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AN ADDRESS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 CITIZENS OF MASSACHUSETTS, 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CAUSES AND REMEDY 
 
 OF OUR 
 
 NATIONAL DISTRESSES, 
 
 BY A FELLOW SUFFERER- 
 
 BOSTON : / 
 
 PRINTED AT THE REPERTORY OFFICE. 
 1808. 
 

ADDRESS. 
 
 It is proper for us who are the citizens of a repub- 
 lican government, at all times to take an interest in the 
 political concerns of our country ; to examine and reflect 
 on the publick measures which have been adopted, or are 
 recommended ; to avail ourselves of every means of ascer- 
 taining what the general good requires, and to determine 
 where we ought to bestow our confidence, by comparing 
 the conduct and avowed principles of those ^vho occupy 
 or are candidates for offices of publick trust, with the re- 
 sult of our reflections. But at a time when our national 
 affairs are known to be involved in perplexity, when we 
 find ourselves actually suffering serious evils, and are call- 
 ed upon to decide whom we shall choose as guardians of 
 our country's welfare, it is particularly important that we 
 should be active, inquisitive and conscientious, in the in- 
 teresting duties we have to perform. 
 
 It is true that on such occasions imposture is ever busy, 
 and the people ought not rashly to credit relations of ne^v, 
 pretended facts, which have a bearing on the vie^i^s or 
 measures of government ; but no man need be more afraid 
 to reason, or to hear reason, on the approach of an election, 
 than at any other season. The attempt, therefore, which 
 undoubtedly some will make to prejudice readers against 
 an impartial attention to this address, from the time of its 
 publication, will be found by those who will peruse it, 
 without any just cause. It shall be a plain appeal to the 
 understanding of electors ; it shall be a discussion of sub-- 
 jects, with the circumstances of which the publick, gen- 
 erally, ai^e already acquainted. 
 
L 4 ] 
 
 Every man knows that the prospects of the United States 
 are at this moment more gloomy and alarming than has 
 been experienced since our independence was achieved ; 
 that the publick sufterings are great ; too great to be long 
 endured, without the most distressing consequences. The 
 object of this sketch is to shew that these calamities result, 
 principally, from that system of politicks which our nation- 
 al administration have adopted ; to which they seem fatally 
 wedded ; and from which we can hope for no relief, but by 
 changing a majorit}- of those who have had, or ought to 
 have had, the direction of our national concerns. 
 
 It would not be difficult to prove that in many respects 
 the innovations which have been practised for several years, 
 in the management of our domestick relations, have pro- 
 duced much evil. But as the distresses which predomi- 
 nate, and tlie ruin which threatens us, depend on the state 
 of our foreign connexions, we shall confine our remarks 
 to them, and pailicularly to our relations with Great Brit- 
 ain^ France and Spain. 
 
 The immediate cause of our sufferings is the arrest of 
 our external commerce. The pretended objects of govern- 
 ment in subjecting us to this measure have been, to secure 
 the persons and property of our citizens^ and to coerce the 
 belligerents of Europe to remove certain alledged grounds of 
 coniplahtt. If the first was ever a motive in the minds of 
 our rulers, it must have ceased to operate, ever since our 
 merchants, whose interest was to be guarded by com- 
 mercial restrictions, have been aware of the nature and ex- 
 tent of the danger to which they were exposed. This fact 
 has been so fully and so frequently demonstrated, and is 
 so obvious to every person's comprehension, further argu- 
 ment would be superfluous. As a measure of coercion^ 
 whatever may have been professed by its authors, the 
 steps which the Executive has taken, the language used in 
 Congress, the sentiments avowed in certain papers, and 
 the feelings expressed by the partizans of Administration 
 in every part of the union, prove unequivocally, that Great 
 Britain is the object, 
 
 I shall not here expose the futility of the Embargo, or 
 any other commercial restrictions, imposed with a view tp 
 coerce Great Britain. The consummate folly of that doc- 
 
[ 5 ] 
 
 trine is already, or soon will be, manifest to every man in 
 the United States. That the suspension of commerce 
 deeply injures this country no one disputes. If it is an 
 inefficient measure, as it respects Great Britain, it certainly 
 cannot be justified, on any account. If it is a powerful 
 measure, justice requires that it should not be adopted 
 without just and serious cause of complaint ; and expe- 
 dience requires that it should injure her more than our- 
 selves. 
 
 What reasons has America to pursue a system of viru- 
 lent hostility towards Great Britain ? The reasons oftered 
 are definite and familiar to the publick. The impressment 
 of her seamen from our merchant ships; the restrictions 
 she imposes on the colonial trade ; the attack on the Ches- 
 apeake, and her recent Orders of Council. 
 
 First ; she claims the right of taking her oxv7i seamen^ 
 from neutral merchant ships. There is not a mai^itime na- 
 tion in Europe that does not practice the same. Nay more ; 
 it is both claimed and enforced by the United States. With 
 what face then can this be alledged as a ground of contest? 
 Great Britain never asserted a right to impress American 
 citizens. 
 
 Secondly, she claims the right of interdicting to neu- 
 trals the unaccustomed trade between her enemies and 4§*' 
 colonies^ either direct, or circuitous. It is unnecessary 
 to state on what principles, since she so qualifies the exer- 
 ixiise of this right in favour of neutrals, as to leave them the 
 j whole profit of that trade. The additional expense to which 
 neutral merchants are subjected, and the trifling allow- 
 ance they pay to their own government from the colonial 
 [trade, are refunded by the consumer. The general prin- 
 ciple of countries possessing colonies is to monopolize 
 iMtheir trade in peace. If one belligerent, from having 
 i|a superiour maritime power, presents insuperable ob- 
 stacles to the colonial trade of the other, how far a neu- 
 tral can rightfully interfere and remove such obstacles, is 
 a question of great interest and much difficulty of adjust- 
 ment, between Great Britain and the United States. On a 
 point, however, so peculiarly deiicats, in the present criti- 
 cal state of the world. Great Britain has explicitly ollered 
 to enter into an arrangement, by which the United States 
 
C 6 ] 
 
 would have, during the present war, all the pecuniary ad- 
 vantages they claim, and leave the question of right, as 
 asserted by each paily, wholly unaffected by the stipula- 
 tion. After this offer on her part, no man can pretend that 
 the colonial trade need be a subject of serious controversy, 
 much less an occasion of hostility with Great Britain. 
 
 Thirdly ; the United States' ship Chesapeake xvas attack- 
 ed by a British frigate. That spirit which evinces a strict 
 regai'd to national rights, a high sense of national honour, 
 preferring even the risk of life to disgrace, is true patriotism ; 
 it is a spirit to be encouraged and admired ; but it is not inex- 
 orable, and when falsely directed, it ceases to be a virtue ; it 
 becomes a crime. It is as MTong to reject atonement for an in- 
 jury, as it is dishonourable to endure it without resentment. 
 It is notorious tliat from the moment the attack on the Ches- 
 apeake was even reported in England, the British govern- 
 ment displayed a strongly marked solicitude to ascertain 
 the nature of the injury, to assure our government of their 
 sincere disposition to make reparation, and to preserve 
 peace and friendship between the two nations. This sys- 
 tem of conduct was immediately commenced and unremit- 
 tingly pursued, until her own character, among nations ^vho 
 were witnesses to her conciliatory efforts and their failure, 
 required that she should proceed no further. The act of 
 the individual was censured and discussed in every form 
 necessary to gi"\^e the disavowal force and character. The 
 king by royal proclamation expressly forbade the commis- 
 sion of such acts ; the go\'ernment, though deeply occu- 
 pied in a war for national existence, entered promptly and 
 zealously into a negotiation with our minister ; an accom- 
 modation, there, being found impracticable, owing to posi- 
 tive instructions from our executive, Great Britain still 
 persevered, and sent an honourable embassy for the ex- 
 press purpose of offering to the United States ample atone- 
 ment for the injury she had unintentionally done us. That 
 this affair has not, long since, been amicably and honoura- 
 bly settled has been the choice of our government. It is 
 therefore preposterous to adduce this as a cause of ^var. 
 
 Fourthly ; there remains then but her late ordei^s of Coun- 
 cil. Great Britain has declared that the Berlin decree, 
 ■w'ould j ustify her, on the lav/ of retaliation, in doing more, and 
 
[ 7 ] 
 
 required all that she has done. That she is sincere in this 
 declaration is evident, from this consideration. Had she 
 simply proclaimed those ports and coasts in a state of 
 blockade which were actually invested by her fleets the 
 same effect would have been the consequence, and no na- 
 tion could have questioned the justice of her conduct. But 
 she has met her enemy on the ground he had taken, and 
 if we choose to complain, we must in equity direct our 
 complaints against that power ^vhich set the example. By 
 retaliating measures on her enemy in kind, Great Britain, 
 has given us no cause of war. 
 
 Yet under these pretences the friendly relations between 
 the United States and that country have been suspended- 
 a non-miportation act has been passed; a proclamation in- 
 terdicting our ports to her ships of war has been issued 
 ±.mbargo laws have been multiplied; and we are assured 
 they cannot be annulled without resorting next to OPEN 
 WAR! In short, the ruin of the United States appears to 
 be a secondary consideration with our government, while 
 the indulgence of a most malignant enmity towards Great 
 Britain is the first. It cannot be believed that the people 
 of this country concur with the present administration, in 
 this pertinacious, unjust, and self-destructive hatred. The 
 majority of our citizens undoubtedly wish for justice and 
 no more ; they are anxious to see harmony restored, on 
 terms which shall secure to our nation its rights, and heal 
 our wounded honour. Such terms Great Britain has prof- 
 lered, and with a solicitude which evinces her sincerity. 
 1 here is then no obstacle to an amicable accommodation 
 but the prejudices of those who control and inthral our 
 pubhck concerns. Is it not time, standing as we do, on the 
 brink of rum, to embrace the only means we possess of 
 terminating the evils resulting from these prejudices, by 
 placing government in the hands of men of pure, patriot- 
 ick, and unbiassed principles ? 
 
 But besides this steady and deep rooted enmity towards 
 ii^ngland, there is another cause of that crooked policy, 
 which has involved our country in its present embarrass- 
 ments. The conduct of our government towards France 
 and her conduct towards us afford a perfect reverse to the 
 picture we have given, tending however to the same end. 
 
[ 3 ] 
 
 Here again I shall appeal to facts of publick notoriety^ 
 France has always interfered in the doniestick politicks of 
 the United States. She has directly interposed in our con- 
 cerns with Spain, and for several years prevented an adjust- 
 ment of our disputes with that nation. She has swindled 
 our government in the sale of Louisiana, the boundaiies of 
 which remain undetermined. She lias plundered, sunk and 
 burnt our defenceless merchantmen on the ocean. She has 
 seized, confiscated, and condemned, our vessels in her own 
 ports and in the ports of Spain, contrary to the laws of na- 
 tions. She has in a most outrageous maimer violated her 
 treaty with us, and that too with respect to the liberty of 
 the seas, of which she hypocritically declares to the world 
 she is the champion. She has insultingly dictated to our 
 government the course they must take with regard to other 
 nations — officially pronounced us at war with Great Brit- 
 ain, and seized the property of our citizens as a pledge of 
 our acquiescence. She lias issued decree upon decree 
 against our commerce, in contempt of the most unques- 
 tionable principles of right ; and under the sanction of her 
 unjustifiable decrees, declared our merchant ships dena- 
 tionalized, and made our citizens prisoners of war. Such 
 is the treatmeUt we have received from France ; and what 
 has been the conduct of our government in return ? Not 
 merely patient and abject submission, for years, to her ac- 
 cumulating insults and injuries; but active friendship, un- 
 disguised pailiality and zealous co-operation in her views. 
 Her ministers are received and treated with cordiality; our 
 national treasury is devoted to her service ; her ships of 
 war are welcomed to our ports, while her. enemy's are in- 
 terdicted ; at her instance, we abandoned the lucrative trade 
 of St. Domingo, and on a principle un\varrantable and un- 
 known, our government pmiishes our citizens at home for 
 acts committed within what France calls her jurisdiction. 
 In fine, we actually make common cause wath France in 
 her war against die liberty of other nations, and have vol- 
 imtarily adopted the same measures imposed by her on 
 the conquered countries of Europe, except the open resort 
 to arms in her favour, and even that has been repeatedly 
 tlireatened. This slavish attachment to the cause of France, 
 at the expense of our national rights, honour and prosper)- 
 
[ 9 ] 
 
 ty, not only accords with, but explains, the hatred of 
 our government towards England. This accounts for 
 their declining her pacifick overtures ; conjuring up un- 
 founded complaints ; rejecting a treaty with Great Bri- 
 tain, made by a minister ^vith competent authority and act- 
 ing within his instructions : And lastly, it explains the real 
 cause of the embargo, the source of those distresses, which 
 have spread dismay and consternation throughout the Uni- 
 ted States. 
 
 I hazard nothing in asserting, that this base disposition 
 to truckle to the insulting, domineering conduct of France, 
 this sacrifice of our national independence, our character 
 and dearest rights cannot be approved by the mass of the 
 people of this country, of any party. There cannot be a 
 doubt but that a spirited and manly deportment in our 
 government towards France, notwithstanding her overbear- 
 ing temper, would have secured us better treatment, and 
 left us at peace, if we chose it, with the rest of the 
 world. A former administration pursued this policy with 
 success. This is therefore a second powerful reason for 
 improving the present opportunity of placing men in our 
 councils, who are free from foreign attachments and anti- 
 pathies ; who will resent real injuries ; acknowledge real 
 friends ; and who will not sacrifice the prosperity of our 
 own country to gratify any power whatever. 
 
 In one other point of view, the state of our foreign rela- 
 tions merits serious consideration. The situation of Europe 
 is now undergoing a great and important change. The 
 tyranny of France, which has for some time kept European 
 nations in awe, has at last reduced them to desperation. A 
 natural, spontaneous resistance has commenced against 
 her on the continent, and v/ith a success which promises a 
 glorious result, in which the whole world is interested. 
 France, hated by every state in Europe, is losing her in- 
 fluence among them. Her arms cease to be dreaded, and 
 cease to have their euect. There is the strongest proba- 
 bility, that, encouraged by the triumphs of Spain and Por- 
 tugal, who have led the way in an attempt to recover their 
 independence, other nations, who have the same motives, 
 will pursue the same course. What then is our prospect? 
 Adhering to the cause of France, abetting her usurpations, 
 
 B 
 
[ 10 ] 
 
 cold and even hostile to all who oppose her, our govern- 
 ment will secure to itself the hatred and contempt, and 
 exclude itself from the favour of every nation that can or 
 M'ishes to regain its freedom. We shall make enemies of 
 all the world ; for even France, though she will use us for 
 her purposes, does and will treat us as her SLAVE. But 
 a majority, it is to be hoped a large majorit}^ of the people 
 of the United States have no share in that enmity, express- 
 ed by our government, to the independence of nations whom 
 France has subdued or against whom she is contending. 
 This is a third and increasing motive to place those in 
 po\^-er who feel with the people, and who may avert the 
 calamities, which would certainly result from making com- 
 mon cause with France. 
 
 I have been cautious, in tliis sketch of the foreign rela- 
 tions of the United States, to confine myself strictly to 
 points which have been canvassed, and established before 
 the publick. In no one instance do I require an implicit 
 belief of the reader. Let any man candidly examine and 
 consider the publick transactions of our government, the 
 conduct of other nations towards us, and the events which 
 have taken place, and are now evolving in Europe, and he 
 will find in his own breast a consciousness, that what I 
 have said is true. To his reason I appeal, whether the 
 inferences are not correct. 
 
 There is a very interesting consideration, which I have 
 not yet brought to view, intimately connected with the 
 policy of our government towards foreign nations, though 
 it immediately relates to the administration of our domes- 
 tick affairs. It has contributed no less than the causes 
 which have been mentioned, to the existing distresses of 
 our country. I mean, the deep-rooted hostility of the pre- 
 sent ruling party to commerce^ from principle. To 
 detail the proofs which might be adduced, that Mr. Jeffer- 
 son and Mr. Madison are, and have been, for twenty years, 
 decided enemies of our commerce would fill a book alone. 
 There M'ould not remain a shadow of doubt of this impor- 
 tant fact, at this time, after Jefferson's Report, and Madi- 
 son's Resolutions, of 1794, if these men had not always 
 made the extension of commerce their professed object, 
 while its ULTIMATE DESTRUCTION was the certain end of 
 
t II ] 
 
 theh' measures. But men's real intentions are best ascer- 
 tained by their actions. If we attend to the conduct of our 
 administration, we cannot doubt their hostile views, as it 
 respects commerce. France has done all in her power to 
 drive us from the ocean. With her, our rulers have had 
 no collision. Her rapacity has favoured their object. In- 
 stead of shewing resentment, they have made French ag- 
 gressions an argument for abandoning the sea ! Great Bri- 
 tain, since our peace with her, has always recognized our 
 commercial rights, but to prevent our enjoying them, our 
 administration fabricate difficulties. Under pretence of 
 seeking new and enlarged privileges, they demand what is 
 unreasonable and unattainable, and what they -well kno\v, 
 cannot be conceded, while Great Britain is able to defend 
 herself. Her refusal is then represented a national griev- 
 ance ; and feigning an expectation of coercing her to yield, 
 measures are adopted at home, which at once cut up all 
 our trade, root and branch. Thus, under the mask of pa- 
 triotism and a regard for our rights, Ave are deprived of 
 them, by the act of our own government ; we are compel- 
 led to remain shut up in our ports, with a certain prospect 
 that other channels of trade \vill be formed, between other 
 nations, and new relations established ; so that if at length, 
 we force our way through these unnatural and impolitick 
 barriers, we shall find our place supplied by others, and 
 ourselves excluded. Had Mr, Jefferson proposed to Con- 
 gress to pass a Resolve, declaring that commerce was an 
 injury to our countr}'^, and therefore should be abolished 
 forever, he would have shocked too many of his partisans, 
 and the project would have failed. He has taken a less 
 honest, but a more successful method, and our commercial 
 prosperity is at an end. Innumerable embarrassments have 
 already been experienced, but the final consequences can 
 yet scarcely be conceived. The gains of many prosperous 
 years are yet circulating in the community, but they ai^e 
 wasting away. He who has money at command, though it 
 is daily diminishing, and he has no means of acquiring 
 more, finds himself growing poorer, but does not yet real- 
 ize the misery of total destitution. When it is gone, and 
 there remains no means of supply, it is then, and then oniy> 
 poverty becomes insupportable. 
 
[ 1^ ] 
 
 By tlie destruction of commerce the merchant and mar-' 
 iner are the first sufferers ; but the shock soon extends to 
 every class of society. The cultiAator of the soil finds no 
 demand for his surphis produce. The largest portion of 
 niechanicks, those for whom commerce or the enlargement 
 and improvement of our seaport towns, the consequence 
 of a flourishing trade, found employment, become useless. 
 The value of land, of labour, and of every species of indus- 
 try must sink. In short ; let the present system be pursued, 
 and it is impossible not to foresee that it will most certainly 
 terminate in the general impoverishment of the 
 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Citizens of Massachusetts ; — a little consideration will 
 convince you that you are threatened with all these evils. 
 Your experience has already given you a specimen of the 
 consequences which will result from the sacrifice of com- 
 merce ; your reason and observation must convince you 
 that this sacrifice is contemplated ; that it is one grand ob- 
 ject of the measiu'es under wliich you are suffering. Hap- 
 pily the constitutioji of your country offers ijou the means 
 of relief. It is not in the wisdom of man to recover our 
 national prosperity at once from the blow it has received ; 
 we have lost friends who must be regained by a just and 
 impartial policy. We have desti"oyed connexions which 
 time and enterprise had formed, and which, with the most 
 favourable management of our affairs, time and enterprise 
 only can renew. Give those an opportunity of completing 
 their purposes, who have brought you to this state, and 
 your doom is certain. There are among you, wise and 
 trusty men, \^'ho think with you, and who feel with you ; 
 men whose known sentiments are averse to that untoward 
 policy, which has invohed our country in troubles, and 
 threatens its destruction. Select such men to represent 
 you in our national Legislature. To their patriotism com- 
 mit the guidance of our publick concerns. With the 
 smiles of Pro\'idence, our beloved country will again pros- 
 per, individual happiness will be restored, and our govern- 
 ment once more merit and command the respect of foreign 
 nations. 
 
 f3» Page 6tli, line 2olb, for discussed, read, disowned. 
 
[ 13 ] : 
 
 The work of political reformation is happily begun ; 
 •changes have been secured, as to the members of the next 
 Congress, in several important and distinct sections of the 
 Union. To those, who wish permanent prosperity to this 
 country, it will be observed with pleasure, this revolution, 
 which promises us, erelong, a favourable turn, in our na- 
 tional policy, is by no means confined to the subject of the 
 Embargo. The people are devoting their attention to its 
 pretended causes. The measures of the Administration are 
 not only felt to be oppressive, but the principles on which 
 they justify their conduct are, every day, more clearly and 
 more generally perceived to be erroneous. 
 
 I m.ight here swell this Tract, by quoting documents, 
 without number, to prove that the sentiments I have ad- 
 vanced, and the views I have taken, accord with the pub- 
 lick voice. These I have omitted for sake of brevity. I 
 ha^^e however taken the liberty, in stating the complaintSy 
 urged hy government against Great Britaih, and in reply- 
 ing to them^ to adopt the arrangement and nearly the lan- 
 guage of an excellent and spirited Address to the people o* 
 the County of Essex ^ recently published by delegates from 
 the several towns in that County, and presume that an au- 
 thority so respectable will have more weight than the o- 
 pinion of any individual. 
 
 It only remains, fellow citizens, that we pursue this 
 course with zeal and firmness. We are republicans ; the 
 return of our federal elections gives to the people the pow- 
 er of controling future measures. We have but to preserve 
 an unbiassed regard to the good of our country, and 
 in so doing, Ave shall be certain of promoting the interest, 
 happiness and prosperity of EVERY individual in the 
 
 COMMUNITY. 
 
 A FELLOW SUFFERER. 
 October 10, 1608, 
 
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