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 Copyright^? . 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 The Library of Congress 
 
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 THE BRAZILIAN 
 NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 
 
 1908 
 
 2- (s>0 
 
 IN CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENARY OF THE OPENING 
 
 OF BRAZILIAN PORTS TO THE COMMERCE OF 
 
 THE WORLD BY THE PRINCE REGENT DOM 
 
 JOAO VI. OF PORTUGAL, IN 1808 
 
 BY 
 
 MARIE ROBINSON WRIGHT 
 
 PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY 
 
 GEORGE BARRIE & SONS, PHILADELPHIA 
 
LIBRARY cf CONGRESS 
 Two Copies Received 
 
 DEC 8 1908 
 
 rvCcipjTi^.'it tntry 
 CLASS O- XXc Mo, 
 copy =s. 
 
 
 A^'J? 
 
 COPYRIGHT, igo8, BY GEORGE BARRIE & SONS 
 
friend of Brazil, 
 who has travelled 
 many thousands 
 of miles through 
 the great republic 
 from the Amazon 
 to its southern 
 boundary, and 
 from the beauti- 
 ful capital, with 
 its metropolitan 
 attractions to the 
 remote sertao, I 
 have witnessed 
 the wonderful 
 progress of the 
 "Colossus of the 
 South" during 
 the past ten years, and more especially since the beginning 
 of the twentieth century. 
 
 I feel that it is an honor and a privilege to be able to 
 write the official souvenir book of the National Exposition 
 of 1908, held in celebration of the centenary of the opening 
 of Brazilian ports to the world's trade, and I rejoice in the 
 
 3 
 
success of the magnificent exhibit of national industries so 
 artistically arranged in the handsome palaces and smart 
 pavilions on the historic grounds of the Praia Vermelha. 
 
 Brazil embraces every opportunity to advance, and 
 Brazilian enterprise has become a general topic in 
 political and commercial circles throughout the world. 
 The National Centennial Exposition of 1908, which was 
 inaugurated on the nth of August, affords fresh evidence 
 of the active energy which today dominates the national 
 spirit. It is the most important undertaking of this kind 
 in the history of the country and the second of a national 
 character since the establishment of the republic, the first 
 having taken place in 1895. 
 
 The Exposition is held in one of the most attractive 
 capitals of the globe, on a site unrivalled in picturesque 
 beauty and balmy atmosphere. It is fitting that the 
 chosen locality should be near the entrance to the chief 
 port of Brazil, through which passed the first merchandise 
 consigned to foreign countries after the proclamation of 
 the royal decree that declared all Brazilian ports free to 
 the world. The new era in South American progress, 
 about which economists are writing so much, has nowhere 
 dawned with a brighter outlook than in Brazil, the first 
 South American republic to celebrate a National Exposition 
 of modern magnitude and scope, combining the artistic 
 with the practical, and affording at the same time important 
 instruction and delightful entertainment. 
 
 Marie Robinson Wright 
 4 
 
\HEN the event occurred for which Rio de 
 Janeiro is en fete in centennial celebration, 
 the Prince Regent Dom Joao VI. was on his 
 way from Portugal to the Brazilian capital, 
 Napoleon's armies having invaded his European dominions 
 with an overwhelming force. The royal decree was issued 
 from Bahia on the 28th of January, 1808, declaring that 
 from that date the ports of Brazil were open to the trade 
 of all nations, the home government to retain no more 
 than a moderate duty on imports, while exports under any 
 flag were permitted, of all except one or two articles re- 
 served as royal monopolies. This decree came at the most 
 opportune moment for Brazil, as political discontent threat- 
 ened to cause open rebellion in consequence of the restric- 
 tive rule that had been hitherto practised by the mother 
 country. It was felt to be a bitter hardship that the 
 colony which produced such great wealth should be held 
 down to commercial dealings with Portugal exclusively. 
 As only Portuguese ships were allowed in Brazilian waters, 
 the most extravagant prices were charged on imported 
 articles; the wealthiest families could not afford simple 
 luxuries, such as glass tumblers, steel knives and forks, 
 
 5 
 
books, etc., though their houses were richly furnished with 
 gold and silver plate. 
 
 The Carta Regia of Dom Joao VI. struck off the fetters 
 that had bound the industry and commerce of Brazil, 
 
 MONUMENT OF PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL. 
 DISCOVERER OF BRAZIL. 
 
 and, as a result, glorious possibilities opened up before 
 the nation; its development became more robust and 
 independent with each succeeding year; and, although 
 
 6 
 
HIS MAJESTY DOM JOAO VI., KING OF PORTUGAL, BRAZIL, AND ALGARVES. 
 
the full benefits of the Carta Regia were not immediately 
 enjoyed, and it was only by the constitution of the empire 
 that complete commercial liberty was secured to Brazil, yet 
 this memorable event marked the inauguration of a new era 
 in the life of the nation, and heralded better days to come. 
 The full force of a free and unrestricted commerce 
 began to be felt when, during the first days of the empire, 
 
 PRAIA VERMELHA FROM BOTAFOGO BAY. 
 
 coffee became an important article of export. Later, in 
 the early sixties, cotton grew in demand in foreign markets. 
 Sugar, at one time the principal article of export from 
 Brazil, was an important source of revenue during the 
 empire, and the industry is reviving under modern methods 
 of culture. Since 1862, the exports of Brazil have exceeded 
 
its imports, and both have increased rapidly within the 
 past twenty years. The opening of the Amazon and its 
 tributaries, in 1867, to merchant ships of all nations was the 
 carrying out of the last provision of the Carta Regia, and 
 greatly stimulated trade in that region, the great centre of 
 the rubber supply of the world. According to latest statis- 
 tics, Brazil exports goods to the value of $260,000,000 gold, 
 its imports amounting to $165,000,000 gold. Coffee and 
 rubber represent over eighty per cent, of the exports, 
 though the mineral products, and hides, cotton, tobacco, 
 sugar, yerva matte (Paraguayan tea) and chocolate are 
 among the rich sources of revenue. An idea of the magni- 
 tude of Brazil's natural wealth, and the variety of industries 
 capable of vast development may be judged by a visit to 
 the National Centennial Exposition at Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 {^/^^ HE proposal to hold an Exposition in commemo- 
 / f~\ ration of the Centenary of the opening of Brazilian 
 ^-^ ports to foreign commerce was presented to Con- 
 gress by Dr. Cardoso de Almeida, the Federal 
 deputy from Sao Paulo, on the nth of August, 1906. It 
 was immediately sanctioned by the President of the Re- 
 public, Dr. Affonso Penna, and both Federal and State 
 governments took up the enterprise with enthusiasm. 
 Dr. Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida, the Minister of 
 
 9 
 
Public Works, devoted especial efforts to its successful 
 inauguration, giving practical support to the undertaking. 
 A committee of engineers and architects was at once ap- 
 
 DR. ALFONSO AUGUSTO PENNA, PRESIDENT OF THE 
 UNITED STATES OF BRAZIL. 
 
 pointed to study and report on the best plan to be adopted 
 in the general design, to select the most desirable locality, 
 and to decide on the construction and style of the principal 
 buildings, the scenic features, etc. 
 
 10 
 
After a careful examination of various localities, the 
 commission chose the Praia Vermelha as the site for the 
 Exposition, not only because of its picturesque beauty but 
 also as it offered practical advantages in the form of two 
 large and beautiful edifices, — the old Military College and 
 the High School of War — particularly serviceable for the 
 purpose in view; the architects immediately saw the 
 possibilities of these buildings, which have since been trans- 
 formed into the Central Palace of the Exposition and the 
 Palace of Industries, two of the most important halls, 
 containing exhibits of all the States of Brazil at the 
 great Fair. With such an excellent beginning, by the 
 choice of a site which already contained the nucleus of an 
 Exposition City, the Commissioners were encouraged to 
 put forth their best efforts in stimulating public interest 
 and securing the co-operation of all the people. 
 
 The character and scope of the Exposition is best 
 indicated by the nature of its development. As soon as 
 Congress voted in favor of the undertaking, the Federal 
 government addressed an official letter to each state of 
 the union, and special representatives were sent out on a 
 mission of propaganda in favor of the enterprise, every 
 local government of the republic being asked to co-operate 
 in the work. It is well known, from the experiences of 
 other countries, that these expositions are a powerful 
 factor in unifying the interests of a nation and promoting 
 its general development; it has often been said that the 
 Centennial Exposition of the United States, which was 
 
 12 
 
held in Philadelphia in 1876, advanced the economic devel- 
 opment of that country more than the ordinary channels 
 of growth would have done in a quarter of a century. 
 The Brazilian government recognized the importance of 
 such a national reunion, believing that it would be of great 
 value to educate the people in a better knowledge of their 
 vast country, and also that it would serve to stimulate 
 progress in all the states, by showing the achievements of 
 the most advanced communities as well as the natural 
 resources awaiting development in those sections where 
 the least has been accomplished. Local pride is touched 
 when the exhibits of neighboring states or communities 
 are brought into competition, and the desire to excel 
 awakens an enterprising spirit in the people which is good 
 for the country. The central government saw the import- 
 ance of interesting every state and municipality of Brazil 
 in the Exposition, and it was with this end in view, that 
 the messengers of propaganda visited all parts of the 
 country. As a result, the exhibits gathered together in 
 the handsome buildings on the Praia Vermelha have come 
 from all the states of the union; they represent the 
 resources and progress of the whole .immense territory of 
 Brazil, which covers nearly half of the South American 
 continent and contains specimens of the flora and fauna 
 of every part of the globe. Agriculture, pastoral indus- 
 tries, fisheries, mining, manufactures and the liberal arts, 
 as developed in each state from the Amazon to the Plate, 
 are represented in the various sections of the Exposition. 
 
 14 
 
As it was the King of Portugal who issued the famous 
 decree in commemoration of which Brazil is holding a 
 National Exposition, the mother country has been invited 
 
 DR. MIGUEL CALMON DU PIN E ALMEIDA, MINISTER OF INDUSTRY, 
 TRANSPORTATION, AND PUBLIC WORKS. 
 
 to take part in the celebration; a spacious building, 
 called, from the style of its architecture, the Manuelino 
 Palace, was presented to Portugal by the Brazilian govern- 
 ment for the purpose of an exhibition hall, and, in the 
 
 16 
 
pavilion of Portuguese art, ample space is provided for a 
 display of particular interest and value. The government 
 of Portugal has taken a great interest in the event, and 
 early in July the royal cruiser, D. Amelia, was sent on a 
 special mission to Rio, under command of Captain Nunes 
 de Silva, carrying to the President of Brazil presents from 
 the late King Dom Carlos (which His Late Majesty was 
 to have presented in person) , and from the present King, 
 Dom Manoel. The gift from the late King is a handsome 
 silver drinking cup of elaborate workmanship, around the 
 bowl of which is carved a panorama of Portuguese navi- 
 gation in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. His 
 Majesty Dom Manoel sent an ancient and valuable map 
 of the bay of Rio de Janeiro. High officials of the Portu- 
 guese court have come over to represent their sovereign, 
 and the cordial relations between the two countries have 
 been strengthened in closer bonds than ever by mutual 
 expressions of fraternal interest. 
 
 The directors of the Exposition are all men of dis- 
 tinguished ability. The president, Dr. Antonio Olyntho 
 dos Santos Pires, of Minas Geraes, has proved himself 
 singularly gifted as chief executive, the success of the 
 enterprise being largely due to his indefatigable energy 
 and good judgment. The officers of the Exposition are: 
 Dr. Antonio Olyntho dos Santos Pires, president; General 
 Gregorio Thaumaturgo de Azevedo, 1st Vice-President; 
 Dr. Arthur Getulio das Neves, 2d Vice-President; Dr. 
 Antonio da Padua Maia Rezende, 3d Vice-President; and 
 
 17 
 
Count Candido Mendes de Almeida, General Secretary. 
 The Commission also counts among its members the 
 National Academy of Medicine, the Commercial Associ- 
 ation of Rio de Janeiro, the Engineering Club, the Indus- 
 trial Centre, the Historic and Geographic Institute of 
 Brazil, the Polytechnic Institute, the Commercial Museum, 
 
 SCENE IN THE GARDENS OF CATTETE PALACE, RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 
 the Society of Geography, National Society of Agriculture, 
 the Derby Club, and Jockey Club, and a number of the 
 leading men of the capital who are distinguished in some 
 branch of science or art, and whose assistance is of the 
 greatest value in an undertaking of this kind. Prominent 
 among the Commissioners are such well known men as 
 
 19 
 
Drs. Oswaldo Cruz, Manoel Buarque de Macedo, Jose 
 Americo dos Santos, Aarao Reis, Alfredo da Graca Couto, 
 Alfredo Rocha, Alfredo Ernesto Jacques Ourique, Americo 
 Ludof, Andre Gustavo Paulo de Frontin, Carlos de Nie- 
 meyer, Carlos Leoncio de Carvalho, Ernesto Antonio 
 Lassance Cunha, Francisco Ferreira Leal, Francisco de 
 Paula Bicalho, Francisco de Paula Leite e Oiticica, Fran- 
 cisco Smith de Vasconcellos, Joao Barbosa Rodrigues, 
 Jose Luiz Sayao de Bulhoes Carvalho, Jose Mattoso de 
 Sampaio Correa, Julio Benedicto Ottoni, Jose Cesar de 
 Oliveira, Julio Pimentel, Miguel Joaquim Ribeiro de Car- 
 valho, Orville Derby, Rodolpho Bernardelli, Theodoro de 
 Nascimento and Domingos Sergio de Carvalho. 
 
 The director of the Exposition buildings, Dr. Sampaio 
 Correa, has the supervision of all construction work on the 
 grounds, the arrangement of the buildings, the designing 
 of the artistic bridge, esplanade and other attractive 
 features; the chief engineer in charge of this work is Dr. 
 Luiz Silva, who has shown excellent taste in perfecting the 
 landscape, so that the harmony and beauty of the whole 
 is increased. 
 
 20 
 
s^y^ROM the magnificent gateway that guards the 
 
 s^ ¥** entrance to the farthest corner of the Praia Ver- 
 
 v— ^ melha, the Exposition grounds present an aspect of 
 
 interesting attractiveness and picturesque charm. 
 
 The Praia is no more than a narrow strip of land between 
 
 the Bay of Botafogo and the sea, to the left of the "Pao 
 
 de Assucar, " as one enters the harbor of Rio. But it is 
 
 the most romantic spot imaginable, lying under the shadow 
 
 of two giant mountains, Babylonia and Urea, with the 
 
 ocean on one side and the ideally beautiful Botafogo Bay 
 
 on the other. In the distance may be seen the peaks of 
 
 all the mountains around Rio; Corcovado and Tijuca are 
 
 sometimes only dimly visible through the purple haze that 
 
 A HISTORIC CANNON OF THE OLD FORT, PRAIA VERMELHA. 
 
 settles over them, but even then the view is enchanting. 
 The city and harbor are in plain sight from the Exposition 
 
 21 
 
grounds, which mark the terminus of the Avenida Beira- 
 Mar at present, though this driveway is being extended 
 along the sea wall to Copacabana and Leme on the 
 ocean shore. 
 
 
 
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 BBSf 1 Bl 
 
 
 
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 THE TERRACE BUILT OUT OVER THE SEA, PRAIA VERMELHA. 
 
 A more desirable locality could not have been selected 
 for the Exposition grounds. From every point of view the 
 site is admirable, and it has the great advantage of being 
 accessible by sea and land. Along the Avenida Beira-Mar, 
 which is one of the most beautiful driveways in the world, 
 hundreds of automobiles, cabs and smart equipages of 
 every kind may be seen daily on their way to the Expo- 
 sition, presenting a constant pageant of fashion, as their 
 occupants vie with one another in elegance and beauty. 
 
 22 
 
The street car facilities are ample and convenient, taking 
 passengers to the entrance of the grounds. Also, for those 
 who prefer the ferry to the car, a line of barcas has been 
 established by the Companhia Cantareira, to ply between 
 the Caes Pharoux, or central landing-place of Rio, and the 
 Praia Vermelha, crossing the beautiful Bay of Botafogo, 
 affording a view of the harbor and the capital with the 
 surrounding hills in plain perspective, passing the pictur- 
 esque Praias Lapa, Russell, Flamengo and Botafogo, and 
 
 RUSTIC ARCH ON THE TERRACE. 
 
 approaching the Exposition grounds at the most attrac- 
 tive point. 
 
 The main entrance to the Exposition is a monumental 
 gateway in the form of a great arch a hundred feet in 
 
 23 
 
height, supported on huge square pillars and superposed 
 above three lesser arches, the whole design being distinc- 
 tively artistic and harmonious. At night the gateway is 
 illuminated with eight thousand incandescent lamps and 
 more than thirty arc lights, besides innumerable small 
 globes distributed over the edifice, which is visible from 
 all points of the bay. Upon entering the great portal, a 
 fine view of the "Exposition City" opens before one. The 
 Central Avenue extends from the gateway to the main 
 entrance of the Central Palace; and from this thorough- 
 fare, which is a hundred feet wide and about half a mile 
 long, most of the Exposition buildings many be distin- 
 guished. To the right are the handsome buildings of the 
 Federal District and Bahia, Machinery Hall, the pavilion 
 of the Botanical Garden, Egyptian Hall, the Postal and 
 Telegraph building, and the headquarters of the Fire 
 Brigade, the hospital camp, the pavilion of the press, a 
 large building containing the Central Railway's exhibit, 
 the stalls of the live-stock exhibit, the pavilion in which 
 are displayed various kinds of craft used on Brazilian 
 waterways, the great cages that contain specimens of 
 Brazilian bird life, and several amusement pavilions. On 
 the left of the entrance are situated the beautiful edifices 
 built by the States of Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes, the 
 Manuelino Palace and the Portuguese palace of fine arts, 
 the state building of Santa Catharina, the pavilion of the 
 National Society of Agriculture, the exhibit of the rice 
 culture of Sao Paulo, and many buildings containing 
 
 24 
 
special exhibits as well as the principal theatre, a restaurant 
 and booths of various kinds. The Industrial Palace 
 extends almost entirely across the Praia, from the amuse- 
 ment pavilions on the right to the Manuelino Palace on 
 the left. Babylonia and Urea rise almost perpendicularly 
 from the grounds, sloping so abruptly that only a small 
 space could be utilized in landscape gardening, though 
 wonderful results have been achieved by artistic effort, the 
 the rocky base of the giant hills having been transformed 
 into what is called the Bosque dos Amores, the " Bower 
 of Love," beautified with rustic fountains and bridges, 
 grassy knolls and blossoming flower-beds. Three broad 
 avenues and a number of lesser thoroughfares conduct 
 sightseers to all parts of the grounds. A handsome ter- 
 race extends along the Praia throughout its whole length, 
 permitting a splendid view of the Exposition on one side 
 and the ocean on the other; just below is the broad beach, 
 where bathers congregate to enjoy the surf. Urea Avenue, 
 also called Tres de Maio (3d of May) to commemorate the 
 date of the discovery of Brazil, commences at the landing 
 place for the barcas and extends for a quarter of a mile 
 along the margin of the bay; it is a favorite driveway 
 and affords a magnificent view of Botafogo. Babylonia 
 Avenue, another picturesque thoroughfare, crosses the 
 grounds under the brow of the stately Morro, or hill, 
 for which it is named; though it bears also the title 
 of "Doze de Outubro" (12th of October), the date 
 of the discovery of America. All the avenues and streets 
 
 26 
 
are named in honor of some great event in the national 
 history. 
 
 The usual conveniences which are provided for Expo- 
 sition visitors in these modern times have not been omitted 
 on the Praia Vermelha; drinking fountains such as were 
 used for the first time at the St. Louis Exposition, have 
 
 
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 r *:?:.: . ■■;" 
 
 .... -,.. •- 
 
 . . 
 
 
 "-* -'-• ""' ' \r ' 
 
 s#^ 
 
 PAO DE ASSUCAR PAVILION. 
 
 been placed at intervals along the avenues and elsewhere; 
 an immense clock with three faces gives the hour and is 
 visible for miles around from a high tower beside the 
 Morro of Babylonia, being illuminated by electricity at 
 night; two excellent restaurants, one at each end of the 
 terrace overlooking the sea meet the demands of visitors 
 who wish to refresh themselves or to dispense hospitality; 
 kiosks supply light beverages and doces; and for those 
 
 27 
 
who are fatigued by walking, a circular railway affords 
 comfortable transportation. 
 
 The illumination of the Exposition grounds is a work 
 of art, brilliantly conceived and executed. Whether the 
 Brazilian Capital entertains with a Venetian regatta — as 
 in 1907 — or with a national exposition, as this year, the 
 illuminations are sure to be features especially worth 
 recording. Foreigners who visited the Venetian feast 
 will never forget that occasion ; and those who have spent 
 an evening on the Praia Vermelha, under the charm of its 
 picturesque setting, with the myriad lights of the Cidade 
 da Exposigao lending enchantment to a tropical scene of 
 surpassing beauty, are not likely soon to lose the picture 
 from memory, if they have the gift of imagination or 
 romantic sentiment. From the main entrance, which is 
 a blaze of light from sunset until midnight, to the orna- 
 mental terrace overlooking the sea, the scene is a fairyland 
 of light and color, the natural background giving it addi- 
 tional effectiveness. Nothing could be more attractive 
 than this scene — the mountains on each side, the scintil- 
 lating lights of the harbor with busy craft flitting about 
 like fire-flies on the water, and the opposite view of the 
 ocean, brilliant in front of the Praia Vermelha, where the 
 national cruisers, ranged in an imposing line, are lighted 
 up with thousands of electric globes, that define their 
 shapes in the national colors against the night sky. From 
 the summit of the Pao de Assucar floats a mammoth 
 Brazilian flag, fifty by thirty feet in size, the national 
 
 28 
 
TIJUCA FOREST. 
 
 emblem waving a welcome to all who enter the majestic por- 
 tals of the bay, and symbolizing the patriotic pride with 
 which Brazil announces the most important national celebra- 
 tion that the new century has witnessed in South America. 
 
 29 
 
/^>^>HE Exposition was formally opened to the public 
 (r\ by President Affonso Penna on Tuesday the 
 ^^ eleventh of August, 1908. The national capital 
 was en fete in honor of the occasion and Praia 
 Vermelha presented an animated spectacle, thousands of 
 visitors thronging its avenues as the hour for the opening 
 ceremony approached. At two o'clock, President Penna 
 arrived in the State carriage, accompanied by Senhora de 
 Penna, Dr. Miguel Calmon, Minister of Industry, and Gen- 
 eral Feliciano de Moraes, chief of the President's military 
 staff. His Excellency was attended from Cattete Palace to 
 the grounds by a piquet of lancers of the ninth cavalry 
 regiment, and was received at the entrance by the chief 
 officials of the Exposition, who escorted the Presidential 
 party, between double lines of soldiers of the national guard 
 to the Central Palace. The multitude thronged the avenue 
 along which the president passed, and gave vent to their 
 sentiments in joyous and affectional vivas for the illustrious 
 chief of the nation. Cannons boomed from the battery, 
 bands played the National Hymn, and a thousand flags 
 fluttered to welcome the auspicious occasion. At the Cen- 
 tral Palace the President was received by the ministers of 
 his cabinet, the civil and military authorities, senators and 
 deputies, the diplomatic and consular corps, and other 
 representatives, who accompanied him to the sala reserved 
 for the inauguration ceremony. The sala was packed with 
 
 30 
 
THE MONUMENTAL ARCHWAY, ENTRANCE TO THE EXPOSITION. 
 
an expectant audience as His Excellency took his seat, hav- 
 ing on his right the Baron de Rio Branco, Minister of For- 
 eign Affairs, Dr. Tavares de Lyra, Minister of Justice, and 
 Admiral Alencar, Minister of Marine: on his left sat Dr. 
 Miguel Calmon, Minister of Industry, Dr. David Cam- 
 pista, Finance Minister, General Francisco de Souza Aguiar, 
 Prefect of Rio, Marshal Xavier da Camara, Dr. Alfredo 
 Pinto, and General Antonio de Souza Aguiar. The 
 audience was representative of the best society of the 
 Brazilian capital; among the distinguished guests were 
 the commander and chief officers of the Portuguese cruiser 
 Rainha D. Amelia. 
 
 Dr. Antonio Olyntho, president of the Exposition, 
 opened the programme of the day with an interesting 
 address, in which, after reviewing the past history of 
 Brazilian expositions, he gave a resume of the present 
 great enterprise, its initiation and development. With 
 eminent satisfaction he referred to the unanimity with 
 which every state of the union responded to the invitation 
 of the central government by sending its products to be 
 exhibited, several of them erecting separate buildings for 
 the purposes of reunion and propaganda. And he added: 
 "Not only are the twenty states of the Federation rep- 
 resented here, from the Federal District to the Acre — that 
 precious province recently added to our territorial great- 
 ness — but all the cells of the national organism here pal- 
 pitate with life, showing the latent force which is impelling 
 us toward the grand destinies that Providence has marked 
 
 32 
 
out for our country." Dr. Olyntho explained that the 
 difficulties of transportation in a country of such vast 
 territory and sparse population, and the short time allowed 
 
 DR. ANTONIO OLYNTHO DOS SANTOS PIRES, 
 PRESIDENT OF THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 for the task of getting exhibits to the Exposition, as well as 
 a lack of initiative among the inhabitants of remote dis- 
 tricts, due to their isolation, had contributed to make the 
 display less complete than it might have been under more 
 
 33 
 
favorable circumstances; yet, the co-operation of all the 
 states has been so much more liberal than was anticipated 
 that the buildings erected for exhibits are crowded to 
 their utmost capacity, new pavilions have had to be con- 
 structed to meet the urgent demand, and still, many 
 exhibits remain unopened for lack of space in which to 
 display them. Referring to the Portuguese exhibit, Dr. 
 Olyntho called attention to the appropriateness of having 
 the mother country represented in a celebration com- 
 memorative of a date equally noted in the annals of both 
 countries, and he paid a high tribute to the metropolis 
 from which the Brazilian province of a century ago took 
 its first lessons in commercial enterprise. 
 
 In conclusion, Dr. Olyntho formally announced to the 
 Minister of Industry: "Most Excellent Mr. Minister of 
 Industry, although a few of the installations are still 
 unfinished, the Exposition is in a condition to be opened. 
 The preparation of the ground and the construction of the 
 edifices, entrusted by your Excellency to the General 
 Inspectorship of Public Works, are terminated, thanks to 
 the tenacity, competence and energetic efforts of Dr. 
 Sampaio Correa and his indefatigable auxiliaries. I have 
 the honor to communicate to your Excellency that the 
 first part of the duties which you deigned to confide to 
 the organizing commission have been discharged. When 
 your Excellency pleases, the Exposition may be inaugu- 
 rated; may its success crown the efforts crystallized in 
 this work, and its results correspond to the aspirations 
 
 34 
 
with which it was promoted by the Federal gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Dr. Miguel Calmon responded to the address of Dr. 
 Olyntho, and expressed the thanks of the government to 
 all who had contributed to the success of the Exposition 
 by sending exhibits, referring in terms of sincere appreci- 
 ation to the active part taken by Portugal in making the 
 exhibit from that country attractive and interesting, at 
 the same time lamenting the loss sustained in the death 
 of the patriot King, Dom Carlos, who was greatly beloved 
 in Brazil, where his coming had been held in happy antici- 
 pation, until the sad news of the tragedy of the 1st of 
 February arrived, casting gloom over the whole country. 
 Dr. Calmon briefly reviewed the progress of the nation 
 during the past century and predicted more rapid advance- 
 ment in the future, referring to the evidences of industrial 
 activity and energy shown in the Exposition. He con- 
 cluded by requesting the President of the Republic to 
 declare the Exposition inaugurated. 
 
 President Affonso Penna officially opened the great 
 Fair with the words, "I declare inaugurated the National 
 Exposition of 1908, to commemorate the centenary of 
 the opening of the ports of Brazil to international com- 
 merce." 
 
 As soon as the President finished speaking, the national 
 flag was hoisted in front of the Central Palace as a signal 
 that the Exposition was opened, and immediately a salute 
 was fired from the cannon of the fort and from the cruisers 
 
 36 
 
in front of the Praia Vermelha, the bands played patriotic 
 music, fireworks shot into the air, and the immense con- 
 course of people on the Exposition grounds joined in 
 enthusiastic vivas. 
 
 The significance of the occasion was not lost to the 
 visiting foreigners who witnessed the inauguration of the 
 
 OPENING DAY AT THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 Brazilian Exposition of 1908. It meant that the old 
 traditions of Europe regarding Latin-American "lands 
 of tomorrow" would have to be discarded, as no longer 
 applicable; and that at least one of these countries, by the 
 evidence shown in this Exposition, deserves to be classed 
 among the most progressive "lands of today." The 
 
 37 
 
co-operation of all the States in making the Exposition 
 representative of national industry, indicates that the 
 spirit of progress is not confined to the most important 
 commercial centres but that it prevails throughout the 
 republic. 
 
 The date chosen for the inauguration commemorates 
 the founding of the first Brazilian colleges of law by Dom 
 Joao VI., in the cities of Sao Paulo and Recife, thus showing 
 that, while Brazil celebrates with especial appreciation 
 the centenary of an event which brought about the indus- 
 trial and commercial liberty of the country, the nation 
 is not unmindful of another blessing bestowed by the same 
 sovereign, when he established these important educational 
 institutions. The bond of union between Brazil and 
 Portugal, strengthened by many ties, is made closer and 
 more impressive by the Brazilian Centenary Exposition, 
 in which Portugal is the only foreign country invited to 
 participate. 
 
 After the conclusion of the inauguration ceremonies, 
 President Penna, accompanied by his Ministers, visited 
 the main buildings of the Exposition. 
 
 38 
 
/^^y^ HE principal buildings of the Exposition are 
 I (~\ imposing edifices, spacious and of attractive 
 ^-^ architecture. The Central Palace — called also 
 the Palace of the States, because in its ample 
 rooms are exhibited the products of all the various states 
 of Brazil — is a handsome structure, covering an area of a 
 hundred thousand square feet, and commanding especial 
 attention by its classical appearance. It was originally 
 planned for a university, but on the inauguration of the 
 Republic, the government decided that it should be used 
 for the High School of War, and the work of construction 
 was continued with this purpose in view. Later, the Leo- 
 poldina Palacete was found to be better suited to the needs 
 of the School of War, and the spacious edifice on the Praia 
 Vermelha remained unfinished until the government chose 
 it as the main building of the National Exposition of 1908. 
 As soon as the Executive Commission selected it for its 
 present use, the work of completing the edifice was pushed 
 forward, under the direction of the department of Public 
 Works, and the result is the magnificent " Palacio Central 
 da Exposicao." Its Corinthian portico, the handsome 
 staircase of the main entrance, adorned in a severely 
 classical style that harmonizes with the general aspect of 
 the facade, the artistic ornamentation of the interior, and 
 all that pertains to the stately edifice is tasteful and 
 pleasing to the eye. 
 
 39 
 
Although several states have erected their own build- 
 ings, these are used chiefly for reunions, and for exhibits 
 of a special character, the industrial products of the states 
 being placed in sections allotted for the purpose in the 
 Central Palace, the Industrial Palace, Machinery Hall, 
 
 THE CENTRAL PALACE OF THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 the Live Stock pavilion, and other federal buildings of the 
 Exposition. 
 
 In the Central Palace the exhibit of the Federal District 
 is among the most attractive and varied features of the 
 Fair. Most of the manufacturing industries of the 
 Brazilian capital are represented here though exhibits 
 from the metropolis are to be seen in all the Federal 
 buildings of the Exposition. There are altogether about 
 
 40 
 
six hundred industrial establishments in the Federal Dis- 
 trict, with an aggregate capital of $50,000,000 gold, and 
 these include a great variety of enterprises. A visit to 
 the sections of the Central Palace devoted to this territory 
 affords splendid opportunity for gaining an idea of the 
 progress made in recent years. The artistic arrangement 
 of the immense glass cases under which are shown the 
 various exhibits is particularly noticeable and enhances 
 the effectiveness of the display. 
 
 With the facility which distinguishes the Latin mind 
 for giving the sentimental touch to everything that appeals 
 to the imagination, the visitors to the Exposition have 
 bestowed special names on the various sections. The 
 space set apart for exhibits of fashionable feminine attire 
 is called the Sala da galanteria. It, is visited daily by 
 throngs of people and the rich, dainty confections in 
 millinery, lingerie, embroideries and laces are a never- 
 ending attraction. The Pare Royal of Rio, occupies a large 
 space enclosed in glass and arranged as a sala, or parlor, 
 and its display, with those of the Maison Blanche, the 
 Palais Royal and Casa Souza Carvalho, represents the 
 latest French modes as they are exhibited in alluring style 
 at the best establishments of the Rue de la Paix and the 
 Avenue de l'Opera. Here one sees the newest fashions in 
 toilettes for the ball, the afternoon drive, for street wear 
 and other occasions. A particularly handsome costume is 
 shown in crepe de chine embroidered in gold, made entirely 
 by Brazilian hands, a marvel of exquisite workmanship. 
 
 41 
 
The sala da gulodice, or "hall of dainties" is the name 
 given to the section in which are displayed sweets, candied 
 fruits, chocolate, delicate biscuits as well as liqueurs, syrups, 
 wines, beer and other palatable drinks. The Federal Dis- 
 trict is represented here by the Moinho de Ouro, the Fab- 
 rica Santelmo, the Casa Bhering, and other firms, which 
 
 PRESIDENT PENNA VISITING THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 make a particularly artistic display of gourmet specialties. 
 The Cerveja Brahma, the Guarda Velha, the Leite Campo 
 Bello, the Cafe Ideal, and other exhibits of the Federal 
 District in this sala are remarked for the good taste shown 
 in their arrangement. In another section, the Moinho 
 Inglez attracts many visitors to an exhibit of a unique 
 
 42 
 
character. In the sala dos fumos are shown many 
 varieties of native cigars manufactured in Rio. Per- 
 fumery, drugs, toilet articles and stationery, are tastefully 
 displayed by important houses of the capital. Everywhere 
 the modern exhibitor's art is seen at its best. 
 
 Near the main staircase leading to the second floor of 
 the Central Palace, the Commercial Museum of Rio has a 
 huge pyramid of glass jars containing interesting specimens 
 of the national products of various zones. On this 
 floor are some of the most notable exhibits in the building. 
 The crowning attraction is called the Sala de Hour a, in 
 which are shown beautiful specimens of industrial art. 
 Cabinet work in exquisite inlaid and carved designs and 
 of superb workmanship is exhibited by Manoel Ferreira 
 Tunes, whose name is well known through his magnificent 
 work in the Church of Candelaria; and handsome furni- 
 ture, made of the hard woods of Brazil, is displayed by the 
 Fabrica de Moveis of the Rua dos Ourives and by Auler, 
 whose artistic productions won a gold medal at the St. 
 Louis Exposition in 1904. The Marcenaria Brasileira also 
 has a fine exhibit of furniture. Handsome bronzes from 
 the Fundicao Indigena, the oldest foundry in Brazil, attract 
 everyone's attention; this enterprise is among the most 
 notable of the Capital and its bronzes have received gold 
 medals and diplomas of honor in London, Paris and else- 
 where, the firm having enjoyed royal patronage under the 
 Empire; one of the handsomest pieces shown is a medal- 
 lion of Michael Angelo, which was especially made to be 
 
 43 
 
presented to the late King Carlos of Portugal. Bronze 
 busts of Dr. Rodrigues Alves and King Carlos of Portugal 
 adorn the Sala da Honra, in which is also a marble bust of 
 the Brazilian Cardinal, Joaquim Arcoverde. Magnificent 
 collections of Brazilian precious stones and wrought gold 
 and silver ornaments draw throngs of admiring visitors, who 
 
 THE PRESIDENT'S ARRIVAL AT THE CENTRAL PALACE OF THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 are enchanted with the brilliancy of the wonderful stones 
 and the artistic designs of the jewels. Rezende, who has 
 been called the Tiffany of Brazil, shows many rare gems, 
 from Brazilian mines and old-fashioned jewels of the time 
 of the Empire, in settings of curious and artistic design, 
 and the Brill exhibit is no less remarkable for the size and 
 beauty of its precious and semi-precious stones, arranged 
 
 44 
 
in a glittering pyramid. It is surprising how many and 
 varied are the precious metals and stones and the fine 
 marbles of Brazil; one is almost bewildered in the con- 
 templation of their wealth as represented by the numerous 
 exhibits here. 
 
 Fruits and flowers, which abound in every part of 
 Brazil, are among the beautiful features of the Exposition; 
 no country of the globe has a greater variety and in no 
 country do they attain greater development; the Federal 
 District shares the glory of all the states in this branch of 
 the national production. 
 
 The photographer's art is seen in handsome albums, 
 and it has been employed to assist the exhibitor in many 
 ways. Some of the greatest industries are represented 
 through views of their establishments, made by Malta, 
 or Musso, showing the process of manufacture, etc. The 
 Jannuzzi Construction Company, who built many of the 
 palaces on the Avenida Central, exhibits photographs of its 
 handsomest edifices, such as the Commercio building, the 
 Santos Dock building, the obelisk of the Avenida Central 
 and others. 
 
 Although the exhibit of the Federal District is the 
 largest and most varied in character among all those dis- 
 played in the Central Palace, yet every state has a credit- 
 able display. The State of Rio, of which Nictheroy, lying 
 just across the bay opposite Rio de Janeiro, is the flourish- 
 ing capital, occupies two sections, between those of the 
 Federal District and Sao Paulo. In the passage leading 
 
 45 
 
to these salas, stands a large glass case, or mcstruario, con- 
 taining four hundred different varieties of the woods of 
 
 AVENIDA CENTRAL, RIO, NOTED FOR ITS FASHIONABLE DISPLAYS OF 
 "GALANTERIA." 
 
 the State of Rio, especially fine specimens being from 
 Petropolis, Campos, Sao Joao da Barra, Macahe and Bom 
 Jardim. The wonderful parasitic vines, called cipos, which 
 
 46 
 
are so fatal to the trees of this region — though so beautiful 
 as they hang in ribbons of green from the upper branches 
 after strangling the sturdy trunk of the giant in their 
 twining embrace — are also shown in many varieties. 
 
 The State of Rio is noted for its factories, of which 
 there are about two hundred, chiefly cotton mills, paper 
 factories, chemical works, preserving establishments, cer- 
 amic factories, breweries, sugar mills, foundries, tanneries, 
 and similar enterprises. This is the only state in South 
 America which can exhibit fine work in terra cotta; some 
 of the articles from the Perrotta factory are of particularly 
 artistic merit, notably a bust of Dr. Alfredo Backer, 
 President of Rio. The display of aquamarines, tourmalines, 
 and other semi-precious stones, as well as minerals of value 
 and the crystals shown by Esberard, is a surprise to most 
 people, who have not thought of Rio as a mining district. 
 The variety of this state's productiveness is surprising, 
 and can be judged only from a visit to the Exposition. 
 The Itacolomy Company has a wonderfully attractive 
 display of manufactured paper of all kinds, the Cafe Can- 
 tagallo is a sample of what the state produces in good 
 coffee; the bananas glace of Regazzi, the preserved deli- 
 cacies of the Casa Renger, the tapiocas of Paraty and 
 Iguassu, and other field products of the Fluminense state 
 proved its abundant fertility and the progressive enter- 
 prise of its business men. Unquestionably one of the 
 most interesting exhibits of this state is in the section of 
 fibres, prepared by Dr. Jose Caetano de Almeida Gomes, 
 
 47 
 
technical director of the Sanseviera Textile enterprise; 
 many excellent fibres for textile purposes, hitherto unknown 
 on the market, have been tested and brought into use by 
 this company. In this section are artistic rugs, embroid- 
 eries, artificial flowers, etc., woven in beautiful designs with 
 these fibres. The exhibits made by the sugar refineries of 
 Campos, Macahe and Sao Fidelis are a revelation to those 
 who are unacquainted with Rio industries. Wines, 
 cognacs, all kinds of liqueurs from native fruits, and 
 unheard of in other parts of the world, are seen here, 
 such as Caju wine, a purely Brazilian product, liqueur 
 of Jaboticabas, the most delicious imaginable, and others. 
 Petropolis is almost as famous in Brazil for its Camembert 
 and Brie cheeses as for its homes of diplomats, though 
 Sumidouro's exhibit showed that the city of palaces has 
 an enterprising rival. Manteiga Campos, Manteiga Baltic 
 and other brands of Rio butter, are among the dairy pro- 
 ducts most attractively placed in this section. The Para- 
 hyba Mineral Water, Salutaris, which is very popular in 
 Brazil, is shown with artistic arrangement. Besides these 
 more practical features, the section devoted to the State 
 of Rio is adorned with paintings by native artists and 
 photographic views of superior merit. The exhibits of 
 this state in the various buildings were inaugurated 
 soon after the opening of the Exposition, the President of 
 the Republic being present on that occasion, assisted by 
 the president of the state, the Minister of Industry and 
 other high officials. On the Exposition Committee of 
 
 48 
 
RUA DO OUVIDOR, RIO DE JANEIRO, WHERE SHOP WINDOWS GLITTER 
 WITH BRAZILIAN GEMS. 
 
the State of Rio are Senores Sylvio Rangel, Americo Ludolf, 
 Joao Baptista de Castro, Luiz Felippe de Sampaio Vianna, 
 Joao Jose de Mendonca Cardoso, Theophilo Torres, Oscar 
 Sayao de Moraes, Victor V. da Cunha, Cap. Emilio Alves 
 Junior, and Jose Caltano de Almeida Gomes. 
 
 The Sao Paulo exhibit occupies all one side of the main 
 floor, to the right of the entrance. The wonderful fertility 
 of the terra roxa is epitomized in the display of coffee, 
 which is presented in every guise that can lend interest 
 to this rich and valuable product of Brazil's "banner state." 
 The most important coffee plantations of the world are 
 here represented, and many of the exhibitors hold gold 
 medals obtained at the great Fairs of Paris, Chicago and 
 St. Louis. Tastefully arranged designs show the product 
 in all stages of development. The coffee tree itself is on 
 exhibition, and its fruit may be seen as it appears when 
 ripening in the fields of Campinas, Ribeirao Preto, Rio 
 Claro, Botucatu, Araraquara and other famous coffee- 
 growing centres. The chief exporters of Santos have 
 combined their efforts to make this exhibit one of the most 
 interesting features of the Exposition, and the display is a 
 good index to the trade of the greatest shipping port for 
 the world's coffee. 
 
 The State of Sao Paulo, which has, in all, about four 
 hundred large industrial establishments employing a 
 capital of $50,000,000 or more, has exhibits in all the 
 Federals pavilions of the Exposition, the section devoted 
 to its coffee display being only a small part of the space 
 
 50 
 
allotted to the state, though the exhibits sent to the Praia 
 Vermelha are so greatly in excess of what was expected 
 that hundreds of 
 cases remain un- 
 opened owing to 
 lack of accommo- 
 dation for their 
 contents. In the 
 Sala Paulista — as 
 the section of the 
 Central Palace 
 which contains 
 the Sao Paulo 
 exhibit is named 
 — every foot of 
 available space is 
 occupied by vari- 
 ous exhibits. A 
 handsome clock 
 shows the hours 
 throughout the 
 universe, and 
 bronze busts of 
 
 THE COFFEE TREE— ITS FRUIT ONE OF THE 
 CHIEF EXHIBITS. 
 
 three noted Paulistas — Baron de Rio Branco, Counsellor 
 Antonio Prado and the architect of the Sao Paulo building, 
 Dr. Ramos de Azevedo— adorn the hall. A gallery con- 
 nects the salas used for the states' exhibits, along the wall 
 of which is arranged a very interesting collection of 
 
 51 
 
specimens of Sao Paulo fish and game. The second sala 
 has many handsome works in bronze and sculptured figures 
 in the hard woods of the country, images for chapels, and 
 other carved work, notably that of Marino Del Favero, a 
 skilful wood carver and sculptor of Sao Paulo. In the 
 same section are exhibited manufactured articles in great 
 variety, exquisite needlework, confectionery, wines, mineral 
 waters, occa, and other products of the state. In the sec- 
 tion of liberal arts, as elsewhere, the Sao Paulo exhibit is a 
 conspicuous feature, showing the progress of the state in 
 educational and artistic culture, in which it leads all the 
 states of Brazil. 
 
 In the Liberal Arts section, the state of Minas Geraes 
 has also an interesting exhibit. This state has not only 
 filled all the space allotted to it in the various sections of 
 the Federal pavilions, but has a superb exhibit from its 
 School of Mines in the state building. In the Central 
 Building, the Minas Geraes salas are particularly attrac- 
 tive. Upon entering, the attention is first directed to an 
 exhibit of oil paintings, one of which "Maternal Love" 
 by Delphino, is particularly noticeable as a work of genius. 
 Panoramic views of the cities of Bello Horizonte, the capital 
 of the state, of Juiz de Fora, its chief commercial centre and 
 of Ouro Preto, the historic cradle of Brazilian liberty, 
 afford an excellent idea of these towns. The celebrated 
 mineral waters of Lambary and Cambuquira, well known 
 throughout the east coast of South America, are exhibited 
 in an artistic grotto having the appearance of a natural 
 
 52 
 
spring. In every feature of its exhibition Minas Geraes 
 has studied the aesthetic as well as the practical import- 
 ance of the display. Wine from Campanha and cham- 
 pagne from Bello Horizonte, cheese of various kinds, the 
 finest Minas butter, and other products of the dairy for 
 which the state is famous are displayed to the greatest 
 advantage. Barbacena cigars, and the Cisalpine brand 
 that won a gold medal at the St. Louis Exposition, are 
 presented in handsome cases. Violins made in Juiz de 
 Fora, and valued at fifty pounds sterling each, attest the 
 artistic ability as well as the mechanical skill of the makers. 
 Minas Geraes exhibits also in the Central building the 
 products of its numerous factories, cotton goods, preserves, 
 hats, shoes, etc. Renania beer from the capital, and 
 Kremer beer from Juiz de Fora, occupy a conspicuous 
 place among the exhibits. Returning to the Liberal Arts 
 
 FERRY BOAT ON ITS WAY TO THE EXPOSITION GROUNDS. 
 
 section, one is struck with the exquisite quality of the 
 needlework, laces, etc., made by women of the state and 
 
 53 
 
exhibited under the patronage of distinguished senhoras 
 who encourage feminine industries of this kind. A young 
 inventor of Sete Lagoas, Senhor Fernando de Andrade, 
 is among the novel exhibitors in the Liberal Arts section, 
 with a bicycle-boat, which he has successfully propelled 
 through the water. A rare numismatic collection is one 
 of the attractions of the Minas exhibit, the coins being 
 owned by a resident of Juiz de Fora, Colonel Jose Antonio 
 Ribeiro. 
 
 The magnificent hard woods of Brazil are shown in 
 various attractive guises, Minas Geraes having more than 
 a hundred different specimens from the district of Muzam- 
 binho alone. Not only Minas but Parana, Santa Cath- 
 arina and other states have beautiful samples of the 
 wood of their forests. The great difficulty has been to 
 secure adequate space for each state's exhibit in the Cen- 
 tral Palace and other buildings. The Parana Commis- 
 sioners, Colonel Romario Martino and Dr. Jayme Reis, 
 worked with especial effort to secure sufficient space for 
 the one thousand volumes sent by their state, but the 
 best that could be done hardly allows for a full display of 
 the exhibits on hand. Parana is represented by seven 
 commissioners in addition to those just named, viz.: Dr. 
 Carvalho Chaves, Colonel Brasilino Moura, Paulo d' 
 Assumpcao, Dr. Joao Abreu, Felinto Braga, Francisco Fido 
 Fontana and Alexandro Gutrenes. It is mainly due to the 
 assiduity of these commissioners that Parana is so well 
 represented in all the sections of the Exposicao. It was 
 
 54 
 
the first state to get its exhibit placed and in order. A 
 complete catalogue of the varieties of Parana woods was 
 prepared for the Exposition by Dr. Paulo deAssumpgao, 
 and a scientific pamphlet on the subject of its textile fibres 
 was contributed by Captain Domingos Nascimento. In 
 the Parana Section are exhibited also some of the wines 
 
 LANDING PLACE FOR BARCAS. 
 
 made in that state, the industry having developed re- 
 markably within recent years. But the most notable 
 exhibit of Parana is its herva matte — Paraguayan tea — 
 which is shown in a very attractive way by the Fido 
 Fontana and the Carneiro enterprises. Fifty thousand 
 packages of matte have already been given away to visitors 
 by Parana and Santa Catharina exhibitors, and the "Five 
 O'clock Matte" is a feature of the Fair. Dr. Oliveiro 
 
 55 
 
Bello's book on the favorite beverage of the Jesuit 
 missionaries in colonial days, gives a complete description 
 of herva matte. Parana has a fine exhibit from its match 
 factories, the largest in Brazil, and thousands of boxes are 
 distributed daily among the people who visit this section. 
 In addition to these features, the state has a very credit- 
 able display of handiwork, drawings, painting, etc., in the 
 Liberal Arts section. 
 
 Although in all the southern states similar products 
 are cultivated, and their exhibits are much alike in some 
 respects, yet each has its specialty, seen in a fine display 
 in the Central Palace, the Industrial Palace, in the Live 
 Stock pavilion or elsewhere. Santa Catharina has an 
 attractive exhibit of dairy products, from its German 
 colonies, and of minerals and marbles from Itajahy, one 
 of the northern ports. River craft and small coast vessels 
 built at Itajahy of the wood of the state are also exhibited, 
 and furniture made of native wood in the factories of 
 Florianopolis, the state capital, are attractively presented 
 in this section. 
 
 Rio Grande do Sul, one of the first states of Brazil in 
 wealth and productiveness, has a splendid collection at the 
 Exposition. In the Central Palace are two pianos manu- 
 factured in Pelotas, which have attracted much attention 
 because of their excellent quality and handsome appear- 
 ance. The maker, Floriano Essenfelder, won a gold medal 
 for his pianos at the Buenos Aires exposition of 1898. 
 A magnificent gold album made in Porto Alegre and 
 
 56 
 
presented to ex-president Borges Medeiros on the occasion 
 of his retirement from office, is another beautiful specimen 
 of Rio Grandense art. In one of the Rio grande salas of 
 the Central Palace is a small cold storage cabinet, built 
 of cement and having plate glass windows in its four walls 
 so as to permit a view of the interior. Connected with it 
 is the ice-making machinery, and a tube conducts cold air 
 to the cabinet, in which are to be seen European fruits, 
 meats, etc. Inside the cabinet an artist models figures in 
 lard to entertain visitors. Another attractive exhibit 
 from this state is made by a large biscuit factory of Rio 
 Grande ; and the wines of the Trez Coroas (three crowns) , 
 the elixirs of the Casa Sequeira, the Elixir Baicuru, and 
 other specialties, as well as fine furniture, etc., from the 
 Berta factories of Porto Alegre are displayed attractively. 
 Sao Leopoldo, a foreign colony of the state, exhibits the 
 products of various manufacturing enterprises, of which 
 one of .the most important is a large match factory, that 
 gives employment to hundreds. The commissioners from 
 Rio Grande do Sul, Major Euclydes de Moura and Com- 
 mander Jose Carlos de Carvalho have the state exhibits 
 in charge, in the Central Palace and other buildings. 
 
 The northern states, although in a more tropical zone 
 than those south of Rio, have many products of the semi- 
 tropical region, owing to the temperate climate of their 
 mountainous districts. Espirito Santo has about the 
 same natural resources as the State of Rio, though its 
 exhibit is so arranged as to give a distinct impression. 
 
 57 
 
A magnificent collection of plants, especially rare orchids 
 and vegetable parasites, makes the section set apart for 
 this state a pretty bower of beauty, and the hard woods 
 exhibited are of great variety and value. The commis- 
 sioners of this state at the Exposition are Colonel Henrique 
 Coutinho, Dr. Monteiro da Silva and Senhores Correa 
 Lyrio, Eduardo Otten and Carlos Vianna. 
 
 THE MORRO BABYLONIA. 
 
 In the spacious salas allotted to Bahia are exhibited a 
 hundred specimens of Bahia marble in variegated colors, 
 four hundred different qualities of textile fibres, and manu- 
 factured articles of every kind. 
 
 As one walks through the Central Palace, looking one 
 moment at the products of Rio Grande do Sul and the 
 next at those of Para and Amazonas, the imagination 
 
 58 
 
pictures the vastness of this great country, which can show 
 such a variety of native riches. From Pernambuco, 
 one of the most productive states of Brazil, are to be seen 
 manufactured articles of all kinds, and many fine speci- 
 mens of. hard woods, medicinal plants, etc.; its great sugar 
 mills are represented, and the progress of its schools is 
 shown. Sergipe, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, Piauhy and other 
 states have filled their allotted space with attractive 
 exhibits. The Pernambuco display in the various build- 
 ings is under the management of six commissioners: 
 Dr. Pereira da Costa, Dr. Antonio Domingos Pinto, Dr. 
 Antonio Carlos de Arruda Beltrao, Dr. Gennaro Guimaraes, 
 Dr. Sylla Borralho, and Colonel Apollonio Peres. Sergipe 
 is represented by three commissioners: Senhores Jose 
 Calazans, Desembargador Antonio Teixeira Fontes, and 
 Ascindino Carcez. The Goyaz exhibit is under the 
 direction of Commissioner Henrique Jose de Sa and 
 that of Matto Grosso is superintended by Commissioners 
 Antonio Azeredo, Virgilio Alves Correa Filho, Joao Costa 
 Marques and Colonel Joao Pedro Arruda. Each state has 
 sent its representative men to attend the Exposition and, 
 as commissioners, to guard the interests of the state's 
 exhibits. An enterprising firm of Goyaz has distributed 
 at the Exposition a hundred thousand cigars, made from 
 the tobacco of the state. The Commissioners of Piauhy, 
 General Thaumaturgo de Azevedo, Counsellor Coelho 
 Rodrigues and Dr. Joao Chrisostomo da Rocha Cabral — 
 have given most of their time to the exhibit of their state 
 
 59 
 
in the Live Stock Pavilion, Piauhy being celebrated for 
 its cattle farms, though the exhibit in the Central Palace 
 is very interesting. 
 
 Alagoas has a specialty on exhibition in the Central 
 Palace, in the form of liqueurs manufactured from the 
 juice of sugar cane. These beverages are made from the 
 boiled juice, and they are delicious, with a flavor not sur- 
 passed by Chartreuse. This state has also a fine exhibit 
 of hard woods, textile fibres and medicinal plants, and a 
 small collection of minerals. Dr. Joaquim Goulart de 
 Andrade, Dr. Alvaro da Silva Rego, and Dr. Jose M. 
 Goulart are the Commissioners for Alagoas, and through 
 their efforts the exhibits have been successfully installed. 
 The Maceio hats, made of the fibre of the banana tree and 
 exhibited in the Alagoas section, attract much attention, 
 as do also its exquisite embroideries and laces. 
 
 The State of Parahyba, which borders Pernambuco, 
 and, like the latter, is a great sugar-growing country, is 
 represented at the Exposition by an exhibit that does 
 credit to the enterprise of its people and the efficient work 
 done by its official delegate, Dr. Jose Pereira Pacheco. 
 In the Central Palace the section occupied by Parahyba 
 contains a great variety of manufactured articles, some 
 of which won premiums at the St. Louis Exposition in the 
 United States. Fruit syrups, pineapple vinegar, leather 
 travelling bags made from native hides, cigars and cigar- 
 ettes of native tobacco, specimens of the Manicoba rubber, 
 walking sticks made of the cipo of the Parahyba forest, 
 
 60 
 
and many articles of curious and interesting manufacture 
 not seen elsewhere, are among the features of this exhibit. 
 In the Liberal Arts section especially the display from this 
 state is worthy of mention, including delicate handiwork 
 of a varied character. 
 
 At the extreme northeast of the South American Con- 
 tinent is situated the small state of Rio Grande do Norte, 
 rich in salt, cotton and the many products of the Carnauba 
 tree, which yields a valuable wax, a fibre suitable for many 
 purposes and widely used in making all kinds of brushes, 
 a red dye that is of great value, and other articles of com- 
 merce. The exhibit from this state occupies a large section 
 of the Central Palace and is much frequented by visitors. 
 An idea of the salt deposits of Rio Grande do Norte may 
 be gained from the size of a fragment of a single saline slab 
 taken from the Juliao property recently which measured 
 14,000 square metres. The annual exportation of salt 
 is two hundred thousand pounds. The Companhia Sal 
 e Navegacao exhibits a magnificent specimen of this 
 product. Besides the salt, cotton and Carnauba wax, the 
 state has interesting exhibits of minerals, including some 
 beautiful gems. The women of the state make fine laces, 
 and a few of the most intricate patterns and finest handi- 
 work are shown. Dr. Domingos de Barros, the official 
 delegate from Rio Grande do Norte to the Exposition has 
 spared no effort to secure a successful exhibit for his state 
 and few, even of the largest salas, present a more attrac- 
 tive ensemble. 
 
 62 
 
Owing to the immense distance to be covered in trans- 
 porting the exhibits from the northern states of Ceara, 
 Maranhao, Para, Amazonas, and Acre to the capital, and 
 the postponement of the date of opening the Fair, their 
 respective sections were not completely arranged until 
 after the formal inauguration of the Exposition. But 
 all the rich resources of the equatorial zone are represented 
 in the exhibits of these states. From their coasts, their 
 sloping hillsides, and the vast sertoes (backwoods) of the 
 interior, rare and curious specimens of native manufacture 
 have been collected and added to the products of the 
 modern factory to give an adequate idea of their in- 
 dustries. Amazonas has rice, beans, millet, peppers and 
 other food products to show, though rubber is the chief 
 source of its 'wealth, and there is hardly any tropical plant 
 that is not among its flora. A particularly attractive 
 feature of its exhibit is the collection of hammocks made 
 in that country. The finest are woven of the tucum fibre, 
 and have valances elaborately intertwined with birds' 
 plumage; they cost from three hundred to five hundred 
 dollars gold, each. Indian weapons are also among the 
 curious and interesting articles displayed by Amazonas. 
 A catalogue of two hundred and thirty pages enumerates 
 all the articles sent by the state amounting to more than 
 twelve hundred. These are classified and arranged in the 
 different buildings of the Exposition. The commissioners 
 for the state of Amazonas are: Senhores Goncalves Pere- 
 ira de Sa Peixoto, Alcides Bahia, Joao Baptista de Faria e 
 
 63 
 
Souza, Henrique Ferreira Penna de Azevedo, Aurelio 
 Amorin, Antonio Nogueira, Anchises Raposo da Camara, 
 Angelio Bittencourt, Alfredo Augusto da Matta, Jorge de 
 Moraes and Antonio Monteiro de Souza. The State of 
 Para has four commissioners: Senhores General A. E. de 
 Jacques Ourique, Arlindo Vieira Costa, Jayme P. da Gama 
 Abreu and Armando Paiva. Maranhao is represented 
 by Senhores Domingos de Castro Perdigao and Dr. Manoel 
 de Carvalho Leite; and Ceara has three official delegates, 
 Dr. Graccho Cardoso, Dr. Thomaz Cavalcante and Dr. 
 Joao Lopes. Through the efforts of these representatives 
 the northern states have maintained their prestige in the 
 Exposition, securing advantageous space and location for 
 their exhibits, which have increased their fame among 
 sister states, making known many resources that had 
 been unheard of before. In the section of Liberal Arts, 
 exclamations of surprise and admiration are frequently 
 heard as visitors pause to admire the exhibit from the 
 educational institutions of Para; and in another section 
 many favorable comments are heard respecting the hand- 
 some victoria — a veritable vehicle de luxe — made in Para, 
 this being the only Brazilian city besides the capital in 
 which luxurious carriages are manufactured. 
 
 64 
 
)HEN Portugal accepted the invitation of 
 Brazil to share in the celebration of an anni- 
 versary important in the annals of both coun- 
 tries, and to exhibit the products of the mother 
 country side by side with those of the younger nation of 
 the West — whose history was for centuries so closely bound 
 up with her own and whose progress has always been a 
 source of pride to her — the cordial sentiment that 
 prompted the invitation was fully appreciated and reci- 
 procated, and enthusiastic efforts were at once put forth 
 to make the Portuguese exhibit worthy of the country 
 which sends it, and an acquisition to the great Fair. 
 
 The Manuelino palace occupies an advantageous 
 position among the principal buildings of the Exposition, 
 standing close to the Industrial Palace, and it attracts 
 immediate attention as a handsome and artistic edifice. 
 The architect, Dom Isidro Monteiro of Brazil, has designed 
 many beautiful buildings and is a recognized master of 
 his art. The palace is of rectangular form, nearly a 
 hundred feet long by thirty feet in depth, a two-story 
 structure. The main facade is divided into three sections, 
 the central division being flanked by a pair of nervuras on 
 each side, between which are the sculptured statues of 
 Dom Joao VI. and the Viscount de Cayru — the regent of 
 Brazil and his minister, who opened the ports to foreign 
 commerce on the occasion commemorated by Portugal 
 
 65 
 
HIS LATE MAJESTY DOM CARLOS OF PORTUGAL. 
 
and Brazil in the Exposition of 1908. The armillary 
 sphere of the ancient kingdom surmounts the majestic 
 portico in the centre of the facade, and above it floats 
 the Portuguese flag. In the arch above the grand entrance 
 appears the royal coat-of-arms in high relief. The orna- 
 mentation of the exterior of the Palace is in keeping with 
 its architectural style, and gives a pleasing note to the 
 perspective of the Praia City, as seen from the main 
 avenue. Monuments of Dom Henrique and King Affonso 
 Henriques, the founders of the Portuguese supremacy cen- 
 turies ago, adorn the Palace, in the various halls of which 
 are shown exhibits of scientific, artistic and industrial 
 importance. 
 
 The inauguration of the Portuguese exhibit — which is 
 presented in the Manuelino Palace and in an annex known 
 as the "Pavilion of Portuguese Fine Arts" — took place on 
 the first of September, and was attended with demonstra- 
 tions of enthusiasm from both Brazilian and Portuguese 
 visitors. The Portuguese colony in Brazil is numerous 
 and wealthy, and its members showed their allegiance to 
 the home government by attending the inauguration of 
 the Portuguese exhibit in immense crowds. A magnificent 
 display of fireworks in the evening made a fitting termi- 
 nation to the festivities of the day, through which a note 
 of sadness rang, however, as everyone remembered the dire 
 event that had robbed the occasion of the glory and bril- 
 liancy to have crowned it in the royal presence of his 
 lamented Majesty Dom Carlos. 
 
 67 
 
Involuntarily, when Portugal is mentioned, the imagi- 
 nation turns to the legends of its past, to the history of the 
 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when Portuguese navi- 
 gators taught the world most of the things it learned in 
 those days regarding maritime matters and the geography 
 of the earth; then and later, in the centuries following, 
 Portugal was renowned for the contributions its people 
 made to science, literature and commerce. The achieve- 
 ments of the great navigator, Henrique IV., the production 
 of the immortal "Lusiad" of Camoens, and the extension 
 of Portuguese influence and power to all ports, are well 
 known. But it is also interesting to learn what Portugal 
 is doing today, and a very good idea of this may be gained 
 by a visit to the Manuelino Palace of the Brazilian National 
 Exposition. 
 
 The famous wines of Portugal, its fine old Port and 
 Madeira, are exhibited in most attractive form by leading 
 firms of the country, the sparkling liquid glistening through 
 artistically arranged bottles, that stand in pyramids in the 
 various sections allotted to this industry. One of the most 
 important of these exhibits is made by the Real Companhia 
 Vinicola of Northern Portugal the manufacturers of fine 
 Port and also of the well-known " Douro Clarete, " " Deli- 
 cia, " and other wines extensively used in Brazil. This 
 company has its wine-making establishment in Villa Nova 
 de Gaya, on the banks of the Douro River, opposite Oporto, 
 and their superior quality is attested by their popularity. 
 Its wines obtained the grand prix in Paris in 1889, and 
 
 68 
 
gold medals at all the great European Expositions of late 
 years. Another extensive wine-making enterprise is that 
 of the ancient Casa Ferreirinha, which has won the 
 highest award in several expositions, as manufacturers 
 of the "Vesuvio, " "Coalheiro" and other brands. A 
 particularly attractive display is presented in the most 
 tempting fashion by the "Vinho do Porto David," 
 made in Villa Nova de Gaya, near Oporto; on the labels 
 of the bottles one may read that they have received pre- 
 miums at Chicago and elsewhere. In one of the sections 
 set apart for the wine exhibit, the "Porto Adriano" and 
 the "Pinto" and "Ramos Pinto," have a conspicuous 
 place, and the sala is further ornamented with a repro- 
 duction in bronze on a magnificent scale, of a superb 
 marble fountain, which was recently erected by this firm 
 in the garden of the Largo da Gloria in Rio. The popular 
 "Collares" which is found in every hotel in Brazil, is made 
 by the Casa Andersen, Successores, of Oporto, whose 
 exhibit includes old wines of the vintage of 1845. Another 
 important company has in its exhibit some rare qualities 
 valued as high as fifty dollars and more, gold, a bottle. 
 
 A charming feature of the exhibit in the Manuelino 
 Palace is presented by the full size figures, in wax or papier 
 mache, showing types of the working people of Portugal 
 as they appear in the various costumes of their native 
 towns, and at their tasks in the fields, as grape pickers or 
 other laborers. There is much local color in the exhibits, 
 which include potteries of the period of Dutch influence, 
 
 70 
 
specimens of rare old China, and many articles to be found 
 only in Portugal. There are also exquisitely woven fabrics, 
 fine linens, and beautiful laces. The bookbinder's art is 
 seen at its best in some of the magnificent volumes dis- 
 played here, and one realizes that the patient effort 
 required for such results is only to be found in countries 
 where life is not all hurry and bustle as in new and eager 
 America. Exquisite furniture is shown, and wonderful 
 jewelry, gold and silver in rare designs. Carriages, dainty 
 little traps, and luxurious victorias are among the attractive 
 objects. 
 
 Although the manufacture of wine is the leading indus- 
 try, Portugal has sent to the Exposition a great variety 
 of other products. The olive oil of Nova Solar de Coel- 
 hosa, prepared especially for use in the tropics is a boon to 
 those who know its value : the clays and porcelains 
 exhibited by different Portuguese firms show the ceramic 
 resources of the country which has produced the most 
 beautiful ornamental tiles to be found ; these exhibits 
 present so many ways of using porcelains and marbles in 
 house decorations that it is a revelation. Portugal is 
 famous for the manufacture of delicate surgical instru- 
 ments of which Cruz and Sobrinho of Lisbon have an 
 interesting exhibit. In artistic effectiveness nothing sur- 
 passes Emilio Biel's photographic display. The Sameiro 
 water of Oporto, and several tonics are attractively pre- 
 sented. A unique and beautiful exhibit is made of articles 
 carved in cork, such as curiously wrought toys, and even 
 
 7i 
 
HIS MOST FAITHFUL MAJESTY, DOM MANOEL, KING OF PORTUGAL. 
 
landscape pictures. In another section, everyone stops 
 to admire the horticultural display of Jacintho de Mattos, 
 an Oporto specialist in plant and flower culture who has 
 medals from all the great expositions. 
 
 An Oporto foundry cast the statue of Dom Affonso 
 Henriques, the founder of the Portuguese monarchy; 
 this work of art, which adorns the Pavilion of Fine Arts 
 of Portugal is a reproduction of the bronze statue cast by 
 the same firm and set up in Guimaraes, Portugal. 
 
 The history of Portuguese Brazil, — of its discovery 
 and the period of its colonization, of the coming of the 
 royal family to its shores, and the elevation of the colonial 
 province to the dignity of a kingdom, — is told in the 
 exhibit that fills the pavilion annexed to the Manuelino 
 Palace, and known as the Portuguese Fine Arts building; 
 and, in addition to this history, is related, on canvas and 
 in other interesting records, the more recent achievements 
 of art and science in the Lusitanian kingdom. The Fine 
 Arts building was erected, and its exhibits were arranged, 
 under the direction of the following commission, appointed 
 and sent over for the purpose by the Portuguese govern- 
 ment : Commendador Alvaro Thedim Lobo, vice-consul 
 of Portugal, president; and Baron Peres da Silva, Com- 
 mendador Leo A' Affonseca, Joao Chaves, Manoel Gomes 
 da Costa Pereira, Jose Constante, Juliao Machado, Vis- 
 count de Salgado, Felippe Belfort, Luiz Vidal, Commen- 
 dador Gabriel Marques Carregal, Lorjo Tavares, Jorge 
 Colaco, and Thomaz Bordallo Pinheiro, the last named 
 
 73 
 
being the special representative of the Portuguese Industrial 
 Association. The Portuguese Minister to Brazil, Count 
 de Selir, has taken a great interest in the Exposition 
 Through the efforts of the comission, the display in the 
 
 MANUELINO PALACE. 
 
 Manuelino Palace and its annex has been made compre- 
 hensive in character and effective in artistic arrangement. 
 The pavilion of Portuguese Fine Arts is divided into 
 four halls, or salas, in which everything is of Portuguese 
 origin; the furniture is Portuguese and the decorations 
 carry the particular design that is of Portugal. The main 
 
 74 
 
hall, called the "Sala da Honra" is spacious, well-lighted, 
 and tastefully adorned. The walls are in blue, ornamented 
 with friezes representing historical events, painted by the 
 eminent Portuguese artist, Jorge Colaco, whose work in 
 connection with the art exhibition is seen in every feature 
 of its installation. The friezes represent the four most 
 notable periods in Portuguese history, and show the 
 escutcheons of the chief actors in these epoch-making 
 events. The early battle scenes and the coat-of-arms of 
 Affonso Henriques tell the story of the foundation of the 
 monarchy; the battles of the Independence of Portugal 
 and the arms of Joao I. explain each other; the discovery 
 of India is pictured with the escutcheon of Vasco da 
 Gama and the crowning triumph of Portuguese navigation 
 is shown in the discovery of Brazil, with Pedro Alvares 
 Cabral as the hero of that event. Senhor Colago has been 
 most successful in the treatment of his subject, and the 
 tout ensemble is harmonious, artistic and altogether pleasing. 
 The Sala da Honra contains many beautiful pictures, 
 and has as its principal feature, an interesting and valuable 
 exhibit of the work of the late King Dom Carlos of Portu- 
 gal, in art and in scientific research. His Majesty was 
 devoted to painting and to zoology — widely differing inter- 
 ests, to each of which he gave many hours of study — and 
 the pictures shown in the Sala da Honra, as well as the 
 cabinets filled with rare specimens of ocean fauna, attest 
 the success accomplished in these pursuits. The collection 
 of maritime specimens classified and arranged by his late 
 
 75 
 
Majesty and placed in the oceanographic museum of 
 Lisbon, are regarded as the best existing illustrations of 
 Portuguese zoology. 
 
 On the walls of the Sala da Honra hang pictures of the 
 royal family of Portugal, including portraits of the late 
 King Dom Carlos and the late Prince Dom Luiz, with those 
 of the reigning Monarch, Dom Manoel, the Queen mother, 
 
 r'l o 
 
 I 
 
 THE PORTUGUESE BUILDINGS, TO THE LEFT OF THE INDUSTRIAL PALACE. 
 
 Dona Amelia, and the dowager queen, Dona Maria Pia. 
 A beautiful pastel " Paysagem Alemtejana, " executed by 
 Dom Carlos, is exhibited here, as well as an oil painting by 
 Queen Amelia, entitled "Urn Carro de Bois, " representing 
 a country scene with a bullock cart in the foreground. In 
 the Sala da Honra are shown also sculptures from the royal 
 atelier, one of the most admired being a bronze bust of the 
 late King, by himself. A magnificent equestrian portrait 
 
 76 
 
of Dom Carlos, painted by Carlos Reis, one of Portugal's 
 best artists, and belonging to Queen Amelia, occupies a 
 prominent place in the exhibit. 
 
 The portrait of King Manoel which hangs on the wall 
 of the Sala da Honra, was painted by the celebrated Portu- 
 guese artist Columbano, whose genius has received the 
 highest recognition in the great art exhibits of the world. 
 The portrait of the late Crown Prince Dom Luiz is the 
 work of another Portuguese painter of distinction, Jose 
 Malhao; and those of King Carlos and Queen Amelia 
 were painted by Jose Velloso Salgado, who has portrayed 
 on canvas a greater number of distinguished personages 
 of the Court and its Society than any other Portuguese 
 artist of his day. In the second sala of the Fine Arts 
 Pavilion are several paintings by these and other artists 
 of the mother country, and a particularly interesting dec- 
 orative feature is seen here in the blue tiles painted by 
 Colaco with scenes descriptive of the discovery of Brazil, 
 and showing a revival of the art in vogue in 1808, when the 
 events which the Exposition commemorates were taking 
 place. "The Invasion of the Barbarians" also done on 
 blue tiles by Colaco and exhibited here, is a beautiful 
 work of art. Among the notable paintings on view in this 
 building is a study in Portuguese types by Malhao, called 
 "Os Bebados," "The Drinkers," and Columbano's por- 
 trait of Joao Rosa, a famous actor of Portugal. The 
 Duchess de Palmella sends to the Exposition several superb 
 sculptures, among them the "Genius of Progress," a 
 
 77 
 
bronze statue of a youth holding up a lighted torch, his 
 face illuminated with the joy of achievement, his whole 
 being eloquent with the language of energy; it is a master- 
 piece in expression. In genre, the painters Jose Ribeiro 
 
 Junior, of Vizeu, and 
 Jose de Almeida e Silva, 
 of Lisbon, exhibit par- 
 ticularly good work, and 
 Antonio Carneiro, of 
 Oporto, a pupil of Ben- 
 jamin Constant, and an 
 artist well-known in the 
 Salons of Europe, has 
 some of his best marines 
 and landscapes on view. 
 Portugal has several 
 landscape painters of 
 note, who are among 
 the exhibitors in the 
 Fine Arts Pavilion; and 
 her sculptors, architects and skilled craftsmen are well 
 represented. The jury of admission, composed of acknowl- 
 edge critics of Portuguese art — Jorge Colaco, Jose Simoes 
 d' Almeida Junior, Jose Velloso Salgado, Constantino 
 Sobral Fernandes, and Francisco Carlos Parente — have 
 made a careful selection, the Exposition showing that both 
 quality and variety have been considered in making a 
 choice of exhibits, of which more than three hundred oil 
 
 78 
 
 SILVER LOVING CUP SENT BY KING 
 MANOEL TO PRESIDENT PENNA. 
 
paintings, aquarelles, sculptures and architectural designs 
 are named in the official catalogue. 
 
 The third sala of the Fine Arts Pavilion is filled with 
 models of the various fishing-craft used on the coast of 
 Portugal, more than forty different kinds of boats being 
 shown by the Central Fisheries Commission of Portugal. 
 The remaining sala contains a beautiful exhibit sent by 
 the Portuguese court jewellers, Leitao e Irmao, and includ- 
 ing rare works of art in gold, silver and precious stones. 
 In this artistic collection is shown a model of the caravel 
 in which Pedro Alvares Cabral sailed on the voyage of 
 discovery which led him to the coast of Brazil more than 
 four hundred years ago; it is of gold and silver and the 
 workmanship is superb. A handsome tea service in silver, 
 exquisite vases and many antique and delicately wrought 
 objects for decorative purposes, are displayed by this 
 house, which is celebrated as the creator of magnificent 
 jewels and fine work in gold and silver, made at the com- 
 mand of the Portuguese sovereigns; the silver jubilee, 
 chalice given by the King of Portugal to Pope Leo XIII., 
 the gold sword, with jewelled scabbard, presented to the 
 German Emperor, and other celebrated royal treasures 
 bear the mark of this renowned establishment. The 
 exhibits of old laces, embroideries and designs of antique 
 needlework in the Portuguese Pavilion are extremely 
 interesting and surprising to everyone. 
 
 79 
 
/^y*^ HE largest building on the Praia Vermelha, the 
 ( f*\ Palace of Industries, contains the exhibits of 
 ^— ^ textile manufactures and other national indus- 
 tries. The edifice, though it presents the same 
 general lines as when it served for a military school, has 
 been so improved and adorned as to appear like a new 
 construction. The grand staircase leading to the main 
 entrance is now a beautiful work of art, the architect, 
 Rene Barba, having designed an artistic chateau d' eau 
 as the central feature of the imposing fagade of the 
 new Palace, which, as previously stated, extends across 
 the Praia from the Morro of Urea to that of Babylonia, 
 facing the entrance to the Exposition grounds and over- 
 looking from its rear, the beach and breakers of the South 
 Atlantic. The arch of the niche in which is placed the 
 fountain that gave its name to the Chateau d' eau measures 
 thirty by forty-five feet and stands out from the facade so 
 as to allow space for a vestibule which is reached by curved 
 staircases on each side; at the head of these stairs are 
 entrances ornamented with sculptured figures by the 
 Brazilian artist, Dona Nicolina de Assis, and surmounted 
 by artistic turrets that serve as a finish to the great central 
 dome of the Palace, as it crowns all, rising a hundred and 
 fifty feet above the ground and bearing on its pinnacle a 
 magnificently sculptured figure of Fame. 
 
 80 
 
In the Palace of Industry may be seen the advanced 
 condition of the textile manufactures of Brazil. The work 
 of the loom is shown in beautifully woven silks, cotton, 
 linen and woollen fabrics, and the exhibitor's ingenuity 
 has had free play in so arranging the various articles as to 
 please the eye while commanding the attention. The 
 textile industry has developed more than any other of the 
 manufactures of Brazil, there being a hundred and fifty 
 factories of this kind in the country, employing more than 
 fifty thousand operatives and producing millions of dollars' 
 worth of cloth annually. As the raw material is cultivated 
 in abundance in the country, the manufacturer has this 
 advantage in his favor. Many instances prove the suc- 
 cess of these enterprises; a northern firm of cotton manu- 
 facturers recently complained to the government of "hard 
 times" because the dividends of the company fell to twelve 
 per cent. 
 
 Probably no other country produces such a variety of 
 textile fibres as Brazil, and new discoveries are constantly 
 adding to the list. The government encourages explora- 
 tion with this end in view, realizing its importance to 
 national industry, and a Central Committee has been 
 appointed for the especial purpose of developing the manu- 
 facture of a new textile from the fibres "barbantina, " 
 "Cambraina" and others of recent discovery and proven 
 value. In the main hall of the Industrial Palace are to be 
 seen articles woven from fibres unknown to other lands, 
 and it requires little imagination to picture the factory 
 
 82 
 
world of Brazil a few years hence when the rapid develop- 
 ment that has been a feature of the past decade carries 
 national enterprise far beyond its present range. Un- 
 questionably, Brazil will be one of the great manufacturing 
 countries of the world in the near future. 
 
 One has only to visit the various sections of the Palace 
 of Industries to realize how much more is being accom- 
 plished now than the average outsider has any idea of. Two 
 large halls, nearly two hundred feet long, are filled with 
 beautifully woven fabrics made in the different states of 
 Brazil and exhibited in the most attractive manner. A 
 very ingenious an effective arrangement of bobbins of 
 various colored threads adorns the ceiling of the hall 
 occupied by the Federal District exhibit in this building, 
 and in one of its sections a most original and interesting 
 feature is presented by the Fabrica de Gravatas, where a 
 number of girls are at work, manufacturing fashionable 
 cravats with skill and rapidity. Visitors are presented 
 with souvenirs by most of the exhibitors in the different 
 buildings and the effect is as American as Broadway on 
 Christmas Eve, when everyone carries a parcel. At several 
 booths, chocolate, coffee and other beverages are served. 
 The cloth displayed in the various sections of the Industrial 
 Palace is not only beautiful but of the best quality of fabric. 
 The Progresso Company of Nictheroy shows about a 
 hundred pieces of cloth of different kinds and of a fineness 
 not excelled by the best European manufacturers; this 
 establishment produces annually more than a hundred 
 
 83 
 
thousand yards of flannels, cashmeres, cheviots, etc. 
 Another handsome display of cloth is made by the Fabrica 
 Rink, which has its allotted space tastefully draped with 
 goods made at the factory. The " Botafogo" factory, too, 
 presents an attractive exhibit of cloths, shawls, crepes, and 
 other fine woollen fabrics ; and the Fabrica Aurora, 
 
 HIE JANGADA, PRIMITIVE TRANSPORTATION IN THE TROPICS. 
 
 exhibiting the same class of textiles, adds a distinctly 
 original and pleasing note to the general display. In the 
 choice of names, the national capital and its environs 
 have been remembered by the manufacturing companies, 
 of which there are the "Corcovado," the "Carioca" the 
 "Santa Luzia, " and the "Tijuca, " the last-named having 
 a superb display of flannels, cheviots and other cloths made 
 
 84 
 
from the wool of Rio Grande do Sul; the factory of this 
 company, established at Boa Vista eight years ago, is one 
 of the most important in South America. 
 
 The Allianca cotton factory of Rio de Janeiro, which 
 supports a little city of its own under the shadow of Cor- 
 covado Mountain, has one of the most interesting exhibits 
 in the Industrial Palace: cotton in every form and in all 
 the stages of manufacture is attractively shown, so that 
 one may gain an idea of the extensive enterprise represented. 
 The "Industrial Campista, " a thread and cotton cloth 
 factory of Campos, Petropolis cotton factories, the Fab- 
 rica San Martino which makes linen cloth, and the Jute 
 factory of Sao Joao, noted throughout Brazil for its pro- 
 ducts, are among leading exhibitors. As the Federal 
 District alone has twenty-two cloth factories, making cot- 
 ton, woollen, linen and silk fabrics, it is not surprising 
 that the Palace of Industries contains a magnificent dis- 
 play. Sao Paulo has a wonderful exhibit from the silk 
 looms of the Italo-Brasileira Company, which shows 
 beautiful patterns in various goods, ribbons, braids, etc. 
 Another Sao Paulo factory, the Crespi, whose products 
 have won premiums at the International Expositions of 
 Rome and Milan, exhibits exquisite fabrics from the cotton 
 mills of Mooca. The woollen factory of Sao Bernardo has 
 also a fine display. A Carioca cordoalha, or rope-making 
 establishment, has a unique display, admirably arranged. 
 One of the Petropolis silk factories is represented by an 
 exhibit that attracts many visitors, looms being set up in 
 
 85 
 
the palace with operatives at work weaving silken fabrics 
 so that the public may see the process. The Sao Paulo 
 section extends through several salas, in the first of which 
 are the exhibits from cotton, silk, woollen and jute fac- 
 tories, the remaining rooms being used for a splendid dis- 
 play of leather goods, ceramics, and miscellaneous articles. 
 The Santa Anna jute factory has a particularly elaborate 
 and artistic display. This extensive enterprise, owned and 
 directed by Count de Alvares Penteado of Sao Paulo, is 
 one of the largest in South America. 
 
 The Sao Paulo exhibits are so complete and varied 
 as to include every branch of industry. The Fabrica 
 Votorantim of the Sorocabana district has a fine dis- 
 play of calicoes, muslins, etc., giving an excellent idea 
 of the quality of work done in this large establishment 
 that turns out more than ten million yards annually, all 
 of which is consumed in the three states of Sao Paulo, Rio 
 and Minas Geraes. Another industry, glass-making, is 
 shown to advantage in the splendid exhibit of the Vidraria 
 Santa Marina, founded by and now under the direction of 
 the distinguished Sao Paulo statesman, Counsellor An- 
 tonio da Silva Prado. The Cerveja Antarctica Paulista 
 has a handsome exhibit ; and another interesting display 
 is that of the Calcado Rocha, one of the largest shoe factor- 
 ies of Brazil. An important feature of the Sao Paulo 
 section is the palhoga or thatched hut erected by the Model 
 Farm of Piracicaba and covered with the fruits grown on 
 the farm, the thatch being of straw and rice, with ripe 
 
 86 
 
clusters of fruit hanging from it and various cereals growing 
 in the soil around it. In another sala are specimens of the 
 rice grown at Moreira Cesar, on the Central Railway, 
 by a system of artificial irrigation. 
 
 In the Minas Geraes exhibit of textiles and textile 
 fibres, considerable interest centres around the products 
 woven of the burity fibre and sent to the Exposition from 
 the town of Prata. The burity belongs to the palm species, 
 and its fruit makes a delicious compote, while the tree 
 itself, like the famous traveller's tree of Madagascar, 
 serves as a repository for water and is a benediction to 
 thirsty wayfarers in the sertao. The state of Minas 
 Geraes is rich in fibres and the manufacture of textiles is 
 one of the flourishing industries of the state, especially of 
 the southern part, where the rapidly growing city of Juiz 
 de Fora is situated. The Companhia Ingleza, of Juiz de 
 F6ra, has a handsome display in the Palace of Industries, 
 and among other Mineiro enterprises equally well rep- 
 resented are the factories of Cedro and Cachoeira, Viuva 
 Mascarenhas and Filhos, Marzagao and Taboleiro Grande. 
 Silk culture is a growing industry in this state; the colonies 
 Nova Baden and Rodrigo da Silva have a very creditable 
 exhibit of cocoons and silk threads in the Palace of Indus- 
 tries. A beautiful quadrangular pyramid adorns the ceramic 
 section of the exhibit from Minas Geraes in the Industrial 
 Building erected by the Juiz de Fora firm of Arcure and 
 Spinelli; it has on one of its sides an ornamental escut- 
 cheon bearing the medals won at Turin, Milan and other 
 
 88 
 
great fairs of Europe. The Ceramic factory of Caethe is 
 represented with a superb collection of fine porcelain of 
 delicate fabric and beautiful design. 
 
 In the Parand section of the Industrial Palace an 
 extensive and beautiful exhibit is made, with a unique 
 feature, consisting of a miniature model of Iguassu Falls 
 made of the fibres of the banana tree, some of these fibres 
 measuring fourteen feet in length. Captain Domingos 
 Nascimento, the author of this work, has devoted particular 
 attention to banana culture, and especially to the employ- 
 ment of its fibre for textile purposes, as is already done by 
 the Indians in the interior of Alagoas and other states, 
 though in a primitive way. In Caethe, in Minas Geraes, a 
 sacerdote, Monsenhor Domingos Pinheiro, has encouraged 
 this industry among his parishioners and many beautiful 
 laces and embroideries are made, as well as vestments for 
 the Church. The possibilities of the banana fibre are 
 shown by Captain Nascimento to be many and varied, 
 including their use in manufacture of paper, etc. " Banana 
 water" is used in the sertao in the ameliorative treatment 
 of tuberculosis. 
 
 Southern Brazil contributes a very large share of the 
 exhibits seen in the Industrial Palace. Rio Grande de Sul 
 with its immense pastures, produces abundant wool, 
 leather and similar articles for manufacturing purposes, 
 and the Fabrica Allianca of Pelotas has a magnificent 
 display of the products of the state. The Fabrica Balanca, 
 and the Porto-Alegrense Company of Porto Alegre have 
 
 89 
 
also splendid exhibits, showing the progress of Rio Grande 
 in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods. It is 
 the fourth state in Brazil in population, having about a 
 million and a half inhabitants, and is one of the richest 
 and most progressive of the union. Minas Geraes, Sao 
 Paulo and Bahia have larger populations than Rio Grande 
 do Sul, but their territory is larger, and their location 
 favors immigration, being in the immediate vicinity of 
 the national capital and chief seaport. 
 
 Bahia, the earliest settled of the Brazilian states, has a 
 population of two and a half millions, and its products 
 include everything grown in tropical and semi-tropical 
 latitudes. No country is richer in fibres, and the textile 
 manufactures of the state which are exhibited in the 
 Industrial Palace prove how enterprising the Bahians are 
 in utilizing the resources of their state. The City of 
 Bahia has a hundred and seventy factories, and some of 
 the largest cotton mills in South America. The exhibit 
 of the Emporio Industrial do Norte is particularly hand- 
 some; this enterprise employs nearly two thousand work- 
 men, who live in the "Villa Operaria, " a town by itself, 
 governed and protected by the company, and supplied 
 with free schools, churches, etc.; fifteen million yards of 
 cloth are made annually in this establishment. The Com- 
 panhia Uniao Fabril, the Progresso Industrial, Fabril de 
 Fiaes and others also have beautiful exhibits. 
 
 To the foreigner, especially, a visit to the Industrial 
 Palace is apt to bring a succession of surprises. Some of 
 
 90 
 
the best exhibits are from states of which he has never 
 heard; and as he has not supposed there was anything so 
 progressive in South America outside of the capitals and 
 the larger seaport cities, it is a revelation to see such 
 evidences of industrial activity as are here shown by the 
 smaller or the more remote states. Parahyba do Norte, 
 
 >,; v 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 NATIVE CRAFT OF PARANAGUA. 
 
 a small state north of Pernambuco, has about two hundred 
 exhibits in the different Federal pavilions, and the textile 
 fibres, skins of wild animals, leather articles, etc., shown 
 by this state in the Industrial Palace are of great variety 
 and interest. Alagoas, the great cotton state, Rio Grande 
 do Norte, with its many varieties of textile fibres, Cear£ 
 and Piauhy, also rich in textiles, Maranhao, with its 
 
 9i 
 
extensive cotton factories, and Para and Amazonas, the 
 equatorial states, famous for many industries, are rep- 
 resented in both the Central and the Industrial Palace, 
 with important exhibits. 
 
 The Central sala of the Palace of Industries, at the 
 right of the main entrance, is decorated with maritime 
 objects, such as belong to the trading and fishing craft 
 along the coast. The National Museum contributes 
 many interesting models and specimens of native manu- 
 facture of this class, which is distinctively Brazilian, and 
 possesses the attraction of variety, since nearly every 
 state on the sea border has its own style of craft. The 
 whaling boats still used in Santa Catharina and Bahia are 
 different from the jangadas of Pernambuco and the 
 vampiros of Para, and the canoas (canoes) of Rio are not 
 at all like the garoupeiras used in the igarapes — as the 
 small streams are called — of the Amazon. 
 
 The display of viaturas, or vehicles, is a most interest- 
 ing and instructive feature of the Exposition, as it includes 
 not only all kinds of primitive craft, but models of the best 
 ships in the trade between Brazil and foreign countries 
 today. The Royal Mail Steamship Company which has 
 a magnificent line of new passenger steamers between 
 Southampton and Brazil, exhibits a model of the "Ara- 
 guaya," one of the largest, a floating palace. The Pacific 
 Steam Navigation Company and the Lamport and Holt 
 Line have interesting exhibits, the latter being the oldest 
 in the Brazilian service from New York. Its fine new 
 
 92 
 
steamers "Velasquez," "Verdi," "Vasari," and "Vol- 
 taire" make the voyage from New York to Rio de Jainero 
 in sixteen days. The Lloyd Brazileiro Company, the 
 national line of Brazil, has also a splendid exhibit in the 
 Pavilion de Viaturas; this line has a direct passenger 
 service between Brazil and New York, calling at the chief 
 ports of Brazil as far north as Para, at the mouth of the 
 Amazon River. From Para to New York, the run is made 
 in eleven or twelve days, calling at Barbados. A galley 
 ship with fourteen oars, manufactured in the Caneco 
 shipyard of Brazil is exhibited in the Pavilion de Viaturas, 
 and recalls the style of transport in use a hundred years 
 ago when the international trade of Brazil was established 
 by the opening of its ports to foreign trade, the event 
 celebrated by the present Exposition. 
 
 RAZIV S chief source of wealth is agriculture. 
 Its mineral products, though many and of 
 great value, represent but a small share of the 
 national revenue and provide occupation for 
 only a minor portion of the population. The economic 
 problems of Brazil are chiefly such as grow out of the 
 needs of an agricultural people, to whom the most 
 important questions, so far as material well-being is 
 concerned, are connected with their harvests, the securing 
 
 93 
 
of labor in their fields, the improvement of farming methods 
 and the acquiring of perfect facilities for transporting 
 their products to market. The measure of material pro- 
 gress made in Brazil within the past ten years may be 
 judged by the success with which these questions have been 
 met and solved. And the evidence is best seen in the 
 National Exposition of 1908, where results show progress 
 in every industry that is based on the development of 
 agriculture. In the Central Palace and the Palace of 
 Industries, every state of Brazil has exhibits which indicate 
 the advancement made along this line, and in each exhibit 
 there is something to show the influence of modern enter- 
 prise and of a scientific study of the best methods of treat- 
 ing the soil to promote its fertility. 
 
 The National Society of Agriculture has done a great 
 deal to stimulate industrial development in Brazil. One 
 of the most interesting features of the Exposition was the 
 assembling of the second Agricultural Congress, which 
 was inaugurated on the 13th of August, His Excellency 
 President Penna, being present on the occasion; Dr. 
 Miguel Calmon, Minister of Industry, Transportation and 
 Public Works, directed the session as honorary president. 
 All the members of the Agricultural Committee of the 
 Exposition were present and included Dr. Domingos 
 Sergio de Carvalho, president, General Jacques Ourique, 
 and Senhores Alfredo Rocha, J. Barbosa Rodrigues, Leon- 
 cio de Carvalho, Orville Derby, and Americo Ludolf; 
 the committee of the Live Stock Section also attended, 
 
 94 
 
PAVILION OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
including Dr. Fernando Mendes de Almeida, president, and 
 Senhores Carvalho Borges, Miguel de Carvalho, Vaulo de 
 Frontin, Frederico Smith de Vasconcellos, Ernesto Antonio 
 de Lassance da Cunha, Julio Cesar de Oliveira, Julio 
 Pimentel and Francisco Canella. Dr. Calmon opened the 
 the Congress with a congratulatory address, comparing 
 present conditions with those which prevailed when the 
 first Congress met in 1901, under less auspicious circum- 
 stances. Dr. Wenceslao Bello, president of the society, 
 followed Dr. Calmon and expressed the sentiment of the 
 agricultural class who recognized with gratitude the efforts 
 of the government in behalf of their interests. Not only 
 the Federal government but most of the State govern- 
 ments have shown an active desire to promote agricultural 
 development by favoring all efforts directed toward its im- 
 provement. Agricultural implements are admitted almost 
 free of duty; immigrants are encouraged to make their 
 homes in rural districts where labor is scarce and the de- 
 mand is urgent; and new railways are constantly being built 
 to provide better means of transportation between the 
 fazendas, or plantations, and the seaports or large centres 
 where produce finds a market. 
 
 Sao Paulo has taken the lead in fostering scientific 
 agriculture, and the record of its achievement in this 
 respect is altogether surprising and remarkable. During 
 the administration of Dr. Jorge Tibirica, when Dr. Carlos 
 Botelho held the portfolio of agriculture, the progress in 
 everything relating to farm interests — the practical training 
 
 96 
 
of farmers, the establishment of farming colonies, the 
 improvement of live stock, etc. — was phenomenal. And 
 this progress has continued under the present government, 
 at the head of which is Dr. Albuquerque Lins, with Dr. 
 Candido Rodrigues as Secretary of Agriculture. The 
 
 PAVILION FOR THE EXHIBIT OF COFFEE AND CACAO. 
 
 practical school of agriculture at Piracicaba, known as the 
 "Luiz de Queiroz" school, and the Model farm attached 
 to it, are nourishing institutions maintained by the state; 
 their exhibit in the Palace of Industries is one of the finest 
 displays at the Exposition. Dr. Carlos Botelho, whose 
 opinions on everything relating to agriculture and live 
 
 97 
 
stock are esteemed of great value because of his large and 
 varied experience in these questions, addressed the Con- 
 gress on "The Action of Governments in Increasing Rural 
 Wealth, " and explained why it is necessary to give govern- 
 ment support to experiments which have for their object 
 the improvement of the live stock interests of the country, 
 and the development of its agriculture. He gave a resume 
 of the work done by the Sao Paulo government in its Posto 
 Zootechnico Central and in its agricultural schools, and 
 showed the great advantages to be gained by a systematic 
 selection of the best specimens for propagation on the 
 pastures and the plantations of the state. Sao Paulo 
 is active in propaganda work, and the office of the Secre- 
 tary of Agriculture is headquarters for the distribution of 
 literature on subjects relating to farming, cattle-raising, 
 bee-keeping, and kindred enterprises; the number of 
 pamphlets and books sent out last year was a quarter of 
 a million. 
 
 98 
 
/V>^ OTWITHSTANDING the difficulties of trans- 
 / //-^v portation over land and by sea for great 
 / V~y distances, even the remotest states of Brazil 
 have sent exhibits to the Live Stock Pavilion, 
 which is one of the most important features of the great 
 Fair. The inauguration of this exhibit took place on the 
 22d of August and was attended by the President of the 
 Republic, and the Minister of Industry, Transportation, 
 and Public Works, Dr. Miguel Calmon. The live stock 
 display is under the direction of Dr. Padua Rezende, who 
 has spared no effort to make it a success. Annexed to 
 the principal building are one hundred and sixteen stalls 
 in which the horses and cattle are placed, and in addition 
 to these are numerous pens for the sheep, dogs and barn- 
 yard fowls which form an attractive feature of the exhibit. 
 A bench show of magnificent canine specimens has proved 
 one of the most pleasing entertainments of the Exposition, 
 and the collection of pigeons shown here from the State of 
 Rio is worthy of particular mention. The exhibition of 
 live stock is so large that it has been divided into succes- 
 sive groups, only a part of the animals being accommo- 
 dated by the limited number of stalls; as one collection 
 is judged and sent away, room is provided for another to 
 take its place. 
 
 The live stock exhibit from Rio Grande do Sul is par- 
 ticularly remarkable, showing the progress of cattle-raising 
 
 99 
 
on the rich pasture lands of southern Brazil. The Granja 
 de Pedras Altas, an immense estate owned by Dr. Joaquim 
 Francisco de Assis Brasil — formerly Brazilian Minister at 
 Washington — is represented with a display of magnifi- 
 cent animals including five thoroughbred Devon bulls. 
 Dr. Assis Brasil has a model ranch about a hundred 
 miles from the port of Rio Grande do Sul, on the line 
 of the railway which connects that city with Bage, in 
 the southern part of the state, and only ten miles from the 
 Uruguay border. It is located on the rolling hills of Co- 
 chilla Grande, which form a ledge dividing the basin 
 of La Plata from the streams that flow into the Lagoa dos 
 Patos and the Merim Lake; and its elevation, fourteen 
 hundred feet above sea level, particularly adapts it to the 
 purposes of stock-raising, which is carried on in accordance 
 with the most modern scientific ideas. The Granja 
 (Grange) is a beautiful property, having, in addition to 
 extensive pastures, a splendid farm, gardens, orchards, 
 and a large park, in the midst of which are the family resi- 
 dence and other buildings occupied by the owner and his 
 dependents. In the library of the Grange are thousands 
 of volumes treating of agricultural science in all its 
 branches. 
 
 Another important exhibit is sent by Augusto Pereira 
 de Carvalho, of Sant' Anna do Livramento, in Rio Grande 
 do Sul, including pure Durhams, of four years, two years, 
 and one named "Edison" only fourteen months old, all 
 fine specimens. Sant' Anna do Livramento is situated 
 
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in the heart of the best pasture lands of the South, and its 
 cattle are unsurpassed in form and weight. Dr. Pedro 
 Simoes Pires exhibits several fine Hereford bulls from this 
 district, and Jose Luiz Pereira also of Sant' Anna do Livra- 
 mento, sends pure Durham cattle and Rambouillet sheep. 
 From the same region are shown thoroughbred horses; 
 Colonel Joao Francisco exhibits many superb animals, 
 including a pure-blooded Orloff stallion, an Anglo-Russian 
 mare, Rambouillet and Romney sheep, and Creole oxen, 
 cows and sheep. All these animals were bred in Rio 
 Grande do Sul. In addition to horses and cattle this 
 state sends also fine poultry of English stock, ducks, geese, 
 and a number of carrier pigeons. 
 
 Minas Geraes, which is famous for its dairy products, 
 has a notable exhibit in the live stock section. From the 
 famous fazenda of Tanque, in the municipality of Entre 
 Rios, Colonel Joaquim Pacheco de Rezende sends the 
 choicest of his immense stock of horses, cattle, sheep and 
 goats. This estate belonged for half a century to a noted 
 cattle-raiser, Cassiano Campolina, who devoted constant 
 efforts, during all that time, to the improvement of the 
 national types of live stock. After his death some years 
 ago the property passed to the present owner, who has 
 continued the labor of his predecessor, and can show, as a 
 result of- scientific selection, a magnificent stock farm, 
 with hundreds of horses, and cattle of fine origin and 
 breeding, born and bred on the Tanque fazenda. In 
 addition to the native bred horses, there are, on the 
 
 102 
 
estate, several thoroughbreds of European races, includ- 
 ing the Percheron, and some English race horses. Not 
 only is the Tanque estate one of the most important in 
 Minas Geraes, but it ranks among the leading stock farms 
 of Brazil. 
 
 The Andrade fazenda, in Oliveira, State of Minas Geraes, 
 is also noted for its fine stock, of which several specimens 
 are exhibited; and the districts of Uberaba, Araguary, 
 Leopoldina and Caethe are represented with an admirable 
 display. The president of the state of Minas Geraes, Dr. 
 Joao Pinheiro, has a number of handsome Arabian horses 
 the Exposition, from his estate in Caethe. A superb horse 
 is shown among the exhibits from this state, "Sul de Minas" 
 which has won premiums at many fairs, and another, a 
 Creole, owned by Antonio Pereira de Araujo of Porto Novo 
 do Cunha, is valued at two thousand dollars. Beautiful 
 specimens are exhibited from Alem-Parahyba, and a 
 handsome present, sent by one of its citizens to General 
 Hermes da Fonseca — and exquisitely wrought bit and 
 bridle, — is much admired at the Fair. The rearing of 
 thoroughbred goats is an important pastoral industry 
 of Minas Geraes, Colonel Vicente Macedo, a well-known 
 stock-raiser, having devoted much attention to its devel- 
 opment; he has five hundred goats of various races, 
 valuable for their milk, wool or meat, brought from the 
 Alps, and other noted haunts of the best species. The 
 Angora goat thrives well on the highlands of Minas 
 Geraes and yields an abundance of fine wool. 
 
 104 
 
Sao Paulo's exhibit in the live stock section is, like 
 everything else from this state at the Exposition, complete 
 
 A PATHWAY IN SYLVESTRE. 
 
 and of great interest. It consists of sixty heads of cattle 
 of superior race and breeding, which attest to the efficient 
 
 105 
 
character of the scientific labors put forth by the directors 
 of the Posto Zootechnico to elevate the standard of the 
 stock-raising industry in the state. The latest statistics 
 give Sao Paulo two and a half millions of animals on its 
 great pastures and farms, representing fifty million dol- 
 lars in value. The importation of the best stock from 
 Europe, Durham, Jersey, Devon and other types of cattle, 
 the best English horses, sheep of pure race, etc., has been 
 found most necessary to the improvement of native stock, 
 and results have proved altogether satisfactory from an 
 industrial and economic standpoint. 
 
 Not only from the central and southern states are the 
 live stock exhibits surprising in quality and variety, but 
 the cattle sent from the tropical states of the north, from 
 Para, Amazonas, Goyaz and Matto Grasso, are of splen- 
 did appearance and attract general admiration. Goyaz 
 is a great cattle-producing state, and Piauhy, one of the 
 most northern of the Brazilian states, has pastures unsur- 
 passed by any in the republic, from which many superior 
 specimens have been sent to the Exposition. Among the 
 finest animals seen in the states are those exhibited from 
 the fazenda of the Baron de Parana. 
 
 1 06 
 
((~\ has led 
 ^-^ within 
 
 f^y^-* HE development of scientific agriculture in Brazil 
 led to a demand for better machinery, and 
 the past few years the manufacture 
 and importation of agricultural implements and 
 of machinery of all kinds has greatly increased. In the 
 machinery pavilion of the Exposition — a quadrangular 
 edifice near the Central Palace — all kinds of implements 
 and mechanical devices are exhibited, conspicuous among 
 them being the various machines used in the elaboration of 
 coffee. The exhibit of Arens and Company of Jundiahy, in 
 the State of Sao Paulo, is one of the most interesting and 
 complete of its kind, showing machinery for preparing coffee, 
 rice, millet and other products for the market; this large 
 establishment has its own foundry, blacksmith's shop, saw- 
 mill, carpenter's shop, etc., and is provided with machinery 
 for drying and extracting the coffee bean, for making 
 manioc flour, for crushing sugar cane, and for other pro- 
 cesses, in which more than a hundred operatives are 
 employed. The Machard Company of Campinas exhibits 
 machinery for preparing coffee, and from the Progredier 
 workshops of Sao Paulo several machines are shown for 
 separating coffee; the "Amaral" machine, made by this 
 firm, is a remarkable invention, occupying only two square 
 metres of space and yet performing all the complicated 
 work of preparing coffee for market from the berry as it 
 is picked off the tree to the coffee bean placed in the sack 
 
 107 
 
ready for shipment. Another simple yet complete machine 
 for the same work is an invention of Senhor Paulo Telles, 
 of Sao Paulo, and a very useful drying machine is the 
 invention of Dr. Augusto Ramos. Herm. Stoltz and Com- 
 pany of the Federal District exhibit a new rice mill, making 
 two hundred pounds of clean rice per hour, and machinery 
 for planing woods, as well as locomotives and various 
 materials for purposes of construction. The Companhia 
 Mechanica e Importadora of Sao Paulo has an interesting 
 exhibit of its machines for preparing coffee, and for other 
 products of its great foundry. Hopkins, Causer and 
 Hopkins' exhibit the newest farm and dairy machin- 
 ery and Haupt and Company have electrical motors, 
 machines for making chocolate, typographic machines 
 and all kinds of utensils for chemical, nautical and other 
 purposes. 
 
 The exhibit in machinery is arranged in four wings 
 of the building, one of which, is entirely occupied by the 
 Condor factory with a display of its various machines 
 used in making shoes. This important enterprise is one 
 of the most successful in Brazil and its shoes are worn in 
 the army, the navy, the police corps, government schools, 
 etc. The exhibit of the Calcado Condor is very artistically 
 arranged. In this pavilion many minor implements of 
 native or foreign manufacture are shown, such as ploughs, 
 cultivators, and other farm tools. An Alabama firm, of 
 the United States, exhibits a machine for elaborating 
 cotton which is much admired. 
 
 1 08 
 
Near Machinery Hall, at a short distance from the 
 entrance to the Exposition grounds, stands the pavilion 
 of the Central Railway of Brazil, in which are exhibited 
 the machinery and manufactured articles used in the 
 construction work and rolling stock of one of the greatest 
 railways of the republic. The exhibit is confined to 
 materials of Brazilian origin and to objects made in the 
 country, and includes hundreds of interesting specimens 
 of work done in the machine shops, foundries, and other 
 establishments of the company. Models of engineering 
 construction are shown, such as a miniature reproduction 
 of the cement tunnel through the Serra da Mantiqueira 
 and a model of the cement wall of the elevated line between 
 - Sao Diogo and Sao Christovao, as well as the facsimile 
 of a bridge over the Lavado River, and a model in mini- 
 ature of a branch of the Ouro Preto line, with ballast of 
 marble. A visit to this building is a revelation to those 
 who are unacquainted with the degree of progress made 
 in railroad building in Brazil. Here are shown many 
 objects in cast iron for use on the railway : trucks, car- 
 wheels cast from the iron of the Ipanema mines in Sao 
 Paulo; lanterns, hydraulic pumps, machines for switching, 
 etc., made in Palmyra and Barra; and a chest fitted up 
 with all necessary apparatus for extinguishing a fire, made 
 similar to those used in the United States. It is particu- 
 larly interesting to see the different kinds of cars that run 
 the Central Railway; they are exhibited in miniature, 
 and show one-half in skeleton, so that the process of 
 
 no 
 
construction may be understood. Small copies of locomo- 
 tives, employed for passenger and freight traffic are 
 exhibited, and'a fine collection of large photographs shows 
 many features of railway building that could not be dem- 
 onstrated in a small space. Telegraph apparatus, made 
 in the office of the company, and a complete installation 
 of the Adel automatic block — the invention of a Brazilian 
 engineer, for whom it is named — as well as treasured relics 
 of the earlier days of the system, are among the interesting 
 features. The School of Locomotive Apprentices has a 
 display of its work, showing the course of training pur- 
 sued; and exhibits are numerous which give an idea of 
 the construction of special cars, cars of inspection, obser- 
 vation cars and other work designed to contribute to the 
 efficiency of the service and the luxury provided for its 
 patrons. 
 
 The Central Railway is owned by the Federal govern- 
 ment of Brazil. It connects the Federal District with 
 Minas Geraes by two trains daily each way between the 
 national capital and the Mineiro metropolis, Bello Hori- 
 zonte, the trip requiring ten hours. Branches extend to 
 various other points in the states of Rio, Minas Geraes 
 and Sao Paulo, and two trains run daily each way between 
 Rio de Janeiro and the city of Sao Paulo. The Sao Paulo 
 route lies across the Serra do Mar, or Coast Range of 
 mountains, the train climbing to the summit through 
 tunnels and across viaducts that represent herculean feats 
 of engineering and attest the skill and courage of the 
 
 112 
 
constructing chiefs of the enterprise. Every comfort is 
 provided for travellers, the service including elegant sleep- 
 ing cars and dining cars, similar to those used in North 
 America. The headquarters of the railway in Rio are 
 located in the Central Station, a handsome and spacious 
 edifice, occupying an entire square in the southwestern 
 section of the city. The Central was the first Brazilian 
 railway constructed by national enterprise and engineering 
 skill. It was first opened to traffic in 1858, between Rio 
 and its suburb Belem, thirty miles distant; a few years 
 later it was built across the Serra do Mar, under the name 
 of the "Dom Pedro II. Railway," which it retained until 
 the inauguration of the republic when it was given its 
 present title. The "Central," as it is familiarly known, 
 has a trackage of over a thousand miles, extending into 
 the heart of the rich gold-mining region of Minas Geraes, 
 and crossing the sugar lands, rice fields and coffee planta- 
 tions between the Federal metropolis and the Paulista 
 capital. This railway has three tracks for ten miles out 
 of Rio and double tracks several miles further. Seven 
 trains daily leave the capital for the junction of the Sao 
 Paulo and Minas Geraes divisions, four run to Juiz de 
 Fora, and Barbacena on the Minas Geraes branch and 
 two cover the entire route in Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes 
 each way. Brazil has about twenty thousand miles of 
 railway in operation, and ten thousand miles of new lines 
 and extensions under construction. The Federal capital 
 is the starting point for the Central and the Leopoldina 
 
 114 
 
routes, and through these lines is in direct communication 
 with the principal railways of the country, most of which 
 form lines of the chain that is being rapidly completed to 
 connect all the states from the extreme north to the south- 
 ern boundary of the republic. 
 
 OT only have all the States of the Union co- 
 operated with the Federal government to make 
 the National Exposition of 1908 a success, but 
 several of them have shown their interest and 
 sympathy by erecting handsome buildings which are a 
 most important contribution to the artistic beauty of 
 the Exposition City, and to its general attractiveness. 
 One of the handsomest of these buildings is the official 
 pavilion of the Federal District. It occupies an advan- 
 tageous location, in the circular praga that marks the 
 centre of the grounds. Behind the building towers the 
 Morro de Babylonia, making an effective background 
 for the pure white palace with its beautiful dome rising 
 above the pillared walls. The architect, Dr. Oliveira 
 Passos, has combined solidity with simplicity in the con- 
 struction of this building which attracts immediate atten- 
 tion by these conspicuous features. No sculptured figures 
 or other ornamentation appear on the exterior of the 
 edifice, the beauty of which lies in its graceful design and 
 the harmony of its supporting pillars. Above the portico 
 
 115 
 
are the arms of the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, and 
 the capitals of the pillars are ornamented with a female 
 head, which symbolizes the Brazilian Republic. The 
 interior is decorated in accord with the style of the build- 
 ing, elegantly and without elaborate adornment. The 
 two stories of the palace have each a grand sala, with a 
 number of smaller rooms opening from it. The main 
 hall of the first floor is occupied by exhibits of a special 
 character, relating to the educational progress of the 
 District, to the history of its development as shown in 
 its interesting archives, and to statistical and other docu- 
 ments of great importance. In the central sala of the 
 floor above, conferences are held and receptions are given 
 by the Prefect, General Souza Aguiar, and his charming 
 family, to distinguished visitors. 
 
 The inauguration of the Federal District palace took 
 place on the evening of the 15th of August and was the 
 occasion of many festivities. The Exposition grounds 
 were ablaze with light, the building that was to be inaugu- 
 rated shone resplendent with a thousand luminous jets, 
 and fireworks shot into the sky from a hundred points. 
 The President of the Republic, Dr. Affonso Penna, arrived 
 a few minutes after eight o'clock accompanied by his 
 military commander-in-chief, General Mendes de Moraes; 
 he was received by General Souza Aguiar, Dr. Miguel 
 Calmon, Dr. Alfredo Pinto, chief of police, Dr. Cavalcante 
 of the Federal Supreme Court, and the Federal District 
 Commissioners of the Exposition, Dr. Alfredo Graca Couto 
 
 116 
 
and Count Candido Mendes de Almeida. Bands of music 
 played the national hymn, the national guard opened a 
 pathway for the president through the crowd of admiring 
 onlookers, and, as His Excellency ascended the stairway 
 of the grand entrance, an electrical design flashed the words 
 Salve, Affonso Penna, in the national colors of Brazil. 
 Upon entering the main hall the president was saluted by 
 one hundred and forty students of the Girls' Professional 
 Institute, who formed a double line the length of the room 
 through which President Penna passed to the staircase 
 leading to the second floor. Here the formal ceremony of 
 inauguration was performed, and the president left the 
 building to visit the exhibits of the Federal District in 
 the Central Palace, the Palace of Industries, Machinery 
 Hall, the Live Stock Pavilions and elsewhere. 
 
 The Board of Public Instruction of the Federal Dis- 
 trict has two complete exhibits in this building, one of 
 which is from the primary school and the other from the 
 kindergarten or Jardim da Infancia: in these exhibits are 
 text books, furniture and school work, classes being held 
 also, for the purpose of showing the methods of instruction 
 employed in the schools of the capital. The Boys' Pro- 
 fessional Institute exhibits handsome specimens of furni- 
 ture made by the pupils and showing exquisite inlaid work 
 in various colored hardwoods of the country. Among 
 the most beautiful of these pieces is a prie-dieu of carved 
 jacaranda wood, with a cushion of embroidered silk, the 
 latter worked by pupils of the Girls' Professional Insti- 
 
 118 
 
tute. Very elaborate and delicate workmanship is shown 
 by the Boys' School in bookbinding and printing, and 
 other crafts. The Girls' School exhibits embroideries, 
 
 POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF THE FEDERAL DISTRICT. 
 
 artistic designs, drawings; and, in a temporary kitchen 
 established for the purpose, the training of its pupils in 
 the housewifely art of cooking is exemplified. The Souza 
 Aguiar School, founded by the Prefect, has an interesting 
 exhibit of wood turning and carving. 
 
 The administrative service of the Federal District is 
 represented in the exhibition of charts and diagrams show- 
 ing the statistics of the capital, as gained through the 
 labor of its various departments. 
 
 A very interesting document, which belongs to the 
 archives of the prefecture of Rio, is placed on exhibition 
 
 119 
 
in the palace of the Federal District. It is the original 
 copy of the Register of Municipal Lands, in which appears 
 the conveyance of lands hundreds of years ago and the 
 plan of the city as it was made in 1753. Another interest- 
 ing historical relic exhibited in the palace of the Federal 
 District is the ancient standard of the Senate. In addition 
 to this valuable object are shown royal decrees of the time 
 when Brazil was a province of Portugal, a copy of the 
 
 Constitution demanded 
 by the Cortes of Portu- 
 gal in 1824, a book of 
 gold, the vara, or rod 
 of authority carried by 
 the King's steward, and 
 other treasures. 
 
 The success of the 
 Federal District exhibit 
 is due to the experienced 
 knowledge of those hav- 
 ing this work in charge. 
 The Prefect, General 
 Souza Aguiar, had charge 
 of the Brazilian exhibit 
 at the Exposition of St. Louis and has been identified with 
 work of this kind in Europe; Dr. Alfred da Graca Couto, 
 of the Federal District Commission, was associated with 
 General Souza Aguiar at St. Louis and has had much 
 experience of this kind; Dr. Olavo Bilac, the Brazilian 
 
 120 
 
 PAVILION OF FLORA AND FAUNA. 
 
poet, organized the pedagogical exhibit and proved that 
 he has genius in this branch of mental activity as 
 well as in verse-making; and Dr. 
 Julio Furtado, inspector of shrub- 
 bery and gardens, has established 
 a complete exhibit of the flora 
 and fauna of Rio in the pavilion 
 adjoining the palace of the Fed- 
 eral District. 
 
 The pavilion of flora and fauna 
 is a charming little chalet built 
 of the guarabu and peroba woods 
 of Brazil. In it are shown many 
 beautiful specimens of the arbori- 
 culture of Rio, and also models of 
 the fish and game found in the 
 vicinity. The rivers and bays of 
 Rio abound in fish of various 
 kinds, and it is interesting to see 
 a collection of models showing 
 the form and size of the chief 
 varieties. A large aviary adjoin- 
 ing the pavilion of flora and fauna, 
 is much visited; it is built in the 
 
 form of a Chinese kiosk, occupies an area of fifty square 
 feet, and stands twelve feet high. The exhibit of canaries 
 is one of the most interesting of the Exposition. In 
 accordance with the game laws, it consists exclusively 
 
 121 
 
 FOUNDATION STONE OF RIO 
 DE JANEIRO. 
 
of native birds born between March, 1907, and February, 
 1908; the Canary Exhibition Society sends fifty-four 
 
 STATUE OF THE VISCOUNT DE RIO-BRANCO IN 
 THE FEDERAL CAPITAL. 
 
 birds, belonging to twelve of its members. The pedigree 
 and history of these birds is printed on silk handkerchiefs, 
 which are distributed as souvenirs. 
 
 122 
 
HE largest and most elaborate in construction of 
 the State buildings of the Exposition is the Sao 
 Paulo pavilion, which covers about twenty thou- 
 sand square feet and occupies a prominent place 
 near the main avenue of the Exposition grounds. The 
 architect of this edifice, Dr. Ramos de Azevedo, is a 
 resident of Sao Paulo and has already distinguished 
 himself by his artistic genius; Sao Paulo theatre and 
 other notable buildings of that city were designed by 
 Dr. Ramos de Azevedo. It must be said of the edifices 
 of the Praia Vermelha that the influence of the volupt- 
 uous South on the national taste may be divined; the 
 architecture is, with a few notable exceptions, more 
 suggestive of oriental than of European traditions. The 
 Sao Paulo pavilion gives a note of lavish hospitality to 
 the Exposition City; it is not only spacious but open to 
 all the world, with its great entrances and its many large 
 and inviting windows. The commission has shown taste 
 in the arrangement of the various salas, and the interior 
 as well as the outside of the building has been made attrac- 
 tive to visitors. The principal entrances are located on 
 opposite sides of the pavilion, which overlooks the sea on 
 one side and the park on the other. The stairways are of 
 marble and conduct to a handsome vestibule of oval form, 
 through which visitors pass to the main hall or "grand 
 sala. " This sala is used for social reunions, lectures and 
 
 123 
 
3 
 < 
 
 EL 
 
receptions, having at one side a raised gallery to serve as a 
 tribune. Between this hall and the octagonal salas, gal- 
 leries and alcoves which are at the extreme corners of the 
 pavilion, the administrative directors have their head- 
 quarters in well-appointed offices. The Sao Paulo com- 
 missioners at the Exposition, Dr. Carlos Botelho, and Dr. 
 Antonio Barros Barreto, are both so closely identified 
 with the economic progress of their state that their labors 
 in behalf of the Sao Paulo exhibit at the present Exposition 
 are but another form of the ceaseless activity and energy 
 each is constantly directing toward the realization of lofty 
 aspirations for the glory of his beloved state. 
 
 The allegorical decorations of the Sao Paulo building 
 are designed to emphasize the richness of its flora and 
 fauna and the progress of the state in agricultural develop- 
 ment. Above the portico of the principal entrance the 
 decoration representes the River Tiete (whose waters flow 
 in an undulating tide over the volutes of the arch) in the 
 form of a youth conducting to the sea a group of the fauna 
 of that region; above the entrance on the opposite side 
 of the building the same river is represented at its source 
 by a symbolical group of bacchantes dancing around a 
 sleeping faun who is finally aroused by their music (the 
 music of nature) and, waking, follows singing the same 
 joyous song that Nature sings everywhere. From the 
 spirals and volutes of the arched portico hang garlands of 
 fruits and flowers; and two large sea shells symbolize the 
 maritime wealth of the state. The supporting pillars of 
 
 125 
 
the arch are adorned with female figures representing the 
 sixteen leading cities of the state which have contributed 
 to the success of the Exposition by sending important 
 exhibits. The harmony of the decoration is remarkable, 
 and impresses one with a sense of its artistic beauty. As 
 the visitor passes into the grand sala, the pleasing impres- 
 sion is heightened 
 by the evidences 
 of good taste seen 
 in its adornment. 
 In the gallery 
 surrounding this 
 sala are exhibited 
 paintings by Sao 
 Paulo artists of 
 note and large 
 photographs of 
 scenes in different 
 sections of the 
 state. In the in- 
 ner halls and gal- 
 leries that open 
 on the grand sala, 
 the state govern- 
 ment presents an exhibit which is an epitome of its work 
 in the various branches of administration. 
 
 The Polytechnic School of Sao Paulo gives a demon- 
 stration of its practical work, pupils showing the results 
 
 126 
 
 PAVILION OF FISH AND GAME. 
 
of their studies in architectural designing, in mechanics, 
 in chemistry, and in physics, agriculture, and in manual 
 training as seen in carpentry, metal working, and similar 
 occupations. The Normal School has a splendid exhibit; 
 
 EGYPTIAN HALL. 
 
 this institution was founded in 1846, suppressed in 1867, 
 reopened in 1875, and again closed in 1878, being opened 
 finally in 1880 from which date it has continued until 
 the present time, though it was completely reorgan- 
 ized in 1892 and placed in charge of a North American 
 teacher of distinguished ability. It is now installed in 
 a magnificent edifice in Sao Paulo and gives a four years' 
 course in Normal training: annexed to the Normal 
 
 127 
 
School is a kindergarten in which the Froebel system 
 is taught. 
 
 Not only is considerable space given to the school 
 exhibits in the Sao Paulo pavilion, but the sanitary service 
 of the state is described with many interesting exhibits. 
 The Board of Sanitary Service is a dependency of the 
 Secretary of Interior: the state is divided into twenty- 
 four sanitary districts, each of which has at least one 
 physician inspector, some having as many as ten or 
 
 SMALL CRAFT USED ON THE COAST. 
 
 twelve; the Sanitary Service superintends disinfecting 
 the lazaretto, and all matters relating to public hygiene 
 and sanitation. The working of the police system is 
 explained in charts and by means of instructive exhibits. 
 The police force of the state numbers five thousand men, 
 divided into two squadrons of cavalry, four battalions 
 of infantry, a corps of two companies of firemen, a civil 
 guard of six companies and a section of hospital nurses. 
 The cavalry, fire brigade and one company of infantry 
 
 128 
 
guard the capital of the state, the rest protecting the public 
 in the interior towns. The police service is supplemented 
 by the correctional colony and the Disciplinary Institute 
 of the State, the first for the treatment of vagabonds and 
 the second for the training of abandoned and vicious 
 minors. Both of these institutions have exhibits of the 
 work done by their inmates in various kinds of handicraft. 
 In every feature of the exhibits seen in the Sao Paulo 
 building, there is evident the serious purpose and the con- 
 scientious and able administration of the government. 
 The wonderful progress seen in every department of state 
 affairs could only be possible under conditions that foster 
 confidence and stimulate patriotic effort among the people. 
 
 S the most populous and one of the largest 
 and richest States of Brazil (covering 
 222,000 square miles of fertile land), Minas 
 Geraes has a leading place among the ex- 
 hibitors at the National Exposition of 1908. In agri- 
 culture, stock-raising, mining, manufactures, the liberal 
 arts, and education, the sections set apart for this state 
 in the various Federal buildings have proved altogether 
 too limited to accommodate the immense exhibits 
 sent from its thriving farms and pastures, its mines 
 and factories, and especially from its schools, of which 
 
 129 
 
there are more than two thousand, ranging from kinder- 
 garten to the university and including a great num- 
 ber devoted to technical training of the character best 
 suited to the needs of agricultural and mining com- 
 munities. The State of Minas Geraes has a population 
 of over four millions — which is more than any one of 
 several South American republics can claim — and this 
 population is scattered in comparatively small farming 
 and mining communities over the whole state, no large 
 cities absorbing the industrial life; the largest city of the 
 state hasn't fifty thousand inhabitants. With no vast 
 wealth and no bitter poverty to create discontent, the 
 people are generally happy, industrious, frugal and inde- 
 pendent. They are sturdy patriots and have been among 
 the leaders in every great movement for national liberty 
 that is recorded in the history of Brazil. It was to be 
 expected that they would take an active part in the Expo- 
 sition, not only because of its historical significance, but 
 also to contribute to the national prestige by showing the 
 advancement of their state in all branches of social and 
 industrial development. 
 
 The state pavilion of Minas Geraes is one of the most 
 attractive in architecture, of all the Exposition buildings, 
 and is among the most interesting for the exhibits it con- 
 tains. It stands next to that of Sao Paulo and is particu- 
 larly conspicuous because of its high tower, which may be 
 seen from any part of the Praia. The building is the 
 work of the well-known architect, Raphael Rebecchi, and 
 
 130 
 
CENTRAL AVENUE, SHOWING STATE BUILDING OF MINAS GERAES 
 IN THE FOREGROUND. 
 
is distinguished for the character of its design, which is 
 quite different from that of any other pavilion on the 
 grounds. It is built in three sections, the central part 
 forming a harmonious base for the tower that rises above 
 it, while the lateral extensions conform to the central 
 design and are each surmounted by small turrets. Two 
 broad stairways lead up to the main entrance, which is 
 supported by Doric pillars. The building has two stories, 
 the first floor being used for the exhibits of the School of 
 Mines and other institutions of the state, and the second 
 floor having reception rooms, conference halls and other 
 accommodations for social entertainment. In the tower 
 are small salas, surrounded by a terrace which overlooks 
 the beautiful city of the Praia and affords a magnificent 
 view of Botafogo Bay and the city of Rio on one side, 
 while on the other it is possible to look far out on the 
 grand horizon of the high seas. 
 
 The interior decorations of the Minas Geraes pavilion 
 are distinguished for artistic quality and charm. The 
 state has a number of gifted artists among its favored sons, 
 and one of the most distinguished is the celebrated Chris- 
 pirn Amaral, whose paintings, sketches, and caricatures are 
 well-known in Europe. The mural paintings which adorn 
 the interior of this pavilion are the work of Chrispim 
 Amaral, and are of the superior merit to be expected. The 
 most admired of the series represent the sources of the 
 state's wealth and greatness in four panels picturing 
 young girls as symbolical of Agriculture, Mineralogy, 
 
 132 
 
Manufactures and the Liberal Arts. These are seen 
 in the salas of the tower. 
 
 The main floor of the pavilion has a spacious hall for 
 exhibits, the walls of which were decorated by Senhor 
 Amaral. The style of paint- 
 ing here, as in the salas above, 
 is allegorical, representing in 
 two beautiful panoramas, the 
 National Agriculture and 
 Mineralogy. The walls of 
 the reception room, on the 
 second floor, are also taste- 
 fully decorated in designs ap- 
 propriate to their purpose. 
 The architectural design of 
 this hall is very ornamental, 
 and shows a wealth of floral 
 exuberance: two medallions 
 of delicate design, each rep- 
 resenting the head of a 
 woman, symbolize u Roses" 
 and "Marguerites." 
 
 On the first floor of the 
 pavilion the mining commis- 
 sion of Minas Geraes exhibits a small crushing machine for 
 treating gold-bearing quartz, also a gold-washing appara- 
 tus, and other implements to illustrate the labor employed 
 in extracting this metal; and, on certain days, diamond 
 
 133 
 
 MURAL PAINTING "MINERALOGY" 
 IN THE MINAS GERAES PAVILION. 
 
washers and gold miners are placed at work, in order that 
 visitors may gain an idea of the processes through which 
 the rock and sand passes before the precious metals and 
 shimmering stones are ready for the jeweler's window. 
 Minas Geraes has several expert lapidaries whose work is 
 excellent. The pavilion is thronged with "Cariocas" — 
 as natives of the Brazilian capital are called by their 
 compatriots of other sections — and especially on those 
 days when practical mining is in progress, as it is a sight 
 seldom witnessed outside of the mining districts. Man- 
 ganese, one of the most important products of Minas 
 Geraes, is attractively exhibited in the section of indus- 
 tries; and the Morro Velho Company, having the largest 
 gold mining establishment in the state, exhibits magnifi- 
 cent specimens and presents there a fac-simile of the mine 
 with its apparatus: a pyramid of gilded blocks shows the 
 quantity of gold taken from the mine since its discovery. 
 A gold-bearing rock weighing fourteen tons is also exhibited 
 by this company in the hall of industries. The mineral 
 display in the state pavilion shows more particularly the 
 work of the School of Mines and the nature of its training, 
 together with specimens of the geological and miner- 
 alogical formations in the territory where the mining com- 
 munities are chiefly located. This excellent institution 
 is one of the best of its kind in the world, and noted 
 scholars have directed its classes ever since it was founded, 
 in the time of the empire. The present directors, Dr. 
 Senna, and his able collaborators, among whom one of 
 
 134 
 
the most distinguished is Dr. Alcides Mcdrado — the editor 
 of the Brazilian Engineering and Mining Review— have 
 spared no efforts to make the school a noted institution, 
 and its high standard of ex- 
 cellence is largely due to their 
 energy and indefatigable zeal. 
 
 In its exhibit, the School 
 of Mines has a rare collection 
 of precious stones, valuable 
 minerals, marbles of the most 
 valuable kind, exquisitely 
 colored granites, besides speci- 
 mens of coal, mica, asbestos 
 and similar deposits. 
 
 The silkworm industry is 
 developing rapidly in the 
 state of Minas Geraes and a 
 very charming picture is 
 presented in the pavilion 
 where silk looms have been 
 set up, with weavers at work. 
 The mulberry tree flourishes 
 in several districts, though the 
 Rodrigo Silva colony has been 
 one of the first to take advantage of this favorable circum- 
 stance and to establish silk culture as an important industry. 
 
 The reputation of Minas Geraes as a "dairy state" is 
 sustained in all the sections of the Exposition, but it is 
 
 135 
 
 MURAL PAINTING IN THE MINAS 
 
 GERAES BUILDING— 
 
 "AGRICULTURE." 
 
in the state pavilion that the most attractive features of 
 this industry are presented by groups of dairymaids who 
 perform their duties with charming simplicity and grace, 
 churning butter, patting it into shape, offering fresh milk 
 to thirsty visitors and showing in other ways the prover- 
 bial hospitality of the farm. 
 
 The commissioners from the State of Minas Geraes to 
 the Exposition are: Dr. Bernardo Monteiro, Dr. Francisco 
 Cesario Alvin, Dr. Joaquim Candido da Costa Senna 
 and Dr. Joaquim Francisco Paula. 
 
 AHIA'S pavilion is unique among the Exposi- 
 tion buildings in its style and ornamentation. 
 One is surprised to learn that the same archi- 
 tect who designed the Minas Geraes pavilion, 
 Rafael Rebecchi, is the author of this very different- 
 looking structure. Its architecture is modelled after the 
 Italian renaissance of the sixteenth century, and it is 
 suggestive of the luxury that prevailed in the art of 
 that time. Circular in form, it is composed of a cen- 
 tral division and peristyle, with two lateral groups; two 
 superb staircases — regarded by many as the finishing 
 touch which gives the pavilion its extraordinary dis- 
 tinction — ascend in graceful curves around the sides of 
 
 136 
 
the edifice, to two-thirds of its height, ending in vestibules 
 that give admission to the grand sala. 
 
 The splendid location of the Bahia pavilion — in the 
 midst of a garden and on the main avenue of the grounds — 
 permits a fine view of Botafogo Bay and commands the 
 entire Praia Vermelha, looking up to the heights of Baby- 
 lonia and Urea and affording a distant glimpse of Corco- 
 vado and Tijuca. Between the two stairways, at their 
 base, is an arched grotto the walls of which are incrusted 
 with minerals — silver quartz, amethysts and other rich 
 products of subterranean Bahia — while on the floor are 
 blocks of manganese from the city of Nazareth, copper 
 and iron ores from Bomfim, and monazite sand from Porto 
 Seguro and Prado. 
 
 On the ground floor of the Bahia pavilion is a circular 
 sala, decorated appropriately and arranged in amphi- 
 theatre style for the exhibit of a rich collection of more 
 than two thousand specimens of Bahia woods, of which 
 there are four hundred and fifty varieties, classified. 
 Opening from the circular sala are smaller rooms, in one 
 of which are the electrical installations for the illumination 
 of the building, and in the other a bureau of information, 
 with literature of propaganda for free distribution; a 
 gallery of photographic views of the state, its chief cities, 
 factories, schools, etc., and a small parlor are also on this 
 floor. 
 
 The Andar nobre, or main floor of the pavilion, has a 
 magnificent vestibule, a grand sala and a semi-circular 
 
 138 
 
gallery. The sala is beautifully decorated, and its ceiling 
 is painted in designs representing the flora and fauna of the 
 state. The walls are adorned with two immense panor- 
 amic views of the city of Sao Salvador da Bahia. In this 
 hall also hangs a picture of the Government Palace of Bahia, 
 and on the opposite wall of the same room is a copy of the 
 monument erected in the Passeio Publico of Bahia to King 
 
 THE RED CROSS CAMP. 
 
 Joao VI. of Portugal, in honor of his having opened Brazilian 
 ports to the free commerce of the world. The walls of the 
 semi-circular gallery are adorned with pictures represent- 
 ing historical events. The furniture of the grand sala is 
 luxurious and in good taste, harmonizing with the design 
 of the artist. A magnificent cabinet of jacaranda wood, 
 which stands in the centre of the room contains the flags 
 
 139 
 
of the state capital, one of which was presented to the 
 municipal Camara by King Dom Joao VI., and a precious 
 collection of diamonds, pearls, and similar treasures of 
 the state. Here is also shown the original signatures of 
 the last governors and presidents of the state and the 
 province. In the gallery are paintings, photographs of 
 distinguished public men, ancient pictures of great value, 
 and collections of archeological and historical importance — 
 copies of the earliest journals published in the state, 
 curious relics and other objects of interest. 
 
 The third floor of the Bahia pavilion, reached by the 
 grand staircase that winds around the building to this 
 height, consists of the two vestibules previously mentioned, 
 an outside terrace above the semi-circular gallery of the 
 second floor, and a circular balcony overlooking the grand 
 sala below. On the walls of this balcony hang historic 
 paintings by the Bahian artists Jose Rodrigues Nunes, 
 Bento Capinam, Macario, and Victor Meirelles. 
 
 A beautiful statue of "Victory" surmounts the dome of 
 the Bahia pavilion, and the exterior decoration of the pro- 
 jecting sides of the edifice is completed with magnificently 
 carved figures representing "Civilization " and " Fraternity." 
 Above the main portico of the building are the arms of 
 the state, "Labor and Liberty." Two majestic figures, 
 resting on the columns that support the lower curve of the 
 grand stairway, represent "Bahia" and "Paraguassu" — 
 the former typifying the modern queen of bounty and 
 felicity, as expressed in everything Bahian, and the latter 
 
 140 
 
exemplifying the spirit of the untamed princess of Indian 
 lore, the Pocahontas of Brazil — both speaking the lan- 
 guage of inspiration as interpreted through the masterly 
 genius of the sculptor Rodolpho Bernadelli, the gifted 
 director of the Brazilian School of Fine Arts, author of 
 these and many other notable works. 
 
 In the garden that surrounds the pavilion of Bahia are 
 two beautiful fountains, and a kiosk built of the carnauba 
 palm, which was brought from the valley of the Sao Fran- 
 cisco River. At night, when the pavilion and gardens 
 are illuminated, the effect is indescribably beautiful. The 
 electricity supplied is abundant and the entire building is 
 flooded with light, the outside of the pavilion being adorned 
 with eight thousand incandescent globes, while the inside 
 is a fairyland of varied color under the arc lights of its 
 dome and the artistically distributed incandescent globes 
 in all the salas. In the garden are three arc lights, the 
 upper terrace is illuminated with many globes, one hun- 
 dred lights brighten the grotto of minerals, and even the 
 kiosk is brilliant under an arc light of five hundred candle 
 power. 
 
 All these evidences of the up-to-date Brazil are very 
 surprising to the foreigner who sees them for the first 
 time, but people who know the country and have watched 
 its progress during the past ten years are surprised at 
 nothing in the way of Brazilian enterprise. The foreign 
 attitude toward everything South American — and this is 
 truer of the United States than of Europe — is similar to 
 
 141 
 
that which prevailed among Europeans little more than 
 a quarter of a century ago with regard to North America, 
 which they looked upon as a wild and lawless territory, 
 chiefly populated by Indians. The Centennial Expo- 
 sition of 1876 did more than anything else to correct that 
 impression; and the holding of large international Expo- 
 sitions in South America will do the same good in educat- 
 
 AMUSEMENT PAVILIONS— SKATING RINK, MUSIC HALL, AND CINEMATOGRAPH. 
 
 ing their North American brethren to appreciate the true 
 condition of affairs in the great Southern Continent. 
 The Brazilian National Exposition of 1908, is a step 
 in the right direction, and Bahia played a very important 
 part in its consummation, the promotion of this great 
 national enterprise having been directed by a Bahian, Dr. 
 Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida, the clever and energetic 
 Minister of Industry, Transportation and Public Works. 
 The state commissioners representing Bahia at the Exposi- 
 tion are: Dr. jose Joaquim Seabra, General Dionysio 
 
 142 
 
Cerqueira, Dr. Arlindo Fragoso, Dr. Domingos Sergio de 
 Carvalho and Dr. Afranio Peixoto. To their unremitting 
 efforts is largely due the success of the Bahian exhibit, one 
 of the finest seen at the Exposition. Not only in the state 
 pavilion, but in the sections set apart for the state's exhibit 
 in the Federal buildings, the vast riches of Bahia are made 
 apparent by the display shown ; particularly has the state 
 established its claim as one of the great chocolate-producing 
 countries of the world; as a rich tobacco-growing state; 
 as the home of the manicoba and mangabeira rubber, the 
 latex of which is conserved by a new process invented by 
 a Bahian, Dr. Cerquiera Pinto, and patented under the 
 laws of Brazil. 
 
 When the Regent Dom Joao VI. issued the Carta Regia 
 from Bahia a hundred years ago, opening Brazilian ports 
 to foreign commerce, he laid the corner-stone in the great 
 commercial structure built up by this state since that time, 
 and the crowning work of the edifice is being accomplished 
 today by industrial activity, railway building, and the 
 larger outlook that a broad, liberal educational system 
 fosters in any country. 
 
 143 
 
LTHOUGH the least pretentious of the state 
 buildings at the Exposition, the Santa Cath- 
 arina pavilion has its own particular attrac- 
 tiveness and is visited with much interest 
 by crowds of people daily. It is built of the native 
 woods of the state of Santa Catharina, and in its 
 artistically arranged salas are displayed hundreds of 
 varieties of the flora indigenous to the state. It was not 
 erected for the purpose of exhibiting all the products of 
 the state; the limited space afforded would hardly serve 
 to display the herva matte which Santa Catharina has 
 to show in the Central Palace, much less to provide room 
 for its other exhibits. The chief commissioner from this 
 state to the Exposition, Lieut. Gustavo Lebon Regis, uses 
 the pavilion as headquarters for the state commission, as 
 a bureau of information regarding the state's exhibits in 
 the various Federal bulidings, and as an office of propa- 
 ganda. The commission holds its conferences here, and 
 receptions are given to distinguished people who visit 
 the Exposition. The members of the Santa Catharina 
 commission are: Dr. Adolpho Konder, Commendador 
 Jorge de Souza Conceicao, Juvencio Watson, Arthur Wat- 
 son, Dr. Theophilo de Almeida, Joao Pamphilo de Lima 
 Ferreira, Carlos Reis and Francisco Cardoso Laport. 
 
 An especial feature of the construction of the Santa 
 Catharina pavilion is the variety of woods, in different 
 
 144 
 
kinds and of many sizes, that has been employed in the 
 board walls that line the edifice. A piece of the yellow 
 peroba is joined to the black jacaranda and the red canger- 
 ana is next to the dark imbuia; the white pine is used with 
 the striped cinnamon wood, and all are dovetailed together, 
 
 PAVILION OF SANTA CATHARINA, BUILT OF HARD WOODS OF THE STATE. 
 
 almost without polishing, absolutely without varnish, to 
 show the pure grain and the natural polish the woods have. 
 In a charming little tea-room of the Santa Catharina 
 pavilion, herva matte is served to visitors, and packages 
 of the delectable herb are given away. The exportation 
 
 145 
 
of matte from this state is eight million kilos annually 
 — though Parana is the greatest matte state with an annual 
 harvest of more than thirty million kilos. The building 
 
 SAILING CRAFT OF THE BRAZILIAN COAST. 
 
 of the new railway across the state of Santa Catharina is 
 opening up the interior and providing a market for many 
 rich products formerly too remote from the centres of 
 trade to make their cultivation remunerative. Coriti- 
 banos, in the central part of the state, could export more 
 matte than is taken from the forests of Parana, if trans- 
 portation facilities were sufficient to make the enterprise 
 a paying investment. 
 
 In addition to its agricultural products, its preserves 
 and other comestibles, Santa Catharina is famous for its 
 beautiful laces and embroideries, especially those made in 
 the environs of the capital: the handsome lace curtains 
 
 146 
 
which hang in the salas of Monroe Palace and Cattete 
 Palace, in Rio, were made in this state. The dairy pro- 
 ducts of Blumenau, Brusque, Itajahy and Joinville are 
 features of the state's exhibit; and its ten cotton factories 
 have an excellent representation in the Palace of Industries. 
 The soil and climate are adapted to the cultivation of all 
 products that grow in semi-tropical regions, and the salu- 
 brity of the state is an important factor in attracting 
 colonies, who by their industry and frugal habits become 
 desirable citizens and contribute much to the wealth and 
 prosperity of the state. 
 
 /O VERY variety of Brazilian flora is exhibited in the 
 s/~\ conservatory of rare and wonderful plants from 
 v_-^ the Botanical Garden of Rio, which occupies an 
 attractive location between the Bahia and Santa 
 Catharina pavilions. Only those who are familiar with 
 tropical vegetation can imagine the riotous glory of such 
 a display as Brazil can make in this realm of natural pro- 
 duction. A thousand visitors are admitted daily to the 
 building, which is filled with magnificent specimens of 
 Brazilian flora, including many varieties of palms, gorgeous 
 orchids and parasites of the Amazon and other regions, and 
 the peerless sovereign of Brazilian flora, the Victoria Regia, 
 
 147 
 
queen of water lilies. This supertTflower, so named by the 
 botanist Lindley in honor of the Queen of England, is 
 
 A POND OF VICTORIA REGIA LILIES. 
 
 called by the Indians of Matto Grosso, where it grows in 
 greatest abundance, "Uape Japona." Its leaves measure 
 
 148 
 
in some instances twenty feet in circumference, and 
 the flowers grow half a foot above water measuring four 
 feet around when full blown. When the Victoria Regia 
 first opens its petals, they are of a delicate rose tint, which 
 deepens as they spread out in gorgeous blossoms. They 
 
 
 titfl 
 
 
 
 VISTA IN THE PARK, RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 
 are very fragrant during the first days' blooming, but last 
 only a short time before withering and falling to pieces. 
 The wonderful orchids of Brazil are famous everywhere. 
 In the exhibit of the Botanical Garden are exquisite speci- 
 mens from north and south, as these delicate patricians 
 of the forest grow in every state. Petropolis has some 
 
 149 
 
beautiful Lcelias, Sophonites, Epidendrums and other choice 
 varieties, and Santa Catharina and other southern states 
 are rich in those exquisite blossoms. Hundreds of mag- 
 nificent roses are shown in the conservatory, and all kinds 
 of blossoms found only in Brazilian forests. The exhibit 
 is not only attractive to the eye, but is very instructive 
 and interesting from a scientific standpoint. 
 
 ROM the pavilion of flowers and foliage it is 
 only a few steps to the Postal and Telegraph 
 building, which is designed not only as a feature 
 of the Exposition to show the progress made in 
 this department of the public service, but also as a 
 convenience to visitors on the grounds. Here thou- 
 sands of letters and postal cards are mailed daily and 
 telegrams are sent to all parts of the world, employes 
 expert in various languages being engaged to serve the 
 public. In addition to the picture postcards illustra- 
 tive of the Exposition grounds and its chief build- 
 ings, many are sent out for advertising purposes by the 
 different exhibitors, who give away these souvenirs duly 
 stamped and ready for mailing. Postoffice boxes, especially 
 made for the Exposition by the Fundicao Americana, and 
 weighing three hundred and fifty pounds each, are placed 
 
 150 
 
at the entrance to the building; they have two openings, 
 one on each side, for the reception of mail, and are cast in 
 artistic designs. Many of the states of Brazil have issued 
 large quantities of illustrative postal cards, giving views 
 
 POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE BUILDING. 
 
 of places of interest, industrial establishments, etc., some 
 of them being particularly handsome. The Light and 
 Power Company of Rio have a telephone agency in this 
 building, the Western Telegraph Company has cable con- 
 nection here, and the wireless telegraph is also installed. 
 
 151 
 
In the main hall are exhibited interesting collections of 
 telegraphic instruments and other objects manufactured 
 in the offices of the national telegraph company, including 
 the first Morse instrument used in Brazil, which is preserved 
 among the treasures of the central telegraph office. The 
 government telegraph lines of Brazil have an extension 
 of twelve thousand miles with twenty-five thousand miles 
 of wire. A submarine cable connects all the coast cities 
 from Para to Montevideo and another line unites Brazil 
 with Europe via the Cape Verde Islands and Lisbon. 
 
 PRACA DA GLORIA, RIO. 
 
 153 
 
N the interest of the public safety, the authorities 
 of the Federal District have erected a small pavil- 
 ion adjoining their handsome exhibition palace for 
 the purpose of providing assistance in case of sud- 
 den illness or accident to anyone of the immense throng 
 that visits the grounds daily. The Red Cross Society has 
 its headquarters here and an efficient staff of nurses attends 
 to the emergency cases brought under its care. The Society 
 has a splendid exhibit of ambulances, including automo- 
 biles fitted up with the latest appliances for their purpose, 
 
 PAVILION OF THE FIRE BRIGADE. 
 
 hospital chairs, and the many kinds of apparatus used in 
 the work of public assistance. 
 
 154 
 
For public attendance and protection, the police ser- 
 vice is represented at the Exposition by twenty civil guards, 
 
 SCENE EN ROUTE TO CORCOVADO. 
 
 who speak several languages and are qualified to meet the 
 needs of visitors by giving information to strangers 
 regarding the location of various exhibits, the itinerary 
 
 155 
 
of street cars, etc., such as is always demanded by sight- 
 seers. The headquarters of the police delegation is located 
 in an artistic little chalet built on the slope of the Morro 
 Babylonia, and is in charge of Dr. Braz of Nova Friburgo, 
 an accomplished linguist. 
 
 PICTURESQUE PATHWAY IN THE PASSEIO PUBLICO, RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 
 Rio take especial pride in its efficient fire brigade, and 
 has erected a beautiful pavilion on the Exposition grounds 
 in which are exhibited the modern appliances used in 
 extinguishing fires, as well as interesting souvenirs of the 
 many heroic deeds performed by the firemen in their 
 perilous labors. Specimens of the work done by the Fire 
 Brigade in its manufacturing and repair shops are also 
 
 156 
 
shown, the firemen, six hundred in number, having charge 
 of this department of the service, as well as the immediate 
 task of fighting fire when it threatens destruction to the 
 city's edifices. The Prefect, General Souza Aguiar was 
 for six years chief of the Fire Department, and he still 
 takes an active interest in its success. The Fire Depart- 
 
 MONROE PALACE, REO. 
 
 ment occupies a central station and six sub-stations, one 
 of which is situated on the shore of the bay and has two 
 large steamboats fitted up for the work of extinguishing fires 
 on board of any ships in the harbor. The service is perfectly 
 managed, so that within twenty seconds after an alarm is 
 given the engines, wagons, etc., are out of the fire hall. 
 
 158 
 
S"~><£>HE charm of variety is one of the most pleasing 
 M>\ features of the architecture seen on the Exposi- 
 \^y tion grounds. Not only in the magnificent 
 palaces erected by the Federal government 
 and by leading states is this observed, but in the numer- 
 ous smaller pavilions, chalets, and kiosks which give a 
 note of what the Brazilians call alegria to the whole. The 
 artistic pavilion in which are exhibited coffee and cacao 
 
 BANGU EXHIBIT BUILDING. 
 
 is one of the most attractive of these smaller edifices, and 
 is much frequented by all who enjoy the beverages made 
 
 159 
 
THE STOCK EXCHANGE. RIO DE JANEIRO, 
 
from these products, which are served daily, with the 
 daintiest hospitality. 
 
 Among these smaller buildings are several erected by 
 private enterprise, and some of them notable for artistic 
 
 MONUMENT OF THE DUKE DE CAXIAS. 
 
 beauty. The Fabrica do Bangu exhibits its exquisitely 
 woven cloth in one of the handsomest buildings on the 
 grounds, which attracts immediate attention. The build- 
 ing is suggestive of Moorish architecture and carries out the 
 
 161 
 
oriental idea in its minarets. The interior contains an 
 exhibit of the work done by this important industrial 
 establishment, one of the largest in Brazil. Another 
 attractive building is the pretty little chalet of iron erected 
 by the Fundicao Indigena, and containing an exhibit of a 
 new apparatus for drawing off the water from marshes, 
 canals, etc. It is worked by an electric motor and can 
 take up thirty-five litres of liquid per second, whatever 
 sticks, sand, stones, or other matter may be mixed with it. 
 
 /"") IGHTED by thousands of electric jets, by great 
 / arc lamps, and by the accumulated brilliancy 
 
 <= ^*-S of elaborate ornamental designs in electric 
 illumination, the appearance of the Exposition 
 grounds at night is particularly attractive along the paseo 
 known as "amusement row," where the theatres, music 
 halls, cinematographs, the skating rink, the montanha 
 Russa, etc., are located. The principal theatre stands 
 apart from these minor amusement pavilions occupy- 
 ing a conspicuous place among the most important 
 buildings. It is of pleasing architecture, the arrangement 
 of the interior being particularly attractive and original. 
 The pictorial decorations are the work of Raul Peder- 
 neiras, who has given them a touch purely Brazilian. A 
 
 T62 
 
bar of music forms the frieze, the notes being marked in 
 female figures; and the walls of the gallery are decorated 
 in masques, comic silhouettes and other fanciful designs. 
 The idea carried out in the decoration is a recognition of 
 
 STATUE OF JOSE DE ALENCAR, THE GREATEST 
 BRAZILIAN DRAMATIST. 
 
 the popular music of Brazil as expressed in its comic 
 operas and street songs. 
 
 The best playwrights and artists of Brazil have been 
 engaged to make the theatrical entertainments a success, 
 and the country has reason to be proud of its dramatic 
 
 164 
 
talent as here presented. Among the pieces written 
 expressly for the Exposition are Vida e Morte, in three 
 acts, by Arthur Azevedo, one of Brazil's most brilliant 
 dramatists; Quebranto, also in three acts, by Coelho 
 Netto, whose prolific genius is expressed in poetry, 
 romance, and the light drama with wonderful facility; a 
 curtain-raiser, Sonata ao Luar, written by Jose Maria 
 Goulart de Andrade and performed — as was also Que- 
 branto — by the distinguished artists, Ferreira de Souza 
 and Lucilia Peres; and other charming dramatic studies. 
 The programme of the theatre is under the direction of 
 Senhor Azevedo, who has had much experience in this 
 line. A number of one-act sketches, farces and other 
 clever dramatic pieces have also been written for the Expo- 
 sition by well-known authors. Dr. Machado de Assis, 
 one of the founders of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, 
 contributes a delightful sketch in Dont Consult a Doctor! 
 The theatre was opened with a grand orchestral con- 
 cert organized by Alberto Nepomuceno, director of the 
 National Institute of Music whose operas place him in 
 the same rank with Carlos Gomes as a great composer: the 
 orchestra was directed by Senhor Nepomuceno and Fran- 
 cisco Braga, the latter also a celebrated composer, the 
 author of Jupyra which was performed with great suc- 
 cess recently at the Imperial Theatre of Munich. In the 
 variety theatre and other amusement halls, clever artists 
 entertain the public, and the cinematographs present 
 varied and attractive programmes daily. One of these 
 
 1 66 
 
cinematographs has a free exhibition for the public, con- 
 sisting of views of various industries, serving as propa- 
 ganda for the different states. Panoramic views are shown 
 of Bello Horizonte and Juiz de Fora in the state of Minas 
 
 STATUE OF JOSE BONIFACIO DE ANDRADA, THE FATHER 
 OF BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Geraes, and of Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre (state of Rio Grande 
 do Sul) and other towns. 
 
 The musical programme of the Exposition is one of 
 its most delightful features. In the Egyptian Pavilion, 
 
 167 
 
band concerts are given daily, accommodation being pro- 
 vided for two hundred and fifty musicians. A military 
 
 AVENIDA OF PALMS ON THE CANAL DO MANGUE. 
 
 band plays at the entrance to the grounds to announce 
 the hour of opening the Exposition daily. Not only are 
 the military bands of Rio, under the direction of Lieut. 
 Rogerio da Rocha, engaged for the musical programme 
 of the Exposition, but those of Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, 
 Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, and other states take 
 part; the Minas Geraes band, under the direction of 
 Captain Jose Nicodemos da Silva, sustains with credit 
 the traditional musical claims of that state. Other bands 
 are engaged to play on special occasions, including those 
 of the Fire Brigade, the Professional Institute, and the 
 Police corps. A band of Bororos Indians from Matto 
 Grosso, civilized and instructed by Father Antonio Malan, 
 
 168 
 
of the Salesian brotherhood, forms one of the best musical 
 orchestras of the Exposition. 
 
 Among the special amusements arranged by the com- 
 mittee in charge of this branch of the Exposition, the 
 greatest successes have been the Battle of Flowers and the 
 automobile parades. Cavalcades also, showing the dif- 
 ferent styles of horsemanship and different equestrian 
 costumes, including the Gaucho dress of Rio Grande do Sul, 
 have formed a striking feature of the out-door displays. 
 Twice a week children's festas are held, when the little 
 folk have a grand parade in tiny equipages drawn by Shet- 
 land ponies, trained goats, etc., and no entertainments 
 are better attended by adults as well as children than are 
 these parades. Regattas form another pleasing feature 
 of the entertainments. 
 
 AVENIDA MANGUE. 
 
 The Brazilians, like all South Americans, have fireworks 
 in the daytime as well as at night. This feature of the 
 
 169 
 
Exposition is under the management of a foreign company, 
 though the pyrotechnics were manufactured in Rio with 
 products of the native market. The designs for the night 
 exhibitions are of the beautiful and varied description. 
 
 STATUE OF GENERAL OSORIO. 
 
 The company comes direct from the Crystal Palace, Lon- 
 don, to take charge of this display. 
 
 The press committee of the Exposition publishes an 
 illustrated daily paper, called Correio da Exposigdo, 
 
 171 
 
edited by Olavo Bilac, and the Revista da Epoca has a 
 weekly Exposition number. In their columns appear 
 notices of the most important events of the day, descrip- 
 tions of the most attractive features of the Exposition, social 
 news, and similar details of interest to visitors. The Sala 
 da Imprensa (Press headquarters) is installed in one of the 
 dependencies of the Federal District pavilion, this courtesy 
 being extended through the thoughtfulness of the Prefect, 
 General Aguiar, and his distinguished assistant, Olavo 
 Bilac. In the Industrial Palace, a sala has been prepared, 
 through the courtesy of Dr. Sampaio Correia, for the ac- 
 commodation of the reporters of the press. 
 
 The Historical and Geographical Institute has pre- 
 sented to the Exposition, for the purposes of a press exhibit, 
 a complete collection of specimens of the journals and 
 reviews published in Peru from 1808 to 1908. Through 
 its initiative also are distributed copies of a memorial 
 written by Dr. Alfredo de Carvalho on the genesis and 
 development of the press of Brazil: and a series of con- 
 ferences are being given on the functions of the press in 
 the different branches of its activity. The conferences 
 are held in the Central Palace of the Exposition and are 
 given by leading authors and journalists. 
 
 172 
 
'HE importance of the Exposition of 1908 in 
 
 f-\ stimulating national progress and attracting 
 
 ^ foreign trade to Brazil can hardly be estimated. 
 
 The exhibits shown in the various Federal 
 
 and State buildings are a revelation to the Brazilians 
 
 themselves and a thorough surprise to foreigners who 
 
 OBELISK OF THE AVENIDA CENTRAL, 
 RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 
 have seen them. It has been said by a noted English 
 journalist that " Brazil made her debut on the world- 
 
 173 
 
stage at the Peace Conference of the Hague;" but 
 there it was the appearance of a debutante, full of 
 promise and attraction, clever, undismayed by the frown 
 of the dowagers, and not at all disposed to be a wall-flower 
 — but still, the young stranger of whom it could only be 
 guessed that her kingdom was a great one: it remained 
 for the debutante to receive "at home," in order to show 
 the extent of her dominions, her resources, the charm of 
 her social life. And the more foreigners learn about Brazil 
 by visiting this wonderful land, the greater is their admir- 
 ation for her attractions, and for the splendid possibilities 
 of her inheritance. 
 
 N addition to the National Exposition which is 
 now being held to commemorate the opening of 
 Brazilian ports to free commerce by Dom Joao VI., 
 the Federal capital of the great republic cele- 
 brates also the centennial anniversary of another decree 
 by the same royal benefactor, who, in 1808, founded the 
 Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro, planting in its 
 fertile soil the first royal palm tree grown in Brazil, 
 known as the "mother palm," from which are derived 
 the magnificent specimens of this noble species now 
 seen in all the parks and along many avenues of the 
 
 175 
 
capital. The ceremonies held in honor of the Botanical 
 Garden centenary took place in June, the special feature 
 being the inauguration of a monument to King Dom Joao 
 VI., in the centre of the garden founded by his royal com- 
 mand, and near the palmeira-mater. The occasion was 
 one of impressive character, the President of the Republic 
 performing the ceremony of unveiling the marble statue, 
 which was enveloped in a magnificent silk mantle woven 
 in the national colors. President Penna accompanied 
 by Dr. Miguel Calmon, Minister of Industry, and General 
 Mendes de Moraes, the President's chief of staff, was re- 
 ceived at the garden entrance by the director, Dr. Barbosa 
 Rodrigues and conducted to the monument, which was 
 guarded by a corps of naval infantry, chosen in commem- 
 oration of the fact that the first battalion to guard the 
 newly established "Horta" of Dom Joao VI. was from the 
 same military rank. Patriotic music was rendered by the 
 marine band and by the band of the Professional Insti- 
 tute: a fashionable throng of visitors filled the avenues 
 of the beautiful garden and gave the charm of a social event 
 to the memorable occasion. After the ceremony of unveil- 
 ing was performed, Dr. Barbosa Rodrigues delivered an 
 address giving a brief history of the Botanical Garden. 
 Soon after his arrival in Rio de Janiero, the Regent 
 Dom Joao VI. issued a decree, June 13, 1808, in which 
 he commanded the preparation of necessary land for a 
 Jardim de Acclimagao, for the purpose of introducing East 
 Indian plants into Brazil. The same year the garden 
 
 176 
 
took the name of the Real Horto, and a valuable botanical 
 collection was contributed to it by some Portuguese naval 
 
 AVENUE OF PALMS, BOTANICAL GARDEN. 
 
 officers who had been shipwrecked and imprisoned on the 
 Isle de France, where they secured many fine specimens, 
 among them the seed of the famous "Royal palm," which 
 
 178 
 
the Regent planted with great ceremony in the centre of 
 the garden. In 1812 experiments were made in tea cul- 
 ture, a Chinese colony being imported by Dom Joao VI. 
 to teach the cultivation of this product. When the Regent 
 
 SCENE IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN. 
 
 became King in 1818, the name of the garden was changed 
 to Real Jar dim Botanico, and its administration was an- 
 nexed to that of the National Museum: the decree 
 authorizing these changes also made the institution a 
 
 179 
 
charge on the royal treasury. At the same time affili- 
 ated gardens were established in Pernambuco, Bahia, 
 Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo; and when the Emperor 
 Dom Pedro I. succeeded his father in Brazil, he continued 
 the work so admirably begun, and engaged eminent 
 botanists of Europe to take charge of the institution, 
 
 THE BAMBOOS, BOTANICAL GARDEN. 
 
 which is one of the most interesting of its kind in any 
 country. The Botanical Garden covers an area of three 
 thousand acres and is beautifully located on the border 
 of a lake and under the shadow of surrounding mountains. 
 Aside from a miscellaneous collection of trees and plants 
 gathered from all sources, the garden contains about 
 
 1 80 
 
three thousand specimens regularly classified, and cata- 
 logued in a handy volume for the information of visitors. 
 The institution has a fine library, a museum, a national 
 herbarium, an aquarium, hothouses and other accessories. 
 The present director, Dr. Barbosa Rodrigues is a botanist 
 of international fame and a writer of botanical subjects 
 whose works are regarded as of standard authority. Dr. 
 Barbosa has discovered and classified one hundred and 
 thirty-four different species of palms and has made im- 
 portant scientific researches in the Amazon country. 
 
 FEW years ago, a common remark among 
 foreigners visiting the Brazilian capital was: 
 "Nature has done everything for Rio," as if 
 to imply that man had no share in the crea- 
 tion of its attractions. But within the past five years 
 such a wonderful change has been wrought through the 
 genius of its sons, that the old remark has given place to 
 exclamations of surprise at the evidences which everywhere 
 show the spirit of enterprise that has transformed the old- 
 time Portuguese city into a great modern metropolis, 
 alive with western energy and New World activity. 
 
 The visitor to the Exposition will find in the city and 
 harbor of Rio, a greater variety of natural attractions 
 
 181 
 
than any other port of the world can offer. From the conical 
 pillar of rock that guards the entrance to the bay and is 
 named "Pao de Assucar" (sugar loaf) because of its form, 
 the panorama stretches out in beauty for miles in every 
 direction. To the right the peaks of " Dois Irmaos" (Two 
 Brothers), stand close to the sea, and beyond them towers 
 the weather-beaten "Gavea" so named because it pre- 
 sents a sail-like shape to view, against the blue sky. All 
 around the magnificent bay, which has a circumference 
 of fifty miles, rise majestic mountains, over whose rugged 
 sides nature has thrown a carpet of verdure, brightened 
 with flowers and making a beautiful background for the 
 brilliant birds and butterflies that find their native home 
 in its forests. 
 
 The most celebrated of Rio's mountains is "Corco- 
 vado," meaning "The Hunchback." This peak rises 
 above the city to a height of about four thousand feet, and 
 is the natural "observation tower" of the metropolis and 
 bay — the best point of vantage from which to obtain a 
 complete view of Rio and its harbor. The summit of 
 Corcovado is reached by two routes: one of these is by 
 way of Santa Theresa and Paineiras, by electric street 
 car, over the old Spanish aqueduct and along the moun- 
 tain side through scenic beauties unsurpassed anywhere; 
 the other carries one direct from the city up the slope 
 of Corcovado, by a railway of the Riggenbach sys- 
 tem, to the pavilion located on the highest summit of 
 
 the peak. 
 
 182 
 
As seen from Corcovado, the city of Rio presents a 
 picture never to be forgotten. Lying close along the 
 shore of the bay, its contour is outlined by the winding 
 Avenida Beira-Mar, a beautiful driveway six miles long, 
 with an esplanade of green throughout its entire length, 
 bordered by tropical foliage. This magnificent boulevard 
 begins at the terminus of the Avenida Central — a broad 
 thoroughfare more than a mile long which was four years 
 ago cut across a peninsula in the heart of the city's busi- 
 ness section, from the Prainha, where the docks are located, 
 to the Praia da Lapa, the fashionable beach at the begin- 
 ning of the residence section — and it curves around the 
 shore of the bay, past the Praia do Russell and picturesque 
 Flamengo, to Botafogo and the Praia Vermelha, where 
 in the shelter of the hills, the Exposition grounds are 
 located. Across the bay lies the city of Nictheroy, the 
 capital of the State of Rio, and in the distance a railway 
 climbs the mountain side to the beautiful summer capital 
 of Brazil, Petropolis, one of the most picturesque cities 
 of the world. 
 
 The harbor of Rio, is dotted with islands, many of them 
 famous in the history of Brazil. Had the Huguenots held 
 the island of Villegaignon a little longer, or with more 
 united spirit, the city of Rio might have been the cradle 
 of Protestantism in Latin America as New England 
 was the first Puritan stronghold in Anglo-Saxon America. 
 Rio was founded by Mem de Sa in celebration of the driv- 
 ing out of the Huguenots, in 1567. The island of Paqueta 
 
 184 
 
is famous as the home of Jose Bonifacio de Andrade, 
 "the father of Brazilian Independence;" the Island of 
 Bom Jesus was the favorite residence of King Dom Joao 
 VI., and is celebrated as the scene of the most brilliant 
 
 STATUE OF DOM PEDRO I., FIRST EMPEROR OF BRAZIL. 
 
 festivities of his reign, notably those attending the birth 
 of Queen Maria II. of Portugal, his granddaughter. Gov- 
 ernor's Island, fifty miles in circumference, was King Joao 
 VI. 's favorite hunting park, and Ilha de Cobras is famous 
 in history for its prison, in which were incarcerated the 
 
 185 
 
leaders of the first republican conspiracy in Brazil, among 
 them the martyr " Tiradentes. " 
 
 Rio is written all over with records of the past, and 
 although many historic scenes were enacted in the build- 
 ings and alleys recently obliterated to give place to the 
 new Avenida Central, yet there are still landmarks enough 
 in the old city to furnish a consecutive story of the life 
 of the capital as the metropolis of a province, a kingdom, 
 an empire and a republic. The famous Carioca aqueduct 
 remains, a splendid structure built a hundred and fifty 
 years ago, which now serves as a highway of traffic between 
 the city and the suburb of Santa Theresa; the old Sao 
 Sebastao Church, built in 1567 in honor of the patron saint 
 of the city, still stands, and is the most ancient church 
 edifice in Brazil; the Church of Sacramento, for the build- 
 ing of which funds were secured by King Joao's chief 
 cook who offered epicurean delicacies in return for dona- 
 tions, is a survival of a century ago. The magnificent 
 church of the Candelaria, erected in 1600, rebuilt in 1775, 
 and completely restored at the close of the nineteenth 
 century, is an architectural monument of great beauty 
 and the wood-carving of its massive doors is particu- 
 larly notable in design and workmanship. In such 
 street names as "Ypiranga" and "Sete de Setembro" 
 are perpetuated the events connected with the establish- 
 ment of the empire; and the principal public squares are 
 adorned with monuments to the heroes of all the nation's 
 
 contests. 
 
 186 
 
It was in Rio that King Joao VI. established his court 
 in 1808, elevating the province of Brazil to a kingdom and 
 
 CHURCH OF THE CANDELARIA, 
 RIO DE JANEIRO. 
 
 introducing many reforms not only in commercial and indus- 
 trial affairs, but in the social life of the new country. When 
 he retired to Portugal in 182 1 and left his son Dom Pedro 
 
 187 
 
in Brazil as Regent, he said to the young prince "Pedro, 
 if the independence of Brazil should come, put the crown 
 on thine own head before some adventurer lays hold of 
 it;" and the Regent reminded his father of this advice a 
 few years later, when, as the Emperor Dom Pedro I., he 
 was engaged in war against the mother country to main- 
 tain the independence of the new empire. The abdication 
 of the first Emperor in favor of his five-year-old son, after- 
 ward the world-beloved Dom Pedro II., in 1831, the long 
 reign of the latter and his forced abdication on the over- 
 throw of the empire and the establishment of the republic 
 in 1889, are well-known events of history; the chief 
 theatre of the dramatic scenes attending all these various 
 changes, was the city of Rio, which has withstood siege, 
 bombardment, revolution and change of every character, 
 and is today the most charming of national capitals — rich 
 in beautiful scenery healthful in climate, and well-favored 
 in social advantages. 
 
 As the national capital and the chief metropolis of 
 Brazil, Rio is the centre of political and social influence. 
 It is the seat of government, where the laws are made 
 which dominate the population of twenty millions that 
 is scattered throughout the twenty-two states of the 
 republic, occupying a territory greater than that of 
 the United States, without Alaska. The form of govern- 
 ment is the same as that of the United States, which 
 served as a model when the republican fathers of Brazil 
 framed their constitution after having overthrown the 
 
 188 
 
empire. The present president, Dr. Affonso Augusto 
 Moreira Penna, was elected in 1906, his inauguration 
 taking place on the 15th of November, the anniversary of 
 the republic. He is a native of the state of Minas Geraes 
 and has had long experience in statesmanship, having been 
 Minister of War, Minister of Agriculture, and Minister of 
 Justice under the empire, and president of the state of Minas 
 Geraes under the present form of government. He is a 
 noble example of the patriot sought for office, as after 
 each experience in public life he has modestly retired to 
 his fazenda in Santa Barbara, and only the urgent call of 
 his compatriots has induced him to abandon the charm 
 of country life for the duties of the statesman. The 
 president's cabinet is composed of distinguished leaders 
 of government, noted for their ability in the administra- 
 tion of national affairs. The Foreign Minister, Baron de 
 Rio-Branco, is one of the most illustrious figures in modern 
 diplomacy. This is his second term as Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs, which office he held during the previous adminis- 
 tration, in the cabinet of President Rodrigues Alves. It 
 is an interesting coincidence that the only Foreign Minis- 
 ters who have held office for two successive terms in the 
 history of Brazil have been the Baron de Rio-Branco and 
 his father the Viscount de Rio-Branco, who was minister 
 under the empire and the central figure in its politics for 
 many years. The Foreign Office is one of the most im- 
 portant public buildings of the capital, as it is here the 
 formal reception of foreign diplomats and distinguished 
 
 190 
 
visitors takes place, and many brilliant social functions 
 are celebrated in its salons. Itamaraty Palace, as the 
 Foreign Office is called, is handsomely fitted up for the 
 entertainment of guests. A spacious ballroom is richly 
 furnished in green and gold; the " yellow salon," which is 
 the principal reception room, has its walls covered with 
 yellow satin and hung with costly draperies of the same 
 color, rare paintings adorning the walls and statues of 
 noted statesmen lending additional harmony to its attrac- 
 tiveness; and there is also a beautiful rose salon, a spacious 
 library, and a garden redolent of the perfumes of perpetual 
 springtime in Nature's flower-bedecked tropics. The Min- 
 ister of Finance, Dr. David Campista, is, like the Baron 
 de Rio-Branco, a leader among men; his initiative found 
 early expression, and when little more than twenty-one 
 years of age he organized a republican party of which he 
 was elected chief, being afterward sent to the republican 
 congress as deputy from his state, Minas Geraes. As a 
 financier, he is famous through his labors in behalf of the 
 fixing of Brazilian exchange and for his masterly defence 
 of the valorization scheme for the protection of the chief 
 industry of Brazil, coffee culture. The Caixa de Amortiza- 
 gdo, or National Treasury, is the headquarters of the 
 various offices dependent on the Department of Finance, 
 and, as its name implies, it is here the sinking fund is held 
 for the redemption of the government's notes; here, also, 
 the conversion of the paper money is made. The constant 
 withdrawal of paper money from circulation is one cause 
 
 192 
 
of the steady rise in exchange, which has been brought up 
 from 6d. in 1898 to i$d. in 1908. The Minister of Justice, 
 Dr. Tavares de Lyra, is a native of the state of Rio 
 Grande do Norte, and the Minister of Industry, Public 
 Works, and Transportation comes from Bahia. The presi- 
 dential cabinet is composed of six ministers; General 
 Hermes da Fonseca, a distinguished military leader, is 
 
 CORRIDOR LEADING TO THE LIBRARY, ITAMARATY PALACE. 
 
 Minister of War, and Admiral Alexandrino de Alencar is 
 Minister of Marine. In the various exhibits shown at the 
 Exposition, each of the departments of government was 
 represented, the ministers themselves having taken espe- 
 cial interest in the display. 
 
 Rio is now a city of nearly a million inhabitants, and 
 its schools, hospitals, and asylums, as well as its industrial, 
 
 193 
 
commercial and financial institutions, are among the 
 most advanced in the New World. The largest hospital 
 in South America, the Santa Casa da Misericordia of Rio, 
 founded by the Sisters of Mercy in 1545, was established 
 in its present handsome quarters in the time of the em- 
 pire; the edifice was completed in 1840, having been thirty 
 years in construction. It is a beautiful specimen of classic 
 architecture and has a capacity for the accommodation of 
 one thousand five hundred patients. Within the past five 
 years it has been thoroughly remodelled and its system 
 reorganized in accordance with the best modern methods, 
 and in sanitation, hygiene, and medical treatment it ranks 
 today among the best in the world. The sisterhood has 
 in charge not only the general hospital and its annexes, 
 but also an asylum for foundlings, a convent for orphans, 
 a Pasteur institute, and a funeral directorate. 
 
 One of the most important features of the charitable 
 institutions of the Brazilian capital is the effort made by 
 their directors and teachers to improve social conditions 
 through education. In these schools, practical training is 
 given from the first day of the child's attendance. Girls 
 are taught not only to read and write, but to sew and to 
 become housekeepers; boys learn to be good mechanics 
 and craftsmen. The public school system of the city owes 
 much to the initiative of these charitable institutions, and 
 the past ten years show great progress in public instruc- 
 tion, especially in the primary schools, where the attend- 
 ance has more than doubled within that time, the last 
 
 194 
 
report giving the average daily attendance of forty thou- 
 sand pupils. And not only in its schools and charities is 
 the progress of the capital notable, but its industries, com- 
 merce, and municipal improvements are well advanced. 
 Electricity is used for lighting, and electric street rail- 
 ways connect the city with its suburbs, all the Rio car lines 
 being run by this system. Not only the public buildings 
 but most of the private residences are lighted with elec- 
 tricity, and, in the evening, the Avenida Central appears 
 not unlike the "Great White Way" of New York, as 
 thousands of electric lights illumine its big buildings. 
 The newspaper publishers of Rio are in line with their 
 colleagues of North America, and are approaching the 
 "sky-scraper" edifice: the Jornal do Commercio occupies 
 a large seven-story building with a tower above, while 
 O Paiz and other dailies are printed in hardly less mag- 
 nificent quarters. The apotheosis of the Pan-American 
 sentiment that prevails in Brazil is expressed in the 
 beautiful Monroe Palace, which stands near the junction 
 of the Avenida Central with the Avenida Beira-Mar. 
 
 The old fear of yellow fever, always exaggerated, 
 has been practically destroyed as the outside world gains 
 a better knowledge of actual conditions in the Brazilian 
 capital, the sanitary condition of which is now unsur- 
 passed in leading cities of the world. The Department 
 of Public Health, under the direction of Dr. Oswaldo 
 Cruz — who has won the praise of specialists in hygiene 
 and sanitation in both Europe and America for his 
 
 196 
 
splendid work — has improved the hospitals and other insti- 
 tutions of the city, the most modern systems of disinfec- 
 tion and sanitation being employed. Yellow fever has 
 been eradicated and smallpox greatly reduced by oblig- 
 atory vaccination. The "white plague" is being corn- 
 batted with energy and effectiveness, a hospital having 
 been founded for the treatment of tuberculosis. This 
 institution, which is one of the most notable sanitary 
 enterprises of South America, owes its existence largely to 
 the unremitting labors of the Anti-Tuberculosis Leagues 
 of Rio, Sao Paulo, Bahia, Pernambuco, and other cities. 
 The League of Rio is composed of leading citizens, and 
 its work is facilitated by a subsidy from the Federal gov- 
 ernment, and another from the municipality, secured 
 through an extra tax on alcoholic drinks and tobacco. 
 Not only do these leagues work for the success of the 
 treatment in the hospital, but their efforts are devoted to 
 the education of the poor in hygienic matters ; they work 
 also to secure better sanitation and ventilation of the 
 homes of the poor. The residents of Rio read with horror 
 the accounts of ravages made by diphtheria, grippe and 
 scarlet fever in North American cities, and express them- 
 selves as most thankful that they have no such terrible 
 enemies to health: — a great deal depends on the point of 
 view! 
 
 While the modern improvements in the city of Rio 
 have contributed to place it among the most progressive 
 capitals, the charm of an ancient heritage gives it a claim 
 
 198 
 
to the traveller's interest which is particularly attractive. 
 The older section of the city is built according to Portu- 
 guese ideas of architecture centuries ago, and is crossed by 
 narrow streets, which do not admit of two vehicles abreast, 
 a painted arrow at the street corner indicating which 
 direction these must take. The old-fashioned tilbury — a 
 two-wheeled vehicle in which the passenger sits beside the 
 driver — is still used a great deal, though no longer so in- 
 dispensable to the "Fluminense" as formerly, when he 
 was accustomed to hail it on all occasions; the electric 
 street car is now the popular means of travel, and the 
 automobile is seen everywhere. But the tilbury is very 
 convenient for the business man who does not live on the 
 route of the street car, or who does not like the continual 
 halting to take on and discharge passengers at street 
 crossings. He calls a tilbury, and while it carries him at 
 a lively pace to his office, he can enjoy his morning paper 
 or the contents of his mail bag, and at the same time 
 have an undisturbed view of the glories of Rio's scenery, 
 as he is driven, at his own pleasure, along the shores of 
 the bay to his destination. Visitors to the city find great 
 pleasure in driving through the many beautiful parks and 
 plazas, through the long avenues lined with graceful palms, 
 and beside the bay shore. It seems incredible that ten 
 years ago Rio had no beautiful driveways, while today 
 it has broad boulevards extending for miles through pictu- 
 resque scenes; the transformation of the Canal do Mangue 
 and the construction of the magnificent Beira-Mar are 
 
 200 
 
works of the greatest importance to the health and happi- 
 ness of the people of Rio as well as to the attractiveness 
 of their city, and these driveways form a noble approach 
 to the surrounding hills, which are unsurpassed in sylvan 
 beauty and picturesque charm. 
 
 Beautiful in surroundings, charming in traditions, of 
 balmy atmosphere and thoroughly healthful climate, Rio 
 is a city worth visiting at all times and for its own sake; 
 as the place of the National Centennial Exposition it 
 presents especial attractions. 
 
 202 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 HISTORY OF THE OPENING OF BRAZILIAN PORTS 5 
 
 THE CHARACTER AND SCOPE OF THE EXPOSITION 9 
 
 THE EXPOSITION GROUNDS 21 
 
 THE INAUGURATION CEREMONIES 30 
 
 THE CENTRAL PALACE OF THE EXPOSITION 39 
 
 THE PORTUGUESE EXHIBIT IN MANUELINO PALACE 65 
 
 THE PALACE OF INDUSTRIES 80 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL PAVILION 93 
 
 THE LIVE STOCK EXHIBIT 99 
 
 MACHINERY HALL AND THE CENTRAL RAILWAY EXHIBIT .... 107 
 
 THE FEDERAL DISTRICT PALACE 115 
 
 SAO PAULO'S STATE BUILDING 123 
 
 THE MINAS GERAES EDIFICE 129 
 
 THE BAHIA STATE PALACE . . . . 136 
 
 THE SANTA CATHARINA BUILDING 144 
 
 THE BOTANICAL GARDEN'S EXHIBIT 147 
 
 THE POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH BUILDING 150 
 
 203 
 
PAGE 
 
 THE PAVILION OF THE FIRE BRIGADE 154 
 
 PAVILIONS ERECTED BY PRIVATE ENTERPRISES 159 
 
 AMUSEMENTS OF THE EXPOSITION 162 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPOSITION IN STIMULATING NATIONAL 
 
 PROGRESS 173 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 175 
 
 THE FEDERAL CAPITAL, THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL METROPOLIS 
 
 OF BRAZIL 181 
 
 204 
 
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