oats, and 
 
10 
 
 barley. Any or all of these can be and are abundantly cultivated 
 all over the State, and it can hardly be said that any one section 
 is appropriated to any class of products; but so far as this is the 
 case, it is indicated in this statement. The entire arable area of 
 the State may be said to be, with few exceptions, equally well 
 adapted to any kind of grain, and it is a general practice for farm- 
 ers to alternate their crops on the same piece of ground, sowing 
 wheat one year, and planting corn the next. Hay and all kinds of 
 root crops are grown indifferently everywhere. The capacity of 
 any portion of the State to produce the small grains may be judged 
 by the fact that it is the practice of the local papers of the various 
 sections, north, middle, and south, to compare crops of wheat after 
 harvest, and a very extensive observation of this practice will jus- 
 tify the statement that it is impossible to say which section pro- 
 duces the largest yield per acre. It is very unusual, however, to 
 see a crop noticed as a "big" one that yielded less than 30 bushels 
 to the acre, and 35 and 40 are not uncommon. These arc, of 
 course, but specimens of the good cultivation in the various neigh- 
 borhoods where they occurred. To sum up all in a word, there is 
 little poor land in the State, and no marked differences in the char- 
 acter or productiveness of the good land. 
 
 The proportion of grazing lands to arable is smaller in Indiana 
 than in some other States, but still large enough for all possible 
 future demands. The finest breeds of cattle are raised in perfec- 
 tion in the White Water valley, and in many sections of the Wa- 
 bash and White River valleys, and in nearly all directions blooded 
 stock is driving out the inferior breeds. This proves that whether 
 peculiarly fitted for stock raising or not, there are not many sec- 
 tions of the State that are unfitted for it. 
 
 These facts will inform the emigrant who desires to engage in 
 general farming, that there is hardly any place in the State where 
 he cannot find land well suited to his needs. 
 
 Along the Ohio, and in many portions of the interior, the grape 
 is successfully and largely cultivated, and wine made in such quan- 
 tities as to amount to a considerable item of domestic commerce. 
 The emigrant from wine growing regions of Europe will find 
 plenty of land adapted to his pursuit. On this point more will be 
 said in another place. 
 
 THIRD. QUANTITY OF LANDS. 
 
 The entire area of the State contains, as already stated, 21,637,- 
 
11 
 
 000 acres. Of this, in 1860, 8,167,717 acres, a little over one-third, 
 were improved or under cultivation in some form. The remainder 
 was unimproved and awaiting the labor of the emigrant, or of the 
 rising generation. That which is improved is capable of sustain- 
 ing five times the population it does sustain, and with the unim- 
 proved portion, leaves room enough, in Indiana alone, for more 
 emigrants than will leave Europe in ten years. A population of 
 1. -350,000 is supported easily, and products by the million left to bo 
 sent abroad, on 8,000,000 acres. The 13,000,000 yet to be improved 
 will furnish homes, support, and wealth for at least 2,000,000 more. 
 There is no fear of crowding here. 
 
 FOURTH. PRICES OF LANDS. 
 
 The prices of lands vary according to their quality somewhat^ 
 but more according to the distance at which they lie from large 
 towns or lines of railroad. Good improved farms, with comfort- 
 able houses, barns, fences, orchards, and all necessary appurte- 
 nances, lying within two to ten miles of a railroad line, if not in 
 the neighborhood of the larger towns, are sold for about $20 to 
 $25, or £4 to £5 per acre. A farm of 40 acres of this class, all 
 ready for immediate occupancy, can be bought for about 6800, or 
 £160. Near large towns or cities, w T here market gardening can 
 be carried on, or farm products can be used directly in manufac- 
 tures, the prices of land are higher. Within two to five miles of 
 the largest city and capital of the State, Indianapolis, lands are 
 sold at $100 to 8400, or £20 to £80 per acre, the price being 
 higher the nearer the land lies to the city. Unimproved lands, 
 however, are much cheaper. An emigrant can buy 40 acres, or 
 more if he chooses, directly upon a railroad line, or within a few- 
 miles of it, for about $5, or £1 per acre, and in the southwestern, 
 northern and northwestern parts of the State, such land can be bought 
 from $2 to $4 per acre. He will have the timber to clear off, but 
 in many cases his timber, after it is cut, either in fuel or lumber, 
 will pay for one-fourth or more of his land. In more remote situ- 
 ations, where it is harder to get the fuel or saw logs to a market, 
 the clearing will pay less, it may be nothing, except for the emi- 
 grant's own use; but in such situations lands are very much 
 cheaper, and the purchaser can better afford to lose his timber. 
 There is an abundance of unoccupied and unimproved land in all 
 parts of the State, every way equal to that already occupied, which 
 
12 
 
 the emigrant can purchase almost as cheaply as he can the wild 
 lands west of the Mississippi river, and at the same time save the 
 expense of moving his family and property that great distance. 
 
 FIFTH. PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 A brief statement of the chief products of the State will give a 
 better idea than anything else of the adaptation of its soil to all 
 agricultural uses, and its capacity to sustain many times its present 
 population. In 1860 there were produced in Indiana, on 8,000,000 
 acres of ground : 
 
 Indian Corn, (bushels) 69,641,591 
 
 Wheat, (bushels) 15,219,120 
 
 Oats, (bushels) 5,655,014 
 
 Tobacco, (pounds) 7,246,1:32 
 
 Rye, (bushels) 400,226 
 
 Irish Potatoes, (bushels) 3,873,130 
 
 Barley, (bushels) 296,374 
 
 Buckwheat, (bushels) 367,797 
 
 Orchard Fruits, (value) $1,212,142 
 
 Wool, (pounds) 2,466,264 
 
 Batter, (pounds) 17,934,767 
 
 Cheese, (pounds) 569,574 
 
 Hay, (tuns) 635,322 
 
 Hops, (pounds) 75,053 
 
 Flax, (pounds) 75,112 
 
 Garden Products, (value) $288,070 
 
 The following statement exhibits the amount of live stock raised 
 upon the same ground at the same time : 
 
 Horses 409,504 
 
 Mules 18,627 
 
 Milk Cows, 491,033 
 
 Working Oxen 95,582 
 
 -Sheep 2,157,375 
 
 Hogs 2,498,528 
 
 Slaughtered animals, (value) $9,592,322 
 
13 
 
 The value of the live stock in Indiana, in 1860, was ^50,116,964* 
 The cash value of farms was $344,902,776. 
 
 The total value of real and personal property in Indiana, in 1860, 
 was §528,835,371, which was an increase of 160 per cent, in ten 
 years. This total gives an average of nearly 8400 to every man? 
 ivoman, and child in the State. 
 
 SIXTH. THE PROFITS OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The profits of farming in Indiana, as everywhere else, depend a 
 good deal upon the industry, good sense, and skill of the farmer j 
 they are also enhanced or diminished by the character of the soil, 
 and by the ease with which farm products can be got to a market* 
 1st. The skill and industry the emigrant must provide for himself,, 
 2d. The character of the soil in Indiana has been shown to be eve- 
 where suitable to any kind of grain or product desired. 3d. The 
 case with which a market can be reached will be best understood 
 by examining the accompanying map. That will show that there 
 are but very few counties in the State that do not lie close enough 
 to a railroad to allow the farmer to haul his grain to some station 
 or other in a day, and in very many he need haul it but a few miles. 
 Where there are no railroads there are many, and every year they are 
 increased in number, pikes or plank roads, which will enable him to 
 dispose of it in some village; and at any railroad station, or any 
 village on a pike or plank road, his grain will command the price 
 paid in the larger markets, less the railroad freight and a few cents 
 for storage or chance of loss. His crops, therefore, are worth on 
 his farm as much, within a few cents a bushel, as they are in Cin- 
 cinnati or Chicago, and he can tell to a dollar what his year's work 
 has brought him before he has sold it. Of course there are somo 
 few sections of the Srate, which the map will show, where roads 
 and markets are so remote that getting the crops to a place of sale 
 is worth more or as much as the cost of raising them. But there 
 are very few, and in consequence of the completeness with which 
 the State is intersected and cross cut in all directions by railroad^, 
 or good p ; ke or plank roads, they are fewer in Indiana than proba- 
 bly any State in the United States. 
 
 Suppose, then, an emigrant is industrious and understands his 
 business, and he takes an "improved" farm of 20 acres, almost 
 anywhere in the State, for it has been shown that he cannot go 
 amiss for land suitable to any kind of crop. He pays *20, or £4 
 
14 
 
 per acre for it, or $400 (£80) altogether. It is cleared and ready 
 for immediate cultivation; what can he make it yield? Two or 
 three leading products will best illustrate and answer this question. 
 1st. He can raise alone, or with the assistance of his family, 10 
 acres of wheat. With an ordinary season, and careful cultivation, 
 he can get a crop of at least 20 bushels to the acre, worth always 
 $1 a bushel, which will give $200 for his wheat. He can raise 8 
 acres of corn, which will yield 60 bushels to the acre, or 480 bush- 
 els altogether, worth always half a dollar a bushel, which will give 
 him $240 for his corn. Here he has procured, in one year, from 
 18 acres, $440 from wheat and corn alone. On his two remaining 
 acres he can raise potatoes, turnips, pumpkins, beets, or what he 
 chooses, both for sale and the use of his family, and their yield, 
 with the poultry, hogs, and cattle, which have not been taken into 
 the account, will add nearly as much more. It may be safely said 
 that an industrious farmer can produce from 20 acres, in almost 
 any county in Indiana, $600, at the ordinary prices of farm pro- 
 ducts. Two-thirds of this will support his family and leave him, 
 in one year, a clear profit of $200, half the entire cost of his farm. 
 His taxes would be about $5. In two years, or three, with ordi- 
 nary care, he can pay for it completely, and then begin laying up 
 his profits for his family, or for more land, if he should need more. 
 This is a very moderate estimate, and one which many thousands 
 of emigrants have realized in Indiana. If the emigrant arrives in 
 the State with money enough to buy a small farm at once, so 
 much the better. 
 
 SEVENTH. FARM LABOR. 
 
 But thousands of emigrants come to the United States who 
 have not money enough to buy a farm, or even to rent one. What 
 can they do in Indiana? They can get from $1 to $2 00 (or 4 to 
 8 shillings) a day for their work, in any part of the State. The 
 demand for their labor is very great, never so great before. The 
 inducements to them are greater even than to those who have 
 money. Unmarried, healthy young men can make on a farm, as 
 laborers, at the wages now paid, and which must be paid for many 
 years to come, from $300 to $600 a year, which in English money 
 would be from £60 to £120 a year. Out of this they could save 
 easily from £30 to £80 a year. Four years steady, hard work, 
 with wages well saved, will leave a young man with a clear capi- 
 
15 
 
 tal in his hands of £120 to £320, enough to buy him a handsome 
 farm anywhere in the State. 
 
 EIGHTH- STOCK RAISING. 
 
 As remarked in the paragraph concerning the quality of lands in 
 Indiana, the proportion of grazing to arable lands is smaller than 
 in several other States, but is still great enough to afford means to 
 breed large numbers of the finest classes of stock, and still larger 
 numbers of less valuable kinds. The preceding table of live stock 
 confirms this statement. Indiana, though only the fifth State in 
 the Union in population, is the first in hog raising, the third in 
 sheep raising, the fourth in horse raising, and the fifth in cattle rais- 
 ing. In the total amount of all kinds of stock, only seven other 
 States surpass her, and they are all much larger in area, and more 
 liberally supplied with land suitable to stock raising. Cattle breed- 
 ing and fattening for market is one of the most profitable pursuits 
 connected with agriculture in the State, and forms no small part of 
 its trade. The markets of the eastern States are largely supplied 
 from its pastures and stables, and emigrants who understand stock 
 raising, or desire to pursue it, will find Indiana one of the most 
 suitable States in the country. 
 
 But, as the table shows, it is in hog raising that Indiana stands 
 highest The next largest hog raising State, Missouri, with an 
 area, of 67,300 square miles, or a little more than double that of 
 Indiana, falls 144,000 behind it This remarkable superiority is 
 doe in part to the heavy crops of corn, which furnish abundant 
 and rich food for fattening hogs; partly to the healthy character of the 
 country; and partly to the "mast," or nuts produced by forest trees, as 
 walnuts, chestnuts, hickory nuts, beech nuts, hazlenuts, acorns, and 
 the like, which are found in enormous quantities in nearly all parts 
 of the State, and keep the hogs supplied with excellent fattening 
 material till it is necessary to use corn. This makes hog growing 
 cheap, because "mast" costs nothing. The killing, packing, and 
 shipping of hogs also adds considerably to the advantages of the 
 State to emigrants. It creates a large business, which demands a 
 great deal of labor. In 1862, the number of hogs slaughtered 
 and packed in Indiana, in packing houses, was 585,428; by far- 
 mers and others, for home consumption, 200,000 more ; and about 
 300,000 were carried off to the cities of the adjoining States to be 
 
16 
 
 cut and packed, because the requisite labor could not be obtained 
 in the State to do it. 
 
 NINTH. OLD BETTER THAN NEW STATES. 
 
 One very decided advantage which Indiana enjoys, in common 
 with all the older States, is the amount of "improved lands," or 
 those already prepared for cultivation. The emigrant who goes to 
 new States for cheap lands, will certainly find them in abundance; 
 but he will find several things first. He will find that it will cost 
 him no little part of a small improved farm to carry his family and 
 household goods so far. Suppose he has, altogether, five in family, 
 himself, wife, and three children. He will have to pay for railroad 
 fare from any point in Indiana to the new lands west of the Mis- 
 sissippi about $20 each, or $100, (£20) for merely moving his 
 family, and the freight charges upon his property will be probably 
 $40 or 850 more, according to the quantity. By stopping in In- 
 diana he saves that expense, and the amount of it is enough to go 
 a good way towards buying or stocking a little farm capable of 
 supporting his family; or if he don't want to buy, to support his 
 family while he is obtaining work. This is a very important ad- 
 vantage. Next, he will find that if he goes to new or "unim- 
 proved" lands in the far West, he must build him a house, and in 
 the meanwhile let his family shift the best they can. Then he 
 must clear his lands, and in such thinly settled regions he can get 
 little or no help, so must get on more slowly with it than he would 
 do in a more thickly settled State. Next, he must buy all he needs 
 for a time, except what he can raise on his new ground, at the high 
 prices which long transportation causes, while in older States he 
 would save this. Next, when he has raised his crop, he would find 
 it so much harder to get it to market, and dispose of it, that it 
 would pay him far less than the same crop would do in Indiana, 
 or an older State, where markets lie everywhere within five miles' 
 to twenty miles of nearly every tract of land in the State. He 
 would, it will thus be seen, get very cheap lands in the new coun- 
 try, but he would pay very dearly to get there, and very dearly for 
 everything he would need, except what he could raise, and would 
 have for a while no place to keep his family, and would get but a 
 little price for his crops after he had raised them ; while in Indiana 
 and older States, land would cost more at the outset, but in many 
 cases it could be got "improved," or ready for use at once, and 
 
17 
 
 when it was "unimproved," it would be easy to keep the family till 
 improvements were made, assistance would be more easily ob- 
 tained, the work more rapidly done, and when done, the crops 
 raised could always be got to a market and sold for a good price. 
 
 Emigrants, generally, have a strong impression that the cheapest 
 place of settlement is where lands are cheapest; but the above state- 
 ment will convince them that they are mistaken. So long as there 
 are unoccupied lands, or improved lands which can be bought at a 
 reasonable cost, in the older States, it is cheaper everyway for the 
 emigrant to settle in the older States. Considering the cost of 
 getting a family and household goods to the remote regions where 
 cheap wild lands lie, the delay and expense of preparing them for 
 cultivation, the distance and difficulty of reaching suitable mar- 
 kets, the emigrant who finds himself comfortably situated, and 
 ready for farming, in the new lands, will have paid more than if he 
 had bought an improved farm, or wild land and improved it, in 
 the older States. 
 
 These are some of the advantages offered by the State of In- 
 diana to the emigrant who desires either to buy a farm for himself, 
 or do farm labor for others. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 FIRST. AMOUNT AND VALUE. 
 
 Until within a few years past, Indiana could hardly be consid- 
 ered a manufacturing State at all, as little more was done in that 
 branch of industry than neighborhood nesessities required. This 
 backwardness was the result of two influences : 1st. The almost 
 universal and unfailing fertility of the soil which made farming more 
 profitable; and 2d. The ease with which the manufactures of older 
 States, and of Europe, could be procured in exchange for farm pro- 
 ducts. There were abundant facilities for manufactures; inex- 
 haustible water power, vast and easily accessible coal beds, im- 
 mense quantities of timber, and cheap transportation both for raw 
 material and manufactured goods. But the influences alluded to, 
 and the want of capital, which .all new countries feel most oppres- 
 sively, prevented these facilities being used. Recently, however, the 
 number of railroads, the increased means of transportation thus 
 created, the accumulation of capital, the increase of population 
 2 
 
18 
 
 and of home demand, and the influx of skilled labor from Europe and 
 the older States, have given a great impetus to manufactures, and 
 in 1860 Indiana was the fifth manufacturing State of the Union in 
 number of establishments, and the tenth in the value of the pro- 
 ducts, though only the 17th in 1850. Since 1860, some important 
 classes of manufactures have doubled the number of establish- 
 ments and value of products, and it would be within the truth to 
 say that now (1864) Indiana is the fifth manufacturing State in 
 every point of view. 
 
 The following table will show more conclusively than mere de- 
 scription, that mechanics, machinists, and skilled artisans of all 
 kinds, can find occupation enough in Indiana : 
 
 Number of manufacturing establishments in 1860. . . 5,120 
 
 Capital invested $18,875,000 
 
 Employees— females 710, males 20,600 21,310 
 
 Raw material used $27,360,000 
 
 Value of manufactures 43,250,000 
 
 The leading classes of manufactures embraced in this general 
 
 Flour and meal $11,292,665 
 
 Sawed and planed lumber 3,169,843 
 
 Distilled liquors— 32 distilleries, 8,358,560 gal's 1,951,530 
 
 Boots and shoes — 461 shops, 1,200 employees 1,034,341 
 
 Furniture — 153 shops, 675 employees 601,124 
 
 Agricultural implements 709,645 
 
 Bar and rolled iron, 2,000 tuns 105,000 
 
 Steam Engines and machinery 426,805 
 
 Iron Founding 168,875 
 
 Malt liquors — breweries 50, barrels 66,338 328,116 
 
 Cotton goods— 2 mills, 11,000 spindles, 375 looms. . . . 349,000 
 
 Woolen goods — 84 mills, 654 employees 695,370 
 
 Leather 800,387 
 
 Soap and candles — 16 establishments 256,535 
 
 SECOND. INCREASE. 
 
 Of these classes, the manufacture of steam engines and ma- 
 chinery, iron founding, rolled iron, agricultural implement making, 
 
19 
 
 and all kinds of iron work, have doubled since 1860, and only need 
 labor to increase more rapidly. The manufacture of malt liquors 
 has more than doubled since 1860, and that of woolen goods has 
 increased greatly, even if it be not double what it was then. The 
 rapid growth of manufactures, which the war in most respects has 
 greatly stimulated instead of damaging, will be seen by comparing 
 some of the above classes in 1860 with the same classes in 1850. 
 For instance : 
 
 Agricultural implements increased 386 per cent. 
 
 Furniture increased 50 per cent. 
 
 Soap and candles increased 388 per cent. 
 
 Boots and shoes increased 104 per cent. 
 
 "Woolen goods increased 30 per cent. 
 
 Cotton goods increased 362 per cent. 
 
 Flour and meal increased 104 per cent. 
 
 Sawed and planed lumber increased 44 per cent. 
 
 Steam engines, &c, increased 97 per cent. 
 
 The wages paid to skilled mechanics in Indiana have always 
 been good and remunerative. Careful and industrious workmen 
 have never failed to accumulate money enough to buy themselves 
 comfortable homes, and establish themselves in business, if they 
 desired it. There is no trade or kind of manufacture which does 
 not pay the laborer from $100 to $500 more per year than is neces- 
 sary to support him and his family; and since the war has begun, 
 wages have advanced greatly. A workman of ordinary skill, at 
 any trade, machinist, miller, stone or brick mason, blacksmith, car- 
 penter, cooper, shoemaker, tailor, saddler, plasterer, painter, or any 
 other, can earn from $600 to $1000 (£120 to £200) a year, and, 
 if he be economical, can support himself respectably on $300 
 (£60). With a family, according to its size, it will cost him from 
 $400 to 8600 (£80 to £120) to live, which he can easily make 
 more if he tries, and may possibly make less. 
 
 The following table of wages paid to mechanics and laboring 
 men in the leading trades, will show better than any statement 
 what emigrants may look for: 
 
20 
 
 Builders. 
 
 Bricklayers, per day $ 3-50 
 
 Hod carriers, per day $2 50 to 3 00 
 
 Laborers, per day 2 00 
 
 Carpenters, per day 2 50 to 3. 00 
 
 Plasterers, per day 3 00 to 3, 50 
 
 Painters, per day 2 50 
 
 Stone masons, per day 2,50 to 2 75 
 
 Machinists. 
 
 Blacksmiths, per day $2 50 to 3 00 
 
 Finishers, per day 2 75 to 3 00 
 
 Moulders, per day 2 75 to 3 00 
 
 Pattern makers, per day 2 50 to 2 75 
 
 Boiler makers, per day 3 00 
 
 Tailors. 
 
 Skilled workmen, per day $2 50 to 3 00 
 
 Foremen, per day 3 00 
 
 Saddlers. 
 
 Saddle hands, per week $16 00 to 20 00 
 
 Harness hands, per week 12 00 to 15 00 
 
 Shoemakers. 
 
 Ladies' wear, per week $ 8 00 to 10 00 
 
 Men's wear, per week 9 00 to 11 00 
 
 Stone and Marble Cutters. 
 
 Skilled workmen, per day S3 00 
 
 Laborers, per day 2 00 
 
 Hollow Ware and Stove Founders. 
 
 Hollow ware moulders, per week $25 00 
 
21 
 
 Stove moulders, per week $25 00 
 
 Casting moulders, per week 18 00 
 
 Laborers, per week 9 00 
 
 Gas Fitters. 
 
 Gas Fitters, per day $2 75 
 
 Coppersmiths, per day 2 75 
 
 Plumbers. 
 
 Plumbers, per week $10 to 12 00 
 
 Tin and Coppersmiths. 
 
 Workmen in tin, per week $12 to 18 00 
 
 Workmen in copper, per week 12 to 18 00 
 
 Workmen in sheet iron, per week 12 to 18 00 
 
 Brass Founders. 
 
 Workmen of all kinds, per day $2 50 
 
 Watch Makers and Jewellers. 
 
 Workmen of all kinds, per week $25 00 
 
 Woolen Manufacturers. 
 
 Spinners, per day $2 00 
 
 Weavers, per day 2 00 
 
 Finishers, per day 2 50 
 
 Dyers, per day 2 50 
 
 Laborers, per day 1 50 
 
 Paper Manufacturers. 
 
 Machine tenders, per day $2 25 
 
 Engineers, per day 2 00 
 
 Foremen, per day 3 50 
 
 Laborers, per day 1 50 
 
22 
 
 Rolling- Mills. 
 
 Puddlers, per day $5 50 
 
 Heaters, per day 6 50 
 
 Rollers, per day 4 00 
 
 Hookers and catchers, per day 3 00 
 
 Rail straighteners (cold), per day 5 00 
 
 Rail straighteners (hot), per day 2 55 
 
 Laborers, per day 1 75 
 
 Millers. 
 
 Second and third millers, per month 640 to 50 
 
 Head millers, per month 60 to 75 
 
 Furniture Makers. 
 
 Cabinet makers, per day $2 50 to 3 50 
 
 Chair makers, per day 2 50 to 3 00 
 
 This table of wages, collected directly from the proprietors and 
 workmen of the various manufactories enumerated, shows that no 
 skilled workman, except it maybe among shoemakers, gets less than 
 $2, or 8 shillings per day, while the greater portion get from $2 50 
 to 83, equivalent to from 10 to 12 shillings per day. Such wages, 
 with the certainty that about one-half can be saved by a single 
 man, and one-third by a man with a family, are one of the in- 
 ducements offered by Indiana to mechanics and laborers in manu- 
 factories, to emigrate to that State. 
 
 RAILROADS AND FACILITIES FOR TRANSPORTA- 
 TION. 
 
 One of the most obvious and important advantages enjoyed by 
 the older States over new ones, is the number and excellence of its 
 means of travel and transportation. In this respect Indiana is un- 
 surpassed. An examination of the accompanying map will show, 
 1st. that the entire length of the State, from north to south, is tra- 
 versed by two lines of railroad, " The New Albany and Chicago," 
 and the "JefFersonville and Indianapolis," connecting with the "In- 
 
23 
 
 dianapolis, Peru, and Chicago." Various branches start off from 
 these main Hues to important points, or connect with them from 
 points seeking an outlet. Besides these two, there is in the west 
 the Evansville and Crawfordsville railroad, terminating, for the pre- 
 sent, at Rockville, which extends from the Ohio river half the 
 length of the State northward. 2d. Across all three of these 
 lines runs the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, near the Ohio river; 
 and further north, through the center of the State, the « Central" 
 and "Bellefontaine" roads, connecting at Indianapolis with the 
 "Terre Haute" road; further north still, and beyond the termina- 
 tion of the western line, the " Wabash Valley" road crosses the 
 two main lines from northeast to southwest, and the "Fort Wayne 
 and Chicago" crosses them from southeast to northwest. At the 
 northern extremity of the State, near the Michigan boundary, the 
 Michigan Southern road, connecting directly with the lakes, tra- 
 verses nearly the whole breadth of the State. Nearly parallel with 
 the "Fort Wayne and Chicago" road, and diagonally to the north- 
 west, run the "Cincinnati and Chicago," and the "Lafayette and 
 Indianapolis" joining the "Indianapolis and Cincinnati," roads. 
 Thus the State is divided lengthwise by two railroads, and partially 
 by another; breadthwise by five roads, and diagonally by two 
 roads. This network of roads, it may easily be seen, cuts the 
 State up into so many small divisions, that from almost any point a 
 station is easily accessible. But the facilities thus created are 
 greatly increased by a number of small roads striking through the 
 spaces between the main lines. And the spaces between these 
 smaller lines again, are in many cases traversed, at distances of ten 
 or twelve miles apart, by gravel, macadamized, or plank roads. 
 Thus abundant facilities are offered the farmer to get his crops to 
 market, or to move from one part of the State to another, if he 
 chooses ; and to the mechanic and laborer to travel rapidly and 
 cheaply from any point where his labor is not in demand to an- 
 other where it is, and to take quick advantage of any opening or 
 opportunity that occurs. 
 
 The following table of railroads in the State, their length and 
 cost, will show better than anything else how completely it is che- 
 quered with cheap and rapid means of transportation and travel: 
 
 Chicago and Cincinnati, 61 miles $1,230,000 
 
 Cincinnati and Chicago, 108 miles 2,080,433 
 
 Cincinnati, Peru, and Chicago, 29 miles 1,161,209 
 
24 
 
 Evansville and Crawfordsville, 132 miles 82,465,793 
 
 Indiana Centra], 72 miles 2,233,381 
 
 Indianapolis and Cincinnati, 110 miles 3,457,108 
 
 Indianapolis, Pittsburg, and Cleve- 
 land, 83 miles 1,902,693 
 
 Jeffersonville, . 78 miles 2,182,004 
 
 Joliet and Northern Indiana, 15 miles 391,058 
 
 Knightstown and Shelbyville, 27 miles 270,000 
 
 Lafayette and Indianapolis, 64 miles 1,856,287 
 
 Louisville, N. Albany, and Chicago, 288 miles 7,029,494 
 
 Madison and Indianapolis (and 
 
 Branches), 135 miles 2,667,704 
 
 Peru and Indianapolis, 74 miles 2,371,554 
 
 Rushville and Shelbyville, 20 miles 250,000 
 
 Shelbyville Lateral, 16 miles 160,000 
 
 Terre Haute and Richmond, 73 miles 1,611,450 
 
 Union Track, at Indianapolis, 3 miles 265,033 
 
 Michigan Central (inside of Indiana), 52 miles 2,402,608 
 
 Mich. Southern (inside of Indiana), 185 miles 5,951,820 
 
 Ohio and Mississippi (inside of In- 
 diana,) 173 miles 16,794,417 
 
 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago 
 
 (inside of Indiana), 155 miles 5,794,879 
 
 Toledo, Wabash, and Western (in- 
 side of Indiana), 172 miles 5,676,344 
 
 2,125 170,295,148 
 
 Several other roads are in progress, which will increase the total 
 of miles to 2,600, and the cost to $90,000,000. 
 
 WAGES. 
 
 Of course on so various and long lines of railroads, great num- 
 bers of hands are employed to repair tracks, to run engines and 
 look after the cars, and as no especial skill is required for any labor 
 but that of the "engineers," or "engine drivers," the wages are 
 not equal to those paid to mechanics: 
 
 Engine drivers get, per day, about $ 3 00 
 
 Firemen get, per day, about 1 50 to 1 75 
 
 Train men get, per day, about 1 50 to 1 75 
 
 Track men get, per day, about 1 50 to 1 75 
 
25 
 
 NAVIGABLE STREAMS. 
 
 Though much the greater portion of the transportation of In- 
 diana is done by railroads, there is still a great deal done upon nav- 
 igable si reams. The Ohio ffver traverses the whole length of the 
 State's southern boundary, 380 miles, following the course of the 
 river, and is navigable throughout the year for light draught boats, 
 and for The greater portion of the year for steamers of any bur- 
 then. The Wabash, stretching southwestwardly from the interior of 
 the State to the Ohio, is navigable about 400 miles, a portion of 
 the year. On the northwest Lake Michigan gives the State an 
 outlet to the vast chain of lakes between the United States and 
 Canada, and a considerable amount of business is done by means 
 of it. There are also two canals, the " Wabash and Erie," run- 
 ning the whole length of the State diagonally from the Ohio, at 
 Evansville, to Lake Erit, and the "White Water Valley," in the 
 eastern part of the State, nearly 60 miles long. 
 
 SCHOOLS AND EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. 
 
 To many, probably to most emigrants, the numerous and cheap 
 schools of the United States are an attraction hardly, if at all, in- 
 ferior to the cheap lands, the high wages, and the means of speedily 
 acquiring a home and a competence. Few men are so short-sighted 
 or ignorant as not to desire to see their children well educated, not 
 only for the higher position in society which it gives them, but for 
 the advantages, in the pursuit of any business, which it confers. 
 In the United States, education is almost as universal and cheap 
 as air, and the State of Indiana is not behind any in the advan- 
 tages it offers to gain it. The schools are numerous. Most of 
 them are free for a portion of the year, and very cheap during the 
 time that the public funds are insufficient to make them free. 
 Private schools are also thickly scattered over the State, and tui- 
 tion can be obtained in them for a few dollars a year. Of the 
 higher grades of schools, colleges and seminaries, both for males 
 and females, there are quite as many as are necessary to accommo- 
 date all who seek their benefits, and the cost of attendance is very 
 light. A brief statement of the number and kinds of schools, and 
 
26 
 
 of the means by which they are sustained, and are expected to be 
 made free all the year round, as they now are for about half the 
 year, will exhibit better than any description the great advantages 
 Indiana offers to the emigrant who seeks education as well as sup- 
 port for his family. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Of public shools, supported in whole or in part by public funds, 
 and open to all children, foreign as well as native, free, as far as 
 the State's school fund will allow, there are 8,175, or an average of 
 89 schools to each county. There were in April of this year (1864) 
 546,959 children between the ages of 5 and 21, which are the limits 
 within which children are entitled to the benefits of the public 
 schools. This would give one school to every 67 children, exclu- 
 sive of private schools, colleges, and seminaries — a very ample pro- 
 vision. These schools are maintained by a light tax of one-tenth 
 of one per cent, on property, and by the revenue of a school fund 
 derived, in part, from the sale of lands donated by Congress to 'the 
 State for school purposes, and in part from money paid to the State 
 by the State Bank. A considerable addition to the fund has re- 
 cently been made by a law which requires the money paid for 
 licenses to sell liquor, to be turned over to the schools. The whole 
 amount annually derived from these sources, is sufficient to keep 
 the 8,175 schools open, free of cost, in some cases ten months, in 
 others four months, of the year. In 1863, the aggregate revenue 
 was $739,293 00, or $1 39 per scholar. In 1864 it will be about 
 $842,900, but the number of children has increased so greatly over 
 that of 1863, that though the whole revenue will be larger, the amount 
 per scholar will be about 4 cents less, or $1 35. Of these schools 
 144 are "graded," or arranged in departments rising from the lowest 
 classes and youngest children, to those in which higher grades of 
 study and older children are admitted; and 50 are "High Schools," 
 which embrace a course of study similar to the seminaries and high 
 schools of Europe. Admission is free to them as to the lower 
 schools, so long as the revenue is sufficient to keep them open. 
 When the revenue for the year is exhausted, the teachers keep the 
 schools at their own expense during the remainder of the year, 
 charging about $2 50 per quarter for each pupil in the lower schools, 
 and $3 50 in the " Grammar," or " High Schools." 
 
27 
 
 SCHOOL FUND. 
 
 The school fund of Indiana, as before stated, consists of money- 
 derived, 1st, from the sale of lands donated by Congress, on condi- 
 tion that the proceeds shall be applied to the support of schools; 
 and 2d, from the profits due to the State on its share of the stock 
 of the State Bank, and other sources. The amount of the first is 
 $2,224,421, of which $2,091,589 pay a regular income, which forms 
 part of the $1 35 paid to each scholar. There still remains unsold 
 of these lands 28,400 acres, worth $133,061. This amount, of 
 course, yields nothing now. The amount of the second portion of 
 the fund is $5,017,619, of which but $1,354,981 now yield a reve- 
 nue. In the course of four or five years, however, there will be due 
 to this division of the fund $3,662,636, and then the whole amount 
 of the "productive" school fund, or that which yields an annual 
 income, will be $7,108,978. When the unsold school lands are 
 sold or rented, the whole school fund will be "productive," and 
 will amount then to $7,242,040, which will yield an annual revenue 
 of $400,000. To this must be added the amount annually yielded 
 by the school tax of 10 cents on the $100, and the amount derived 
 from liquor licenses. The aggregate will be, if neither the tax nor 
 the amount of property of the State be increased, nearly $1,000,000, 
 or something less than $2 per scholar, which will be enough to 
 maintain all the schools free the whole year in many counties, and 
 more than half the year in the remainder. The annual revenue is 
 distributed to the various counties, and by them divided among the 
 schools, twice a year. A State officer, with an adequate salary, 
 superintends the schools, distributes the revenue, and makes regu- 
 lations for their government, and does nothing else. This is his 
 sole business. 
 
 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 There are 1,932 private schools, which do not draw any support 
 from the State fund, but are conducted as any other private busi- 
 ness is. A number of these are seminaries for females, and col- 
 leges for males, of a very high grade, the course of study embrac- 
 ing, in the case of male colleges, a large portion of that taught in 
 European Universities. The cost of tuition in them varies accord- 
 
28 
 
 ing to the grade of the school. The lower, corresponding to the 
 lower grades of the public schools, cost about $3 per quarter, or 
 $12 per year. Female seminaries cost about $50 per year; col- 
 leges for male students cost about $40 per year ; both exclusive of 
 boarding and similar expenses, which vary according to the wealth 
 and taste of the student. 
 
 If we add to the 8,175 public, the 1,932 private, schools, we have 
 an aggregate 10,107 in Indiana, or 1 to every 59 children between 
 the ages of 5 and 21. The emigrant will see, from this statement, 
 that there are abundant opportunities to educate his children in In- 
 diana. 
 
 TOWNSHIP LIBRARIES. 
 
 Some eighteen years ago a considerable amount of money was 
 appropriated by the Legislature to founding libraries in every town- 
 ship of the State, for the use of all classes of people upon the 
 payment of a trifling fee. These libraries now contain, altogether, 
 298,664 volumes, embracing the choicest works in the literatures of 
 all countries. During the year over 136,000 of these volumes are 
 used, showing that they form no small portion of the entertainment 
 and instruction of the people. The fee is about 50 cents, or 2 shil- 
 lings, a year. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 In all the States of the United States newspapers are constantly 
 and universally read. Along the railroad lines, where mails can be 
 carried rapidly and punctually, large numbers of "daily" papers 
 are taken, while through more remote districts " weeklies" circulate 
 most extensively. The newspaper, while it informs the reader of 
 current events, gives him a great variety of other valuable infor- 
 mation, and thus becomes an important auxiliary to schools in 
 diffusing education. There were in Indiana, in 1860, 13 daily, 
 and 154 weekly newspapers; 3 weekly and 3 monthly religious pa- 
 pers; 3 weekly and 2 monthly literary papers; and 3 miscellaneous 
 papers, or 181 of all kinds, with an aggregate annual circulation of 
 10,090,310. This year (1864) the aggregate circulation is not less 
 than 15,000,000, or more than 11 to every living being in the State. 
 
29 
 
 TAXES AND STATE DEBT. 
 
 Taxes in Europe have, for many generations, eaten up a large 
 portion of the earnings of laboring men, In the United States 
 they have always been so light as hardly to be felt. Indiana has 
 been, and still is, one of the most lightly taxed of all the States. 
 Before the breaking out of the war, taxes were divided into two 
 classes, State and county; the former appropriated to the current 
 expenses of the State government, the payment of the State debt, 
 and the maintenance of the public schools; the latter to the ex- 
 penses of the county governments, such as holding courts, opening 
 and improving roads, building school houses, maintaining jails, and 
 the like. To these the war has added a national tax, fixed by Con- 
 gress. In cities, with charters of incorporation, there is still a 
 fourth tax, the municipal; but this is only paid by residents, or 
 those owning property within a city's limits. 
 
 STATE TAX. 
 
 This tax is assessed by the Legislature every two years, upon a val- 
 uation made by officers called " Appraisers," if the property be real 
 estate; and upon a valuation of personal property made by the 
 owner himself under oath. The amount of it for the year 1864 is 
 40 cents on $100, or something less than one-half of one per 
 cent. This includes the 10 cents school tax before alluded to. To 
 this is added a " poll tax," or tax assessed against each adult male 
 citizen, without reference to property, of 75 cents for general pur- 
 poses, and 50 cents for school purposes. On a farm of 20 acres, 
 worth $20 per acre, $400, the tax would be $1.60, to which add poll 
 tax $1.25, and the whole amount of State tax would be $2.85, a 
 mere trifle, hardly more than a day's wages for a farm laborer. 
 
 COUNTY TAX. 
 
 For local purposes, as already stated, each county collects a tax 
 fixed by the Board of County Commissioners. It varies according 
 to the wants of different localities. Those that have court houses, 
 or jails, or school houses built, do not need a tax for such purposes, 
 and assess less than those that are still lacking in this respect. 
 The average of local taxes for 1864, taking one county with an- 
 
30 
 
 other, the highest taxed with the lowest, is 38 cents on the $100, to 
 which is added a " poll," or individual tax, of 49 cents. On a 
 farm of 20 acres, costing $400, the county tax would be $1 42. 
 Adding poll tax, 49 cents, we have the total of county tax, $1 91. 
 To this add $2 85 tax for State purposes, and we have a total of 
 taxation in Indiana, for 1864, of $4 72, or a little over 1 per cent, 
 of the value of the property assessed. In addition to this some 
 counties assess various little suras for occasional purposes, but 
 these are so slight and uncertain, as to make no material difference 
 in the sum already stated. 
 
 MUNICIPAL TAXES. 
 
 Residents of incorporated cities and towns have, of course, to 
 pay taxes for city purposes, from which farmers and residents of 
 the country are exempt. The amount of these varies greatly, ac- 
 cording to the fancy of the citizens to improve their streets, or 
 make water works, or put up gas lamps, or erect city halls, and the 
 like; but it is generally about the same as the sum of the State 
 and county taxes. A mechanic in a city would, therefore, have to 
 pay on his residence and his personal property about twice as 
 much as the farmer, as he would pay county and State, as well 
 as city taxes. The total would be about 2 per cent, averaging one 
 city and town with another. 
 
 NATIONAL TAX. 
 
 Since the commencement of the civil war the General Govern- 
 ment of the United States, distinct from that of the State, has es- 
 tablished a system of taxation ; but the emigrant will not feel it as 
 he does other taxes, because it is not paid in money out of the 
 pocket, but in the higher prices given for liquors, dry goods, and 
 other articles of consumption, and goes in little sums, and almost 
 imperceptibly. This goes to pay interest on the national debt, and 
 the expenses of the war. An income tax of 5 per cent, is col- 
 lected directly, but only those pay it whose incomes exceed $600. 
 
 STATE DEBT. 
 
 Indiana owes a debt, distinct from the national debt, as one part- 
 ner in a firm may owe a debt for family expenses independent of 
 
31 
 
 the debts owing by the firm in their business — of about $7,000,000, 
 upon which interest is paid at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum. 
 This is about the smallest debt owing by any State, and the taxa- 
 tion necessary to pay the interest is only about one-sixteenth of one 
 per cent., and is included in the 40 cents tax spoken of in the state- 
 ment in regard to State taxes. The payment of the entire debt 
 would cost the citizens only about 1£ per cent, of the valuation of 
 their property in 1860, and less than 1 per cent, of the valuation in 
 1864. 
 
 The emigrant will see, from these statements, that he need have 
 no fears of his crops or wages being eaten up by taxes. 
 
 BANKS AND BANKING FACILITIES. 
 
 The importance of capital, or the means of obtaining the use of 
 it easily and on moderate terms, to all kinds of business, agricultu- 
 ral, manufacturing, or mechanical, is too evident to need explana- 
 tion. Many an enterprising emigrant finds the way to some profit- 
 able business barred by the want of a few hundred dollars to make 
 a start, and many a promising trade has been sunk by lack of a 
 little monev to float it over the shoals of "hard times," or a "bad 
 market." Therefore, the question whether money can be readily 
 obtained in Indiana for the prosecution of any respectable calling, 
 is one of no little interest the emigrant, and to answer it the fol- 
 lowing statement of the number, character and capital of the banks 
 in the State is presented. It may be premised that all the public 
 banks receive deposits, to be drawn at the will of the depositor, for 
 which they usually pay him a small per centage, and that all cir- 
 culate their notes, so well secured as to avoid all chance of loss to 
 the holder, to supply the currency necessary to crrry on the trade of 
 the country, and that all lend money for larger or shorter periods, 
 at rates established by law. In addition to these public, or char- 
 tered, banks, there are numerous private banks, which make loans 
 and receive deposits, but circulate no bills. And in addition to 
 both classes of banks there are accumulations of public money, 
 belonging to the school and other funds, which can be borrowed at 
 low interest for almost any length of time, on bond or mortgage. 
 The public banks are of three kinds — National, State, and Free. 
 
 NATIONAL BANKS. 
 
 Within a year or a little more, Congress has authorized the estab- 
 
32 
 
 lishment of banks based upon the credit, regulated by the power, 
 and provided with notes for circulation, by the national govern- 
 ment, and hence called " National Banks." Each one is required 
 to deposit with the Secretary of the Treasury an amount of United 
 Stales bonds equal to the capital to be employed, and when this 
 has been done the government furnishes it with notes tc circulate 
 to the amount of the deposited bonds. Thus every dollar the 
 bank circulates is secured by a dollar of government stocks. It is 
 therefore as safe as the government, and can only become worth- 
 less when the government perishes. Besides circulating govern- 
 ment bills, these National Banks do all other kinds of banking bus- 
 iness. There were 31 of them in Indiana in June of this year, 
 1864, viz: 
 
 Location. Capital Circulation 
 
 Anderson. 850,000 $24,000 
 
 Bluffton 50,000 45,000 
 
 Centreville 56,000 42,500 
 
 Cambridge City 50,000 45,000 
 
 Danville 60,000 20,000 
 
 Evansville 250,000 180,000 
 
 Elkhart 60,000 54,000 
 
 Fort Wayne 150,000 104,000 
 
 Franklin (first) 132,500 120,000 
 
 Franklin (second) 100,000 95,000 
 
 Goshen 115,000 50,000 
 
 Greensburg 50,000 22,500 
 
 Green Castle 125,000 103,000 
 
 Huntington 50,000 20,000 
 
 Indianapolis 250,000 225,000 
 
 Kendallville 100,000 70,750 
 
 Lawrenceburg 100,000 70,000 
 
 Lafayette (first) 250,000 250,000 
 
 Lafayette (second) 130,000 not yet any. 
 
 Laporte 50,000 45,000 
 
 Mount Vernon 50,000 9,000 
 
 Madison 300,000 267,000 
 
 Peru 75,000 13,000 
 
 Rockville 125,000 92,000 
 
 Richmond 165,000 85,000 
 
 South Bend 150,000 133,000 
 
33 
 
 Terre Haute 150,000 135,000 
 
 Valparaiso 50,000 30,000 
 
 Vevay 53,000 13,000 
 
 Warsaw 40,000 40,000 
 
 Wabash 50,000 35,000 
 
 Total 83,450,500. 
 
 $1,438,750 
 
 The number of National Banks will probably be doubled in the 
 course of the present year. 
 
 FREE BANKS. 
 
 A system of banks, based upon the credit of the State, 
 as the National Banks are upon the credit of the United 
 States, was established about ten years ago, called the "Free Bank 
 System." These banks deposit with the State Treasurer an 
 amount of the State's stocks equal in value to their circulation, 
 and their bills must be registered and countersigned by the State 
 officers. In addition a certain per centage of the capital, about 
 ten per cent, must always be kept on hand in coin. These safe- 
 guards make the Free Bank bills perfectly secure, and if the bank 
 breaks the bonds in the Treasurer's hands will always be sufficient 
 to protect the bill holder. The following is a list of the Free 
 Banks of Indiana, with their capital and circulation: 
 
 NAMES OF BANKS. 
 
 Stock deposit- ] Notes in Circu- 
 
 Capital Stock, i ed with Treas.: lation. 
 of State. 
 
 Bank of Goshen I .$50,000 00 
 
 Bank of Corydon 50,0(10 00 
 
 Bank of Paoli 50,(100 0(1 
 
 Cambridge City Bank 70,500 00 
 
 Exchange Bank, Attica 50,000 00 
 
 Indiana Farmer.-' Bank 50,000 00 
 
 Salem Bank, (joslien , 50,000 00 
 
 Indiana Bank j 111,000 00 
 
 Bank of Salem, Salem : 50,000 00 
 
 Bank of Salem, New Albany 138," '85 35 
 
 Exchange Bank, Greencastle 1 50,350 00 
 
 Total i $719,935 35 
 
 $96,620 01 
 79,000 00 
 58,600 00 
 62,500 00 
 50,000 00 
 
 226,000 00 
 87,262 35 
 
 251,577 50 
 67,651 10 
 
 109,244 37 
 
 196,387 30 
 
 887,540 00 
 60.000 00 
 11,110 00 
 59,950 00 
 49,782 00 
 
 200,000 00 
 70,311 00 
 
 200,000 00 
 45,526 00 
 81,800 00 
 
 181,333 00 
 
 $1,284,848 63 $1,047,352 00 
 
 The Free Banks lend money and receive deposits. 
 
 THE BANK OF THE STATE. 
 
 The third class of banks in Indiana is composed of the Bank of 
 
34 
 
 the State and its branches. No deposit of National or State 
 stocks is required of this bank, but its circulation is secured only 
 by its capital and business. It lends money and receives deposits. 
 In consideration of certain advantages given it by its charter, it is 
 required to make loans at an uniform and low rate of interest. 
 The following are the branches of this bank, the parent institution 
 transacting no business but regulating the branches. 
 
 Name. County. Capital. 
 
 Lima Lagrange '. $100,000 
 
 Laporte Laporte 100,000 
 
 Plymouth Marshall 100,000 
 
 South Bend St. Joseph 100,000 
 
 Ft. Wayne Allen 125,000 
 
 Lafayette Tippecanoe 200,000 
 
 Logansport Cass 100,000 
 
 Indianapolis Marion 250,000 
 
 Richmond Wayne 100,000 
 
 Connersville Fayette 100,000 
 
 Rushville Rush 100,000 
 
 Madison Jefferson 200,000 
 
 Jeffersonville Clarke 100,000 
 
 New Albany Floyd 200,000 
 
 Bedford Lawrence 100,000 
 
 Evansville Vanderburgh 200,000 
 
 Vincennes Knox 150,000 
 
 Terre Haute Vigo 200,000 
 
 Muncie Delaware 150,000 
 
 Lawrenceburgh Dearborn 100,000 
 
 Total $2,775,000 
 
 PRIVATE BANKS. 
 
 These banks circulate no notes, but lend money and take de- 
 posits. They rest solely upon the credit of the individuals con- 
 ducting them. Many of them possess as much capital, as strong 
 credit, as great facilities for business, and are as liberally conducted 
 as any chartered bank. The number of these cannot be very accu- 
 rately ascertained, but the aggregate of their capital and business can 
 hardly be less than $2,000,000. 
 
35 
 
 PUBLIC FUNDS. 
 
 The officers of every county in Indiana hold large sums of 
 money, distributed by the State, which the law requires them to 
 lend at a low rate of interest upon mortgage, the income to be 
 applied to the support of free schools. These loans being allowed 
 to run as long as the interest is punctually paid, and the interest 
 being very low, far below the ordinary market rate, are of great 
 benefit to farmers and laboring men, who can give the requisite se- 
 curity. There is, or soon will be, over $5,000,000 of these funds. 
 
 AGGREGATK. 
 
 The aggregate capital, especially employed in loans, and fur- 
 nishing facilities for business in Indiana, it will be seen from 
 the foregoing statements, is about $13,000,000. The legal rate of 
 interest is 6 per cent., but higher rates are generally paid, as the 
 borrower can make the money worth twice or three times as 
 much as that rate. 
 
 GRAPES AND WINES. 
 
 Wine growing is rapidly rising into importance in Indiana, and 
 only needs the skilled labor of European wine-dressers and vint- 
 ners, to become second only to the grain crops in value. There is 
 hardly any township in the State in which grapes are not grown, 
 generally for table use, and many portions are peculiarly adapted 
 to the cultivation of the vine for the manufacture of wine. Along 
 the Ohio river there is the same character of soil, and the same 
 general features of country and climate, that prevail about Cincin- 
 nati, where wine growing has become a very extensive and valua- 
 ble business. There is no doubt that almost the entire length of 
 that river, bordering the southern end of the State, could be profit- 
 ably covered with vineyards, and the successful manufacture, in a 
 small way, of wines in various portions of the interior, proves that 
 the advantages of the Ohio hills are not confined to that section 
 by any means. 
 
 The adaptation of the soil and climate of Indiana to the culture 
 of the vine was noticed in the early part of this century, and a lit- 
 tle colony of Swiss emigrants at Vevay, on the Ohio, a short dis- 
 tance below Cincinnati, made the first successful attempt at wine 
 
36 
 
 manufacture in the United States. A similar enterprise was com- 
 menced near New Harmony, also on the Ohio, but near the west- 
 ern boundary of the State, and met with considerable success. 
 The Vevay vineyards are still kept up, and their wines form no 
 inconsiderable item of the neighborhood trade. Wine making in 
 the United States may be fairly said to have had its birth in Indi- 
 ana. But it was many years before the example thus set was fol- 
 lowed to such an extent as either to make wine a matter of any 
 pecuniary importance, or prove that the country was adapted to 
 its growth. Scattered efforts were made in various parts of the 
 United States, but with almost uniform ill success. European 
 grapes were cultivated, and they do not flourish in America. One 
 or two, sometimes more, good crops could be got from them, and 
 then they died out so speedily and surely as to create a very gen- 
 eral belief that the United States never could become a wine-grow- 
 ing country. But the discovery and introduction of the Catawba 
 grape changed this opinion. The culture of the vine spread rap- 
 idly, and made what was before a feeble experiment, or a total 
 failure, a firmly established business, full of growth and vigorous 
 life. In Ohio, where the manufacture is not more than twenty 
 years old, there was made, in I860, 562,640 gallons of wine, while 
 in 1850 the quantity was but 48,000 gallons. In ten years the 
 manufacture had increased twelve fold. In Indiana, in 1850, there 
 was made 14,000 gallons ; in 1860, about 90,000. The entire wine 
 crop of the United States, in 1850, was but 218,000 gallons, 
 which in 1860 it was nearly 2,000,000. These facts sufficiently 
 prove the adaptation of the country to wine growing, and the 
 rapidity with which wine is advancing to a foremost place in the 
 products of the nation. 
 
 Wine growing in the United States is much more profitable 
 than it is in Europe. A good vineyard, averaging one year with 
 another, will produce nearly 200 gallons to the acre. In very fa- 
 vorable seasons the yield will run as high as 600 gallons to the 
 acre, and it is rarely lower than 100. New wine is now worth 
 about 81 00 a gallon at the press. A vineyard of ten acres, 
 yielding an average of 200 gallons to the acre, would therefore 
 pay, in a single year, of but ordinary productiveness, $2,000. This 
 is enough to show that wine growing can be made a most profita- 
 ble business, and that the emigrant, who understands it, need be 
 in no fear of dying poor. 
 
 The quality of the wine varies, of course, with the season, and 
 
 
37 
 
 with the care and the skill expended in the cultivation of the grape 
 and the manufacture of the wine, but a fair article of the Catawba 
 is said by good judges to be every way equal to the finer grades 
 of Hock, and to be four or five per cent, stronger in alcohol. 
 " Sparkling Catawba" is much like Champagne, but stronger, and 
 with a more decided flavor and odor. As a general rule, Ameri- 
 can wines are stronger than those they most nearly resemble of 
 European growth. The products of other grapes are rarely as 
 good as that of the Catawba, though considerable quantities are 
 made. 
 
 The demand for wine in the United States is great, and steadily 
 increasing. The quantity made does not begin to supply it. The 
 stronger liquors, brandy, whisky, gin, and others, are gradually giv- 
 ing way to native wines, and there is nothing but labor needed, 
 the experienced labor of European wine growers, to make wine as 
 general a beverage as it is in Germany or France. 
 
 MINERAL RESOURCES. 
 
 THE MINING ADVANTAGES AND FACILITIES OF INDIANA. 
 
 It would be a matter of astonishment to persons, accustomed to 
 mining operations in Europe, to visit and examine almost any of 
 the localities in Indiana where such work is carried on. 
 
 In England, and other parts of Europe, you have often to wait 
 for the steam power to bring up the dangerous looking buckets, by 
 which you are expected to descend, from one to two thousand feet, 
 and then wander along, through innumerable and extensive gal- 
 leries, in a stooping position, carrying your Davy's Safety Lamp, 
 dreading even then an explosion, which may destroy many lives. 
 In some very large mines, many miners scarcely see the light of 
 day for months. Into other coal pits, situated near the sea, the 
 water has rushed through crevices, causing great loss of life. In 
 others, again, besides the danger from explosion, there is frequently 
 great inconvenience and danger from " choke-damp," or carbonic 
 acid gas, which pervades many of 'the extensive ramifications, un- 
 less great pains and expensive means are resorted to for ventila- 
 tion. To effect this thorough ventilation, it is sometimes necessary 
 to sink numerous shafts, and to force, by means of steam or other 
 power, constant currents of fresh air into the deleterious regions 
 below. 
 
38 
 
 To be convinced how very different a state of things exists in 
 the mining regions of Indiana, it is only necessary to visit one of 
 the numerous "coal-openings" in the South-western portion of the 
 State. Twenty-two counties, in that region, are so entirely within 
 the coal field, that there are several, sometimes many, coal open- 
 ings in each county, and there could readily be much more than 
 double the present number with profit to the producer, and advan- 
 tage to the consumer, if the necessary labor to work them could be 
 obtained. Every year wood is becoming more scarce, and more 
 valuable for building, fencing, and similar purposes. Every year 
 additional works are erected, requiring large amounts of fuel for 
 the generation of steam and similar purposes. 
 
 Already many persons have become convinced that coal is 
 cheaper at twenty-five cents (a shilling) a bushel than wood is at 
 $3 00 (12 shillings), perhaps even at $2 00 per cord, especially if 
 it has to be sawed and split, after being delivered, in four-feet 
 lengths, at that price. But coal can be made profitable, if only 5 
 and 6 cents a bushel can be obtained for it at the works, making it, 
 in many places, about 10 cents to the consumer ; and as we have 
 but recently begun to use coal, at all extensively, every year will 
 greatly add to the demand. 
 
 How can getting out coal be profitable at those prices, some 
 may ask. The reply is, because in many places we have but to 
 drift into a hill-side, with a roof that perhaps sustains itself, or at 
 all events, where timber is yet very abundant for propping, be- 
 cause coal openings are commonly in hilly regions, not close to 
 large cities, where wood may be had for §>1 00 per cord. " Drift- 
 ing " in from the side to which the seam of coal inclines, we are 
 enabled, by a small side ditch, to drain the mine of superfluous 
 water, along the natural slope of the " dip." Sometimes the coal 
 lies so near the surface, in a level region, as to be reached by what 
 is termed " stripping," simply digging ofl a few feet of the surface 
 soil, which can again be thrown in after the coal is removed. In 
 three places only, Evansville, Farmersburg and Brazil, shafts are 
 sunk ; the former to 170 feet, the two latter to fifty feet deep, and 
 we never hear, there, or elsewhere in the State, of accidents in the 
 mines. On the Wabash, and on White river, for many years, the 
 coal-boatmen have been in the habit of running their boats close 
 up to the bank; and, as in most of the Indiana coal mines, cars 
 are run on rails, either by hand or horse power, there is no 
 trouble in extending a platform over the boat, and in "dumping" 
 
39 
 
 the coal at once down a spout or inclined plane, so as to load the 
 flat-boat without shock or damage. Occasionally two coal seams 
 have come together, and one such is worked in Pike County, where 
 the opening is seven feet high, the united seams occupying that 
 space. At Cannelton, Perry County, where large quantities are 
 kept in barges to supply the Ohio river steamers, the railroad from 
 the mouth of the pit continues a few hundred yards, to the bank of 
 the river, and makes loading and unloading very easy. 
 
 In a few cases, where the works are extensive and the ramifica- 
 cations considerable, shafts are sunk for ventilation only, at a tri- 
 fling expense, and the coal is taken out in the manner just des- 
 cribed. 
 
 Mining, then, it will be seen, instead of being a much dreaded 
 occupation, the regulation of which has called forth important par- 
 liamentary legislation in England ; instead of creating feeling of 
 alarm among the relatives, when they see their husbands, fathers, 
 or brothers descend to these subterranean horrors; is pursued in In- 
 diana with as much tranquility, health, and safety, as any other 
 ordinary occupation. 
 
 Much has already been done in the way of developing the coal re- 
 sources of Indiana ; but there would be no difficulty in doubling 
 that product and making it profitable, if men, practically acquaint- 
 ed with such work, coud be found to engage in the enterprise. 
 
 COAL OIL. 
 
 Around the edges of the coal field is the most probable place for 
 finding reservoirs of coal oil, such as have proved highly profitable 
 in Ohio and Pennsylvania. There are strong indications at Oil 
 Creek, in Perry County, on the North-east margin of the basin, the 
 characteristic scum being found abundantly, floating on the water. 
 There are at least two localities, and probably many more, afford- 
 ing cannel coal, from which oil could be manufactured. 
 
 A very successful salt boring has been made, on the Wabash 
 river. On this subject, Mr. Lesquereux, who has had great facili- 
 ties for observation, says in the Geological Report : " The average 
 distance, from the top of the millstone-grit to the salt of sub-car- 
 boniferous sandstone, is 500 feet. I have measured it in many 
 
40 
 
 places ; in Virginia, along the Great Kanawha river, in Pennsylva- 
 nia, in Ohio, in Kentucky, even in Arkansas." * * " Except this 
 boring, I do not know of any that have been made on the Wabash 
 river, although it is evident that strong brine could be found, all 
 along that stream, at a depth corresponding with the geological 
 horizon of each county." 
 
 IRON AND FIRE-CLAY. 
 
 Good iron is found, in sufficient quantity and of a good quality, 
 to justify the erection of works, especially along, or near the outer 
 margin of the coal basin ; consequently the material, necessary as 
 fuel, could readily be found in the same proximity ; and as many 
 of these coal seams have a fine clay bottom, there would be no 
 difficulty in finding enough of that material, for the various pur- 
 poses about a furnance, to which it is applied. There could also 
 be profitably manufactured any amount of good fire-brick, in a num- 
 ber of localities, where excellent fire-clay exists. And there is us- 
 ually associated with the coal a sand of limestone sufficient for 
 foundry use. Already several furnaces are in profitable operation 
 for the manufacture of iron : one, the Richland Furnace, is near 
 Bloomfield, Greene County ; the other, known as the Indiana Fur- 
 nace, is in Vermillion County. 
 
 The latter has been in operation 23 years, and employs 75 hands ; 
 the proprietors use the hot blast, pay $1 50 per ton for ore deliv- 
 ered, and run ten tons of metal per day. There are several furna- 
 ces in operation in the northern counties, or at least were before the 
 war, when hands could be had, to work up the large quantities of 
 bog iron ore found in those counties. 
 
 STONE FOR BUILDING AND OTHER PURPOSES. 
 
 There are numerous localities in Indiana, at which the best ma- 
 terials for building purposes are quarried, some affording a lime- 
 stone of fine texture, capable of sustaining a great crushing 
 weight, in the foundations of houses, bridges, &c. ; while other 
 localities afford beautiful building rock, more especially suitable for 
 superstructures, although with strength enough for all parts of or- 
 dinary buildings. A marble, equal in strength and beauty to most 
 of the European, is manufactured in Jefferson County, on the 
 Ohio river, into various articles of use and ornament. At and 
 
41 
 
 near Leavenworth, on the Ohio, a beautiful oolitic limestone is ob- 
 tained, which is well adapted to many purposes, being susceptible 
 of a handsome polish. 
 
 Besides these limestone localities, good sandstone, for building 
 purposes, can be obtained in Fountain, Warren, Vigo, Knox, Gib- 
 son, and Posey Counties, convenient for shipment on the Wabash 
 river. 
 
 Any amount of an excellent quality of hydraulic limestone can 
 be obtained on the Ohio river, and at several places in the interior, 
 and excellent clay for pottery is abundant, and easily obtained. 
 
 Lithographic stone, grindstone, and whetstone, are found at 
 many points, and of superior quality. 
 
 In Martin County, near Dover, there is a locality from which a 
 variety of natural paints are readily prepared and shipped on the 
 Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The deposit is chiefly a fine clay, 
 colored by various metallic oxides, especially iron, and affording 
 yellow ochre, red ochre, umber, and other tints, quite equal to those 
 of foreign importation. 
 
 In some of the northern counties, particularly near South Bend, 
 St. Joseph County, an extensive and thick deposit of marl is 
 found, which is sometimes burned into very pure lime, and used 
 for various purposes, being the result of a decomposition of 
 shells. It is proposed to use this for the manufacture of artificial 
 marble, for which process a patent has been obtained. Pure marl 
 is one of the essential ingredients. 
 
 In some of these northern counties clay without iron is also ob- 
 tained in abundance ; it is from this material that the buff-colored 
 bricks are manufactured, retaining that color in consequence of be- 
 ing destitute of the iron, which, in burning, the ordinary brick-clay 
 becomes a highly colored per-oxide or sesqui-oxide of iron. This 
 is the same usually sold under the name of Milwaukie Brick. 
 
 LEAD, ZINC, COBALT AND ANTIMONY. 
 
 All these metals have been found in Indiana, althought not, as 
 yet, in sufficient quantities to justify any extensive works. It is 
 quite probable, however, that future explorations and analyses may 
 render the manufacture profitable, particularly that of zinc, which 
 is found as a supplement in the ore, familiarly termed "Black 
 Jack." It is very abundant in Fountain and Warren Coun- 
 ties, the cobalt being associated with it, (as proved by analysis), at 
 4 
 
42 
 
 least at the diggings in the former of those places, and probably 
 also in the latter, although not yet tested by accurate analytical in- 
 vestigation. 
 
 PEARL-ASH, NITRE, EPSOM SALTS AND ALUM. 
 
 The vast quantities of our timber, burned every year to ashes, 
 in our clearings, the ashes produced in many towns, especially 
 where there are steam mills, would justify the manufacture of 
 pearl-ash, and doubtless make it profitable. With it might be 
 readily united a thriving business in soap-making. 
 
 Nitre can be obtained, in very considerable quantities, in many 
 of our caves, also epsom salts, efflorescing, there and elsewhere, 
 from the abundant magnesian limestone of sub-carboniferous form- 
 ation. 
 
 Alum might be manufactured, in abundance, and no doubt 
 profitably, from the numerous aluminous shules of the Devonian 
 and carboniferous periods. 
 
 MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 Attention may be called to the fact that in Indiana there are 
 numerous mineral springs of good quality, to which visitors resort 
 in considerable numbers : such are the Jeffersonville Chalybeate, 
 the Indiana Springs and Trinity Springs, in Martin County-, the 
 French Lick and West Baden Sulphurated Hydrogen Springs, ii 
 Orange County,- the Lafayette Artesian Well, and the Springs of 
 Rush County, near Knightstown, Henry County, besides several 
 others that might be rendered useful hygienic summer resorts. 
 

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