SB 436 
 .W9 
 Copy 1 
 
A581-1020-8m-L 
 
 OFFICE OF STATE FORESTER 
 
 UNDER CONTROL OF 
 
 AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS 
 
 W. B. BIZZELL. President 
 E. O. SIECKE, State Forester 
 
 TREE PLANTING 
 
 IN 
 
 TEXAS TOWNS AND CITIES 
 
 BY 
 LENTHALL WYMAN 
 
 Assistant State Forester 
 
 BULLETIN II 
 
 OFFICE OF STATE FORESTER 
 
 COLLEGE STATION. TEXAS 
 
 Monoirra#lL 
 
I LiQRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 JAN111921 
 
 i 'DOCUMENTS DiVl 
 
 SION 
 
 . / 
 
1 
 
 SQ4S6 
 
 SHADE TREES IN TEXAS TOWNS AND CITIES 
 
 /\ 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Convenience, comfort, and attractiveness are three qualities which a 
 home seeker requires before he purchases his residence; The same 
 qualities are desired by the community in its home — the city. Many 
 cities are making strenuous efforts to attract new enterprises and to 
 get new citizens. They are improving their conveniences by paving 
 streets, extending street lights, water systems, and sewerage. They 
 are endeavoring to make their municipality more comfortable by water- 
 ing streets, securing public benefits such as car lines and in many other 
 ways. Most towns and cities are trying to instill a sense of civic 
 pride in their residents through the efforts of Women's Clubs and 
 Chambers of Commerce. The aim is to make the city more beautiful, 
 to attract visitors and influence them to take up residence in the com- 
 munity. 
 
 In no other way can the comfort and attractiveness of a town be 
 secured so cheaply, easily, and satisfactorily as by the extensive plant- 
 ing of shade trees and shrubs. This is a form of city improvement 
 which increases in value from the moment it is undertaken and con- 
 tinues to increase in value for many years, whereas sidewalks, electric 
 lights, and drinking fountains begin to deteriorate as soon as they are 
 installed. 
 
 Trees are especially needed in cities to purify the air and to amelio- 
 rate the hot summer clays. They are a valuable asset to a man's prop- 
 erty as is recognized by real estate men when they are boosting a new 
 city addition. The first thing done in such cases is to lay off streets 
 and put attractive sign posts on the corners, next trees are put out 
 and if the promoters are ambitious perhaps an impressive gateway will 
 be built to attract the eyes of prospective buyers. The street signs 
 and gateway are advertisement, but the trees represent real value. 
 They are planted because in no other way could the real estate man 
 enhance the value of the property so much with so small an outlay. 
 
 There is great need for more trees in every Texas community and in 
 the hope that a planting movement will get under way with fresh 
 impetus this bulletin is issued to serve as a guide for city planters. 
 During the past fifteen to twenty years a great many species of trees 
 have been planted in West Texas and the Panhandle. Although many 
 of these were failures still many others proved to be suited to the soil 
 and climate of the region. In order to get the benefit of the results 
 of these plantings a six weeks' trip was made through the northwestern 
 part of the State. The information obtained on the trip has been largely 
 used in the preparation of tiiis bulletin. 
 
 The Division of Forestry of the Texas Experiment Station is con- 
 ducting tests on eleven sub-stations in various sections of the State for 
 the purpose of introducing desirable new shade trees. A number of 
 new species are being tried out and demonstrative planting work is 
 being conducted, xllthough the experiments have been in progress for 
 
Excellent tree planting on the side parking of a street in Temple, Texas. The ground around 
 the roots has been spaded up. 
 
 Center parking planting, Pearl slreel. Wichita Falls, Texas. The value of shade trees has 
 
 been appreciated. These six inch hackberries will soon make this an 
 
 attractive location for new residences. 
 
•only four years yet several new species show promise of 1km ng adapted 
 for planting work in the plains region. From time to time new trees 
 are sure to be added to the list of those recommended in this bulletin 
 as a result of the Experiment Station work as soon as the tests have 
 been carried on for a long enough period to show conclusively which 
 trees are best suited to each locality. 
 
 SELECTION OF TREES 
 
 Once the property owner has decided to set out trees the question 
 arises : what species should he use ? Trees which do well in the Pan- 
 handle will not prove desirable below the cap rock. Trees suitable for 
 planting in wide parkings are poor varieties for narrow streets. In 
 general, long lived trees should be selected. Trees should be chosen 
 which do not sprout up from the roots or have disagreeable odors. Many 
 otherwise admirable trees are untidy because of the quantities of fruit 
 which fall and attract flies. Others lose their leaves early and should 
 be avoided. The natural form should be such as not to necessitate con- 
 stant pruning. Trees for narrow streets should have narrow columnar 
 crowns, such as Lombardy poplar, while wide avenues are adapted to 
 broad spreading species like the American elm and live oak. Cedar 
 trees should not be planted close to apple trees or hawthorns because 
 of the rust which has alternate stages on each of these trees. Black 
 locust is undesirable in regions like Amarillo where the locust borer has 
 become established. It is impossible in a short bulletin to go fully into 
 the qualifications of each tree which might be used in Texas. The fol- 
 lowing table will briefly show trees adapted or suited to varying con- 
 ditions : 
 
 TREES ADAPTED TO NARROW STREETS 
 
 Lombardy poplar Black locust Mesquite 
 
 Silver maple Hackberry Silver poplar 
 
 Tree of heaven Carolina poplar 
 
 Gingko Box elder 
 
 TREES ADAPTED TO WIDE AVENUES 
 
 Oaks Honey locust Willow 
 
 Elm Magnolia Walnut 
 
 Sycamore Pecan Camphor tree 
 
 Sweet gum Ash Mulberry 
 
 Basswood Cottonwood Eussian olive 
 
 Tulip tree Eucalyptus Bois d'arc 
 
 TREES EGR VERY SEVERE CITY CONDITIONS — NARROW PARKINGS, OIL, 
 
 SMOKE, ETC. 
 
 Tree of heaven Sycamore 
 
 European plane tree (xingko 
 
 SHORT-LIVED TREES 
 
 Poplar Silver maple Hackberry 
 
 Chinaberrv Box elder Black locust 
 
— G- 
 
 Eucalyptus 
 Mulberry 
 Black locust 
 Chinabern^ 
 
 UNTIDY TREES 
 
 Cottonwood 
 
 Willow 
 
 Gingko 
 
 Tree of heaven, female 
 
 Bois d'arCj female 
 Japanese varnish 
 
 TKEES SPROUTING BADLY FROM THE ROOTS 
 
 Tree of heaven Cottonwood Black locust 
 
 Poplar Willow 
 
 UNDESIRABLE STREET TREES IN REGIONS WHERE OTHER VARIETIES THRIVE 
 
 Cottonwood 
 Carolina poplar 
 
 Willow 
 
 Tree of heaven 
 Chinaberry 
 Silver maple 
 
 Box elder 
 
 Evergreens 
 
 T/?££PlANT/A/G /r'£G/OA/s 
 Z Sas/ Texas 
 
 2r . Cenfra/ T'exos. 
 ZZT S oo/jh Thxar-s 
 TV. /^or^hony/e 
 
-7— 
 
 Region 
 where tree 
 does well* 
 
 II, III, IV, V 
 
 I 
 A 'Al 'III 'II 
 
 „ 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 > 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 
 > 
 > 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 
 . 
 
 Undesirable features 
 Brittle, liable to insect attack 
 
 : i 
 
 0) 
 
 >. 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 ■ i 
 i C 
 
 o 
 
 ■o 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 "o 
 3 
 m 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 T3 
 
 e 
 ■? 
 
 3 
 
 .^' 
 O 
 CO 
 
 ja 
 
 tn 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 C 
 CO 
 
 "5 
 
 M 
 (U 
 
 en 
 
 £ 
 o 
 
 CJ 
 
 ■6 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 « 
 
 o 
 ^c 
 
 >. 
 
 XI 
 
 ■a 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CQ 
 
 ■d 
 > 
 
 o 
 x: 
 in 
 
 u 
 _C 
 >, 
 
 ■a 
 
 V 
 O 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 C2 
 
 1 .• 
 
 "co 
 
 E 
 
 00 
 
 '3 
 
 E 
 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 CJ 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 2 
 
 '3 
 
 ■c 
 a 
 a 
 
 en 
 <U 
 > 
 
 CO 
 
 ij 
 en 
 
 ■a 
 
 CU 
 JS 
 
 ■q 
 
 CO 
 
 ,2 
 
 .1 
 o 
 
 '3 
 
 u 
 
 b 
 
 4> 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 _o 
 
 V 
 
 o 
 '3 
 
 a 
 
 >> 
 
 lU 
 
 E 
 
 Width of street 
 to whirh 
 adapted 
 
 Narrow 
 
 2 o 
 
 1 : 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 z 
 
 1 : 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 Z 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 z 
 
 E 
 3 
 
 E 
 3 
 
 ■3 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 z 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 ■3 
 
 E 
 a 
 
 "3 
 
 el' 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 ID 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 4> 
 
 E 
 
 _3 
 
 ilue for 
 
 street 
 
 lanting 
 
 r 
 
 U k. 
 
 Ih 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 (X 
 
 
 '5 
 
 
 : 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 CU 
 
 "3 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
 t: 
 
 
 ! > " k 
 
 a a 
 
 
 o 
 O 
 
 Length 
 of life 
 
 Medium. . . 
 
 o a 
 
 JS o 
 CO ij 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 ■3 
 
 o 
 
 c/2 
 
 S 
 
 •3 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 ■3 
 
 4) 
 
 DC 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 J 
 
 E 
 '■5 
 
 0) 
 
 S 1 
 
 Rate of 
 growth 
 
 Fast 
 
 
 : 
 
 01 
 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 •3 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 •3 
 
 V 
 
 CO 
 
 en 
 
 CO 
 
 [I. 
 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 '■B 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 ■3 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 -3 
 
 o 
 (7i 
 
 1 
 
 Scientific name 
 Acer negundo 
 
 .1 i 
 
 ra CO 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 a a 
 M m 
 k. u, 
 
 o o 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 "s 
 T3 
 
 CS 
 
 "m 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 < 
 
 CO 
 
 bi 
 
 CO 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 u 
 CQ 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 O 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 a 
 
 "co 
 
 CO 
 
 u 
 
 "cS 
 
 c 
 
 4) 
 CJ 
 
 o 
 
 "3 
 U 
 
 c 
 
 o 
 D. 
 
 E 
 
 "3 
 U 
 
 .2 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 c. 
 _o 
 
 '-5 
 U 
 
 : 
 
 a 
 
 tn 
 3 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 DC 
 C 
 CO 
 en 
 3 
 C3 
 OC 
 CO 
 0) 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 o 
 
 W) 
 en 
 
 3 
 
 Q, 
 _>> 
 "co 
 
 3 
 W 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 "o 
 o 
 t; 
 
 C 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 C 
 'R 
 
 CO 
 
 CC 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 t> 
 
 £ 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 C 
 
 CO 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 _o 
 o 
 
 DC 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 [' 
 
 Common name 
 Box elder 
 
 : 1 : 
 :r : 
 
 a "S 
 n « 
 
 E S 
 
 u cs 
 > OD 
 
 r3 3 
 
 : 
 
 2 
 -3 
 
 CO 
 
 CS 
 
 : 
 >, 
 
 S 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 U 
 
 : 1 
 >. 
 
 u 
 a> 
 
 u 
 CO 
 
 1T< 
 
 u 
 u 
 
 CO 
 QC 
 3 
 00 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 : 
 
 6 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 u 
 
 O 
 
 6 
 
 > 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 en 
 3 
 CC 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 OD 
 <U 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 eu 
 
 O 
 
 4 
 
 CO 
 
 41 
 
 c 
 
 DO 
 
 c 
 O 
 
 
►-, I— (S 
 
 S C HH- « g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 > > 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 QJ *-" W 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 1— 1 
 
 
 
 > > 
 
 > > 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ' > 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 HH 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 -H 
 
 ;^' 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ' Z' Z' 
 
 
 
 «- z 
 
 " 
 
 ,_' 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 '"' 
 
 ""1^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 i-i 1 »- 
 
 
 
 
 H-. •-> 
 
 ■- 
 
 *~* 
 
 
 HH 
 
 
 
 l-l 
 
 I-" 
 
 
 
 i—' 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 >—' 
 
 _-- 
 
 
 ^'' tn" 
 
 >. 
 
 1-.' 
 
 
 " HH 
 
 
 X 
 
 fcj 
 
 ,_" 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 
 -0 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 c 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 a) 
 
 3 
 
 
 M 
 
 13 
 
 c; 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 'E 
 C 
 t- 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) *- 
 
 a 
 
 
 a; 
 C 
 
 a 0) 
 
 
 =" 1. 
 
 s J 
 
 f^ 1 
 
 DO 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 e 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 t- 
 n 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 r 
 
 X 
 a 
 
 -> 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 
 5 « 
 
 DC ^ 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 "c 
 
 c 
 « 
 
 
 a 
 u 
 
 x: 
 
 
 « . 
 
 Oc 
 
 °i 
 
 cd 
 
 
 'o 
 a 
 •a 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 
 II 
 
 a. 
 
 a. 
 C 
 
 2 I 
 > 
 
 -^ . 
 
 cB a 
 
 a 
 
 ■> X 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 3 
 aj 
 -a T3 
 a 
 x: >■ 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 'a 
 Ci. 
 
 a) . 
 
 ■a h-o 
 
 a u a 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 C/5 
 
 c 
 4 
 
 "a 
 
 E 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 h 
 
 ^ X! 5 
 
 c 2 
 W a-w 
 
 
 M 
 
 oc 
 
 „ 
 
 
 TS 
 
 ~^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a> 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 '5 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 a. 
 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 -0 
 c 
 
 
 (S 
 
 a> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ij 
 
 
 
 •05 
 
 03 
 
 c 
 
 'c 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 a "^ a 
 
 c. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .if 
 
 
 
 "U 
 
 Ui 
 
 . 
 
 £ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 "3 ^"3 
 
 
 
 
 0/ 
 DC 
 
 
 
 l!Z 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 d 
 C 
 
 c 
 
 
 XI 
 
 a 
 a. 
 
 z 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 '£ 
 
 'E 
 
 DC DC 
 
 z 
 
 a 
 '5 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 T aj 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 Ed 
 
 
 h 
 
 1 2 
 
 _fe. 
 
 tL 
 
 fc 
 
 li 
 
 u. 
 
 fe. 
 
 _a 
 
 2: 
 
 _fc 
 
 (£ 
 
 tc 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ta 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 •3 
 
 a 
 X 
 
 J 
 
 a 
 X 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 X 
 
 1 
 X 
 
 'i 
 
 c 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 6^ 
 
 £ 
 
 a 
 
 z 
 
 £ 
 
 X 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 3 
 
 •3 
 
 1- 
 
 z 
 
 X3 
 
 eI 
 
 gDC 
 
 a: 
 
 c 
 (- 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 3 
 
 p d 
 fee 2 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 aj-r3 
 o aJ-g 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 aa 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 _4 
 
 "a 
 
 "a 
 
 t- 
 
 b 
 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 X 
 
 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 "aS 
 
 *a3 
 
 
 «""a 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 t 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 t; 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 r™ 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 C 
 
 ," 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 Cfc 
 
 t 
 
 fc 
 
 [I. 
 
 fc. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 (X 
 
 _Q. 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 a 
 
 lu 
 
 _W 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 Ed 
 Ed 
 
 5>§ 
 
 a 
 
 (U 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 £ 
 
 E 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 -3 
 
 a; 
 
 01 
 
 c 
 c 
 
 ) 
 c 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 C 
 C 
 
 1 z 
 c 
 
 
 
 X3. 
 
 X 
 
 a. 
 
 3 
 
 •3 
 
 a; 
 2 
 
 X 
 a. 
 
 3 
 
 ■-3 
 
 X 
 a. 
 
 a. 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 = 
 
 I 
 
 Ed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 SB 
 
 05 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 E 
 
 £ 
 
 s 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 x 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 -3 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 '3 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 -3 
 
 'C 
 
 c7 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 c 
 
 aj 
 
 0. 
 
 a. 
 
 C5 
 tL. 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 01 
 
 0, 
 
 V 
 
 0. 
 
 cc 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 _S 
 
 7 
 
 s 
 
 _| 
 
 S 
 
 J 
 
 s 
 
 _! 
 
 S 
 
 _s 
 
 
 a 
 
 _fc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1) 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 re 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .22 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 "s 
 
 'c 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "a 
 
 
 
 
 
 s: 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 X 
 
 £ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 c 
 
 c 
 '5 
 
 c 
 « 
 
 
 .2 
 
 a; 
 
 c 
 
 aj 
 C 
 
 .2 
 
 
 
 
 
 _o 
 "c 
 
 c 
 
 "o 
 
 'E 
 
 3 
 a> 
 
 ' 
 
 a 
 
 x; 
 E 
 
 a 
 X 
 
 'E 
 
 D 
 
 a 
 t- 
 
 X 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 .2 
 
 I2 
 
 2^ 
 
 a-3 
 T3 3 
 
 S ^ 
 a u 
 
 a; 3 
 
 a 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 £ 
 "a 
 in 
 3 
 ki 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 
 X) 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 "o 
 
 S 
 
 _3 
 'u 
 aj 
 
 a 
 a 
 > 
 e 
 > 
 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 a. 
 
 C 
 
 t- 
 
 1 a 
 
 a 
 
 'Z 
 
 c 
 < 
 
 3 
 
 '0 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 3 
 13 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 "a 
 C 
 
 •c 
 
 
 to 
 
 9 
 C 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 UJ 
 
 jl 
 
 
 s 
 
 § 
 
 % 
 
 § 
 
 _! 
 
 z 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 S 
 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 & 
 
 B 
 
 
 u 
 
 3 
 u 
 _o 
 
 >, 
 
 a^ 
 C 
 
 
 c 
 ca 
 
 
 a, 
 
 c 
 
 "a 
 
 aj 
 
 'c 
 
 u 
 « 
 > 
 
 
 E 
 3 
 
 01 
 
 0) 
 
 a; 
 is 
 t/2 
 
 aj 
 
 0) 
 
 D 
 "3 
 
 h 
 
 > 
 
 t-l 
 a) 
 XI 
 a 
 c 
 
 
 
 a 
 c 
 
 U 
 
 "aJ 
 u 
 
 J5 
 
 s 
 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 S 
 
 ■a 
 aj 
 K 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 X 
 
 E 
 c 
 
 a 
 
 T5 
 3 
 a 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 Dl 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 -s 
 
 a 
 '3 
 
 6 
 
 
 E 
 
 a 
 
 >> 
 C/3 
 
 a) 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 C 
 a 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 w 
 
 
— 9- 
 
 tf 2: 
 
 > I > I I I I ^ ^ k 
 
 « I I ^^ > "1 " > 
 
 « H-- ^ ** 
 
 -o-o 
 c o 
 
 CSrS 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 u. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tr. 
 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 -c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 013 
 
 c 
 
 J2 
 
 0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 CO 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 '0 
 
 s 
 
 J= 
 
 cfi 
 
 
 >1 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 ■a 
 
 > 
 
 CT3 
 
 c/5 
 
 2 
 
 
 "O cs 
 
 o 
 o « 
 
 c 
 
 _" C3 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 fc ^ 
 
 fc . 
 
 M 
 
 
 M 
 
 ^ 
 
 M a 
 
 ^ C 
 
 C8 
 
 
 '3"^ 
 
 '5*^ 
 
 ^S 
 
 ^S 
 
 t-.*^ 
 
 t-'^ 
 
 .H-a 
 
 .^T) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0) 
 
 e ofi 
 
 C OB 
 
 
 
 U, 
 
 E 
 
 3 a 
 
 O^ 
 
 "goo 
 
 "O m ? W 
 So 9. ts 
 
 3 C fl 
 
 > a 
 
 t3 o 
 
 05 
 
 CCoo 
 
 
 u i cc 
 
10 — 
 
 .2 5 
 
 qj h CO 
 
 > i ; 
 
 > \ 
 
 > '".55 555555 55 5 
 
 CA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO « 
 
 
 
 '^^ 
 
 
 
 ao 
 
 
 
 o« 
 
 
 
 i: « 
 
 
 
 .ft 
 
 
 
 CA b« 
 
 
 
 J, a 
 
 
 CO 
 
 T3 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 J= 
 
 
 
 wjfe: 
 
 Si** 
 
 
 J 
 
 > 
 
 
 Em 
 
 ui en 
 
 "I 
 
 
 ■o 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 1> 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 (U 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 ■*-> 
 
 o ^ 
 
 C a) 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 — M 
 
 a> 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 g-o 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Q 
 
 cc 
 
 
 
 Siz 
 
 O 80 
 
 ■"■£.5 
 
 "cO M^ 
 
 > o. 
 
 *5 
 
 05 
 cCqc 
 
 S ^ 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
-11- 
 
 
 
 I 11 > > 
 
 "1 K *". ^. '~. '"'. '". > " "". - > " '1 '1 " " "^^ 
 
 M 3 
 
 •O OB 
 
 
 o5 
 
 U lu 
 
—12— 
 
 DESCRirTION" OF TREES 
 
 MAPLES — There are six iiiaplei? which grow naturally in Texas, only- 
 two oi them heing desirable shade trees, however. These are the silver 
 maple and the sugar maple. Another species, the ash-leaved maple, or 
 box elder, has been successfully introduced in some parts of the state. 
 
 SUGAR MAPLE (Acer saccharuni)~Th\s is a hardy tree with a 
 compact oval crown; native in East Texas. It is an excellent tree in 
 good soil with plenty of moisture, but will not do well under city con- 
 ditions. Tn suburban situations and on lawns it has a distinct value. 
 
 SHjVER maple or soft maple (Acer sacchari7mm)—A fast 
 
 groM'ing tree with leaves dark green above and silvery beneath. The 
 
 tree is rather short-lived with brittle branches. It is difficult to keep 
 
 silver maple trained properly, and, furthermore, it is often injured by 
 scales and borers. 
 
 BOX ELDER (Acer negundo) — A tree similar in most characteris- 
 tics to silver maple. The leaves are not silvery on the under side. The 
 same advantages and drawbacks which apply to silver maple are also 
 applicable to box elder. 
 
 TREE OF HEAVEN OR PARADISE TREE (Ailanthus glandu- 
 losa) — An Asiatic tree introduced to this country many years ago. It 
 is a very rapid grower in its youth but soon becomes straggly and un- 
 kempt. The leaves are ^compound and frond-like. Male and female 
 flowers are borne on separate trees. While the seeds of the female plants 
 are a nuisance they are less objectionable than the disagreeable odor of 
 the staminate flowers. Its habit of sending up root suckers makes the 
 tree of heaven rather undesirable, but under severe city conditions where 
 smoke, dust and insufficient root space make it impossible to plant other 
 trees the tree of heaven will survive and do fairlv well. 
 
 HARDY CATALPA (Catalpa speciosa) — There are two catalpas 
 native in the central states. However, common catalpa is a very un- 
 satisfactory shade tree. It may be distinguished from hardy catalpa by 
 the narrow pointed tuft of hair on the ends of the seeds, whereas hardy 
 catalpa has a broad tuft. Catalpa is moderately fast growing and 
 short-lived, quickly developing an uneven crown with bare branches 
 crowned by bunches of large heart-shaped leaves. 
 
 PAPER MULBERRY (Broussonnetia papyrifera) — A small Asiatic 
 tree with cordate or three to five lobed leaves, hairy beneath. This tree 
 is rather short-lived and inclined to be bushy, having a round head. It 
 is liable to frost injury but is able to stand severe drouth and soil 
 alkalinity. 
 
 HACKBERRY (Celtis occidentalis) — The hackberry is a medium 
 sized drouth-resistant tree with an oblong open crown. In Eastern 
 Texas it is severely attacked by borers and leaf gall insects. The hack- 
 berry is short-lived except under favorable soil and moisture conditions, 
 and accordingly other trees should be given preference in general. It 
 reaches its best development as a street tree in Central Texas. 
 
—13— 
 
 SUGrARBEERY (Celtis mississippiensis) — A tree with habits sim- 
 ilar to hackberry. The leaves are large and smoother and the tree 
 reaches a larger size and greater age than the hackberry. Useful in 
 Central and Southwestern Texas. 
 
 DESERT WILLOW {CUlopsis Unearis)—A native of the West Texas 
 draws. It stands drouths and much alkali. It is a small tree with 
 showy flowers and long cylindrical seed pods. The leaves are linear. 
 It is not regular in form, being similar to mesquite and willow in this 
 regard. A desirable tree under severely dry conditions. 
 
 ORAISTGE (Citnis sp.) — Various citrus fruit trees are used to ad- 
 vantage as shade trees along the coast below Corpus Christi. Above 
 Corpus Christi citrus trees are often seen but they do not reach the same 
 development that they attain further south and are frequently injured by 
 frost. They are medium sized to small trees with even rounded crown 
 and dark green glossy leaves, being more useful for lawns than for 
 street planting. They will not stand much frost. 
 
 RUSSIAN OLIVE (Elaeagmts angustifoUa) — A handsome silvery- 
 leaved medium sized tree. It. has a broad rounded head with a rather 
 irregidar branching system similar to willow or mesquite. It stands 
 drouth and alkali, showing remarkably fast growth. It needs some 
 pruning to make a good shade tree for street purposes. 
 
 BLUE CUM (Eucalyptus glohulus^ — Useful for planting along the 
 gulf coast. Freezes back at Port Arthur. A tree reaching great size 
 and age, of very- rapid growth, causing roots to ruin walks, sewerage 
 systems and street pavements. Should be planted on wide avenues 
 where it can have some protection, as it will not endure a temperature 
 below 24 degrees Fahrenheit when young. It needs a humid climate 
 with good soil for proper development. With shallow soil or insufficient 
 soil moisture the growth of all eucalyptus trees is seriously retarded. 
 Other varieties may prove successful in Texas but have not been tried 
 out extensively as yet. RED GUM (E. rostrata) will stand a temper- 
 ature of 13 degrees after it becomes established and shows some promise 
 for the Southern coastal region. 
 
 WHITE ASH (Fraxinus am ericana)— This ash is native in East 
 Texas, growing in moist rich soils. The white ash is a large, well-formed 
 tree, fairly clean except for the seeds and a good shade tree, more at home 
 on lawns than on city streets, however. 
 
 GREEN ASH (Fraxinus lanceolata) — This is one of the best shade 
 trees which will grow in West Texas and the Panhandle. It is some- 
 what smaller and shorter lived than white ash and stands a dry climate 
 with alkali very well. It is fairly clean, does not break up and makes 
 a shapely tree. 
 
 MAIDENHAIR TREE OR GINGKO (Giiigko hiloha)— This is a 
 Chinese tree introduced into the United States a number of years ago. 
 Although it has not been planted extensively in Texas it has shown 
 promise in the northeastern and central black land districts. It cannot 
 be recommended strongly as yet because sufficient data on its adaptability 
 is lackinsr. 
 
The pecan is the State tree. This one is a vigorous young specimen on the A. & M. College 
 
 grounds. Except in Southwest Texas and the Panhandle the pecan is one 
 
 of our best shade trees. 
 
 The bois d'arc forms an excellant broad spreading crown. This tree in Denton, Texas, is 
 growing in the region of its best development. • 
 
— 1 5— 
 
 HONEY LOCUST {GUditsia inacanilios)—K tree with light feath- 
 ery foliage bearing long seed pods Avhich are somewhat of a nuisance. 
 It has a rounded head with stout branches and a strong root system. 
 The thorns are objectionable, but a thomless variety {G. inermis) is 
 offered for sale by most nursery dealers. It is a desirable tree for dry 
 regions. 
 
 PECAN (Hicoria pecaii) — The pecan has been designated the ojfficial 
 state tree and as such it deserves a special mention. An excellent shade 
 tree and a valuable nut tree, this species is an unusually desirable one 
 to plant in the region of its best development. In the western part of 
 the state it will thrive if given some cultivation and water. 
 
 The pecan is rather hard to transplant and its growth is not rapid 
 but it produces a unifonn oval crown, is fairly resistant to insects and 
 disease, and is an abundant producer of excellent nuts. This last fea- 
 ture is objectionable where trees are along highways, because of the break- 
 age which results when nuts are clubbed off, a situation which frequently 
 arises. 
 
 HICKOEY {Hicoria spp.) — There are several varieties of hickorv 
 which grow in East Texas, bitternut, shagbark, pignut, nutmeg and 
 others. All of these would make fair shade trees were it not for their 
 exceptionally slow growth. They require good moist soil and cannot 
 compete with elm, ash^ sweet gum and many other faster growing trees. 
 
 BLACK WALNUT (Juglans nigra) — The walnut is an excellent 
 shade tree. It has a dense crown, is hardy, grows fairly fast, produces 
 excellent nuts and the most valuable wood of any tree grown in Texas. 
 It needs considerable cultivation and should be planted where it will 
 receive a good supply of moisture. 
 
 VARNISH TEEE, PEIUE OF INDIA {Koelreuteria paniculata) — 
 Tliis tree is an exotic from Asia. It appears to stand alkali and low 
 precipitation. It is grown in Kansas and Missouri and should do well 
 in Western Texas. The varnish tree is rather short-lived and does not 
 reach a great size but should be well suited to narrow streets. 
 
 SWEET GUM, EED GUM {Liquidamher styraciflua)—The sweet 
 gum is one of the best trees for shade in East Texas. It has a sym- 
 metrical oval crown, star shaped leaves, and bears small spiny balls of 
 seeds which are attractive in winter. It is a rather fast grower, long- 
 lived and reaches a large size. It should be used in suburban situations 
 since it is not adapted to severe city conditions. 
 
 TULIP TEEE, YELLOW POPLAE {LiHodendron tulipifera) — 
 The largest broad-leafed tree of the Atlantic coast. Although not native 
 to Texas it makes an admirable shade tree where the soil is rich with 
 good drainage. It has a round head with persistent cone-like fruits. 
 It is hard to transplant and needs plenty of room. 
 
 CHINABEEEY (Melia azedarach) — The chinaberry is an Asiatic 
 tree which is much used for a shade tree throughout the state. It is a 
 densely foliaged tree, with brittle wood, and irregular open crown and 
 an abundance of white waxy fruits which make it an untidy tree for 
 planting near sidewalks. It grows remarkably fast but quickly de- 
 
—16— 
 
 teriorates, being especially susceptible to v/ind breakage and subsequent 
 rot. It is a tree whicli should be used only where quick results are 
 desired and then more permanent trees should be used also, to succeed 
 it after a few years. 
 
 UMBEELLA CHINABEERY, TEXAS UMBRELLA {Melia azeda- 
 rach umbracuUfera) — This is an horticultural variety of the preceding 
 species. It develops a flat umbrella-like crown, very dense and regular. 
 It is a very handsome tree and a useful one for formal effects. How- 
 ever, it has most of the defects that the chinaberry has ; brittle branches, 
 much litter, and short period of attractiveness. 
 
 WHITE MULBERRY (Morus a/&a)— Introduced from Europe. It 
 ■does well on dry lands but prefers a moist soil. It is a small tree with 
 a round head, fairly well adapted for street planting, but the berries are 
 objectionable on side^'alks. This is the silk-worm tree of Europe. 
 
 RED MULBERRY (Morus rubra) — A native tree somewhat larger 
 than the above named species. The red mulberry is hardy and makes a 
 good shade tree in dry regions. The fruii attracts flies and is a dis- 
 agreeable feature. 
 
 RUSSIAN" MULBERRY (Morus alba tartarica)— This tree, a native 
 of Asia, is hardier than any of the other mulberries, and although it is a 
 small bushy tree, still it has some advantages for the treeless portion of 
 the state. At elevations, above 1800 feet it is apt to be killed back by 
 late frost. It is not long-lived but is a fairly rapid grower and not a 
 heavy bearer, which is an advantage for shade purposes. 
 
 OLEANDER (Nerium oleander) — A large shrub or small tree with 
 & wealth of flowers. It thrives along the coast where the winters are 
 not too severe and does well under severe city conditions. 
 
 SOUR GUM, TUPELO (jYyssa sylvaiica)—A tall tree with slender 
 drooping branches. The foliage is dark green and lustrous, assuming 
 attractive shades in the fall. It is a slow growing tree suited to wet 
 situations. The fleshy fraits are a disadvantage. The COTTON GUM 
 (Nyssa aquat^ca) is very similar, to the sour gum. 
 
 HUISACHE (Acacia farnesinna) — A small thorny tree with fragrant 
 yellow flowers. It makes a fair street tree in Southwestern Texas but 
 is a' slow grower and has a somewhat irregular crown. 
 
 SYCAMORE (Platanus occidentalis) — One of the largest and best 
 shade trees over most of the State. It is a fast grower, develops a large 
 round head of stout l)ranches, and although susceptible to leaf diseases, 
 yet those may be easily controlled by spraying. It is not attacked by 
 insects nor affected by adverse city conditions. Furthermore, although 
 best adapted to wet situations it will thrive with very little moisture 
 and care. 
 
 ORIENTAL PLANE TREE (Platanus orientalis)—A European 
 tree more enduring of city conditions, and possessing a more compact 
 crown than sycamore, but otherwise similar to it. It is a better tree 
 than sycamore for city purposes, not being affected by leaf blight. 
 
—17— 
 
 COTTONWOOD (Populus deltoides) —A large native tree with trem- 
 bling leaves, found around water courses. It has a shallow extensive 
 root system, suckers badly, and produces considerable "cotton," all of 
 which is objectionable in a street tree. It is not a desirable tree for 
 city streets and should be used only in exceptional cases and where plenty 
 of water is available. 
 
 CAROLINA POPLAR (Populus eugenia.) — A more desirable tree 
 than the preceding species since it grows faster and has a more regular 
 crown. Useful for quick effects on narrow streets. 
 
 LOMBARDY POPLAR (Populus nigra var. italica) — A tall, slen- 
 der, rapid growing poplar used for formal planting on very narrow 
 streets. It is -hort lived, shallow rooted, liable to send root suck- 
 ers and objectionable because of the "cotton." 
 
 EMPRESS TREE, PRIDE OF INDIA (Paulonia imperalis)—A 
 small, fast growing, Asiatic species with purple flowers. It has large 
 leaves of a tropical appearance and is poorly adapted to planting along 
 streets. 
 
 MESQUITE (Prosopis juUflora) — The mesquite is a fairly good 
 
 shade tree in the southwestern part of the state. It is a rather slow 
 
 growing tree with an irregular crown of light foliage. Its only advan- 
 tage is that it is very hardy and needs very little care. 
 
 POMEGRANATE (Piinica granaium) — A small bushy tree suited 
 to the lower coastal region but not especially adapted to street planting. 
 
 OAKS — The oaks, as a class, are excellent street trees. They are 
 with a few exceptions strong, well formed, long-lived and not subject 
 to insect attacks. 
 
 WHITE OAK (Qiierms alba) — A rather slow growing, long-lived, 
 round-headed tree, sturdy, resistant, and cleanly. It makes an ideal 
 street tree where there is plenty of water. 
 
 BLUE JACK OAK (Qvercus cinerea) and BLACK JACK OAK 
 
 (Q. marylandica) —^]ow growing, short-lived trees of the sand hills, 
 poorly suited for street purposes or lawn planting. 
 
 SPANISH OAK (Quercus digitafa) — A tree of good form, long- 
 lived, suited to medium or wide streets. It needs considerable moisture. 
 
 TEXAS Ox\K (Quercus iexana)—^.^ similar to* the Spanish oak. 
 
 OVERCUP OAK (Quercus h/rata), BURR OAK (Q. macrocarpa), 
 COW OAK (Quercus michauxii), BLACK 0-AK (Quercus velutina), 
 and YELLOW OAK (Q. mulilenliergii) are all desirable shade trees. 
 
 RED OAK (Q. ruhra) SCARLET OAK (Q. coccinea) are also ex- 
 cellent trees for Northeast Texas. 
 
 WATER OAK (Q. 7iigra) and WILLOW OAK (Q. phellos) are fast 
 growing excellent shade trees, but cannot do much on dry sandy land. 
 
 POST OAK (Quercus minor) — This is a very slow growing but long- 
 lived species. Much prized on lawns where it occurs naturally, but 
 
Desirable introduction fnm the Orient. Japanese varnish trees on tie Texas A. & M. College 
 
 campus. The large leaves, light green, smooth bark and high heads make 
 
 these good trees for streets or lawns. 
 
 Poplars and cottonwoods are fast growing trees but are short-lived. This picture was taken 
 
 on the Texas A. & M. College campus where the compact soil makes it 
 
 difficult to grow large well-formed trees. 
 
—19— 
 
 seldom planted because of the difficulties encountered in transplanting 
 and raising young trees. 
 
 BLxVCK LOCUST {Ro'binia psetufacacia) — A rapid growing, short- 
 lived, light foliaged tree standing considerable drought and alkali. It 
 makes a handsome shade tree and is much used in the Panhandle and 
 West Texas. It has a number of drawbacks, however, since it suckers 
 badly and creates considerable litter with the seed pods. Furthermore, 
 in places it is being exterminated by the locust borer [Cyllene robinae). 
 Where the borers are not present it is a valuable lawn and street tree. 
 
 BLACK WILLOW (Salix nigra) — A fast growing tree useful near 
 Avater. It is not long-lived, and is too susceptible to disease and insect 
 attacks to make it a good shade tree. Moreover, it is untidy in appear- 
 ance and the shallow roots are a nuisance, breaking up walks, killing 
 out grass, and when planted too close to ditches the roots tend to 
 fill them up. 
 
 CHINESE TAIiLOW TEEE (Sapium sehiferum)— The tallow tree 
 is an xlsiatic species which does well in Texas. It makes a medium rate 
 of groAvth but does not reach any great size. It has leaves similar to 
 cottomvood, making a rather attractive small tree for narrow streets. 
 
 PAGODA TREE {Sophora japonica)— An Asiatic tree of medium 
 size which makes a moderately fast groAvth and stands a dry climate. 
 The pagoda tree is a good tree for narrow streets in West Texas. 
 
 JAPANESE VARNISH TREE {Sterculia platanifolia)— The Jap- 
 anese varnish tree is another Asiatic tree which has found favor in this 
 country. It is a moderately fast growing tree with smooth, light green 
 bark and large leaves, resembling those of the sycamore. It does not 
 form a full crown, but the dense clusters of large leaves on the ends of 
 the branches make a satisfactory shade. This appears to be a desirable 
 shade tree, 
 
 BALD CYPRESS {Taxodium distich urn) — The cypress is a tree best 
 suited to swamps but occasionally excellent specimens are found along 
 road sides and in towns. The cypress is best used where formal effects 
 are desired. It is a rather slow growing tree but a long-lived one, not 
 affected by insects to any extent. 
 
 SALT CEDAR, TAMARISK {Tamarix spp)— There are several vari- 
 eties of salt cedar all introduced from foreign countries. They are re- 
 markably hardy and make a good growth. Most varieties are shrubs 
 but with training some may assume tree form. They have light feathery 
 fclinge similar to the cedars but the leaves are sheet in the winter time. 
 Only valuable for street purposes where other trees do not grow, par- 
 ticularly in tlie Trans-Pecos region. 
 
 BASSWOOD, LINDEN {TiUa americnna)— The linden is a native 
 of East Texas that makes a medium sized tree of good form. It is an 
 excellent shade tree but requires considerable moisture. 
 
 BOIS D'ARC, OSAGi; ORANGE {Toxylon pomiferum)— The bois 
 d'are is a tough tree, making a slow to average rate of growth. It has 
 dark o-reon lustrous leaves formino- a broad rounded crown. The fruit 
 
—20— 
 
 is a nuisance but is only borne on pistillate or female trees. It is long- 
 lived and although in youth it needs some pruning, yet it is a very- 
 desirable shade tree for the drier parts of the state, reaching its best 
 development, however, along the Eed Eiver. 
 
 AMEEICAN ELM {Ulmus americana) — The American elm is prob- 
 ably the best shade tree over a larger area than any other tree in this 
 country. It is the pride of New England cities, and has proven its 
 value in the Panhandle towns. It does best in rich moist loam but 
 thrives remarkably well on dry alkali soils. It is not a fast grower but 
 attains a great size and age — features desirable in shade trees. The elm 
 develops a high spreading crown adapted to wide avenues. In some 
 regions it is badly injured by scales, borers, and defoliating insects, but 
 in Texas it is fairly free and not more susceptible than many less de- 
 sirable, trees. In the southern part of the state it suffers from the heat 
 and loses its foliage early in the season, but in the northern and eastern 
 sections this defect is not noticeable. 
 
 CEDAR ELM (Ulmus crassifolia) — A native tree with small leaves. 
 It is smaller, and shorter lived than American elm. It becomes too 
 bushy to be a good shade tree and should never be used where American 
 elm can be obtained. 
 
 SLIPPERY ELM {Ulmuf^ fidva)—T\\e slippery elm is inferior to 
 the American elm, being smaller and shorter lived. It has a poorer form 
 than Amei-iean elm but is a fair shade tree. 
 
 EVERGREENS — As a general rule evergreens are not desirable street 
 trees but make excellent ornamental trees and with proper grouping 
 give good mass results. Nearly all evergreens are difficult to trans- 
 plant and show relatively slower growth than deciduous trees. 
 
 HIMALAYAN CEDAR (Cedrus deodora)— The Himalyan cedar is 
 an Asiatic species which has light foliage resumbling that of the fir trees 
 somewhat. It has the conical habit typical of most evergreens of the 
 cedar, fir and spruce type. It grows rather rapidly and seems to stand 
 a considerable amount of dry weather, making a very desirable conifer 
 for this region. 
 
 CAMPHOR TREE (Cinnamomnm campliora) — A Chinese broad- 
 leaved evergreen of medium size which grows rather rapidly and makes 
 an excellent street tree. This tree is the source of commercial camphor 
 which is made by boiling chips of v.'ood. 
 
 ITALIAN CYPRESS (Cupressus sempervirens) — This European 
 tree is an excellent one for specimen planting but should be used spar- 
 ingly. It is narrow.ly conical in form, thus furnishing little shade. 
 The foliage is dark grcoji, the cones golden brown and very showy. 
 
 ARIZONA CYPRESS (Cvpressvs arizonica) — A native of Arizona, 
 this tree is a very handsome evergreen with silvery blue foliage. It 
 makes a rather rapid growth and becomes a medium sized tree similar 
 in shape to Italian r-ypress. It appears to stand drought i^retty well, and 
 for color effect it takes the place filled l)y l)lue spruce and white fir in 
 the north. 
 
—21— 
 
 RED CEDAE (Junlperus virginiana) — The red cedar and its west- 
 ern counterpart, SOUTHERN RED CEDAR (J. harhacLenses) , are both 
 native in Texas. They are the commonest evergreens in Central and 
 Western Texas. They make slow growth but are long-lived and will 
 grow in very dry situations and do with very little attention. 
 
 HOLTjY {Tlex opaca) — A- very handsome East Texas broad-leaf ever- 
 green with thick glossy loaves and conspicuous red berries. This tree 
 makes a slow growth but reaches a fair size. It is pyramidal in youth 
 but has a more rounded crown in later life. It is a good street tree 
 when given plenty of room but is liable to suffer from vandalism, 
 
 MACNOLIA, BULL BAY {Magnolia g r an diflor a)— T\us is a tall 
 native evergreen with showy flowers. It makes a pyramidal head with 
 a good branching system and tough, thick, lustrous leaves. It is an 
 excellent lawn tree and a good street tree. Other magnolias are also 
 userl, principally U:\1BRELLA TREE {M. tripetala), CUCUMBER 
 TREE (.¥. acuimnata) and SWEET BAY {M. glaum). 
 
 BLUE SPRUCE (Picca parryana) — This is a very popular ornamen- 
 tal t]-ee in the north I:)ut in Texas it makes very slow growth. Its blue 
 green foliage and regular form, however, make it desirable in the Pan- 
 handle and at high elevations. It needs plenty of water and care. In 
 general, Arizona cypress and Himalayan cedar will fill its place in Texas. 
 
 AUSTRTx4.1Sr PINE [Pinus austriaca) — A European evergreen which 
 makes a alow growth but stands drought and heat fairly well. It is a 
 long-lived tree and a large one at maturity. 
 
 JACK PINE (Pinus divaricata) — A northern pine which grows rap- 
 idly during its youth. It makes a medium sized tree which does well 
 in dry sandy regions. 
 
 LONGLEAF PINE (Pinus paIustri.9)—Tl\Q longleaf pine does well 
 on very poor sandy soils. It is long-lived and becomes a large tree. 
 Longleaf pine is a native of East Texas and has not been planted suc- 
 cessfully west of the East Texas timber belt. It has an excellent form 
 and is a good tree for the eastern part of the state. 
 
 SIIORTLEAF PINE (Pinus ediinata,)— This native pine makes a 
 satisfactory shade tree in East Texas and may be grown possibly west 
 of Fort Worth and Waco, although very little planting of pines has been 
 done in that region. 
 
 AYESTERN YELLOW PINE (Pinus ponderosa)— This Rocky Moun- 
 tain tree occurs naturally at higher elevations in Southwest Texas. It 
 is a slow growing long-lived pine which needs a rather cool situation 
 but thrives where the rainfall is very low. It does well at Amarillo. 
 
 SCOTCH PINE (Pinus syl v (^ si ris)— The Scotch pine is a European 
 tree which stands low precipitation and poor sandy soil. It is moder- 
 ately fast growing nnd long-lived. It should prove to be a valuable 
 tree for West Texas. 
 
 LOBLOLLY PINE (Pinus iacda)—A native East Texas pine which 
 extends farther west than its two associat(>s, longleaf and'shortleaf pine. 
 
—22— 
 
 It is the fastest grower and has the hest form of the three trees. Its 
 western range can probably be extended somewhat but very little ex- 
 perimental planting with the pines has been done. 
 
 LIVE OAK (Quercus virginiana) — A magnificent broad crowned 
 evergreen oak, native of Central Texas. It is a slow grower but reaches 
 innnense size and an old age. Because of its wide spreading crown it 
 r-liould be given plenty of room. It makes a very dense shade with its 
 dark green glossy leaves. 
 
 APtBORVITAE (Thuja occidentalis)—k compact hardy tree with 
 scale-like leaves and dry cones instead of the "berries" Avhicli are found 
 on cedar. The twigs are flattened fan-like. The arborvitae grows mod- 
 erately fast and makes a fair sized tree. It can be trimmed to any de- 
 sired form. It appears to stand dry hot summers very well and makes 
 a gotid hedge tree. 
 
 CHINESE ARBOKVITAE {Thuja orientalis)—A Chinese tree sim- 
 ilar to the above species but even hardier. Many nursery varieties of 
 the arborvitae trees have been propagated, varying widely in size, form, 
 and color. 
 
 OLIVE (Olea euro pea) — A medium sized broadleaf evergreen much 
 used along the gulf. 
 
 Many Aarieties of palms and semi-tropical trees are being tried out 
 along the coast and the exact limits of their ranges have not been de- 
 iennined. 
 
 A safe rule to follow is to plant what your neighbor has had success 
 with. This is conservative, of course, and many other varieties may do 
 as well or even better than those which are found in any particular 
 locality. Nursery men are apt to be over-enthusiastic about new intro- 
 ductions or to describe unusual results as what could commonly be ex- 
 pected. It is well not to put too high hopes in unproven trees. On the 
 other hand no one perfect shade tree has been discovered. Each has its 
 good points and its poor ones. One tree is short-lived, another is hard 
 to transplant, yet another is especially subject to insect attacks, and so 
 it goes. The list given above might have been doubled or trebled with- 
 out exhausting all the possibilities for planting in the state. There 
 are 200 or more native trees in Texas, and the list of exotics which 
 might be of value in some parts of the state is a long one. 
 
 PLANNING LOCATION 
 
 After selecting the proper variety of tree for the street in question 
 the next point to be decided is the proper location of the trees and their 
 ))roper spacing. The tendency is always to space trees too closely. This, 
 of course, is due to the desire on the part of the planter to secure a 
 maximum of shade in a minimum of time. This close spacing would 
 be of minor importance — perhaps desirable from an aesthetic standpoint 
 if the trees were thinned out as soon as they started to interfere. How- 
 ever, once the trees get large enough to interfere with one another they 
 have assumed a place in the owners affections which warps his good judg- 
 ment. They seem to be too valuable to be cut out just now and are 
 left for a few years longer. Tlie result is that by the time they are 
 
—23— 
 
 remoTod the remaining trees have become crippled and have had their 
 crown iymmeiry impaired. Parts of the crowns have been suppressed 
 and the trees cannot recover even when 'the interfering trees are removed. 
 Therefore, the safest thing to do is to space properly in the beginning. 
 The distance apart Avill vary for different species and for the same 
 species in different soils and climates. In East Texas and in rich bot- 
 tom lands the trees will need ten to fifteen feet more room than in dry 
 situations with poor soils. Trees suited to narrow streets should be spaced 
 about thirty feet apart, those for medium width streets forty feet and 
 those adapted to wide streets v/illneed fifty or more feet of space when 
 they are mature. Normally trees are planted abreast on opposite sides 
 of a street, but where wide spreading trees are planted along narrow 
 streets it may be advisable to alternate them. On lawns, trees are best 
 planted informally in groups rather than in rows. 
 
 In no case should trees be placed at the corner of intersecting streets, 
 since in such locations they are especially liable to injury by pedestrians 
 or by teams and automobiles if there are no curbings. Furthermore, 
 when the trees are young they will obstruct the view of vehicles and 
 interfere with traffic. 
 
 Trees should be uniformly spaced in regular rows for symmetrical 
 results. They should be so placed that they will not interfere with wires, 
 otherwise they will be mutilated by linemen, or to avoid this it will be 
 necessary to cut the tops back below the wire. 
 
 On lawns and private grounds a row of trees or a group may be needed 
 to screen an outbuilding or to give a sense of privacy to the home. In 
 general, there will he no formal planting in rows or along geometrical 
 lines. ■ Informal grouping to simulate the natural occurrence of trees in 
 parks should be done. 
 
 Trees in cities are living under unnatural conditions. A deficiency 
 in moisture and sim light, combined with excessive smoke and dust, 
 make it imperative that the soil conditions be as favorable as possible. 
 A hole four feet square and three feet deep should be dug. Ordinarily 
 sterile subsoil is thrown up to form parkings when streets are built. 
 Therefore good top soil should be secured to fill in with. If the park- 
 ing space is narrow or tlie rainfall insufficient, pipes or tiles should be 
 secured for sub-irrigating. 
 
 The best time for planting trees is between November and March. 
 It is merely necessary that the tree be dormant and the ground un- 
 frozen. February is the planting month for the whole state and the 
 date for Arbor Day has been Avell chosen — February 22. Ideal condi- 
 tions prevail when the day is cool and cloudy right after a rain while 
 the ground is moist. The feeding roots are very tender, being easily 
 dried out and killed, especially the roots of evergreens. In order to 
 avoid this, roots ought to be ^'puddled"; that is, they should be coated 
 with thick mud before being taken to the planting site. They should be 
 kept covered and protected from sun and wind as much as possible, since 
 an exposure of five minutes is fatal to pine seedlings, and other trees 
 will stand very little more. 
 
 After all preparations for planting have been made a cone of earth 
 should be piled in the middle of the hole and the tree set down so that 
 it will be as deep in its new situation as it was before transplanting. 
 The roots should then be spread out in a more or less natural position 
 
Tf?£E PLANT/NG 
 
 SP£rc/ r/ Cy^ T/o/vs, 
 
 Se/ec / /o ng- //v'ed^ h arQ(yj t^/'e//- shapec/ 
 Trees cyc/cypf^cy to yoor so// anc/ 
 c//ma/£' . Comu/fSfo/e /^ore^/er. 
 
 TWo-Znch frees 
 i/y/f/? /orgs f/brous 
 roo^S ^4- •jy^^netr/ca/ 
 
 Prune hranc/ie^ /o 
 ch ecU eya^ oraT/ o rj. 
 
 /.oi^esf /srarjc/} 7~6 :^€/. 
 c/i>o ye payen?en/. 
 
 l^/re g(-^arc^ ^ /r/ch /nes/i 
 6 fee 7 /j 'gn. /jose- af tot> 
 -to /oreyenr eho/f'na . 
 
 77 ec/ fo sA//re h^/'/A 
 rac^^o/'f ro/:^ or /pose. 
 
 Terj-foot fS /r)c/) 
 ss/o/KejS // /ft S'^ocnc/. 
 
 Jrr/ga^/ng 
 - pipe - 
 
 //o/c J fee/ c/eep 
 f,//e</ rvy//, fetfi/t 
 /op so//. 
 
 lefy sguare /pe/ o/ ope*7 
 grounc/ Aep/ co///ya/ec/ 
 
 (/se graZ/rtg/o preyer)/ 
 grour)c/ /rom pac/(/rjg 
 />arc/. 
 
 /. oajc mu/e/). 
 
 /^d// c o/?e <?/ c//rf 
 /n bo//om. Spreac/ 
 roof J oufih poc/c 
 e/f. 
 
and tlie dirt piled in slowly and packed down well around them. Care 
 should be taken that no large stones or pieces of dry roots, bark, wood 
 or grass come in contact with the roots to cause air spaces, since these 
 cause the roots to dry out. The top layers may have some rocks and 
 coarser dirt, but the better the earth the better the tree growth. The 
 last dirt to be thrown in should not be packed, and over it some loose 
 hay should be spread to act as a mulch. 
 
 SUBSEQUENT CARE 
 
 All nursery stock is pruned before it is received from the dealer, but 
 when unpruned deciduous trees are received they should be cut back in 
 order to balance tlie shock caused by the failure to get the whole root 
 system. Evergreens, especially conifers, such as pines, spruce and fir, 
 cannot be pruned, which accounts somewhat for their higher mortality 
 at planting time. The diagram on page 34 illustrates correct pruning 
 and planting. If the planted sapling is to develop into a desirable 
 ornamental tree it must be given considerable attention and care. It 
 is not advisable to water trees very frequently, but when they are watered 
 a thorough job should be dene. Frequently a mound of dirt around the 
 tree will be enough to make this possible. Three inches of water can be 
 easily turned in and Mall gradually soak down to the roots. Surface 
 irrigation tends to draw the roots to the surface, however, and makes 
 them susceptible to slight droughts, while sub-surface irrigation will 
 prevent this largely by attracting tlie roots to the water level. A good 
 thorough watering every ten days in dry weather should be sufficient 
 for even those trees which require considerable soil moisture. 
 
 Even more important than irrigation is cultivation. Frequent culti- 
 vations during the growing season is a great l)enefit to a tree. Weeds 
 and grass sap the moisture and fertility from the soil and must be kept 
 down. A space at least four feet in diameter must be kept clean and 
 mulched. 
 
 Only a few trees develop naturally into the desired form. Most trees 
 become twiggy, bushy, or stragglv. They need pruning or training in 
 order to direct the growth into those branches which will give the tree 
 a symmetrical appearance. Pruning is also essential for the removal 
 of dead, diseased, or injured limbs. 
 
 Dead limbs may be removed at any time, but live limbs should be 
 cut during the winter if possible. They may be cut at other seasons, 
 "but during early spring, pruning will cause the tree to "bleed" and will 
 injure it somewhat, while late summer pruning may stimulate growth 
 and make the new shoots liable to frost injury. 
 
 In pruning it is desirable to maintain the natural form of the tree, 
 merely removing limbs where they are too thick or raising the head by 
 rcr'oving branches. oji the under side of the lower limbs. 
 
 The weight of large limbs will often cause them to split and rip the 
 Lark when a straight cut through from the upper side is attempted. 
 The safest way to prune is to make three cuts as shown in figures on 
 page 28. The first or undercut prevents the limb from splitting past 
 where the final cut is to be made. In all events the cut must be made 
 as nearly Hush with the main or parent limb as can be. No stub should 
 be left isolated from the flow of sap to ultimately harbor rot and weaken 
 the tree. 
 
—26— 
 
 J^v'jrgre'ons should be pruned very sparingly. Dead or dying limbs 
 must be lemoA^ed, of course, and occasionally a limb should be taken off 
 to prevejit a crown from becoming one-sided. Lower limbs should not 
 be removed from small trees as a general rule, as this spoils the sym- 
 metry of the tree and makes them top heavy. This is tnie of the coni- 
 fers, but the broadleaf evergreens, like live oak and magnolias, may be 
 handled like tljc deciduous trees. 
 
 It is nighly desirable to use fertilizer to maintain the food materials 
 in the soil. Too often trees are starved to death. Commercial fer- 
 tilizer should be applied rather sparinglv since it is easy to get too much 
 and thus injure instead of benefit the tree. 
 
 TREE TROUBLES AND REMEDIES 
 
 City trees are subject to many injuries, diseases and insect attacks 
 due to their unnatural surroundings. They must be carefully watched 
 and kept in as thrifty a condition as possible so that they may be re- 
 sistant to a great extent or able to recover quickly in case they do suffer 
 some reverse. 
 
 INSECTS 
 
 Insects are the bane of a tree's existence in the forest and even more 
 so in the city where natural parasites are lacking and birds are rela- 
 tively scarce. The insects which attack trees may be classed under three 
 general heads according to their various feeding habits. These three 
 classes are known as sucking insects, borers, and defoliators. Each class 
 must be combated in a different manner. 
 
 Tiie sucking insects include scales, mealy bugs, and plant lice. They 
 feed on plant juices through sucking mouth-parts. Scales are minute 
 hard-bodied flat or slightly convex insects which fasten themselves closely 
 to the trunk, twigs, or leaves, and usually are unable to move around 
 after they assume the adult form. The younger stages of scale insects 
 may fly and migrate, however. The oyster shell scale is a well known 
 example of this class of insects. Another is the cottony niaple scale, 
 which is much larger than most of the scales and which secretes a mass 
 of white waxy threads. Mealy-bugs are soft-bodied small insects which 
 are characterized by the waxy, 'cotton-like covering which they exude. 
 Citrus mealy bugs attack many orange trees in this state. Plant lice 
 are soft-bodied insects, too well known to require further description. 
 They feed only on young tender shoots and are often found injuring 
 willow and poplar. 
 
 Scales. — Since the control methods are essentially the same for all 
 scales they will be considered as a group. They are best combated in 
 winter, since stronger sprays may be used and more satisfactory results 
 obtained. 
 
 Lime-sulphur is the most useful spray against scale insects, and, fur- 
 thermore, it has some value as a fungicide. Lime-sulphur may be se- 
 cured ready made, needing only dilution to be ready for use. Usually 
 10 per cent stock solution to 90 per cent water will give satisfactory 
 results. Lime-sulphur may be made at home if desired but the com- 
 mercial product is preferable. 
 
—27— 
 
 FOHMULA FOIJ LIME-SULl'IIUR SPRAY 
 
 Unslaked lime 40 lbs, flowers of sulphur 30 lbs, water 100 oallons 
 iieat the water, and to one-half the quantity add the lime. The slak- 
 
 '"1 ""ilJ ^?'^ *^' T?^f'^ ^"^ "^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^Pl^^^-' "^ixed as a paste 
 with a little water, should be added and the whole stirred. Finally add 
 the rest of the water and strain before using- in the sprayer 
 Another good remedy is kerosene emulsion prepared as follows : 
 
 KEROSENE EMULSION 
 
 Whale oil soap ^ pound, kerosene oil 2 gallons, water 1 gallon. 
 
 Boil water, dissolve soap and add kerosene, pumping vigorously until 
 the ojl goes into emulsion, forming a creamv stock solution, which 'should 
 be diluted Math fifteen to twenty times its bjilk of water for use in sum- 
 mer spraying for soft-bodied insects. 
 
 Some miscible oils are on the market which do not require hot water 
 or strenuous pumping before being ready for use. 
 
 Meahj hugs should be sprayed with kerosene emulsion or with carbolic 
 acid solution, which is prepared as follows: 
 
 _^ CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION 
 
 Whale oil soap 40 pounds, crude carbolic acid 5 gallons, water 35 
 gallons. 
 
 Heat the water and add the soap. After it is dissolved add the acid 
 and boil for twenty minutes. Use twenty parts of water to one of the 
 stock emulsion. This is good for soft scales and plant lice as well as 
 mealy bugs. 
 
 Plant Lice. These insects multiplv very rapidly and do severe dam- 
 age to the tender growing parts of trees. They should be sprayed with 
 carbohc acid emulsion, kerosene emulsion, or soap wash. 
 
 SOAP WASH 
 
 Whale oil soap or hard laundry soap 1 pound, water 5 gallons. 
 
 Borers may be divided again into bark borers and wood borers. Bark 
 borers are specially dangerous as they attack a tree in the cambium layer 
 right below the inner bark. This is the growing part of the tree, and 
 if the cambium is girdled the circulation of plant"'food is cut off, causing 
 death. Borers are worm-like grubs which develop into moths or beetles 
 after spending most of their life cycle in the bark of the tree. Their 
 presence can be detected by the entrance or exit holes, by the boring 
 du:,t, avA in the spring of the year by the flow of sap froin the boring 
 galleries. Bark-borers frequently kill out large trees, and should be 
 promptly combated. They commonly breed in" dead or dying trees, so 
 the first step is to get rid of all trees which constitute a piiblic nuisance 
 by harboring insect pests. This will largely eliminate the source of 
 .-upplv. There is no positive preventive for" borers, but whitewash or 
 cement paint will act as a deterrent. 
 
 WHITEWASH FOR BORERS 
 
 Quick lime 3 pounds, caustic potash 2 ounces, crude carbolic acid 1 
 ounce, water 2 gallons. ' 
 
TR££ R £PA/R 
 
 Correc/ ^/'c//!/ 
 
 "^9 
 
 spfii- s-icfj a'f c«//i/ 
 
 
 ^cf SI dr. 
 
 0/ /,f>,h 
 or A ta j-»/// 
 fy/y an p f ,,/ 
 
 /<» iface ^^u/fioi cfofiJies COusr _p//^//t^^ a^y c/f</A( . 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cor re cT ^/ ///f)^, 
 &ark. 
 
 'n>cA 
 
 Is/, 
 "fo r/^aur s/tj hi/y convex , 
 
 
 AfeuTi n or*-o tfe^ /^t 
 
 ^0(tl a/- 
 
 >A 
 
 'y 
 
 •^uy/acf '^00 co*i^'eji. 
 
—29- 
 
 CEMENT PAIXT 
 
 I'ortlaiid cemeiil, skimmed milk. Add enough milk to reduce the 
 cement to the consistency of thick paint. 
 
 Either of these two applications should be painted on the trunk and 
 larger branches as far up as the insects are likely to attack, usually ten 
 or twelve feet. If the bark is rough and scaly it should be smoothed off 
 first. Cement paint is good for one whole season, but whitewasli should 
 be applied t^ace during the growing season for best results. 
 
 It is very difficult to eliminate borers once they have obtained a foot- 
 hold. The individual boring holes must be probed with wires or sat- 
 urated with carbon bisulphide (high life) squirted in with an oil can, 
 after which the hole must 1)e plugged up with clay, putty, or some other 
 handy material. The third alternative is the obvious one of gouging 
 out the holes until the worm is found and killed. 
 
 Wood borers are found boring through the heart and sap wood of 
 healthy, dead, and dying trees. They are only slightly less dangerous 
 than bark beetles, causing the death of many large veteran trees and 
 often weakening the limbs of others so much that they are readily broken 
 off in a heavy wind. They may be controlled to some extent by the 
 same means that are used against bark borers, mentioned above. 
 
 Defoliaiing insecis are easy to control but if left unmolested the strip- 
 ping of the leaves will seriously weaken the tree. Three successive de- 
 foliations will usually kill a deciduous tree, while one complete defolia- 
 tion may kill coniferous evergreens,' which are not very resistant to the 
 attacks of these insects. 
 
 It is sometimes practical to creosote egg-clusters or to collect the nests 
 and bum them, but the usual way to attack this class of insects is to 
 spray the foliage on which it feeds with arsenate of lead, which can be 
 procured in any town. Two and one-half pounds of poison to forty 
 gallons of water is the strength commonly used. 
 
 Red spiders are best controlled by lime-sulphur dust, which is a powder 
 composed of equal parts of flowers of sulphur and dehydrated lime. 
 
 Banding is occasionally useful, to prevent insects from crawling up 
 trees. Such insects as the bag-worm, the female of which cannot fly, 
 may thus be prevented from gaining access to trees already free from 
 their attacks. 
 
 ■nA\TDINd MIXTURE 
 
 Eesin 16 pounds, castor oil 1 gallon. 
 
 Heat until the resin is melted, then dip ropes in the mixture. The 
 ropes, covered with the banding compound, should then be tied around 
 the trees about four or five feet above the ground and renewed every ten 
 days or oftener if the mixture begins to dry and harden. 
 
 FUXGI 
 
 The next most important cause of injury to shade trees is fungus or 
 rot. Fungus diseases come under six heads: heart rot, sap rot, root 
 rot, canker, bark diseases, and leaf blight. 
 
 Hern-t rot commonly occurs in old trees, which may be so badly 
 affected that the heart wood is entirely disintegrated, leaving the hol- 
 low tree to be supported by the outer shell of bark and sap wood. Since 
 the heart wood of the tree is dead wood its onlv function can be to 
 
—30— 
 
 brace and support it. Accordingly the removal of the heart wood does 
 not necessarily result in the death of the tree. Death in such cases may 
 result from windbreak. Heart rot gains access to a tree through branch 
 stubs, through roots, or through deep scars and injuries. It often gets 
 a start in street trees through the dying back of a stub in the top caused 
 by poor pruning at the time of planting and subsequent neglect. It is 
 common practice to top back forest grown trees to a point where the 
 main stem is from one inch to three inches in diameter. The new growth 
 is apt to start several inches below the cut, thus allowing the end to die 
 and become infected. Such dead ends should be removed and the scar 
 painted. 
 
 Sap rots usually result from the spread of heart rots or occiir in dying 
 trees. They are serious since the function of the sap wood is to serve 
 as a transporting mediumi for the food material from which the wood 
 cells are built. By killing out this layer the circulation of sap is in- 
 terfered with and if the rot extends completely around the tree the host 
 may be killed. 
 
 Heart and sap rots are prevented by careful pruning, followed by 
 covering the wounds with paint, tar, or creosote. All insect o-alleries 
 serve as a point of access for fungus spores. Such holes sliould be 
 drained and painted. 
 
 There are three methods of treatment for cavities and diseased places 
 in shade trees. They are called the open cavity, cement filling, and 
 asphalt filling treatments. At the present time the tendency is to do 
 as much open treatment as possible. 
 
 Excavating Rots. In repairing a tree affected by rot the first step 
 is to bore in at several places to locate the exact extent of the rot. It 
 may be feasible to excavate from one hole entrance or again two or 
 more may be needed. In cutting out decayed wood it is essential that 
 all the rot be removed. The so-called ''rots" often extend several 
 inches into apparently sound healthy wood. It iis frequently impos- 
 sible to tell whether the decayed portion has been entirely cut out, but if 
 the cavity is left open a subsequent examination will clear up all doubts. 
 
 Excavating Tools. A mallet, a half round gouge, and two or three 
 chisels of various sizes are handy tools for this work. Large cavities 
 may be opened to advantage with hand axes. After all the decayed part 
 has been removed the bottom of the cavity should be provided with drain- 
 age to prevent water from standing there. It is not essential to have 
 the walls absolutely smooth, but they should not have large crevices that 
 may harbor insects. The mouth of the cavity should be made regular, 
 and where possible the shape should be oval, tapering toward the top 
 and bottom. This type of hole heals over quickest, while square ends 
 often result in dead areas adjoining the hole due to the failure of the 
 sap to properly nourish them. 
 
 Painting. There are several good covering substances on the market 
 for painting over wounds. The creosote compounds penetrate well and 
 act as antiseptics. Tar is good, and roofing or asphalt paints are very 
 satisfactory. Ordinary house paint is better than nothing, but is apt 
 to crack, affording an opening for moisture and disease spores. Car- 
 bolineum is an excellent antiseptic paint. 
 
 Sheet Metal. A modification of the open cavity treatment is the use 
 of sheet metal nailed across the cavity opening. In such cases the bark 
 
—31— 
 
 and the cambium layer, which is the growing part of the tree just below 
 the bark, should be cut back to form a shelf to which the metal is nailed. 
 It is necessary to have the metal shaped to the opening and care mast 
 be taken that it does not overlap the cambium or bark anywhere since 
 then the new wood would work in under and pry it up instead of closing 
 in over it. The open cavity treatment or this modification of it is use- 
 ful for very large cavities and where stress or bending might cause 
 asphalt or concrete to crack. 
 
 Asphalt Filling. The asphalt method is used for openings where little 
 bending occurs or for relatively small holes. The cavity is cleaned out 
 and prepared just as for the open treatment. The mixture used is about 
 one part of asphalt (heated) to six parts of sand or sawdust. This mix- 
 ture is packed in with a trowel behind a metal front. 
 
 Concrete Filling. The concrete method of filling cavities is restricted 
 to small holes or ones at the base of the tree where there will not be 
 much bending. The preliminary steps are identical with those under- 
 taken before using asphalt. After the walls of the cavity are painted 
 with tar or earbolineum, nails or iron braces are fastened to them to 
 help retain the concrete. It is necessary to have the cavity wedge- 
 shaped, smaller at the mouth than at the back in order to retain the 
 oement properly. (See diagram., page 28.) The filler is one part of 
 Portland cement to three parts of coarse sand or gravel. If the dry 
 method is used then only enough water is added to make the mixture 
 capable of being molded. It must then be packed in solidly and tamped. 
 If the wet method is used a sack or cloth must be nailed across the mouth 
 of the cavity and the soft concrete filled in behind it. Before the cement 
 has entirely hardened the sack should be taken off and the edges of the 
 cement trimmed back below the cambium. The cement must not be 
 allowed to bulge at the mouth. It should be flat or very slightly convex 
 if the wood is to heal over it properly. A waterproofing concrete paint 
 should be used to exclude moisture from the filler. 
 
 Root rots are caused by disease organisms which spread through the 
 soil and are very difficult to combat. The common cotton root rot and 
 others closely allied may cause large trees to wilt and die within a few 
 hours. There seems to be no practical remedy for such diseases and 
 little or no forewarning that they are present and threaten to do dam- 
 age. Where a tree has been killed by root rot no other tree should be 
 planted in that location since the disease is in the soil and new trees 
 will almost certainly be attacked. 
 
 Barh Diseases. Canker and bark diseases are common on poplar and 
 many other trees. All diseased bark and wood should be cut out and 
 the wound treated with creosote. 
 
 Blight. Leaf blight and leaf spot diseases are caused by mildews, and 
 may be controlled by spraying with a good fungicide like Bordeaux mix- 
 ture or lime-sulphur wash. (See page 37.) Bordeaux mixture may be 
 purchased ready made but cannot be made up at home to good advan- 
 tage owing to the rather expensive apparatus needed for preparing it. 
 Eaking and burning all fallen leaves will greatly assist in the control 
 of diseases affecting the foliage. 
 
 WEATHEE INJURY 
 
 Dry weather injury can be minimized by frequent cultivation and 
 occasional thorough irrigations, preferably through pipes or tiles sunk 
 around the roots of the trees. 
 
—32— 
 
 Sun scald oause.s the bark on the south and west sides of young, thin- 
 barked trees to die and crack off. This may be avoided by wrapping 
 burlap around the trunk or by using wood veneer guards. Where this 
 injury has occurred the loose bark should be removed and the wound 
 painted. 
 
 Wind and snow often cause large limbs to split off. Such injuries 
 should be smoothed over and painted. Care should be taken that no 
 place is left in which water can accunmlate. Splits may be prevented 
 by bracing any limbs which have weak crotches. The best way is to 
 use eye bolts through tlie limbs two to six feet above the crotch and 
 connect them with a strong wire cable. In using bolts, the hole where 
 the head and washer come sliould l)e counter sunk below the cambium 
 and later filled with asphalt. 
 
 MISCELLAN^EOUS INJURIES 
 
 Street trees are very apt to be injured by horses. Where this danger 
 exists the tree should be protected by iron or wooden guards made large 
 enough to avoid strangling the tree. Frequent examinations are neces- 
 sary to insure that the tree is not being girdled by the guard. 
 
 Where parking spaces are small or where the ground may be tramped 
 down solidly there is danger that there will be insufficient soil moisture 
 and a deficiency of air for the roots. The use of grills or gratings 
 around the base of these trees will provide better ventilation and will 
 permit more moisture to reach the roots. 
 
 Escaping gas, ice cream salt, smoke, grade changing, and many other 
 causes are responsible for tree sickness in cities. When in doubt write 
 to the State Forester for advice. 
 
 THE BEST TREES FOR TEXAS 
 
 (See map, page 6.) 
 
 For East Texas the best trees for shade are American elm, water oak, 
 willow oak, burr oak, sycamore, sweet gum, pecan, and white ash. Only 
 slightly less valuable are sugar maple, black walnut, tulip tree, overcup 
 oak, Spanish oak, Texan oak, and haekberry. Of the evergreens the 
 best are live oak, holly, magnolia, longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly 
 pine, and Himalayan cedar. 
 
 In Central Texas the best trees are haekberry, American elm, syca- 
 more, water oak, willow oak, burr oak, Texan oak, and pecan. Next in 
 importance come green ash, white ash, overcup oak, Spanish oak, box 
 elder, black walnut and mulberry. Of the evergreens red cedar, Hima- 
 layan cedar, Arizona and Italian cypress, loblolly pine, and live oalc 
 are best. 
 
 In South Texas the most satisfactory shade trees are hackberr}% black 
 walnut, mulberry, and pecan. Of the other trees which grow there, box 
 elder, silver maple, pomegranate, yucca, palmetto, loquat, and mesquite 
 are fair. Olive, camphor, live oak, red cedar, and Arizona cypress are 
 the best of the evergreens. 
 
 Southwest Texas has a climate and soil not adapted to tree growing. 
 Irrigation is needed in any event. With some attention and occasional 
 waterings honey locust, black locust, cottonwood, silver poplar, and salt 
 
—33— 
 
 cedar do well. Umbrella china, mulberry, silver maple, box elder and 
 Eussian olive rank next in value. Of the evergreens red cedar, Scotch 
 pine and Arizona cypress grow well. It is probable that others will be 
 found suited once they have been tested. 
 
 In the Panhandle the most desirable trees are black locust, honey 
 locust, American elm, green ash, and silver maple. Closely following 
 this group come box elder, Eussian olive, silver poplar, hois d'arc, and 
 hackbetry. Scotch pine, jack pine, western yellow pine, red cedar, Him- 
 alayan cedar, and Arizona cypress do well among the evergreens. Below 
 the caprock umbrella china, catalpa, and paper mulberr}' make good 
 shade trees. 
 
 Almost as important as climate in determining tree distribution is 
 soil types. The tables on pages 7 to 11 give more specifically the situa- 
 tions and localities in which the several species will grow and make 
 satisfactory trees. 
 
 THE CITY FORESTER 
 
 Even' large Texas city should have a City Forester to handle the 
 selecting, procuring, planting, cultivating, spraying, trimming, and pre- 
 serving or removiaig of all trees in the city streets. The smaller cities 
 and towns may handle this work througli some civic organization or 
 tree club composed of enthusiastic interested ])arties. 
 
 The City Forester and the board under which he works should be 
 free from political influences. This is particularly essential because 
 of the character of the work which deals largely in the future. Eesults 
 are not always apparent in a year's time and the City Forester should 
 be protected from political whims until he can carry out his policies. 
 He should be appointed by the board of city development or park board 
 and should work under its direction. Since a City Forester must deal 
 with people^ must be a good talker and a good mixer, must know trees, 
 insects and diseases and how to treat them, must know the principles 
 of landscaping and must be versed in repair work, it is apparent that 
 he must be trained for the work. He should have the ability to or- 
 ganize community clubs, to address schools, and to prepare articles for 
 the press. Several cities have already called on the State Forester for 
 assistance in securing a capable, trained, technical man, and he will be 
 glad to put other cities in touch with men. 
 
 All tree work should be regulated by the City Forester and suitable 
 ordinances should be passed giving him authority to properly handle 
 the work and enforce the regulations. 
 
 The following regulations may serve as a guide : 
 
 1. The board of (insert name) shall have full power and authority 
 over all trees planted and to be planted in any of the streets or public 
 places of the city, including the right to plant new trees and to care 
 for the same, and to trim, spray and otherwise care for such trees, and 
 to remove trees, living or dead. 
 
 2. The board of (inseri, name) is authorized to appoint a City For- 
 ester and such other employes and assistants as may be necessary, and 
 to prescribe and define their respective duties and to fix the amount of 
 their compensation. Such Forester shall be an expert, trained in the 
 care and culture of trees. 
 
 3. The board of (insert name) shall recommend to the (insert iiame 
 of civic legislative body) from time to time, ordinances to be enacted 
 
—34— 
 
 by the said (insert name of civic legislative body) for the planting, 
 care and protection of trees in the streets and public places of the city; 
 but no such ordinance not recommended by the said board shall be 
 enacted by the (insert name of civic legislative body). Nor shall any 
 ordinance enacted pursuant hereto be altered or repealed without the 
 recommendation of said board. 
 
 4. The (insert name of civic legislative body) shall, every year, 
 grant to the board of (insert name) such sum of money as it shall re- 
 quire and as to the said (insert name of civic legislative body) shall 
 appear reasonable and just, for the planting, maintaining and caring 
 for the trees of the city, for purchasing or raising new trees, and for 
 other expenses contemplated by Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this act. 
 
 5. No person shall, without the written permit of the board of (in- 
 sert name) cut, remove, plant, break or injure any tree, plant or shrub 
 in any of the streets or public places in the city of (insert name). 
 Nor shall any person injure, misuse, or remove any device placed and 
 intended to protect any tree, plant or shrub in any part of the streets 
 or public places of the city of (insert name). Nor shall any person 
 fasten a horse to any tree, plant or shrub, or to any device intended to 
 protect the same, or place a post for the hitching of horses within five 
 feet of any tree, plant or shrub in any of the streets or public places 
 of the city of (insert name). 
 
 6. No building material or any other material of any description 
 shall be piled up against any street tree unless said tree is first sufli- 
 ciently' protected by a proper guard to prevent possible injury, and all 
 instructions issued for that purpose by the board of (insert name) must 
 be promptly complied with by the owner. 
 
 7. The board of (insert name) shall have. power to remove any wire 
 conduit or other thing that bums, cuts or chafes any part of any tree, 
 whether trunk, root or branch, in any street or public place, in case the 
 owner of the wire shall fail after three days' written notice to take ade- 
 quate steps to prevent further injury. 
 
 8. No paving of any description shall be laid or maintained by 
 anyone between the sidewalk and the curb which shall cut off the air 
 and water from any tree. 
 
 Local conditions will dictate what other ordinances will be needed in 
 order to adequately protect the city trees. 
 
 For the convenience of persons who desire to secure trees the follow- 
 ing list of nurserymen is given. This list includes those dealers who 
 grow shade trees and general nursery stock. There are also a number 
 of out-of-state nurserymen who do business in Texas. 
 
 TEXAS NURSERY DEALERS 
 Name of Firm. Postofflce. 
 
 Adams, II . J Cibolo 
 
 Allen, J. H Friendswood 
 
 Allen Bros Pottsboro 
 
 Alleshouse, M. L Arcadia 
 
 Alvin Japanese Nursery Alvin 
 
 Alvin Plant Farm " Alvin 
 
 Arlington Nursery Arlington 
 
 Austin Nursery Co ... Austin 
 
 Avlesworth, D! C Plainview 
 
—35— 
 
 Name of Firm. Postofflce. 
 
 Baker Bros. Co._ Fort Worth 
 
 Barnes, H. W Pittsburg 
 
 Barthlome, A Corpus Christi 
 
 Birdsall, A. D Almeda 
 
 Black's Nursery ■. . Mt. Pleasant 
 
 Bonham Nursery Bonham 
 
 Brown Nursery and Floral Co Dallas 
 
 Bruce, A. L. /. Clarendon 
 
 CaldT^'ell, W. H Corpus Christi 
 
 Campbell, L. I Dallas 
 
 Carr, T. F Bay City 
 
 Cluck, J. W., & Son "Dallas 
 
 Clyde Nursery Co Clyde 
 
 Cole, Eobert F Dallas 
 
 Comal Springs Nurserv' New Braunfels 
 
 Cooke County Nursery Gainesville 
 
 Cowell, L Fort Worth 
 
 Cmtchfield. Wm Vernon 
 
 Daingerfield Nursery Daingertield 
 
 Dallas Shade and Fruit Tree Co "Dallas 
 
 Delling, Otto •. Dallas 
 
 Denny. J. W Smithfield 
 
 Draper, A. N McAllen 
 
 DiTimm Seed & Floral Co Fort Worth 
 
 Dubbs, C. W Clarendon 
 
 Eagle Lake Nursery Eagle Lake 
 
 Ecles, J. D ■ ; Vidor 
 
 Edgewood Nursery . . . . ; Dickinson 
 
 El Canipo Nurser}^ El Campo 
 
 Erath County Nurserv^ Dublin 
 
 Euless Nurseries Arlington 
 
 Evergreen Cemetery ' El Paso> 
 
 Evergreen Nursery Hawkins 
 
 Excelsior Nurser}- Palacios 
 
 Figge, 0. C Beaumont 
 
 Fitzgerald, J. E Stephenville 
 
 Ford, Sam P Tyler 
 
 Forest Nursery Fort Worth 
 
 Foster Nurseries Denton 
 
 Prankston Nursery Frankston 
 
 Goldthwaite Nursery Goldthwaite 
 
 Griffing Nurseries Port Arthur 
 
 Griffing's Delta Nursery San Benito 
 
 Hannah, H. 0., & Son Sherman 
 
 Harris, A. J., & Son Grand Saline 
 
 Hart's McAllen Nursery McAllen 
 
 Henderson Nursery Athens 
 
 Hendi-ix & Glass Farmersville 
 
 Hereford Nurser\' Co Hereford 
 
 Herrle, J. J. A Houston 
 
 Hicks & Cuh-er Mt. Pleasant 
 
—36— 
 
 Name of Firm. Postoffice. 
 
 Hillsboro NiTrsery Co _ Hillsboro 
 
 Hoffman, R. H Denton 
 
 Holbert, Cha?;. E Arcadia 
 
 Holbert, Mrs. E. W Arcadia 
 
 Howard's Montopolis Nursery Austin 
 
 Iron Ore Nursery Denisqn 
 
 Johnson Orchard & Nursery Co Dallas 
 
 Johnson. Bart Comanche 
 
 Kaufman Countv Nursery Terrell 
 
 Kearney, S. W San Antonio 
 
 Kerr, jno. S Sherman 
 
 Kezer, H. A El Paso 
 
 Kieswetter, A. H Houston 
 
 Kirby, S. B Bullard 
 
 Kirtly, C. C Cameron 
 
 Lampasas Nursery Co Lampasas 
 
 Lang Eloral & Nursery Co , Dallas 
 
 Laredo Nurser}' Co Laredo 
 
 Lev/is, S. Lufkin 
 
 Lloyd, L. J Nursery 
 
 MacDaniel, W. F San Augustine 
 
 McGinney Nursery Co Tyler 
 
 McKee Nurseries Mt. Selman 
 
 MeKee," The J. E., Nursery Co Texarkana 
 
 McKee, S. R., Nurseries Jacksonville 
 
 McKinney Nursery Co Dallas 
 
 Martin, W. M Handley 
 
 Mary Austin Nurser}' Alta Loma 
 
 Misrnon. E Navasota 
 
 Moore Nursery Co Tyler 
 
 Moss Bros Hico 
 
 Mosty, L. A., & Son Center Point 
 
 Munson Nurseries Denison 
 
 Myrtle Springs Nursery Co Wills Point 
 
 Northeast Texas Nursery Pittsburg 
 
 Oak Grove Nursery .Denison 
 
 Palacios Nurserv Co Palacios 
 
 Pearfield Nursery New Ulm 
 
 Pilot Point Dewberry Farm Pilot Point 
 
 Pine Springs Nursery Tyler 
 
 Plainview Nursen^ Co Plainview 
 
 Planters Nursery " Denton 
 
 Pomeroy. Eltweed Donna 
 
 Potter Floral Co El Paso 
 
 Riverside Nursery- Fort, Worth 
 
 Rockdale Nursery Rockdale 
 
 Rosedale Nursery Brenham 
 
 Rosedale Nurseries El Paso 
 
 Rose Hill Nursery Co Texarkana 
 
 Rusk County Nursery Henderson 
 
 Saibara. K \ Webster 
 
—37— 
 
 Name of Firm. PostoflBce. 
 
 Saltillo Nursery Co Saltillo 
 
 Samford, A. M Tyler 
 
 San Angelo Nursery Co San Angelo 
 
 San Benito Nursery Co San Benito 
 
 Siuton Nurseries Sinton 
 
 Shamburger Nursery Tyler 
 
 Shary, John H Mission 
 
 Shell, C. L Georgetown 
 
 Smith County Nursery Co Tyler 
 
 Stephenson, H. F Brownsville 
 
 Steinbriug, S. W ' New Braunf els 
 
 Stockwell Nursery Alvin 
 
 Stone, Mrs. E. E Dickinson 
 
 Sulphur Springs Nursery Sulphur Springs 
 
 Teas Nursery Co Houston 
 
 Terrell Nursery Co Terrell 
 
 Texas Nursery Co Sherman 
 
 Texas Eose Garden Eockdale 
 
 Thomas, J. E Atlanta 
 
 Thompson, J. M WacO' 
 
 Verhalen, Geo. F Scottsville 
 
 Volz, Chas Mission 
 
 Waco-Tyler Nursery Co Waco 
 
 Waxabachie Nursery Co Waxahachie 
 
 Wahrli, Robert . . .' Dallas 
 
 Western Home Nursery Weatherford 
 
 -West Tyler Nursery. /. Tyler 
 
 Whall, Walter ^. San Antonio 
 
 Wichita Floral & Nursery Co Wichita Falls 
 
 Wright Nursery & Floral Co El Paso 
 
 Wright, A. P. '. Mission 
 
Russian mulberry in West Texas and the Panhandle makes a fast growth and is very hardy 
 
 as well. The silvery foliage makes this a very desirable ornamental 
 
 shade tree. This tree is in AmariUo, Texas. 
 
 Young green ash in the foreground and Carolina poplars behind in the forest tree nursery at 
 
 the Denton Experiment Station. Some scores of new trees are being tried out 
 
 each year at these stations to determine those suited 
 
 to Texas conditions. 
 
LIST OF BULLETINS ISSUED BY THE STATE FORESTER 
 
 Copies may be secured free of charge from the State Forester, Col- 
 lege Station, Texas. 
 
 Bulletin 1. Grass and Woodland Trees. (Supply exhausted.) 
 
 Bulletin 2. Tree Planting Needed in Texas. 
 
 Bulletin 3. General Survey of Texas Woodlands, Including a Study 
 of the Commercial Possibilities of Mesquite. 
 
 Bulletin 4. First Annual Eeport of the State Forester. (Supply ex- 
 hausted.) 
 
 Bulletin 5. Forest Eesources of Eastern Texas. 
 
 Bulletin 6. Forest Fire Prevention in Co-operation with the Federal 
 Government. (Supply exhausted, replaced by bulletin 
 No. 9.) 
 
 Bulletin 7. Farm Forestry. (Extension bulletin.) 
 
 Bulletin 8. Second Annual Report of the State Forester. 
 
 Bulletin 9. Forest Fire Prevention in East Texas. 
 
 Bulletin 10. Farm Forestry in the Shortleaf Pine Section of East 
 Texas. 
 
 Bulletin 11. Shade Trees in Texas Towns and Cities. 
 
 Bulletin 12. Forestry Questions and Answers. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 000 926 006 7 
 
 1. TREES INCREASE THE VALUE OF 
 YOUR PROPERTY. 
 
 2. TREES. PROTECT YOUR HOME AND 
 YOUR STREETS FROM THE HEAT OF 
 
 THE SUN. 
 
 3. TREES PROTECT YOU FROM THE 
 COLD WINDS OF WINTER. 
 
 4. TREES GIVE OFF OXYGEN, THUS PURI- 
 EYING THE AIR. 
 
 5. TREES AFFORD AN ATTRACTIVE SET- 
 TING FOR YOUR HOME. 
 
 6. TREES MAKE YOUR CITY MORE LIVE- 
 ABLE AND LOVEABLE. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 iHi- 
 
 000 926 006 7