$7 
 
/ • Kl 
 
 RE3VIBW 
 
 -OF THE- 
 
 LIFE AND CHARACTER 
 
 -OF- 
 
 ISABELLA, 
 
 FIRST CATHOLIC QUEEN OF SPAIN 
 
 By Chase Roys. LL. B. 
 
 PARTIAL CONTENTS. 
 
 i. Full Text of Bill before Congress appropriating $50,000 
 for a Statue of Isabella in Washington, D. C. 
 
 2. Her Marriage to Ferdinand V, her Cousin. 
 
 3. The Forged Dispensation of Pope Sixtus^IV. 
 
 4. Full account of the Inquisition she established. 
 
 5. Fourteen modes of torturing Heretics (Protestants). 
 
 Etc., Etc. 
 
 Send seven 2-cent stamps for 1 copy. 
 •• twelve »* *« " 2 copies. 
 
 chase: hovs, 031 f stkeet, Washington, ». c 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1891. by Chase Roys, in the office of the 
 Librarian of Congress, at Wa-hington, D. c. 
 
 > 
 
A FULL ACCOUNT OF 
 
 THE MASSAOIOF §T BARTHOLOMEW, 
 
 (ILLUSTRATED,) 
 
 Instigated by the Pope of Rome ; 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX OF THE 
 
 Life, Character and Tragic Death, cf 
 
 GIOHDAHO BRXTWO, 
 
 After Sentence by the Inquisition. 
 
 ETAIL"^ OE HI^ DEATH AT THE STAKE. 
 
 Send 7 2-cent stamps to 
 
 CHASE ROYS,631FSt.,N.W., 
 
 Vv/gisliingfton, D.C. 
 
 A FULL AND COMPLETE. ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 Issassination of Abraham Lincoln, 
 
 llustrated by beautiful steel engravings of Lincoln and 
 
 Father Chiniquy, the ex-priest, who made a most thor- 
 
 ^h investigation of this murder of the foremost man 
 
 world at that time, and proved it to be the wor^^^ 
 
 Jesuits. 
 
 Send 5 2-cent stamps, as above. 
 
-ox** 
 
 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO 
 
 Liberty of Conscience, 
 
 Freedom of Speech, 
 
 Freedom of Worship, , 
 
 Freedom of the Press, 
 
 AND TO THE 
 
 Overthrow nf Ecclesiastical Despotism in all 
 
 the World, and especially in the 
 
 United States, 
 
 By the Author, 
 
 CHASE ROYS. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Pages. 
 Title page — Author's ads. — Dedication — Contents — Introductory. . i — 6 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Isabella's age— She establishes the Inquisition — Apology for her Private 
 Character — Tomas de Torquemada — Work of the Inquisition during 
 her life. ........ 8 — 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Her marriage — The forged bull — Dispensation — Marriage articles. 9 — 10 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 History of Inquisition — Its object — Combination of Church and State — 
 Bull for Inquisition — It begins work — First President — Other officials 
 — Its rules — Revolt in Aragon — Mode of procedure — Tortures — Con- 
 fiscation — The trial. .. . . . . .' 10 — 13 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The expulsion of the Jews and Morescoes — Cardinal Ximenes — In- 
 quisition in the Colonies of Spain — It interferes with the English 
 traders — Is set up in the Netherlands — It spares nobody — Isabella's 
 confession — Decline of the Inquisition — Number destroyed — Free- 
 masons. ........ 14 — 15 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Bunyan's Vision — Catholic authors justify the Inquisition. . 15 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Particulars of Jewish expulsion — Llorente's estimates — 80,000 persons 
 burnt in Goa — Persecuting good Catholics — The Aragonese rebel — 
 A Conspiracy — The chief Inquisitor murdered — Its vengeance — Isa- 
 bella punishes the judges — She defies the Pope — The Pope surrenders 
 to her — She vanquishes a Cardinal — Effect of the discovery of America. 16 — 21 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Early life of Columbus — His reasons for believing the earth round — He 
 explains to the monks- -Replies of these sacred fools — Isabella sends 
 for him — He starts for France — Contract finally made — How the funds 
 were raised — Marriage of Juan a. . . . 21 — 23 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Her cruelty to the Moors — How she parceled them out — How she robbed 
 the Jews, and also the Moors — Why she saved them alive — She turns 
 some of them over to the Inquisition. .... 23 — 26 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Details of the expulsion of the Jews — She impoverishes her Kingdom. 26 — 27 
 
 Appendix I. 14 modes of Torturing Protestants. . . 27 — 3-. 
 
 Appendix II. The Jews offer a large sum to prevent the edict against 
 
 them. ........ 30 
 
 Appendix III. Isabella's sepulture. .... 30 — 32 
 
 Appendix IV. Death and Burial of Isabella, . . . 32 — 33 
 
 Appenbix V. The true history of the discovery of America, . 33 — 35 
 
 '^ 
 
INTRODUCTORY 
 
 During the 51st Congress of the United States of America, a Bill, II. R. 
 5988, "to provide for the erection of a memorial monument to Isabella I., 
 of Spahi," was introduced by Mr. Burrows, Republican member from 
 Michigan. This Bill was "read twice and referred to the committee on the 
 Library." 
 
 I was informed by the clerk of this committee that the only person who 
 had appeared before it, to urge the passage of this Bill, was a certain well- 
 known Roman Catholic lady. 
 
 Soon after her argument there the Washington Post stated that the Com- 
 mittee had agreed to report the Bill favorably; but this was not strictly 
 true, though they were apparently favorably inclined. 
 
 Believing this to be a part of the declared purpose of the Romish Hierar- 
 chy, to make the United States tributary to the foreign despot, claiming 
 superiority, both ecclesiastical and civil, over all governments, and over the 
 consciences and acts of all men, wherever they may reside, it seemed neces- 
 sary to give the matter careful attention. 
 
 I immediately requested to be heard on the Bill. The request was readily 
 granted, and a day was appointed to put in my appearance before the 
 committee. To prepare myself for this occasion. I made a (•.•ireful study 
 of the life and character of this celebrated queen, and have tried to give 
 the public the results thereof in this pamphlet. 
 
 The Bill appropiates $50,000 for the proposed monument. It may be 
 well for the United States to commemorate, by fitting statues and costly 
 monuments, the virtues of its own greatest and worthiest benefactors. It 
 may be well thus to holdup the good qualities of our heroes to become 
 models for the youth of future generations; but under no circumstances 
 should the money of the dear people be voted awa}' to erect monuments for 
 the kings and queens of any foreign country, whether living or dead. To 
 escape the tyranny of kings, queens and pope, our ancestors left those in- 
 hospitable shores, and made their homes in the wilderness of America. 
 Here they and their descendants have labored, struggled and suffered until 
 they have become a great nation. Shall we now begin to build monuments 
 to the dead sovereigns from whom we have so recently escaped ? 
 
 As to Isabella, I am persuaded that they who shall have carefully per- 
 
6 
 
 used this little pamphlet will agree with the author that there is no occasion 
 for erecting any monument to her in the United States of North America. 
 The people of the United States have enough to do to build monuments to 
 their own heroes and heroines. 
 
 There are those who question the propriety or wisdom of building costly 
 monuments in commemoration of the dead, however great or illustrious. 
 Before the in mention of printing, when the masses had no other certain way 
 of remembering the names and virtues of their heroes, monument-building 
 would seem to have been more excusable ; but now, when all can read, and 
 the lives of all our great ones are sure to be written by several historians, 
 and spread broad-cast before all the people by numberless newspapers, 
 magazines and journals, costly monuments seem almost superfluous. 
 
 Great public service to the whole nation should be the only good reason 
 for devoting the people's money to the erection of any monument to any- 
 one. No excellence of private character can warrant such an act. 
 
 The best monument that the people of this country can build — that 
 which will conduce most to its future perpetuity and glory — most to the pros- 
 perity, freedom and happiness of its people — is our grand system of public 
 schools. "Let the dead bury their dead," said Jesus, "but go thou and 
 preach the kingdom of God." As John the Baptist was the forerunner of 
 Christ, so the public school-teachers are the forerunners of good morals and 
 true religion. Let the public school-houses, therefore, be our monuments. 
 
 N. B. — Since writing the above, it has been announced that the women 
 who have charge of the women's department of the great Columbian Expo- 
 sition to be held in Chicago, 111., in 1892-3, have decided to set up a statue 
 of Queen Isabella there, on the ground that she assisted the great naviga- 
 tor. Let us hope that the patriotic women of the whole country will pro- 
 test against the outrage. 
 
s 
 
 REVIEW OF THE LIFE AND CHARACTER OF 
 ISABELLA. FIRST CATHOLIC QUEEN OF SPAIN 
 
 i&-- — 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Isabella, the first Catholic Queen of Spain, was born in 1451, and died in- 
 1504, at the age of 53 years, 7 months and '■> days, after a prosperous reign 
 of 30 years. By the expression "prosperous reign," we must understand 
 that she succeeded in overcoming all her enemies, — not that she gave hap- 
 piness and peace to the world, or even to her Spanish subjects. On the 
 contrary, during the whole of her long reign, nearly all Spain was distracted 
 by tierce wars waged against the nobles or the Moors, or by the tires and 
 tortures of the Inquisition, which she had established, i-'he scrupled at 
 nothing that she thought might increase either her own power or that of her 
 Church. 
 
 It is true that some of the nobles ruled then; people badly, but Isabella 
 ruled them worse : for she it was that first established the Inquisition in Spain, 
 by which during her reign, thousands of her best citizens were burned alive! 
 
 On p. .") of "Isabel the Catholic." by Anita George^ are found the fol- 
 lowing words: "She humbled the power of the nobles, a power that had, 
 under the last two monarchs, become so formidable as to menace royalty 
 itself: but on the other hand she erected one far more dangerous to prince 
 and people when she sanctioned the Inquisition." 
 
 "A slave to her confessor, she adopted a religious code that seemed to 
 have emanated from the councils of the great enemy of man, and the relent- 
 less fanaticism that sanctioned the wholesale murder, the extermination of 
 the gallant Moors and the exile and ruin of the unhappy Jews, cannot be 
 viewed, even at this distance of time, without horror and disgust." "This 
 mistaken zeal bringing religion, perverted and blood-stained, to direct the 
 spring's of government and preside in every department, gave birth to a sys- 
 tem that has unfortunately been maintained ever since and home hitter 
 fruits." --The good she did was apparent, evanescent; while the evil that 
 accompanied it had strong roots that spread far and wide through the rich 
 soil, the deleterious blossoms poisoning the once pure atmosphere for long 
 centuries. Isabella has been vindicated on the plea that her enthusiasm, 
 while it overleaped the hounds of reason, and entailed a curse on every 
 succeeding generation, was sincere. — a poor consolation to the ruined, out- 
 raged, tortured, massacred or exiled thousands of her day, and to the mar- 
 tyr whom her intolerant laws bound to the stake ; to the enlightened patriot 
 who beheld his native country fast declining in the scale of nations ;. to the 
 
51st CONGRESS, 1st -Session.. 
 
 HOUSE REPORT 598$. 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 January 27, 1890. 
 
 Read twice, referred to the Committee on the Library, and ordered to be 
 
 printed. 
 
 Mr. Julius C. Burrows of Kalamazoo, Mich., (Republican,) introduced the 
 
 following bill : 
 
 A BILL 
 
 To provide for the erection of a memorial monument to Isabella First, of 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That the sum of fifty thousand 
 dollars is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not other- 
 wise appropriated, for the erection in the city of "Washington, District of 
 Columbia, of a memorial monument to Queen Isabella the First, of Spain, 
 who pledged her jewels to enable Christopher Columbus to prosecute his 
 voyage of discovery. 
 
 Sec. 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and di- 
 rected to employ the services of a competent artist to execute the necessary 
 drawings for such monument. 
 
 Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury is further authorized and di- 
 rected to contract for the erection of said memorial monument for a sum not 
 exceeding fifty thousand dollars, said monument to be erected on such pub- 
 lic space in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, as the President 
 of the United States may elect. 
 
 Sec. 4. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to ad- 
 vance, from time to time, to said artist or contractor such sums of money 
 as may be required for the execution of said contract, under such terms and 
 regulations as he may prescribe. 
 
man of letters whose genius was clogged, cramped, bound to earth by the 
 fetters she had forged ; to the peasant, whose unfilled fields attested his des- 
 pair of ever reaping for his own benefit the fruits of his toil; to the ar.tist, 
 the merchant, the artisan, whose industry was paralyzed — to these crushed 
 millions what mattered it that the originator of the curse was conscientious 
 in her infliction of wrong? The uncontaminated purity of her morals, the 
 exquisite modesty of her demeanor, her habits of industry, were qualities 
 that fitted her to adorn any station ; and in the retirement of private life, as 
 a daughter, a wife and a mother, Isabel was faultless — as a queen she 
 was responsible to the nation for all her public acts, and had no right to 
 bring her own passions to influence its welfare." 
 
 It seems to have been in the year 1447 when Isabella herself solicited from 
 Pope Sixtus IV a bull to establish the Inquisition in her dominions. There 
 are some who believe that Isabella was goaded into this measure, — into the 
 establishment of that execrable institution — by the priesthood ; but we find 
 that- she was not the woman to be driven to any measures which did not seem 
 about to. contribute to her own aggrandizement. She did not hesitate to op- 
 pose, with all her forces, a bishop, a cardinal, or even the pope, whenever 
 they offered to thwart her purposes. Witness her war against the archbishop 
 of Toledo. In the year 1483, pope Sixtus undertook to infringe her right to 
 nominate to certain ecclesiastical preferments contrary to certain preroga- 
 tives secured to her bj T her marriage contract, when she boldly incurred the 
 risk of displeasing the pope, and even defied his power. 
 
 "The intellect of Isabel was strong, her will firm, her judgment accurate, 
 but these excellent points were counterbalanced by her excessive bigotry." 
 (p. 06). 
 
 Tomas de Torquemada, a monk of the order of St. Dominique, had been 
 the confessor of Isabella previous to her marriage. To him she seems to 
 have committed the organization and administration of the Inquisition. Of 
 this man, Anita George says : "This fanatic, whose soul knew no pity." 
 
 In the short space of 18 years, this accursed tribunal burnt alive 8,800 per- 
 sons and tortured by various modes 96,504 — in all 105,304 ! ! 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Isabella was married at the age of 18 years, in the year 1469, to Fer- 
 dinand, whose father Ferdinand was King of Aragon. Isabella claimed to be 
 the legitimate heir to the throne of Castile. 
 
 As the couple were cousins, they could not, consistently with the doctrines 
 >of the Romish faith, intermarry without a dispensation from the pope. But 
 the occasion required some haste, and there were grave reasons to fear that 
 
w 
 
 the indispensable document might not be forthcoming,, as his "Holiness" had" 
 a political bias against the marriage. 
 
 So the old King of Aragon and the archbishop fabricated a bull that 
 answered all the purposes for that occasion as well as if it had been genuine I 
 However, some years later a genuine bull of dispensation was obtained from 
 Sixtusthe Fourth. [V. Preseott's Ferdinand & Isabella, vol.. 1, p. 156] 
 
 Marriage articles were drawn up and sworn to by Ferdinand, in which he 
 promised faithfully to respect the laws and usages of Castile ; t©>fix his res- 
 idence in that kingdom, and not to quit it without her consent ; to alienate 
 no property belonging to the crown ; to "prefer no foreigners t© municipal 
 offices, and, indeed, to make no appointments of a civil or military nature 
 without her consent and approbation ; and to resign to her exclusively the 
 right of nomination to ecclesiastical benefices. Here is enough to show that 
 the queen must beheld responsible for the diabolical deeds of the Inquisi- 
 tion. ' 
 
 It seems proper, just in this place, to give an account of the Inquisition 
 in Spain, commonly called the ' 'Spanish Inquisition;" for this horrible in- 
 stitution lias taken various forms at various times and in various countries. 
 
 CHAPTER III.— The Inquisition. 
 
 The following account is taken from the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," a. 
 work so reliable that scarcely any Roman Catholic would question its truth- 
 fulness. (See vol. XIII, p. 93). 
 
 "Three chief motives led to the reorganization of the Inquisition in Spain : 
 — (1) the suspicions and ill-feeling against the new Christains, [Jews and 
 Moors who had been forced to adopt Christianity] j ("2) the wish of Ferdi- 
 nand and Isabella to strengthen the compactness of their union, threatened 
 by the separatist tendencies of the wealthy Jews and Moots;: and(3) above 
 all, the hope of & rich booty from confiscations r a characteristic which spe- 
 cially marks the history of the Spanish Inquisition. The motive of strictly 
 religious fanaticism influenced, not the monarchs, but the Dominican in- 
 struments of the Holy Office; and so when, in 1477, Friar Philip de Barberi, 
 inquisitor for Sicily, came to Seville for the confirmation of his office, and 
 pressed on Ferdinand the great advantages of a revived system on the 
 Sicilian plan, the king, led by his hunger for gold, and the queen, guided 
 by piety, were easily persuaded, and they sent to Rome to solicit the estab- 
 lishment of such a tribunal as Barberi suggested. Sixtus IV. in 1478 ae- 
 
 OCT ' 
 
 ceded to their request ; his bull for this purpose is, however, lost. But as 
 Isabella wished first to try gentler measures, and as both monarchs were 
 rather alarmed by the independence the proposed tribunal claimed, the pa_ 
 
11 
 
 pal permission was not made known or acted on till 1480. [This was the- 
 11th year of Isabella's reign. The monarehs bargained that they should 
 nominate the Inquisitors, hoping thereby to secure a control over the insti- 
 tution ; but the real centre of authority was inevitably Rome, and from its 
 •cutset the Holy Office was ultramontane, [i. e., severely and rigidly Roman 
 Catholic. J Nor indeed is there good ground for Hefele's contention, in 
 which he is followed by the Benedictine, Gams of Ratisbon, that the Inqui- 
 sition was entirely a state institution. The state did take part in it, and 
 tried to draw its own selfish advantages from it, and it was also in name a 
 royal tribunal; but its spirit was completely Dominican, and the impulse of 
 it papal; nor can the church be relieved from the just odium which presses 
 <on the memory of the institution. 
 
 The first inquisitors named in 1480 were Dominicans ; their tribunal was 
 established at Seville, where they were but sullenly received. Early in 1481 
 they began work, and before that year was out had burnt 298 victims in Seville 
 alone besides many effigies of those who had happily escaped. The Jesuit 
 historian Mariana assures us that in this year full 2,000 were burnt in the 
 archbishopric of Cadiz. The Quemadero, or cremation-place [Spanish que- 
 mar, to burn] built at this time by the prefect of Seville, not far from that 
 city, a square platform of stone, was a grim altar on which the lives of al- 
 most daily victims ascended in clouds of smoke to heaven. This new bles- 
 sing, however, was but unwillingly welcomed by the Spaniards. The capi- 
 tal of Castile remembered its ancient learning and splendor, and the wealth 
 and intelligence of its old Moorish inhabitants.. Complaints and protests 
 poured in on Sixtus IV., especially from the bishops ; and in 1483, in one of 
 his briefs, the pope actually ordered a softening of the rigours of the Holy 
 Office. He also named the archbishop of Seville, D. Inigo Manriquez, his 
 sole judge of appeals in matters of faith, hoping thereby to still the strong 
 jealousy of the episcopate. He was also somewhat offended because Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella held back the papal share of the spoils. 
 
 Shortly afterwards, October. 1483, the Dominican father Tomas of Tor- 
 quemacla (de Turrecremata) was named by Sixtus IV. inquisitor-general 
 for Castile and Leon. [He had long been Isabella's confessor]. From him 
 the institution received its full organization. He became its president. By 
 his side were two lawyers as assessors and three royal counsellors. This 
 scheme was not large enough for the work. It was shortly amended, and 
 there was now a central court styled the "Consejodela Suprema," composed 
 >of the grand inquisitor-general, six apostolic counsellors, a fiscal procurator, 
 three secretaries, an ailguazil (head policeman), a treasurer, four servants 
 
12 
 
 of the tribunal, two reporters (informers or spies),, and as many consultors 
 as might be needful. Under this central tribunal four local tribunals were 
 also appointed. All the officials were well paid from the confiscation-fund.. 
 It was the interest of all that that stream of wealth should never run dry.. 
 Torquemada was to the full as eager as Ferdinand for the profit from this 
 unholy source. The chief spoils of the institution fell to the crown ; the true 
 accession of strength was at Rome. 
 
 This royal council of the Inquisition, as it was now styled, proceeded next 
 to draw up its rules. Torquemada in 1484 summoned to Seville all heads of 
 local tribunals, who presently published a code of 39 articles. The dreary 
 . list regulates the procedure of the Holy Office. The articles were originally 
 28. Of these 1 to 10 deal with the summons to heretics to come forward 
 and confess, and with the penalties to the submissive; 11 to 13 with peni- 
 tents in the prisons of the Office ; 14 to 19 treat of the procedure of trial, in- 
 cluding torture; 20 to 21 extend the jurisdiction, of the tribunal to dead 
 heretics and the vassals of living nobles : the remainder are on points of de- 
 tail in the management. Afterwards 11 more rules were added on points of 
 less interest: they deal with the organization of the smaller tribunals, guard, 
 against bribery of officials, establish an agent at Rome, and make fresh and 
 minute directions as to confiscations and the payment of inquisitors' sala- 
 ries. The money question comes up perpetually. In no part of Spain was 
 the system well received. The resistance in Aragon passed into revolt and, 
 assassination, which were overcame only by the united efforts of the Dom- 
 inicans, the papacy, and the sovereign, aided to some extent by the "Old 
 Christians" (i. e. those not of Jewish or Moorish origin), whose jealousy 
 towards the new Christians and the Moors led them to favor a system 
 which repressed their rivals. 
 
 The Holy Office had now free scope for its work, and its procedure, ar- 
 ranged by Torquemada, will explain how thoroughly it succeeded in terrir 
 fying all who came within its reach. When an accused or suspected person* 
 was first delated (reported) to the Inquisition, a preliminary examination 
 was held, and the results of it laid before the tribunal. If the tribunal 
 thought it a case for interference, and it usually did so, the informers and 
 witnesses were re-examined, and their evidence, with all the suspicious 
 circumstances which zeal could rake together,, drawn out and. submitted, 
 to a body of monastic theologians, called "the Qualifiers of the Holy 
 Office." The character of these officials was at stake and their honor in- 
 volved. They could hardly be expected to report well of the accused, or 
 there might be a suspicion as to their own orthodoxy. When they had- 
 
18 
 
 -given in their opinion against the accused, he was at ouca removed to the 
 secret prison of the Office, where all communication with the outer world 
 was entirely cut off from him. Then followed three "first audiences," in 
 which the officials did their utmost to wring a confession out of him, so 
 that he might be made to rank as a penitent, and enjoy the charity of his 
 persecutor?. If, however, he was stiff, the charges against him were re- 
 formed, and the fiscal in charge of the case demanded torture to extort 
 confession. This in the earlier times of the institution followed frequent- 
 ly, and had many forms of ingenious cruelty, as to which Llorente, who 
 had good means of judging, declares that "none of the descriptions of 
 them can be accused of exaggeration." (See Appendix I.) After torture 
 the shattered victim was carried to the audience chamber, and called on to 
 make his answer to the charges, which were now read to him for the first 
 time. He was next asked whether he desired to make any defense. If so, 
 he had to choose a lawyer from a list of those employed by his accusers, 
 and the defense was little but a mockery. After this process, which some- 
 times lasted for months, the qualifiers were again called in, and gave their 
 final opinion, which was almost always adverse, on the whole case. Then 
 followed the sentence, with opportunity of an appeal either to the "Su- 
 prema" — which was useless, as being an appeal to the [same] tribunal 
 over again — or to Rome. The papal treasury by these appeals obtained 
 a large income; for money was the only valid argument. Thus the In- 
 quisition got the victim's property by confiscation, and the papacy, the 
 wealth of his friends in the appeal. If the sentence was, as did sometimes 
 occur, an acquittal, the poor wretch might slink home without redress or 
 recompense for imprisonment, and the agony of the trial and torture. If 
 it was a condemnation, the victim was made the center of auto-da-fe, 
 dressed in a sanbenit (a condemned man's robe), and eventually, at the 
 open place of execution, informed as to his fate. He might be either "rec- 
 onciled," and then, as a penitent, had to undergo penalties almost worse 
 than death, or "relaxed," that is, handed over to the secular arm for 
 burning, — for the Holy Office shed no blood ! 
 
 This then was the instrument by which the purity of Christendom was 
 to be assisted and defended, "misericordia et justitia" (mercy and jus- 
 tics) as the motto of the institution runs, by the most flagrant injustice, 
 and by the infliction of .those cruel "tender mercies" of which the Book 
 of Proverbs speaks. 
 
14: 
 
 CHAPTER IV. | 
 
 In 1491 [the year before Columbus set sail for America] the great 
 work began with the persecution and expulsion of the Jews, They were 
 ejected, and their wealth confiscated. There was an enormous crowd of 
 exiles, who wandered to different shores of the Mediterranean, carrying 
 misery and plague in their train. A few years later, under supervision of 
 Cardinal Ximenes, the Moors were also ordered to be converted or to go.. 
 The Morescoes, or Christianized Moors, suffered constant persecution 
 throughout the 16th century, until finally they too were expelled by Philip 
 III in 1609. Jews, Moors and Morescoes made up over three millions of 
 the wealthiest inhabitants of Spain. The loss in trade, agriculture and' 
 manufactures was incalculable. In 70 years the population fell from ten< 
 to six millions? 
 
 Ximenes was the greatest organizer, after Torquemada, of the Office.. 
 He divided the whole Inquisition into ten tribunals, — Seville as the capi" 
 tal, Jaen, Toledo, Estremadura, Murcia, Valladolid, Majorca, Pampeluna,- 
 Sardinia, and Sicily; and, though the bishops still resisted his authority, 
 he carried his will through with a high hand. The Inquisition was set up 
 in all the colonies and dependencies of Spain. It established itself, as a 
 theological quarantine, at all the harbors, and greatly checked the develop- 
 ment of Spanish trade. The horror of the English at the institution was 
 much due to the collision of the English traders and adventurers of Queen 
 Elizabeth's day with the Inquisition on the Spanish main, and to its inter- 
 ference with that freedom of traffic which they desired. The new Inquisi- 
 tion was set up in the Netherlands by Charles V in 1522. It was exceed- 
 ingly severe, and greatly hated by the people under Philip the II, and 
 Alva. * * * 
 
 The hand of the Holy Office was outstretched against all. No lofty dig- 
 nity in church or state, no eminence in art or science, no purity of life, 
 could defend from its attacks. It is said to have threatened Charles V 
 and Philip II. It persecuted bishop Carranza, head of the church in Spain, 
 destroyedDe Dominis, archbishop of Spalatro ; it smote Galileo, murdered 
 Giordano Bruno, attacked Pico di Mirandola, and even is said to have 
 threatened Caesar Borgia. With equal vigor, in combination with the 
 Jesuits, the Inquisition made war on books and learning, religious or se- 
 cular alike. We have seen how baleful was its effect on literature and art 
 in Provence, and, in the time of the Catholic sovereign, on the material: 
 well-being of Spain. "In the love of Christ and his maid-mother," says 
 Queen Isabella, "I have caused great misery, and have depopulated towns> 
 and districts, provinces and Kingdoms," [a fearful admission] 1 . 
 
15 
 
 The statistics of death at the hand of the Inquisition in Spain given by 
 Llorente show how the institution gradually lost force. The average num- 
 ber in each year steadily diminished after the beginning of the 17th cen- 
 tury ; and in the 18th torture was abandoned, and the deaths dropped to two 
 or three or even less in a year. In Italy it was abolished in Parma and Tus- 
 cany about 1769 ; in Sicily in 1782. The spirit of the 18th century was all 
 against the Office, tho' it lingered on. In the Revolutionary wars Napoleon 
 'sternly crushed it wherever he came across it, — in Spain in 1808, and in 
 Rome in 1809. Down to 1809 Llorente gives as the figures for Spain alone 
 —burnt alive 31,912, in effigy 17,659, and imprisoned &c, as penitents, 
 291,450— a total of 341,021 ! ! After the hand of Napoleon was taken off, 
 the institution revived again at Rome and at Madrid ; but its teeth were 
 gone; and it could do little but show a murderous will. The last capital 
 punishments were those of a Jew who was burnt, and a Quaker schoolmas- 
 ter hanged, in Spain in 1826. Still, its voice is sometimes heard. In 1856 
 Pius IX. issued an encyclical against somnambulism and clairvoyance, call- 
 ing on all bishops to inquire into and suppress the scandal, and in 1865 he 
 uttered an anathema against freemasons, the secular foes of the Inquisition. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The occupation of Rome in 1870, drove the papacy and the Inquisition 
 into the Vatican and there at last John Bunyan's vision seems to have found 
 fulfilment. Yet, tho' powerless, the institution is not hopeless. The 
 Catholic writers on the subject, after long silence or uneasy apology, now 
 acknowledge the facts, and seek to justify them. 
 
 In the early times of the Holy Office its friends gave it 
 high honor. Paramo, the inquisitor, declares that it began with Adam 
 and Eve when they left Paradise. Paul IV. annouuced that the Span- 
 ish Inquisition was founded by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Muzarelli 
 says it is "an indispensable substitute to the church for the original gift of 
 miracles exercised by the apostles." And now again from 1875 to this day 
 [1881], a crowd of defenders has risen up : Father Wieser and the Inns- 
 bruck Jesuits in their Journal (1877) yearn for its re-establishment; Orti y 
 Lara in Spain, Benedictine Gams in Germany, -andC. Poullet in Belgium 
 take the same tone. It is a remarkable phenomenon, due partly to despair at 
 the progress of society, partly to the fanaticism of the late pope, Pius IX." 
 
16 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 i?e e ..'t, Wi 9 8 - qU ,f™f '-Attif 'f ° mUle " D ' rt - DDi ™ rSel '"' ** 
 , • .,. ' ' ° 9 Atthe solicitation," says Voltaire "of the 
 
 friar Jorquemada, Grand Inquisitor of Spain, the same FeSnand 
 
 ■sued all the Jews from Ins kingdom allowing them three months t„ 
 count from the publication of his edict, after which they were orbddc 
 under pan, of death, to be found in the lands of Spanish dominion It 
 was permitted them to go out of the kingdom with the good" and me 
 chand lse which they had bought, but forbidden to carry awl; anv e0 ,d 
 or silver. The friar Torquemada, supplemented this edit ■ftheloce 
 of In ledo, by prohibiting all Christians, under pain of excommuni Xn 
 which was about equal to the death penalty) , from giving anyZg wtt- 
 
 M) At that time a mdlion of Jews and Moors left Spain " But Teron, 
 
 z L : ;;:,, r at th r- . u r a «> in ws -*«°* <* *• *— ;; 
 
 es.in ates fiom documents m the archives of the Spanish government that 
 m a few years more than 100,000 individuals wire condemned To death 
 
 crematory of Cordone ,s still celebrated. They were led to punishment 
 
 j i«i ucen convicted. The people came to assist at these fti M 
 as they now do at the bull-fights. 
 
 Llorente from the enumeration taken from the official registers shows 
 
 oiiftmo U78t °, 808 > """> —age of those condemned tTdeatlo 
 o „ famous punishments in Spain for heresy is more than ,,100, and tlmln 
 
 ' " ™"^0 n °- 'I °' i8bed faSpain UMil the Fre » Ch '-asion (18 8) [TMs 
 SIl M 7 ™ '" 33 ° } ' earSi 3 IS was established in every part of 
 
 thword where the Spaniards and Portuguese had carried theirdom n on 
 - n Mexico, Peru, ,„ all S. America, in the Philippine Islands and Tn 
 
 SZEZZ^T" Hi " dos,an] wbCTe **w«w»& 
 
 ••The Inquisition does- not respect even the most fervent Catholics- 
 Saint Jean, d'Avi.a, Saint Theresa, Saint John of the Cross, Lonis o G ret 
 
 ::zrzizz^ most pious writers - were ™ d - *** 
 
 bol sm of the Spanish Inquisition, and, at the same time, the part which 
 Isabella took m it, than the following which I quote from pp, 141- 48 o 
 
17 
 
 'Tsabel The Catholic" by Anita George previously referred to. 
 
 "The tribunal of the Inquisition being now firmly established in Castile. 
 Ferdinand determined to introduce it into his hereditary dominions [Ar- 
 agon]. The pope, at the solicitation of the sovereigns, having invested 
 Torquemada with the office of Inquisitor General of Castile and Aragon, 
 it was soon seen that no fitter instrument could have been selected. 
 IS'o means were left untried that could lead to the conviction of delin- 
 quents ; that is, of all converts suspected of having reverted to the Jewish 
 faith or to that of Islam [Mohammetauism.] The generous blood of the proud 
 Catalans, Valencias, and Aragonese, was roused at this indignity. Strong- 
 protests were entered against the barefaced violation of the Constitution. 
 .But the just remonstrances of a nation had no effect in mitigating the 
 intolerance of the sovereigns ; and, notwithstanding the spirited ef- 
 fort made in Tarracona by the Cortez held there in 14S4, the arbitrary will 
 of Ferdinand forced on his subjects an institution, the monstrous tyranny 
 of which is without a parallel. Bat the bold spirit of the nation was not 
 easily bowed to the demon yoke that galled it for centuries, until every ves- 
 tige of its original brilliancy had been well nigh quenched. 
 
 In Saragossa, especially, vigorous efforts were made to oppose the es- 
 tablishment of a tribunal expressly forbidden by particular clauses of the 
 liberal Constitution of Aragon. Deputations were sent to the pope and to 
 P'erdinand ; and the Justicia (chief justiciary) of Aragon was solicited 
 to interpose his authority to prevent thi3 flagrant infringement of the 
 charter. All was vain. In the spring of 1485 the Inquisition celebrated 
 its auto-de-fe with the usual ceremonies, and the people, goaded to mad- 
 ness by the impossibility of obtaining the legal redress they implored, 
 sought by other means to attain the desired end. 
 
 A conspiracy was set on foot to murder the three inquisitors of the 
 diocese of Saragossa. The New Christians were the originators of this 
 desperate scheme, but numbers of the high nobility were also participators 
 in it. The chief of the three inquisitors, Pedro de Arbues, having ren- 
 dered himself particularly obnoxious by his merciless condemnations, was 
 designated as the first victim. The execution of the design was, however, 
 difficult; for the inquisitor was well aware of the hatred he had incurred, 
 and took every precaution to avert its consequences. 
 
 The avenues to his chambers were well guarded, while his person was 
 no less well protected by a complete coat of mail and a helmet, which he 
 constantly wore under his robes and cowl when he stirred abroad. After 
 several fruitless attempts, the conspirators at length found means to ef- 
 
18 
 
 feet an entrance and conceal themselves in the church where their inten- 
 ded victim performed his nightly devotions. Shortly after midnight the 
 Inquisitor entered, a lantern in one hand, and his lance — without which he 
 never left his chamber — in the other. Having rested his weapon against 
 one of the columns beside him, he knelt before the altar. Listening only 
 to the suggestions of hatred, and unmindful of the sanctity of the place, 
 one of the conspirators stole behind him and wounded him in the arm 
 with his poniard while another struck him twice in the neck with his sword 
 The wounds were mortal, and d'Arbues fell, blessing God that he should 
 have been allowed to die in so holy a cause. The murderers would have 
 severed the head from the body, had not the priests, who were in the choir, 
 been roused by the noise and hastening towards the spot, prevented them 
 from bearing away the bloody trophy. Life, however, was not extinct in 
 the inquisitor, who was immediately carried to the nearest house, that of 
 Manuel de Anno, where he lingered until the following night. 
 
 The deed was far from having the desired effect, which was to produce 
 such fear in the ministers of the dread tribunal, that they would not dare 
 to renew their inquisitorial researches. The lower classes, already predis- 
 posed by envy against the rich inhabitants of Jewish extraction, now 
 goaded by superstitious rage, and knowing nothing of the conspiracy, 
 which they attributed to a design for the subversion of Church and State, 
 rose en masse, and would have massacred indiscriminately all the con- 
 verts. But this wholesale revenge would have defeated the objects of 
 the wily members of the Holy Office ; and the archbishop, mounting his 
 horse, rode thro' the city, assuring the inhabitants that the outrage should 
 be duly visited on the perpetrators. 
 
 Nor was the promise vain. Torrents of blood were shed to atone for 
 the stream that had been poured out on the consecrated ground. With 
 the scent of the trained blood-hound, the agents of vengeance sought out 
 the actors of the tragedy, all of whom were hung, with the previous am- 
 putation of their right hands ; while the event, serving as a special pre- 
 text for stricte'r severity against those suspected of heresy, two hundred 
 persons were burnt alive and numbers suffered other punishments, or 
 were subjected to the most humiliating penances. Of these victims many 
 were of the chief nobilitj. The body of the murdered man [inquisitor] 
 was interred on the spot where he was struck down, and a splendid mon- 
 ument was raised over it. He now ranks among the martyred saints, hav- 
 ing been canonized by Pope Paul III., at the solicitation of the emperor 
 Charles V. 
 
 Throughout the dominions of Isabel and Ferdinand the inouisitor's trib- 
 
19 
 
 ranal was now firmly established. Intolerance, judicial cruelty, aud su- 
 perstition, prime ministers of the spirit of evil, took their places near the 
 throne, and instituted in honor of the God of peace, sacrifices the barbarity 
 of which effaces the memory of the pagan rites of antiquity. Catholicism, 
 no longer the tutelary genius that had guided its fervent devotees to the 
 reconquest of the land of their forefathers, now arrayed in blood-red 
 ■robes, distorting its mission and abusing its power, with iron grasp 
 arrested the onward-rolling car of civilization, and with merciless feet 
 
 ■crushed the rising spirit of industry. 
 
 To recapitulate the dark proceedings by which on the most frivolous 
 
 -accusations — the most [absurd pretences— 11,000 persons perished in les s 
 than half a century, would be as harrowing to the reader as to the narra" 
 tor. It were dangerous for the historian to dwell too long on the records 
 -of these frightful atrocities, lest the eyes, fatigued with gazing thro' the 
 bloody mist, should fail to perceive the great and good qualities of 7*is sub- 
 ject. [Is this slightly ironic?] Not to Rome [alone] must attach the 
 odium of this monstrous conception. To the good, the pious, and the gentle 
 queen must be given the credit of having substituted for the temporary 
 tyranny of a gallant and generous aristocracy, a despotic monarchy, and 
 the ^unlimited spiritual thraldom of the Church. The queen, however, 
 bent not her own neck to the yoke she forced on her people She admitted 
 in politics, and rejected in religion, the right of resistance to the Church. 
 More than once during her reign did she firmly repel the attempts of the 
 pope to encroach on her prerogatives. The chancery court she had estab- 
 lished in Valladolid, having allowed an appeal to be made to the pope in a 
 civil cause, its president, judges, and every member of the tribunal, were 
 immediately deprived of their offices b.y the indignant Isabel. 
 
 In 1482, the pope had, against the express wish of the queen, nomina- 
 ted a nephew of his own to the See of Cuenca which, as an ecclesiastical 
 preferment, was in her gift. Persisting in his nomination, notwithstanding 
 the remonstrances of the court of Castile, Isabel and Ferdinand prepared, 
 without any scruples of conscience, to resist his authority. Orders were 
 forwarded to all their subjects residing in the Papal dominions to depart 
 therefrom immediately, under the penalty of having whatever property 
 they possessed in Castile confiscated. The pontiff, alarmed at these de- 
 monstrations, and at the threat they made of assembling a council of 
 ali the princes in Christendom to examine into the pretensions of the court 
 of Rome, sent a legate to effect a compromise. But the queen was too 
 much irritated by the attempt that had been made to infringe on her rights 
 to be easily pacified, and ordered the envoy to quit the kingdom instantly. 
 
20 
 
 At the cost of great concessions, and with the intercession of toe Cardinal 
 Mendoza, the legate obtained a hearing, and the breach was healed the 
 pope confirming the queen's choice of Alfonso de Burgos, her chaplain 
 to the vacant See, and resigning all pretensions to the nomination of ben- 
 eficiaries in Spain. 
 
 In 1485, while in Alcala de Honares, a dispute occurring between the 
 alcaldes de corte, or royal judges, and those of the ecclesiastical court, the 
 queen strenuously asserted the supremacy of her own jurisidiction where- 
 ever she was present, over that of the local ones ; the cardinal maintaining 
 that the town belonging to him, and consequently being within his jurisdic- 
 tion, no interference should be allowed with his tribunal. But the queen 
 was too tenacious of her prerogatives to give up ,ny portion of them, even 
 to tnis great favorite. 
 
 . Sll ^% after the establishment of the Inquisition in Castile, the pope 
 himself, horrified at the barbarous executions it sanctioned, sent to remon- 
 strate against them ; but unfortunately his arguments were overruled by the 
 specious reasoning of the advocates of the new measures,who urged that the 
 spread of the infectious heresies propagated by the Jews and others could 
 be arrested only by the rigorous course recently pursued 
 
 From that moment were sown the seeds of the disease that was to fasten 
 on the vitality of Spain-a slow but sure consumption, that allowed the ex 
 tenor to remain beautiful with the florid hues of health while the heart was 
 rotting. The very character of the Spaniard appeared to be influenced by 
 the atmosphere, laden with sanctioned, legalized murder. His once joyous, 
 
 ZL Tr T S l C " atU1 ' e ' gl ' adUally beCame S ° mbre ' Wi0 » s ' s -P*ious 
 and fanatical. Fortuitous events, beyond the calculation or the control of 
 
 Isabel, threw a gorgeous veil over the cureless wound she had inflicted on 
 he prosperity of Spain. The addition of a new world to her sway, pro- 
 tracted the existence of the old monarchy, and enabled it to straggle in its 
 fetters hro long- ages; but while every other nation progressed, Spain 
 even allowing that she did not retrograde, remained stationary. Lotwiti 
 anding hat nature and fortune, lavishing their choicest gifts upon he, hi 
 endued her superior to all others. Facts are more illustrative of charac- 
 ter than whole pages of description, and that of Isabella is stamped in her 
 
 The above extract is pretty long, but it shows clearly that Isabella was 
 not clnven to establish the Inquisition, and that, like most of her sex" 
 she could not be driven to do anything. At that time, Spain was a first- 
 class power, and Isabella had an army devoted to her, and she did as she 
 pleased. Even the pope of Rome was obliged to yield to her imperious 
 
-21 
 
 will, and she must bear the guilt and shame of all the crimes, blood-shed 
 and foul murders committed by the Inquisition — her pet institution. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 H1CU TREATMENT OF COIA'MBUS. 
 
 Having now treated sufficiently at length of the Spanish Inquisition, the 
 result of one of Isabella's most important public acts, we come next to her 
 treatment of Columbus. It was on the ground that the queen gave great 
 ill and encouragement to Columbus that the appropriation in the preceding 
 bill was asked; and for the same reason it is proposed to set up his statue 
 at Chicago in '1)2-3. [V. Appendix V, p. 33.] 
 
 Columbus was born at or near Genoa, about 1436 to 1441 — the place or 
 year not being exactly known. At the age of 14 he took to the sea, and 
 became a great navigator. He«was, even at that age, schooled in geography, 
 cosmography, geometry, astromony and nautical science. In 1470 he 
 went to Lisbon, where he married the daughter of Palestrello, who was a 
 very skilful navigator, and who left all his books, charts and instruments 
 at his death, to Columbus. From reading ancient authors, from his own 
 meditations, from vague traditions of an immense continent far to the west 
 of Europe, the conjectures of the Greeks on the sphericity of the earth, 
 bis own voyages, from recent readings and studies, and perhaps from state- 
 ments made to him by the Scandinavians and Icelanders, he had arrived 
 at the conclusion that the earth is round, and that Asia might be reached 
 as well by sailing west as east. After soliciting, in vain, aid from Genoa and 
 Portugal, he turned to Spain in 148"). First he was referred to the college 
 of Salamanca, where he was expected to prove his theories before the learned 
 monks ! When he produced before these learned monks— these sacred fools 
 — his mathematical and philosophical arguments to prove the rotundity of 
 the earth, they answered him with passages of the Bible or of the "Holy 
 Fathers." 
 
 "How can the earth be round," says one, "when we read in the Psalms 
 that the heavens are stretched out like a skin?" "And when St. Peter, in 
 his letter to the Hebrews, compares the heavens to a tabernacle or to a tent 
 spread out upon the earth, how deny still that it is flat?" "Have not Lac- 
 tantins and St. Augustin pronounced against the existence of antipodes?" 
 Hearing his learned arguments answered thus, Columbus must have felt like 
 one listening to a comedy. The wonder is that the learned navigator was 
 not arrested and burnt at the stake for heresy. Surely he was no better 
 Roman Catholic than Galileo. Perhaps his poverty saved him ; lie had 
 nothing to confiscate. For seven long and weary years did the great queen 
 
22 
 
 keep Columbus waiting aud struggling 'f^J^^^Tt 
 But he never lost faith in his theory that the earth us round. At length, by 
 The : 1 o7a nobleman, Duke of Medina Celi, who had ™g~%£* 
 less of Eoman Catholie bigotry, he was pnt m the way o seem. ng succe • 
 M Celi gave him great encouragement, entertained h.m to. two years, 
 aufhaTl determined to give him the necessary ^?™^°<*»°2Z 
 sourees- hut finally concluding that the affair was too great fo. private en 
 te Z' he wrote to Isabella a favorable letter, and Columbus repaired to 
 h . ecu t at Cordova, at her bidding. It was after this that he was before 
 Z monks at Salamanca. Itwas in the year 1490 thaUhe prnte ^finaUy d - 
 eided that his project was vain and imprac .cable and hat .t **«£ * 
 come their royal highnesses to have anyth.ng to do w.th ; and this w„s 
 con^rmeu, wito some reservation, by Ferdinand and Isabella at Seville 
 
 Columbus was in despair, and soon after Started for France By acc.dent 
 he me? the queen's former confessor, who brought about another mterview 
 ^Isabella, which was again broken off. At length, *£"££$£ 
 seven years of persevering effort, following Isabella from place to place, 
 ZZZs competed a contract with her by which he -to undertake the 
 discovery for the sovereigns of Spain on condition that he be made _Ad 
 m Z and Viceroy of all the lands he might discover £«££££* 
 the Bold, silver, pearls, and precious stones, sp.ces and allothe articles and 
 merdiandises, in what ever manner found, bought, bartered or gamed, 
 within his admiralty, the costs being first deducted. 
 
 Such was the pith of the contract. As to the expenses o. h ng out the 
 expedition, it would seem that Isabella must have con nbute 1, t e o, noth- 
 i„2 if we may rely upon Washington Irving. I" vol. 1., P- U-, "" 
 ami Voya of Columbus," are the following words : "How could she 
 u l on an exhausted treasury for a measure to which the kmg was ad 
 verse ' St. Angel watched this suspense with trembling anxiety. The next 
 Toment reassured him. With an enthusiasm worthy of herself, and of the 
 c^e LXllIexclaimcd, 'I undertake the enterprise for my own 
 Castile, and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary turns ^ 
 
 Angel, eager to secure this noble impulse, assured her majesty that there 
 AU n C1 ' c '» c , , . , • i. oohpwm veadv to advance trie 
 
 would be no need of plcdg.ng her jewels, as he was reafly to 
 
 necessary funds. His offer was gladly accepted; the ftnds «^ »™ 
 from the coffers of Arragon; 17,000 norms-about » 1 ^^™V£ 
 vanced by the accountant of St. Augcl out of the tre^n, nf R,„„ FercU- 
 
 'Tstoher pledging her crown and jewels, it seems she had none to pledge 
 atthis thne. On p! 177 of "Isabel the Catholic, by Anita George," pub- 
 
lished at New York by Charles Seribner, 1855. we tind the following :- 
 4 'During the course of this arduous campaign [of Baza, a Moorish city] , in 
 which reinforcements were required every twenty days, Isabel, Avhom no- 
 obstacles could discourage, obtained a loan of a hundred millions of mara- 
 vedis ($360,000, equal to $1,080,000 of our times) mortgaged the domains 
 of the crown, sold her revenues at ten per cent., and pawned her own jewels 
 and those of the crown to merchants of Valencia and Barcelona." On p. 213 v 
 of the same work, we read : "We are inclined to suspect some little exag- 
 geration in this expression of her anxiety, inasmuch as the jewels in ques- 
 tion had but recently been pawned and could not as yet have been re- 
 deemed." A foot-note on the same page reads: "'In the archives of Sala- 
 manca are still to be seen the deeds relative to the ransom of the jewels 
 mortgaged in Valencia (at the time of the siege of Baza, 1489), by which 
 it appears that the city had loaned to the queen 60,000 florins, of which 25,- 
 000 were loaned on the queen's crown, and 20,000 on her rich necklace of 
 rubies. In the year 1495 [3 years after Columbus had sailed from PalosJ 
 a fourth part of the debt was still due." It is hardly probable that the 
 securieties would be surrendered before the payment of the debt secured. 
 
 But even allow that she loaned him two vessels and aided him somewhat 
 in fitting them out. It was still a mean and stingy affair for so vast an 
 undertaking, when compared with the magnificent outlay she made only 
 four years later, 1496, to convey the infanta Juana to Flanders to be 
 married to the archduke. Juana set sail from the little port of Laredo in 
 Asturias with a splendid fleet of one hundred and thirty vessels, manned by 
 twenty-five thousand well equipt. soldiers ! 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 HER CRUELTY TO THE MOORS. 
 
 Isabella's cruelty to the Moors, a highly educated, refined and gallant 
 people living in the southern part of Spain, is well shown in the following 
 extract fr»m Anita George's "Isabella the Catholic/' already extensively 
 quoted, p. 167-170. The town of Granada had been bravely defended for 
 five months, and was finally obliged to surrender at discretion, largely for 
 want of provisions. 
 
 "So far Ferdinand and Isabella had merely exercised the rights of con- 
 querors ; but the recital of the scenes that followed, and of the nefarious 
 transactions by which they obtained possession of ever}' article of prop- 
 erty of the Malagans, even as given by their own partial chronicler, fills 
 the reader with indignation. 
 
 The Spanish troops having been stationed in the fortresses, on the ram- 
 
24 
 
 parts, and on every spot commanding an avenue of escape, the whole pop- 
 ulation of Malaga, amounting to fifteen thousand souls, the auxiliary troops 
 numbering, notwithstanding the mortality that had decimated them, sev- 
 eral thousands, and the inhabitants of Mijas and Osma, were collected in 
 the spacious courtyard of the lower citadel, and directly under its batter- 
 ies, to be portioned out as slaves. One hundred Gomeres were reserved 
 as a present to the pope, who incorporated them into his guard, and be- 
 fore the close of the year had converted them all into excellent Christians ! 
 [What means he. used to this end, we are not informed.] Of the loveliest 
 maids, fifty were sent to the Queen of Naples, and thirty to the Queen of 
 Portugal ; many maidens were also distributed by Isabella among her la- 
 dies, and others she sent to her friends. After this selection had been 
 made, the remainder were divided into three lots ; one was reserved to be 
 exchanged for such Christians as w e re slaves among the Moors of Africa, 
 and for this purpose proclamation was made that all who had relatives 
 slaves in Africa, should send in their names, that they might be thus ran- 
 somed. Another lot was to be sold to. defray a part 3f the expense of th e 
 war, and the third was distributed among the lords of the council, the 
 nobles, and officers, who had taken part in the expedition, according to their 
 rank and services; the dukes receiving each, one hundred slaves, the 
 
 counts, fifty, the knights, a lesser number. 
 
 The Jews, who numbered four hundred and fifty, endeavored to ran- 
 som themselves, and with this object brought to the King the wealth they 
 had concealed. Ferdinand, allowing them to entertain the hope of free- 
 dom, continued to exact more until he found they had given their all. He 
 then coolly informed them that their riches formed a part of his booty, 
 and could not, therefore, purchase their redemption ! From the doom of 
 slavery that fell on their Moorish fellow citizens, the Israelites were saved 
 by their Castilian brethren, who raised in their synagogues the sum of 
 "27,000 ducats ($115,290 of our day), exacted by the king for their ransom. 
 Lest, however, this trait, opening the eyes of the Moors to what they were 
 to expect from the tender mercies of the victors, might lead them to de- 
 stroy or keep secreted their treasures, it was proclaimed that a ransom 
 would be admitted for the whole population, at the rate of thirty-six du- 
 cats ($163.72 of our day) for each person, if the whole amount were paid 
 within eight months, during which time all should remain as hostages 
 for its payment; the jewels, plate, and other valuable effects in their pos- 
 session were also to be given in as part payment, until the balance were 
 raised. Those who died within the eight months were not to be deducted 
 from the sum total. 
 
25 
 
 Hard as were these terms, they held out so bright a hope that the de- 
 luded Moors hastened to surrender the wealth they had secreted. Not- 
 withstanding their efforts, however, and the liberal contributions sent them, 
 from Africa, the enormous sum exacted of them was not completed with- 
 in the prescribed term, and the miserable people found they had been the 
 dupes of this truly diabolical expedient, and sacrificed their wealth but to 
 rivet their chains. This device is in accordance with the infamous sys- 
 tem ef cruelty and deception pursued by Ferdinand and Isabel towards 
 their MoqrMi subjects, whenever they found it safe and expedient. We 
 find it rel jd that it was suggested in the council that the entire popula- 
 tion of Malaga should be put to death to punish their heroic re- 
 sistance, but that Isabel was too tender-hearted to allow of such a 
 measure. Whatever may have been her motive, it is certain that it was 
 infinitely more profitable to reduce the Moors to bondage, while the butch- 
 ery of such a number would have been attended by no little labor and 
 danger in a city scarcely freed from the pestilential miasms engendered 
 by the late mortality. 
 
 That it rested with Isabel to render the fate of the wretched Malagans 
 more endurable no one will doubt, and tho' the records of her time rep- 
 resent her prostrating her person at the feet of her confessor, they also 
 show that nothing could bend her will when she chose to carry out any 
 resolution. That she was a party in the nefarious schemes devised to 
 cheat the Jews and Moors out of liberty, wealth, and all but the mere 
 breath of life— leaving them that because it was of use to her— there is 
 not a shadow of doubt ; for her most extravagant panegyrists tell us that 
 nothing was done without her participation, and she cannot be screened 
 from the odium of deeds more worthy an Alaric than a Christian princess. 
 The relapsed converts found in the city were given up to the Inquisi- 
 tion, and perished at the stake. Twelve renegades also found there were 
 acanaverados; that is, they were used as marks (targets) in the game ef 
 canas (reeds)— pierced with reeds until they expired ! 
 
 Thus was the entire population of a town, renowned for beauty, splendor 
 and refinement, reduced to slavery, without regard for rank, sex, age or 
 education. The lamentations of the wretched exiles, as they were driven 
 from their homes, are exquisitelyViven by the Christian chroniclers them- 
 selves, but words could but poorly express the anguish that sought a vent 
 in them." (See appendix II.) 
 
 To further show her cruel nature one well-authenticated instance is giv- 
 en where she caased a man's hand to be cut off for refusing to pay his 
 taxes to her royal collector! She then exiled him. Another was hano-ed 
 
26 
 
 for the same offense. How eauld. anyone be otherwise than cruel when 
 steeped in that religion which even to this day holds the horrible cruelties 
 of the Inquisition to be meritorious? 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 HER CRUELTY TO THK JEWS. 
 
 In March, 1491, Isabella issued a decree against the Jews, that they 
 •Should all leave the kingdom within four months. They were not permit- 
 ted to take with them, even gold or silver. The decree wa3 of such a na- 
 ture as virtually to rob them of all they possessed. It was in fact one of 
 the shrewdest and most successful schemes of robbery ever practiced by 
 any human being, and one of the most cruel and inhuman. There could 
 not have been any reasonable excuse for such inhumanity. The Jews 
 were a peace- able, lawabiding people ; but many of them were very 
 wealthy, and Isabella could hope to acquire an immense booty by thus 
 robbing them; and she did. But as the Jews and the Moors were the 
 only real workers in the Kingdom — the traders, farmers, artists and arti- 
 sans — the Spaniards priding themselves upon their military prowess, and 
 knowledge of belles-lettres, — so the kingdom was greatly impoverished 
 by the loss of , these two elements of the population. She had killed the 
 .goose that laid the golden egg. 
 
 The various historians make various estimates of the number of Jews 
 thus expelled, — some placing it as high as a million. One estimates 
 them at 70,000 families. 
 
 In April following, Torquemada, the chief Inquisitor, issued an edict 
 supplementing the queen's, the tenor of which was that at the expiration 
 of the four months all intercourse with the Jews was interdicted to the 
 Christians who were forbidden, under pain of incurring certain severe pen- 
 alties, to afford them countenance, shelter, or assistance of any descrip- 
 tion. In the work of Anita George, so often cited, p. 212, is the follow- 
 ing description of their wretched flight: 
 
 "The weak, the sick, those rendered helpless from infancy ©r old age, 
 all were alike driven forth. Many who had been cradled in the lap of lux- 
 urious plenty were totally unfitted to endure the hardships this compul- 
 sory journey entailed, and sank down on the wayside to die, while the 
 hand of christian [Roman Catholic] charity was restrained from convey-' 
 ing the alms of a cup of water to the parched lips of the dying. Mothers 
 and their new-born infants succumbed to the pangs of hunger that, increas- 
 ing the horrors of this dreadful journey, brought down even the strong 
 man." We must remember that there were no railroads in those days, 
 
27 
 
 and whole families started on foot, with helpless babes and decrepit old- 
 age, to leave the inhospitable land. Hundreds of miles were to be tra- 
 versed— a long and weary way, through a land settled by Roman Catho- 
 lics, who were not allowed to give the least assistance. . The whole king- 
 dom was filled with weeping, wailing and lamentation. Thousands per- 
 ished by the way, and thousands more died of diseases contracted by 
 hardships and exposure while leaving the homes of their childhood to 
 seek in a foreign land a refuge from the cruel edict of a heartless queen 
 and more heartless, Roman Catholic Inquisitor. 
 
 It is said that many Jews went to Africa/and were put to death bv the 
 natives, who ripped them open in hopes to find gems in their intestines 
 It was natural to suppose the exiles would swallow some of their precious 
 stones, in order to carry them out of Spain. Almost every country of 
 Europe received some of the fugitives, but the suffering of those who 
 sought refuge in Africa surpasses all they had endured on the road The 
 cruel Moors robbed them of everything, even to the clothing they wore. 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 That my Protestant readers may see what is in store for them a few 
 years hence, I give a description of a number of instruments used in tor 
 turmg those who were guilty of not believing all the teaching of Ro- 
 manism. & 
 
 Llorente, the Grand Secretary of the Inquisition in Spain, thus de- 
 scribes one instrument. 
 
 1. It was a long trough, in which the victim was placed on his back 
 and so fastened that he could not turn his face to the right or left. A huo-e 
 pendulum was then made to swing directly over him lengthwise of his 
 body. In the lower end of this pendulum was a sharp knife projecting 
 downward. At each oscillation of this pendulum, it approached a trifle 
 nearer to the face of the unfortunate one. At length the knife blade slit 
 his nose, and eating a little deeper at each oscillation, the head and 
 whole body were divided in two parts. 
 
 At the time of the conquest of Spain by Napoleon I., one of these hor- 
 rible instruments was found in a monastery, and a man, who was goinc to 
 be executed upon it the next day, was set at liberty. 
 
 2. Another of these devilish machines was an image of the virgin Marv 
 mto whose arms the victim was made to walk. The arms of the image 
 then seized the condemned man and drew him against pointed iron spikes- 
 which pierced him through. In this position he wa 3 firmly held until life 
 was extinct. 
 
28 
 
 3. The leg-screw, also known as the Spanish boot, consisted of two 
 ^pieces of iron made to fit the leg between the knee and ankle, one part be- 
 ing in front and the other behind. On the insidS of the front piece are 
 numerous projections, like the heads of tack-nails. After the pieces are 
 put in place on the leg, they are pressed together with great force by 
 means of a screw turned by a long iron handle. By the cruel application 
 of this instrument, the leg was sometimes lamed for life. 
 
 4. The iron boot, or torture-boot. The victim was so bound that he 
 could not stir, being strapped to a block, with his right foot inserted 
 in the boot ; then boiling tar w as cast with a spoon into the boot so 
 that the foot and leg were fearfully burnt. The victim carried the results 
 to the grave. 
 
 5. Thumb-screws were small iron instruments, consisting of two iron 
 plates. In the center of each was a sharp point ; when one plate was un- 
 der the thumb, the other was over the thumb-nail, and the two plates 
 were then approximated by means of a powerful screw. Owing to the ex- 
 treme sensitiveness of the nerves in the ends of the thumb and fingers, 
 this instrument caused a most exquisite torture. 
 
 6. Foot-screws consisted of two iron plates to be used on the foot like 
 the Spanish boot on the leg. Its application was one of the first degrees 
 of torture, exerting a fearful pressure on the bones of the foot, and caus- 
 ing the toes of the foot to become a bluish color. 
 
 7. The mask of disgrace consists of iron hoops and plates closely tight- 
 ened about the neck of the victim, who was then sometimes placed on a 
 scaffold in public. It became very painful on account of its great weight, 
 
 if worn long. 
 
 8. The spider was an instrument of punishment and torture, with 
 
 which the flesh was torn from the body. It was an iron tongue resem- 
 bling a spider. The outrageous and fearful use to which the spider was 
 applied, made it one of the most cursed instruments of human tyranny. 
 By means of this sharp-pointed instrument, the breasts of women were 
 nearly torn out of the body. 
 
 9. The head-ring was an iron ring, with round balls mside for mild tor- 
 ture, but with iron spikes inside for greater. After being fitted around 
 the head, it was brought to bear with fearful agony to the victim by mean, 
 of a screw. In many cases the bones of the skull were entirely separated 
 by the compression. 
 
 10. Sometimes the arms were tied back behind so forcibly that the el- 
 bows touched each other ; then a long rope was tied to the elbows or 
 ^wrists and the victim was raised many feet high by the means of a pulley, 
 
29 
 
 and then suddenly let fall, but jerked up bfore reaching the floor. This- 
 mode of torture was called the strappado. There is now extant an official 
 account of the torture of Savonarola by this means. One author states 
 that he was let down in this manner no less than fourteen times in one eve- 
 ning. Burchard, thepapal prothonotary, says he was tortured seven times. 
 After the torture, he was burnt as a heretic, and still later venerated as a 
 saint ! 
 
 11. 'The finger-trap was a device into which the second tinger of the right 
 hand was placed, so as to be struck by a clap. It was used during the 
 trial to compel the victim to make satisfactory answers to the Inquisitor. 
 
 12. Fire was of frequent application. One author states that at one of 
 the Inquisitorial courts in Italy, the hands were covered with tow and 
 pitch, and then set on fire. This was only for women, and was consid- 
 ered a minor torture. 
 
 13 Another mode was to fasten a rope to each foot and hand, then pass' 
 each rope over a pulley in each corner of the room. Four attendants, one 
 in each corner, pulled the four ropes equally until the victim was raised 
 very high ; then he was let down so as to rest his weight, on an iron spike, 
 which formed a terribly painful support, often causing an agonizing death. 
 
 14. Slow starvation in a filthy dungeon was a very common mode of 
 torture. Instances are frequent where persons were kept thus for many 
 years, or until death came to their relief. 
 
 These are only a few of tbe modes of torture practiced by the Pope's. 
 Inquisition, but they will suffice for the present. Perhaps the reader 
 would be satisfied with only one. 
 
 The following was clipped from the N. Y. Times for Sunday, June 7, 
 1891:— 
 
 TORTURE TOOLS OX SHOW. 
 
 From the Pall Mall Gazette. 
 
 A gruesome collection of instruments of torture will be on view at Mme. 
 Tussaud's this week. It wa ; s, until recently, the property of a celebrated 
 collector, and contains some of the most fearsome engines for inflicting 
 torture which the misdirected ingenuity of man has ever devised. In it, 
 for example, is the iron chair used for torturmgjean Calas in Toulouse in 
 1702. The victim was seated and sustained by the front bar of the chair, 
 then by another vertical bar, while two rings fastened the ankles below; 
 in the upper oortion there was a collar for the neck, and then another 
 transverse bar passing through the first, and fitted at each extremity with 
 a ring holding the wrists. Underneath the seat was a stove. 
 
 The collection contains plenty of thumbscrews and apparatus for crush- 
 ing the fingers, as well as the only specimen of tongue pincers in existence. 
 This was used to secure the tongues of the tortured victims, and was em- 
 
30 
 
 •ployed upon the celebrated Damiens in 1757. The "tenaille mammere" 
 -;( torturing tongs) used in tearing his temples are also here. 
 
 Among the most interesting of the exhibits are the various "cinctures," 
 or torture girdles, some of which were used in the Spanish Inquisition. 
 The collection contains nothing, in fact, which would not be equal to giv- 
 ing one a very unpleasant quarter of an hour. 
 
 Note — There is also a very large and complete collection of such in- 
 struments at Nuremberg, Bavaria. — [Author. 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 The following incident shows Isabella's bigotry and superstition. As 
 soon as the Jews knew that their expulsion was under discussion by the 
 council, they endeavored to avert the blow that threatened them. "They 
 deputed their chief men to render to the sovereigns a propitiatory offer- 
 ing of thirty thousand ducats, about $128, ICO of our day, to assist in de- 
 fraying the expenses of the late war. The bribe was tempting, and Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella were hesitating whether it would be better to accept 
 this large sum and defer the final blow until another opportunity, when the 
 Inquisitor-General, abruptly entering the department where the negotia- 
 tion between the sovereigns and the Jewish deputies was carried on, 
 drew from his bosom a crucifix, saying: 'Judas Iscariot sold the Savior 
 for thirty pieces of silver ; your highnesses are now selling him for thirty 
 thousand. Behold him here — take him and barter him as you will ;' and 
 with unfeigned indignation the insaue fanatic threw the holy symbol on the 
 table and withdrew. The monk's insolent demeanor decided the matter; 
 — religious zeal lent its weight on the side of interest and the petition was 
 rejected." V. Anita George, p. 211. 
 
 America needs no monument to perpetuate such devotion to bigotry and 
 superstition. 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 The following anecdotes have been culled from "The Life and Voyages 
 of Columbus," by W. Irving. They serve to show the natural character 
 of Isabella, and the spirit of those times when every form of religious 
 thought, except the paganism and idolatry of Roman Catholicism, was re- 
 pressed by the popish Inquisition. 
 
 Vol. I., p. 285. "Isabella from the first took the most warm and com- 
 passionate interest in the welfare of the Indians fof the West Indies]. 
 Won by the accounts given by Columbus of their gentleness and 
 simplicity, and looking upon them as committed by heaven to her especial 
 care, her heart was filled with concern at their destitute and ignorant con- 
 dition. She ordered that great care should be taken of their religious in- 
 
Ol 
 
 ^truction ; that they should be treated with the utmost kindness ; and en- 
 joined Columbus to inflict signal punishment on all Spaniards who should 
 be guilty of outrage or injustice towards them." 
 
 The following shows the signal piety of the queen : 
 
 (p. 285.) "By way, it was said, of offering to heaven the first fruits of 
 these pagan nations, the six Indians whom Columbus had bro't to Barce- 
 lona were baptized with great state and ceremony ; the king, queen and 
 prince Juan officiating as sponsors. Great hopes were entertained that 
 on their return to their native country, they would facilitate the introduc- 
 tion of Christianity [Catholicism] among their countrymen. One of them 
 at the request of Prince Juan (Isabella's eldest son), remained in his 
 (Juan's) household, but died not long afterwards ; a Spanish historian 
 remarked that, according to what ought to be our pious belief, he was the 
 first of his nation that entered heaven." (Vol. 11., p. 40). "In his(Co- 
 lumbus's) eagerness to produce immediate profit, and to indemnify the 
 sovereigns for those expenses which bore hard upon the royal treasury, 
 he sent, likewise, aoove 500 Indian prisoners, who, he suggested, might 
 be sold as slaves at Seville. It is painful to find the brilliant renown of 
 Columbus sullied by so foul a stain. The customs of the times, however 
 must be pleaded in apology. The precedent had been given long before, 
 by Spaniards and Portuguese, in their African discoveries, wherein the 
 traffic in slaves had formed one of the greatest sources of profit. In fact, 
 the practice had been sanctioned by the church [of RomeJ itself, and her 
 most learned theologians had pronounced all barbarous and infidel nations, 
 who shut their ears to the truths of Christianity [Romanism], fair objects 
 of war and rapine, of captivity and slavery. If Columbus needed any 
 practical illustration of this doctrine, he had it in the conduct of Ferdinand • 
 himself in his late wars with the Moors of Grenada, in which he had al- 
 ways been surrounded by a crowd of ghostly advisers, and had professed 
 to do everything for the glory and advancement of the faith. In this holy 
 war, as it was termed, it was a common practice to make inroads into the 
 Moorish territories and carry off calvacades, not merely of flocks and 
 herds but of human beings, and those not warriors taken with weapons in 
 their hands, but quiet villagers, laboring pansantry, and helpless women 
 and children [not Romanists but Mohammedans'}. These were carried to the 
 market at Seville, or to other populous towns, and sold into slavery. 
 The capture of Malaga was a memorable instance, where, as a punishment 
 for an obstinate and brave defence, which should have excited admiration 
 rather than revenge, 11,000 people of both sexes, and of all ranks and 
 
ages, were suddenly torn from their homes, severed from each other. ;y.h1 
 swept into menial slavery, even tho' "one half of their rausoms had been 
 paid. . . 
 
 He acted but in conformity to the customs of the times, and was sanc- 
 tioned by theexample of the sovereign ["Isabella] under whom he served." 
 
 In the effort to obtain the numbers of persons allowed to go with Co- 
 lumbus on his 3d. voyage, "a general pardon was published for all male- 
 factors at large, who within a certain time should surrender themselves 
 to the. admiral, and embark for the colonies." Those only were excepted 
 from this indulgence, who had committed heresy , treason, coining, murder 
 or other specified crimes." Heresy and murder on a par ! (Vol. II., p. 
 625). "Ferdinand was a religious bigot, and the devotion of Isabella 
 went as near to bigotry as her liberal mind and magnanimous spirit would 
 permit." ''Both the sovereigns were under the influence of ecclesiastical 
 politicians constantly guiding their enterprises in the direction to re- 
 dound to the temporal power and glory of the church." 
 
 (Vol. II., p. 384). Columbus had been shipwrecked on the northern 
 coast of Jamaica, and had been roosting for several months on the top of 
 one of his vessels, suffering from starvation and in momentary expecta- 
 tion of death from the outraged natives, or the stormy sea, when he wrote a 
 long letter to the sovereigns of Spain in which he said : 'In my temporal 
 concerns without a farthing to offer for a mass; cast away here in the In- 
 dies ; surrounded by cruel and hostile savages ; isolated, infirm, expec- 
 ting each day will be my last; in spiritual concerns, separated from the 
 holy sacraments of the church, so that my soul, if parted here from my 
 body, must be forever lost." * '-It it should please God to deliver 
 
 me hence, I humbly supplicate your majesties to permit me to repair to 
 Rome and perform other pilgrimages.'" 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 THE DEATH AND BURIAL OF THE QUEEN. 
 
 One act of this queen's life might serve as a lesson to the people of the 
 United States : Just before death she advised her successors not to appoint 
 any. foreigner to office. (Anita George, p. 3C0). 
 
 She died Nov. 26., 1504. In accordance with the wish sha had ex- 
 pressed, to be buried in her favorite city of Granada, the funeral train 
 set out on the following day with her remains. But from the day the melan- 
 choly procession started until that when it reached its destination, it was 
 assailed by the most terrible storms. The swollen torrents from the 
 mountains tore up the roads, rendering them almost impassable, while the 
 
33 
 
 rvers carried away the bridges, and submerged the plains. During the 
 three weeks that elapsed ere they could reach their destination, the sad 
 pilgrims saw neither sun nor stars. Many of their horses and mules were 
 unable to resist the violence of the torrents, and several of their riders 
 perished with them. The sad calvacade at length on the 18th of Decem- 
 ber, entered Granada which a few years before, she had with so 
 many acts of cruelty wrested from its rightful owners, the Moors, and the 
 body of the queen was deposited in the monaster she had named. 
 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 A brilliant Roman Catholic orator, Daniel Dougherty, in his speech at 
 the opening of the Catholic Congress at Baltimore, Md., in the year 1889 
 expressed himself thus : — 
 
 "The people in the United States — aye, of the hemisphere — are prepar- 
 ing to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. We 
 especially rejoice in this resolve. That tremendous event — with reverence 
 I may sajr the second creation — the finding of a new world and the vast 
 results that have flowed to humanity, all can be traced directly to the Ro- 
 man Catholic Church alone. Protestantism was unknown when America 
 was discovered. Let the students, the scholars, poets, historians, search 
 the archives of Spain, the libraries of Europe, and the deeper the re- 
 search the more the glory will adorn the brow of Catholicity. 
 It was the Catholic Columbus, with a Catholic crew, who sailed away out 
 for months upon an unknown sea, where ship had never sailed before. . 
 It was to spread the Catholic faith that the sublime risk was run." 
 
 Presuming the orator faithfully reflected the belief and designs of the 
 papac} 7 , the question, Who discovered America? becomes more interest- 
 ing ; tho' it would not follow that, because a country was discovered by a 
 Catholic, its people should be subjects of the Pope ; nor does it follow that 
 because Columbus discovered an island, or several islands in some distant 
 ocean, he should be awarded the glory of discovering a great continent 
 hundreds of miles awav. Columbus discovered South America in 1498. 
 it is true; but John Cabot, in the employ of Henry VII. of England, had 
 discovered the continent of North America in 1497, June 24th, and had 
 sailed all along from latitude 67£° to 88°, on the coast of Virginia. 
 
 Under the head John Cabot, p. 23, "Dictionnaire du XIX Siecle," is 
 found the following : : • 
 
 "John Cabot, acelebrated Venetian navigator in the service of England, 
 
 completed the discovery of the new world by first putting foot upon the 
 
 American continent. It is known in fact that Christopher Columbus, in 
 
 the time of his first voyage, had not touched the continent, but only a part 
 
 of the archipelago of the Antilles. 
 
34 
 
 John Cabot was of Venice, but his commercial relations having lixed him- 
 with his family at Bristol, he adopted England for his country." . . 
 
 "John Cabot set sail in the spring of 1497 for the continent of America. 
 His son Sebastian made a report of the voyage, in which land was discov- 
 ered on the 24th of June 1497." It was inhabited, and Sebastian gives an 
 interesting description of the natives and of the animals found there,, 
 which description corresponds well with the facts as they were at that time. 
 
 This first land which Cabot discovered was Labrador. He then sailed 
 south as far as the cape of Florida, and returned to Bristol with a rich, 
 cargo and three savages, living witness of his discovery of the American 
 continent, upon which Columbus landed only one year after, i. e. 1498." 
 
 "In reality one may well say that he who truly discovered the American 
 continent, if not the New World, was John Cabot. 
 
 Moreover, the historian Purchas proposed naming this continent Cabo- 
 
 tiana." 
 
 "On his return to England, John Cabot was received with a distinction, 
 
 so great, that a long time afterwards the historians wrote : 
 
 'John Cabot was to England what Christopher Columbus was to Spain ;- 
 the latter showed the islands to the Spaniards, the former discovered the 
 continent of America for the English.' " 
 
 La Rousse, the author of this huge "Dictionnaire," consisting of 15- 
 ponderous volumes, being a Frenchman, cannot be accused of partiality 
 to England. 
 
 Columbus was a bigoted Romanist, as he showed not only by his letters, 
 but by his treatment of the natives of the West Indies. It is a principle 
 of Romanism that non-catholic nations have no rights that Roman Catho- 
 lics need to respect ; hence we find Columbus sending 500 of the peace- 
 able, happy natives to Spain to be sold like cattle ; at other times butcher- 
 ing them to reduce them to slavery ! It is estimated that Columbus and 
 other Spanish leaders destroyed the lives of 15,000,000 of natives in the 
 islands, in Mexico, Central America and South America! 
 
 We are willing to concede to Daniel Dougherty the glory of these 
 Spanish, Roman Catholic plunderers, with that of Romish Mexico, Cen- 
 tral America, South America and the AVest Indies ; but the glory of free 
 America- — the United States — is the victory of the Protestantism of Eng- 
 land over the bigoted Catholicism of Spain and of Rome. 
 
 Admiral Coligny of France, with a view of affording an asylum for the 
 French Protestants to escape the terrible persecutions of Romanism, found- 
 ed a colony of them in Brazil, 1555 ; but they were massacred as heretics, 
 by the Spaniards in 1558. (V. De Bry— America.) 
 
35 
 
 Again the valiant Coligny sent a colony to Florida in 1562. The intol- 
 erant and fanatical Philipe II., true to the principles of Romanism, sent 
 500 soldiers under Pedro Menendez with orders to destroy the heretics. 
 By treachery Menendez gained the contidenc3 of the French, and then 
 murdered every one of them, men, women and children /—in all, 400 inno- 
 cent, unoffending people. 
 
 His last act before committing these murders was attendance at mass. 
 
 Menendez hanged a great many of these Protestants to the branches of 
 a tree to which he affixed a writing to this effect : 
 
 "These have been punished, not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans and 
 heretics." 
 
 This occurred early in September 1564, and received the approbation 
 of the courts of Spain and France, and of the Church of Rome! 
 
 Yes. my clear Dan, the deeper the research, the more (this kind) of 
 glory will adorn the brow of Catholicity. This time "it was [not] the 
 Catholic Columbus with a Catholic crew ;" but it was Catholic Menendez ; 
 and it is hard to tell which was the most faithful Catholic, or the most un- 
 christian man. 
 
 Only z4 years later, Roman Catholic Spain, finding that Protestant 
 England could not otherwise be prevented from establishing Protestant 
 colonies in North America, determined to subjugate England itself. For 
 this purpose, the Invincible Armada, the grandest war-fleet ever brought 
 together, blessed by the Pope, and assisted by an immense army, set out 
 from the Tagus river on the 29th clay of May 1588. It reached the shores 
 of England, where a tremendous naval-battle was fought, and Protestant 
 England was triumphant. 
 
 Do you not see, my dear Dan, that this great Protestant nation ha s 
 grown up, not by the aid of Roman Catholicism, but in spite of it; and 
 that the celebration of our 400th anniversary, is the celebration of a Pro- 
 testant triumph of 400 years duration over the ignorance, superstition, 
 and fierce fanaticism of the papacy? 
 
 It could easily be shown that the rise, progress, prosperity, and happi- 
 ness of these United States owes far more to the honesty, manliness and 
 sublime courage of Martin Luther than to Christopher Columbus.. 
 
36 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 Such were the public life, the public acts, and real character of Queen 
 Isabella ; the first Catholic Queen of Spain. The great public acts of her 
 life were the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition in 1487; the sub- 
 jection, destruction and expulsion of the Moors ; the robbery of the Jews 
 and their expulsion from her kingdom ; and, lastly, her tardy recogni- 
 tion of Columbus, and parsimonious encouragement and support of his 
 great enterprise. 
 
 The candid reader of this little work, will not know everything about 
 Queen Isabella, but will have a fair understanding of her most important 
 acts. 
 
 Her apologists aver that she was driven by her ghostly advisers — her 
 confessors, the cardinals, and other dignitaries of the Romish hierarchy— 
 to establish the Inquisition to destroy the Moors, who, tho' Mohammedans, 
 were a highly refined people, and to expel the Jews. If this averment is 
 true, she was certainly a weak and pHiable monarch. That she was guided 
 by the councils of the Romish church, I will not deny ; but that she was 
 obliged to take its council and act upon it seems hardly credible. If she 
 was the tool of the church, she does not deserve a statue in these United 
 States; if she established the inquisition, persecuted the Jews and de- 
 stroyed and exiled the Moors because not of her faith, then is she still 
 not deserving. 
 
 As to her assisting Columbus in the effort to sail westward across the 
 Atlantic Oceau to reach the Indies, little credit should be given her. 
 
 Far more is due to the Finzon family, who were experienced and wealthy 
 navigators. They listened to Columbus, approved his scheme, and 
 furnished him with one vessel and crew at their own expense. 
 
 The queen authorized Columbus to seize two more and impress their 
 crews, and in this way he obtained them! (See Irving's Life and Voya- 
 ges of Columbus, B. 1., p. 121. ) The small sum of money given to the 
 great discoverer really came from the coffers of Aragon. (See p. 112, 
 same author.) 
 
 Thus it seems the little aid she really extended him, she stole from her 
 Spanish subjects. Does such a woman deserve a statue at the hands of 
 tree and honest American citizens? 
 
 But suppose we interrogate the native inhabitants of the West Indies 
 and of South America, where we find that the subjects of this darling 
 queen put to death, by the most fiendish tortures, the most atrocious 
 cruelties ever devised by human ingenuity, about fifteen millions of inuQ- 
 
cent and happy people ! In Irving' s great work above cited, we rind quo- 
 tations from the diary of Columbus, showing that the natives of these Is- 
 lands and of the mainland also were of the most gentle and amiable char- 
 acter. They received Columbus and his Spanish crews with open arms, 
 and entertained them with a hospitality such as no Christian nation on 
 earth would have granted them, — giving them food when starving, fur- 
 nishing them aid when stranded on their shores — yea, even granting their 
 young women to them for wives. In return for so great favors the Span- 
 iards enslaved them, worked them under the lash till relieved by death, 
 and compelled them by fiery tortures to bring in and deliver up their 
 treasures, and then continued the tortures unto death in hopes to force 
 them to bring still more! 
 
 As the subjects of a sovereign are an honor to her when they are wise, 
 brave and good, so must she bear the disgrace when they are ignorant, 
 bigoted and brutish. Like subjects like sovereigns. If the sovereign es- 
 tablishes an Inquisition, which tortures to death and burns alive thousands 
 of her most upright and most intelligent subjects and confiscates their 
 estates ; if she robs and cruelly exiles whole races of good citizens and 
 sells them into hopeless slavery, in order to her own aggrandizement, 
 what can she expect from her subjects? 
 
 The history of Spain from Isabella's time to our day is a fair answer 
 to this question. 
 
 The Author. 
 
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 "I have a high opinion of the purposes, matter and manner of Le Citoyen 
 Franco-Americaim No other journal tills the place that this one worthily occu- 
 pies. It deserves great success." — Joseph Cook. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Published in both French and English by 
 
 THE FRENCH EVANGELICAL PUBLISHING SOCIETY, 
 
 182 State Street, Boston, Mass. 
 
40 ' 
 
 PLATFORM OF THE 
 
 PATRIOTIC AMERICAN. 
 
 1. Restriction of immigration by tax or otherwise. 
 
 2. Extension of time required for naturalization to at least ten years, and none but citizens 
 of the United States, who are able to read and write the English language, be permitted to vote. 
 
 3. Ballot reform. 
 
 4. An ivnsectarian Free School System, where only the English language is taught. 
 
 5. Compulsory education in the Public Schools of all children above the ages of six years. 
 
 6. That no public funds or public property shall, under any pretense whatever, whether edu- 
 cational, reformatory, penal or charitable, be devoted to the vise of popish, mormon, or any other 
 religious political body hostile to American liberty. 
 
 7. The taxation of all property, state and national included. 
 
 8. Every measure that will promote temperance, morality and obedience to law. 
 
 9. A law forbidding a Romanist from holding any position in the Public School System of any 
 kind whatever. A law forbidding the teaching of the creed, form or ceremonies of any sect, re- 
 ligious organization or society in Public Schools. 
 
 10. And, finally, The Patriotic American will uphold to the best of its ability the cause of 
 the independent and patriotic, citizen who will not cringe the knee to popish priest or nun, that 
 pelf may follow fawning. 
 
 TIx«3 Patriotic American, 
 
 ISSUED "WEKELT. 
 
 $2.00-Per Year in Advanee.-$2.0Q 
 
 KATES TO CLUBS. 
 
 To Clubs of 10 or more — £1.75 each — $17.50 To Clubs of 50 or more $1.25 each....$ 62. 50 
 
 To Clubs of 25 or more .. . 1.50 each 37.50 To Clubs of 100 or more 1.00 each 100.00 
 
 "W. J. H. TRxlYNOl?, Publisher, 
 
 OFFICE, 227 JEFEERSOTC AVEXCE, ... DETROIT, MICM. 
 
 "Answers to Protestant Questions and Objections" 
 
 REVIEWED, WITH APPENDICES, 
 By KEY. X. FEWWICK, 
 
 Of Woodbridge, Ontario, Canada, 
 
 hi cloth, $1.00. In paper covers, 60 cents, postpaid. Cm be had 
 from the author'. 
 
41 
 
 J£(stai»lisliecl 18S4, 
 
 ''wrmi 
 
 (THE FAITHFUL MESSENGER), 
 
 A French Evangelical Review oflO to 24 pages, double columns. 
 
 Has an English Department of one to three pages. 
 
 The first and oaly French Methodist publication on this continent. 
 Every Methodist that can read French, or would like to learn French, 
 ought to take it. Try it for one year. 
 
 One Dollar jpc3i* Aniiuiii. 
 
 Published by Rev. Thos. A. Dorion, 
 
 Pastor of the French M. E. Church, 
 
 28 Penacook Street. 
 
 IVXancliester, 1ST. H. 
 
 CHASE ROYS, A.M., M.D. and LIB., 
 
 for of this pamphlet, of "The 
 
 re of St. Bartholomew/' and 
 
 8 ons other writing's on the "Ro- 
 
 Catholic Machine," will deliyer 
 
 •ture on the "School Question," 
 
 ler phase of the hierarchy, 
 
 nt in the United States or 
 
 •orided all expenses for same 
 
 id that he be afforded rea- 
 
 >tection against the slaves 
 
 Address 
 
 F St N.W., Washington, D.C. 
 
42 
 
 lLLU STRlOUS NAMES- 
 
 vl Hisanarra- 
 f st Bartbolowe^> drca \ a fcion, 
 
 * resss* M^ssi-r? wUl tavc 
 
 rp a9 ior of U^ \ __ — - „ c0 mpileu oy 
 
 ^ Newman. J — --~ . u _ tbo iovnew, 5 an dmo9t^ 
 
 , utosacre of St. Bago t a Y an ^ ^ of 
 
 I Uavc read ^^^encl^^, and *** * 
 govs, LLr£v of fee great 1 a** CtfW^U onie .] 
 
 -^irerSanfatnily- [Ex . Priest of Ron 
 
 _— — — -"^ wvsiii^ TCS '?; ;1 
 
 l30 l Coboobas Si- January- 
 
 *ftt BarthoW 
 , r t „ -The Massacre of b: x bavc ,, 
 
 great uteres 1 , °7 l0 the veal poUcj , ibe rty, *»" 
 
 S*|f^ , f christian an4Xn^T We ! 
 ^;^i^°so-ciaot ly sta t ea in y «u & J 
 
 famaV.arv.aUU> ^ 
 
 ' ' , n , Kenmarel «f«&J£S? toW. 
 
 MTttetuW be^rcu^d aU over pecduUy l0I M a 
 wishes rt eo , „ a crossed V Cm be had 
 
 c \e eet cm jj / 
 
 / 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 028 102 766 9 •